Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

John Heathcoat

2023-09-24T08:12:40Z

Trotboy: Added details of Heathcoat's Daughters. ~~~~

{{Short description|English inventor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox engineer
|image =Heathcoat.jpg
|image_size = 200
|caption = John Heathcoat
|name = John Heathcoat
|nationality = English
|birth_date = 7 August 1783
|birth_place = [[Duffield, Derbyshire|Duffield]], Derbyshire
|death_date = {{death-date and age|18 January 1861|7 August 1783}}
|death_place = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], Devon
|education =
|spouse =
|parents =
|children =
|discipline =
|institutions =
|practice_name =
|significant_projects = warp-[[loom]] [[bobbinet]]
|significant_design =
|significant_advance =
|significant_awards =
}}
'''John Heathcoat''' (7 August 1783 – 18 January 1861) was an English inventor from [[Duffield, Derbyshire]]. During his apprenticeship he made an improvement to the [[Warp-weighted loom|warp-loom]], so as to produce mitts of a lace-like appearance. He set up his own business in [[Nottingham]] but was forced to move away to [[Hathern]] in [[Leicestershire]], and after this new factory was attacked by former [[Luddites]] in 1816 he moved the business to [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] in [[Devon]] where it became most successful and established the Tiverton [[lace]]-making industry.

Later in life he served as Member of Parliament for Tiverton.

==Early life==
Heathcoat was born at [[Duffield, Derbyshire|Duffield]] near [[Derby]] and was apprenticed to a frame-smith at [[Hathern]].<ref name=ludd>{{cite web|url=http://www.loughborough.co.uk/history/luddite.htm |first=Malcolm |last=Hornsby|title=Loughborough Education|publisher= Loughborough.co.uk|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:John Heathcoat, inventor of the knitting machine LOC print.jpg|thumbnail|left|Japanese print on hōsho paper showing Heathcoat displaying the first successful result from his knitting machine to his wife.]]

===Leicestershire===
During his apprenticeship he made an improvement in the construction of the warp-[[loom]], so as to produce mitts of a lace-like appearance by means of it. He began business on his own account at [[Nottingham]], but finding himself subjected to the intrusion of competing inventors he removed to [[Hathern]] (near Loughborough) in [[Leicestershire]]. There in 1808 he constructed a machine capable of producing an exact imitation of real pillow-lace.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Heathcoat, John|volume=13|page=159}}</ref> This machine-made lace was also called "English net" or [[bobbinet]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Earnshaw|first1=Pat|title=Lace Machines and Machine Laces|date=1986|isbn=0-7134-4684-6|page=70 }}</ref>

This was by far the most expensive and complex textile apparatus until then existing; and in describing the process of his invention Heathcoat said in 1836, "The single difficulty of getting the diagonal threads to twist in the allotted space was so great that, if now to be done, I should probably not attempt its accomplishment." Some time before perfecting his invention, which he patented in 1809, he removed to [[Loughborough]], where he entered into partnership with Charles Lacy, a Nottingham manufacturer; but in 1816 their factory was attacked by former [[Luddites]], thought to be in the pay of the lacemakers of Nottingham, and their 55 lace frames were destroyed. The damages were assessed in compensation by the King's Bench at £10,000; but as Heathcoat declined to expend the money in the county of [[Leicester]] he never received any part of it.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=ludd/>

===Tiverton===
Heathcoat bought an unoccupied woollen mill in [[Tiverton, Devon]]. In fact he was overseeing work in Tiverton when the attack in Loughborough took place. He wrote to the [[Mayor of Tiverton]], asking for protection for the mill there, and in the letter disclosed:

{{cquote|"I have great apprehension of an immediate attack at this place also. In fact I believe the real cause of this mischief being done is principally, if not wholly, owing to the offence of removing here, and I have been informed upon undoubted authority that the Nottingham Lace Makers have sworn my entire destruction"<ref name=ludd/>}}

Undaunted by his loss, he continued to construct new and greatly improved machines in his new factory in Tiverton, propelling them by water-power and afterwards by steam. His claim to the invention of the twisting and traversing lace machine was disputed, and a patent was taken out by a clever workman for a similar machine, which was decided at a trial in 1816 to be an infringement of Heathcoat's patent. He followed his great invention by others of much ability, as, for instance, contrivances for ornamenting net while in course of manufacture and for making ribbons and platted and twisted net upon his machines, improved yarn spinning-frames, and methods for winding raw silk from cocoons.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzkSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA611|title=Reports from Committees: The East India Company's Affairs|year=1832 |volume=10|page=611|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office }}</ref> An offer of £10,000 was made to him in 1833 for the use of his processes in dressing and finishing silk nets, but he allowed the highly profitable secret to remain undivulged.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In 1832 he patented a steam plough,<ref>GB patent 6267 of 1832, John Heathcoat, Machinery and Apparatus for Draining and Cultivating Land.</ref> a full-size version of which was built and demonstrated ploughing [[Red Moss, Greater Manchester|Red Moss]] in [[Bolton-le-Moors]] to a Scottish delegation in April 1837.<ref>Heathcote's Steam Plough, Chelmsford Chronicle, 29 December 1837, p4</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=Martin|title=John Heathcoat's steam plough|journal=Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History & Antiquarian Society|volume=89|year=2015|pages=123–8}}</ref> The [[Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland]] awarded him £100 out of a possible £500 of its prize for creating a steam ploughing engine.<ref name=Burton38>{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Anthony |date=2000 |title=Traction Engines Two Centuries of Steam Power| publisher=Silverdale Books |page=38 |isbn=1856055337}} </ref>

In 1854 he gave the site for [[St Paul's Church, Tiverton]] and in 1856 paid the cost of installing the organ.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Church of St Paul|num=1384902|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

==Parliament==
Heathcoat was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]] in 1832. Though he seldom spoke in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], he was constantly engaged on committees, where his thorough knowledge of business and sound judgment were highly valued. He retained his seat until 1859, and after two years of declining health he died on 18 January 1861 at Bolham House, near Tiverton.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{ODNBweb|id=12846|title=Heathcoat, John|first=S. D.|last=Chapman}}</ref>

==Descendants==
Heathcoat and his wife Ann had three daughters:
(1) Ann Heathcoat (d. 1833), married, 19 August 1826, Samuel Amory (1784-1857) (q.v.) and had one son and one daughter;
(2) Eloise Heathcoat (1806-80); died unmarried, 19 December 1880
(3) Caroline Heathcoat (1810-77), married Ambrose Brewin (1811-55), a partner in John Heathcoat & Co. Caroline Brewin founded a School in Tiverton The Brewin School, in Barrington Street in the town.
His grandson [[Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet]] was created [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets|a baronet]] in 1874, and built [[Knightshayes Court]] in Tiverton, Devon.<ref>''[https://www.middevon.gov.uk/media/103572/knightshayes_setting_study_2007.pdf The Setting of Knightshayes Park and Garden]'', The Parks Agency, September 2007, pp. 10–14</ref>

==See also==
*[[John Farey Jr.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-john-heathcoat | John Heathcoat }}
* {{Rayment-hc|date=March 2012}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1832]]–[[1859 United Kingdom general election|1859]]
| with = [[James Kennedy (MP)|James Kennedy]] to 1835
| with2 = [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|The Viscount Palmerston]] from 1835
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer Perceval]] [[Granville Ryder (1799–1879)|Granville Ryder]]
| after = [[George Denman (MP)|George Denman]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|The Viscount Palmerston]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heathcoat, John}}
[[Category:1783 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Duffield]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1835–1837]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1837–1841]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1841–1847]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1847–1852]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1852–1857]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1857–1859]]
[[Category:People from the Borough of Charnwood]]

Tiverton High School

2023-03-09T11:21:19Z

Trotboy: /* History */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Tiverton High School
| image = Tiverton_,_Tiverton_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1239105.jpg
| image_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|50.91077|-3.49320|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| established =
| closed =
| type = [[Foundation school]]
| founder =
| address = Bolham Road
| city = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]
| county = [[Devon]]
| country = England
| local_authority = [[Devon County Council|Devon]]
| ofsted = yes
| urn = 113548
| staff =
| enrolment = 1200
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| lower_age = 11
| upper_age = 16
| houses =
| colours =
| publication =
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website = http://tiverton.devon.sch.uk/
}}

'''Tiverton High School''' is a state [[secondary school]] located in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. It is located on the outskirts of the town, and has a close working relationship with the co-sited [[Petroc (college)|Petroc]] (formerly [[East Devon College]]).

The school currently has approximately 1,200 [[Student|pupils]] aged 11–16; the school's capacity is 1425.

The school last underwent a full [[Ofsted]] inspection in 2015, which resulted in a 'good' rating, which it retained in a short inspection in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiverton High School |url=https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/113548 |website=Ofsted |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The school can trace its origins back to 1609 when it was founded thanks to a legacy from the wealthy Tiverton wool and cloth merchant, Robert Chilcott. His will directed his executors "to erect and build a school house the walls and covering thereof to be of stone". This building in St Peter's Street served as the school until 1842, and still stands. For a time it was the home of the [[Tiverton Museum]].

Chilcott was a nephew of, and originally a clerk to, [[Peter Blundell]], another renowned wool merchant in the town, who also left a legacy to start a 'free school' for Tiverton. Blundell's institution went on to become the fee-paying [[Blundell's School]], Chilcott's eventually developed{{snd}}with other additional charity schools and benefactors{{snd}}to become the Tiverton Grammar School.

Chilcott's school only admitted boys, but girls were admitted at another establishment, the Blue Coat or Bluecoat School, thanks to public subscription and fundraising. 
Following the 1868 Public Schools Act, the Taunton Report of the same year and a Charity Commissioners Scheme for the re-organisation of 'secondary education' in Tiverton, the schools were dissolved and their buildings and endowments used for the establishment of the Tiverton Middle Schools. Further reform came with the Education Acts of 1902 (which created secondary schools) and 1906. The Girls' School, the Boys' Middle School, the Chilcott Educational Foundation and the School of Arts and Science came together in a new building in Barrington Street, providing education for about 150 boys and girls, separately until 1953.

The current site at Bolham Road was built in 1960 as a Secondary Modern School - The Heathcoat Secondary Modern School. The Barrington Street site was retained as a Grammar School until the re-organisation of 1977-78.

Further wholesale re-organisation of education came in 1977–78, when much of Devon adopted [[comprehensive education]] and a three-tier model of First, Middle and Senior schools. Tiverton Grammar School pupils joined their peers at Heathcoat Secondary School on Bolham Road in a new merged, [[comprehensive school]] then known simply as Tiverton School, now renamed Tiverton High School.

The status of the school was an important issue in the [[2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election]]. In particular, the bad condition of the roof and its propensity to leaks were deemed to be in need of attention.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bello |first=Sian Griffiths and Ademola |title=Tiverton by-election: Will a leaky school roof hand the Lib Dems Devon’s floating voters? |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tiverton-by-election-will-a-leaky-school-roof-hand-the-lib-dems-devons-floating-voters-f7mtnvjn3 |access-date=2022-06-25 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> The same year, the school acquired land on a new site to allow for expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackledge |first=Sam |date=2022-06-17 |title=The high school in such bad condition it's poses a 'risk to life' |url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-06-17/the-high-school-in-such-bad-condition-its-poses-a-risk-to-life |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tiverton.devon.sch.uk/ Official website]
* History of Tiverton Grammar School by Nigel Arnold, 2016

{{Schools in Devon}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Devon]]
[[Category:Tiverton, Devon]]
[[Category:Foundation schools in Devon]]

Tiverton High School

2023-03-09T11:19:14Z

Trotboy: /* History */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Tiverton High School
| image = Tiverton_,_Tiverton_High_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1239105.jpg
| image_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|50.91077|-3.49320|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| established =
| closed =
| type = [[Foundation school]]
| founder =
| address = Bolham Road
| city = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]
| county = [[Devon]]
| country = England
| local_authority = [[Devon County Council|Devon]]
| ofsted = yes
| urn = 113548
| staff =
| enrolment = 1200
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| lower_age = 11
| upper_age = 16
| houses =
| colours =
| publication =
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website = http://tiverton.devon.sch.uk/
}}

'''Tiverton High School''' is a state [[secondary school]] located in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. It is located on the outskirts of the town, and has a close working relationship with the co-sited [[Petroc (college)|Petroc]] (formerly [[East Devon College]]).

The school currently has approximately 1,200 [[Student|pupils]] aged 11–16; the school's capacity is 1425.

The school last underwent a full [[Ofsted]] inspection in 2015, which resulted in a 'good' rating, which it retained in a short inspection in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiverton High School |url=https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/113548 |website=Ofsted |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The school can trace its origins back to 1609 when it was founded thanks to a legacy from the wealthy Tiverton wool and cloth merchant, Robert Chilcott. His will directed his executors "to erect and build a school house the walls and covering thereof to be of stone". This building in St Peter's Street served as the school until 1842, and still stands. For a time it was the home of the [[Tiverton Museum]].

Chilcott was a nephew of, and originally a clerk to, [[Peter Blundell]], another renowned wool merchant in the town, who also left a legacy to start a 'free school' for Tiverton. Blundell's institution went on to become the fee-paying [[Blundell's School]], eventually developing{{snd}}with other additional charity schools and benefactors{{snd}}to become the Tiverton Grammar School.

Chilcott's school only admitted boys, but girls were admitted at another establishment, the Blue Coat or Bluecoat School, thanks to public subscription and fundraising. 
Following the 1868 Public Schools Act, the Taunton Report of the same year and a Charity Commissioners Scheme for the re-organisation of 'secondary education' in Tiverton, the schools were dissolved and their buildings and endowments used for the establishment of the Tiverton Middle Schools. Further reform came with the Education Acts of 1902 (which created secondary schools) and 1906. The Girls' School, the Boys' Middle School, the Chilcott Educational Foundation and the School of Arts and Science came together in a new building in Barrington Street, providing education for about 150 boys and girls, separately until 1953.

The current site at Bolham Road was built in 1960 as a Secondary Modern School - The Heathcoat Secondary Modern School. The Barrington Street site was retained as a Grammar School until the re-organisation of 1977-78.

Further wholesale re-organisation of education came in 1977–78, when much of Devon adopted [[comprehensive education]] and a three-tier model of First, Middle and Senior schools. Tiverton Grammar School pupils joined their peers at Heathcoat Secondary School on Bolham Road in a new merged, [[comprehensive school]] then known simply as Tiverton School, now renamed Tiverton High School.

The status of the school was an important issue in the [[2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election]]. In particular, the bad condition of the roof and its propensity to leaks were deemed to be in need of attention.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bello |first=Sian Griffiths and Ademola |title=Tiverton by-election: Will a leaky school roof hand the Lib Dems Devon’s floating voters? |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tiverton-by-election-will-a-leaky-school-roof-hand-the-lib-dems-devons-floating-voters-f7mtnvjn3 |access-date=2022-06-25 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> The same year, the school acquired land on a new site to allow for expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackledge |first=Sam |date=2022-06-17 |title=The high school in such bad condition it's poses a 'risk to life' |url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-06-17/the-high-school-in-such-bad-condition-its-poses-a-risk-to-life |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tiverton.devon.sch.uk/ Official website]
* History of Tiverton Grammar School by Nigel Arnold, 2016

{{Schools in Devon}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Devon]]
[[Category:Tiverton, Devon]]
[[Category:Foundation schools in Devon]]

East Devon College

2023-02-26T13:58:12Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox college
|name = East Devon College
| image = East_Devon_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_659422.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = East Devon College
|established = 1981
|closed = 2008
|city = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]
|country = [[United Kingdom]]
|campus = Tiverton
|type = [[public college|Public]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.edc.ac.uk/}}
|coor = {{Coord|51.072|-4.069|type:edu_region:GB-DEV|display=inline, title}} and {{Coord|50.912|-3.492|type:edu_region:GB-DEV|display=inline}}
}}
'''East Devon College''' (sometimes shortened to '''EDC''') was a [[further education]] [[college]] situated in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. The college operated on four sites; the main campus and various annexes being located in Tiverton, with three additional sites being located in [[Honiton]], [[Exmouth]] and Tiverton. In 2005, the college enrolled 3,144 learners, of which 877 were full-time. Around 80% of those learners were aged between sixteen and eighteen years of age. The college's motto was "Maximising your potential", and its aim was "to develop skills, knowledge and confidence for all".

In 2006, the college secured £6 million worth of funding, which they used to construct two new buildings, a plan which took two years to complete. The two new buildings were to be used for a range of subjects including construction, [[Graphic design|art and design]], [[media studies]] and [[photography]], they were officially opened on 6 March 2008 by Sir Ian Heathcoat-Amory, a local dignitary and business leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=College unveils new 'Grand Designs' in Official Opening Ceremony |publisher=East Devon College |date=2008-04-21 |url=http://www.edc.ac.uk/news/college-unveils-new-grand-designs-in-official-opening-ceremony.html |accessdate=2008-07-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The findings of an [[Ofsted]] inspection in 2007 suggested that the college was making "insufficient progress", in such areas as achievements and standards, quality of provision, and leadership and management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/pdf/?inspectionNumber=317290&providerCategoryID=524288&fileName=\\school\\130\\av1_130647_20071109.pdf |title=Monitoring Visit: Main Findings - East Devon College |publisher=Ofsted |date=2007-11-09 |accessdate=2008-01-06 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In July 2007, it was announced that EDC was seeking a merger partner. Of the ten learning institutions that showed interest, five were shortlisted to give a presentation to the board of governors who, after a rigorous selection process, selected [[Barnstaple]]-based establishment [[North Devon College]] as the merger partner.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tilley |first=Jean |title=College announces merger |date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Mid Devon Star |url=http://www.middevonstar.co.uk/display.var.1782952.0.0.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804220216/http://www.middevonstar.co.uk/display.var.1782952.0.0.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-04 |accessdate=2007-12-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Merger with East Devon College |date=2007-10-19 |publisher=North Devon College |url=http://www.ndevon.ac.uk/information/24/press_releases.htm |accessdate=2007-12-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005141001/http://www.ndevon.ac.uk/information/24/press_releases.htm |archivedate=October 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Outstanding College at the Heart of an Outstanding Learning Community |publisher=East Devon College |date=2008-04-20 |url=http://www.edc.ac.uk/news/an-outstanding-college-at-the-heart-of-an-outstanding-learning-community..html |accessdate=2008-07-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> On 1 August 2008 this merger was completed and the new college was rebranded as [[Petroc College|Petroc]].

From September 2009, the former East Devon College became officially known as Petroc's Tiverton Campus.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080619045406/http%3A//www.ofsted.gov.uk/portal/site/Internet/menuitem.7c7b38b14d870c7bb1890a01637046a0/?urn%3D130647%26providerCategoryID%3D524288 East Devon College on Ofsted]
*[https://www.petroc.ac.uk/who-we-are/w37/college-history College history]

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon]]

East Devon College

2023-02-26T13:56:27Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox college
|name = East Devon College
| image = East_Devon_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_659422.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = East Devon College
|established = 1981
|closed = 2008
|city = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]
|country = [[United Kingdom]]
|campus = Tiverton
|type = [[public college|Public]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.edc.ac.uk/}}
|coor = {{Coord|51.072|-4.069|type:edu_region:GB-DEV|display=inline, title}} and {{Coord|50.912|-3.492|type:edu_region:GB-DEV|display=inline}}
}}
'''East Devon College''' (sometimes shortened to '''EDC''') was a [[further education]] [[college]] situated in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. The college operated on four sites; the main campus and various annexes being located in Tiverton, with three additional sites being located in [[Honiton]], [[Exmouth]] and Tiverton. In 2005, the college enrolled 3,144 learners, of which 877 were full-time. Around 80% of those learners were aged between sixteen and eighteen years of age. The college's motto was "Maximising your potential", and its aim was "to develop skills, knowledge and confidence for all".

In 2006, the college secured £6 million worth of funding, which they used to construct two new buildings, a plan which took two years to complete. The two new buildings were to be used for a range of subjects including construction, [[Graphic design|art and design]], [[media studies]] and [[photography]], they were officially opened on 6 March 2008 by [[Sir Ian Heathcoat-Amory]], a local dignitary and business leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=College unveils new 'Grand Designs' in Official Opening Ceremony |publisher=East Devon College |date=2008-04-21 |url=http://www.edc.ac.uk/news/college-unveils-new-grand-designs-in-official-opening-ceremony.html |accessdate=2008-07-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The findings of an [[Ofsted]] inspection in 2007 suggested that the college was making "insufficient progress", in such areas as achievements and standards, quality of provision, and leadership and management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/pdf/?inspectionNumber=317290&providerCategoryID=524288&fileName=\\school\\130\\av1_130647_20071109.pdf |title=Monitoring Visit: Main Findings - East Devon College |publisher=Ofsted |date=2007-11-09 |accessdate=2008-01-06 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In July 2007, it was announced that EDC was seeking a merger partner. Of the ten learning institutions that showed interest, five were shortlisted to give a presentation to the board of governors who, after a rigorous selection process, selected [[Barnstaple]]-based establishment [[North Devon College]] as the merger partner.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tilley |first=Jean |title=College announces merger |date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Mid Devon Star |url=http://www.middevonstar.co.uk/display.var.1782952.0.0.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804220216/http://www.middevonstar.co.uk/display.var.1782952.0.0.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-04 |accessdate=2007-12-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Merger with East Devon College |date=2007-10-19 |publisher=North Devon College |url=http://www.ndevon.ac.uk/information/24/press_releases.htm |accessdate=2007-12-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005141001/http://www.ndevon.ac.uk/information/24/press_releases.htm |archivedate=October 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Outstanding College at the Heart of an Outstanding Learning Community |publisher=East Devon College |date=2008-04-20 |url=http://www.edc.ac.uk/news/an-outstanding-college-at-the-heart-of-an-outstanding-learning-community..html |accessdate=2008-07-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> On 1 August 2008 this merger was completed and the new college was rebranded as [[Petroc College|Petroc]].

From September 2009, the former East Devon College became officially known as Petroc's Tiverton Campus.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080619045406/http%3A//www.ofsted.gov.uk/portal/site/Internet/menuitem.7c7b38b14d870c7bb1890a01637046a0/?urn%3D130647%26providerCategoryID%3D524288 East Devon College on Ofsted]
*[https://www.petroc.ac.uk/who-we-are/w37/college-history College history]

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon]]

Grand Western Canal

2023-02-26T13:39:04Z

Trotboy: /* Decline */

{{Short description|Historical canal in the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Grand Western Canal plan}}

The '''Grand Western Canal''' ran between [[Taunton]] in [[Somerset]] and [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] in [[Devon]] in the United Kingdom. The [[canal]] had its origins in various plans, going back to 1796, to link the [[Bristol Channel]] and the [[English Channel]] by a canal, bypassing [[Lands End]]. An additional purpose of the canal was the supply of [[limestone]] and [[coal]] to [[lime kiln]]s along with the removal of the resulting [[quicklime]], which was used as a fertiliser and for building houses. This intended canal-link was never completed as planned, as the coming of the railways removed the need for its existence.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |p=37}}

Construction was in two phases. A level section, from Tiverton to Lowdwells on the Devon/Somerset border, opened in 1814, and was capable of carrying broad-beam [[barges]], carrying up to 40 tons. The Somerset section, suitable for [[tub boat]]s (which were about {{convert|20|ft|0}} long and capable of carrying eight tons) opened in 1839. It included an [[Canal inclined plane|inclined plane]] and seven [[boat lift]]s, the earliest lifts to see commercial service in the UK. The lifts predated the [[Anderton Boat Lift]] by nearly 40 years.

The 11 miles of Devon section remains open, despite various threats to its future, and is now a designated [[country park]] and local nature reserve, and allows navigation. The Somerset section was closed in 1867, and is gradually disappearing from the landscape, although sections are now used as a footpath. It maintains a historical interest and has been subject to some archaeological excavations.

==History==
[[File:Grand western canal.jpg|alt=Stagnant water between banks covered in vegetation. Part of a house can be seen to the right.|thumb|left|The current end of navigation on the Grand Western Canal at Lowdwells Lock]]
The Grand Western Canal was conceived as one of several competing schemes to alleviate the hazards and delays of coastal sailing ships making a passage around [[Land's End]] to get between the [[Bristol Channel]] and the [[English Channel]].{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=37-38}} A canal from the mouth of the [[River Exe]] to [[Exeter]] had been opened in 1566; and eight miles of the [[River Tone]] had been made navigable in 1638. Navigation of the River Tone had been extended to [[Taunton]] in 1717, by the construction of locks on the upper section.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=11}}

Against this background, in 1768 a committee commissioned [[James Brindley]] to survey a route, in the form of a canal, between Taunton and Exeter; and the survey was duly carried out by [[Robert Whitworth]] in 1769. This was to have been called the [[Exeter to Uphill Canal]], as it involved a route from [[Topsham, Devon|Topsham]] or [[Exeter]] to [[Taunton]], then the use of the [[River Tone]] and a second canal from [[Burrow Bridge]], via [[Bridgwater]], [[Glastonbury]], [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]] and [[Axbridge]], to [[Uphill]], near [[Weston-super-Mare]].{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=37-38}} Nothing further came of the plan until the 1790s, when various canal engineers were consulted, and in 1794 [[John Rennie (engineer)|John Rennie]] was asked by a different committee, the Grand Western Canal Committee, to make another survey, which was adopted, and formed the basis for a planned [[Act of Parliament]]. Opposition from the City of Exeter, who feared it would compete with the [[Exeter Canal]] for transportation of [[coal]], was eventually softened; and the Act was passed on 24 March 1796.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=95-97}}{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=20-25}}

The Act authorised a canal from Taunton to Topsham with branches to [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] and [[Cullompton]]. Water supply would be derived from proposed reservoirs, one on the River Tone and two on the [[River Culm]], and from any other available sources within {{convert|2000|yd|km|1}} of the line of the canal.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=26}} The canal company was also authorised to improve the River Tone near Taunton, and to raise £220,000, plus an additional £110,000 if required. Navigation onwards from Taunton was via the River Tone and the [[River Parrett]].{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=27-28}} Construction did not start immediately.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=30}}

===Construction===
{{Grand Western Canal map}}
[[File:Gradnwesterncanalhalberton.jpg|alt=Water with trees on the left and a tow path to the right|thumb|left|Grand Western Canal at [[Halberton]], Seen from Manley Bridge, looking towards [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]].]]
Finally in 1810, work started under the direction of John Thomas. Surprisingly, the decision was taken to start in the middle, with a {{convert|2+1/2|mi|km|0|adj=on}} section of the main line and the {{convert|9|mi|km|0|adj=on}} branch to Tiverton. The logic for this was that there was a large potential trade in limestone between quarries at Canonsleigh and Tiverton, and this would generate income.{{sfn |Harris|1996|p=34}} The summit level was cut {{convert|16|ft|m|0}} lower than the original plans, so that no locks would be required, but this greatly increased the amount of earthworks required.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=37}} A further Act was obtained in 1811 to sanction this, and to re-route the canal near [[Halberton]],{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=38-39}} where Rock Bridge was constructed to carry the road over the canal.<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Rock Bridge at Halberton | num=1106646 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> The same engineers that built the canal also built a substantial country house,<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Rock House and adjacent range of outbuildings | num=1306712 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> turnpike house<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Turnpike Cottage | num=1106648 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> and cottages<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Cottage 100 metres east of Rock - House | num=1106647 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> at the site. Several other bridges, including Batten's Bridge,<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Batten's Bridge | num=1105877 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> Crownhills Bridge,<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Crownhills Bridge | num=1105883 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> Greenway Bridge<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Greenway Bridge |num=1106641 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> and Sellick Bridge<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Sellick Bridge |num=1105890 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> were also constructed at Halberton to carry minor roads over the canal.

[[File:Gradnwesterncanalsampfordpeverell.jpg|alt=Water in front of trees, a house and a church.|thumb|left|The canal at Sampford Peverell where it cuts right through the village. The house in front of the church is the old vicarage which the company had to replace]]
With costs much higher than anticipated, work ceased in June 1811. After much deliberation, it was decided to continue construction, and to obtain a third Act of Parliament to authorise increased charges for carriage of goods. By 1812, progress was being made, but was hampered by the need for rock cuttings at [[Holcombe Rogus]]. Leakage also meant that some sections needed to be lined with [[Puddling (engineering)|puddle clay]]. Lime kilns were constructed to provide the materials. These kilns can still be seen beside the canal,<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Waytown Limekilns |num=1140142 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> close to the Waytown Tunnel.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Waytown Tunnel |num=1325913 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> Fenacre Bridge<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Fenacre Bridge at Burlescombe |num=1236822 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> and Fossend Bridge<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Fossend Canal Bridge at Burlescombe |num=1325865 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> were constructed at [[Burlescombe]], where culverts were also needed to manage the streams.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Twin Culverts at Burlescombe |num=1140104 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> At a total cost of £244,505, the canal was opened on 25 August 1814, when the first boat travelled from Lowdwells to Tiverton, laden with coal.{{sfb |Harris |1996 |p=55}}

At [[Sampford Peverell]] two rectories were built in 1836, at the expense of the Grand Western Canal Company, in compensation for cutting through the grounds and demolishing the south wing of the Old Rectory.<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Sampford Peverell The Old Rectory | num=1106393 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | desc=Sampford Peverell The Rectory | num=1106393 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> Two road bridges were also needed in the village.<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Sampford Peverell Bridge | num=1106398 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | desc=Buckland Bridge | num=1307072 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref>

===Second phase===
[[File:Gradnwesterncanallimekilns.jpg|alt=A footpath to the left, water in the centre of the picture and on the right a stone wall with arch shaped openings.|thumb|left|A bank of limekilns at Waytown, [[Holcombe Rogus]].]]
[[File:Grand Western Canal Aqueduct at Nynehead.JPG|thumb|left|This ashlar arch carried the canal over the drive to [[Nynehead Court]].]]
Traffic on the opened section was much lower than anticipated, and the prospects of building the rest of the canal dwindled, as profits were minimal.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=56}} However, in 1829 [[James Green (engineer)|James Green]] turned his attention to the link to Taunton. He had been the architect of the [[Bude Canal]], which was built for [[Tub boat|tub-boats]] and used inclined planes to change levels, and proposed a similar solution here.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=65-67}} The [[Bridgwater and Taunton Canal]] had opened in 1827, making navigation from Taunton to [[Bridgwater]] easier than on the River Tone.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=62}} In a report of 1830, Green proposed using vertical lifts instead of inclined planes, and estimated the cost of the canal at £65,000.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=70, 74}}

Work started in 1831, and progressed quickly, including the construction of a bridge at [[Bradford on Tone]]<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Bridge over Grand Western Canal at Trefusis Farm, Bradford on Tone |num=1344546 |access-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref> and Harpford Bridge at [[Langford Budville]],<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Harpford Bridge over remains of Grand Western Canal, Langford Budville | num=1060349 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> where a new warehouse was also built.<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Warehouse about 25 m west of Harpford Bridge, Langford Budville | num=1176927 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref> In addition to the boat lift in [[Nynehead]]<ref name="nyneheadliftremians"/><ref name="nyneheadlift"/> two aqueducts were required within the village.<ref>{{NHLE | desc=Aqueduct, formerly carrying Grand Western Canal over driveway to Nynehead Court | num=1307612 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | desc=Aqueduct formerly carrying the Grand Western Canal over the River Tone, now disused | num=1060354 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref>

The original Act of 1796 had envisaged the canal joining the River Tone at Taunton, and made provision for the improvement of some {{convert|500|yd|m}} of the river, which would then be granted to the canal company and effectively become part of the canal. They could build warehouses and wharves on this section.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=25, 27}} By late 1830, there was considerable hostility between the Conservators of the River Tone and the new Bridgwater and Taunton Canal company, who had constructed a connection into the river at Firepool, so that barges could reach Taunton Bridge. The Conservators had retaliated by reducing the water supply to the canal. Litigation followed, and the Grand Western Canal company, having decided that a direct connection to the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal was a better option, had succeeded in purchasing the land required by agreement with landowners.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=77}}

Meanwhile, as a result of the litigation, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1832 which required the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal to build a link between the Tone and the Grand Western Canal. This was built in 1834, leaving the Tone below French Weir, and heading north-west to Frieze Hill, where there was a right-angled connection to the line of the canal. Although there is little evidence that it was ever used, it appeared on the 1840 tithe map, on John Wood's town plan of the same year,{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=77-78}} and on the 1890 Ordnance Survey map.<ref>Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, Taunton</ref> Plans for the main line of the canal included seven lifts and one inclined plane, and it was these features that caused the subsequent delay in the completion of the canal. Teething problems with the design of the lifts gradually came to light, and although the cost of rectifying these was borne by Green, the canal could not be opened. There were also problems with the inclined plane. The canal was partially opened to [[Wellington, Somerset|Wellington]], in 1835, but in January 1836, Green was dismissed.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=99}}

===Completion===
The engineer W A Provis was asked to survey the works, and to report on the lifts and the causes of the failure of the plane. His clear report is an important source of information on the canal at the time of its construction.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=100}} Some remedial work was instigated, following the report, including the provision of a steam engine to power the Wellisford incline. The {{convert|14|mi|km|adj=on}} extension was fully opened on 28 June 1838, at a cost of about £80,000.{{Sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=110-111}}

==Boat lifts==
{{Main|Boat lift}}
[[File:Grand Western Lift.svg|alt=Diagrammatic representation of chambers with caissons being raised and lower on chains below a wheel.|thumb|right|Diagram showing the arrangement of the boat lifts]]
Green's use of boat lifts was innovative. The idea was not new, as he acknowledged in an article describing the lifts which he published in ''Transactions''<ref>Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 2, 1838</ref> in 1838, having been suggested in principle by James Anderson of Edinburgh in 1796. Robert Weldon had tried to build one at [[Combe Hay Locks#Caisson_locks|Combe Hay]] on the [[Somersetshire Coal Canal]] in 1798, which was replaced by a lock flight after persistent failures. One was built at [[Ruabon]] on the [[Ellesmere Canal]] in 1796, but was replaced as it was not robust enough for regular use. [[James Fussell IV|James Fussell]] built one on the abortive [[Dorset and Somerset Canal]], but the works were abandoned before it was ever used regularly. The lift at [[Tardebigge Locks|Tardebigge]] on the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]] was replaced by [[Tardebigge Locks|locks]] in 1815 as it was "too complex and delicate", according to Rennie. Finally, another lift at [[Camden Town]] on the [[Regent's Canal]] was replaced by locks in 1815 because it could not be made to work.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=84-87}}

===Principles===
With no working prototypes, Green set about building seven lifts. The principle was simple. Two caissons were suspended from three carrying wheels of {{convert|16|ft|m|0}} diameter, by wrought iron chains. The caisson at the bottom was jacked against the front wall of the lift to seal it, and a door or gate was opened to allow the boat to float in. The caisson at the top was jacked against the back wall in a similar manner. When both boats were in, the doors on the caissons and lift were closed, and the jacks released. Because a boat displaces its own weight in water, the system should be balanced, and a small amount of energy is required to start the boats moving. When the top caisson reaches the bottom, the jacks are applied, the doors are opened, and the boats can continue.{{Sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=87-91}}

In order to maintain the balance, a second chain was fixed to the bottom of the caisson, so that the total length of chain on each side of the lift remained the same. As a caisson descended, the chain coiled up at the bottom of the lift. The small amount of energy was created by ensuring that the ascending caisson was a little too low by the time the descending one reached the bottom. Thus it would hold a greater depth of water by the time it was ready to descend again. In practice, about {{convert|2|in|cm|0}} of water, weighing about a ton, was found to be sufficient.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=92}}

===Problems===
The difficulty was that Anderson had suggested that the water in the caisson chambers should be at a lower level than that in the canal. This had not been implemented, and so the lower caisson would not sink deep enough for either boat to be floated out. Attempts to fit gates and to let the water in the chamber drain to waste had proved ineffective. Ultimately, lock chambers were built at the foot of each lift. These were filled with water from the upper level, so that the boat could float out, and it then descended the final {{convert|3|ft|m|1}} as it would in a conventional lock. Only the lift at Greenham used Anderson's principle, and included a proper drain to lower the level in the chambers.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=102-103}}

[[File:Grand Western plane.svg|alt=Diagrammatic representation of the working of an inclined plane with water lower on the left than on the right with a chain running up the slope between them.|thumb|right|Diagram showing the arrangement of the Wellisford inclined plane]]
With the inclined plane, the problems stemmed from a miscalculation. Power was provided by a large tank, filled with water, which descended in a shaft, raising one boat on a trolley and allowing another to descend as it did so. When the tank reached the bottom of the shaft, the water discharged, and the second tank was used to reverse the process. Green had been the engineer on the [[Bude Canal]], where this design had been used successfully, but the size of the tanks at Wellisford were much too small. On the Bude Canal, a tank holding 15 tons of water was required to raise a boat weighing six tons. The Grand Western Canal used boats holding eight tons, but the tanks only held ten tons of water, whereas tests indicated that about 25 tons was needed.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=105-106}} It was for this reason that the steam engine was obtained to supply the power.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=111}}

==Operation==
[[File:Gradnwesterncanaltiverton.jpg|alt=A narrow boat moored alongside grassy area. Houses can be seen in the background.|thumb|left|The terminus at [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]. A series of old limekilns built into the superstructure survive underneath the elevated canal terminus]]
The Somerset section of the canal was suitable for tub-boats, which were about {{convert|20|ft|m|1}} long and capable of carrying eight tons. The Devon section was suitable for larger broad-beam barges, carrying up to 40 tons.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=112}} Income from tolls increased steadily from £971 in 1835, rising to £2,754 in 1838 and £4,926 in 1844.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=112, 114}} At this point, competition from the railways started. The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] reached Taunton in 1842 and Exeter in 1844. A branch to [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] was opened in 1848, and although the canal company received £1,200 for loss of trade while an aqueduct was constructed over the line of the railway, deficits started to mount up almost immediately.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=115-116}}

In 1853, with income no longer meeting operational costs, the canal was leased to the Bristol and Exeter Railway.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=120}} From 1854, the company started to pay a dividend to its shareholders of 0.2%.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=122}} Just ten years later, an [[Act of Parliament]] was obtained to sell the canal to the railway company and to abandon the Somerset section of the canal. The transfer took place on 13 April 1865,{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=130-131}} and the tub-boat canal was closed in 1867. The lifts were dismantled, and most of the route sold back to the original landowners.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=132}}

===Decline===
Limestone traffic continued on the Tiverton section.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=132}} Only two boats were working the canal by 1904, and the last commercial traffic was roadstone from Whipcott quarry to Tiverton, where there were lime kilns and a crushing plant. Around 7,000 tons per year were transported up to 1925.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=134}} After this the only income was from the washing of [[sheep]], for which a charge was made for every 20 sheep, and the sale of [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]] which grew in the canal.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=135-136}} In the 1930s, dams were built at both ends of a section near Halberton, where persistent leakage could not be cured.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=139}}

Having passed into the ownership of the [[Great Western Railway]] in 1888, the canal became the responsibility of the [[British Transport Commission]] when the railways were nationalised in 1948, and was formally closed in 1962. The responsibility for it passed to the [[British Waterways Board]] in 1964.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=140-141}}

==Restoration==
[[File:Gradnwesterncanalbradford.jpg|alt=Stream running through channel overgrown with vegetation.|thumb|The remains of the old canal by Trefusis Farm, [[Bradford on Tone]]. One of the canal's seven lifts was located near here.]]
With various plans for using the route of the canal for landfill and for a bypass, some local interest was aroused regarding its future. The Tiverton Canal Preservation Committee was formed in 1962. This committee was stirred to action by plans in 1966 to infill parts of the canal so that housing could be built over it. Tiverton Borough Council gave the committee the power to negotiate with the [[British Waterways Board]] in March 1967, but the Board were unwilling to offer financial assistance.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=142-146}}

Changes in legislation aided the cause. From 1968, county councils could set up [[country park]]s, under the [[Countryside Act 1968]], and the [[Transport Act 1968]] enabled the British Waterways Board to allow local authorities to maintain or purchase inland waterways. By 1969, BWB had stated that they were prepared to hand over the canal to Devon County Council, together with some money for maintenance.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=158}} With some representatives within the council wavering, the preservation committee organised a walk along the entire canal on 18 October 1969. Around 400 walkers set off, with the local member of Parliament firing a starting gun, and by the time Tiverton was reached, the party totalled about 1200 people.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=160-161}}

===Handover===
[[File:Gradnwesterncanalswansneck.jpg|alt=Cyclist on tow path to the left of canal under trees.|thumb|Cycling beside the canal at the "Swan's Neck" north west of [[Halberton]]]]
[[File:Grand Western Canal Aqueduct over the RiverTone.JPG|thumb|Remains of the aqueduct over the River Tone. The cast iron trough on the right carried the canal and the tow path was to the left]]
By April 1970, the British Waterways Board had agreed to give the canal to Devon County Council, with £30,000 for maintenance.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=161}} The actual contract was signed on 5 May 1971 at [[Tiverton Town Hall]], when General Sir [[Hugh Stockwell]] of the BWB also handed over a cheque for £38,750 to Colonel Eric Palmer, chairman of Devon County Council. The transfer of the canal was effective from 24 June 1971.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=163}}

The new owners set to work immediately. The dry section was excavated and lined with a [[Butyl rubber|butyl]] [[Pond liner|liner]] to prevent leakage. The canal was reopened in 1971.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |pp=163-164}} Navigation was restricted to unpowered boats, with the exception of a maintenance boat that was used for cutting weed, while the final section from Fossend to Lowdwells, which would have been part of the original main line to [[Exeter]], is designated as a [[nature reserve]], and so all navigation and angling is discouraged.{{sfn |Harris |1996 |p=164}} The canal is now a designated [[country park]], and a horse-drawn tourist narrowboat runs from Tiverton. Since 2003 powered boats have been allowed on the Canal, subject to Licence from Devon County Council. The Canal is also a very popular Coarse Fishing spot and angling rights on the Canal are leased to the Tiverton and District Angling Club. In addition to holding a valid Environment Agency Rod Licence, a permit must be purchased in advance.

The Somerset section is largely dry and is gradually disappearing into the landscape, as a result of roads improvements and ploughing, but a footpath has been established along much of its route, and archaeological excavations of the lift at [[Nynehead]], the only one where there are still substantial remains,<ref name="nyneheadliftremians">{{NHLE | desc=Remains of vertical lift on former Grand Western Canal. | num=1177043 | access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref><ref name="nyneheadlift">{{cite web |url=http://www.nynehead.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27&Itemid=87 |title=The Boat Lift on The Grand Western at Nynehead |access-date=2009-12-03 |work=Nynehead Village Web Site }}</ref> were carried out between 1998 and 2003 by the [[Somerset Industrial Archaeological Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rchs.org.uk/trial/6-1%20Boat%20lifts%20GWC.pdf|title=The Boat Lifts of the Grand Western Canal, Denis Dodd, Railway and Canal Historical Society|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180415/http://www.rchs.org.uk/trial/6-1%20Boat%20lifts%20GWC.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|pp=291–292|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Extension===
In Summer 2017, the Friends of the Grand Western Canal announced a scheme to rebuild around {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} of canal on the western approaches of Taunton. This would see a replica of one of Green's boat lifts constructed near the Silk Mills park and ride car park, and a new canal built across empty public land to join the Tone below French Weir, roughly following the link constructed by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal in 1834. Above the working lift, {{convert|1/2|mi|km}} of the canal would be restored to provide moorings for boats using the lift. The scheme is supported by local [[Member of parliament|MPs]] and by Taunton Council. The Friends are hoping to carry out a feasibility study in 2018, at a cost of £35,000.{{sfn |Denny |2017 |p=74}} A competition to design the boat lift using modern materials and energy efficient mechanisms, but remaining faithful to Green's basic design, has been launched, and is supported by the engineers Clarke Bond, the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] and the [[University of Exeter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkebond.com/News/GrandWesternCanalBoatLiftCompetition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005203214/https://www.clarkebond.com/News/GrandWesternCanalBoatLiftCompetition/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live |title=Grand Western Canal Boat Lift Competition |publisher=Clarke Bond |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

== 2012 breach and repair ==
Exceptionally heavy rainfall in November 2012 caused a major break in the Grand Western Canal's banks, near [[Halberton]], necessitating nearby homes to be evacuated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Grand Western Canal breach captured at Halberton, Devon|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20450182|access-date=24 November 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Two temporary dams were installed which allowed the rest of the canal to remain open<ref>{{cite news| title =Grand Western Canal repairs costing £3m begin| url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-23223338| date = 8 July 2013| access-date = 31 August 2013| work=BBC News}}</ref> and meant the horse drawn barge at Tiverton was able to run throughout the summer of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impact of flooding on key business sectors in Devon and Somerset 2012-13 |url=http://www.devonomics.info/sites/default/files/documents/Devon%20&%20Somerset%20Flood%20Results%20Final%20Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203623/http://www.devonomics.info/sites/default/files/documents/Devon%20%26%20Somerset%20Flood%20Results%20Final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=SQW |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=6 October 2017 |p=35 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Around 400 fish were returned to the canal from a flooded field but many fish including pike, eels, perch, bream, tench and roach were lost. About 25 people from the Environment Agency and Tiverton Angling Club assisted with saving the fish.<ref>{{cite news
| title =Breached Grand Western Canal to be restocked with fish| url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20732450| date = 16 December 2012| access-date = 31 August 2013| work=BBC News}}</ref> The Environment Agency restocked the canal with 3,000 fish in January 2013 and by May the Environment Agency said they were flourishing.<ref>{{cite news| title = Fish stock in breached Grand Western Canal now 'flourishing'| url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-22463009| date =11 May 2013 | access-date = 31 August 2013| work=BBC News}}</ref>

Devon County Council agreed to pay for repairs to the canal, in time for its 200th anniversary and on 7 July 2013, a £3 million project to repair the breach, began with an official turf cutting. The repairs included rebuilding the failed embankment and raising the level to reduce the risk of overtopping in the future, and further improvements to water management. The canal was lined with an impermeable material along the length of the embankment.<ref>{{cite web| title =Turf cutting marks start of Grand Western Canal repairs| url =http://www.tivertonian.co.uk/tivertonian-news/tivertonian-events/item/680-turf-cutting-marks-start-of-grand-western-canal-repairs.html| publisher =Tivertonian| date =9 July 2013| access-date =31 August 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130715175815/http://www.tivertonian.co.uk/tivertonian-news/tivertonian-events/item/680-turf-cutting-marks-start-of-grand-western-canal-repairs.html| archive-date =15 July 2013| url-status =dead| df =dmy-all}}</ref> In addition a water level monitoring and alarm system has been installed. This system has sensors in Tiverton and Burlescombe and alerts the canal rangers and Devon County Council if the levels become exceptionally high.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Water levels managed 'better than ever before'|date = 7 January 2014|last = Wevill|last2 = Richard|work = Culm Valley Gazette|pages = 14}}</ref> Refilling of the breached section began on 4 March 2014 using a [[sluice]] gate at Rock Bridge which gradually filled the empty section<ref>{{cite news |title=Water pours back into repaired section of Tiverton canal |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/Water-pours-repaired-section-Tiverton-canal/story-20752611-detail/story.html |access-date=4 March 2014 |newspaper=Mid Devon Gazette |date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304221744/http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/Water-pours-repaired-section-Tiverton-canal/story-20752611-detail/story.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the canal was officially re-opened on 19 March 2014 by chairman of Devon County Council Councillor Bernard Hughes. Six narrow boats, led by Chairmen of Halberton Parish Council, Councillor Ken Browse, were the first to travel on the new section.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narrow boats return for first journey on fixed canal |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/Narrow-boats-return-journey-fixed-canal/story-20829229-detail/story.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |newspaper=Mid Devon Gazette |date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320003626/http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/Narrow-boats-return-journey-fixed-canal/story-20829229-detail/story.html |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Transport}}
*[[Waterways in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|first=Andrew |last=Denny
|title=Grand Western Canal
|publisher=Waterways World
|date=November 2017
|issn=0309-1422
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Charles |last=Hadfield
|author-link=Charles Hadfield (historian)
|title=The Canals of South West England
|year=1967
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=978-0-7153-4176-6
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Helen |last=Harris
|title=The Grand Western Canal
|publisher=Devon Books
|year=1996
|isbn=978-0-86114-901-8
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Grand Western Canal}}
*[http://www.devon.gov.uk/grand_western_canal Grand Western Canal home page] (on Devon County Council website)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927082401/http://www.discovertiverton.co.uk/attraction_details.asp?attractionID=48 GWC Information]
*[http://gwms.mister.red/ images & map of mile markers seen along the Grand Western canal]

{{Canals of Britain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Grand Western Canal| ]]
[[Category:History of Somerset]]
[[Category:History of Devon]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1814]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1839]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Industrial archaeological sites in Devon]]
[[Category:Industrial archaeological sites in Somerset]]

Jägerschnitzel

2023-02-26T13:33:14Z

Trotboy:

{{Short description|Classic, fried meat dish}}
{{No footnotes|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Jaegerschnitzel-01.jpg|thumb|right|A Jägerschnitzel in mushroom sauce with [[French fries]].]]
'''Jägerschnitzel''' ([[German language|German]] for 'hunter's cutlet', in [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|escalope chasseur}}) is a [[German cuisine|German dish]] made of a roast [[veal]] or [[pork]] [[cutlet]] with a [[chasseur (sauce)|sauce made of mushrooms and tomatoes or cream]]. In regional cuisine the dish can also be a [[schnitzel]] made of [[bread crumbs#breading|breaded]], [[roasting|roasted]] [[jagdwurst]] with tomato sauce and [[Spätzle]] [[noodle]]s.
[[File:Jägerschnitzel.png|thumb|Jägerschnitzel with fettucine]]

==Classic preparation==
To prepare jägerschnitzel in the classic way, an unbreaded veal cutlet is first roasted in [[butter]]. The sauce is made of [[shallot]]s soaked in [[white wine]] and cooked in a tomato sauce, and mixed with sliced [[Agaricus|champignon]]s, [[Cantharellus cibarius|chanterelle]]s and [[Morchella|morel]]s. A variation of the dish is a shortly{{vague|date=December 2021}} roasted pork cutlet in [[sour cream]] topped with [[fried onion]]s, chanterelles and [[Capsicum|bell pepper]].

A common variety of jägerschnitzel consists of a breaded pork cutlet with a dark mushroom cream sauce. It is usually served with [[french fries]], noodles or [[rice]].

==Jägerschnitzel from jagdwurst==
[[File:Jägerschnitzel DDR.jpg|thumb|right|Jägerschnitzel made from jagdwurst with [[fusilli]] and tomato sauce]]
To prepare jägerschnitzel from [[jagdwurst]], the sausage is first cut into finger-thick slices, breaded with bread roll crumbs and roasted in cooking oil or [[clarified butter]] until crispy and topped with [[tomato sauce]]. It is usually served with noodles, potatoes ([[mashed potato]], french fries or [[potato salad]]), or served alone as a snack. A common variety in the [[German Democratic Republic]] was served with vegetables and [[lecsó]]. The dish was popular in the GDR, particularly served in volume at [[Canteen (place)|canteens]] or as a [[school meal]].

==Bibliography==
* Herbert Frauenberger: ''Ostdeutsche Gerichte mit Geschichte(n)'', Second edition. BuchVerlag für die Frau, Leipzig 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-89798-513-1}}, p. 64.

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kochbuch/_J%C3%A4gerschnitzel Jägerschnitzel] at [[Wikibooks]]

[[Category:German cuisine]]
[[Category:Veal dishes]]
[[Category:Pork dishes]]
[[Category:Sausage dishes]]
[[Category:East German culture]]

Jägerschnitzel

2023-02-26T13:32:43Z

Trotboy:

{{Short description|Classic, fried meat dish}}
{{No footnotes|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Jaegerschnitzel-01.jpg|thumb|right|A Jägerschnitzel in mushroom sauce with [[French fries]].]]
'''Jägerschnitzel''' ([[German language|German]] for 'hunter's cutlet', in [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|escalope chasseur}}) is a [[German cuisine|German dish]] made of a roast [[veal]] or [[pork]] [[cutlet]] with a [[chasseur (sauce)|sauce made of mushrooms and tomatoes or cream]]. In regional cuisine the dish can also be a [[schnitzel]] made of [[bread crumbs#breading|breaded]], [[roasting|roasted]] [[jagdwurst]] with tomato sauce and [[Spaetzle]] [[noodle]]s.
[[File:Jägerschnitzel.png|thumb|Jägerschnitzel with fettucine]]

==Classic preparation==
To prepare jägerschnitzel in the classic way, an unbreaded veal cutlet is first roasted in [[butter]]. The sauce is made of [[shallot]]s soaked in [[white wine]] and cooked in a tomato sauce, and mixed with sliced [[Agaricus|champignon]]s, [[Cantharellus cibarius|chanterelle]]s and [[Morchella|morel]]s. A variation of the dish is a shortly{{vague|date=December 2021}} roasted pork cutlet in [[sour cream]] topped with [[fried onion]]s, chanterelles and [[Capsicum|bell pepper]].

A common variety of jägerschnitzel consists of a breaded pork cutlet with a dark mushroom cream sauce. It is usually served with [[french fries]], noodles or [[rice]].

==Jägerschnitzel from jagdwurst==
[[File:Jägerschnitzel DDR.jpg|thumb|right|Jägerschnitzel made from jagdwurst with [[fusilli]] and tomato sauce]]
To prepare jägerschnitzel from [[jagdwurst]], the sausage is first cut into finger-thick slices, breaded with bread roll crumbs and roasted in cooking oil or [[clarified butter]] until crispy and topped with [[tomato sauce]]. It is usually served with noodles, potatoes ([[mashed potato]], french fries or [[potato salad]]), or served alone as a snack. A common variety in the [[German Democratic Republic]] was served with vegetables and [[lecsó]]. The dish was popular in the GDR, particularly served in volume at [[Canteen (place)|canteens]] or as a [[school meal]].

==Bibliography==
* Herbert Frauenberger: ''Ostdeutsche Gerichte mit Geschichte(n)'', Second edition. BuchVerlag für die Frau, Leipzig 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-89798-513-1}}, p. 64.

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kochbuch/_J%C3%A4gerschnitzel Jägerschnitzel] at [[Wikibooks]]

[[Category:German cuisine]]
[[Category:Veal dishes]]
[[Category:Pork dishes]]
[[Category:Sausage dishes]]
[[Category:East German culture]]

Spätzle

2023-02-26T13:30:52Z

Trotboy: /* Dishes */

{{short description|Type of noodles}}
{{For multi|the gene|Spätzle (gene)|The Swabian variation|Swabian Spätzle}}
{{Lead too short|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Spätzle
| name_lang = de
| name_italics = true
| image = Spätzle mit etwas Butter.jpg
| caption = Commercial thin spätzle, served with butter
| alternate_name =
| course =
| served =
| type = [[Egg noodles]]
| place_of_origin = [[German cuisine|Germany]], Central Europe
| region =
| main_ingredient = flour, [[egg]]s, [[salt]], [[water]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Spätzle''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʃpɛtslə||De-Spätzle.ogg}}) are a type of Central European egg noodles typically served as a [[Side dish|side]] for meat dishes with gravy. Commonly associated with [[Swabia]], it is also found in the cuisines of southern [[German cuisine|Germany]] and [[Austrian cuisine|Austria]], [[Swiss cuisine|Switzerland]], [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungary]], [[Serbian cuisine|Vojvodina]], [[Slovene cuisine|Slovenia]], [[Alsace]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] and [[South Tyrol#Cuisine|South Tyrol]].

==Etymology==
Spätzle is the [[Swabia]]n diminutive of ''Spatz'', thus literally "little [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]". They are also known as '''Knöpfle''' (diminutive of [[button]]), also '''Spätzli''' or '''Chnöpfli''' in Switzerland or [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] '''Nokedli''', '''Csipetke''', '''Galuska''' or [[Slovak language|Slovak]] [[Halušky]] or [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] Vaseršpacli or vodni žličniki.

Before the use of mechanical devices, the noodles were shaped by hand or with a spoon, and the results resembled ''Spatzen'' (plural of ''Spatz'', meaning [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, sparrow is ''Spatz'' or ''Sperling'' in German; ''Spätzle'' is the diminutive of ''Spatz'', unchanged in plural).

''Knöpfle'' means "small buttons" and describes the compact, round form of the noodle. In everyday language usage, the two names refer to the same product made from the same dough and are interchangeable.<ref name="Swabian Application" /> There is no clear distinction between how the two names are used, and usage varies from region to region.

==History==
The geographic origin of spätzle is not precisely known; various regions claim to be the originators of the noodles.

The tradition of making "Spätzle" can be traced back to the 18th century, although [[medieval]] illustrations are believed to place the noodle at an even earlier date.<ref>[http://www.london.diplo.de/Vertretung/london/en/01/German__Food__Wine/Regional__specialities/Spaetzle__DownloadDatei,property=Daten.pdf German Embassy London - Spätzle]</ref> In 1725, Rosino Lentilio, a councillor and personal physician from [[Württemberg]], concluded that ''"Knöpflein"'' and ''"Spazen"'' were "all the things that are made from flour".<ref name="Swabian Application" /> [[Spelt]] was grown widely in the Swabian-Alemannic area at the time. The cereal grew on poor soils and was very popular in the region, which was home to small farmers and characterised by poverty. As spelt flour contains high levels of gluten protein, and the dough could therefore be made in times of hardship without the need for eggs, ''"Schwäbische Spätzle"/"Schwäbische Knöpfle"'' were mainly made from spelt.<ref name="Swabian Application" /> The product achieved fame in the Münsinger Alb upland area. As industrialisation began and prosperity increased, the noodles went from an ordinary, everyday food item to a culinary specialty eaten on feast days. In a description of a Swabian farmers’ village written in 1937, ''"spätzle"'' are described as a festive food.
The great importance of ''"Schwäbische Spätzle"/"Schwäbische Knöpfle"'' in Swabian cooking can be seen, inter alia, from the 1827 novel ''Die Geschichte von den Sieben Schwaben'', according to which the custom in Swabia is "to eat five times a day, five times soup, twice with ''Knöpfle'' or ''Spätzle''".<ref name="Swabian Application" />

Today, Spätzle are largely considered a "[[Swabia]]n speciality"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spezialitaeten-baden-wuerttemberg.de/spezialitaeten/spezialitaet.php?sp=20 |title=Spezialitäten aus Baden-Württemberg |lang=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304054514/http://www.spezialitaeten-baden-wuerttemberg.de/spezialitaeten/spezialitaet.php?sp=20 |archive-date=2007-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and are generally associated with the [[state of Germany|German state]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]]. In France, they are associated with [[Alsace]] and [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]. Germany's estimated annual commercial production of spätzle is approximately 40,000 tons.<ref>[http://worldonaplate.blogs.com/world_on_a_plate/2007/02/sptzle_a_la_sup.html Spätzle a la Suppenküche]</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=this is a blog|date=January 2023}} Pre-made spätzle are also available internationally.

==Protected designation of origin==
Since March 2012, ''Swabian Spätzle'' and ''Swabian Knöpfle'' have been awarded the EU quality seal for [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|"Protected Geographical Indications (PGI)"]] and are protected throughout Europe as a regional specialty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Registration as a protected geographical indication |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.069.01.0003.01.DEU |website=Official Journal of the European Union L69/3 |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> To be able to bear this sign, one of the production stages of the product must have taken place in the respectively defined region of origin.

==Preparation==
[[File:Spaetzleschaben a2 21.10.2011 19-51-33.jpg|thumb|Manual process by scraping from a board]]
[[File:Spaetzlehobel.jpg|thumb|left|A "hopper" type spätzle maker (''Spätzlehobel'')]]
[[Image:Spätzlepresse2.jpg|thumb|A "potato ricer" type spätzle maker (''Spätzlepresse'')]]
Spätzle is a type of pasta or dumpling<ref name="Swabian Application">{{cite web |title=Publication of an application pursuant to Article 6(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2011.191.01.0020.01.ENG |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> or noodles.<ref>"spaetzle", [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/de/worterbuch/englisch/spaetzle Collins English Dictionary], accessed Jan 2, 2023.</ref><ref>"spaetzle", [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/de/worterbuch/englisch/spaetzle Webster’s New World College Dictionary], 4th Edition, accessed Jan 2, 2023.</ref>
Spätzle dough typically consists of few ingredients, principally [[egg (food)|egg]]s, [[flour]], and [[salt]]. The Swabian rule of thumb is to use a number of eggs equal to the number of servings, plus one. Water is often added to produce a runnier dough.<ref>[http://www.basic-recipes.com/r/du/spaetzle.htm Basic-Recipes.com - Spätzle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114153120/http://www.basic-recipes.com/r/du/spaetzle.htm |date=2007-11-14 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2023}} The flour traditionally used for spätzle is [[bread wheat]] (not the [[durum wheat]] used for Italian [[pasta]]); however, a more coarsely milled type is used for spätzle making than for baking. This flour type is known as ''[[:de:Dunst (Mahlprodukt)|Dunst]]'', similar to US "[[Flour#Flour type numbers|first clear]]" or Czech ''hrubá''{{cn|date=April 2013}} type. This gives a chewier texture but can produce a dough too crumbly for scraping if no water is added, particularly when cutting short on eggs for dietary reasons. If fine ("all-purpose") flour and the full amount of eggs are used, all fat and moisture in the dough is derived from these, and water is rarely necessary.

Traditionally, spätzle are made by scraping long, thin strips of dough off a wooden (sometimes wet) chopping board (''spätzlebrett'') into boiling salted water, where they cook until they rise to the surface. Altogether, the dough should thus be as [[viscous]] as to slowly flow apart if cut into strips with a knife, yet hold the initial shape for some seconds. If dropped into boiling water, the [[albumen]] will congeal quickly in the boiling water, while the [[yolk]] will keep the dough succulent. After the pasta has become firm, they are skimmed and put aside.

Since this can be a cumbersome way to prepare spätzle, several devices were invented to facilitate cooking that resemble a strainer or [[colander]], [[potato ricer]] (''spätzlepresse''), [[food mill]] or coarse [[grater]] (''spätzlehobel''). As with scraped spätzle, the dough drops into the boiling water. Those instruments that use muscle pressure in addition to gravity can be used with a firmer dough; that for a ''spätzlehobel'' should be as "runny" as the one for scraping.

===Dough varieties===
For certain specialty dishes, the dough may be enriched with minced pork liver (resulting in {{ill|Leberspätzle|de}}), spinach, or finely grated cheese.

==Dishes==
[[Image:Paprikahuhn.jpg|thumb|Hungarian [[chicken paprikash]] with spätzle ([[Hungary|Hungarian]] nokedli)]]
Spätzle typically accompanies [[meat]] dishes prepared with an abundant sauce or gravy, such as {{ill|Zwiebelrostbraten|de}}, [[Sauerbraten]], [[Jägerschnitzel]] or [[Rouladen]]. In Hungary, spätzle often are used in soup. Spätzle also are used as a primary ingredient in dishes including:

'''Savory'''
*''Linsen, Spätzle und [[Vienna sausage|Saitenwürstle]]'': Spätzle with [[lentil]]s and fine-skinned, [[Frankfurter Würstchen|frankfurter]]-style sausages
*''[[Käsespätzle]]'': Spätzle mixed with grated [[cheese]] (typically [[Emmenthaler]]) and fried [[onion]]
*''[[Gaisburger Marsch]]'': Traditional Swabian [[beef stew]] with [[potatoes]] and [[carrots]]
*''Krautspätzle'': Spätzle mixed with [[sauerkraut]], onion, [[butter]] and spices such as [[marjoram]] and/or [[caraway]]
* ''Spätzle mit Käse überbacken'' – Spätzle mixed with cheese and topped with [[paprika]]
*''Leberspätzle'': Spätzle mixed with ground liver often served as a soup with a clear broth
*''Spinatspatzeln'' ([[Tyrol (state)|Tyrolean]] dialect): Spätzle which also contains spinach as one of the ingredients; a speciality of [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]

'''Sweet'''
*''Kirschspätzle'': Spätzle mixed with fresh [[cherry|cherries]], dressed with clarified, browned butter, sugar, and cinnamon and/or [[nutmeg]]. In the [[Allgäu]], this is served as a one-dish supper in late summer.
*''Apfelspätzle'': Spätzle with grated apples in the dough, dressed with clarified, browned butter, sugar, and cinnamon. In the [[Allgäu]], this is served as a one-dish supper in autumn.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="">
File:Spätzle.jpg|Spätzle
File:2015 0718 Käsespätzle Sölden.jpg|[[Käsespätzle]] (cheese Spätzle), Spätzle with cheese and onions
File:Spinatspatzeln.jpg|Spinatspätzla
Image:2005-07-31 Kässpätzle Zubereitung.jpg|thumb|Preparation of ''Käsespätzle'' using a ''Spätzlepresse''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gnocchi]], similar Italian pasta/dumplings
* [[Halušky]], eastern European equivalent of spätzle
* [[Klöße]], larger dumplings
* [[Knoephla]]
* [[Passatelli]], similar Italian pasta made with bread crumbs in place of flour
* [[Schupfnudel]]
* [[Swabian Spätzle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.venturists.net/hungarian-egg-noodle-dumplings-nokedli How to Make Spätzle]
* [http://www.europeancuisines.com/Swiss-German-Austrian-Spatzli-Spatzle-Spaetzle-Tiny-Flour-Dumplings-Recipe Article about Spätzle]

{{Noodles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spatzle}}
[[Category:Alsatian cuisine]]
[[Category:Austrian cuisine]]
[[Category:German cuisine]]
[[Category:Hungarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Swiss cuisine]]
[[Category:Swabian cuisine]]

[[hu:Nokedli]]

Tiverton, Devon

2023-02-26T10:26:48Z

Trotboy: /* Notable people */

{{Short description|Town in Devon, England}}
{{see also|Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|region = South West England
|static_image =The Town Hall, Tiverton (geograph 4549312).jpg
|static_image_caption = [[Tiverton Town Hall]]
|shire_county = [[Devon]]
|shire_district = [[Mid Devon]]
|civil_parish = Tiverton
|official_name = Tiverton
|population = 22,291
|population_ref = (2021 Census)<ref name="bua2011">{{cite web |title=Tiverton |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southwestengland/admin/mid_devon/E04003055__tiverton/ |website=City population |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
|os_grid_reference = SS955125
|coordinates = {{coord|50.903|-3.488|display=inline,title}}
|post_town = TIVERTON
|postcode_area = EX
|postcode_district = EX16
|dial_code = 01884
|constituency_westminster = [[Tiverton and Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton and Honiton]]
}}
'''Tiverton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|v|ər|t|ən}} {{respell|TIV|ər-tən}}) is a town and [[civil parish]] in [[Devon]], England, and the commercial and administrative centre of the [[Mid Devon]] district. The population in 2019 was 20,587.<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southwestengland/devon/E34003112__tiverton/ City Population site. Retrieved 29 November 2020.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |title=Tiverton Profile |website=Devon County Council |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:River Exe.jpg|left|thumb|View from the bridge over the Exe which looks towards the historic [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's church]]]]
The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-ford-ton" or "Twyverton", meaning "the town on two fords", and was historically referred to as "Twyford". The town stands at the confluence of the rivers [[River Exe|Exe]] and Lowman. Human occupation in the area dates back to the [[Stone Age]], with many flint tools found in the area. An [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], [[Cranmore Castle]], stands at the top of [[Exeter Hill]] above the town, and a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort or marching camp was discovered on the hillside below [[Knightshayes Court]] near [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]], just to the north of the town.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Roman Fort, Bolham Hill|num=1013409|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Tiverton formed part of the inheritance of [[Aethelweard (son of Alfred)|Aethelweard]], youngest son of [[King Alfred]]. [[Gytha of Wessex|Countess Gytha of Wessex]] controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that [[William the Conqueror]] was its tenant-in-chief in 1086. Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://opendomesday.org/place/SS9512/tiverton/ |title=Tiverton - Domesday Book |first=Anna |last=Powell-Smith |website=opendomesday.org |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> It was the strategic site chosen by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] for a Norman castle, [[Tiverton Castle]], first built as a [[Motte and Bailey]] in 1106.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk/south_west/tiverton_castle.html|title=Tiverton Castle|publisher= Castles forts battles| access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Tiverton has a medieval town [[leat]], built for it by [[Isabella de Fortibus|Countess Isabella de Fortibus]], who was the eldest daughter of [[Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon]] and grew up at Tidcombe Hall, close to Tiverton. Isabella also controlled the Port of [[Topsham, Devon]], through which much of Tiverton's woollen exports were transported, mostly to the [[Low Countries]]. Every seven years there is a [[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]: a ceremony to clear the path of the leat and ensure it is kept running. The leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggan's Well, in Fore Street.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk/9-general/25-perambulation |title=Perambulation |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Tiverton owes its early growth and prosperity to the wool trade, which caused the town to grow rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the town's heritage. John Greenway (1460–1529), for example, built a chapel and porch onto [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's]] parish church in 1517, and a small chapel and almshouses in Gold Street, which still stand – the Almshouse Trust still houses people today. [[Peter Blundell]], another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for [[Blundell's School]] to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604 and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, where it functions as an [[independent school]].<ref>[[Martin Dunsford]], ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> [[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579) founded ''Waldron's Almshouses'', on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate [[chest tomb]] survives in St Peter's Church.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Church of St Peter|num=1384949|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Around the turn of the 17th century, there were two major fires in the town. The first, allegedly started in a frying pan, was in 1596 and destroyed most of the town. The second, in 1612, was known as the "dog-fight fire" – a dog fight had distracted those meant to be looking after a furnace.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |title=Historic Dates in Tiverton |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |access-date=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415030018/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The parish registers of [[Barnstaple]] reported of the second fire: "In the yere of or Lorde God 1612 in the 5th daye of the month of Auguste was the towne of Teverton burned the second tyme wth fyer to the nomber of 260 dwellynge howses."<ref>Thomas Wainwright, ''Barnstaple Parish Register, 1538 A.D. to 1812 A.D.''. Exeter:James G. Commin, 1903, p. 54.</ref>

[[File:Tiverton Castle front 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Tiverton Castle in 2021]]
During the English Civil War in 1645 [[Tiverton Castle]], held by the Royalists, was the scene of a relatively brief siege by [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October, the town's defenders fleeing before him towards Exeter. They left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery and bombarded the castle for two days, ceasing fire for the sabbath in the afternoon of Saturday 18 October. On Sunday Fairfax had "several great pieces" of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a.m. The siege was ended when a lucky shot broke one of the drawbridge chains and an alert squad of Roundheads gained swift entry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bentinck |first1=Arthur |title=The manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland, preserved at Welbeck Abbey |url=https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsofhis03grea |date=1891 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswood|page=292 }}</ref>

===18th and 19th centuries===
The town enjoyed prosperity from the wool trade in the early 18th century. However, a period of decline followed during the early [[Industrial Revolution]]. There were occasional riots, and societies of woolcombers and weavers were formed in an effort to protect jobs and wages. By the end of the century, imports of cotton and the expansion of industrialization elsewhere, along with the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on exports, took the town's woollen industry into terminal decline.<ref>Martin Dunsford, ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> In June 1731 [[Tiverton fire of 1731|another fire]] destroyed 298 houses, causing £58,000 worth of damage. After this, the streets were widened.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risdon |first=Tristram |title=The Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIdnAAAAMAAJ |editor=Rees |edition=updated |pages=370–371 |year=1811 |publisher=Rees and Curtis |location=Plymouth |display-editors=etal}}</ref> In May 1738, [[Tiverton riots|riots broke out]] in the town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunsford |first=Martin |authorlink=Martin Dunsford |title=Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8sHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65 |accessdate=12 July 2012 |year=1836 |pages=65–66}}</ref>

The industrialist [[John Heathcoat]] bought an old woollen mill on the [[river Exe]] in 1815, and after the destruction of his machinery at [[Loughborough]] by former [[Luddites]] thought to be in the pay of [[Nottingham]] lacemakers, he moved his whole lace-making operation to Tiverton.<ref>W. Gore Allen, ''John Heathcoat and his Heritage''. Christopher Johnson, London, 1958.</ref> The factory turned the fortunes of Tiverton again, making it an early industrial centre in the South West. Trade was aided when a branch of the [[Grand Western Canal]] from Tiverton to Lowdwells was opened in 1814, with an extension to Taunton in 1838. This was followed by a branch of the Great Western Railway in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://great-devon-railway.uk/TIVERTON%20BRANCH%20LINE.html |title=Tiverton Branch Line |publisher=Great Devon Railway |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> [[Tiverton Town Hall]], elaborately designed by Henry Lloyd, was completed in 1864.<ref>{{NHLE |desc=The Town Hall |num=1384734|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Although small, Tiverton had two members of Parliament. As one of the "[[rotten boroughs]]" it was often targeted by those seeking electoral reform. [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], or "Pam" as he was known locally, was an MP for Tiverton for much of the 19th century. In 1847, the [[Chartists]], a radical group seeking to change the electoral system, stood one of their leaders, [[George Julian Harney]], against Palmerston. He is widely reported as having gained no votes – but in fact he won the "popular vote" (a show of hands of the people of the town) and withdrew when Palmerston called a ballot, aware that he would lose in a vote by only 400 wealthy and propertied in the town out of a population of 7000. Broadening the franchise was one of the Chartist objectives. After the [[Reform Act]] of 1867, Tiverton had a single MP, held for a long period by a member of the Heathcoat-Amory family, who own much of the land and property surrounding Tiverton, most recently by [[Derick Heathcoat-Amory]] who served from 1945 to 1960. Up until 2010 [[David Heathcoat-Amory]] was the MP for [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]] in nearby [[Somerset]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisissomerset.co.uk/news/MP-says-fight-general-election/article-2310772-detail/article.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912190435/http://www.thisissomerset.co.uk/news/MP-says-fight-general-election/article-2310772-detail/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Former MP says he will not fight next general election |work=[[Mid Somerset Series|Wells Journal]] |date=17 June 2010}}</ref>

The town was the last in the Devon and Cornwall area to retain an independent police force, until 1945. In the second half of the 20th century, Tiverton again declined slowly, as the Heathcoat factory became ever more mechanised and the Starkey Knight & Ford brewery was taken over by [[Whitbread]] as its regional brewery, but later closed, becoming just a bottling plant located in Howden (now Aston Manor cider makers). The factory lay derelict for some years before being demolished to make way for a supermarket. The manufacture of agricultural machinery adjacent to the River Lowman dwindled, the railway closed in 1964 and the Globe Elastic plant in Kennedy Way closed in the 1980s. However, a few far-sighted individuals, notably William Authers, secured some important assets for the future. Tiverton Museum was opened, the track bed of the old railway was bought to provide footpaths and an adventure playground, and the Grand Western Canal was saved from dereliction as a country park.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/grandwesterncanal/ |title=Great Western Canal: Country park and local nature reserve |publisher=Devon Counci l| access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Retailing in the town declined further in the 1990s after the opening of the Southern Relief Road (now Great Western Way) led to the closure of Fore Street in the town centre to all but pedestrians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.johnbarber.com/fore-street-solved/ |title=Fore Street – Solved! |publisher=John Barber | access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Tiverton Library.JPG|left|thumb|The new Tiverton Library and council offices]]
Tiverton's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (the North Devon Link Road) in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, an industrial estate was built at Little Gornhay on the north-eastern edge of the town and a junction was added to the Link Road, with a distributor road (now the [[A396 road|A396]]) into the town that has become its main gateway. Great Western Way, linking this road to the Exeter Road along the line of the old railway, was also constructed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.streetlist.co.uk/ta/ex16/ex16-4/great-western-way |title=Great Western Way |publisher=Street List |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Demand has driven up housing prices, particularly in the South-West. Many now look to towns on the periphery of employment centres. Tiverton has become a [[dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]], with its growth supported by large housing projects to the north of the town by most national house builders, including [[Westbury (housebuilder)|Westbury Homes]], [[Barrett Homes]] and [[Bellway Homes]]. The resulting influx has brought further development of the town's services and shops. Tiverton's outmoded swimming pool was replaced by a new leisure centre near the main campus of the [[East Devon College]] consisting of a swimming pool and gymnasium. [[Mid Devon District Council]] moved in December 2003 to new offices at Phoenix House, at the foot of Phoenix Lane, close to the site of a disused brewery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.powelldobson.com/specSheets/126_specSheet_Central%20Offices%20Tiverton.pdf |title=Central Offices, Tiverton |publisher=Powell Dobson |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> The town has a newly built [[Tiverton and District Hospital]] funded by the [[Private Finance Initiative]], which opened in May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/7181067.new-tiverton-hospital-opens/ |title=New Tiverton hospital opens |publisher=County Gazette |date=26 May 2004 |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Tiverton Pannier Market 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Tiverton Pannier Market in 2021]]
The [[Pannier Market]] in the town was redeveloped at a cost of over £3 million, alongside its car park and minor shopping precinct, increasing market capacity and allowing markets to be held more frequently:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.graingearchitects.co.uk/projects/tiverton-pannier-market |title=Tiverton Pannier Market |publisher=Grainge Architects| access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> the work was completed in April 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.middevon.gov.uk/media/205786/tiverton-conservation-area-appraisal-text.pdf |title=Tiverton Conservation Area Appraisal |publisher=Mid-Devon Council |page=34 |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2007 the former cinema, the Electric, was bulldozed for redevelopment as housing, while the only operative cinema, the Tivoli, which had been mostly run by volunteers, closed its doors and the site was put up for sale. After a well-supported public campaign, the Tivoli reopened on 28 June 2008, bought by Merlin Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/20863 |title=Tivoli Cinema |publisher=Cinema Treasurers| access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

Tiverton as the venue for the annual [[Mid Devon Show]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mid Devon Show to relocate to Knightshayes |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/popular-country-relocate-knightshayes/story–21965954-detail/story.html |access-date=3 July 2016 |work=Mid Devon Gazette |date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiverton – Mid Devon Show |url=http://www.heartofdevon.com/whats-on/tiverton-mid-devon-show-p454823 |publisher=Heart of Devon |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> won one of 15 positions in the Round 2 pilot scheme as a [[Portas Pilot Areas|Portas Town]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tivertontoday.co.uk/page18.html |title=Sub Article 1 |website=www.tivertontoday.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Blundell's School]], an independent coeducational day and boarding school
*Bolham Primary School
*The Castle Primary School, formerly in the old Grammar School building, but replaced by a new build in 2017, the old building being demolished
*East Anstey County Primary School
*Halberton Primary School
*Heathcoat Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*[[Petroc College]], formerly [[East Devon College]], a further education college sharing a campus with Tiverton High School
*Rackenford Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*St John's Roman Catholic Primary School
*Tidcombe Primary School, once a state school, now an academy
*[[Tiverton High School]], the local community secondary school and a specialist visual arts college belonging to the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*Two Moors Primary School
*Wilcombe Primary School, once a state school, now part of an academy with 12 other Devon primaries
*Witheridge V. P. (C) School

==Transport==
===Road===
Tiverton has easy access to the [[M5 motorway]]. The town's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] North Devon Link Road in the late 1980s.

===Coach===
Up till 11 January 2023, Tiverton was served twice daily by the London Superfast Service of [[Berrys Coaches|Berry's Coaches]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.berryscoaches.co.uk/news/london-superfast-tiverton/ |title=London Superfast to withdraw from Tiverton |publisher=Berry's Coaches |date=28 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://book.berryscoaches.co.uk/superfast-timetables.html |title=Superfast Timetable |publisher=Berry's Coaches}}</ref>

===Rail===
The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] opened a station known as Tiverton Road on 1 May 1844. It was renamed [[Tiverton Junction railway station|Tiverton Junction]] on 12 June 1848, when [[Tiverton railway station]] was opened nearer the town at the end of a branch from the Junction station. A second branch, the Exe Valley line reached this station from the south, branching off the [[Exeter to Plymouth line|London to Penzance main line]] at [[Stoke Canon]] and following the River Exe. Mainline trains were occasionally diverted via Tiverton if there was engineering work or damage on the section north of Stoke Canon. Another line headed north to join the Taunton–Barnstaple line at [[Dulverton railway station|Dulverton]]. None of these lines remain.

In 1986, [[Tiverton Parkway railway station]] opened on the main line on the site of the old [[Sampford Peverell]] station, to replace the junction station a few miles down the line at [[Willand]]. As a [[List of Parkway railway stations|parkway station]], it stands six miles east of the town, alongside Junction 27 of the [[M5 motorway]]. Its proximity to the motorway – and the relative inaccessibility of [[Exeter St Davids railway station]] – means that the station is often used as a coach exchange when the line between Exeter and Plymouth is closed.

===Canal===
The [[Grand Western Canal]] from Taunton to Tiverton opened in 1838.

===Bus===
Most bus services are run by [[Stagecoach South West]] and the local Dartline. Stagecoach offers hourly, Monday to Saturday services to [[Exeter]], with a two-hourly service on Sundays and Bank Holidays. Stagecoach also runs a two-hourly service (155) between Exeter, Tiverton and [[Barnstaple]].

==Sport==
The town has a main football club, [[Tiverton Town F.C.|Tiverton Town]], and many amateur clubs, including [[Elmore F.C.|Elmore]] and Amory Green Rovers. The town also has a [[Tiverton Rugby Club|rugby club]] and several cricket clubs. Tiverton White Eagles is a local women's hockey club with three teams in various leagues.<ref>[http://www.twehc.com/home.html Tiverton White Eagles Hockey Club]</ref>

==''Tiverton Gazette''==
[[File:Tiverton Gazette Newsroom.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Tiverton and Mid Devon Gazette''{{'s}} former newsroom on Bampton Street]]
The ''Tiverton Gazette'' is a weekly tabloid newspaper for Tiverton and district, published on Tuesdays to coincide with market day. It first appeared as the ''Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald'' in 1858, when the founder, Robert Were, was only 22 years old; he died just five years later. The newspaper split into three editions in 1872 – the ''Tiverton Gazette'', ''Crediton Gazette'' and ''South Molton Gazette'' – but recombined in the mid-1890s as the ''Mid Devon Gazette''. It then split into Town and Rural editions, before splitting three ways once more.

==Geography==
[[File:Tiverton 5.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the town and the surrounding countryside]]
Tiverton lies in north-east [[Devon]] {{Convert|13|mi|km}} north of Exeter, {{Convert|46|mi|km}} north-east of [[Plymouth]] and {{Convert|18|mi|km}} west of [[Taunton]]. The villages of Ashley to the south and [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]] to the north have become suburbs of Tiverton. The [[River Exe]] flows through the town.

===Climate===
Tiverton has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'').

{{Weather box
|location = Tiverton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 8
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 10
|Apr high C = 12
|May high C = 16
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 11
|Dec high C = 9
|year high C = 14
|Jan low C = 3
|Feb low C = 3
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 11
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 1
|year low C = 7
|source 1 = Weather Channel<ref>[http://uk.weather.com/travel/travel-Tiverton-UKXX0462?tab=2 Tiverton travel information] ''Weather Channel UK'' Retrieved 2009-04-04</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Notable people==
In birth order:
*[[Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabella de Redvers, Countess of Devon]] (1237–1293), countess who bequeathed the Town Leat, was born at Tidcombe.
*[[John Greenway (died 1529)|John Greenway]] (c. 1460–1529), a wealthy wool merchant and benefactor of the church
*[[Catherine of York]] (1479–1572), During her lifetime, she was daughter of [[Edward IV of England|King Edward IV]], sister to [[Edward V]], niece to [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], sister-in-law to [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and aunt to [[Henry VIII]]. Died at [[Tiverton Castle]].
*[[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579), a wealthy merchant who founded and endowed the surviving [[Listed building|grade II* listed]] "Waldron's Almshouses" and Chapel on the outskirts of Tiverton.
*[[Peter Blundell]] (1520–1601), merchant clothier whose bequest founded [[Blundell's School]]
*[[George Slee]] (died 1613), merchant clothier who built The Great House and bequeathed Slee's Almshouses
*[[Peter Sainthill (MP for Tiverton)|Peter Sainthill]] (1593–1648), Member of Parliament for Tiverton as a [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] politician
*[[Richard Newte]] (1613–1678), Anglican clergyman, son of Henry Newte the elder, Tiverton's first post-[[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] town clerk
*[[Theophilus Polwhele]] (died 1689), religious controversialist, once a priest in Tiverton, later first minister of the Steps Meeting House
*[[Benjamin Incledon]] (1730–1796), antiquary, trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's school at Tiverton and of Blundell's School, whose first history he wrote
*[[Robert Land (1739–1818)|Robert Land]] (1739–1818), United Empire Loyalist, British spy during the American Revolution, and early settler of [[Hamilton, Ontario]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[James Nixon (painter)|James Nixon]] (c. 1741–1812), noted miniature painter, died in Tiverton.
*[[Richard Cosway]] (1742–1821), leading portrait painter of miniatures in the [[Regency era]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Hannah Cowley (writer)|Hannah Cowley]] (1743–1809), playwright and poet born in Tiverton
*[[Martin Dunsford]] (1744–1807), English merchant and [[English Dissenter|Dissenter]], known as an antiquarian and radical politician, born in Tiverton.
*[[John Heathcoat]] (1783–1861), industrialist who invented the [[bobbinet]] lace machine, founder of Heathcoat Fabrics, MP for Tiverton (1832–1859)
*[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] (1784–1865), MP for Tiverton (1835–65) and twice prime minister
*[[John Taylor Coleridge]] (1790–1876), high court judge and [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|privy councillor]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[William Rowcliffe]] (1806-1876?), Butcher and [[Chartist]] political opponent of [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]]
*[[William Romaine Govett]] (1807–1848), surveyor of unexplored country in [[New South Wales]], returned to his birthplace of Tiverton.
*[[Edward Capern]] (1819–1894), postman and poet, born in Tiverton
*[[William Oxenham]] (1823–1875), recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Charles Rossiter Forwood]] (1827–1890), [[Attorney General of Fiji]] from 1872 to 1873, born in Tiverton.
*[[Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet|Sir John Heathcoat-Amory]] (1829–1914), first of the [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets]]
*[[Richard Blundell Comins]] (1848–1919), Anglican missionary in the [[Solomon Islands]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Frank R. Gooding]] (1859–1928), seventh Governor of Idaho and US Senator from Idaho
*[[George Burrington (cricketer)|George Burrington]] (1864–1942), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Francis Bateman-Champain]] (1877–1942), first-class cricketer, died in Tiverton.
*[[Thomas Henry Sage]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1882–1945), was born and died in Tiverton.
*[[George Jennings (cricketer)|George Jennings]] (1895–1959), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Alfred Toye]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1897-1955), spent his later years in Tiverton.
*[[J. D. Salinger]] (1919–2010), author of [[The Catcher in the Rye]], spent three months in Tiverton waiting for [[D Day]] in the spring of 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-catcher-in-the-rye-was-inspired-by-devon-town-of-tiverton-a6872251.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-catcher-in-the-rye-was-inspired-by-devon-town-of-tiverton-a6872251.html |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The Catcher in the Rye 'was inspired by Devon town of Tiverton' |date=13 February 2016 |website=independent.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bobby G]] (born 1953), singer with the Eurovision-winning '80s pop group [[Bucks Fizz]]
*[[Martyn Rogers]] (born 1955), professional footballer, manager of [[Tiverton F.C.]] for 18 years, returning in 2014
*[[Mark Labbett]] (born 1965), television personality, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Gareth Townsend]] (born 1968), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Simon Hall (chemist)|Simon Hall]] (born 1969), [[Professor]] of [[Chemistry]] at the [[University of Bristol]], was raised in Tiverton.
*[[Pete Vuckovic]] (born 1971), singer/songwriter, was born in Tiverton.

==See also==
*[[Grand Western Canal]]
*[[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton}}
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tiverton |volume=26 |page=1033 |short=x}}
*[https://tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk Tiverton Town Council]
*[http://www.tivertonmuseum.org.uk/ Tiverton Museum]
*{{curlie|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon/Tiverton/|Tiverton}}
{{Devon parishes}}
{{Mid Devon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Devon]]
[[Category:Towns in Mid Devon District]]
[[Category:Market towns in Devon]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortified camps in England]]
[[Category:Grand Western Canal]]

Alfred Liskow

2023-02-24T21:25:44Z

Trotboy: Undid revision 1136794819 by 85.193.204.141 (talk)

{{Short description|German soldier and deserter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Alfred Liskow
| honorific_suffix =
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| native_name =
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| other_name = Liskov
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| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place = [[Kolberg]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
| death_date = Unknown
| allegiance = {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (until 1941) {{flag|Soviet Union}}
| branch = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| serviceyears = 1939-41
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
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| unit = Infantry Regiment 222, [[75th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|75th Infantry Division]]
| commands =
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| battles = [[World War II]]
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| laterwork = Political member of the [[Comintern]]
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'''Alfred Liskow''' (also spelled Liskov<ref>''a b W. Leonhard . Child of the Revolution Issue 2, Publisher Ink Links, 1979, {{ISBN|0-906133-26-2}} , page 122''</ref><ref>''a b M. Blank: booty:. POWs in German and Soviet photography Margot Blank, Museum Karlshorst'', Ch Links Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|3-86153-294-8}} , p.29 limited preview in Google Books</ref> or Liskof;<ref>''HH Düsel: The Soviet leaflet propaganda against Germany in World War II. Volume 1, Ingolstadt, 1985, page 107''</ref> first name sometimes given as Albert;<ref>''a b The war was lost in Kursk. In Der Spiegel 27, 1966, of 27 June 1966''</ref><ref>''Den sjarmerende terrorist. in: Dagbladet 30 January 2006 ( Bokmål )''</ref> {{Lang-ru|Альфред Германович Лисков|translit=Alfred Germanovich Liskov}}; 1910 – unknown) was a [[Wehrmacht|German soldier]] and deserter who swam across the [[Bug River]] at 9:00 pm on the eve of [[Operation Barbarossa]] near Sokal, just north of [[Lwow]], in 1941 to warn the [[Red Army]] of imminent attack the next morning.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Alfred Liskow was born 1910. Before joining the German military in 1939, he worked as a furniture maker at a furniture factory in [[Kołobrzeg|Kolberg]]. He was a dedicated [[Communism|Communist]] and at one point a member of the [[Roter Frontkämpferbund]].<ref>Рассказ немецкого солдата Альфреда Лискофа // "Пионерская правда", № 76 (2588) от 28 июня 1941</ref>

===Military career===
Liskow served at Infantry Regiment 222 of the [[75th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|75th infantry division]] stationed on the eve of the invasion north to the town [[Sokal]] (north to [[Lwow]]). After learning about Germany's plans to invade the Soviet Union, he left his military unit to warn the Soviets. He swam across the Bug river on 21 June 1941 and surrendered to the Soviet border patrol soldiers of the 90th Border Unit at about 9:00 pm. During a questioning, he said that at dawn on 22 June, the German Wehrmacht would attack.<ref>"''Примерно в 12 часов ночи 21 июня командующий Киевским округом [[Mikhail Kirponos|М. П. Кирпонос]], находившийся на своём командном пункте в Тарнополе, доложил по ВЧ, что, кроме перебежчика, о котором доложил генерал [[Maksim Purkayev|М. А. Пуркаев]], в наших частях появился ещё один немецкий солдат - 222-го полка 74-й пехотной дивизии. Он переплыл реку, явился к пограничникам и сообщил, что в 4 часа утра немецкие войска перейдут в наступление''" [[Georgy Zhukov|Г. К. Жуков]]. Воспоминания и размышления. М., издательство Агентства печати Новости, 1971. стр.235</ref>

====Defection====
After his defection, the Soviet authorities used Liskow for their propaganda. One of the quotes attributed to him was "I am from a family of workers, from Kolberg. My parents and I hate [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and his [[Nazi Regime|regime]]. For us, the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] is a friendly country, and we don't want to fight with the Soviet people. There are many such families in Germany. They don't want a war with you." Despite this, he was arrested in January 1942 and sent to a Soviet prisoner camp. During his time in prison, Liskow showed signs of mental illness, though it is unclear if such mental illness was real. Liskow was rehabilitated on 16 July 1942 and sent to Siberia, where all traces of him were lost. It is believed that Liskow died in unknown circumstances near Novosibirsk in late 1943; however, this has never been confirmed.

Stalin later ordered the execution of a German deserter for "misinformation", though it is unclear if this refers to Liskow or another German deserter.<ref>Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Bellamy, Chris. pp. 156-157. https://books.google.com/books?id=U__-ON4Cnf0C&pg=PA156&dq=alfred+liskow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p66dUbTuNo7OyAHTh4CoDg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=alfred%20liskow&f=false</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/328529-how-soviets-ruined-life-of-german|title=How the Soviets ruined the life of a German soldier who warned them about the Nazi invasion|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liskow, Alfred}}
[[Category:German Army soldiers of World War II]]
[[Category:Communists in the German Resistance]]
[[Category:German defectors to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:Deserters]]
[[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]]

Alfred Liskow

2023-01-31T08:59:00Z

Trotboy: Undid revision 1119593882 by 1.53.140.220 (talk)

Swabians

2022-08-28T12:01:02Z

Trotboy: /* List of notable Swabians */

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{other uses|Swabian (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| native_name = Schwaben
| native_name_lang = de
| image = Rutenfest 2011 Festzug Sieben Schwaben 1.jpg
| caption = Rutenfest in [[Ravensburg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]], celebrating the folklore story of "[[The Seven Swabians]]" by the [[Brothers Grimm]].
| regions = {{Flag|Germany}} ({{Flag|Baden-Württemberg}}, {{Flag|Bavaria}})
| religion = primarily [[Roman Catholicism]]
| languages =
}}

'''Swabians''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}, singular ''Schwabe'') are a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]] who are native to the [[ethnocultural]] and linguistic region of [[Swabia]], which is now mostly divided between the modern states of [[Baden-Württemberg]] and [[Bavaria]], in southwestern [[Germany]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>

The name is ultimately derived from the medieval [[Duchy of Swabia]], one of the German [[stem duchy|stem duchies]], representing the territory of [[Alemannia]], whose inhabitants were interchangeably called ''[[Alemanni]]'' or ''[[Suebi]]''. This territory would include all of the [[Alemannic German]] areal, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the collapse of the duchy of Swabia in the 13th century. Swabia as understood in modern ethnography roughly coincides with the [[Swabian Circle]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as it stood during the [[Early Modern period]].

== Culture ==
Swabian culture, as distinct from its Alemannic neighbours, evolved in the later medieval and early modern period. After the disintegration of the [[Duchy of Swabia]], a Swabian cultural identity and sense of cultural unity survived, expressed in the formation of the [[Swabian League of Cities]] in the 14th century, the [[Swabian League]] of 1488, and the establishment of the [[Swabian Circle]] in 1512. During this time, a division of culture and identity developed between Swabia and both the [[Margraviate of Baden]] to the west and the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] to the south.

Swabian culture retains many elements common to Alemannic tradition, notably the carnival traditions forming the [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht]].

[[File:Wirkoennenalles.jpg|thumb|250px|A public relations campaign by the state of Baden-Württemberg, translated "We can do everything—except speak [[Standard German]]." (see article text)]]
As the national cultural consensus surrounding [[German unification]] was built during the 18th and 19th century, Germany was politically dominated by the northern [[Kingdom of Prussia]], and [[Weimar Classicism]] in the [[Duchy of Saxe-Weimar]] became the expression of German national [[high culture]] ([[Christoph Martin Wieland]] and [[Friedrich Schiller]], while born and raised in Swabia, moved to Weimar and became two of the "four luminaries" (''Viergestirn'')<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=City Portrait Weimar |url=https://static.daad.de/media/daad_de/pdfs_nicht_barrierefrei/daad-letter-02-2014.pdf#page=45&search=luminaries |magazine=LETTER |location=Bonn |publisher=[[German Academic Exchange Service]] |issue=02/2014 |page=45 |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> of Weimar Classicism).

As a consequence, southern Germany and by extension both the Swabians and the [[Bavarians]] came to be seen as marked deviations from generic [[Standard German]], and a number of clichés or stereotypes developed.
These portrayed the Swabians as stingy, overly serious or prudish [[petty bourgeois]] simpletons, as reflected in "[[The Seven Swabians]]" (''Die sieben Schwaben''), one of the ''[[Kinder- und Hausmärchen]]'' published by the [[Brothers Grimm]]. On the positive side, the same stereotype may be expressed in portraying the Swabians as frugal, clever, entrepreneurial and hard-working.
The economic recovery of Germany after the Second World War, known as the ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', was praised by songwriter [[Ralf Bendix]] in his 1964 ''Schaffe, schaffe Häusle baue / Und net nach de Mädle schaue'' ("[let's] work and work, and build a house / and not look out for girls" in Swabian dialect). The first line of his song has since become a common summary of Swabian stereotypes known throughout Germany.
In a widely noted publicity campaign on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of [[Baden-Württemberg]], economically the most successful state in modern Germany, the Swabians famously embraced their stereotyping, "We can do everything—except speak [[Standard German]]" (''Wir können alles. Außer Hochdeutsch'').

Swabian stereotypes persist in contemporary Germany, as expressed e.g. in the "[[Schwabenhass]]" conflict (surrounding [[gentrification]] in Berlin due to the large number of well-to-do Swabians moving to the capital), or a remark by chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] in praise of the "thrifty Swabian housewife"
(recommending Swabian, and by extension German economic prudence as a model for Europe during the [[Euro crisis|financial crisis]]).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/17/angela-merkel-austerity-swabian-housewives | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Julia | last=Kollewe | title=Angela Merkel's austerity postergirl, the thrifty Swabian housewife | date=September 17, 2012}}</ref>

== Swabian German==
[[File:Modern Swabia-map.PNG|thumbnail|Swabia within modern Germany (shown in yellow is [[Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis]], situated at the transitional area between the Swabian, Upper Rhenish and Lake Constance dialects within Alemannic)]]
The ethno-linguistic group of Swabians speak [[Swabian German]], a branch of the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] group of [[German dialects]].
Swabian is cited as "40 percent intelligible" to speakers of [[Standard German]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>
As an ethno-linguistic group, Swabians are closely related to other speakers of [[Alemannic German]], i.e. [[Baden]]ers, [[Alsace|Alsatians]], and [[German-speaking Swiss]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>

[[Swabian German]] is traditionally spoken in the upper [[Neckar]] basin (upstream of [[Heilbronn]]), along the upper [[Danube]] between [[Tuttlingen]] and [[Donauwörth]], and on the left bank of the [[Lech (river)|Lech]], in an areal centered on the [[Swabian Alps]] roughly stretching from [[Stuttgart]] to [[Augsburg]]. [[SIL Ethnologue]] cites an estimate of 819,000 Swabian speakers as of 2006.

== Emigration ==
===Hollandgänger===
During the 17th and 18th century the [[Dutch Republic]] was known for its wealth and religious tolerance, and substantial numbers of Swabians moved there in search of either work or religious freedom. Those with large debts ended up conscripted as sailors and soldiers for the [[Dutch East India Company]] (DEIC), eventually settling in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]], [[Dutch East Indies]] or [[Ceylon]]. Besides individual Swabians, the [[Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Charles Eugene of Württemberg]] concluded an agreement with the DEIC in 1786 to furnish a regiment of 2000 men to the DEIC for the sum of 300 000 guilders. This became known as the [[Württemberg Cape Regiment]] ({{lang-de|Württembergisches Kapregiment }}).<ref name="SESA">{{cite encyclopedia|title = Württemberg Regiment |encyclopedia = Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa|volume = 11|pages = 546–7|publisher = Nasou Limited|year = 1971|isbn = 978-0-625-00324-2}}</ref> Their presence among the Dutch at the Cape contributed to the Dutch term ''swaapstreek'' (literally: "Swabian shenanigans"), likely referencing the Seven Swabians tale.

===Ostsiedlung===
{{see|Danube Swabians|Banat Swabians|Germans of Serbia|Satu Mare Swabians|Swabian Turkey}}
During the 18th century [[East Colonisation]], many Swabians were attracted by the Austrian Empire's offer of settling in East European lands which had been left sparsely populated by the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|wars with Turkey]]. These [[ethnic German]] communities came to be known collectively as the [[Danube Swabians]], subdivided into such groups as the [[Banat Swabians]], [[Satu Mare Swabians]] and others (although the name "Danube Swabians" was applied also to German settlers of non-Swabian background).

Swabians settled also in eastern [[Croatia]] ([[Slavonia]] and [[Syrmia]]), and southern and western [[Hungary]],<ref>Christian Promitzer, Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik, Eduard Staudinger. Hidden Minorities: Language and Ethnic Identity Between Central Europe. LIT Verlag Münster, 2009. p. 196.</ref> including part of what is now [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]] (the [[Danube Swabians]], [[Satu Mare Swabians]], [[Banat Swabians]] and [[Swabian Turkey]]) in the 18th century, where they were invited as pioneers to repopulate some areas.
They also settled in [[Russia]], [[Bessarabia]], and [[Kazakhstan]]. They were well-respected as farmers.

Almost all of the several million Swabians were expelled from Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia during the period 1944–1950, as part of the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|ethnic cleansing against their German minorities]]. There still are Swabians living near the city of [[Satu Mare]] in [[Romania]], who are known as [[Satu Mare Swabians]].<ref>Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti. Integrating minorities: traditional communities and modernization. Editura ISPMN, 2011. p. 148.</ref>

===Overseas===
Because of overpopulation and increasingly smaller land-holdings, many Swabians sought land in the Western Hemisphere, especially in the 19th century.
Swabian settlements can be found in [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]].

Among the Germans who emigrated to the United States in the 19th century, Swabians in some areas maintained their regional identity and formed organizations for mutual support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aaobserver.aadl.org/aaobserver/15573|title=The story of the Schwaben Halle}}</ref>

===Recent migration within Germany===
[[File:Schwabenhass in Leipzig.jpg|thumb|Schwaben, Go home to Berlin, Leipzig graffiti]]
Significant numbers of Swabians moved to [[Berlin]] following the city's [[Decision on the Capital of Germany|reinstatement as German capital]] in 2000.

By the 2010s, their number was estimated as close to 300,000.
As the Swabians in Berlin tended to be wealthier than the local ''Berliner'', this resulted in a [[gentrification]] conflict, covered under the term ''[[Schwabenhass]]'' (literally "hatred of Swabians") by the German press in 2012–2013.<ref>''[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/spaetzlekrieg-in-berlin-empoerung-ueber-anti-schwaben-schmiererei-a-898123.html Berlin: Polizei ermittelt wegen Anti-Schwaben-Schmiererei]'', Spiegel-Online, May 4, 2013
[http://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Straesslemacher-gegen-Spaetzlekrieg-article10095351.html ''Nächster Akt im Schwaben-Streit'' - Sträßlemacher gegen Spätzlekrieg], n-tv.de, 23.2.2013
[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/neue-runde-im-schwaben-streit-die-straesslemacher-aus-prenzlauer-berg/7757880.html ''Neue Runde im Schwaben-Streit - Die Strässlemacher aus Prenzlauer Berg''], ''Tagesspiegel'' 8.2.2013.
[http://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/hauptstadt-gaessle-und-straessle-im-prenzlauer-berg_aid_916603.html ''Hauptstadt: Gässle und Sträßle im Prenzlauer Berg''], Focus Online 10.2. 2013
[http://www.rbb-online.de/nachrichten/vermischtes/2013_01/schwabylon_spaetzle.html ''"Preußisch-schwäbische Versöhnung" - Narrenschelle für den "Schwaben-Goscher"''], ''rbb'' vom 23.1. 2013
[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/krone-fuer-kaethe-kollwitz-spaetzlestreit-geht-in-eine-weitere-runde/7661542.html ''Spätzlestreit geht in eine weitere Runde - Krone für Käthe Kollwitz''], ''Tagesspiegel'' vom 21. Januar 2013.
[https://archive.today/20130412070100/http://www.dradio.de/kulturnachrichten/201301211100/5 ''Berliner Kollwitz-Verein plant Protestbrief im "Spätzle-Streit"''], Deutschlandradio vom 21. Januar 2013
[http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/kollwitz-denkmal-berliner-spaetzle-streit-geht-weiter,10809148,21511198.html ''Kollwitz-Denkmal: Berliner Spätzle-Streit geht weiter''], Berliner Zeitung 24.2. 2012</ref>

== List of notable Swabians ==
* [[Albertus Magnus]] (c. 1200 – 1280), [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop
* [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg]] (1445–1496), first [[Duke of Württemberg]]
* [[Jakob Fugger]] (1459–1525), merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker
* [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] (1497/98–1543), painter and printmaker
* [[Johannes Brenz]] (1499–1570), theologian and [[Protestant reformer]]
* [[Johannes Kepler]] (1571–1630), astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer
* [[Christoph Martin Wieland]] (1733–1813), novelist, poet and translator
* [[Friedrich Schiller]] (1759–1805), playwright, poet, philosopher, and historian
* [[Friedrich Hölderlin]] (1770–1843), poet and philosopher
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] (1770–1831), philosopher
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] (1775–1854), philosopher
* [[Justinus Kerner]] (1786–1862), poet, physician, and medical writer
* [[Ludwig Uhland]] (1787–1862), poet, philologist, and literary historian
* [[Friedrich Silcher]] (1789–1860), composer and folksong collector
* [[Wilhelm Hauff]] (1802–1827), novelist
* [[Eduard Mörike]] (1804–1875), poet and novelist
* [[Julius Robert Mayer]] (1814–1878), physician, chemist, and physicist
* [[Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin]] (1838-1917), General, Inventor, developer of the [[Zeppelin]] Airship
* [[Gottlieb Daimler]] (1834–1900), engineer, industrial designer, and co-founder of [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]
* [[Wilhelm Maybach]] (1846–1929), engine designer and co-founder of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
* [[Margarete Steiff]] (1847–1909), company founder
* [[Robert Bosch]] (1861–1942), mechanic, inventor, and founder of [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]
* [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1961), novelist, poet, and painter, Nobel laureate in Literature
* Clara Ritter (1877–1959), co-founder of [[Ritter Sport]]<ref>Christiane Eifert (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QF8M66QjJCQC&pg=PA48&dq=1877+1959 ''Deutsche Unternehmerinnen im 20. Jahrhundert'']. München: C.H.Beck. p. 48. {{ISBN|978-3-406-62114-7}}.</ref>
* [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955), Nobel prize winning physicist
* [[Theodor Heuss]] (1884–1963), politician, first President of the Federal Republic of Germany
* [[Erwin Rommel]] (1891–1944), field marshal during World War II
* [[Bertolt Brecht]] (1898–1956), theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet
* [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] (1907–1944), army officer best known for his failed attempt on 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler
* [[Thaddäus Troll]] (1914–1980), journalist, writer, and Swabian dialect poet
* [[Artur Fischer]] (1919–2016), inventor and company founder
* [[Maria Beig]] (1920–2017), novelist
* [[Ralf Rangnick]] (1958–), football manager and former player
* [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] (1964–), football manager and former player
* [[Gert Mittring]] (1966–), mental calculator
* [[Jürgen Klopp]] (1967–), football manager and former player
* [[Diana Damrau]] (1971–), soprano opera singer

<gallery class="center">
Jakob Fugger by Dürer (cropped).jpg|[[Jakob Fugger]]
JKepler.jpg|[[Johannes Kepler]]
Friedrich Schiller by Emma Körner.jpg|[[Friedrich Schiller]]
Hegel by Schlesinger.jpg|[[Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel]]
Gottlieb Daimler 1890s2.jpg|[[Gottlieb Daimler]]
Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|[[Robert Bosch]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Swabian children]]
* [[Alsace|Alsatians]]
* [[Bavarians]]
* [[Alemannic separatism]]
* [[German tribes]]
{{Ethnic groups in Germany}}
[[Category:Swabia]]
[[Category:Germanic ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]

Reading and Leeds Festivals

2022-05-25T17:49:25Z

Trotboy: /* 1990s */ reinstated the edit giving details about weather in 1992 - I WAS THERE, WORKING! also cited cover of Melody Maker from the time, for the pedant who deleted it. ~~~~

{{Short description|Pair of annual music festivals in England}}
{{Redirect|Leeds Festival|the 1858–1985 festivals|Leeds Festival (classical music)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Reading and Leeds Festivals
| image = Reading and Leeds 06 and 07.jpg
| caption = Reading main stage in 2007 (top) Leeds main stage in 2006 (bottom)
| location = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]], England
*Beaulieu Jazz Festival (1955–1961)
*Various as National Jazz Festival (1961–1970)
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] (since 1971)
*Also at [[Leeds]] (since 1999)
| years_active = 1955–present (except 2020)
| dates = August bank holiday
| attendance = 105,000 (2019)
| genre = Alternative, rock, metal, hip-hop, dance, pop
| website = {{url|www.readingfestival.com}}
}}
The '''Reading and Leeds Festivals''' are a pair of annual [[music festival]]s that take place in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]] in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August [[bank holiday]] weekend. The Reading Festival is held at Little John's Farm on Richfield Avenue in central Reading, near [[Caversham Bridge]]. The Leeds event is held in [[Bramham Park]], near [[Wetherby]], the grounds of a historic house. Headliners and most supporting acts typically play at both sites, with Reading's Friday line up becoming Leeds' Saturday line-up, Reading's Saturday line-up playing at Leeds on Sunday, and Leeds' Friday line-up attending Reading on Sunday. Campsites are available at both sites and weekend tickets include camping. Day tickets are also sold.

The Reading Festival, the older of the two festivals, is the world's oldest popular music festival still in existence. Many of the biggest bands in the UK and internationally have played at the festival over five decades. The festival has had various musical phases over the years, but since the current two-site format was adopted in 1999, rock, [[Alternative rock|alternative]], [[Indie rock|indie]], [[Punk rock|punk]], and [[Metal music|metal]] have been the main genres featured in the line-up. More recently [[hip hop]] has comprised an increasing proportion of the lineup, including headline sets by artists such as [[Kendrick Lamar]] and [[Post Malone]].

The festivals are run by [[Festival Republic]], which was divested from Mean Fiddler Music Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventsnitch.com/|title=Tickets, Show Details & Reviews for Concerts, Sports & more - Event Snitch|website=www.eventsnitch.com|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> From 1998 to 2007, the festivals were known as the ''Carling Weekend: Reading'' and the ''Carling Weekend: Leeds'' for promotional purposes. In November 2007, the sponsored title was abolished after nine years and the Reading Festival reclaimed its original name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|title=Festivals part company with Carling|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154135/http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|archive-date=9 April 2008}}</ref>
In 2011, the capacity of the Reading site was 87,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|title=Reading Festival 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314211706/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> and the Leeds site was 75,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|title=Leeds Festival capacity to rise to 90,000 music fans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102075236/http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|archive-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> an increase of several thousand on previous years.<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/ |title = An extra 5,000 tickets are granted for the Leeds Festival
|access-date = 22 March 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225012140/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/
|archive-date = 25 February 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|National Jazz and Blues Festival}}
The Reading Festival was originally known as the [[National Jazz Festival]], which was conceived by [[Harold Pendleton]] (founder of the [[Marquee Club]] in London in 1958) and first held at [[Richmond Athletic Ground]] in 1961. Throughout the 1960s, the festival moved between several London and Home Counties sites, being held at [[Windsor Racecourse]], [[Kempton Park Racecourse|Kempton Park]], [[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury]] and [[Plumpton Racecourse|Plumpton]], before reaching its permanent home at Reading in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars&music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|title=Make Christmas Villages easily with My Village|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219085008/http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars%26music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|archive-date=19 February 2008|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Since 1964, when the festival added a Friday evening session to the original Saturday and Sunday format, it has been staged over three days, with the sole exception of 1970 when a fourth day was added, running from Thursday 6 to Sunday 9 August.

===1960s===
The National Jazz Federation (NJF) Festival was established at the height of the [[Trad Jazz]] boom, as a successor to the [[Beaulieu Jazz Festival]], initially as a two-day event held at [[Athletic Ground, Richmond|Richmond Athletic Ground]]. The line-up for the first two years was made up exclusively of jazz performers, but in 1963, several [[rhythm & blues]] acts were added to the bill, including the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Georgie Fame]], and [[Long John Baldry]], and by 1965, such acts were in the majority, with jazz sessions reduced to Saturday and Sunday afternoons only. This format continued until 1967 when jazz was limited to just the Saturday afternoon session. By 1969, jazz had disappeared entirely from the line-up.

In 1964, a Friday evening session was added to the existing weekend format. In 1966, the NJF Festival moved to the larger [[Windsor Racecourse]]. The following year a second stage (the Marquee Stage) was added, but when the festival was moved to Sunbury in 1968 it reverted to a single-stage format. The festival was held at Plumpton Racecourse in 1969 and 1970.

===1970s===
[[File:Reading Festival 1975 (6).jpg|thumb|right|Reading Festival 1975]]
After moving to Reading, the festival's line-up became primarily composed of [[progressive rock]], [[blues]], and [[hard rock]] during the early and mid 1970s,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=In praise of ... the Reading festival | date=25 August 2006 | access-date=30 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205456/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and then became the first music festival to incorporate [[punk rock]] and [[New wave music|new wave]] in the late 1970s, when [[The Jam]], [[Sham 69]], and [[The Stranglers]] were among the headline acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1978|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107030627/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|archive-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> The festival's attempts to cater for both traditional rock acts and punk and new wave bands occasionally led to clashes between the two sets of fans at the end of the 1970s, though the festival gradually became known for focusing on heavy metal and rock acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1979|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310172708/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|archive-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>

===1980s===
During the 1980s, the festival followed a similar format to that established in the late 1970s, with leading rock and heavy metal acts performing on the last two days, and a more varied line-up including punk and new wave bands on the opening day.

====Council ban====
In 1984 and 1985, the Conservative-run local council effectively banned the festival by designating the festival site for development and refusing to grant licences for any alternative sites in the Reading area.

In 1984, many acts were already booked and tickets were on sale, with [[Marillion]] due to headline. The promoters tried in vain to find a new site but a proposed move to [[Lilford Hall]] in Northamptonshire failed. The proposed line-up was published in ''Soundcheck'' free music paper issue 12 as: Friday 24 August – [[Hawkwind]], [[Boomtown Rats]], [[Snowy White]], The Playn Jayn, [[Dumpy's Rusty Nuts]], Wildfire, Chelsea Eloy, Tracy Lamb, New Torpedoes; Saturday 25th – [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Hanoi Rocks]], [[Steve Hackett]], Club Karlsson, [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]], [[Twelfth Night (band)|Twelfth Night]], [[Thor (band)|Thor]], [[Silent Running]], [[New Model Army]], [[IQ (band)|IQ]], The Roaring Boys, [[She (band)|She]]; Sunday 26th – [[Marillion]], [[Grand Slam (band)|Grand Slam]], [[The Bluebells]], [[Helix (band)|Helix]], [[Clannad]], [[The Opposition (band)|The Opposition]], [[The Enid]], Young Blood, Scorched Earth, and [[Terraplane]]).

After [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] regained control of the council in 1986, permission was given for fields adjacent to the original festival site to be used, and a line-up was put together at short notice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616204535/http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-date=16 June 2008|title=Tours, Tickets & Things to do from Tour Operators Worldwide by Viator}}</ref>

The following year saw a record attendance, headlined by [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]].

====Late 80s / early 90s slump====
1988 saw an attempt to take the festival in a mainstream commercial pop direction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|title=Explore the Collections – Reading Festival|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023533/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref> featuring acts including [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]], [[Hothouse Flowers]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Meat Loaf]] (who was bottled off stage),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |title=Worst Festival Sets: Meat Loaf and Bonnie Tyler |publisher=[[Virgin Media]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093129/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> and the subsequent disputes led to the ousting of original festival promoter Harold Pendleton by the [[Mean Fiddler Music Group]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=How I Got Here: Fiddling all over the world | first=Susannah | last=Prain | date=1 February 2001 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203194931/http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>

Pendleton attempted to relocate the festival to a new site near [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] using the name "Redding Festival", but threats of legal action by the new promoters of the original festival, as well as a reluctance by Newbury District Council to issue a licence for the proposed Newbury Showground venue blocked Pendleton's plans. Meanwhile, the official Reading Festival, now managed by Mean Fiddler, continued at the Thames-side site in Reading, with a predominantly [[Gothic rock|goth]] and [[Indie rock|indie]] music policy that alienated much of the traditional fan base and saw attendances plummet.

Attendances continued to fall between 1989 and 1991, but began to recover from 1992, when new organisers took over from the Mean Fiddler group, broadening the festival's musical policy.

===1990s===
In 1991, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] made the first of their two appearances at Reading, midway down the bill. The following year, 1992, they played what would be their last UK concert, which was released as a live album/DVD ''[[Live at Reading]]'' in November 2009. The band's singer [[Kurt Cobain]] came onstage in a wheelchair pushed by music journalist [[Everett True]] and wearing a medical gown, parodying speculations about his mental health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|title=BBC – Seven Ages of Rock – Events – Nirvana headline Reading Festival|last=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203807/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> the 1992 Festival was hit by extreme weather, with a thunderstorm on the Saturday drenching the site, leaving it ankle-deep in mud, and blowing away the Comedy Tent. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archivedmusicpress.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/reading-festival-special-cover-of-the-melody-maker-12th-september-1992/}}</ref>

====Festival expansion====
By the mid-1990s, the festival had begun to regain its former status as the popularity of UK outdoor festivals increased. [[Britpop]] and indie began to appear on the bill alongside the traditional rock and metal acts, and [[hip hop music|rap]] acts such as [[Ice Cube]] began to appear regularly on the main stage, to mixed receptions. [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] headlined the second day of the 1992 festival. [[Beastie Boys]] were about halfway down the bill for day three.

In 1996, [[The Stone Roses]] played the last gig before their break-up at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|title=h2g2 – The Stone Roses – 'The Stone Roses' – Edited Entry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826043346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>

In 1998, the Reading Festival absorbed the failed [[Phoenix Festival]], resulting in an on-stage dispute between [[Beastie Boys]] and [[The Prodigy]] over the song "Smack My Bitch Up".<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1999, the festival added a second venue at [[Temple Newsam]] in [[Leeds]],<ref>[http://justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 Reading 1999 – FC Luzern In English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007214302/http://www.justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 |date=7 October 2011 }}. Justcantbeatthat.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> the site of [[V Festival]] in 1997 and 1998, due to increasing demand.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xSzqY7tD2UUC&pg=PA366&lpg=PA366&dq=leeds+festival+1997+history+temple+newsam&source=web&ots=C2mbiU0wcj&sig=B3OJCQAhdRssKBE8Z5jaz8jj8eI Festival and Events Management – Google Boeken]. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> In the first year, all bands performed at the Leeds site the day after they played Reading, with the Reading Festival running from Friday to Sunday and the Leeds Festival running from Saturday to Monday. However, in 2001, the festival moved to the current format, wherein the Reading line-up plays at Leeds the following day, with the opening day line-up from Leeds playing the final day in Reading (with the exceptions of 2009 and 2010 when the bands playing Leeds played Reading the following day, and the bands on the opening day of Reading closed Leeds).

===2000s===
[[File:Reading Festival 2000.jpg|thumb|The main stage of the 2000 Reading Festival]]
After a successful first year in Leeds, the increasing popularity of outdoor music festivals led to the Reading Festival selling out quicker every year. However, the Leeds Festival was plagued by riots and violence, which led to problems in retaining its licence.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | work=BBC News | title=Festival marred by violence | date=26 August 2002 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120043800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | archive-date=20 January 2008 }}</ref> The worst incidents occurred in 2002, following which the festival was moved to [[Bramham Park]] north-east of Leeds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |title=READING Little Johns Farm LEEDS Branham Park, Wetherby 22–24 August |work=BBC News |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509102821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |archive-date=9 May 2004 }}</ref> Since then, security at both sites has increased and problems have been reduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|title=Happy campers|publisher=BBC Leeds Entertainment|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401054943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

The early 2000s saw a varied but predominantly rock line-up, though as the decade progressed the Main Stage and Radio 1 Stage featured many indie bands.

Despite being predominantly a rock festival, several hip-hop artists have appeared at the festival over the years, including [[Cypress Hill]], [[Ice Cube]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Eminem]], [[Xzibit]], [[Jay-Z]], [[50 Cent]], [[Dizzee Rascal]], and [[The Streets]].

In 2005, the main stages at both Reading and Leeds were made larger, featuring cantilevered video screens. The same year the [[Reading Fringe Festival]] was established in Reading, with venues in the town hosting acts hoping to draw crowds and industry figures from the larger festival. The Reading Fringe has run annually since then.

====Banning of flags and banners====
Flags were banned from both festival sites in 2009, with the organisers citing health and safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news | title = Festival fans receive a flag ban | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | access-date = 29 November 2009 | work = BBC News | date = 25 August 2009 | first = Ian | last = Youngs | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | archive-date = 28 August 2009 }}</ref> Flags and banners had been a traditional part of the Reading Festival since the early 1970s, originally used to enable motorcycle groups and others to identify themselves and find each other inside the main arena.

===2010s===
[[File:Reading Festival Aftermath, 2016.png|thumb|Campsite Aftermath, 2016]]
Reading Festival continued to expand through the early 2010s, with a new record capacity of 105,000 recorded in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/07/reading-festival-2019-sells-out/#.XjFmy2hKiUk|title=Reading Festival 2019 Sells Out|date=22 July 2019|website=[[IQ (magazine)|IQ]]|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> In the same year, 200 artists played at both festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viberate.com/article/how-rock-are-you-the-best-festivals-for-headbangers/|title=How Rock Are You? The Best Festivals for Headbangers|last=Klancnik|first=Urban|date=10 December 2019|website=Viberate|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

The festival typically has the following stages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|title=Carling festival main page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506123618/http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
*Main Stage – major rock, indie, metal and alternative acts.
*''[[NME]]''/[[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] stage – less well-known acts, building up to an alternative headline act.
*Dance tent – dance music acts, previously sharing a day with the Lock Up stage, now a stand-alone 3-day stage.
*Lock Up Stage (Can be known as Pit Stage) – underground punk and hardcore acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=89b91dd3-7426-42f9-b789-5d097d1e5761|title=New Stages Announced|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Due to demand, from 2006 this stage took up two days rather than previous years where it was only one day.
*[[Festival Republic]] stage – acts with less popular appeal and breakthrough acts.
*1Xtra Stage – new stage for 2013 that stages Hip-Hop, RnB and Rap artists.
*Alternative tent – comedy and [[cabaret]] acts plus DJs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=1ff3af91-c948-4739-915b-1fdd1ef44ed3|title=The Alternative stage|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
*[[BBC Introducing]] Stage – Typically unsigned/not well known acts. (Formerly known as the [[Topman]] Unsigned Stage at the Leeds site).

{{wide image|Reading Festival 2007 Panorama 2.jpg|1280px|align-cap=center|A panorama of the Reading Festival 2007 arena}}

===2020s===
On 12 May 2020 it was announced that the year's festivals were cancelled due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52637393|title=Reading and Leeds festivals called off until 2021|date=12 May 2020|access-date=12 May 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref> The festivals were due to host [[Rage Against the Machine]]'s first UK show in 10 years, along with [[Stormzy]] and [[Liam Gallagher]]'s first appearances as headliners. The 2021 festival included two main stages with six headliners, among them Stormzy and Liam Gallagher from the previous year's line up.<ref name="beaumont"/>

==List of headliners==
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018|reason=2008 & earlier all unreferenced}}
*2022: [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]], [[Megan Thee Stallion]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Bring Me the Horizon]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Halsey (singer)|Halsey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/08/reading-and-leeds-festival-2022-announce-lineup-with-arctic-monkeys-dave-and-more|date=8 December 2021|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
*2021: [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Biffy Clyro]] (replacing [[Queens of the Stone Age]]), [[Stormzy]], [[Catfish and the Bottlemen]], [[Post Malone]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]]<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/31/reading-and-leeds-festival-announces-2021-lineup|date=31 August 2020|access-date=3 September 2020|title=Reading and Leeds festival announces 2021 lineup}}</ref>
*2020 (cancelled): [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Stormzy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiox.co.uk/festivals/reading-and-leeds/third-headliner-2020/|title=Stormzy announced as Reading and Leeds Festival 2020 third headliner|work=RadioX News|date=11 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
*2019: [[The 1975]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Post Malone]]/[[Twenty One Pilots]] (Co-headline)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-46286744|title=Reading and Leeds: Foo Fighters, The 1975, Post Malone to headline|work=BBC News|date=12 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
*2018: [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Kendrick Lamar]]/[[Panic! At The Disco]] (Co-headline), [[Kings Of Leon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|title=Reading & Leeds Fest on Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220063322/https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
*2017: [[Eminem]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Kasabian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|title=Reading Festival 2017|last=lcarter@festivalrepublic.com|date=6 October 2017|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102352/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2016: [[Foals (band)|Foals]]/[[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]] (Co-headline), [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Biffy Clyro]]/[[Fall Out Boy]] (Co-headline)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|title=Reading Festival 2016|last=astrid.ferguson@festivalrepublic.com|date=4 October 2016|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102739/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2015: [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Metallica]], [[The Libertines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|title=Reading Festival 2015|last=hroberts|date=6 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223103001/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2014: [[Queens of the Stone Age]]/[[Paramore]] (Co-headline), [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|title=Reading Festival 2014|last=bfraserharding@festivalrepublic.com|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160501/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2013: [[Green Day]], [[Eminem]], [[Biffy Clyro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|title=Reading Festival 2013|last=kate.sullivan@Festivalrepublic.com|date=16 January 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160442/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2012: [[The Cure]], [[Kasabian]], [[Foo Fighters (band)|Foo Fighters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|title=Reading Festival 2012|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102853/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2011: [[My Chemical Romance]], [[The Strokes]]/[[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] (Co-headline), [[Muse (band)|Muse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|title=Reading Festival 2011|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102805/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2010: [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Arcade Fire]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|title=Reading Festival 2010|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102636/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2009: [[Kings of Leon]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Radiohead]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|title=Reading Festival 2009|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102607/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2008: [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[The Killers]], [[Metallica]]
*2007: [[Razorlight]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]]
*2006: [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Pearl Jam]]
*2005: [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Iron Maiden]]
*2004: [[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Green Day]]
*2003: [[Linkin Park]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Metallica]]
*2002: [[The Strokes]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Guns N' Roses]] (Leeds), [[The Prodigy]]
*2001: [[Travis (band)|Travis]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Eminem]]
*2000: [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]], [[Stereophonics]]
*1999: [[The Charlatans (English band)|The Charlatans]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1998: [[Jimmy Page & Robert Plant]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|title=Reading Festival 1998|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102716/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*1997: [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Metallica]]
*1996: [[The Prodigy]], [[Black Grape]], [[The Stone Roses]]
*1995: [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Björk]], [[Neil Young]]
*1994: [[Cypress Hill]], [[Primal Scream]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1993: [[Porno For Pyros]], [[The The]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]]
*1992: [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[The Wonder Stuff]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]
*1991: [[Iggy Pop]], [[James (band)|James]], [[The Sisters of Mercy]]
*1990: [[The Cramps]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]]
*1989: [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[The Pogues]], [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]]
* 1988: [[Ramones]], [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]]
* 1987: [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Alice Cooper]]
* 1986: [[Killing Joke]], [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]], [[Hawkwind]]
* 1985: No festival held
* 1984 (cancelled): [[Hawkwind]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Marillion]]
* 1983: [[The Stranglers]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Thin Lizzy]]
* 1982: [[Budgie (band)|Budgie]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[The Michael Schenker Group]]
* 1981: [[Girlschool]], [[Gillan (band)|Gillan]], [[The Kinks]]
* 1980: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]], [[Whitesnake]]
* 1979: [[The Police]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] (replacing Thin Lizzy), [[Peter Gabriel]]
* 1978: [[The Jam]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Patti Smith]]
* 1977: [[Golden Earring]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]]
* 1976: [[Gong (band)|Gong]], [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Osibisa]]
* 1975: [[Hawkwind]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Wishbone Ash]], [[Supertramp]]
* 1974: [[The Sensational Alex Harvey Band]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]], [[Focus (band)|Focus]]
* 1973: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* 1972: [[Curved Air]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Quintessence (English band)|Quintessence]]
* 1971: [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]], [[East of Eden (rock band)|East of Eden]], [[Colosseum (band)|Colosseum]]
* 1970: [[Family (band)|Family]], [[Taste (Irish band)|Taste]], [[Deep Purple]]
* 1969: [[Pink Floyd]], [[The Who]], [[The Nice]]
* 1968: [[The Herd (UK band)|The Herd]], [[The Nice]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]
* 1967: [[Small Faces]], [[The Nice]], [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
* 1966: [[Small Faces]], [[The Who]], [[Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames]]
* 1965: [[The Yardbirds]], [[Manfred Mann]], [[The Animals]]
* 1964: [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Chris Barber]] Band, [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen]]
* 1963: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Acker Bilk |Acker Bilk's Paramount Jazz Band]]
* 1962: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball's Jazzmen]]
* 1961: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Ken Colyer |Ken Colyer's Jazzmen]]

==Bottling incidents==
[[Bottling (concert abuse)|Bottling]] acts off stage (being forced off stage by a barrage of audience-thrown bottles and cans) is a frequent occurrence at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|title=Bands Bottled at Reading Festival|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728204455/http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were often mass-participation can and bottle fights, and unpopular bands have been bottled offstage throughout the festival's history since the first large-scale "cannings" of 1973 and 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |title=25 Things You Never Knew About Reading & Leeds – Photos – NME.COM (3) |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=[[NME]] |publisher=[[NME]].com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825004715/http://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |archive-date=25 August 2008 }}</ref> Examples include:

*Punk band [[Brian James (guitarist)|The Hellions]], featuring ex-[[The Damned (band)|Damned]] guitarist [[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]], were booked on an otherwise 100% [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] line-up on the Friday of the 1980 Festival and left the stage in less than a minute following an assault of cans, bottles and pork pies. "I Canned The Hellions at Reading" T-shirts were on sale at souvenir stands within the hour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reading Rock Festival 1980- recollections of attendees.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-80-recollections.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.ukrockfestivals.com}}</ref>
*In 1983, reggae act [[Steel Pulse]] left within moments of arriving on stage under an avalanche of missiles launched by punks and rockers waiting to see [[The Stranglers]].
*[[John Waite]] and the No Brakes Band quit the stage on the Saturday of the 1986 festival when their drummer was hit in the head by a 12" vinyl disc.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 1988, [[Bonnie Tyler]] completed her set despite being pelted with bottles and turf. The same day's headliner [[Meat Loaf]] left 20 minutes into his set after being hit by a full two-litre cider bottle. After an initially positive reception Meat Loaf angered the audience by berating them for their treatment of his friend Bonnie Tyler earlier in the day, then stormed off stage when met with a volley of burgers and bottles. He eventually returned shouting "Do you wanna rock 'n' roll or do you wanna throw stuff?" Ten seconds later the cider bottle struck him in the face, at which point he left the stage permanently.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2000, [[Daphne and Celeste]] were scheduled on the main stage for a short two song set and were bottled throughout.<ref name="daphne">{{cite news |last1=Jonze |first1=Tim |title=Daphne and Celeste: 'They hated us so much!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/29/daphne-and-celeste-you-and-i-alone |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
*In 2003, [[Good Charlotte]] stopped their set 20 minutes short and encouraged the crowd to throw bottles all at the same time after a count of three after being pelted by bottles throughout their set.<ref>Handbag, Project. (24 August 2003) [http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste Good Charlotte: This Year's Daphne & Celeste / Music News // Drowned In Sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045948/http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste |date=14 August 2011 }}. Drownedinsound.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref>
*In 2004, [[50 Cent]] was pelted with bottles, mud and an inflatable paddling pool during his set.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|title=50 Cent at Reading 2004|last=Phoemail|date=25 August 2007|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820093659/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|archive-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> 50 Cent was on stage for just under 20 minutes before throwing his [[microphone]] into the crowd in anger. [[The Rasmus]] were also bottled off after one song.<ref name="guardianbottle">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |title=Hitting rock bottom |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=The Guardian|first=Tim|last=Jonze |date=25 August 2007 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716035736/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |archive-date=16 July 2014 }}</ref>
*In 2006 at Reading, [[Panic! at the Disco]] lead singer [[Brendon Urie]] was struck in the face with a plastic bottle and fell unconscious, forcing the rest of the band to stop mid-song as he lay on the floor. Urie received medical treatment from his road crew for several minutes before regaining consciousness, and the band subsequently continued the song from the point at which it was interrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|title=Panic! At The Disco speak after bottling|work=NME.COM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521035556/http://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> The same year, [[My Chemical Romance]] were heckled by a small group of angry audience members. Lead singer [[Gerard Way]] encouraged the crowd to throw bottles at them instead, and the band were pelted with golf balls and bottles of urine, among other items.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2008, a crowd of approximately 3,000 people attended the "BBC Introducing" Stage at Reading to see unsigned band 'The FF'ers' following rumours that it would actually be a secret [[Foo Fighters]] gig, and the band were subjected to a large amount of abuse from the audience, including several bottles launched at the band.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | title = FF'ers @ Leeds Festival 2008 | access-date = 29 November 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150619205528/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | archive-date = 19 June 2015 }}</ref>
*In 2016, [[Tyler Joseph]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]] was attacked and robbed as he attempted to crowd-surf in the Radio One Tent. Reacting unfavourably to his behaviour, the hostile audience threw him to the ground, ripped off various items of his clothing and stole his ski-mask. Joseph was eventually rescued by security guards, who carried him to an elevated platform where he announced that the band's set was over.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perryman |first1=Francesca |title=Twenty One Pilots Tyler Joseph's rips shirt and loses shoe in Reading Festival crowd surf 'attack' |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/twenty-one-pilots-tyler-josephs-11809083 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=Get Reading |date=28 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of historic rock festivals]]
* [[Love Not Riots]]
* [[Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups]]
* [[List of music festivals in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Workers Beer Company]], Workers Beer Company

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Ian |title=The Reading Festival: Music, Mud and Mayhem – The Official History |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn Ltd |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905287-43-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/readingfestivalm0000carr }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reading and Leeds Festivals}}
* [http://www.readingfestival.com/ Reading Festival official website]
* [http://www.leedsfestival.com/ Leeds Festival official website]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/readingandleeds/ Reading & Leeds] at the [[BBC]]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Reading/ Reading Festival official ticket agent]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Leeds/ Leeds Festival official ticket agent]

{{Rock festival}}
{{Historic rock festival}}
{{Major British Music Festivals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reading and Leeds Festivals| ]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Berkshire]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Leeds]]
[[Category:Rock festivals in England]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1961]]

Reading and Leeds Festivals

2022-05-25T17:46:00Z

Trotboy: Undid revision 1089424163 by Jdcooper (talk)

{{Short description|Pair of annual music festivals in England}}
{{Redirect|Leeds Festival|the 1858–1985 festivals|Leeds Festival (classical music)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Reading and Leeds Festivals
| image = Reading and Leeds 06 and 07.jpg
| caption = Reading main stage in 2007 (top) Leeds main stage in 2006 (bottom)
| location = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]], England
*Beaulieu Jazz Festival (1955–1961)
*Various as National Jazz Festival (1961–1970)
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] (since 1971)
*Also at [[Leeds]] (since 1999)
| years_active = 1955–present (except 2020)
| dates = August bank holiday
| attendance = 105,000 (2019)
| genre = Alternative, rock, metal, hip-hop, dance, pop
| website = {{url|www.readingfestival.com}}
}}
The '''Reading and Leeds Festivals''' are a pair of annual [[music festival]]s that take place in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]] in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August [[bank holiday]] weekend. The Reading Festival is held at Little John's Farm on Richfield Avenue in central Reading, near [[Caversham Bridge]]. The Leeds event is held in [[Bramham Park]], near [[Wetherby]], the grounds of a historic house. Headliners and most supporting acts typically play at both sites, with Reading's Friday line up becoming Leeds' Saturday line-up, Reading's Saturday line-up playing at Leeds on Sunday, and Leeds' Friday line-up attending Reading on Sunday. Campsites are available at both sites and weekend tickets include camping. Day tickets are also sold.

The Reading Festival, the older of the two festivals, is the world's oldest popular music festival still in existence. Many of the biggest bands in the UK and internationally have played at the festival over five decades. The festival has had various musical phases over the years, but since the current two-site format was adopted in 1999, rock, [[Alternative rock|alternative]], [[Indie rock|indie]], [[Punk rock|punk]], and [[Metal music|metal]] have been the main genres featured in the line-up. More recently [[hip hop]] has comprised an increasing proportion of the lineup, including headline sets by artists such as [[Kendrick Lamar]] and [[Post Malone]].

The festivals are run by [[Festival Republic]], which was divested from Mean Fiddler Music Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventsnitch.com/|title=Tickets, Show Details & Reviews for Concerts, Sports & more - Event Snitch|website=www.eventsnitch.com|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> From 1998 to 2007, the festivals were known as the ''Carling Weekend: Reading'' and the ''Carling Weekend: Leeds'' for promotional purposes. In November 2007, the sponsored title was abolished after nine years and the Reading Festival reclaimed its original name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|title=Festivals part company with Carling|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154135/http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|archive-date=9 April 2008}}</ref>
In 2011, the capacity of the Reading site was 87,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|title=Reading Festival 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314211706/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> and the Leeds site was 75,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|title=Leeds Festival capacity to rise to 90,000 music fans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102075236/http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|archive-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> an increase of several thousand on previous years.<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/ |title = An extra 5,000 tickets are granted for the Leeds Festival
|access-date = 22 March 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225012140/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/
|archive-date = 25 February 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|National Jazz and Blues Festival}}
The Reading Festival was originally known as the [[National Jazz Festival]], which was conceived by [[Harold Pendleton]] (founder of the [[Marquee Club]] in London in 1958) and first held at [[Richmond Athletic Ground]] in 1961. Throughout the 1960s, the festival moved between several London and Home Counties sites, being held at [[Windsor Racecourse]], [[Kempton Park Racecourse|Kempton Park]], [[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury]] and [[Plumpton Racecourse|Plumpton]], before reaching its permanent home at Reading in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars&music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|title=Make Christmas Villages easily with My Village|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219085008/http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars%26music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|archive-date=19 February 2008|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Since 1964, when the festival added a Friday evening session to the original Saturday and Sunday format, it has been staged over three days, with the sole exception of 1970 when a fourth day was added, running from Thursday 6 to Sunday 9 August.

===1960s===
The National Jazz Federation (NJF) Festival was established at the height of the [[Trad Jazz]] boom, as a successor to the [[Beaulieu Jazz Festival]], initially as a two-day event held at [[Athletic Ground, Richmond|Richmond Athletic Ground]]. The line-up for the first two years was made up exclusively of jazz performers, but in 1963, several [[rhythm & blues]] acts were added to the bill, including the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Georgie Fame]], and [[Long John Baldry]], and by 1965, such acts were in the majority, with jazz sessions reduced to Saturday and Sunday afternoons only. This format continued until 1967 when jazz was limited to just the Saturday afternoon session. By 1969, jazz had disappeared entirely from the line-up.

In 1964, a Friday evening session was added to the existing weekend format. In 1966, the NJF Festival moved to the larger [[Windsor Racecourse]]. The following year a second stage (the Marquee Stage) was added, but when the festival was moved to Sunbury in 1968 it reverted to a single-stage format. The festival was held at Plumpton Racecourse in 1969 and 1970.

===1970s===
[[File:Reading Festival 1975 (6).jpg|thumb|right|Reading Festival 1975]]
After moving to Reading, the festival's line-up became primarily composed of [[progressive rock]], [[blues]], and [[hard rock]] during the early and mid 1970s,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=In praise of ... the Reading festival | date=25 August 2006 | access-date=30 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205456/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and then became the first music festival to incorporate [[punk rock]] and [[New wave music|new wave]] in the late 1970s, when [[The Jam]], [[Sham 69]], and [[The Stranglers]] were among the headline acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1978|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107030627/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|archive-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> The festival's attempts to cater for both traditional rock acts and punk and new wave bands occasionally led to clashes between the two sets of fans at the end of the 1970s, though the festival gradually became known for focusing on heavy metal and rock acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1979|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310172708/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|archive-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>

===1980s===
During the 1980s, the festival followed a similar format to that established in the late 1970s, with leading rock and heavy metal acts performing on the last two days, and a more varied line-up including punk and new wave bands on the opening day.

====Council ban====
In 1984 and 1985, the Conservative-run local council effectively banned the festival by designating the festival site for development and refusing to grant licences for any alternative sites in the Reading area.

In 1984, many acts were already booked and tickets were on sale, with [[Marillion]] due to headline. The promoters tried in vain to find a new site but a proposed move to [[Lilford Hall]] in Northamptonshire failed. The proposed line-up was published in ''Soundcheck'' free music paper issue 12 as: Friday 24 August – [[Hawkwind]], [[Boomtown Rats]], [[Snowy White]], The Playn Jayn, [[Dumpy's Rusty Nuts]], Wildfire, Chelsea Eloy, Tracy Lamb, New Torpedoes; Saturday 25th – [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Hanoi Rocks]], [[Steve Hackett]], Club Karlsson, [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]], [[Twelfth Night (band)|Twelfth Night]], [[Thor (band)|Thor]], [[Silent Running]], [[New Model Army]], [[IQ (band)|IQ]], The Roaring Boys, [[She (band)|She]]; Sunday 26th – [[Marillion]], [[Grand Slam (band)|Grand Slam]], [[The Bluebells]], [[Helix (band)|Helix]], [[Clannad]], [[The Opposition (band)|The Opposition]], [[The Enid]], Young Blood, Scorched Earth, and [[Terraplane]]).

After [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] regained control of the council in 1986, permission was given for fields adjacent to the original festival site to be used, and a line-up was put together at short notice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616204535/http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-date=16 June 2008|title=Tours, Tickets & Things to do from Tour Operators Worldwide by Viator}}</ref>

The following year saw a record attendance, headlined by [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]].

====Late 80s / early 90s slump====
1988 saw an attempt to take the festival in a mainstream commercial pop direction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|title=Explore the Collections – Reading Festival|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023533/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref> featuring acts including [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]], [[Hothouse Flowers]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Meat Loaf]] (who was bottled off stage),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |title=Worst Festival Sets: Meat Loaf and Bonnie Tyler |publisher=[[Virgin Media]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093129/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> and the subsequent disputes led to the ousting of original festival promoter Harold Pendleton by the [[Mean Fiddler Music Group]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=How I Got Here: Fiddling all over the world | first=Susannah | last=Prain | date=1 February 2001 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203194931/http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>

Pendleton attempted to relocate the festival to a new site near [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] using the name "Redding Festival", but threats of legal action by the new promoters of the original festival, as well as a reluctance by Newbury District Council to issue a licence for the proposed Newbury Showground venue blocked Pendleton's plans. Meanwhile, the official Reading Festival, now managed by Mean Fiddler, continued at the Thames-side site in Reading, with a predominantly [[Gothic rock|goth]] and [[Indie rock|indie]] music policy that alienated much of the traditional fan base and saw attendances plummet.

Attendances continued to fall between 1989 and 1991, but began to recover from 1992, when new organisers took over from the Mean Fiddler group, broadening the festival's musical policy.

===1990s===
In 1991, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] made the first of their two appearances at Reading, midway down the bill. The following year, 1992, they played what would be their last UK concert, which was released as a live album/DVD ''[[Live at Reading]]'' in November 2009. The band's singer [[Kurt Cobain]] came onstage in a wheelchair pushed by music journalist [[Everett True]] and wearing a medical gown, parodying speculations about his mental health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|title=BBC – Seven Ages of Rock – Events – Nirvana headline Reading Festival|last=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203807/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> the 1992 Festival was hit by extreme weather, with a thunderstorm on the Saturday drenching the site, leaving it ankle-deep in mud, and blowing away the Comedy Tent.

====Festival expansion====
By the mid-1990s, the festival had begun to regain its former status as the popularity of UK outdoor festivals increased. [[Britpop]] and indie began to appear on the bill alongside the traditional rock and metal acts, and [[hip hop music|rap]] acts such as [[Ice Cube]] began to appear regularly on the main stage, to mixed receptions. [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] headlined the second day of the 1992 festival. [[Beastie Boys]] were about halfway down the bill for day three.

In 1996, [[The Stone Roses]] played the last gig before their break-up at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|title=h2g2 – The Stone Roses – 'The Stone Roses' – Edited Entry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826043346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>

In 1998, the Reading Festival absorbed the failed [[Phoenix Festival]], resulting in an on-stage dispute between [[Beastie Boys]] and [[The Prodigy]] over the song "Smack My Bitch Up".<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1999, the festival added a second venue at [[Temple Newsam]] in [[Leeds]],<ref>[http://justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 Reading 1999 – FC Luzern In English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007214302/http://www.justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 |date=7 October 2011 }}. Justcantbeatthat.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> the site of [[V Festival]] in 1997 and 1998, due to increasing demand.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xSzqY7tD2UUC&pg=PA366&lpg=PA366&dq=leeds+festival+1997+history+temple+newsam&source=web&ots=C2mbiU0wcj&sig=B3OJCQAhdRssKBE8Z5jaz8jj8eI Festival and Events Management – Google Boeken]. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> In the first year, all bands performed at the Leeds site the day after they played Reading, with the Reading Festival running from Friday to Sunday and the Leeds Festival running from Saturday to Monday. However, in 2001, the festival moved to the current format, wherein the Reading line-up plays at Leeds the following day, with the opening day line-up from Leeds playing the final day in Reading (with the exceptions of 2009 and 2010 when the bands playing Leeds played Reading the following day, and the bands on the opening day of Reading closed Leeds).

===2000s===
[[File:Reading Festival 2000.jpg|thumb|The main stage of the 2000 Reading Festival]]
After a successful first year in Leeds, the increasing popularity of outdoor music festivals led to the Reading Festival selling out quicker every year. However, the Leeds Festival was plagued by riots and violence, which led to problems in retaining its licence.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | work=BBC News | title=Festival marred by violence | date=26 August 2002 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120043800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | archive-date=20 January 2008 }}</ref> The worst incidents occurred in 2002, following which the festival was moved to [[Bramham Park]] north-east of Leeds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |title=READING Little Johns Farm LEEDS Branham Park, Wetherby 22–24 August |work=BBC News |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509102821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |archive-date=9 May 2004 }}</ref> Since then, security at both sites has increased and problems have been reduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|title=Happy campers|publisher=BBC Leeds Entertainment|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401054943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

The early 2000s saw a varied but predominantly rock line-up, though as the decade progressed the Main Stage and Radio 1 Stage featured many indie bands.

Despite being predominantly a rock festival, several hip-hop artists have appeared at the festival over the years, including [[Cypress Hill]], [[Ice Cube]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Eminem]], [[Xzibit]], [[Jay-Z]], [[50 Cent]], [[Dizzee Rascal]], and [[The Streets]].

In 2005, the main stages at both Reading and Leeds were made larger, featuring cantilevered video screens. The same year the [[Reading Fringe Festival]] was established in Reading, with venues in the town hosting acts hoping to draw crowds and industry figures from the larger festival. The Reading Fringe has run annually since then.

====Banning of flags and banners====
Flags were banned from both festival sites in 2009, with the organisers citing health and safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news | title = Festival fans receive a flag ban | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | access-date = 29 November 2009 | work = BBC News | date = 25 August 2009 | first = Ian | last = Youngs | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | archive-date = 28 August 2009 }}</ref> Flags and banners had been a traditional part of the Reading Festival since the early 1970s, originally used to enable motorcycle groups and others to identify themselves and find each other inside the main arena.

===2010s===
[[File:Reading Festival Aftermath, 2016.png|thumb|Campsite Aftermath, 2016]]
Reading Festival continued to expand through the early 2010s, with a new record capacity of 105,000 recorded in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/07/reading-festival-2019-sells-out/#.XjFmy2hKiUk|title=Reading Festival 2019 Sells Out|date=22 July 2019|website=[[IQ (magazine)|IQ]]|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> In the same year, 200 artists played at both festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viberate.com/article/how-rock-are-you-the-best-festivals-for-headbangers/|title=How Rock Are You? The Best Festivals for Headbangers|last=Klancnik|first=Urban|date=10 December 2019|website=Viberate|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

The festival typically has the following stages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|title=Carling festival main page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506123618/http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
*Main Stage – major rock, indie, metal and alternative acts.
*''[[NME]]''/[[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] stage – less well-known acts, building up to an alternative headline act.
*Dance tent – dance music acts, previously sharing a day with the Lock Up stage, now a stand-alone 3-day stage.
*Lock Up Stage (Can be known as Pit Stage) – underground punk and hardcore acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=89b91dd3-7426-42f9-b789-5d097d1e5761|title=New Stages Announced|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Due to demand, from 2006 this stage took up two days rather than previous years where it was only one day.
*[[Festival Republic]] stage – acts with less popular appeal and breakthrough acts.
*1Xtra Stage – new stage for 2013 that stages Hip-Hop, RnB and Rap artists.
*Alternative tent – comedy and [[cabaret]] acts plus DJs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=1ff3af91-c948-4739-915b-1fdd1ef44ed3|title=The Alternative stage|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
*[[BBC Introducing]] Stage – Typically unsigned/not well known acts. (Formerly known as the [[Topman]] Unsigned Stage at the Leeds site).

{{wide image|Reading Festival 2007 Panorama 2.jpg|1280px|align-cap=center|A panorama of the Reading Festival 2007 arena}}

===2020s===
On 12 May 2020 it was announced that the year's festivals were cancelled due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52637393|title=Reading and Leeds festivals called off until 2021|date=12 May 2020|access-date=12 May 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref> The festivals were due to host [[Rage Against the Machine]]'s first UK show in 10 years, along with [[Stormzy]] and [[Liam Gallagher]]'s first appearances as headliners. The 2021 festival included two main stages with six headliners, among them Stormzy and Liam Gallagher from the previous year's line up.<ref name="beaumont"/>

==List of headliners==
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018|reason=2008 & earlier all unreferenced}}
*2022: [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]], [[Megan Thee Stallion]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Bring Me the Horizon]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Halsey (singer)|Halsey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/08/reading-and-leeds-festival-2022-announce-lineup-with-arctic-monkeys-dave-and-more|date=8 December 2021|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
*2021: [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Biffy Clyro]] (replacing [[Queens of the Stone Age]]), [[Stormzy]], [[Catfish and the Bottlemen]], [[Post Malone]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]]<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/31/reading-and-leeds-festival-announces-2021-lineup|date=31 August 2020|access-date=3 September 2020|title=Reading and Leeds festival announces 2021 lineup}}</ref>
*2020 (cancelled): [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Stormzy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiox.co.uk/festivals/reading-and-leeds/third-headliner-2020/|title=Stormzy announced as Reading and Leeds Festival 2020 third headliner|work=RadioX News|date=11 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
*2019: [[The 1975]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Post Malone]]/[[Twenty One Pilots]] (Co-headline)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-46286744|title=Reading and Leeds: Foo Fighters, The 1975, Post Malone to headline|work=BBC News|date=12 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
*2018: [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Kendrick Lamar]]/[[Panic! At The Disco]] (Co-headline), [[Kings Of Leon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|title=Reading & Leeds Fest on Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220063322/https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
*2017: [[Eminem]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Kasabian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|title=Reading Festival 2017|last=lcarter@festivalrepublic.com|date=6 October 2017|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102352/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2016: [[Foals (band)|Foals]]/[[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]] (Co-headline), [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Biffy Clyro]]/[[Fall Out Boy]] (Co-headline)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|title=Reading Festival 2016|last=astrid.ferguson@festivalrepublic.com|date=4 October 2016|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102739/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2015: [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Metallica]], [[The Libertines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|title=Reading Festival 2015|last=hroberts|date=6 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223103001/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2014: [[Queens of the Stone Age]]/[[Paramore]] (Co-headline), [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|title=Reading Festival 2014|last=bfraserharding@festivalrepublic.com|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160501/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2013: [[Green Day]], [[Eminem]], [[Biffy Clyro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|title=Reading Festival 2013|last=kate.sullivan@Festivalrepublic.com|date=16 January 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160442/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2012: [[The Cure]], [[Kasabian]], [[Foo Fighters (band)|Foo Fighters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|title=Reading Festival 2012|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102853/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2011: [[My Chemical Romance]], [[The Strokes]]/[[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] (Co-headline), [[Muse (band)|Muse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|title=Reading Festival 2011|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102805/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2010: [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Arcade Fire]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|title=Reading Festival 2010|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102636/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2009: [[Kings of Leon]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Radiohead]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|title=Reading Festival 2009|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102607/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2008: [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[The Killers]], [[Metallica]]
*2007: [[Razorlight]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]]
*2006: [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Pearl Jam]]
*2005: [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Iron Maiden]]
*2004: [[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Green Day]]
*2003: [[Linkin Park]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Metallica]]
*2002: [[The Strokes]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Guns N' Roses]] (Leeds), [[The Prodigy]]
*2001: [[Travis (band)|Travis]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Eminem]]
*2000: [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]], [[Stereophonics]]
*1999: [[The Charlatans (English band)|The Charlatans]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1998: [[Jimmy Page & Robert Plant]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|title=Reading Festival 1998|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102716/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*1997: [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Metallica]]
*1996: [[The Prodigy]], [[Black Grape]], [[The Stone Roses]]
*1995: [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Björk]], [[Neil Young]]
*1994: [[Cypress Hill]], [[Primal Scream]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1993: [[Porno For Pyros]], [[The The]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]]
*1992: [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[The Wonder Stuff]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]
*1991: [[Iggy Pop]], [[James (band)|James]], [[The Sisters of Mercy]]
*1990: [[The Cramps]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]]
*1989: [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[The Pogues]], [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]]
* 1988: [[Ramones]], [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]]
* 1987: [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Alice Cooper]]
* 1986: [[Killing Joke]], [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]], [[Hawkwind]]
* 1985: No festival held
* 1984 (cancelled): [[Hawkwind]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Marillion]]
* 1983: [[The Stranglers]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Thin Lizzy]]
* 1982: [[Budgie (band)|Budgie]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[The Michael Schenker Group]]
* 1981: [[Girlschool]], [[Gillan (band)|Gillan]], [[The Kinks]]
* 1980: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]], [[Whitesnake]]
* 1979: [[The Police]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] (replacing Thin Lizzy), [[Peter Gabriel]]
* 1978: [[The Jam]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Patti Smith]]
* 1977: [[Golden Earring]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]]
* 1976: [[Gong (band)|Gong]], [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Osibisa]]
* 1975: [[Hawkwind]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Wishbone Ash]], [[Supertramp]]
* 1974: [[The Sensational Alex Harvey Band]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]], [[Focus (band)|Focus]]
* 1973: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* 1972: [[Curved Air]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Quintessence (English band)|Quintessence]]
* 1971: [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]], [[East of Eden (rock band)|East of Eden]], [[Colosseum (band)|Colosseum]]
* 1970: [[Family (band)|Family]], [[Taste (Irish band)|Taste]], [[Deep Purple]]
* 1969: [[Pink Floyd]], [[The Who]], [[The Nice]]
* 1968: [[The Herd (UK band)|The Herd]], [[The Nice]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]
* 1967: [[Small Faces]], [[The Nice]], [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
* 1966: [[Small Faces]], [[The Who]], [[Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames]]
* 1965: [[The Yardbirds]], [[Manfred Mann]], [[The Animals]]
* 1964: [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Chris Barber]] Band, [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen]]
* 1963: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Acker Bilk |Acker Bilk's Paramount Jazz Band]]
* 1962: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball's Jazzmen]]
* 1961: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Ken Colyer |Ken Colyer's Jazzmen]]

==Bottling incidents==
[[Bottling (concert abuse)|Bottling]] acts off stage (being forced off stage by a barrage of audience-thrown bottles and cans) is a frequent occurrence at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|title=Bands Bottled at Reading Festival|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728204455/http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were often mass-participation can and bottle fights, and unpopular bands have been bottled offstage throughout the festival's history since the first large-scale "cannings" of 1973 and 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |title=25 Things You Never Knew About Reading & Leeds – Photos – NME.COM (3) |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=[[NME]] |publisher=[[NME]].com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825004715/http://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |archive-date=25 August 2008 }}</ref> Examples include:

*Punk band [[Brian James (guitarist)|The Hellions]], featuring ex-[[The Damned (band)|Damned]] guitarist [[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]], were booked on an otherwise 100% [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] line-up on the Friday of the 1980 Festival and left the stage in less than a minute following an assault of cans, bottles and pork pies. "I Canned The Hellions at Reading" T-shirts were on sale at souvenir stands within the hour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reading Rock Festival 1980- recollections of attendees.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-80-recollections.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.ukrockfestivals.com}}</ref>
*In 1983, reggae act [[Steel Pulse]] left within moments of arriving on stage under an avalanche of missiles launched by punks and rockers waiting to see [[The Stranglers]].
*[[John Waite]] and the No Brakes Band quit the stage on the Saturday of the 1986 festival when their drummer was hit in the head by a 12" vinyl disc.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 1988, [[Bonnie Tyler]] completed her set despite being pelted with bottles and turf. The same day's headliner [[Meat Loaf]] left 20 minutes into his set after being hit by a full two-litre cider bottle. After an initially positive reception Meat Loaf angered the audience by berating them for their treatment of his friend Bonnie Tyler earlier in the day, then stormed off stage when met with a volley of burgers and bottles. He eventually returned shouting "Do you wanna rock 'n' roll or do you wanna throw stuff?" Ten seconds later the cider bottle struck him in the face, at which point he left the stage permanently.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2000, [[Daphne and Celeste]] were scheduled on the main stage for a short two song set and were bottled throughout.<ref name="daphne">{{cite news |last1=Jonze |first1=Tim |title=Daphne and Celeste: 'They hated us so much!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/29/daphne-and-celeste-you-and-i-alone |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
*In 2003, [[Good Charlotte]] stopped their set 20 minutes short and encouraged the crowd to throw bottles all at the same time after a count of three after being pelted by bottles throughout their set.<ref>Handbag, Project. (24 August 2003) [http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste Good Charlotte: This Year's Daphne & Celeste / Music News // Drowned In Sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045948/http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste |date=14 August 2011 }}. Drownedinsound.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref>
*In 2004, [[50 Cent]] was pelted with bottles, mud and an inflatable paddling pool during his set.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|title=50 Cent at Reading 2004|last=Phoemail|date=25 August 2007|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820093659/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|archive-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> 50 Cent was on stage for just under 20 minutes before throwing his [[microphone]] into the crowd in anger. [[The Rasmus]] were also bottled off after one song.<ref name="guardianbottle">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |title=Hitting rock bottom |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=The Guardian|first=Tim|last=Jonze |date=25 August 2007 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716035736/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |archive-date=16 July 2014 }}</ref>
*In 2006 at Reading, [[Panic! at the Disco]] lead singer [[Brendon Urie]] was struck in the face with a plastic bottle and fell unconscious, forcing the rest of the band to stop mid-song as he lay on the floor. Urie received medical treatment from his road crew for several minutes before regaining consciousness, and the band subsequently continued the song from the point at which it was interrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|title=Panic! At The Disco speak after bottling|work=NME.COM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521035556/http://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> The same year, [[My Chemical Romance]] were heckled by a small group of angry audience members. Lead singer [[Gerard Way]] encouraged the crowd to throw bottles at them instead, and the band were pelted with golf balls and bottles of urine, among other items.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2008, a crowd of approximately 3,000 people attended the "BBC Introducing" Stage at Reading to see unsigned band 'The FF'ers' following rumours that it would actually be a secret [[Foo Fighters]] gig, and the band were subjected to a large amount of abuse from the audience, including several bottles launched at the band.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | title = FF'ers @ Leeds Festival 2008 | access-date = 29 November 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150619205528/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | archive-date = 19 June 2015 }}</ref>
*In 2016, [[Tyler Joseph]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]] was attacked and robbed as he attempted to crowd-surf in the Radio One Tent. Reacting unfavourably to his behaviour, the hostile audience threw him to the ground, ripped off various items of his clothing and stole his ski-mask. Joseph was eventually rescued by security guards, who carried him to an elevated platform where he announced that the band's set was over.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perryman |first1=Francesca |title=Twenty One Pilots Tyler Joseph's rips shirt and loses shoe in Reading Festival crowd surf 'attack' |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/twenty-one-pilots-tyler-josephs-11809083 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=Get Reading |date=28 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of historic rock festivals]]
* [[Love Not Riots]]
* [[Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups]]
* [[List of music festivals in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Workers Beer Company]], Workers Beer Company

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Ian |title=The Reading Festival: Music, Mud and Mayhem – The Official History |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn Ltd |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905287-43-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/readingfestivalm0000carr }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reading and Leeds Festivals}}
* [http://www.readingfestival.com/ Reading Festival official website]
* [http://www.leedsfestival.com/ Leeds Festival official website]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/readingandleeds/ Reading & Leeds] at the [[BBC]]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Reading/ Reading Festival official ticket agent]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Leeds/ Leeds Festival official ticket agent]

{{Rock festival}}
{{Historic rock festival}}
{{Major British Music Festivals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reading and Leeds Festivals| ]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Berkshire]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Leeds]]
[[Category:Rock festivals in England]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1961]]

Reading and Leeds Festivals

2022-05-23T17:48:37Z

Trotboy: /* 1990s */ Added detail about weather at 1992 Festival ~~~~

{{Short description|Pair of annual music festivals in England}}
{{Redirect|Leeds Festival|the 1858–1985 festivals|Leeds Festival (classical music)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Reading and Leeds Festivals
| image = Reading and Leeds 06 and 07.jpg
| caption = Reading main stage in 2007 (top) Leeds main stage in 2006 (bottom)
| location = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]], England
*Beaulieu Jazz Festival (1955–1961)
*Various as National Jazz Festival (1961–1970)
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] (since 1971)
*Also at [[Leeds]] (since 1999)
| years_active = 1955–present (except 2020)
| dates = August bank holiday
| attendance = 105,000 (2019)
| genre = Alternative, rock, metal, hip-hop, dance, pop
| website = {{url|www.readingfestival.com}}
}}
The '''Reading and Leeds Festivals''' are a pair of annual [[music festival]]s that take place in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Leeds]] in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August [[bank holiday]] weekend. The Reading Festival is held at Little John's Farm on Richfield Avenue in central Reading, near [[Caversham Bridge]]. The Leeds event is held in [[Bramham Park]], near [[Wetherby]], the grounds of a historic house. Headliners and most supporting acts typically play at both sites, with Reading's Friday line up becoming Leeds' Saturday line-up, Reading's Saturday line-up playing at Leeds on Sunday, and Leeds' Friday line-up attending Reading on Sunday. Campsites are available at both sites and weekend tickets include camping. Day tickets are also sold.

The Reading Festival, the older of the two festivals, is the world's oldest popular music festival still in existence. Many of the biggest bands in the UK and internationally have played at the festival over five decades. The festival has had various musical phases over the years, but since the current two-site format was adopted in 1999, rock, [[Alternative rock|alternative]], [[Indie rock|indie]], [[Punk rock|punk]], and [[Metal music|metal]] have been the main genres featured in the line-up. More recently [[hip hop]] has comprised an increasing proportion of the lineup, including headline sets by artists such as [[Kendrick Lamar]] and [[Post Malone]].

The festivals are run by [[Festival Republic]], which was divested from Mean Fiddler Music Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventsnitch.com/|title=Tickets, Show Details & Reviews for Concerts, Sports & more - Event Snitch|website=www.eventsnitch.com|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> From 1998 to 2007, the festivals were known as the ''Carling Weekend: Reading'' and the ''Carling Weekend: Leeds'' for promotional purposes. In November 2007, the sponsored title was abolished after nine years and the Reading Festival reclaimed its original name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|title=Festivals part company with Carling|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154135/http://2007.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=7c8d24b6-f0ce-49b3-92f7-7b073069ec46|archive-date=9 April 2008}}</ref>
In 2011, the capacity of the Reading site was 87,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|title=Reading Festival 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314211706/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2011/|archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> and the Leeds site was 75,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|title=Leeds Festival capacity to rise to 90,000 music fans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102075236/http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com/2010/11/16/leeds-festival-capacity-to-rise-to-90000-music-fans/|archive-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> an increase of several thousand on previous years.<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/ |title = An extra 5,000 tickets are granted for the Leeds Festival
|access-date = 22 March 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225012140/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/6701/
|archive-date = 25 February 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|National Jazz and Blues Festival}}
The Reading Festival was originally known as the [[National Jazz Festival]], which was conceived by [[Harold Pendleton]] (founder of the [[Marquee Club]] in London in 1958) and first held at [[Richmond Athletic Ground]] in 1961. Throughout the 1960s, the festival moved between several London and Home Counties sites, being held at [[Windsor Racecourse]], [[Kempton Park Racecourse|Kempton Park]], [[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury]] and [[Plumpton Racecourse|Plumpton]], before reaching its permanent home at Reading in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars&music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|title=Make Christmas Villages easily with My Village|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219085008/http://www.myvillage.com/pages/bars%26music-music-festivals-carling-weekend-reading-festival.htm|archive-date=19 February 2008|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Since 1964, when the festival added a Friday evening session to the original Saturday and Sunday format, it has been staged over three days, with the sole exception of 1970 when a fourth day was added, running from Thursday 6 to Sunday 9 August.

===1960s===
The National Jazz Federation (NJF) Festival was established at the height of the [[Trad Jazz]] boom, as a successor to the [[Beaulieu Jazz Festival]], initially as a two-day event held at [[Athletic Ground, Richmond|Richmond Athletic Ground]]. The line-up for the first two years was made up exclusively of jazz performers, but in 1963, several [[rhythm & blues]] acts were added to the bill, including the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Georgie Fame]], and [[Long John Baldry]], and by 1965, such acts were in the majority, with jazz sessions reduced to Saturday and Sunday afternoons only. This format continued until 1967 when jazz was limited to just the Saturday afternoon session. By 1969, jazz had disappeared entirely from the line-up.

In 1964, a Friday evening session was added to the existing weekend format. In 1966, the NJF Festival moved to the larger [[Windsor Racecourse]]. The following year a second stage (the Marquee Stage) was added, but when the festival was moved to Sunbury in 1968 it reverted to a single-stage format. The festival was held at Plumpton Racecourse in 1969 and 1970.

===1970s===
[[File:Reading Festival 1975 (6).jpg|thumb|right|Reading Festival 1975]]
After moving to Reading, the festival's line-up became primarily composed of [[progressive rock]], [[blues]], and [[hard rock]] during the early and mid 1970s,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=In praise of ... the Reading festival | date=25 August 2006 | access-date=30 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205456/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/25/arts.pop | archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and then became the first music festival to incorporate [[punk rock]] and [[New wave music|new wave]] in the late 1970s, when [[The Jam]], [[Sham 69]], and [[The Stranglers]] were among the headline acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1978|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107030627/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-78.html|archive-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> The festival's attempts to cater for both traditional rock acts and punk and new wave bands occasionally led to clashes between the two sets of fans at the end of the 1970s, though the festival gradually became known for focusing on heavy metal and rock acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|title=Reading Rock Festival.Reading 1979|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310172708/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-79.html|archive-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>

===1980s===
During the 1980s, the festival followed a similar format to that established in the late 1970s, with leading rock and heavy metal acts performing on the last two days, and a more varied line-up including punk and new wave bands on the opening day.

====Council ban====
In 1984 and 1985, the Conservative-run local council effectively banned the festival by designating the festival site for development and refusing to grant licences for any alternative sites in the Reading area.

In 1984, many acts were already booked and tickets were on sale, with [[Marillion]] due to headline. The promoters tried in vain to find a new site but a proposed move to [[Lilford Hall]] in Northamptonshire failed. The proposed line-up was published in ''Soundcheck'' free music paper issue 12 as: Friday 24 August – [[Hawkwind]], [[Boomtown Rats]], [[Snowy White]], The Playn Jayn, [[Dumpy's Rusty Nuts]], Wildfire, Chelsea Eloy, Tracy Lamb, New Torpedoes; Saturday 25th – [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Hanoi Rocks]], [[Steve Hackett]], Club Karlsson, [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]], [[Twelfth Night (band)|Twelfth Night]], [[Thor (band)|Thor]], [[Silent Running]], [[New Model Army]], [[IQ (band)|IQ]], The Roaring Boys, [[She (band)|She]]; Sunday 26th – [[Marillion]], [[Grand Slam (band)|Grand Slam]], [[The Bluebells]], [[Helix (band)|Helix]], [[Clannad]], [[The Opposition (band)|The Opposition]], [[The Enid]], Young Blood, Scorched Earth, and [[Terraplane]]).

After [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] regained control of the council in 1986, permission was given for fields adjacent to the original festival site to be used, and a line-up was put together at short notice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616204535/http://www.viator.com/travel-tips/Festivals-and-Fringe|archive-date=16 June 2008|title=Tours, Tickets & Things to do from Tour Operators Worldwide by Viator}}</ref>

The following year saw a record attendance, headlined by [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Alice Cooper]] and [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]].

====Late 80s / early 90s slump====
1988 saw an attempt to take the festival in a mainstream commercial pop direction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|title=Explore the Collections – Reading Festival|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023533/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/collections/festival/search.asp?year=1988|archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref> featuring acts including [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]], [[Hothouse Flowers]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Meat Loaf]] (who was bottled off stage),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |title=Worst Festival Sets: Meat Loaf and Bonnie Tyler |publisher=[[Virgin Media]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093129/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/worst-festival-sets.php?page=4 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> and the subsequent disputes led to the ousting of original festival promoter Harold Pendleton by the [[Mean Fiddler Music Group]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=How I Got Here: Fiddling all over the world | first=Susannah | last=Prain | date=1 February 2001 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203194931/http://student.independent.co.uk/graduate_options/mbas_guide/article265467.ece | archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>

Pendleton attempted to relocate the festival to a new site near [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] using the name "Redding Festival", but threats of legal action by the new promoters of the original festival, as well as a reluctance by Newbury District Council to issue a licence for the proposed Newbury Showground venue blocked Pendleton's plans. Meanwhile, the official Reading Festival, now managed by Mean Fiddler, continued at the Thames-side site in Reading, with a predominantly [[Gothic rock|goth]] and [[Indie rock|indie]] music policy that alienated much of the traditional fan base and saw attendances plummet.

Attendances continued to fall between 1989 and 1991, but began to recover from 1992, when new organisers took over from the Mean Fiddler group, broadening the festival's musical policy.

===1990s===
In 1991, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] made the first of their two appearances at Reading, midway down the bill. The following year, 1992, they played what would be their last UK concert, which was released as a live album/DVD ''[[Live at Reading]]'' in November 2009. The band's singer [[Kurt Cobain]] came onstage in a wheelchair pushed by music journalist [[Everett True]] and wearing a medical gown, parodying speculations about his mental health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|title=BBC – Seven Ages of Rock – Events – Nirvana headline Reading Festival|last=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203807/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/alternative-rock/nirvana-headline-reading-festival/|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> the 1992 Festival was hit by extreme weather, with a thunderstorm on the Saturday drenching the site, leaving it ankle-deep in mud, and blowing away the Comedy Tent.

====Festival expansion====
By the mid-1990s, the festival had begun to regain its former status as the popularity of UK outdoor festivals increased. [[Britpop]] and indie began to appear on the bill alongside the traditional rock and metal acts, and [[hip hop music|rap]] acts such as [[Ice Cube]] began to appear regularly on the main stage, to mixed receptions. [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] headlined the second day of the 1992 festival. [[Beastie Boys]] were about halfway down the bill for day three.

In 1996, [[The Stone Roses]] played the last gig before their break-up at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|title=h2g2 – The Stone Roses – 'The Stone Roses' – Edited Entry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826043346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A963489|archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>

In 1998, the Reading Festival absorbed the failed [[Phoenix Festival]], resulting in an on-stage dispute between [[Beastie Boys]] and [[The Prodigy]] over the song "Smack My Bitch Up".<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1999, the festival added a second venue at [[Temple Newsam]] in [[Leeds]],<ref>[http://justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 Reading 1999 – FC Luzern In English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007214302/http://www.justcantbeatthat.com/index.php/lifestyle/playlists/reading-99 |date=7 October 2011 }}. Justcantbeatthat.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> the site of [[V Festival]] in 1997 and 1998, due to increasing demand.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xSzqY7tD2UUC&pg=PA366&lpg=PA366&dq=leeds+festival+1997+history+temple+newsam&source=web&ots=C2mbiU0wcj&sig=B3OJCQAhdRssKBE8Z5jaz8jj8eI Festival and Events Management – Google Boeken]. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> In the first year, all bands performed at the Leeds site the day after they played Reading, with the Reading Festival running from Friday to Sunday and the Leeds Festival running from Saturday to Monday. However, in 2001, the festival moved to the current format, wherein the Reading line-up plays at Leeds the following day, with the opening day line-up from Leeds playing the final day in Reading (with the exceptions of 2009 and 2010 when the bands playing Leeds played Reading the following day, and the bands on the opening day of Reading closed Leeds).

===2000s===
[[File:Reading Festival 2000.jpg|thumb|The main stage of the 2000 Reading Festival]]
After a successful first year in Leeds, the increasing popularity of outdoor music festivals led to the Reading Festival selling out quicker every year. However, the Leeds Festival was plagued by riots and violence, which led to problems in retaining its licence.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | work=BBC News | title=Festival marred by violence | date=26 August 2002 | access-date=22 May 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120043800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2216223.stm | archive-date=20 January 2008 }}</ref> The worst incidents occurred in 2002, following which the festival was moved to [[Bramham Park]] north-east of Leeds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |title=READING Little Johns Farm LEEDS Branham Park, Wetherby 22–24 August |work=BBC News |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509102821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/entertainment/03/festivals_map/html/reading_leeds.stm |archive-date=9 May 2004 }}</ref> Since then, security at both sites has increased and problems have been reduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|title=Happy campers|publisher=BBC Leeds Entertainment|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401054943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2006/08/17/music_leeds_festival_2006_camp_info_feature.shtml|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

The early 2000s saw a varied but predominantly rock line-up, though as the decade progressed the Main Stage and Radio 1 Stage featured many indie bands.

Despite being predominantly a rock festival, several hip-hop artists have appeared at the festival over the years, including [[Cypress Hill]], [[Ice Cube]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Eminem]], [[Xzibit]], [[Jay-Z]], [[50 Cent]], [[Dizzee Rascal]], and [[The Streets]].

In 2005, the main stages at both Reading and Leeds were made larger, featuring cantilevered video screens. The same year the [[Reading Fringe Festival]] was established in Reading, with venues in the town hosting acts hoping to draw crowds and industry figures from the larger festival. The Reading Fringe has run annually since then.

====Banning of flags and banners====
Flags were banned from both festival sites in 2009, with the organisers citing health and safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news | title = Festival fans receive a flag ban | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | access-date = 29 November 2009 | work = BBC News | date = 25 August 2009 | first = Ian | last = Youngs | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8220105.stm | archive-date = 28 August 2009 }}</ref> Flags and banners had been a traditional part of the Reading Festival since the early 1970s, originally used to enable motorcycle groups and others to identify themselves and find each other inside the main arena.

===2010s===
[[File:Reading Festival Aftermath, 2016.png|thumb|Campsite Aftermath, 2016]]
Reading Festival continued to expand through the early 2010s, with a new record capacity of 105,000 recorded in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/07/reading-festival-2019-sells-out/#.XjFmy2hKiUk|title=Reading Festival 2019 Sells Out|date=22 July 2019|website=[[IQ (magazine)|IQ]]|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> In the same year, 200 artists played at both festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viberate.com/article/how-rock-are-you-the-best-festivals-for-headbangers/|title=How Rock Are You? The Best Festivals for Headbangers|last=Klancnik|first=Urban|date=10 December 2019|website=Viberate|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

The festival typically has the following stages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|title=Carling festival main page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506123618/http://www.carling.com/music/festival/carling_weekend/|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
*Main Stage – major rock, indie, metal and alternative acts.
*''[[NME]]''/[[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] stage – less well-known acts, building up to an alternative headline act.
*Dance tent – dance music acts, previously sharing a day with the Lock Up stage, now a stand-alone 3-day stage.
*Lock Up Stage (Can be known as Pit Stage) – underground punk and hardcore acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=89b91dd3-7426-42f9-b789-5d097d1e5761|title=New Stages Announced|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Due to demand, from 2006 this stage took up two days rather than previous years where it was only one day.
*[[Festival Republic]] stage – acts with less popular appeal and breakthrough acts.
*1Xtra Stage – new stage for 2013 that stages Hip-Hop, RnB and Rap artists.
*Alternative tent – comedy and [[cabaret]] acts plus DJs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2008.leedsfestival.com/news/story.aspx?aid=1ff3af91-c948-4739-915b-1fdd1ef44ed3|title=The Alternative stage|access-date=14 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
*[[BBC Introducing]] Stage – Typically unsigned/not well known acts. (Formerly known as the [[Topman]] Unsigned Stage at the Leeds site).

{{wide image|Reading Festival 2007 Panorama 2.jpg|1280px|align-cap=center|A panorama of the Reading Festival 2007 arena}}

===2020s===
On 12 May 2020 it was announced that the year's festivals were cancelled due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52637393|title=Reading and Leeds festivals called off until 2021|date=12 May 2020|access-date=12 May 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref> The festivals were due to host [[Rage Against the Machine]]'s first UK show in 10 years, along with [[Stormzy]] and [[Liam Gallagher]]'s first appearances as headliners. The 2021 festival included two main stages with six headliners, among them Stormzy and Liam Gallagher from the previous year's line up.<ref name="beaumont"/>

==List of headliners==
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018|reason=2008 & earlier all unreferenced}}
*2022: [[Dave (rapper)|Dave]], [[Megan Thee Stallion]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Bring Me the Horizon]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Halsey (singer)|Halsey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/08/reading-and-leeds-festival-2022-announce-lineup-with-arctic-monkeys-dave-and-more|date=8 December 2021|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
*2021: [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Biffy Clyro]] (replacing [[Queens of the Stone Age]]), [[Stormzy]], [[Catfish and the Bottlemen]], [[Post Malone]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]]<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/31/reading-and-leeds-festival-announces-2021-lineup|date=31 August 2020|access-date=3 September 2020|title=Reading and Leeds festival announces 2021 lineup}}</ref>
*2020 (cancelled): [[Liam Gallagher]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Stormzy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiox.co.uk/festivals/reading-and-leeds/third-headliner-2020/|title=Stormzy announced as Reading and Leeds Festival 2020 third headliner|work=RadioX News|date=11 February 2020|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
*2019: [[The 1975]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Post Malone]]/[[Twenty One Pilots]] (Co-headline)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-46286744|title=Reading and Leeds: Foo Fighters, The 1975, Post Malone to headline|work=BBC News|date=12 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
*2018: [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Kendrick Lamar]]/[[Panic! At The Disco]] (Co-headline), [[Kings Of Leon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|title=Reading & Leeds Fest on Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220063322/https://twitter.com/OfficialRandL/status/963319719158779904|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
*2017: [[Eminem]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Kasabian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|title=Reading Festival 2017|last=lcarter@festivalrepublic.com|date=6 October 2017|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102352/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2017|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2016: [[Foals (band)|Foals]]/[[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]] (Co-headline), [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Biffy Clyro]]/[[Fall Out Boy]] (Co-headline)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|title=Reading Festival 2016|last=astrid.ferguson@festivalrepublic.com|date=4 October 2016|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102739/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2016|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2015: [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Metallica]], [[The Libertines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|title=Reading Festival 2015|last=hroberts|date=6 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223103001/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2015|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2014: [[Queens of the Stone Age]]/[[Paramore]] (Co-headline), [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|title=Reading Festival 2014|last=bfraserharding@festivalrepublic.com|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160501/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2014|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2013: [[Green Day]], [[Eminem]], [[Biffy Clyro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|title=Reading Festival 2013|last=kate.sullivan@Festivalrepublic.com|date=16 January 2014|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160442/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2013|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2012: [[The Cure]], [[Kasabian]], [[Foo Fighters (band)|Foo Fighters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|title=Reading Festival 2012|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102853/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2012|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2011: [[My Chemical Romance]], [[The Strokes]]/[[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] (Co-headline), [[Muse (band)|Muse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|title=Reading Festival 2011|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102805/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2011|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2010: [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Arcade Fire]], [[Blink-182]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|title=Reading Festival 2010|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102636/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2010|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2009: [[Kings of Leon]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Radiohead]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|title=Reading Festival 2009|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102607/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-2009|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*2008: [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[The Killers]], [[Metallica]]
*2007: [[Razorlight]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Smashing Pumpkins]]
*2006: [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], [[Pearl Jam]]
*2005: [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Iron Maiden]]
*2004: [[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Green Day]]
*2003: [[Linkin Park]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Metallica]]
*2002: [[The Strokes]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Guns N' Roses]] (Leeds), [[The Prodigy]]
*2001: [[Travis (band)|Travis]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Eminem]]
*2000: [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]], [[Stereophonics]]
*1999: [[The Charlatans (English band)|The Charlatans]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1998: [[Jimmy Page & Robert Plant]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|title=Reading Festival 1998|last=admin|date=28 November 2013|access-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102716/https://www.readingfestival.com/history/reading-festival-1998|archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
*1997: [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Metallica]]
*1996: [[The Prodigy]], [[Black Grape]], [[The Stone Roses]]
*1995: [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Björk]], [[Neil Young]]
*1994: [[Cypress Hill]], [[Primal Scream]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*1993: [[Porno For Pyros]], [[The The]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]]
*1992: [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[The Wonder Stuff]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]
*1991: [[Iggy Pop]], [[James (band)|James]], [[The Sisters of Mercy]]
*1990: [[The Cramps]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]]
*1989: [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[The Pogues]], [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]]
* 1988: [[Ramones]], [[Starship (band)|Starship]], [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]]
* 1987: [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Alice Cooper]]
* 1986: [[Killing Joke]], [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]], [[Hawkwind]]
* 1985: No festival held
* 1984 (cancelled): [[Hawkwind]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Marillion]]
* 1983: [[The Stranglers]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Thin Lizzy]]
* 1982: [[Budgie (band)|Budgie]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[The Michael Schenker Group]]
* 1981: [[Girlschool]], [[Gillan (band)|Gillan]], [[The Kinks]]
* 1980: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]], [[Whitesnake]]
* 1979: [[The Police]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] (replacing Thin Lizzy), [[Peter Gabriel]]
* 1978: [[The Jam]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Patti Smith]]
* 1977: [[Golden Earring]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Alex Harvey (musician)|Alex Harvey]]
* 1976: [[Gong (band)|Gong]], [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Osibisa]]
* 1975: [[Hawkwind]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Wishbone Ash]], [[Supertramp]]
* 1974: [[The Sensational Alex Harvey Band]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]], [[Focus (band)|Focus]]
* 1973: [[Rory Gallagher]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* 1972: [[Curved Air]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]], [[Quintessence (English band)|Quintessence]]
* 1971: [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]], [[East of Eden (rock band)|East of Eden]], [[Colosseum (band)|Colosseum]]
* 1970: [[Family (band)|Family]], [[Taste (Irish band)|Taste]], [[Deep Purple]]
* 1969: [[Pink Floyd]], [[The Who]], [[The Nice]]
* 1968: [[The Herd (UK band)|The Herd]], [[The Nice]], [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]
* 1967: [[Small Faces]], [[The Nice]], [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
* 1966: [[Small Faces]], [[The Who]], [[Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames]]
* 1965: [[The Yardbirds]], [[Manfred Mann]], [[The Animals]]
* 1964: [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Chris Barber]] Band, [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen]]
* 1963: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Acker Bilk |Acker Bilk's Paramount Jazz Band]]
* 1962: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Kenny Ball |Kenny Ball's Jazzmen]]
* 1961: [[Chris Barber |Chris Barber's Jazz Band]], [[Ken Colyer |Ken Colyer's Jazzmen]]

==Bottling incidents==
[[Bottling (concert abuse)|Bottling]] acts off stage (being forced off stage by a barrage of audience-thrown bottles and cans) is a frequent occurrence at the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|title=Bands Bottled at Reading Festival|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728204455/http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1089/bottled-at-reading-festival.html|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were often mass-participation can and bottle fights, and unpopular bands have been bottled offstage throughout the festival's history since the first large-scale "cannings" of 1973 and 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |title=25 Things You Never Knew About Reading & Leeds – Photos – NME.COM (3) |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=[[NME]] |publisher=[[NME]].com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825004715/http://www.nme.com/festivals/reading-and-leeds/photos/539/3/25-things-you-never-knew-about-reading-leeds |archive-date=25 August 2008 }}</ref> Examples include:

*Punk band [[Brian James (guitarist)|The Hellions]], featuring ex-[[The Damned (band)|Damned]] guitarist [[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]], were booked on an otherwise 100% [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] line-up on the Friday of the 1980 Festival and left the stage in less than a minute following an assault of cans, bottles and pork pies. "I Canned The Hellions at Reading" T-shirts were on sale at souvenir stands within the hour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reading Rock Festival 1980- recollections of attendees.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/reading-80-recollections.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.ukrockfestivals.com}}</ref>
*In 1983, reggae act [[Steel Pulse]] left within moments of arriving on stage under an avalanche of missiles launched by punks and rockers waiting to see [[The Stranglers]].
*[[John Waite]] and the No Brakes Band quit the stage on the Saturday of the 1986 festival when their drummer was hit in the head by a 12" vinyl disc.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 1988, [[Bonnie Tyler]] completed her set despite being pelted with bottles and turf. The same day's headliner [[Meat Loaf]] left 20 minutes into his set after being hit by a full two-litre cider bottle. After an initially positive reception Meat Loaf angered the audience by berating them for their treatment of his friend Bonnie Tyler earlier in the day, then stormed off stage when met with a volley of burgers and bottles. He eventually returned shouting "Do you wanna rock 'n' roll or do you wanna throw stuff?" Ten seconds later the cider bottle struck him in the face, at which point he left the stage permanently.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2000, [[Daphne and Celeste]] were scheduled on the main stage for a short two song set and were bottled throughout.<ref name="daphne">{{cite news |last1=Jonze |first1=Tim |title=Daphne and Celeste: 'They hated us so much!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/29/daphne-and-celeste-you-and-i-alone |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
*In 2003, [[Good Charlotte]] stopped their set 20 minutes short and encouraged the crowd to throw bottles all at the same time after a count of three after being pelted by bottles throughout their set.<ref>Handbag, Project. (24 August 2003) [http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste Good Charlotte: This Year's Daphne & Celeste / Music News // Drowned In Sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045948/http://drownedinsound.com/news/7852-good-charlotte--this-years-daphne-celeste |date=14 August 2011 }}. Drownedinsound.com. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref>
*In 2004, [[50 Cent]] was pelted with bottles, mud and an inflatable paddling pool during his set.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|title=50 Cent at Reading 2004|last=Phoemail|date=25 August 2007|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820093659/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL1dvdGoOvk|archive-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> 50 Cent was on stage for just under 20 minutes before throwing his [[microphone]] into the crowd in anger. [[The Rasmus]] were also bottled off after one song.<ref name="guardianbottle">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |title=Hitting rock bottom |access-date=25 August 2008 |work=The Guardian|first=Tim|last=Jonze |date=25 August 2007 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716035736/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/25/popandrock.readingandleedsfestival2007 |archive-date=16 July 2014 }}</ref>
*In 2006 at Reading, [[Panic! at the Disco]] lead singer [[Brendon Urie]] was struck in the face with a plastic bottle and fell unconscious, forcing the rest of the band to stop mid-song as he lay on the floor. Urie received medical treatment from his road crew for several minutes before regaining consciousness, and the band subsequently continued the song from the point at which it was interrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|title=Panic! At The Disco speak after bottling|work=NME.COM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521035556/http://www.nme.com/news/panic-at-the-disco/24093|archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> The same year, [[My Chemical Romance]] were heckled by a small group of angry audience members. Lead singer [[Gerard Way]] encouraged the crowd to throw bottles at them instead, and the band were pelted with golf balls and bottles of urine, among other items.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
*In 2008, a crowd of approximately 3,000 people attended the "BBC Introducing" Stage at Reading to see unsigned band 'The FF'ers' following rumours that it would actually be a secret [[Foo Fighters]] gig, and the band were subjected to a large amount of abuse from the audience, including several bottles launched at the band.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | title = FF'ers @ Leeds Festival 2008 | access-date = 29 November 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150619205528/http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/9969/ | archive-date = 19 June 2015 }}</ref>
*In 2016, [[Tyler Joseph]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]] was attacked and robbed as he attempted to crowd-surf in the Radio One Tent. Reacting unfavourably to his behaviour, the hostile audience threw him to the ground, ripped off various items of his clothing and stole his ski-mask. Joseph was eventually rescued by security guards, who carried him to an elevated platform where he announced that the band's set was over.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perryman |first1=Francesca |title=Twenty One Pilots Tyler Joseph's rips shirt and loses shoe in Reading Festival crowd surf 'attack' |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/twenty-one-pilots-tyler-josephs-11809083 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=Get Reading |date=28 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of historic rock festivals]]
* [[Love Not Riots]]
* [[Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups]]
* [[List of music festivals in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Workers Beer Company]], Workers Beer Company

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Ian |title=The Reading Festival: Music, Mud and Mayhem – The Official History |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn Ltd |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905287-43-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/readingfestivalm0000carr }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reading and Leeds Festivals}}
* [http://www.readingfestival.com/ Reading Festival official website]
* [http://www.leedsfestival.com/ Leeds Festival official website]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/readingandleeds/ Reading & Leeds] at the [[BBC]]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Reading/ Reading Festival official ticket agent]
* [https://www.skiddle.com/festivals/Leeds/ Leeds Festival official ticket agent]

{{Rock festival}}
{{Historic rock festival}}
{{Major British Music Festivals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reading and Leeds Festivals| ]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Berkshire]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Leeds]]
[[Category:Rock festivals in England]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1961]]

Battle of Lostwithiel

2022-05-20T08:25:35Z

Trotboy: Added need for a citation about conjecture that the 'people of Cornwall' provided Charles 1st with intelligence. Also corrected spelling error for 'Cornwell' ~~~~

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict=Battle of Lostwithiel
| partof=the [[First English Civil War]]
| date=21 August – 2 September 1644
| place= Near [[Lostwithiel]] in [[Cornwall]]
| coordinates={{Coord|50.408|-4.667|display=title|region:GB_scale:20000}}
| result= Royalist victory
| combatant1={{flagicon image|Royal Standard of England (1603–1689).svg|size=22px}} [[Cavalier|Royalists]]
| combatant2=[[File:Flag_of_England.svg|22px]] [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]]
| commander1=
{{Unbulleted list
|[[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]
|[[Maurice of the Palatinate|Prince Maurice]]
|[[Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Grenville]]
|[[George Goring, Lord Goring|Lord Goring]]
}}
| commander2=
{{Unbulleted list
|[[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]]
|[[William Balfour (general)|William Balfour]]
|[[Philip Skippon]]{{Surrendered}}
}}
| strength1=12,000 infantry 7,000 cavalry{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}
| strength2={{circa}}6,500 infantry {{circa}}3,000 cavalry{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}
| casualties1= {{circa}} 500
| casualties2= {{circa}} 700 {{circa}} 5,000 prisoners
}}
{{Location map many | Cornwall | relief=yes | width=305
| caption= Cornwall and Lostwithiel
| lat1_deg = 50.408
| lon1_deg = -4.667
|position1 = left
| label1 = Lostwithiel
| lat2_deg = 50.371389
| lon2_deg = -4.14222
|position2 = left
| label2 = Plymouth
| lat3_deg = 50.334
| lon3_deg = -4.633
|position3 = bottom
| label3 = Fowey
}}
{{Campaignbox First English Civil War|state=collapsed}}
The '''Battle of Lostwithiel''' took place over a 13-day period from 21 August to 2 September 1644, around the town of [[Lostwithiel]] and along the [[River Fowey]] valley in [[Cornwall]] during the [[First English Civil War]]. A [[Cavalier|Royalist]] army led by [[Charles I of England]] defeated a [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] force commanded by the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]].{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}

Although Essex and most of the cavalry escaped, between 5,000 and 6,000 Parliamentarian infantry were forced to surrender. Since the Royalists were unable to feed so many, they were given a pass back to their own territory, arriving in [[Southampton]] a month later having lost nearly half their number to disease and desertion.{{sfn|Royle|2004|pp=304-305}}

Considered one of the worst defeats suffered by Parliament over the course of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], it secured [[South West England]] for the Royalists until early 1646.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}

==Background==
During April and May 1644, Parliamentarian commanders Sir [[William Waller]] and the Earl of Essex combined their armies and carried out a campaign against King Charles and the Royalist garrisons surrounding Oxford. Trusting Waller to deal with the King in Oxfordshire, Essex divided the Parliamentarian army on 6 June and headed southwest to relieve the Royalist siege of [[Lyme Regis|Lyme]] in Dorset. Lyme had been under siege by King Charles' nephew, [[Maurice of the Palatinate|Prince Maurice]], and the Royalists for nearly two months.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Marsh|2020}}{{sfnp|Roberts|1823|p=40}}

South-West England at that time was largely under the control of the Royalists. The town of Lyme, however, was a Parliamentarian stronghold and served as an important seaport for the Parliamentarian fleet of the [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]]. As Essex approached Lyme in mid-June Prince Maurice ended the siege and took his troops west to Exeter.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}

Essex then proceeded further southwest toward Cornwall with the intent to relieve the siege of Plymouth. Plymouth was the only other significant Parliamentarian stronghold in the South-West and it was under siege by [[Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet|Richard Grenville]] and Cornish Royalists. Essex had been told by [[John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor|Lord Robartes]], a wealthy politician and merchant from Cornwall, that the Parliamentarians would gain considerable military support if he moved against Grenville and freed Plymouth. Given Lord Robartes’ advice, Essex advanced toward Plymouth. His action caused Grenville to end the siege. Essex then advanced further west believing that he could take full control of the South-West from the Royalists.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}{{sfnp|Marsh|2020}}

Meanwhile, in Oxfordshire, King Charles battled with the Parliamentarians and defeated Sir William Waller at the [[Battle of Cropredy Bridge]] on 29 June. On 12 July after a Royalist council of war recommended that Essex be dealt with before he could be reinforced, King Charles and his Oxford army departed Evesham. King Charles accepted the council's advice, not solely because it was good strategy, but more so because his [[Henrietta Maria of France|Queen]] was in Exeter where she had recently given birth to the Princess [[Henrietta of England|Henrietta]] and had been denied safe conduct to Bath by Essex.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}{{sfnp|Gardiner|1893|pp=7-8}}

==Trapped in Cornwall==
On 26 July, King Charles arrived in Exeter and joined his Oxford army with the Royalist forces commanded by Prince Maurice. On that same day, Essex and his Parliamentary force entered Cornwall. One week later, as Essex bivouacked with his army at Bodmin, he learned that King Charles had defeated Waller; brought his Oxford army to the South-West; and joined forces with Prince Maurice. Essex had also seen that he was not getting the military support from the people of Cornwall as Lord Robartes asserted. At that time, Essex understood that he and his army were trapped in Cornwall and his only salvation would be reinforcements or an escape through the port of Fowey by means of the Parliamentarian fleet.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}

Essex immediately marched his troops five miles south to the small town of Lostwithiel arriving on 2 August. He immediately deployed his men in a defensive arc with detachments on the high ground to the north at Restormel Castle and the high ground to the east at Beacon Hill. Essex also sent a small contingent of foot south to secure the port of Fowey aiming to eventually evacuate his infantry by sea. At Essex's disposal was a force of 6,500 foot and 3,000 horse.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}

Aided through intelligence provided by the people of Cornwall {{Citation needed}}, King Charles followed westward, slowly and deliberately cutting off the potential escape routes that Essex might attempt to utilize. On 6 August King Charles communicated with Essex, calling for him to surrender. Stalling for several days, Essex considered the offer but ultimately refused.{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}{{sfnp|Gardiner|1893|p=11}}

On 11 August, Grenville and the Cornish Royalists entered Bodmin forcing out Essex's rear-guard cavalry. Grenville then proceeds south across Respryn Bridge to meet and join forces with King Charles and Prince Maurice. It is estimated that the Royalist forces at that time were composed of 12,000 foot and 7,000 horse. Over the next two days the Royalists deployed detachments along the east side of the River Fowey to prevent a Parliamentarian escape across country. Finally the Royalists sent 200 foot with artillery south to garrison the fort at Polruan, effectively blocking the entrance to the harbour of Fowey. At about that time, Essex learned that reinforcements under the command of Sir John Middleton were turned back by the Royalists at Bridgwater in Somerset.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}

==First battle - 21–30 August 1644==
At 07:00 hours on 21 August, King Charles launched his first attack on Essex and the Parliamentarians at Lostwithiel.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}} From the north, Grenville and the Cornish Royalists attacked Restormel Castle and easily dislodged the Parliamentarians who fell back quickly. From the east, King Charles and the Oxford army captured Beacon Hill with little resistance from the Parliamentarians. Prince Maurice and his force occupied Druid Hill. Casualties were fairly low and by nightfall the fighting ended and the Royalists held the high ground on the north and east sides of Lostwithiel.{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}{{sfnp|Barratt|2005|p=90}}{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel 21 August 1644}}

For the next couple of days the two opposing forces exchanged fire only in a number of small skirmishes. On 24 August, King Charles further tightened the noose encircling the Parliamentarians when he sent [[George Goring, Lord Goring|Lord Goring]] and Sir Thomas Bassett to secure the town of St Blazey and the area to the southwest of Lostwithiel. This reduced the foraging area for the Parliamentarians and access to the coves and inlets in the vicinity of the port of Par.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August – 2 September 1644}}

Essex and the Parliamentarians were now totally surrounded and boxed into a two-mile by five-mile area spanning from Lostwithiel in the north to the port of Fowey in the south. Knowing that he would not be able to fight his way out, Essex made his final plans for an escape. Since a sea evacuation of his cavalry would not be possible, Essex ordered his cavalry commander [[William Balfour (general)|William Balfour]] to attempt a breakout to Plymouth. For the infantry, Essex planned to retreat south and meet Lord Warwick and the Parliamentarian fleet at Fowey. At 03:00 hours on 31 August, Balfour and 2,000 members of his cavalry executed the first step of Essex's plan when they successfully crossed the River Fowey and escaped intact without engaging the Royalist defenders.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August – 2 September 1644}}{{sfnp|Barratt|2005|p=94}}

==Second battle - 31 August - 2 September 1644==
Early on the morning on 31 August, the Parliamentarians ransacked and looted Lostwithiel and began their withdrawal south. At 07:00 hours, the Royalists observed the actions of the Parliamentarians and immediately proceeded to attack. Grenville attacked from the north. King Charles and Prince Maurice crossed the River Fowey, joined up with Grenville, and entered Lostwithiel. Together the Royalists engaged the Parliamentarian rear-guards and quickly took possession of the town. The Royalist also sent detachments down along the east side of the River Fowey to protect against any further breakouts and to capture the town of Polruan.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August – 2 September 1644}}

The Royalists then began to pursue Essex and the Parliamentarian infantry down the river valley. At the outset the Royalist pushed the Parliamentarians nearly three miles south through the hedged fields, hills and valleys. At the narrow pass near St. Veep, [[Philip Skippon]], Essex's commander of the infantry, counter-attacked the Royalists and pushed them back several fields attempting to give Essex time to set up a line of defense further south. At 11:00 hours, the Royalist cavalry mounted a charge and won back the territory lost. There was a lull in the battle at 12:00 hours as King Charles waited for his full army to come up and reform.

The fighting resumed and continued through the afternoon as the Parliamentarians tried to disengage and continue south. At 16:00 hours, the Parliamentarians tried again to counter-attack with their remaining cavalry only to be driven back by King Charles’ Life Guard. About a mile north of Castle Dore, the Parliamentarians right flank began to give way. At 18:00 hours when the Parliamentarians were pushed back to Castle Dore they made their last attempt to rally only to be pushed back and surrounded.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August – 2 September 1644}}{{sfnp|Barratt|2005|p=102}}

About that time the fighting ended with the Royalists satisfied in their accomplishments of the day. Exhausted and discouraged, the Parliamentarians hunkered down for the night. Later that evening under the darkness of night, Essex and his command staff stole away to the seashore where they used a fishing boat to flee to Plymouth, leaving Skippon in command.{{sfnp|Barratt|2005|pp=104-105}}

Early on 1 September, Skippon met with his officers to inform them about Essex's escape and to discuss alternatives. It was decided that they would approach King Charles and seek terms. Concerned that Parliamentarian reinforcements might be on their way, the King quickly agreed on 2 September to generous terms. The battle was over.{{sfnp|Plant|2006}}{{sfnp|Barratt|2005|p=105}} Six thousand Parliamentarians were taken as prisoners. Their weapons were taken away and they were marched to Southampton. They suffered the wrath of the Cornish people in route and as many as 3,000 died of exposure and disease along the way. Those that survived the journey were, however, eventually set free.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}{{sfnp|Plant|2006}} Total casualties associated with the battle were extremely high especially when considering those who died on the march back to Southampton. To those numbers as many as 700 Parliamentarians are estimated to have been killed or wounded during the fighting in Cornwall along with an estimated 500 Royalists.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|2020}}

==Aftermath==
The Battle of Lostwithiel was a great victory for King Charles and the greatest loss that the Parliamentarians would suffer in the First English Civil War. For King Charles the victory secured the South-West for the remainder of the war and mitigated criticism for a while against the Royalist war effort.{{sfn|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}

For the Parliamentarians, the defeat resulted in recriminations with Middleton ultimately being blamed for his failure to break-through with reinforcements. The Parliamentarian failure at Lostwithiel along with the failure to defeat King Charles at the [[Second Battle of Newbury]] ultimately led Parliament to adopt the [[Self-denying Ordinance]] and led to the implementation of the [[New Model Army]].{{sfnp|Marsh|2020}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
*[[Battle of Braddock Down]] which took place in January 1643 a few kilometers from Lostwithiel.
*[[Cornwall in the English Civil War]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Barratt |first1=John |title=The Civil War in the South-West |date=2005 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=9781844151462}}
*{{cite web |title=Battle of Lostwithiel (1644) |url=http://www.battlefieldsofbritain.co.uk/battle_lostwithiel_1644.html |website=Battlefields of Britain |publisher=CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk network |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=2019 |ref={{sfnref|Battle of Lostwithiel (1644)}}}}
*{{cite web |title=Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August - 1 September 1644 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1413762 |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=3 May 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{sfnref|Battle of Lostwithiel 31 August – 2 September 1644}}}}
*{{cite web |title=Battle of Lostwithiel 21 August 1644 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1413619 |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=3 May 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{sfnref|Battle of Lostwithiel 21 August 1644}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1=Samuel R. |title=History of the Great Civil War, Volume II 1644-1645 |date=1893 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169175/mode/2up/search/Lostwithiel |access-date=6 May 2020}}
*{{cite web |last1=Mackenzie |first1=John |title=Battle of Lostwithiel |url=https://www.britishbattles.com/english-civil-war/battle-of-lostwithiel/ |website=BritishBattles.com |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=2020}}
*{{cite web |last1=Marsh |first1=Simon |title=Battle of Lostwithiel 21st and 31st August 1644 |url=http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/civil-war/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=88 |website=UK Battlefields Resource Centre |publisher=The Battlefields Trust |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=2013 |date=2020}}
*{{cite web |last1=Plant |first1=David |title=Lyme & Lostwithiel, 1644 |url=http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/west-country/lyme-lostwithiel |website=BCW Project |publisher=David Plant |access-date=3 May 2020 |date=2006}}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=George |year=1823 |url=https://archive.org/details/historylymeregi00robegoog |title=The History of Lyme-Regis, Dorset, from the Earliest Periods to the Present Day |publisher=Langdon and Harker |location=Sherborne |oclc=794348030 }}
* {{cite book|last=Royle|first=Trevor|year=2004|edition=2006|title=Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660|publisher=Abacus|isbn=978-0-349-11564-1}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=H. Miles |title=Battles Royal - Charles I and the Civil War in Cornwall and the West |date=1982 |publisher=Libra Books |isbn=0-9508009-0-2 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Coate |first1=Mary |title=Cornwall in the Great War and Interregnum 1642 - 1660 |date=1933 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Duffin |first1=Anne |title=Faction and Faith: politics and religion of the Cornish gentry before the Civil War |date=1996 |publisher=University of Exeter |isbn=978-0-85989-435-7 |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book|date=2004|title=Lostwithiel 1644: the Campaign and the Battles |first=Stephen |last=Ede-Borrett |publisher=The Pike and Shot Society |oclc=63144022 |ref=none}}
*{{cite web |title=Edward Walker: Eyewitness to civil war |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/edward-walker-eyewitness-civil-war |website=National Army Museum |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date=3 May 2020 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Holmes |first1=Richard |title=Civil War Battles in Cornwall, 1642 to 1646 |date=1989 |publisher=Mercia |isbn=0-948087-32-3 |ref=none|author1-link=Richard Holmes (military historian) }}
*{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Dennis |title=Carew: A Story of Civil War in the West Country |date=2001 |publisher=Aiden Ellis Publishing |isbn=0-85628-298-7 |ref=none}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lostwithiel, Battle of 1644}}
[[Category:Battles of the English Civil Wars]]
[[Category:Military history of Cornwall]]
[[Category:1644 in England]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Cornish]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1644]]
[[Category:17th century in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Lostwithiel|Battle of]]

Freudental

2022-01-14T17:06:22Z

Trotboy: /* Religion */Tidied up translation

{{dablink|For other uses, see [[Freudenthal]].}}
{{Expand German|topic=geo|date=February 2009|Freudental}}

{{Infobox German location
|image_coa = DEU Freudental COA.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|49|0|32|N|9|3|32|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan =
|state = Baden-Württemberg
|region = Stuttgart
|district = Ludwigsburg
|elevation = 284
|area = 3.07
|postal_code = 74392
|area_code = 07143
|licence = LB
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 08118016
|website = [http://www.freudental.de/ www.freudental.de]
|mayor = Alexander Fleig<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 13 September 2021.</ref>
|leader_term = 2020–28
}}

'''Freudental''' is a town in the [[Ludwigsburg (district)|district of Ludwigsburg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]].

==History==
Freudental was first mentioned in 1304 in the stock records of the hospital in [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]]. Similar to [[Besigheim]] and [[Löchgau]] it belonged to the Marquis of Baden, as a result of the Bavarian Succession War of 1504 it fell under Duke [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Ulrich of Württemberg]] and under the stewardship of the bailiff of Besigheim Konrad Schenk von Winterstetten. After changes and fragmentation of local government (1590/92 to 1685 Schaffelitzky of Mukkadell) in 1685 the town was solely owned by the Duke of Württemberg - [[Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental|Frederick Charles]] but soon sold again, to Baron Johann Gottlob von Zobel of Giebelstadt heir owner of the place. His heirs in turn sold the town in 1727 at the Landeshofmeisterin [[Wilhelmine von Grävenitz|Wilhelmine of Würben]]. Around 1731–1733 Duke [[Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard Louis]], acquired the town. The town was not incorporated into the [[Duchy of Württemberg]], but protected as 'Hofkammergut' in the Württemberg 'Kameralverwaltung'. When the Württemberg Oberamt Besigheim was dissolved in 1938, Freudental came within the district of Ludwigsburg, where it remains.

==Religion==
Freudental has been majority Protestant since the [[Reformation]]. Even today there is still a Protestant congregation in the town. There is also still a small community of the [[New Apostolic Church]]. The Catholics of the Roman Catholic community practice their religion in Besigheim.

From the first half of the 18th century there was a significant Jewish community in Freudental and by the mid-19th century more than 40 percent of the inhabitants were Jewish. In 1832 seat of Bezirksrabbinats Freudental. The town experienced - like many other Jewish rural communities - a decline in numbers towards the end of the 19th century. It was eventually eradicated by the persecution of the Jews during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]. From the once significant community can still be seen the former synagogue built in 1770 in Freudental and the neighboring Jewish Schlössle, in which the first six Jewish families in the area from 1723 had apartments, and the Jewish cemetery (on Bönnigheimer Mountain). In memory of the persecuted and murdered Jewish citizens a memorial plaque is on the wall of the castle, more plaques have been placed since 1988 at the beginning and end of Strombergstrasse in rememberance of the centuries-old Jewish settlement in what was known locally as the "Jewish street".

During [[World War II]] many of the empty buildings which had once housed Jewish families were used to house refugee civilians from cities whose homes had been destroyed in allied bombing raids. After the war some of these refugees assisted the occupation forces in collecting reparations from the local farmers and landowners who had profited from the property 'vacated' by the Jewish population.

[[File:Evangelische Kirche Freudental August 2013.jpg|thumb|150px|Evangelic church, 2013]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.freudental.de}}
*[http://www.pkc-freudental.de Former Synagogue]
{{Cities and towns in Ludwigsburg (district)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ludwigsburg (district)]]
[[Category:Württemberg]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]

Hans Ziegler (politician)

2021-12-05T10:41:11Z

Trotboy:

Hans Ziegler (born March 9, 1877 in Henfenfeld , † March 19, 1957 in Nuremberg ) was a socialist politician and trade unionist .

Ziegler learned the lathe trade after attending primary school. As a young man he joined the German Metal Workers' Association (DMV) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). After the end of his first marriage, from which a daughter emerged, Ziegler married Anna Strauss in 1913 , who, like him, embarked on a political career in the SPD see: [[Anna Ziegler (politician)]]

During the First World War , Ziegler left the SPD in 1916 and joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). During the November Revolution of 1918 he was a delegate to the National Council Congress . In 1920 he was elected to the state parliament of Württemberg , to which he belonged until 1924. Around 1922 Ziegler returned to the SPD, in which he belonged to the left wing of the party. In addition, he acted as local and district chairman as well as director of the local division of the DMV in Heilbronn .

In 1930 Ziegler was elected to the Reichstag as a candidate of the SPD for constituency 7 (Breslau) . Together with five party friends, he was expelled from the SPD in September 1931 after repeated breaches of parliamentary group discipline. He then took part in the founding of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD). In this Ziegler acted as a trade union expert, a status that was due to the fact that he was practically the only prominent trade union representative in the ranks of the SAPD, in which he joined the left- wing, social-democratic-pacifist wing around Anna Siemsen. Ziegler's union activity cause him problems in his new party. In particular, he was accused of showing too cautious a course as a delegate to the trade union conference towards the DMV leadership, which was dominated by the SPD.

In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire , Ziegler was arrested and held in a concentration camp for a long time . After the war, Ziegler was Lord Mayor of Nuremberg from 1945 to 1948 . In the summer of 1949 he took over the chairmanship of the Action for Peace and International Understanding . The SPD soon excluded Ziegler from their ranks again after he attended a peace congress in Moscow.

Hans Ziegler (politician)

2021-12-05T10:38:54Z

Trotboy: Created the Page, based upon a translation of the German Wikipedia page

Hans Ziegler (born March 9, 1877 in Henfenfeld , † March 19, 1957 in Nuremberg ) was a socialist politician and trade unionist .

Ziegler learned the lathe trade after attending primary school. As a young man he joined the German Metal Workers' Association (DMV) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). After the end of his first marriage, from which a daughter emerged, Ziegler married the maid Anna Strauss in 1913 , who, like him, embarked on a political career in the SPD [[Anna Ziegler]]

During the First World War , Ziegler left the SPD in 1916 and joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). During the November Revolution of 1918 he was a delegate to the National Council Congress . In 1920 he was elected to the state parliament of Württemberg , to which he belonged until 1924. Around 1922 Ziegler returned to the SPD, in which he belonged to the left wing of the party. In addition, he acted as local and district chairman as well as managing director of the local division of the DMV in Heilbronn .

In 1930 Ziegler was elected to the Reichstag as a candidate of the SPD for constituency 7 (Breslau) . Together with five party friends, he was expelled from the SPD in September 1931 after repeated breaches of parliamentary group discipline. He then took part in the founding of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD). In this Ziegler acted as a trade union expert, a status that was due to the fact that he was practically the only prominent trade union representative in the ranks of the SAPD, in which he joined the left- wing, social-democratic-pacifist wing around Anna Siemsen. Ziegler's union activity cause him problems in his new party. In particular, he was accused of showing too cautious a course as a delegate to the trade union conference towards the DMV leadership, which was dominated by the SPD.

In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire , Ziegler was arrested and held in a concentration camp for a long time . After the war, Ziegler was Lord Mayor of Nuremberg from 1945 to 1948 . In the summer of 1949 he took over the chairmanship of the Action for Peace and International Understanding . The SPD soon excluded Ziegler from their ranks again after he attended a peace congress in Moscow.

Ralf Rangnick

2021-12-05T10:27:25Z

Trotboy: Added Category

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|German association football manager}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ralf Rangnick
| image = 2019-03-30 Fußball, Männer, 1. Bundesliga, RB Leipzig - Hertha BSC StP 3705 LR10 by Stepro (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rangnick with [[RB Leipzig]] in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|6|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Backnang]], West Germany
| height = 1.81 m<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/ralf-rangnick/spieler | title = Ralf Rangnick - Spielerprofil - DFB |publisher = dfb.de | language = de | access-date = 18 October 2020 }}</ref>
| position = [[Defensive midfielder]]
|currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] (interim manager)
| years1 = 1976–1979
| clubs1 = [[VfB Stuttgart II]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1979–1980
| clubs2 = [[Southwick F.C.|Southwick]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1980–1982
| clubs3 = [[VfR Heilbronn]]
| caps3 = 66
| goals3 = 6
| years4 = 1982–1983
| clubs4 = [[SSV Ulm 1846|Ulm 1846]]
| caps4 = 32
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 1983–1985
| clubs5 = FC Viktoria Backnang
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 1987–1988
| clubs6 = TSV Lippoldsweiler
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| manageryears1 = 1983–1985
| managerclubs1 = FC Viktoria Backnang
| manageryears2 = 1985–1987
| managerclubs2 = [[VfB Stuttgart II]]
| manageryears3 = 1987–1988
| managerclubs3 = TSV Lippoldsweiler
| manageryears4 = 1988–1990
| managerclubs4 = SC Korb
| manageryears5 = 1990–1994
| managerclubs5 = [[VfB Stuttgart]] U19
| manageryears6 = 1995–1997
| managerclubs6 = [[SSV Reutlingen 05|Reutlingen 05]]
| manageryears7 = 1997–1999
| managerclubs7 = [[SSV Ulm 1846|Ulm 1846]]
| manageryears8 = 1999–2001
| managerclubs8 = [[VfB Stuttgart]]
| manageryears9 = 2001–2004
| managerclubs9 = [[Hannover 96]]
| manageryears10 = 2004–2005
| managerclubs10 = [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]]
| manageryears11 = 2006–2011
| managerclubs11 = [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]]
| manageryears12 = 2011
| managerclubs12 = [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]]
| manageryears13 = 2015–2016
| managerclubs13 = [[RB Leipzig]]
| manageryears14 = 2018–2019
| managerclubs14 = [[RB Leipzig]]
| manageryears15 = 2021–
| managerclubs15 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] (interim)
}}
'''Ralf Rangnick''' (born 29 June 1958) is a German professional [[Manager (association football)|football manager]], executive and former [[Football player|player]] who is currently the [[Interim manager (association football)|interim manager]] of [[Premier League]] club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].

After an uneventful career as a player, Rangnick began his coaching career in 1983, at age 25. In 1997, he was hired by former club [[SSV Ulm 1846|Ulm 1846]], with whom he won the [[Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)|Regionalliga Süd]] in his debut season. Rangnick was then appointed by [[Bundesliga]] club [[VfB Stuttgart]], winning the [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] in 2000, but was dismissed in 2001. He subsequently joined [[Hannover 96]], winning the [[2. Bundesliga]], but was dismissed in 2004. After a brief period with [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]], Rangnick joined [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]] in 2006, and achieved successive promotions to the Bundesliga. He departed the club in 2011 and returned to Schalke 04, where he won the [[2010–11 DFB-Pokal|2011 DFB-Pokal]] and reached the semi-finals of the [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League#Semi-finals|UEFA Champions League]]. He later served as head coach at [[RB Leipzig]] across two periods between 2015 and 2019.

Rangnick joined [[Red Bull]] as [[director of football]] in 2012, helping oversee their expansion into European football, emphasising the recruitment of unproven players and developing [[youth system]]s with a worldwide scouting base and an attacking on-pitch philosophy [[Red Bull GmbH#Football|across their clubs]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Implementing a radical strategy at Red Bull's football teams |url= https://www.ft.com/content/51719760-b6a0-4f3f-81ba-970b299f8e53
| access-date=20 September 2020 |work=ft.com |publisher=Financial Times|date=20 September 2020 | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Ralf Rangnick: The catalyst for RB Leipzig's success|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/who-is-ralf-rangnick-rb-leipzig-coach-sporting-director-red-bull-franchise-5099|access-date=8 March 2020|website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Bundesliga|date=8 March 2020}}</ref> As a result, Red Bull clubs rose in market value from €120 million to €1.2 billion during his tenure.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Oracle Is Speaking Again. Who Will Listen This Time? |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/sports/soccer/man-united-RB-leipzig-ralf-rangnick.html|access-date=8 December 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 December 2020|language=en}}</ref> Their clubs have also seen sustained domestic success<ref>{{cite news|title= RB Leipzig: How did Red Bull build a Champions League side from scratch? |url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51475532 |access-date=13 August 2020|website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 August 2020|language=en }}</ref> and generated sizable profits with player [[Transfer (association football)|transfers]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Implementing a radical strategy at Red Bull's football teams |url= https://www.ft.com/content/51719760-b6a0-4f3f-81ba-970b299f8e53| access-date=20 September 2020 |work=ft.com |publisher=Financial Times|date=20 September 2020 | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick: 'I have to influence areas of development across the whole club' |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/oct/17/ralf-rangnick-interview-sporting-director-manchester-united |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 October 2019|language=en }}</ref> which led to Rangnick's promotion to head of sport and development in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ralf Rangnick and the Big Reshuffle at RB Leipzig|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/manuelveth/2019/06/04/ralf-rangnick-and-the-big-reshuffle-at-rb-leipzig/#2313a269426a|access-date=4 June 2019 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=4 June 2019}}</ref> He resigned from Red Bull in 2020 and joined Russian club [[Lokomotiv Moscow]] as manager of sports and development in 2021. Later that year, Rangnick was appointed as interim manager of Manchester United until the end of the 2021–22 season.

==Early life and playing career==
Rangnick was born and raised in [[Backnang]]. His parents, Dietrich and Erika Rangnick, met in 1945 in [[Lichtenstein, Saxony]], in the [[Ore Mountains]]. His mother is from [[Breslau]] (now Wrocław, Poland) and his father is from [[Königsberg]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick: "I am one of the greatest romantics"|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2019-07-10---ralf-rangnick--%22i-am-one-of-the-greatest-romantics%22-.ryMCpV7bS.html|website=tellerreport.com |publisher=Teller Report |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Rangnick began his playing career at [[VfB Stuttgart]], but was noted for his strategic talents and was added as [[player-coach]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Ralf Rangnick Net Worth|url=https://www.spearswms.com/ralf-rangnick-net-worth/|access-date=3 August 2020|website=spearswms.com |publisher=Spears|date=3 August 2020}}</ref> His playing career was short-lived and was primarily concentrated in Germany, but included a stint at English club [[Southwick F.C.|Southwick]] while studying at the [[University of Sussex]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Schalke coach learned his craft playing for non-League Southwick|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/apr/24/ralf-rangnick-schalke|access-date=24 April 2011|website=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 April 2011}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
Rangnick was also one of the first coaches to publicize football tactics, notably during a ZDF SportsStudio TV broadcast in December 1998. As a result, Rangnick became known as the "professor"; a title initially used to jeer him, which then grew to be used to show respect.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdptfWFOLkQ Ralf Rangnick Sportstudio 1998 Viererkette], ZDF Sportstudio, tactics board, 19 December 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= "Fußballprofessor" Ralf Rangnick: Karriere, Erfolge, Vereine – alle Infos zum ehemaligen Hoffenheim-Trainer |url= https://www.heidelberg24.de/sport/tsg-1899-hoffenheim/ralf-rangnick-karriere-leben-erfolge-vereine-tsg-hoffenheim-red-bull-leipzig-frau-stiftung-13639021.html |access-date=12 April 2020|work=www.heidelberg24.de |publisher=Heidelberg24|date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

===Early career===
Rangnick began his coaching career in the 1980s, first as [[player-coach]] at his hometown club Viktoria Backnang, then continuing on to play and coach at [[VfB Stuttgart II]] and TSV Lippoldsweiler.<ref name=stuttgartiijob>{{cite web|title=The Journey:My Epiphany|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/vfb-stuttgart-ii/9/|publisher=World Football|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

In 1988, he became the head coach at SC Korb, remaining for two seasons before returning to [[VfB Stuttgart]] for four seasons to manage the Under 19 team. In 1991, he won the U-19 Bundesliga (German: A-Junioren Bundesliga), the highest honor in German U-19 football. Rangnick then returned to first team management in 1995 with two seasons as head coach at [[SSV Reutlingen 05]].<ref name=rangnickjobs>{{cite web|title=Ralf Rangnick|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/2398/trainer_ralf-rangnick.html|publisher=kicker|access-date=1 February 2013|language=de}}</ref> He took the club to a fourth place finish in his first season.<ref name="1995–96 season">{{cite web|title=Regionalliga Süd (1994–2000) – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1995-96/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> They began the following campaign strong, with the club in the midst of the promotion push by Christmas. However, Rangnick would not see the season to its finish as he was sought after by his former club Ulm in January 1997.<ref name=ulmjob>{{cite web|title=SSV Ulm 1846 .:. Coaches from A-Z|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/ssv-ulm-1846/9/|publisher=worldfootball|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> Reutlingen were in fifth position when Rangnick left the club.<ref name="1996–97 Reutlingen season">{{cite web|title=Regionalliga Süd (1994–2000) – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1996-97/17/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref>

His first match in charge of Ulm finished in a 2–0 loss to [[SpVgg Greuther Fürth|Greuther Fürth]].<ref name="1996–97 season">{{cite web|title=SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1996-97/ssv-ulm-1846-84/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Ulm were also positioned in the Regionalliga Süd, and although Rangnick could only manage a sixth-place position from the remainder of the 1996–97 season, they started the following season with a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC II.<ref name="1996–97 league table">{{cite web|title=Regionalliga Süd (1994–2000) – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1996-97/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref><ref name="1997–98 season">{{cite web|title=SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1997-98/ssv-ulm-1846-84/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> They won the Regionalliga Süd Championship in 1998.<ref name="1997–98 league table">{{cite web|title=Regionalliga Süd (1994–2000) Spieltag/Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/rl-sued-1994-2000/1997-98/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick adapted well to life in the [[2. Bundesliga]], and Ulm mounted a strong promotion push that led them to the Bundesliga for the first time in their history in 2000.

During the winter break of his second season, he signed a deal to move to top flight VfB Stuttgart for the next season. This was supposed to remain secret until the end of the season, but in February it was leaked out into public knowledge. This caused an outcry, especially as the team began to lose ground in the table, and by the end of March, Rangnick resigned from the post prematurely<ref name=ulmjob/> and, on 3 May 1999, took control of Stuttgart<ref name="Stuttgart record">{{cite web|title=VfB Stuttgart|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2013-14/vfb-stuttgart-11/trainer.html|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 January 2014|language=de}}</ref> for the club's final five matches.<ref name="1998–99 Stuttgart season">{{cite web|title=VfB Stuttgart|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/1998-99/vfb-stuttgart-11/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> His final match was a 2–0 loss to [[SpVgg Unterhaching]].<ref name="1998–99 season">{{cite web|title=SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/1998-99/ssv-ulm-1846-84/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref><ref name="1998–99 league table (22nd matchdy)">{{cite web|title=2. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/spieltag/2-bundesliga/1998-99/22/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref>

===VfB Stuttgart===
On 3 May 1999, Rangnick took control of VfB Stuttgart,<ref name="Stuttgart record"/> for the final five games<ref name="1998–99 Stuttgart season"/> and saw the club finish [[1998–99 Bundesliga|1998–99 season]] in 11th place.<ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/1998-99/0/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> He won two out of the club's five final matches.<ref name="1998–99 Stuttgart season"/> His first match was a 2–0 loss to [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]].<ref name="1998–99 Stuttgart season"/> Rangnick was now first team coach at the club he had served as a player and coached at amateur and under 19 level previously. His first full season in the [[1999–2000 Bundesliga]] saw the club finish in a respectable eighth position.<ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/1999-00/0/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> The following season was much tougher, however the team succeeded in making the round of 16 in the [[2000–01 UEFA Cup]] after winning the [[2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup|UEFA Intertoto Cup]], and the semi-finals of the [[2000–01 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]]. Nonetheless, Stuttgart's [[2000–01 Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] form left them hovering in the relegation zone by the halfway point. After their European exit in February 2001, Stuttgart dismissed Rangnick.<ref name="Magath wird neuer Trainer beim VfB Stuttgart">{{cite news|title=Magath wird neuer Trainer beim VfB Stuttgart|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/241813/artikel_magath-wird-neuer-trainer-beim-vfb-stuttgart.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=24 February 2001|language=de}}</ref> His final match was 2–1 loss to [[Celta de Vigo]] in the UEFA Cup on 22 February 2001.<ref name="2000–01 season">{{cite web|title=VfB Stuttgart " Fixtures & Results 2000/2001|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/vfb-stuttgart/2001/3/|publisher=World Football|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Stuttgart were in 17th place at the time of his sacking.<ref name="2000–01 league table">{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2000-01/22/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick finished with a record of 36 wins, 16 draws and 34 losses.<ref name="Stuttgart record"/>

===Hannover 96===
The next season brought a new post, as Rangnick took over [[2. Bundesliga]] side [[Hannover 96]] on 23 May 2001.<ref name="Ralf Rangnick übernimmt die 96er">{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick übernimmt die 96er|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/startseite/247236/artikel_ralf-rangnick-uebernimmt-die-96er.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=23 May 2001|language=de}}</ref> His first match was a 1–1 draw against [[1. FC Union Berlin|Union Berlin]] on 30 July 2001.<ref name="2001–02 season">{{cite web|title=Hannover 96|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2001-02/hannover-96-58/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> His first season was a complete success as they romped home as champions and were promoted to the Bundesliga after a 13-year absence.<ref name="2001–02 league table">{{cite web|title=2. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/spieltag/2-bundesliga/2001-02/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Their first season back at the top level saw them consolidate with an 11th-place finish,<ref name="2002–03 league table">{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2002-03/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> but, as their form nosedived in the second half of the [[2003–04 Bundesliga|2003–04 season]], Rangnick was dismissed following a 0–1 defeat at [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] in March 2004.<ref name="Ewald Lienen übernimmt bei 96">{{cite news|title=Ewald Lienen übernimmt bei 96|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/295588/artikel_ewald-lienen-uebernimmt-bei-96.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=8 March 2004|language=de}}</ref> Hannover were in 15th place at the time of his sacking.<ref name="2003–04 league table">{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2003-04/23/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick finished with a record of 44 wins, 22 draws and 32 losses.<ref name="Hannover record">{{cite web|title=Hannover 96|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2013-14/hannover-96-58/trainer.html|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 January 2014|language=de}}</ref>

===Schalke 04===
After missing out on the role as assistant manager for the [[Germany national football team|German national team]] to [[Joachim Löw]], Rangnick was hired by [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]] on 28 September 2004,<ref name="Ralf Rangnick übernimmt S04">{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick übernimmt S04|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/305076/artikel_ralf-rangnick-uebernimmt-s04.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=28 September 2004|language=de}}</ref> after [[Jupp Heynckes]] left just weeks into the [[2004–05 Bundesliga|2004–05 season]]. Rangnick again tasted European action as the club had earned a [[2004–05 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] spot via the [[2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup|UEFA Intertoto Cup]]. His first match was in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="2004–05 season">{{cite web|title=FC Schalke 04|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2004-05/fc-schalke-04-2/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Schalke won 4–0 against [[FK Liepājas Metalurgs|Metalurgs Liepājas]].<ref name="2004–05 season"/> He led them through the group phase, but they exited in the knockout rounds to [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]].<ref name="2004–05 season"/> However, the [[2004–05 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]] was to prove more successful, as Rangnick took the club to [[2005 DFB-Pokal Final|the final]], where they fell 2–1 to Bayern Munich.<ref name="2004–05 season"/> Bayern would also pip Rangnick's side in the league as Schalke ended as runners-up.<ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2004-05/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref>

The next season started well, with Rangnick defeating former club VfB Stuttgart 1–0 and securing the [[2005 DFL-Ligapokal]].<ref name="2005–06 season">{{cite web|title=FC Schalke 04 " Fixtures & Results 2005/2006|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/fc-schalke-04/2006/3/|publisher=World Football|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Their second-place league finish of the previous year had also qualified them for the [[2005–06 UEFA Champions League]], Rangnick's first entry into the prestigious competition. However, the team would fail to progress beyond the group stage, and sat ten points off the pace in the [[2005–06 Bundesliga|Bundesliga]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany " Bundesliga 2005/2006 " 16. Round|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/bundesliga-2005-2006-spieltag/16/|publisher=World Football|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> as well as having crashed 0–6 in the [[2005–06 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]] to [[Eintracht Frankfurt]].<ref name="2005–06 season"/> Shortly before the winter break, these results prompted the club to dismiss Rangnick on 12 December 2005.<ref name="Ralf Rangnick muss gehen">{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick muss gehen|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/324945/artikel_ralf-rangnick-muss-gehen.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=12 December 2005|language=de}}</ref> He left with a record of 36 wins, 15 draws and 14 losses.<ref name="FC Schalke 04 - Trainerhistorie">{{cite web|title=FC Schalke 04|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2013-14/fc-schalke-04-2/trainer.html|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 January 2014|language=de}}</ref>

===1899 Hoffenheim===
[[File:Ralf rangnick foto-ingo-stoeldt2.jpg|thumb|upright|Rangnick with [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|Hoffenheim]] in 2007]]

Rangnick's next appointment as head coach was at [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]] of the Regionalliga Süd for the [[2006–07 Regionalliga|2006–07 season]].<ref name="Rangnick trainiert Hoffenheim">{{cite news|title=Rangnick trainiert Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/startseite/351449/artikel_rangnick-trainiert-hoffenheim.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=22 June 2006|language=de}}</ref> His first match was a 2–2 draw against [[TSV 1860 Munich II|1860 Munich II]] on 5 August 2006.<ref name="2006–07 season">{{cite web|title=TSG Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/regionalliga-sued-37/2006-07/1899-hoffenheim-3209/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> The team instantly won promotion and played the [[2007–08 2. Bundesliga|2007–08 season]] in the [[2. Bundesliga]] for their first time in their history.<ref name="2006–07 league table">{{cite web|title=Regionalliga Süd (2000–2008) – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlligen/regionalliga-sued-37/2006-07/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> The stay in the 2. Bundesliga was short, as a second-place finish for Hoffenheim in 2007–08 earned the club, and Rangnick, promotion to the Bundesliga for the [[2008–09 Bundesliga|2008–09 season]].<ref name="2007–08 league table">{{cite web|title=2. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/spieltag/2-bundesliga/2007-08/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> They also reached the quarter-finals of the [[2007–08 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]].<ref name="2007–08 season">{{cite web|title=TSG Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2007-08/1899-hoffenheim-3209/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> During the 2008–09 season, Hoffenheim reached the second round of the [[2008–09 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]].<ref name="2008–09 season">{{cite web|title=TSG Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2008-09/1899-hoffenheim-3209/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> In the first half of the season, Hoffenheim won 35 out of 51 available points,<ref name="First round and second round table">{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle 1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2008-09/34/hinrueckrunde.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> however in the second half, the club won only 20 out of 51 points to drop down to seventh place.<ref name="First round and second round table"/><ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2008-09/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref>

During the [[2009–10 TSG 1899 Hoffenheim season|2009–10 season]], Hoffenheim reached the quarter-finals of the [[2009–10 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]].<ref name="2009–10 season">{{cite web|title=TSG Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2009-10/1899-hoffenheim-3209/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Hoffenheim finished in 11th place in the [[2009–10 Bundesliga|Bundesliga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2009-10/34/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> On 2 January 2011, Rangnick resigned as head coach of Hoffenheim, citing the sale of midfielder [[Luiz Gustavo]] to Bayern Munich, of which he had not been informed, as his reason for resigning from the club.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jan/02/ralf-rangnick-hoffenheim-resigns|title=Hoffenheim's coach Ralf Rangnick resigns after defender's sale to Bayern|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 January 2011|access-date=2 January 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Pezzaiuoli tritt Rangnick-Nachfolge an">{{cite news|title=Pezzaiuoli tritt Rangnick-Nachfolge an|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/546813/artikel_pezzaiuoli-tritt-rangnick-nachfolge-an.html|access-date=2 January 2011|newspaper=kicker|date=2 January 2011|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick's final match was a 2–0 win against [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] on 21 December 2010 in the DFB-Pokal.<ref name="2010–11 season">{{cite web|title=TSG Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2010-11/1899-hoffenheim-3209/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Hoffenheim were in eighth place when Rangnick left the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=1. Bundesliga – Spieltag / Tabelle|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2010-11/17/0/spieltag.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick finished with a record of 79 wins, 43 draws and 44 losses.<ref name="Hoffenheim record">{{cite web|title=1899 Hoffenheim|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2013-14/1899-hoffenheim-3209/trainer.html|publisher=kicker|access-date=17 January 2014|language=de}}</ref>

===Return to Schalke 04===
In March 2011, Rangnick was named as the replacement for [[Felix Magath]] as coach of Schalke 04.<ref name="Rangnick: Team fehlt die Überzeugung">{{cite news|title=Rangnick: Team fehlt "die Überzeugung"|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/550137/artikel_rangnick_team-fehlt-die-ueberzeugung.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=21 March 2011|language=de}}</ref> His first match was a 2–0 forfeit win against [[FC St. Pauli]] on 1 April 2011.<ref name="2010–11 Schalke season">{{cite web|title=FC Schalke 04|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2010-11/fc-schalke-04-2/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=3 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> The game was stopped in the 89th minute after a beer mug was thrown at the assistant, overshadowing Rangnick's successful debut at Millerntor. At the time of the cancellation, Schalke was leading 2–0.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spielabbruch überschattet erfolgreiches Rangnick-Debüt am Millerntor|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2010-11/28/1013490/spielanalyse_fc-st-pauli-18_fc-schalke-04-2.html|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=kicker|language=de}}</ref> Just weeks after being named the new Schalke coach, Rangnick led his old club to their first [[UEFA Champions League]] semi-finals by defeating holders [[Inter Milan]] 7–3 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raul raubt Inter die letzte Hoffnung|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/chleague/spielrunde/champions-league/2010-11/8/1136592/spielanalyse_fc-schalke-04-2_inter-mailand.html|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=kicker|language=de}}</ref> However, Schalke were eliminated by [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anderson lässt Schalkes Traum zerplatzen|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/chleague/spielrunde/champions-league/2010-11/9/1136595/spielanalyse_manchester-united-513_fc-schalke-04-2.html|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=kicker|language=de}}</ref>

Schalke began the [[2011–12 FC Schalke 04 season|2011–12 season]] by defeating [[Borussia Dortmund]] in a shootout in the [[2011 DFL-Supercup]].<ref name="2011–12 season">{{cite web|title=FC Schalke 04 " Fixtures & Results 2011/2012|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/fc-schalke-04/2012/3/|publisher=World Football|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> On 22 September 2011, Rangnick stepped down as Schalke's coach due to [[Post-viral fatigue syndrome|chronic fatigue syndrome]], stating he did not have "the necessary energy to be successful and to develop the team and the club".<ref name="Erschöpfungssyndrom: Ralf Rangnick tritt zurück">{{cite news|title=Erschöpfungssyndrom: Ralf Rangnick tritt zurück|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/558240/artikel_erschoepfungssyndrom_ralf-rangnick-tritt-zurueck.html|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=kicker|date=22 September 2011|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=1683898.html|title=Rangnick steps aside at Schalke|publisher=[[UEFA]]|date=22 September 2011|access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/man-united-rangnick-ferguson-news-22282004|title=Manchester United have learnt from their Ralf Rangnick mistake|first=Samuel|last=Luckhurst|date=26 November 2021|work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> He finished with a record of ten wins, three draws and ten losses.<ref name="FC Schalke 04 - Trainerhistorie"/>

===RB Leipzig===
[[File:20180920 Fussball, UEFA Europa League, RB Leipzig - FC Salzburg by Stepro StP 7959.jpg|thumb|210px|upright|Rangnick managing [[RB Leipzig]] in 2018]]

In February 2015, Rangnick announced he would be taking over as coach at [[RB Leipzig]] for the 2015–16 season. Achim Beierlorzer took over until the end of the season following the immediate resignation of [[Alexander Zorniger]]. In addition, Rangnick resigned as [[director of football]] of [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]].<ref name="Neuer Leipzig-Trainer Rangnick: Dann mach ich's eben selbst">{{cite news|last1=Kroemer|first1=Ulrich|title=Neuer Leipzig-Trainer Rangnick: Dann mach ich's eben selbst|url=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/warum-ralf-rangnick-neuer-trainer-von-rb-leipzig-ist-a-1036248.html|access-date=29 May 2015|work=Der Spiegel|date=29 May 2015|location=Leipzig|language=de}}</ref> His first match was a 1–0 win against [[FSV Frankfurt]] on 25 July,<ref name="2015–16 season">{{cite web|title=RB Leipzig|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2015-16/rasenballsport-leipzig-15778/vereinstermine.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> and Rangnick secured promotion to the Bundesliga with the win against [[Karlsruher SC]] on 8 May 2016.<ref>[http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/spieltag/2-bundesliga/2015-16/33/2855729/spielanalyse_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778_karlsruher-sc-6.html Forsberg legt den Grundstein für den Aufstieg], kicker.de, 8 May 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2EpULcXJM KABINENANSPRACHE RALF RANGNICK 08-05-2016], dressing room speech before promotion, "just do it".</ref> On 16 May, Leipzig announced [[Ralph Hasenhüttl]] would take over from Rangnick.<ref name="Hasenhüttl nach Leipzig - Kauczinski zum FCI">{{cite web|title=Hasenhüttl nach Leipzig – Kauczinski zum FCI|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/651229/artikel_hasenhuettl-nach-leipzig---kauczinski-zum-fci.html|website=kicker.de|publisher=kicker|access-date=2 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> Rangnick finished with a record of 21 wins, 7 draws and 8 losses.<ref name="RB Leipzig - Trainerhistorie">{{cite web |title=RB Leipzig |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2018-19/rasenballsport-leipzig-15778/trainer.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref>

On 9 July 2018, Rangnick took over, once again, as coach of RB Leipzig.<ref name="Ralf Rangnick wird Trainer bei RB Leipzig">{{cite news |title=Ralf Rangnick wird Trainer bei RB Leipzig |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article179024938/RB-Leipzig-Nachfolge-geloest-Manager-Ralf-Rangnick-wird-Trainer.html |work=Die Welt |access-date=9 July 2018 |language=de |date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/chelsea-interim-coach-tuchel-rangnick/1igfn0q30qxrw1gj0jdal4fcas|title=Chelsea wanted me as interim coach before turning to Tuchel, claims Rangnick|publisher=Goal|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> He won his first match on his return 4–0 against Swedish club [[BK Häcken|Häcken]] in the [[2018–19 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round#Second qualifying round|second qualifying round]] of the [[2018–19 UEFA Europa League|Europa League]].<ref name="2018–19 season">{{cite web |title=RB Leipzig |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2018-19/rasenballsport-leipzig-15778/vereinstermine.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=28 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Doppelschlag bringt Rangnick-Comeback auf Kurs |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/uefa/qualifikation/europa-league-qualifikation/2018-19/3/4220270/spielbericht_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778_bk-haecken-1808.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=26 July 2018 |language=de}}</ref> RB Leipzig eventually won the tie 5–1 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangnicks B-Elf unspektakulär: RB in Runde drei |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/uefa/qualifikation/europa-league-qualifikation/2018-19/3/4220271/spielanalyse_bk-haecken-1808_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=28 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref> They then eliminated [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]] in the [[2018–19 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round#Third qualifying round|third qualifying round]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Europa League: RB Leipzig march on in front of a handful of away fans |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/uefa/qualifikation/europa-league-qualifikation/2018-19/4/4456696/spielbericht_universitatea-craiova_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778.html |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=28 August 2018 |date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The first domestic match (and victory) came against [[FC Viktoria Köln|Viktoria Köln]] in the [[2018–19 DFB-Pokal|German Cup]],<ref name="2018–19 season"/> as Leipzig won the match 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poulsen und Forsberg verhindern Überraschung am Höhenberg |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/dfbpokal/spielrunde/dfb-pokal/2018-19/1/4214401/spielbericht_fc-viktoria-koeln-22491_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=28 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref> Leipzig's first [[2018–19 Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] match took place on 26 August 2018.<ref name="2018–19 season"/> Leipzig lost to [[Borussia Dortmund]] 4–1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Witsel spektakulär – Dortmund auf Rang eins |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2018-19/1/4243075/spielanalyse_borussia-dortmund-17_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=28 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref> Leipzig qualified for the [[2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage|Europa League group stage]] after knocking out [[FC Zorya Luhansk|Zorya Luhansk]] with a 3–2 aggregate score in the play-off round.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last-Minute-Elfmeter rettet Leipzig die Gruppenphase |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/uefa/qualifikation/europa-league-qualifikation/2018-19/5/4542829/spielbericht_rasenballsport-leipzig-15778_zorja-lugansk.html |website=kicker.de |publisher=kicker |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=de}}</ref> In the group stage, they were drawn against [[RB Salzburg]], [[Celtic FC|Celtic]], and [[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/europa-league-draw-leipzig-drawn-with-sister-club-salzburg-frankfurt-have-it-tough/a-45305086|title = Europa League Draw: Leipzig drawn with 'sister' club Salzburg, Frankfurt have it tough | DW | 31.08.2018|website = [[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> finishing 3rd position in group stage.

Notwithstanding, the club ended the season 3rd in [[2018–19 Bundesliga|Bundesliga]], qualified to the [[UEFA Champions League]] for the [[2019–20 RB Leipzig season|2019–20 season]], and reached the [[DFB-Pokal]] [[2019 DFB-Pokal Final|final]], losing to [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]. Rangnick finished his second term as coach with a record of 29 wins, 13 draws and 10 losses.<ref name="RB Leipzig - Trainerhistorie"/>

===Manchester United===
On 29 November 2021, Rangnick was appointed as [[Interim manager (association football)|interim manager]] of [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] until the end of [[2021–22 Manchester United F.C. season|the 2021–22 season]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United appoint Rangnick as interim manager|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-official-statement-to-confirm-ralf-rangnick-appointment-as-interim-manager|access-date=29 November 2021|website=manutd.com|publisher=Man Utd|language=en}}</ref> Following this period he will continue in a consultancy role for a further two years.<ref>{{cite web |title=United appoint Rangnick as interim manager |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-official-statement-to-confirm-ralf-rangnick-appointment-as-interim-manager |website=manutd.com |publisher=Man Utd|access-date=29 November 2021|language=en}}</ref> He officially took charge a few days later on 2 December following the approval of his [[Work permit (United Kingdom)|work permit]].<ref>[https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/michael-carrick-to-remain-in-charge-for-arsenal-as-ralf-rangnick-awaits-visa Man United: "CARRICK TO LEAD UNITED AGAINST ARSENAL"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12484455/ralf-rangnick-manchester-united-interim-manager-can-begin-role-after-work-permit-granted|title = Ralf Rangnick: Manchester United interim manager can begin role after work permit granted}}</ref>

==Executive career==
===Red Bull===
In June 2012, Rangnick became the [[director of football]] for both [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] and [[RB Leipzig]]. Under Rangnick's leadership, by 2018, RB Leipzig saw promotion from regional league (tier IV) to the [[Bundesliga]] (tier I), and reached the [[UEFA Champions League]]; their highest domestic finish was runners-up in the [[2016–17 Bundesliga|2016–17 season]], while their highest European finish was reaching the semi-finals in the [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League|2019–20 season]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Despite consistent off-field success, RB Leipzig won one trophy, the [[Saxony Cup]], with Rangnick. Meanwhile, Red Bull Salzburg won [[Austrian Bundesliga]] and [[Austrian Cup]] multiple times, and reached the Champions League and [[UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bundesliga Leaders RB Leipzig Are Much More Than a German Leicester |url= https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2678785|access-date=29 November 2016 |work=bleacherreport.com |publisher=The Bleacher Report|date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.krone.at/1920738|title=Red Bull Salzburg erstmals in Champions League!|website=krone.at|publisher=Kronen Zeitung|language=de|date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Rangnick was promoted to head of sport and development for [[Red Bull GmbH]], thus overseeing global football initiatives, including [[New York Red Bulls]] and their takeover of [[Red Bull Bragantino]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Ralf Rangnick interview: Clubs should be more like car manufacturers |url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ralf-rangnick-interview-clubs-should-be-more-like-car-manufacturers-0kdmk8m7v|access-date=21 August 2019|work=the time.co.uk|publisher=The Times|date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato-brasileiro-serie-b/bragantino-empata-com-criciuma-e-conquista-a-serie-b-do-brasileirao |title=Bragantino empata com Criciúma e conquista a Série B do Brasileirão |date=15 November 2019 |publisher=CBF |language=pt}}</ref> Under Rangnick's tenure, New York Red Bulls won the Supporters Shield in [[2013 Major League Soccer season|2013]], [[2015 Major League Soccer season|2015]], [[2018 Major League Soccer season|2018]], while Red Bull Bragantino gained promotion to [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] in [[2020 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2020]]. He resigned from Red Bull in 2020,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangnick leaves role with Red Bull following failed move to Milan |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/rangnick-leaves-role-with-red-bull-following-failed-move-to/e4a9to0qijs11tt766kj1aevb |access-date=31 July 2020|work=goal.com|publisher=Goal |date=31 July 2020}}</ref> with a reported move to [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] failing during negotiations.<ref>{{cite news|title= Rangnick si è liberato perché ora ha un altro sogno: il Milan era stato avvisato|url=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/rangnick-si-e-liberato-perche-ora-ha-un-altro-sogno-il-milan-era-45056|access-date=1 August 2020|website=calciomercato.com |publisher=Calciomercato|date=1 August 2020|language=it}}</ref> While at Red Bull, their clubs rose in market value from €120 million to €1.2 billion during his tenure, with its largest club, RB Leipzig, peaking in value to €270 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Oracle Is Speaking Again. Who Will Listen This Time? |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/sports/soccer/man-united-RB-leipzig-ralf-rangnick.html|access-date=8 December 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 December 2020|language=en}}</ref> Red Bull also generated sizable profits with player [[Transfer (association football)|transfers]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Implementing a radical strategy at Red Bull's football teams |url= https://www.ft.com/content/51719760-b6a0-4f3f-81ba-970b299f8e53| access-date=20 September 2020 |work=ft.com |publisher=Financial Times|date=20 September 2020 | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick: 'I have to influence areas of development across the whole club' |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/oct/17/ralf-rangnick-interview-sporting-director-manchester-united |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 October 2019|language=en }}</ref>

===Lokomotiv Moscow===
On 6 July 2021, he signed a three-year contract as manager of sports and development for [[Russian Premier League]] club [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]]|url=https://www.fclm.ru/ru/publications/news/24373|title=ФК "Локомотив" объявил о назначении Ральфа Рангника руководителем по спорту и развитию|date=6 July 2021|language=ru}}</ref>

== Style of management ==
{{Quote box
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"He was one of the very first to implement a back four in Germany and introduce the style of not man-marking and still being aggressive, and was one of the pioneers to introduce a [[Formation (association football)#4–4–2|4-4-2]] and high pressing. Still he is one of the leaders of this development in German football so tactically for sure he is an elite coach." | source = — [[Thomas Tuchel]] praised Rangnick’s influence on German football.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/nov/26/jurgen-klopp-ralf-rangnicks-arrival-is-bad-news-for-rest-of-premier-league |title=Jürgen Klopp: Ralf Rangnick's arrival is bad news for rest of Premier League |work=The Guardian |date=26 November 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |first1=Andy |last1=Hunter |first2=Jacob |last2=Steinberg |first3=Fabrizio |last3=Romano}}</ref>
| width = 27%
| align = right
| style = padding:10px;
}}

Rangnick is regarded as the "godfather" of modern German football.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangnick leaves role with Red Bull following failed move to Milan |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sa/news/give-rangnick-the-reins-man-utd-s-genius-appointment-can-get/blt356be4a05153d4b8 |access-date=2 December 2021|work=goal.com|publisher=Goal |date=28 November 2021}}</ref> He is credited with developing ''[[Gegenpressing]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Tuchel could become third successive German coach to win Champions League - so what is their appeal? |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11668/12308580/thomas-tuchel-could-become-third-successive-german-coach-to-win-champions-league-so-what-is-their-appeal |work=Sky Sports |date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/DdP0J |archive-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> whereby the team, after losing possession, immediately attempts to win back possession, rather than falling back to regroup together with evolving player's spatial coverage by increasing memory space and processing pace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leipzig's Rangnick on his football epiphany |url= https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/ralf-rangnick-rb-leipzig-players-follow-if-they-feel-you-make-them-better-4471 |access-date=14 August 2019|website=Bundesliga.com|publisher=Bundesliga|date=14 August 2019|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Ralf Rangnick on RB Leipzig's success and being the godfather of gegenpressing|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/german-bundesliga/story/4218884/ralf-rangnick-on-rb-leipzigs-success-and-being-the-godfather-of-gegenpressing|access-date=28 October 2020|work=espn.com|publisher=ESPN|date=28 October 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Das traurige Geheimnis von Hoffenheims Bubitrainer |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/1899-hoffenheim/article154680368/Das-traurige-Geheimnis-von-Hoffenheims-Bubitrainer.html|access-date=16 April 2016 |work=welt.de|publisher=Welt|date=24 April 2016|language=de}}</ref> He developed this after playing a friendly against [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] in 1984, being inspired by the pressing philosophy of [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Rangnick disproves the doubters as Hoffenheim scale new heights |url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/aug/26/bundesligafootball |access-date=26 August 2008|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My Epiphany|url= https://www.coachesvoice.com/ralf-rangnick-rb-leipzig-and-bundesliga/ |access-date=12 May 2019|work=coaches voice.com|publisher=Coaches Voice |date=12 May 2019}}</ref> His sides have been noted for their pressing and high attacking output, as well as for popularizing [[Marking (association football)#Zonal marking|zonal marking]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Im Gesprach: Trainer Helmut Gross:"Ich mag das kontrollierte Chaos"|url= https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/im-gespraech-trainer-helmut-gross-ich-mag-das-kontrollierte-chaos-12342163.html|access-date=3 August 2013 |work=faz.net |publisher= Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |date=3 August 2013|language=de}}</ref>

Rangnick has cited his main coaching influences as [[Ernst Happel]], Valeriy Lobanovskyi, [[Arrigo Sacchi]], and [[Zdeněk Zeman]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Ralf Rangnick: "Alemania influye más por sus entrenadores que por sus futbolistas"|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/2020-10-19/ralf-rangnick-alemania-influye-mas-por-sus-entrenadores-que-por-sus-futbolistas.html|access-date=19 October 2020 |work=elpais.com|publisher=El Pais|date=19 October 2020|language=es}}</ref> and is credited for influencing [[Thomas Tuchel]], [[Julian Nagelsmann]], [[Ralph Hasenhüttl]], [[Marco Rose]], [[Roger Schmidt (football manager)|Roger Schmidt]], [[Adi Hütter]], [[Oliver Glasner]] and [[Jürgen Klopp]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Jurgen Klopp plays a special kind of football |url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/juergen-klopp-plays-a-special-kind-of-football-inside-the-mind-of-liverpools-manager-pxr8sjlxj|access-date=19 June 2020 |work=thetimes.co.uk |publisher=The Times|date=19 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Which manager has proved the most influential of all time? |url= https://thefsa.org.uk/news/which-manager-has-proved-the-most-influential-of-all-time/|access-date=27 July 2015 |work=thefsa.org.uk |publisher=The FSA|date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="rangnick-coaches">[https://www.redbull.com/at-de/theredbulletin/ralf-rangnick-fussballtrainer-schule-interview Ralf Rangnick: "Ich sehe mich als Entwicklungshelfer"], Rangnick about coaches he selected, Red Bull, 2021-09-14.</ref>

Rangnick sometimes cites that a parental seminar about "raising kids with love and consequence" influenced his relationship with people he works with. Apart from caring about the people, sometimes being consequent is beneficial. It is not only about the job, but also about the life after.<ref name="rangnick-coaches"/>

==Philanthropy==
In 2018, Rangnick established the Ralf Rangnick Foundation which aims to support children in their development and enable their personalities to flourish.<ref>{{cite news|title=Europa RB Leipzig unterstützt Ralf Rangnick-Stiftung |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/fussball/fussball/rb-leipzig-unterstuetzung-fuer-ralf-rangnick-stiftung-65433864.bild.html|website=bild.de |publisher=Bild |access-date=18 October 2019 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=XING TRIFFT – Erfolgstrainer Ralf Rangnick: "Bildung ist der Schlüssel für ein selbstbestimmtes Leben" |url= https://www.xing.com/news/articles/xing-trifft-erfolgstrainer-ralf-rangnick-bildung-ist-der-schlussel-fur-ein-selbstbestimmtes-leben-3420726 |access-date=19 August 2020|website=Xing.com |publisher=Xing|date=19 August 2020|language=de }}</ref>

==Managerial statistics==
{{updated|matches played on 25 May 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Team!!rowspan="2"|From!!rowspan="2"|To!!colspan="6"|Record
|-
!{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}}!!{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}!!{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}}!!{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}!!{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}!!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|[[VfB Stuttgart II]]||1 July 1985<ref name=stuttgartiijob/>||30 June 1987<ref name=stuttgartiijob/>
{{WDL|70|28|16|26}}
| 
|-
|[[SSV Reutlingen 05|Reutlingen 05]]||1 July 1995<ref name=rangnickjobs/>||31 December 1996<ref name=rangnickjobs/>
{{WDL|51|26|12|13}}
|<ref name="1995–96 season"/><ref name="1996–97 Reutlingen season"/>
|-
|[[SSV Ulm 1846|Ulm 1846]]||1 January 1997<ref name=ulmjob/>||16 March 1999<ref name=ulmjob/>
{{WDL|75|36|18|21}}
|<ref name="1996–97 season"/><ref name="1997–98 season"/><ref name="1998–99 season"/>
|-
|[[VfB Stuttgart]]||3 May 1999<ref name=rangnickjobs/>||24 February 2001<ref name="Magath wird neuer Trainer beim VfB Stuttgart"/>
{{WDL|86|36|16|34}}
|<ref name="Stuttgart record"/>
|-
|[[Hannover 96]]||23 May 2001<ref name="Ralf Rangnick übernimmt die 96er"/>||8 March 2004<ref name="Ewald Lienen übernimmt bei 96"/>
{{WDL|98|44|22|32}}
|<ref name="Hannover record"/>
|-
|[[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]]||28 September 2004<ref name="Ralf Rangnick übernimmt S04"/>||12 December 2005<ref name="Ralf Rangnick muss gehen"/>
{{WDL|65|36|15|14}}
|<ref name="FC Schalke 04 - Trainerhistorie"/>
|-
|[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]]||22 June 2006<ref name="Rangnick trainiert Hoffenheim"/>||2 January 2011<ref name="Pezzaiuoli tritt Rangnick-Nachfolge an"/>
{{WDL|166|79|43|44}}
|<ref name="Hoffenheim record"/>
|-
|Schalke 04||21 March 2011<ref name="Rangnick: Team fehlt die Überzeugung"/>||22 September 2011<ref name="Erschöpfungssyndrom: Ralf Rangnick tritt zurück"/>
{{WDL|23|10|3|10}}
|<ref name="FC Schalke 04 - Trainerhistorie"/>
|-
|[[RB Leipzig]]||29 May 2015<ref name="Neuer Leipzig-Trainer Rangnick: Dann mach ich's eben selbst"/>||16 May 2016<ref name="Hasenhüttl nach Leipzig - Kauczinski zum FCI"/>
{{WDL|36|21|7|8}}
|<ref name="RB Leipzig - Trainerhistorie"/>
|-
|RB Leipzig||9 July 2018<ref name="Ralf Rangnick wird Trainer bei RB Leipzig"/>||30 June 2019
{{WDL|52|29|13|10}}
|<ref name="RB Leipzig - Trainerhistorie"/>
|-
|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] (interim)||2 December 2021||''Present''
{{WDL|0|0|0|0}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=1948 |title=Managers: Ralf Rangnick |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Centurycomm |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3"| Total
{{WDLtot|722|345|165|212}}
!
|}

==Honours==
===Manager===
'''VfB Stuttgart U19'''
* [[Under 19 Bundesliga]]: 1990–91

'''Ulm 1846'''
* [[Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)|Regionalliga Süd]]: [[1997–98 Regionalliga|1997–98]]

'''VfB Stuttgart'''
* [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]: [[2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2000]]

'''Hannover 96'''
* [[2. Bundesliga]]: [[2001–02 2. Bundesliga|2001–02]]

'''Schalke 04'''
* [[Bundesliga]] runner-up: [[2004–05 Bundesliga|2004–05]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick: Teams coached, trophies won & philosophy explained |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ralf-rangnick-teams-coached-trophies-philosophy-explained/bltd1699f9882cc6041 |access-date=29 November 2021|website=www.goal.com |publisher=goal|date=29 November 2021|language=en }}</ref>
* [[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2010–11 DFB-Pokal|2010–11]]; runner-up: [[2004–05 DFB-Pokal|2004–05]]
* [[DFL-Supercup]]: [[2011 DFL-Supercup|2011]]
* [[DFL-Ligapokal]]: [[2005 DFL-Ligapokal|2005]]

'''RB Leipzig'''
* [[DFB-Pokal]] runner-up: [[2018–19 DFB-Pokal|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ralf Rangnick: Teams coached, trophies won & philosophy explained |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ralf-rangnick-teams-coached-trophies-philosophy-explained/bltd1699f9882cc6041 |access-date=29 November 2021|website=www.goal.com |publisher=goal|date=29 November 2021|language=en }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{official|ralfrangnick.com}}
* [https://www.ralfrangnickstiftung.de/ ralfrangnickstiftung.de]
* [https://www.coachesvoice.com/ralf-rangnick-rb-leipzig-and-bundesliga/ "My Epiphony"], ''The Coaches' Voice'' feature on Rangnick, 12 May 2019
*[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/7-best-sporting-directors-world-football-right-now/ "The 7 best sporting directors in world football right now"], "Four Four Two" feature on Rangnick, 12 January 2017

{{Manchester United F.C. squad}}
{{Premier League managers}}
{{DFB-Pokal winning managers}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Managerial positions
| list1 =
{{VfB Stuttgart managers}}
{{Hannover 96 managers}}
{{Schalke 04 managers}}
{{TSG 1899 Hoffenheim managers}}
{{RB Leipzig managers}}
{{Manchester United F.C. managers}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangnick, Ralf}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Backnang]]
[[Category:Footballers from Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:German footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:VfB Stuttgart II players]]
[[Category:Southwick F.C. players]]
[[Category:SSV Ulm 1846 players]]
[[Category:German football managers]]
[[Category:VfB Stuttgart II managers]]
[[Category:VfB Stuttgart managers]]
[[Category:Hannover 96 managers]]
[[Category:FC Schalke 04 managers]]
[[Category:TSG 1899 Hoffenheim managers]]
[[Category:RB Leipzig managers]]
[[Category:Manchester United F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Bundesliga managers]]
[[Category:2. Bundesliga managers]]
[[Category:German expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in England]]
[[Category:German expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:German expatriate sportspeople in Russia]]
[[Category:German expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Association football coaches]]
[[Category:Swabians#List_of_notable_Swabians]]

Swabians

2021-12-05T10:03:07Z

Trotboy: /* List of notable Swabians */

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{other uses|Swabian (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| native_name = Schwaben
| native_name_lang = de
| image = Rutenfest 2011 Festzug Sieben Schwaben 1.jpg
| caption = Rutenfest in [[Ravensburg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]], celebrating the folklore story of "[[The Seven Swabians]]" by the [[Brothers Grimm]].
| regions = {{Flag|Germany}} ({{Flag|Baden-Württemberg}}, {{Flag|Bavaria}})
| languages =
}}

'''Swabians''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}, singular ''Schwabe'') are [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]] who are native to the [[ethnocultural]] and linguistic region of [[Swabia]], which is now mostly divided between the modern states of [[Baden-Württemberg]] and [[Bavaria]], in southwestern [[Germany]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>

The name is ultimately derived from the medieval [[Duchy of Swabia]], one of the German [[stem duchy|stem duchies]], representing the territory of [[Alemannia]], whose inhabitants were interchangeably called ''[[Alemanni]]'' or ''[[Suebi]]''. This territory would include all of the [[Alemannic German]] areal, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the collapse of the duchy of Swabia in the 13th century. Swabia as understood in modern ethnography roughly coincides with the [[Swabian Circle]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as it stood during the [[Early Modern period]].

== Culture ==
Swabian culture, as distinct from its Alemannic neighbours, evolved in the later medieval and early modern period. After the disintegration of the [[Duchy of Swabia]], a Swabian cultural identity and sense of cultural unity survived, expressed in the formation of the [[Swabian League of Cities]] in the 14th century, the [[Swabian League]] of 1488, and the establishment of the [[Swabian Circle]] in 1512. During this time, a division of culture and identity developed between Swabia and both the [[Margraviate of Baden]] to the west and the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] to the south.

Swabian culture retains many elements common to Alemannic tradition, notably the carnival traditions forming the [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht]].

[[File:Wirkoennenalles.jpg|thumb|250px|A public relations campaign by the state of Baden-Württemberg, translated "We can do everything—except speak [[Standard German]]." (see article text)]]
As the national cultural consensus surrounding [[German unification]] was built during the 18th and 19th century, Germany was politically dominated by the northern [[Kingdom of Prussia]], and [[Weimar Classicism]] in the [[Duchy of Saxe-Weimar]] became the expression of German national [[high culture]] ([[Christoph Martin Wieland]] and [[Friedrich Schiller]], while born and raised in Swabia, moved to Weimar and became two of the "four luminaries" (''Viergestirn'')<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=City Portrait Weimar |url=https://static.daad.de/media/daad_de/pdfs_nicht_barrierefrei/daad-letter-02-2014.pdf#page=45&search=luminaries |magazine=LETTER |location=Bonn |publisher=[[German Academic Exchange Service]] |issue=02/2014 |page=45 |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> of Weimar Classicism).

As a consequence, southern Germany and by extension both the Swabians and the [[Bavarians]] came to be seen as marked deviations from generic [[Standard German]], and a number of clichés or stereotypes developed.
These portrayed the Swabians as stingy, overly serious or prudish [[petty bourgeois]] simpletons, as reflected in "[[The Seven Swabians]]" (''Die sieben Schwaben''), one of the ''[[Kinder- und Hausmärchen]]'' published by the [[Brothers Grimm]]. On the positive side, the same stereotype may be expressed in portraying the Swabians as frugal, clever, entrepreneurial and hard-working.
The economic recovery of Germany after the Second World War, known as the ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', was praised by songwriter [[Ralf Bendix]] in his 1964 ''Schaffe, schaffe Häusle baue / Und net nach de Mädle schaue'' ("[let's] work and work, and build a house / and not look out for girls" in Swabian dialect). The first line of his song has since become a common summary of Swabian stereotypes known throughout Germany.
In a widely noted publicity campaign on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of [[Baden-Württemberg]], economically the most successful state in modern Germany, the Swabians famously embraced their stereotyping, "We can do everything—except speak [[Standard German]]" (''Wir können alles. Außer Hochdeutsch'').

Swabian stereotypes persist in contemporary Germany, as expressed e.g. in the "[[Schwabenhass]]" conflict (surrounding [[gentrification]] in Berlin due to the large number of well-to-do Swabians moving to the capital), or a remark by chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] in praise of the "thrifty Swabian housewife"
(recommending Swabian, and by extension German economic prudence as a model for Europe during the [[Euro crisis|financial crisis]]).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/17/angela-merkel-austerity-swabian-housewives | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Julia | last=Kollewe | title=Angela Merkel's austerity postergirl, the thrifty Swabian housewife | date=September 17, 2012}}</ref>

== Swabian German==
[[File:Modern Swabia-map.PNG|thumbnail|Swabia within modern Germany (shown in yellow is [[Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis]], situated at the transitional area between the Swabian, Upper Rhenish and Lake Constance dialects within Alemannic)]]
The ethno-linguistic group of Swabians speak [[Swabian German]], a branch of the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] group of [[German dialects]].
Swabian is cited as "40 percent intelligible" to speakers of [[Standard German]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>
As an ethno-linguistic group, Swabians are closely related to other speakers of [[Alemannic German]], i.e. [[Baden]]ers, [[Alsace|Alsatians]], and [[German-speaking Swiss]].<ref>James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups''. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. p. 650.</ref>

[[Swabian German]] is traditionally spoken in the upper [[Neckar]] basin (upstream of [[Heilbronn]]), along the upper [[Danube]] between [[Tuttlingen]] and [[Donauwörth]], and on the left bank of the [[Lech (river)|Lech]], in an areal centered on the [[Swabian Alps]] roughly stretching from [[Stuttgart]] to [[Augsburg]]. [[SIL Ethnologue]] cites an estimate of 819,000 Swabian speakers as of 2006.

== Emigration ==
===Hollandgänger===
During the 17th and 18th century the [[Dutch Republic]] was known for its wealth and religious tolerance, and substantial numbers of Swabians moved there in search of either work or religious freedom. Those with large debts ended up conscripted as sailors and soldiers for the [[Dutch East India Company]] (DEIC), eventually settling in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]], [[Dutch East Indies]] or [[Ceylon]]. Besides individual Swabians, the [[Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Charles Eugene of Württemberg]] concluded an agreement with the DEIC in 1786 to furnish a regiment of 2000 men to the DEIC for the sum of 300 000 guilders. This became known as the [[Württemberg Cape Regiment]] ({{lang-de|Württembergisches Kapregiment }}).<ref name="SESA">{{cite encyclopedia|title = Württemberg Regiment |encyclopedia = Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa|volume = 11|pages = 546–7|publisher = Nasou Limited|year = 1971|isbn = 978-0-625-00324-2}}</ref> Their presence among the Dutch at the Cape contributed to the Dutch term ''swaapstreek'' (literally: "Swabian shenanigans"), likely referencing the Seven Swabians tale.

===Ostsiedlung===
{{see|Danube Swabians|Banat Swabians|Germans of Serbia|Satu Mare Swabians|Swabian Turkey}}
During the 18th century [[East Colonisation]], many Swabians were attracted by the Austrian Empire's offer of settling in East European lands which had been left sparsely populated by the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|wars with Turkey]]. These [[ethnic German]] communities came to be known collectively as the [[Danube Swabians]], subdivided into such groups as the [[Banat Swabians]], [[Satu Mare Swabians]] and others (although the name "Danube Swabians" was applied also to German settlers of non-Swabian background).

Swabians settled also in eastern [[Croatia]] ([[Slavonia]] and [[Syrmia]]), and southern and western [[Hungary]],<ref>Christian Promitzer, Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik, Eduard Staudinger. Hidden Minorities: Language and Ethnic Identity Between Central Europe. LIT Verlag Münster, 2009. p. 196.</ref> including part of what is now [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]] (the [[Danube Swabians]], [[Satu Mare Swabians]], [[Banat Swabians]] and [[Swabian Turkey]]) in the 18th century, where they were invited as pioneers to repopulate some areas.
They also settled in [[Russia]], [[Bessarabia]], and [[Kazakhstan]]. They were well-respected as farmers.

Almost all of the several million Swabians were expelled from Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia during the period 1944–1950, as part of the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|ethnic cleansing against their German minorities]]. There still are Swabians living near the city of [[Satu Mare]] in [[Romania]], who are known as [[Satu Mare Swabians]].<ref>Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti. Integrating minorities: traditional communities and modernization. Editura ISPMN, 2011. p. 148.</ref>

===Overseas===
Because of overpopulation and increasingly smaller land-holdings, many Swabians sought land in the Western Hemisphere, especially in the 19th century.
Swabian settlements can be found in [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]].

Among the Germans who emigrated to the United States in the 19th century, Swabians in some areas maintained their regional identity and formed organizations for mutual support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aaobserver.aadl.org/aaobserver/15573|title=The story of the Schwaben Halle}}</ref>

===Recent migration within Germany===
[[File:Schwabenhass in Leipzig.jpg|thumb|Schwaben, Go home to Berlin, Leipzig graffiti]]
Significant numbers of Swabians moved to [[Berlin]] following the city's [[Decision on the Capital of Germany|reinstatement as German capital]] in 2000.

By the 2010s, their number was estimated as close to 300,000.
As the Swabians in Berlin tended to be wealthier than the local ''Berliner'', this resulted in a [[gentrification]] conflict, covered under the term ''[[Schwabenhass]]'' (literally "hatred of Swabians") by the German press in 2012–2013.<ref>''[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/spaetzlekrieg-in-berlin-empoerung-ueber-anti-schwaben-schmiererei-a-898123.html Berlin: Polizei ermittelt wegen Anti-Schwaben-Schmiererei]'', Spiegel-Online, May 4, 2013
[http://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Straesslemacher-gegen-Spaetzlekrieg-article10095351.html ''Nächster Akt im Schwaben-Streit'' - Sträßlemacher gegen Spätzlekrieg], n-tv.de, 23.2.2013
[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/neue-runde-im-schwaben-streit-die-straesslemacher-aus-prenzlauer-berg/7757880.html ''Neue Runde im Schwaben-Streit - Die Strässlemacher aus Prenzlauer Berg''], ''Tagesspiegel'' 8.2.2013.
[http://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/hauptstadt-gaessle-und-straessle-im-prenzlauer-berg_aid_916603.html ''Hauptstadt: Gässle und Sträßle im Prenzlauer Berg''], Focus Online 10.2. 2013
[http://www.rbb-online.de/nachrichten/vermischtes/2013_01/schwabylon_spaetzle.html ''"Preußisch-schwäbische Versöhnung" - Narrenschelle für den "Schwaben-Goscher"''], ''rbb'' vom 23.1. 2013
[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/krone-fuer-kaethe-kollwitz-spaetzlestreit-geht-in-eine-weitere-runde/7661542.html ''Spätzlestreit geht in eine weitere Runde - Krone für Käthe Kollwitz''], ''Tagesspiegel'' vom 21. Januar 2013.
[https://archive.today/20130412070100/http://www.dradio.de/kulturnachrichten/201301211100/5 ''Berliner Kollwitz-Verein plant Protestbrief im "Spätzle-Streit"''], Deutschlandradio vom 21. Januar 2013
[http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/kollwitz-denkmal-berliner-spaetzle-streit-geht-weiter,10809148,21511198.html ''Kollwitz-Denkmal: Berliner Spätzle-Streit geht weiter''], Berliner Zeitung 24.2. 2012</ref>

== List of notable Swabians ==
* [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg]] (1445–1496), first [[Duke of Württemberg]]
* [[Jakob Fugger]] (1459–1525), merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker
* [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] (1497/98–1543), painter and printmaker
* [[Johannes Brenz]] (1499–1570), theologian and [[Protestant reformer]]
* [[Johannes Kepler]] (1571–1630), astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer
* [[Christoph Martin Wieland]] (1733–1813), novelist, poet and translator
* [[Friedrich Schiller]] (1759–1805), playwright, poet, philosopher, and historian
* [[Friedrich Hölderlin]] (1770–1843), poet and philosopher
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] (1770–1831), philosopher
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] (1775–1854), philosopher
* [[Justinus Kerner]] (1786–1862), poet, physician, and medical writer
* [[Ludwig Uhland]] (1787–1862), poet, philologist, and literary historian
* [[Friedrich Silcher]] (1789–1860), composer and folksong collector
* [[Wilhelm Hauff]] (1802–1827), novelist
* [[Eduard Mörike]] (1804–1875), poet and novelist
* [[Julius Robert Mayer]] (1814–1878), physician, chemist, and physicist
* [[Gottlieb Daimler]] (1834–1900), engineer, industrial designer, and co-founder of [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]
* [[Wilhelm Maybach]] (1846–1929), engine designer and co-founder of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
* [[Margarete Steiff]] (1847–1909), company founder
* [[Robert Bosch]] (1861–1942), mechanic, inventor, and founder of [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]
* [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1961), novelist, poet, and painter, Nobel laureate in Literature
* Clara Ritter (1877–1959), co-founder of [[Ritter Sport]]<ref>Christiane Eifert (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QF8M66QjJCQC&pg=PA48&dq=1877+1959 ''Deutsche Unternehmerinnen im 20. Jahrhundert'']. München: C.H.Beck. p. 48. {{ISBN|978-3-406-62114-7}}.</ref>
* [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955), Nobel prize winning physicist
* [[Theodor Heuss]] (1884–1963), politician, first President of the Federal Republic of Germany
* [[Erwin Rommel]] (1891–1944), field marshal during World War II
* [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] (1907–1944), army officer best known for his failed attempt on 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler
* [[Thaddäus Troll]] (1914–1980), journalist, writer, and Swabian dialect poet
* [[Artur Fischer]] (1919–2016), inventor and company founder
* [[Maria Beig]] (1920–2017), novelist
* [[Ralf Rangnick]] (1958-), football manager and former player
* [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] (1964–), football manager and former player
* [[Jürgen Klopp]] (1967-), football manager and former player
* [[Diana Damrau]] (1971–), soprano opera singer

<gallery class="center">
Jakob Fugger by Dürer (cropped).jpg|[[Jakob Fugger]]
JKepler.jpg|[[Johannes Kepler]]
Friedrich Schiller by Emma Körner.jpg|[[Friedrich Schiller]]
Hegel by Schlesinger.jpg|[[Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel]]
Gottlieb Daimler 1890s2.jpg|[[Gottlieb Daimler]]
Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|[[Robert Bosch]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Swabian children]]
* [[Alsace|Alsatians]]
* [[Bavarians]]
* [[Alemannic separatism]]
* [[German tribes]]
{{Ethnic groups in Germany}}
[[Category:Swabia]]
[[Category:Germanic ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]

User:Trotboy/WikiProjectCards/WikiProject Socialism

2021-12-05T09:48:19Z

Trotboy: New member profile User:Trotboy/WikiProjectCards/WikiProject_Socialism (edited with FormWizard)

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|wikiproject=WikiProject_Socialism
|about=Pages about obscure Socialists, information in editing, etc
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Mid Devon

2021-03-01T19:08:40Z

Trotboy: /* Politics */

{{About|the district|the constituency|Mid Devon (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2019}}
{{coord|50.900|-3.490|display=title|region:GB_scale:50000}}
{{Infobox settlement


| timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset = 0
| timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1


| settlement_type = [[Non-metropolitan district]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Non-metropolitan county]]
| subdivision_type4 = Status
| subdivision_type5 = Admin HQ
| subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Non-metropolitan district]]
| government_type = Non-metropolitan district council
| leader_title = Leadership
| leader_title1 = [[List of MPs elected in the 2010 United Kingdom general election|MPs]]
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicity
| blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
| blank2_name = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]]


| official_name = Mid Devon District
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| shield_link =
| image_map = Mid Devon UK locator map.svg
| mapsize = 150px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Mid Devon shown within Devon
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West England]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Devon]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]
| established_date1 = 1 April 1974
| governing_body = Mid Devon District Council
| leader_party = {{English district control|GSS=E07000042}}
| leader_name = [[Local Government Act 2000|Alternative - Sec.31]]
| leader_name1 = [[Neil Parish]] [[Mel Stride]]
| area_total_km2 = 577.1
| area_rank = {{English district area rank|GSS=E07000042}} [[List of English districts by area|(of {{English district total}})]]
| population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E07000042}}
| population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
| population_rank = {{English district rank|GSS=E07000042}} [[List of English districts by population|(of {{English district total}})]]
| population_blank1 = 99.2% White
| blank1_info = 18UD (ONS) E07000042 (GSS)
| blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|SS9523512287}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.middevon.gov.uk/}}
}}
'''Mid Devon''' is a [[Non-metropolitan district|local government district]] in [[Devon]], [[England]]. Its council is based in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]].

The district was formed under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the [[borough]] of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] and [[Crediton]] [[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|urban district]] together with [[Tiverton Rural District]], and [[Crediton Rural District]].<ref>[[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972#Part 11: County of Devon|The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039)</ref> It was originally called '''Tiverton District''', but was renamed in 1978 by resolution of the district council.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=47488 |date=14 March 1978 |page=3251 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Mid Devon shares borders with several other Devon districts as well as the county of [[Somerset]]. Neighbouring districts include [[Exeter]], [[East Devon]], [[North Devon]], [[Teignbridge]], [[West Devon]] and [[Torridge District|Torridge]].

===Rivers===
The [[River Exe|Exe]], the [[River Culm|Culm]], the [[River Yeo (Lapford)|Yeo]], the [[River Dalch|Dalch]], the [[Little Dart River|Little Dart]], the [[River Taw|Taw]], the [[River Dart, Bickleigh|Dart]], the [[Brockley River|Brockley]], the [[River Creedy|Creedy]] and the [[Spratford Stream]] flow through the district.

===Raddon Top===
[[Raddon Top]] (772 ft.) is the highest point of the Raddon Hills. Excavations at the summit in 1994 uncovered traces of [[Early Iron Age]] settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.devon.gov.uk/localstudies/110392/1.html |title=Devon Libraries Local Studies Shobroke Community Page, 22 February 2005 |access-date=16 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302184240/http://www.devon.gov.uk/localstudies/110392/1.html |archive-date=2 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{see also|Mid Devon District Council elections}}

Elections to Mid Devon council are held every four years. There are 41 councillors representing 23 wards. After the 2019 election, the council was run by a Liberal Democrat-Independent-Green coalition. However, the Council Leader, 'Independent' Bob Deed, removed the three Lib Dem's from the Cabinet in 2020, replacing them with Tories and in March 2021 removed the only Green from the Cabinet, ensuring a Tory Majority in Cabinet, and effectively creating a Tory Minority Administration.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"
| width=125 align="center" | '''Date'''
!style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}; width: 3px;" |
| width=100 align="center" | '''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]'''
| width=20 align="center" | +/-
!style="background-color: {{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}; width: 3px;" |
| width=100 align="center" | '''[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]'''
| width=20 align="center" | +/-
!style="background-color: {{United Kingdom Independence Party/meta/color}}; width: 3px;" |
| width=100 align="center" | '''[[United Kingdom Independence Party|UKIP]]'''
| width=20 align="center" | +/-
!style="background-color: {{Green Party of England and Wales/meta/color}}; width: 3px;" |
| width=100 align="center" | '''[[Green Party of England and Wales|Greens]]'''
| width=20 align="center" | +/-
!style="background-color: {{Independent/meta/color}}; width: 3px;" |
| width=100 align="center" | '''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''
| width=20 align="center" | +/-
| width=125 align="center" | '''Control'''
|-

| align="center"|'''2015'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middevon.gov.uk/media/103596/declaration-of-results-district-council-elections.pdf |title=Declaration of Result of Poll 2015|publisher=Mid Devon Council|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middevon.gov.uk/media/85070/uncontested-election-results-districts.pdf |title=Uncontested Election Results 2015|publisher=Mid Devon Council|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
| colspan="2" align="center"|29
| align="right" |''-''
| colspan="2" align="center"|5
| align="right" |''--''
| colspan="2" align="center"|2
| align="right" |''-''
| colspan="2" align="center"|0
| align="right" |''-''
| colspan="2" align="center"|6
| align="right" |''-''
| bgcolor="{{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}"|Conservative
|-

| align="center"|'''2019'''
| colspan="2" align="center"|18
| align="right" |''-11''
| colspan="2" align="center"|12
| align="right" |''+7''
| colspan="2" align="center"|0
| align="right" |''-2''
| colspan="2" align="center"|2
| align="right" |''+2''
| colspan="2" align="center"|10
| align="right" |''+4''
| bgcolor="{{Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color}}"|Lib Dem-Ind-Green
|-
|}

==Tourism==
===Grand Western Canal===
The [[Grand Western Canal]] stretches from Canal Hill in Tiverton to just outside [[Greenham]] in [[Somerset]]. It no longer operates for trade purposes, but is a popular tourist location. Visitors are able to walk along its banks or take a trip down the canal in a [[horse]] drawn [[barge]]. A static barge at the Canal Hill end of the canal offers refreshments. The site is one of two tourism spots owned by [[Devon County Council]].

===Exmoor===
[[Exmoor National Park]] is a [[national park]] situated in Mid Devon and [[Somerset]] in [[South West England]]. The park covers 267 square miles (692 km²) of hilly open [[moorland]]. Exmoor is one of the first British National Parks, designated in 1954, and is named after its main river, the River Exe. Several areas of the moor have been declared a [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest|Site of Special Scientific Interest]].

===Devon Railway Centre===
The [[Devon Railway Centre]] is located at [[Bickleigh, Mid Devon|Bickleigh]] in Mid Devon, in a restored Victorian [[railway station]] on the closed [[Great Western Railway]] branch from [[Exe Valley Railway|Exeter to Dulverton]]. The Centre operates a 2 ft (610mm) gauge passenger railway and has a large collection of [[narrow gauge]] rolling stock, a [[Ridable miniature railway|miniature railway]] and a collection of [[Rail transport modelling|model railways]].

===Coldharbour Working Wool Museum===
[[Coldharbour Mill]] is a Grade II* listed Georgian mill complex in [[Uffculme]], close to junction 27 ([[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] turnoff) of the M5. The mill has the largest working waterwheel in the south west, and steams up its stationary steam engines most Bank Holidays. It has a number of other collections, such as dolls' houses, a large tapestry showing five local parishes, and a wide range of worsted wool spinning and weaving machines.

==Major settlements==
The major town of the district is [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]]; other towns include [[Cullompton]] and [[Crediton]].

==See also==
* [[Grade I listed buildings in Mid Devon]]
* [[Grade II* listed buildings in Mid Devon]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
{{SW_England}}
{{Devon}}

[[Category:Mid Devon District| ]]
[[Category:Non-metropolitan districts of Devon]]

James Bronterre O'Brien

2021-02-09T15:38:59Z

Trotboy:

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
[[Image:JamesBronterreOBrien.jpg|thumb|right|200px|James Bronterre O'Brien.]]
'''James Bronterre O'Brien''' (1805<ref>Many sources give the time of his birth as 'early February 1804'.</ref> – 23 December 1864) was an Irish [[Chartism|Chartist]] leader, reformer and journalist.

== Early years ==

James O'Brien was born near [[Granard]], [[County Longford]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] in 1804 or 1805. He went to a local church school, where one of his teachers recognised his intellectual abilities and arranged for him to be educated at the progressive [[Edgeworthstown School|Lovell Edgeworth School]]. In 1822 he proceeded to [[Trinity College, Dublin]], where he won several academic prizes including the Science Gold Medal. After studying law at [[King's Inns]], O'Brien moved to England in 1829 with the intention of becoming a lawyer in London.

== Political awakening and activism ==

In London he joined the [[Radical Reform Association]] where he met [[Henry Hunt (politician)|Henry Hunt]], [[William Cobbett]], [[Henry Hetherington]] and other leaders of the struggle for [[universal suffrage]]. In 1836 he joined the [[London Working Men's Association]].

O'Brien began contributing articles to Henry Hetherington's ''[[Poor Man's Guardian]]''. He signed these articles with the pseudonym 'Bronterre' and James O'Brien eventually adopted it as his middle name. He worked very closely with Hetherington and when he was imprisoned for publishing an unstamped newspaper, O'Brien took over the editorship of ''[[The Poor Man's Guardian]]''. O'Brien and Hetherington also collaborated on other unstamped newspapers such as ''[[The Destructive]]'' and the ''[[London Dispatch]]''. In 1837 O'Brien began publishing ''[[Bronterre's National Reformer]]''. In an attempt to avoid paying stamp duty, the journal included essays rather than 'news items'. During this period, Henry Hetherington and O'Brien led the struggle against the stamp duty and were consistent in their arguments that working people needed cheap newspapers that contained political information.

O'Brien was influenced by the socialist writer, [[Gracchus Babeuf]], who had been executed during the [[French Revolution]]. In 1836 O'Brien began publishing translations of Babeuf's work in the Poor Man's Guardian. He also included [[Filippo Buonarroti]]'s account of Babeuf and the [[Conspiracy of Equals]]. O'Brien became fascinated with the history of [[Political radicalism|radicalism]] and began work on books on Robespierre, the [[French Revolution]] and the [[English Commonwealth]]. However, the authorities raided his house in 1838 and seized his manuscripts and the projects were never completed.

In 1838 O'Brien added his support for a more militant approach to winning the vote that was being advocated by [[Feargus O'Connor]] and [[George Julian Harney]] through the [[London Democratic Association]]. However, O'Brien, unlike O'Connor, refused to support the use of violence to achieving universal suffrage. O'Brien argued that the Chartists should adopt a policy that was midway between the petitioning supported by [[William Lovett]] and the [[Moral Force Chartists]], and the violence being threatened by O'Connor's [[Physical Force]] group.

After ''Bronterre's National Reformer'' ceased publication, O'Brien worked for O'Connor's ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]''. His articles played an important role in increasing the circulation of what had become the most important of the radical newspapers. As well as writing for the Northern Star, James O'Brien also found time to publish his own newspaper ''[[The Operative (newspaper)|The Operative]]''.

== Turning point ==

O'Brien continued to be active in the Chartist movement and in 1840 he was arrested and charged with making a seditious speech in [[Manchester]]. He was convicted of [[sedition]] and sentenced to eighteen months in [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] Prison. When O'Brien was released from prison he found it difficult to continue working with Feargus O'Connor. The two men disagreed over the issue of Physical Force. Another source of dispute concerned parliamentary elections. O'Brien favoured the idea of putting up Chartist candidates whereas O'Connor preferred the tactic of putting pressure on the Whig government by threatening to vote for Tory candidates. O'Brien was involved in standing Chartist candidates against Government Ministers in key seats, particularly in standing against [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]].

O'Brien finally broke with O'Connor when along with [[Henry Vincent]] and [[Robert Gammage (Chartist)|Robert Gammage]] he joined the [[Complete Suffrage Union]]. O'Brien continued to publish newspapers. He joined with his old friend Henry Hetherington to revive the ''Poor Man's Guardian'' in 1843 and this was followed by the ''[[National Reformer]]'' in 1844. These newspapers were not a financial success and by May 1847, both papers had ceased publication.

After the failure of these two newspapers O'Brien concentrated on writing for other publications such as ''[[Reynold's Weekly]]'' and the ''[[Glasgow Sentinel]]''. He also gave public lectures and in 1851 he opened the [[Eclectic Institute]] in Denmark Street, [[Soho]], London, where adult education classes were offered in English, French, science and mathematics.

== Decline and demise ==

[[File:James_Bronterre_O%27Brien.JPG|thumb|James Bronterre O'Brien's grave]]

By the 1850s O'Brien's poverty began to damage his health. He suffered from bronchitis and his Chartist friends attempted to raise money in recognition of the great sacrifices that he had made in the struggle to win universal suffrage and the freedom of the press. However, the damage to his health was so bad that he spent his last years bed-ridden. James Bronterre O'Brien died on 23 December 1864, and is buried in [[Abney Park Cemetery]].

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://spartacus-educational.com/CHobrien.htm James Bronterre O'Brien] at [https://spartacus-educational.com/ Spartacus Educational]
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=O'Brien, James (1805-1864)|volume=41}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7243473M/The_rise_progress_and_phases_of_human_slavery The rise, progress, and phases of human slavery] at The Open Library]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obrien, James Bronterre}}
[[Category:Chartists]]
[[Category:1805 births]]
[[Category:People of the Revolutions of 1848]]
[[Category:Irish lawyers]]
[[Category:People from County Longford]]
[[Category:Burials at Abney Park Cemetery]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's Inns]]

George Julian Harney

2021-02-09T14:58:36Z

Trotboy: Added Reference to Harney's speech at Tiverton.

{{Infobox person
|name = George Julian Harney
|image = GeorgeJulianHarney.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = George Julian Harney
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 17 February 1817
|birth_place = [[Deptford]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|death_date = 9 December 1897 (aged 80)
|death_place = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|death_cause =
|resting_place = [[Richmond Cemetery]]
}}

'''George Julian Harney''' (17 February 1817 – 9 December 1897) was a [[British people|British]] political activist, journalist, and [[Chartism|Chartist]] leader. He was also associated with [[Marxism]], [[socialism]], and [[universal suffrage]].

==Early life==
George Julian Harney, the son of a seaman, was born in [[Deptford]] in south-east [[London]]. When Harney was eleven he entered the Boy's Naval School at [[Greenwich]]. However, instead of pursuing a career in the navy he became a shop-boy for [[Henry Hetherington]], the editor of the ''[[Poor Man's Guardian]]''. Harney was imprisoned three times for selling this unstamped newspaper.

This experience radicalised Harney and although he was initially a member of the [[London Working Men's Association]] he became impatient with the organization’s failure to make much progress in the efforts to obtain [[universal suffrage]]. Harney was influenced by the more militant ideas of [[William Benbow]], [[James Bronterre O'Brien]] and [[Feargus O'Connor]].

In January 1837 Harney became one of the founders of the openly republican [[London Democratic Association|East London Democratic Association]]. Soon afterwards Harney became convinced of William Benbow's theory that a Grand National Holiday ([[General Strike]]) would result in an uprising and a change in the political system.

==Involvement with Chartist movement==
At the [[Chartist Convention]] held during the summer of 1839, Harney and William Benbow convinced the delegates to call a Grand National Holiday on 12 August. [[Feargus O'Connor]] argued against the plan but was defeated. Harney and Benbow toured the country in an attempt to persuade workers to join the strike. When Harney and Benbow were both arrested and charged with making seditious speeches, the General Strike was called off. Harney was kept in [[Warwick]] Gaol but when he appeared at [[Birmingham]] Assizes the grand jury refused to indict him of [[sedition]] or any other charge. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}}

Disappointed by the failure of the Grand National Holiday, Harney moved to [[Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]], where he married Mary Cameron. Harney's exile did not last long and the following year he became the [[Chartism|Chartist]] organizer in [[Sheffield]]. During the strikes of 1842 Harney was one of the 58 Chartists arrested and tried at [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] in March 1843. After his conviction was reversed on appeal, Harney became a journalist for [[Feargus O'Connor]]'s ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]''. Two years later he became the editor of the newspaper. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}}

Tristram Hunt describes him during this period:<blockquote>
George Julian Harney, Chartism's enfant terrible ... was firmly on the radical side of the movement, advocating the use of physical force and enjoying riling his conservative comrades by flaunting the red cap of liberty at public meetings. In and out of jail, endlessly feuding with fellow Chartists, and ultimately expelled from the party, the Robespierre-admiring Harney remained convinced that insurrection was the surest route to achieve the demands of the charter.<ref>Tristram Hunt, ''Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels'' (Henry Holt and Co., 2009: {{ISBN|0-8050-8025-2}}), p. 90.</ref></blockquote>

==Association with Marx and Engels==
Harney became interested in the international struggle for universal suffrage and helped establish the [[Fraternal Democrats]] in September 1845. It was through this organisation that Harney met [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. Harney persuaded both men to write articles for the ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]''. Excited by the Continental Revolutions of 1848, Harney traveled to [[Paris]] in March, 1848 to meet members of the [[French Second Republic|provisional government]].

According to his friend and fellow radical, [[John Bedford Leno]], Harney was:

:''"more conversant with foreign politics than any man I ever knew, and the first inquiries made by foreign refugees on landing on our shores was to forward the discovery of his whereabouts."''

==Involvement with Socialism==
[[File:George julian harney-b.jpg|thumb|right|George Julian Harney in 1880.]]
Harney was now a [[Socialist]] and he used the ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]'' to promote this philosophy. [[Feargus O'Connor]] disagreed with [[Socialism]] and he pressurized Harney into resigning as editor of the paper. Harney now formed his own newspaper, the ''[[Red Republican]]''. With the help of his friend, [[Ernest Charles Jones]], Harney attempted to use his paper to educate his [[working class]] readers about [[socialism]] and [[proletarian internationalism]]. Harney also advocated [[socialism]] in the [[trade union]] movement.

In 1847 Harney stood as the [[Chartism|Chartist]] candidate against [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] for the seat of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] in [[Devon]], an event described by [[Engels]] in an article for ''La Reforme'' thus:

:''"It will be recalled that at the last elections Mr. Harney, editor-in-chief of the ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]'', was put forward as the [[Chartism|Chartist]] candidate for [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], a borough which is represented in Parliament by [[Lord Palmerston]], the Foreign Secretary. Mr. Harney, who won on the show of hands, decided to retire when [[Lord Palmerston]] demanded a poll" ''

Harney's speech at the Hustings was published in full in the Northern Star and reprinted and distributed widely in Chartist circles <<ref>>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hfo9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false<</ref>>

In 1850 the ''Red Republican'' published the first English translation of ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' The translation was done by [[Helen Macfarlane]], a journalist, socialist and feminist of the time, who wrote for the ''Red Republican'' under the pseudonym Howard Morton. The ''Red Republican'' was not a financial success and was closed down in December 1850. Harney followed it with the ''[[Friend of the People]]'' (December 1850 - April 1852), ''[[Star of Freedom]]'' (April 1852 - December 1852) and ''The Vanguard'' (January 1853 - March 1853).

After ''The Vanguard'' ceased publication Harney moved to Newcastle and worked for [[Joseph Cowen]]'s newspaper, the ''[[Northern Tribune]]'' and after traveling to meet French socialists living in exile in [[Jersey]], Harney became editor of the [[Jersey Independent]]. Harney's support for the North in the [[American Civil War]] upset [[Joseph Cowen]] and in November 1862 Harney was forced to resign.

==Emigration to United States and return to England==
In May 1863 Harney emigrated to the [[United States]]. For the next 14 years he worked as a clerk in the [[Massachusetts State House]]. After his retirement he returned to England where he wrote a weekly column for the ''[[Newcastle Chronicle]]''. Harney died on 9 December 1897, aged 80. He is buried in [[Richmond Cemetery]], south west London.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meller|first1=Hugh|last2=Parsons|first2=Brian|title=London Cemeteries: An Illustrated Guide and Gazetteer|edition=fifth|year=2011|publisher=[[The History Press]]|location=[[Stroud]], Gloucestershire|isbn=9780752461830|pages=290–294}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Sources==
* http://www.spartacus-educational.com/CHharney.htm
* John Bedford Leno, ''The Aftermath: With Autobiography of the Author'' (Reeves & Turner, London 1892)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harney, George Julian}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:British Marxists]]
[[Category:British prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Chartists]]
[[Category:People from Deptford]]
[[Category:British socialists]]
[[Category:Burials at Richmond Cemetery]]

Tiverton, Devon

2021-02-08T09:54:35Z

Trotboy: /* Education */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|region = South West England
|shire_county = [[Devon]]
|shire_district = [[Mid Devon]]
|civil_parish = Tiverton
|official_name = Tiverton
|population = 19,544
|population_ref = (2011 census)
|os_grid_reference = SS955125
|coordinates = {{coord|50.903|-3.488|display=inline,title}}
|post_town = TIVERTON
|postcode_area = EX
|postcode_district = EX16
|dial_code = 01884
|constituency_westminster = [[Tiverton and Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton and Honiton]]
}}
'''Tiverton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|v|ər|t|ən}} {{respell|TIV|ər-tən}}) is a town and [[civil parish]] in the English county of [[Devon]] and the main commercial and administrative centre of the [[Mid Devon]] district. It has become a [[Commuter town|dormitory town]] for [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]]. The estimated population in 2019 was 20,587.<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southwestengland/devon/E34003112__tiverton/ City Population site. Retrieved 29 November 2020.]</ref> The total area of the two County Council Divisions (including Bampton, Halberton, Sampford Peverell, Uplowman and other small villages) had a population of 38,191 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |title=Tiverton Profile |website=Devon County Council |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:River Exe.jpg|left|thumb|View from the bridge over the Exe which looks towards the historic [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's church]].]]
The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-ford-ton" or "Twyverton", meaning "the town on two fords", and was historically referred to as "Twyford". The town stands at the confluence of the rivers [[River Exe|Exe]] and Lowman. Human occupation in the area dates back to the [[Stone Age]], with many flint tools found in the area. An [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], [[Cranmore Castle]], stands at the top of [[Exeter Hill]] above the town, and a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort or marching camp was discovered on the hillside below [[Knightshayes Court]] near [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]], just to the north of the town.

Tiverton formed part of the inheritance of [[Aethelweard (son of Alfred)|Aethelweard]], youngest son of [[King Alfred]]. [[Gytha of Wessex|Countess Gytha of Wessex]] controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that [[William the Conqueror]] was its tenant-in-chief in 1086. Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://opendomesday.org/place/SS9512/tiverton/ |title=Tiverton - Domesday Book |first=Anna |last=Powell-Smith |website=opendomesday.org |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> It was the strategic site chosen by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] for a Norman castle, [[Tiverton Castle]], first built in 1106 as a [[Motte and Bailey]] and extensively remodelled in the 13th and 14th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Tiverton has a medieval town [[leat]], built for it by [[Isabella de Fortibus|Countess Isabella de Fortibus]], who was the eldest daughter of [[Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon]] and grew up at Tidcombe Hall, close to Tiverton. Isabella also controlled the Port of [[Topsham, Devon]], through which much of Tiverton's woollen exports were transported, mostly to the [[Low Countries]]. Every seven years there is a [[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]: a ceremony to clear the path of the leat and ensure it is kept running. The leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggan's Well, in Fore Street.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk/9-general/25-perambulation |title=Perambulation |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Tiverton owes its early growth and prosperity to the wool trade, which caused the town to grow rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the town's heritage. John Greenway (1460–1529), for example, built a chapel and porch onto [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's]] parish church in 1517, and a small chapel and almshouses in Gold Street, which still stand – the Almshouse Trust still houses people today. [[Peter Blundell]], another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for [[Blundell's School]] to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604 and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, where it functions as an [[independent school]].<ref>[[Martin Dunsford]], ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> [[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579) founded ''Waldron's Almshouses'', on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate [[chest tomb]] survives in St Peter's Church.

Around the turn of the 17th century, there were two major fires in the town. The first, allegedly started in a frying pan, was in 1596 and destroyed most of the town. The second, in 1612, was known as the "dog-fight fire" – a dog fight had distracted those meant to be looking after a furnace.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |title=Historic Dates in Tiverton |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |access-date=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415030018/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The parish registers of [[Barnstaple]] reported of the second fire: "In the yere of or Lorde God 1612 in the 5th daye of the month of Auguste was the towne of Teverton burned the second tyme wth fyer to the nomber of 260 dwellynge howses."<ref>Thomas Wainwright, ''Barnstaple Parish Register, 1538 A.D. to 1812 A.D.''. Exeter:James G. Commin, 1903, p. 54.</ref>

During the English Civil War in 1645 [[Tiverton Castle]], held by the Royalists, was the scene of a relatively brief siege by [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October, the town's defenders fleeing before him towards Exeter. They left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery and bombarded the castle for two days, ceasing fire for the sabbath in the afternoon of Saturday 18 October. On Sunday Fairfax had "several great pieces" of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a. m. The siege was ended when a lucky shot broke one of the drawbridge chains and an alert squad of Roundheads gained swift entry. Fairfax then set up his winter quarters in Tiverton due to the inclement weather, requisitioning Blundell's School as his headquarters, where he was joined in December 1645 by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. They left to lay siege to Exeter in January 1646.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town enjoyed prosperity from the wool trade in the early 18th century. However, a period of decline followed during the early [[Industrial Revolution]]. There were occasional riots, and societies of woolcombers and weavers were formed in an effort to protect jobs and wages. By the end of the century, imports of cotton and the expansion of industrialization elsewhere, along with the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on exports, took the town's woollen industry into terminal decline.<ref>Martin Dunsford, ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> In June 1731 [[Tiverton fire of 1731|another fire]] destroyed 298 houses, causing £58,000 worth of damage. After this, the streets were widened.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risdon |first=Tristram |title=The Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIdnAAAAMAAJ |editor=Rees |edition=updated |pages=370–371 |year=1811 |publisher=Rees and Curtis |location=Plymouth |display-editors=etal}}</ref> In May 1738, [[Tiverton riot of 1738|riots broke out]] in the town.

The industrialist [[John Heathcoat]] bought an old woollen mill on the [[river Exe]] in 1815, and after the destruction of his machinery at [[Loughborough]] by former [[Luddites]] thought to be in the pay of [[Nottingham]] lacemakers, he moved his whole lace-making operation to Tiverton.<ref>W. Gore Allen, ''John Heathcoat and his Heritage''. Christopher Johnson, London, 1958.</ref> The factory turned the fortunes of Tiverton again, making it an early industrial centre in the South West. Trade was aided when a branch of the [[Grand Western Canal]] from Tiverton to Lowdwells was opened in 1814, with an extension to Taunton in 1838. This was followed by a branch of the Great Western Railway in 1848.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Although small, Tiverton had two members of Parliament. As one of the "[[rotten boroughs]]" it was often targeted by those seeking electoral reform. [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], or "Pam" as he was known locally, was an MP for Tiverton for much of the 19th century. In 1847, the [[Chartists]], a radical group seeking to change the electoral system, stood one of their leaders, [[George Julian Harney]], against Palmerston. He is widely reported as having gained no votes – but in fact he won the "popular vote" (a show of hands of the people of the town) and withdrew when Palmerston called a ballot, aware that he would lose in a vote by only 400 wealthy and propertied in the town out of a population of 7000. Broadening the franchise was one of the Chartist objectives. After the [[Reform Act]] of 1867, Tiverton had a single MP, held for a long period by a member of the Heathcoat-Amory family, most recently by [[Derick Heathcoat-Amory]] who served from 1945 to 1960. Up until 2010 [[David Heathcoat-Amory]] was the MP for [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]] in nearby [[Somerset]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town was the last in the Devon and Cornwall area to retain an independent police force, until 1945. In the second half of the 20th century, Tiverton again declined slowly, as the Heathcoat factory became ever more mechanised and the Starkey Knight & Ford brewery was taken over by [[Whitbread]] as its regional brewery, but later closed, becoming just a bottling plant located in Howden (now Aston Manor cider makers). The factory lay derelict for some years before being demolished to make way for a supermarket. The manufacture of agricultural machinery adjacent to the River Lowman dwindled, the railway closed in 1964 and the Globe Elastic plant in Kennedy Way also closed in the 1980s. However, in this period a few far-sighted individuals, notably William Authers, secured some important assets for the future. Tiverton Museum was opened, the track bed of the old railway was bought to provide footpaths and an adventure playground, and the Grand Western Canal was saved from dereliction as a country park.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Retailing in the town declined further in the 1990s, after the opening of the Southern Relief Road (now Great Western Way), which led to the closure of Fore Street in the town centre to all but pedestrians. The decline was reversed to a degree by various regeneration projects, and Tiverton's shops thrived in the late 1990s and early 2000s, especially on the main market days, Tuesday, Friday and Saturday. However, the decline resumed with the major recession of 2008–2009.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Present==
[[File:Tiverton Library.JPG|left|thumb|The new Tiverton Library and council offices]]
Tiverton's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (known as the North Devon Link Road) in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, a new industrial estate was built at Little Gornhay on the north-eastern edge of the town, and a junction was added to the Link Road, with a distributor road (now the [[A396 road|A396]]) into the town, which has become its main gateway. Great Western Way, linking this road to the Exeter Road along the line of the old railway, was also constructed. These roads opened up a new aspect of the town and paved the way for expansion.

Housing demand has driven up house prices, particularly in the South-West. Many now look to towns on the periphery of employment centres. Tiverton has become a [[dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]], with its growth supported by large housing projects to the north of the town by most national house builders, including [[Westbury (housebuilder)|Westbury Homes]], [[Barrett Homes]] and [[Bellway Homes]]. The resulting influx of population has led to further development of the town's services and shops. The town now has a newly built [[Tiverton and District Hospital]], funded by the [[Private Finance Initiative]]. The old hospital in the town centre has since been redeveloped into a mixture of flats, houses and retail units. Tiverton's outmoded swimming pool was replaced by a new leisure centre near the main campus of the [[East Devon College]], consisting of a swimming pool and gymnasium. East Devon College was renamed [[Petroc College|Petroc]] after amalgamation with [[North Devon College]] in 2009. It is now the largest [[further education]] college in the district. [[Mid Devon District Council]] built new offices at Phoenix House, at the foot of Phoenix Lane, close to the site of a disused brewery. The building incorporates a new public library.

The [[Pannier Market]] in the town has been redeveloped at a cost of more than £3 million, alongside its car park and minor shopping precinct, increasing market capacity and allowing markets to be held more frequently.

In 2007 the former cinema, the Electric, was bulldozed for redevelopment as housing, while the only operative cinema, the Tivoli, which had previously been mostly run by volunteers, closed its doors and the site was put up for sale. After a well-supported public campaign, the Tivoli reopened on 28 June 2008, bought by Merlin Cinemas from former owners Eastmond and Hamlin Ltd. There is also a film club in Tiverton.

In December 2008, the local press reported that the town may need a new high school (funding for which was agreed in 2009) and two more primary schools. This emerged as the town council considered plans for a further 2,000 homes and extra industrial estates, additional shops, new employment space and more community facilities. Some of this proposed expansion was opposed by local action groups throughout 2009. The proposed high school lost its funding as one of the first cuts of the new government in 2010, leaving it too small for the upcoming intake. A replacement high school is now being proposed by Devon County Council across the road from the current site, next to the leisure centre, to include a theatre run by Tiverton Community Arts Theatre (TCAT), which currently operates in the existing high school hall.

Tiverton won one of 15 positions in the Round 2 pilot scheme as a [[Portas Pilot Areas|Portas Town]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tivertontoday.co.uk/page18.html |title=Sub Article 1 |website=www.tivertontoday.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The annual [[Mid Devon Show]] is held here.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mid Devon Show to relocate to Knightshayes |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/popular-country-relocate-knightshayes/story–21965954-detail/story.html |access-date=3 July 2016 |work=Mid Devon Gazette |date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiverton – Mid Devon Show |url=http://www.heartofdevon.com/whats-on/tiverton-mid-devon-show-p454823 |publisher=Heart of Devon |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Blundell's School]], an independent coeducational day and boarding school
*Bolham Primary School
*The Castle Primary School, formerly in the old Grammar School building, but replaced by a new build in 2017, the old building being demolished
*East Anstey County Primary School
*Halberton Primary School
*Heathcoat Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*[[Petroc College]], formerly [[East Devon College]], a further education college sharing a campus with Tiverton High School
*Rackenford Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*St John's Roman Catholic Primary School
*Tidcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now an academy
*[[Tiverton High School]], the local community secondary school and a specialist visual arts college, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
*Two Moors Primary School
*Wilcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now part of an academy with 12 other Devon primaries
*Witheridge V. P. (C) School

==Transport==
===Road===
Tiverton has easy access to the [[M5 motorway]]. The town's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] North Devon Link Road in the late 1980s.

===Coach===
Tiverton is served twice daily by the London Superfast Service of Berry's Coaches.<ref>https://book.berryscoaches.co.uk/superfast-timetables.html Superfast Timetable</ref>

===Rail===
The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] opened a station known as Tiverton Road on 1 May 1844. It was renamed [[Tiverton Junction railway station|Tiverton Junction]] on 12 June 1848, when [[Tiverton railway station]] was opened nearer the town at the end of a branch from the Junction station. A second branch, the Exe Valley line reached this station from the south, branching off the [[Exeter to Plymouth line|London to Penzance main line]] at [[Stoke Canon]] and following the line of the River Exe. Mainline trains were occasionally diverted via Tiverton if there was engineering work or damage on the section north of Stoke Canon. Another line was opened which headed north to join the Taunton–Barnstaple line at [[Dulverton railway station|Dulverton]]. None of these lines remain.

In 1986, [[Tiverton Parkway railway station]] was opened on the main line on the site of the old [[Sampford Peverell]] station, to replace the junction station a few miles down the line at [[Willand]]. As a [[List of Parkway railway stations|parkway station]], it stands six miles east of the town, alongside Junction 27 of the [[M5 motorway]]. Its proximity to the motorway – and the relative inaccessibility of [[Exeter St Davids railway station]] – means that the station is often used as a coach exchange when the line between Exeter and Plymouth is closed.

===Canal===
The [[Grand Western Canal]] from Taunton to Tiverton opened in 1838.

==Sport==
The town has a main football club, [[Tiverton Town F.C.|Tiverton Town]], and many amateur clubs, including [[Elmore F.C.|Elmore]] and Westexe Rovers. The town also has a [[Tiverton Rugby Club|rugby club]] and a number of cricket clubs. Tiverton White Eagles [http://www.twehc.com/home.html (TWEHC)] is the local women's hockey club, which has three teams in various leagues.

==''Tiverton Gazette''==
[[File:Tiverton Gazette Newsroom.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Tiverton and Mid Devon Gazette'''s former newsroom on Bampton Street.]]
The ''Tiverton Gazette'' is a weekly tabloid newspaper for Tiverton and surrounding areas. It is published on Tuesdays to coincide with a market day. It first appeared as the ''Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald'' in 1858. The founder, Robert Were, was only 22 years old and died just five years later. The newspaper split into three editions in 1872 – the ''Tiverton Gazette'', ''Crediton Gazette'' and ''South Molton Gazette'', but recombined in the mid–1890s as the ''Mid Devon Gazette''. It then split into Town and Rural editions, before splitting three ways again.

==Geography==
[[File:Tiverton 5.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the town and the surrounding countryside.]]
Tiverton is a town in north-east [[Devon]] 13 miles (21 km) north of Exeter, 46 miles (74 km) north-east of [[Plymouth]] and 18 miles (29 km) west of [[Taunton]]. Ashley to the south and [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]] to the north are villages that have become suburbs of Tiverton. The [[River Exe]] flows through the town.

===Climate===
Tiverton has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'').

{{Weather box
|location = Tiverton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 8
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 10
|Apr high C = 12
|May high C = 16
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 11
|Dec high C = 9
|year high C = 14
|Jan low C = 3
|Feb low C = 3
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 11
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 1
|year low C = 7
|source 1 = Weather Channel<ref>[http://uk.weather.com/travel/travel-Tiverton-UKXX0462?tab=2 Tiverton travel information] ''Weather Channel UK'' Retrieved 2009-04-04</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Notable people==
In birth order:
*[[Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabella de Redvers, Countess of Devon]] (1237–1293), countess who bequeathed the Town Leat, was born at Tidcombe.
*[[John Greenway (died 1529)|John Greenway]] (c. 1460–1529), a wealthy wool merchant and benefactor of the church
*[[Catherine of York]] (1479-1572), During her lifetime, she was daughter of [[Edward IV of England|King Edward IV]], sister to [[Edward V]], niece to [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], sister-in-law to [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and aunt to [[Henry VIII]]. Died at [[Tiverton Castle]].
*[[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579), a wealthy merchant who founded and endowed the surviving [[Listed building|grade II* listed]] "Waldron's Almshouses" and Chapel on the outskirts of Tiverton.
*[[Peter Blundell]] (1520–1601), merchant clothier whose bequest founded [[Blundell's School]]
*[[George Slee]] (died 1613), merchant clothier who built The Great House and bequeathed Slee's Almshouses
*[[Peter Sainthill]] (1593–1648), Member of Parliament for Tiverton as a [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] politician
*[[Richard Newte]] (1613–1678), Anglican clergyman, son of Henry Newte the elder, Tiverton's first post-[[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] town clerk
*[[Theophilus Polwhele]] (died 1689), religious controversialist, once a priest in Tiverton, later first minister of the Steps Meeting House
*[[Benjamin Incledon]] (1730–1796), antiquary, trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's school at Tiverton and of Blundell's School, whose first history he wrote
*[[Robert Land]] (1739–1818), United Empire Loyalist, British spy during the American Revolution, and early settler of [[Hamilton, Ontario]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[James Nixon (painter)|James Nixon]] (c. 1741–1812), noted miniature painter, died in Tiverton.
*[[Richard Cosway]] (1742–1821), leading portrait painter of miniatures in the [[Regency era]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Hannah Cowley]] (1743–1809), playwright and poet born in Tiverton
*[[Martin Dunsford]] (1744–1807), English merchant and [[English Dissenter|Dissenter]], known as an antiquarian and radical politician, born in Tiverton.
*[[John Heathcoat]] (1783–1861), industrialist who invented the [[bobbinet]] lace machine, founder of Heathcoat Fabrics, MP for Tiverton (1832–1859)
*[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] (1784–1865), MP for Tiverton (1835–65) and twice prime minister
*[[John Taylor Coleridge]] (1790–1876), high court judge and [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|privy councillor]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[William Romaine Govett]] (1807–1848), surveyor of unexplored country in [[New South Wales]], returned to his birthplace of Tiverton.
*[[Edward Capern]] (1819–1894), postman and poet, born in Tiverton
*[[William Oxenham]] (1823–1875), recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Charles Rossiter Forwood]] (1827–1890), [[Attorney General of Fiji]] from 1872 to 1873, born in Tiverton.
*[[Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet|Sir John Heathcoat-Amory]] (1829–1914), first of the [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets]]
*[[Richard Blundell Comins]] (1848–1919), Anglican missionary in the [[Solomon Islands]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Frank R. Gooding]] (1859–1928), seventh Governor of Idaho and US Senator from Idaho
*[[George Burrington (cricketer)|George Burrington]] (1864–1942), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Francis Bateman-Champain]] (1877–1942), first-class cricketer, died in Tiverton.
*[[Thomas Henry Sage]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1882–1945), was born and died in Tiverton.
*[[George Jennings (cricketer)|George Jennings]] (1895–1959), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Alfred Toye]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], spent his later years in Tiverton.
*[[J. D. Salinger]] (1919–2010), author of [[The Catcher in the Rye]], spent three months in Tiverton waiting for [[D Day]] in the spring of 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-catcher-in-the-rye-was-inspired-by-devon-town-of-tiverton-a6872251.html |title=The Catcher in the Rye 'was inspired by Devon town of Tiverton' |date=13 February 2016 |website=independent.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bobby G]] (born 1953), singer with the Eurovision-winning '80s pop group [[Bucks Fizz]]
*[[Martyn Rogers]] (born 1955), professional footballer, manager of [[Tiverton F.C.]] for 18 years, returning in 2014
*[[Mark Labbett]] (born 1965), television personality, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Gareth Townsend]] (born 1968), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Simon Hall (chemist)|Simon Hall]] (born 1969), [[Professor]] of [[Chemistry]] at the [[University of Bristol]], was raised in Tiverton.
*[[Pete Vuckovic]] (born 1971), singer/songwriter, was born in Tiverton.

==See also==
*[[Grand Western Canal]]
*[[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton}}
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tiverton |volume=26 |page=1033 |short=x}}
*[https://tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk Tiverton Town Council]
*[http://www.tivertonmuseum.org.uk/ Tiverton Museum]
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon/Tiverton/|Tiverton}}
{{Devon parishes}}
{{Mid Devon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Devon]]
[[Category:Towns in Mid Devon District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortified camps in England]]
[[Category:Grand Western Canal]]

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-07T16:56:20Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirements. The petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.<ref>[http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton Tiverton :: UK General Election 1832]</ref>

After fighting again to retain his seat at the General Election in February of 1835 , Kennedy left Parliament in July, "Taking the Chiltern Hundreds" and retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton Tiverton | History of Parliament Online]</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>[https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17 Slavery in Diplomacy: The Foreign Office and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade by FCDO Historians - Issuu]</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton
* https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17
* http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-07T16:54:04Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirements. The petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.<ref>[http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton Tiverton :: UK General Election 1832]</ref>

After fighting again to retain his seat at the General Election in February , Kennedy left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton Tiverton | History of Parliament Online]</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>[https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17 Slavery in Diplomacy: The Foreign Office and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade by FCDO Historians - Issuu]</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton
* https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17
* http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

Martin Dunsford

2021-02-05T15:43:32Z

Trotboy: Undid revision 1005020911 by Trotboy (talk)

'''Martin Dunsford''' (1744–1807) of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] in Devon, was an English merchant and [[English Dissenter|Dissenter]], known as an antiquarian and radical politician. His work ''Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton'' is noted as an attempt to write of the town as a whole community.<ref>{{cite book|author=James E. Bradley|title=Religion, Revolution and English Radicalism: Non-conformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t675Zg3oiGAC&pg=PA81|date=20 June 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89082-3|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosemary Sweet|title=The Writing of Urban Histories in Eighteenth-century England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n32ZwLcgaFUC&pg=PA173|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820669-9|page=173}}</ref>

==Life==
He was the son of Martin Dunsford (1711–1763) who manufactured [[serge (fabric)|serge]] in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], having a large workshop created from a row of houses, and a workforce of over 50. His mother was Anne Stone. Educated at [[Blundell's School]] in Tiverton, he went into his father's business at age 13.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=|title=|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Southcliffe Ashton|author-link=Thomas Southcliffe Ashton|title=An Economic History of England: the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ib35AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-58699-6|page=115}}</ref> He lived at Villa Franca, Park Road, now a listed building.<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-485331-villa-franca-tiverton-devon britishlistedbuildings.co.uk, ''Villa Franca, Tiverton''.]</ref>

Dunsford is described in [[Lewis Namier]]'s ''The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III'' as the leader of a movement in Tiverton for extending the local franchise, at the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lewis Namier |author-link=Lewis Namier |title=''The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III''|year=1960|publisher=Macmillan & Co.|page=129}}</ref> Holding local political office as a Churchwarden, he opposed the Ryder family who controlled the parliamentary elections in the town. In 1781 he set up a petition to Parliament, presented through [[James Townsend (British politician)|James Townsend]], for greater electoral rights.<ref name="ODNB"/> The political interests of [[Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby]], and his ally [[Sir John Duntze, 1st Baronet]], were not in fact threatened in any practical sense by the Dissenter faction led by Dunsford. The Town Clerk Beavis Wood monitored those activities<ref>{{cite book |author=John Bourne |author-link=John Bourne (editor) |title=Georgian Tiverton, The Political Memoranda of Beavis Wood 1768-98|year=1986|publisher=Devon & Cornwall Record Society|isbn=0901853291}}</ref> and Dunsford and his supporters were branded by Wood as Jacobins and 'Crabs' in the 1790s.<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/tiverton historyofparliamentonline.org, ''Tiverton''.]</ref>

==''Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton''==
Dunsford wrote his major work, published 1790 by subscription, during the 1780s, a period when he acted as a churchwarden in Tiverton. His motivations were described in an unpublished autobiography, where he revealed his intention to promote civil liberties and religious freedom.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Timothy D. Whelan |title=Politics, Religion and Romance: The Letters of Benjamin Flower and Eliza Gould Flower, 1794–1808 |year=2008|publisher=National Library of Wales|isbn=9781862250703|pages=364–5}}</ref> It contains also information about early [[trade union|combinations]] in Devon.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Cunningham|author-link=William Cunningham (economist)|title=The Growth of English Industry and Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W4B4QLtHaQC&pg=PA509|year=1968|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-1296-6|page=509 note 1}}</ref>

The sources Dunsford used, besides his own research, included earlier work and collation by the antiquarians John Blundell, William Hewett and Thomas Westcott.<ref name="ODNB"/> A further edition appeared in 1836, edited by George Boyce.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Dunsford|title=Historical memoirs of the town and parish of Tiverton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8sHAAAAQAAJ|year=1836}}</ref>

===Published editions===
*Dunsford, Martin, Merchant, ''Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton in the County of Devon'', first published 1790; 1836 Edition, Boyce, George (Ed.)[https://books.google.co.uk/books?pg=RA3-PA42&lpg=RA3-PA27&dq=will+of+george+slee+tiverton&id=t8sHAAAAQAAJ#v=onepage&q=will%20of%20george%20slee%20tiverton&f=false]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunsford, Martin}}
[[Category:1744 births]]
[[Category:English merchants]]
[[Category:English antiquarians]]
[[Category:People from Tiverton, Devon]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]

Martin Dunsford

2021-02-05T15:42:45Z

Trotboy:

'''Martin Dunsford''' (1744–1807) of [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]] in Devon, was an English merchant and [[English Dissenter|Dissenter]], known as an antiquarian and radical politician. His work ''Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton'' is noted as an attempt to write of the town as a whole community.<ref>{{cite book|author=James E. Bradley|title=Religion, Revolution and English Radicalism: Non-conformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t675Zg3oiGAC&pg=PA81|date=20 June 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89082-3|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosemary Sweet|title=The Writing of Urban Histories in Eighteenth-century England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n32ZwLcgaFUC&pg=PA173|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820669-9|page=173}}</ref>

==Life==
He was the son of Martin Dunsford (1711–1763) who manufactured [[serge (fabric)|serge]] in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[Devon]], having a large workshop created from a row of houses, and a workforce of over 50. His mother was Anne Stone. Educated at [[Blundell's School]] in Tiverton, he went into his father's business at age 13.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=|title=|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Southcliffe Ashton|author-link=Thomas Southcliffe Ashton|title=An Economic History of England: the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ib35AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-58699-6|page=115}}</ref> He lived at Villa Franca, Park Road, now a listed building.<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-485331-villa-franca-tiverton-devon britishlistedbuildings.co.uk, ''Villa Franca, Tiverton''.]</ref>

Dunsford is described in [[Lewis Namier]]'s ''The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III'' as the leader of a movement in Tiverton for extending the local franchise, at the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lewis Namier |author-link=Lewis Namier |title=''The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III''|year=1960|publisher=Macmillan & Co.|page=129}}</ref> Holding local political office as a Churchwarden, he opposed the Ryder family who controlled the parliamentary elections in the town. In 1781 he set up a petition to Parliament, presented through [[James Townsend (British politician)|James Townsend]], for greater electoral rights.<ref name="ODNB"/> The political interests of [[Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby]], and his ally [[Sir John Duntze, 1st Baronet]], were not in fact threatened in any practical sense by the Dissenter faction led by Dunsford. The Town Clerk Beavis Wood monitored those activities<ref>{{cite book |author=John Bourne |author-link=John Bourne (editor) |title=Georgian Tiverton, The Political Memoranda of Beavis Wood 1768-98|year=1986|publisher=Devon & Cornwall Record Society|isbn=0901853291}}</ref> and Dunsford and his supporters were branded by Wood as Jacobins and 'Crabs' in the 1790s.<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/tiverton historyofparliamentonline.org, ''Tiverton''.]</ref><ref>book |author=John Bourne |author-link=John Bourne (editor) |title=Georgian Tiverton, The Political Memoranda of Beavis Wood 1768-98|year=1986|publisher=Devon & Cornwall Record Society|isbn=0901853291</ref>

==''Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton''==
Dunsford wrote his major work, published 1790 by subscription, during the 1780s, a period when he acted as a churchwarden in Tiverton. His motivations were described in an unpublished autobiography, where he revealed his intention to promote civil liberties and religious freedom.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Timothy D. Whelan |title=Politics, Religion and Romance: The Letters of Benjamin Flower and Eliza Gould Flower, 1794–1808 |year=2008|publisher=National Library of Wales|isbn=9781862250703|pages=364–5}}</ref> It contains also information about early [[trade union|combinations]] in Devon.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Cunningham|author-link=William Cunningham (economist)|title=The Growth of English Industry and Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W4B4QLtHaQC&pg=PA509|year=1968|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-1296-6|page=509 note 1}}</ref>

The sources Dunsford used, besides his own research, included earlier work and collation by the antiquarians John Blundell, William Hewett and Thomas Westcott.<ref name="ODNB"/> A further edition appeared in 1836, edited by George Boyce.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Dunsford|title=Historical memoirs of the town and parish of Tiverton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8sHAAAAQAAJ|year=1836}}</ref>

===Published editions===
*Dunsford, Martin, Merchant, ''Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton in the County of Devon'', first published 1790; 1836 Edition, Boyce, George (Ed.)[https://books.google.co.uk/books?pg=RA3-PA42&lpg=RA3-PA27&dq=will+of+george+slee+tiverton&id=t8sHAAAAQAAJ#v=onepage&q=will%20of%20george%20slee%20tiverton&f=false]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunsford, Martin}}
[[Category:1744 births]]
[[Category:English merchants]]
[[Category:English antiquarians]]
[[Category:People from Tiverton, Devon]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]

Alfred Liskow

2021-02-05T14:46:37Z

Trotboy: Undid revision 984522266 by 203.144.73.0 (talk) NOT 'irrelevant' at all ~~~~

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Alfred Liskow
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Alfred Liskow (1910—unknown)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name = Liskov
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place =
| death_date = unknown
| death_place =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = German
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| servicenumber = 
| unit = Infantry Regiment 222
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles =
| awards =
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| children =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Alfred Liskow''', sometimes ''Liskov''<ref>[''a b W. Leonhard . Child of the Revolution Issue 2, Publisher Ink Links, 1979, {{ISBN|0-906133-26-2}} , page 122'']</ref><ref>[''a b M. Blank: booty:. POWs in German and Soviet photography Margot Blank, Museum Karlshorst'', Ch Links Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|3-86153-294-8}} , p.29 limited preview in Google Books]</ref> or ''Liskof''<ref>[''HH Düsel: The Soviet leaflet propaganda against Germany in World War II. Volume 1, Ingolstadt, 1985, page 107'']</ref> or ''Albert Liskow''<ref>[''a b The war was lost in Kursk. In Der Spiegel 27, 1966, of 27 June 1966'']</ref> or Albert Liskov,<ref>[''Den sjarmerende terrorist. in: Dagbladet 30 January 2006 ( Bokmål )'']</ref> (1910– unknown) was a German soldier and deserter who swam across the [[Bug River]] at 21:00 on the eve of [[Operation Barbarossa]] near Sokal, just north of [[Lwow]], in 1941 to warn the [[Red Army]] of imminent attack the next morning.

==Biography==
Alfred Liskow was born 1910.

Before joining the German military 1939, he worked as a furniture maker at a furniture factory in [[Kohlberg, Bavaria|Kohlberg]], Bavaria. He was a dedicated Communist and at one point a member of the [[Roter Frontkämpferbund]].<ref>Рассказ немецкого солдата Альфреда Лискофа // "Пионерская правда", № 76 (2588) от 28 июня 1941</ref>

Liskow served at Infantry Regiment 222 of the [[75th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|75th infantry division]] stationed on the eve of the invasion north to the town [[Sokal]] (north to [[Lwow]]). At that time he was 30 years old. After learning about the German invasion, he left his military unit and having swum across the Bug river on June 21, 1941 at about 9:00 pm and surrendered to the Soviet border patrol soldiers of the 90th Border Unit. During a questioning, he said that at dawn on June 22, the German Wehrmacht would attack.<ref>"''Примерно в 12 часов ночи 21 июня командующий Киевским округом [[Mikhail Kirponos|М. П. Кирпонос]], находившийся на своём командном пункте в Тарнополе, доложил по ВЧ, что, кроме перебежчика, о котором доложил генерал [[Maksim Purkayev|М. А. Пуркаев]], в наших частях появился ещё один немецкий солдат - 222-го полка 74-й пехотной дивизии. Он переплыл реку, явился к пограничникам и сообщил, что в 4 часа утра немецкие войска перейдут в наступление''" [[Georgy Zhukov|Г. К. Жуков]]. Воспоминания и размышления. М., издательство Агентства печати Новости, 1971. стр.235</ref>

After that the Soviet authorities used him for their propaganda. One of the quotes attributed to him was "I am from a family of workers, from Kolberg. My parents and I hate Hitler and his regime. For us, the USSR is a friendly country, and we don’t want to fight with the Soviet people. There are many such families in Germany. They don’t want a war with you" In spite of this in January 1942 he was arrested and put to a Russian prisoner camp, and was rehabilitated July 16, 1942. Liskow's fate is unknown. However, Stalin later ordered the execution of a "German deserter" for misinformation. It is unclear if this refers to Liskow or another German deserter.<ref>Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Bellamy, Chris. p156-157. https://books.google.com/books?id=U__-ON4Cnf0C&pg=PA156&dq=alfred+liskow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p66dUbTuNo7OyAHTh4CoDg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=alfred%20liskow&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.rbth.com/history/328529-how-soviets-ruined-life-of-german</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liskow, Alfred}}
[[Category:German military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Communists in the German Resistance]]
[[Category:German defectors to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]

Alfred Liskow

2021-02-05T14:42:54Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Alfred Liskow
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Alfred Liskow (1910—unknown)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name = Liskov
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place =
| death_date = unknown
| death_place =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = German
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| servicenumber = 
| unit = Infantry Regiment 222
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles =
| awards =
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| children =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Alfred Liskow''', sometimes ''Liskov''<ref>[''a b W. Leonhard . Child of the Revolution Issue 2, Publisher Ink Links, 1979, {{ISBN|0-906133-26-2}} , page 122'']</ref><ref>[''a b M. Blank: booty:. POWs in German and Soviet photography Margot Blank, Museum Karlshorst'', Ch Links Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|3-86153-294-8}} , p.29 limited preview in Google Books]</ref> or ''Liskof''<ref>[''HH Düsel: The Soviet leaflet propaganda against Germany in World War II. Volume 1, Ingolstadt, 1985, page 107'']</ref> or ''Albert Liskow''<ref>[''a b The war was lost in Kursk. In Der Spiegel 27, 1966, of 27 June 1966'']</ref> or Albert Liskov,<ref>[''Den sjarmerende terrorist. in: Dagbladet 30 January 2006 ( Bokmål )'']</ref> (1910– unknown) was a German soldier and deserter who swam across the [[Bug River]] at 21:00 on the eve of [[Operation Barbarossa]] near Sokal, just north of [[Lwow]], in 1941 to warn the [[Red Army]] of imminent attack the next morning.

==Biography==
Alfred Liskow was born 1910.

Before joining the German military 1939, he worked as a furniture maker at a furniture factory in [[Kohlberg, Bavaria|Kohlberg]], Bavaria. He was a dedicated Communist and at one point a member of the [[Roter Frontkämpferbund]].<ref>Рассказ немецкого солдата Альфреда Лискофа // "Пионерская правда", № 76 (2588) от 28 июня 1941</ref>

Liskow served at Infantry Regiment 222 of the [[75th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|75th infantry division]] stationed on the eve of the invasion north to the town [[Sokal]] (north to [[Lwow]]). At that time he was 30 years old. After learning about the German invasion, he left his military unit and having swum across the Bug river on June 21, 1941 at about 9:00 pm and surrendered to the Soviet border patrol soldiers of the 90th Border Unit. During a questioning, he said that at dawn on June 22, the German Wehrmacht would attack.<ref>"''Примерно в 12 часов ночи 21 июня командующий Киевским округом [[Mikhail Kirponos|М. П. Кирпонос]], находившийся на своём командном пункте в Тарнополе, доложил по ВЧ, что, кроме перебежчика, о котором доложил генерал [[Maksim Purkayev|М. А. Пуркаев]], в наших частях появился ещё один немецкий солдат - 222-го полка 74-й пехотной дивизии. Он переплыл реку, явился к пограничникам и сообщил, что в 4 часа утра немецкие войска перейдут в наступление''" [[Georgy Zhukov|Г. К. Жуков]]. Воспоминания и размышления. М., издательство Агентства печати Новости, 1971. стр.235</ref>

After that the Soviet authorities used him for their propaganda. One of the quotes attributed to him was "I am from a family of workers, from Kolberg. My parents and I hate Hitler and his regime. For us, the USSR is a friendly country, and we don’t want to fight with the Soviet people. There are many such families in Germany. They don’t want a war with you" In spite of this in January 1942 he was arrested and put to a Russian prisoner camp, and was rehabilitated July 16, 1942. Liskow's fate is unknown.<ref>Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Bellamy, Chris. p156-157. https://books.google.com/books?id=U__-ON4Cnf0C&pg=PA156&dq=alfred+liskow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p66dUbTuNo7OyAHTh4CoDg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=alfred%20liskow&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.rbth.com/history/328529-how-soviets-ruined-life-of-german</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liskow, Alfred}}
[[Category:German military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Communists in the German Resistance]]
[[Category:German defectors to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T14:30:00Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirements. The petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.<ref>http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton</ref>

After fighting to retain his seat, Kennedy left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton}}
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:51:01Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirements. The petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.<ref>http://electionhub.co.uk/uk/1832/const/tiverton</ref>

After fighting to retain his seat, Kennedy left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:49:52Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirements. The petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.

After fighting to retain his seat, Kennedy left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:49:21Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832.

Kennedy's Election was challenged by the Whigs, who petitioned that his nomination at the time had not been strictly legal, due to the property requirement the petition led to his election being declared void, and his having to fight a further by-election in May 1833, which he won against the Whig contender [[Benjamin Wood (MP)|Benjamin Wood]], who had been the third placed candidate in the 1832 General Election.

After fighting to retain his seat, Kennedy left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed (By Palmerston) as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:36:51Z

Trotboy: Removed requirement to add references. ~~~~

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:35:01Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}
* {{http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:34:04Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably. In Palmerston's Biography by K. Bourne it is reported that "The impecunious Kennedy" was paid £2000 for vacating the seat. <ref>http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/tiverton</ref>

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
FCO Publication History Notes Vol 17 - Slavery in Diplomacy <references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:19:51Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably.

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]]<ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref> in post from 1837 to 1839.

==References==
FCO Publication History Notes Vol 17 - Slavery in Diplomacy <references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:18:32Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably.

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]] <ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref>

==References==
FCO Publication History Notes Vol 17 - Slavery in Diplomacy <references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:17:54Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably.

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]] <ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref>

==References== FCO Publication History Notes Vol 17 - Slavery in Diplomacy
<references />

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:17:04Z

Trotboy:

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably.

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]] <ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref>

==References==
<references /> FCO Publication History Notes Vol 17 - Slavery in Diplomacy

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T13:15:41Z

Trotboy: Added Reference

{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
'''James Kennedy''' (1798 – 1859) was a British [[Member of Parliament]].

Kennedy was elected as a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP for the Constituency of [[Tiverton, Devon]] at the General Election of 1832. He left Parliament in 1835, retiring conveniently at a time when [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] found himself without a seat in Parliament and forcing a by-election which Palmerston won comfortably.

Kennedy was then appointed as a Judge to the joint British and Spanish Mixed Court of Justice in [[Havana]] <ref>https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17</ref>

==References==
<references />
*[https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17]

== External links ==
* {{https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_17}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}

{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]]
| with = [[John Heathcoat]]
| before = [[Spencer Perceval (junior)|Spencer]] [[Granville Dudley Ryder]]
| after = [[John Heathcoat]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1831]] – [[1835 By-Election|1835]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, James}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Radicals]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Ireland-UK-MP-stub}}

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T11:17:52Z

Trotboy:

James Kennedy (British politician)

2021-02-05T11:17:27Z

Trotboy: Created Page for James Kennedy

Gumpert Apollo

2020-08-08T16:32:17Z

Trotboy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Gumpert Apollo
| image = Gumpert Apollo 3.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Gumpert]]
| production = 2005–2012
| designer = Marco Vanetta
| class = [[Sports car]] ([[S-segment|S]])
| body_style = 2-door [[coupé]]
| related =
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{convert|4.2|L|cuin|abbr=on}} twin-[[turbocharged]] [[V8 engine|V8]]
| transmission = 7-speed [[manual transmission|sequential manual]]
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4460|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1998|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1114|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1100-1200|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| successor = Gumpert Tornante [[Apollo Intensa Emozione]]
| doors = [[Gullwing doors|Gullwing]]
}}
The '''Gumpert Apollo''' is a sports car that was produced by German automotive manufacturer [[Gumpert|Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur GmbH]] in [[Altenburg]]. [[Gumpert]] filed for bankruptcy in August 2013, thereby ending the production of the Apollo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.evo.co.uk/news/evonews/286447/gumpert_goes_bankrupt.html |title=Gumpert goes bankrupt |first=Matthew |last=Hayward |date=30 August 2013 |accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://jalopnik.com/1231749581 |title=Gumpert Goes Bust With Bankruptcy |first=Michael |last=Ballaban |date=1 September 2013 |accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:2 Apollos (Prototype) with F-4 Phantom.jpg|thumb|left|The two Gumpert Apollo Prototypes with an [[F-4 Phantom II]] ]]
[[File:Gumpert Apollo Dubai.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-production car]]

In 2000, Roland Gumpert proposed a new generation of [[sports car]]s. One of the primary criteria for this car was that it be street-legal yet ready for the racetrack. He returned to Germany at the end of 2001, after over three years in [[China]] where he was the head of sales and marketing responsible for the development of the dealer network of the [[Audi]]-[[Volkswagen|VW]] joint enterprise there. Subsequently, automobile designer Roland Mayer asked him if he would assist in building a prototype [[sports car]]. Audi approved Gumpert's involvement in this project, on the condition that, if they did eventually develop a new sports car, it would not be a [[prototype]], but a series product.<ref name="PR GUMPERT Dezember 2008_english">{{cite web|url=http://www.m5board.com/vbulletin/attachments/gtboard-com-general-sportscars/75991d1229461830-40th-gumpert-apollo-manifacturered-apollor-project-rleated-audi-r8-pr-gumpert-dezember-2008_english.pdf|format=PDF|title=PR GUMPERT Dezember 2008_english| accessdate= 6 January 2009}}</ref>

The company, located in [[Altenburg]], Germany was founded in 2004 under the name GMG Sportwagenmanufaktur Altenburg GmbH. The technical guidelines were defined and the first designs of the car were drawn by Marco Vanetta. Upon Vanetta's completion of this process, the first 1:4 [[scale model]] of Gumpert's car was produced in 2001.

Gumpert continued with the development of the Apollo, along with the Technical University of Munich and the Ingolstadt University of Applied Sciences. They assisted him with the [[construction|constructional work]], [[simulation|computer simulations]], and [[wind tunnel|wind tunnel tests]]. This research and development helped forming the blueprint for the first 1:1 scale model. Finally, two prototype cars were constructed.<ref name="Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur - History">{{cite web|url=http://www.gumpert.de/eng/historie.html |title=Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur - History |accessdate=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007175536/http://www.gumpert.de/eng/historie.html |archivedate=7 October 2008 }}</ref> Production of the Apollo started in October 2005.<ref name="Doc1280">{{cite web|url=http://www.nadim.com/GalleryDocs/Doc1280.pdf |format=PDF |title=Doc1280 |accessdate=6 January 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Soon after the first fully functioning road car made its way to Europe, the car became fully road-legal and was sold in various Gumpert dealerships. Very soon after, car reviewers praised the car's speed and cornering. During a review in [[Autocar (magazine)|''Autocar'']] magazine, chief test driver Matt Prior stated that "the Apollo recalibrates the meaning of pure speed and driving feel". On Series 11 of ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'', the Apollo lapped the Top Gear test track in a time of 1:17.1, setting a record that lasted for 2 years until surpassed by the [[Ferrari_FXX]].

==Motorsport==

[[File:GumpertApHybrid.JPG|thumb|HHF Hybrid race car]]

During April 2005, the Apollo made its racing debut in the Divinol Cup. It was driven by Belgian race car driver Ruben Maes; he finished third on the [[Hockenheimring]] race track. Three years later Gumpert announced that they would enter a [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] version of the Apollo in the 2008 [[24 Hours Nürburgring]], driven by 2004 winner [[Dirk Müller (racing driver)|Dirk Müller]] and ex-[[Formula One]] racer [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]]. Three months passed between the first discussions and the finished hybrid Apollo. The Apollo was driven in the [[24 Hours Nürburgring]] in May 2008. The hybrid Apollo can deliver up to {{convert|519|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, powered with a 3.3 litre V8 [[twin-turbocharged]] engine coupled with a {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} electric motor. The car has the ability to [[regenerative brake|recharge the battery under braking]].

==Design==
[[File:Gumpert Apollo S (8743283021).jpg|thumb|right|Rear view]]
The Apollo can weigh between {{convert|1100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1200|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (depending on options), and is fully street-legal. It is a mid-engine, rear wheel drive two-seater constructed on a tubular [[chromoly]] frame, with [[fiberglass]] or optional [[carbon fibre]] body panels. Gumpert claims the design of the Apollo is optimised so that the car could drive upside-down in a tunnel if driven at sufficiently high speeds [over {{cvt|190|mph|kph|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gumpert.de/eng/apollovision.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309023639/http://www.gumpert.de/eng/apollovision.html |archivedate=9 March 2009 }} Gumpert Homepage</ref> but this has not been tested.

The Apollo set a 7:11.57 lap time at Nürburgring achieved by german car magazine sport auto.

==Engine==
[[File:2014-03-04 Geneva Motor Show 1315.JPG|thumb|left|Engine bay]]

The Apollo uses a 4,163 cc [[bi-turbo]] [[intercooled]] version of the Audi [[V8 engine]].<ref>[http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210382/gumpert_apollo.html "Gumpert Apollo"], EVO</ref> The 90° V8 has a closed-deck light metal crankcase with [[dry sump]] lubrication. The light metal cylinder heads have five valves per cylinder, four overhead camshafts, [[VarioCam]] Direct variable valve timing on the intakes, and hydraulic valve clearance compensation. The double-flow exhaust system has four [[oxygen sensor]]s to monitor the gas mixture, and a 3-way [[catalytic converter]]. Modern controls include an on-board diagnostic system, eight-coil [[electronic ignition]], sequential multipoint [[fuel injection]], and an electronic ([[drive by wire]]) accelerator system.

There are 3 engine types available:
* Base version - approximately {{convert|650|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
* Sport version - approximately {{convert|700|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
* Race version - approximately {{convert|800|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}

Speed overview (650 hp):{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

* Top speed: {{convert|360.4|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
* 0-{{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}: 3.1 seconds
* 0-{{convert|200|km/h|0|abbr=on}}: 9.1 seconds

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gumpert Apollo}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060209015716/http://www.gumpert.de/eng/index_html.html Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160605045722/http://www.gumpertapollousa.com/ Gumpert USA]

[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars of Germany]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Automobiles with gull-wing doors]]
[[Category:First car made by manufacturer]]
[[Category:Racing cars]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Coupés]]

Tiverton, Devon

2020-05-05T15:34:41Z

Trotboy: ~~~~

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|region = South West England
|shire_county = [[Devon]]
|shire_district = [[Mid Devon]]
|civil_parish = Tiverton
|official_name = Tiverton
| population = 19,544
| population_ref = (2011 census)
|os_grid_reference = SS955125
|coordinates = {{coord|50.903|-3.488|display=inline,title}}
|post_town = TIVERTON
|postcode_area = EX
|postcode_district = EX16
|dial_code = 01884
|constituency_westminster = [[Tiverton and Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton and Honiton]]
}}
'''Tiverton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|v|ər|t|ən}} {{respell|TIV|ər-tən}}) is a town and [[civil parish]] in the English county of [[Devon]] and the main commercial and administrative centre of the [[Mid Devon]] district. It has also become a [[Commuter town|dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]]. Tiverton had an estimated population of 20,411 in 2018, and the total area of the two County Council Divisions (Including Bampton, Halberton, Sampford Peverell and Uplowman as well as other small villages) had a total population of 38,191 in 2019 according to the Devon Gov website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |title=Devon Gov Area Profile |first= |last= |date= |website=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:River Exe.jpg|left|thumb|View from the bridge over the Exe which looks towards the historic [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's church]].]]

The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-ford-ton" or "Twyverton", meaning "the town on two fords", and was historically referred to as "Twyford". The town stands at the confluence of the rivers [[River Exe|Exe]] and Lowman. Human occupation in the area dates back to the [[Stone Age]], with many flint tools found in the area. An [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], [[Cranmore Castle]] stands at the top of [[Exeter Hill]] above the town, and a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort, or rather marching camp, was discovered on the hillside below [[Knightshayes Court]] near [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]], just to the north of the town.

Tiverton formed part of the inheritance of [[Aethelweard (son of Alfred)|Aethelweard]], youngest son of [[King Alfred]]. [[Gytha of Wessex|Countess Gytha of Wessex]] controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that [[William the Conqueror]] was its tenant-in-chief in 1086. Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opendomesday.org/place/SS9512/tiverton/ |title=Tiverton - Domesday Book |first=Anna |last=Powell-Smith |date= |website=opendomesday.org |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> It was the strategic site chosen by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] for a Norman castle, [[Tiverton Castle]] first built in 1106 as a [[Motte and Bailey|motte-and-bailey]] type and extensively remodelled in the 13th and 14th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Tiverton has a medieval town [[leat]], built for the town by [[Isabella de Fortibus|Countess Isabella de Fortibus]] who was the eldest daughter of [[Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon]] and grew up at Tidcombe Hall, close to Tiverton. Isabella also controlled the Port of [[Topsham, Devon]], through which much of Tiverton's woollen exports were transported, mostly to the [[Low Countries]]. Every seven years there is a [[Perambulation of the Town Leat]] ceremony to clear the path of the leat and ensure it is kept running. The leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggan's Well, in Fore Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk/9-general/25-perambulation |title=Perambulation |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Tiverton owes its early growth and prosperity to the wool trade, which caused the town to grow rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the town's heritage. John Greenway (1460–1529), for example, added a chapel and porch to [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's]] parish church in 1517, and a small chapel and almshouses in Gold Street which still stand – the Almshouse Trust still houses people today. [[Peter Blundell]], another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for [[Blundell's School]] to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604, and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, where it functions now as an [[independent school]].<ref>[[Martin Dunsford]], ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> [[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579) founded ''Waldron's Almshouses'', on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate [[chest tomb]] survives in St Peter's Church.

In about 1600 there were two major fires in the town, the first in 1596, allegedly started in a frying pan, destroying most of the town. The second, in 1612, was known as the "dog-fight fire" because a dog fight had distracted people who were supposed to be looking after a furnace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |title=Historic Dates in Tiverton |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |accessdate=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415030018/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |archivedate=15 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the English Civil War in 1645 [[Tiverton Castle]], held by the Royalists, was the scene of a relatively brief siege by [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October, the town's defenders fleeing before him towards Exeter. They left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery and bombarded the castle for two days, ceasing fire for the sabbath in the afternoon of Saturday 18 October. On Sunday Fairfax had "several great pieces" of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a. m. The siege was ended when a lucky shot broke one of the drawbridge chains and an alert squad of Roundheads gained swift entry. Fairfax then set up his winter quarters in Tiverton due to the inclement weather, requisitioning [[Blundell's School]] as his headquarters. He was joined there in December 1645 by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. They left to lay siege to Exeter in January 1646.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town enjoyed prosperity from the wool trade in the early 18th century. However, a period of decline followed during the early [[Industrial Revolution]]. There were occasional riots, and societies of woolcombers and weavers were formed in an effort to protect jobs and wages. By the end of the century, due to imports of cotton and the expansion of industrialization elsewhere, along with the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on exports, the town's woollen industry was in terminal decline.<ref>Martin Dunsford, ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> In June 1731 [[Tiverton fire of 1731|another fire]] destroyed 298 houses in the town, causing £58,000 worth of damage. After this, the streets were widened.<ref>{{cite book |last=Risdon |first=Tristram |title=The Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIdnAAAAMAAJ |editor=Rees |edition=updated |pages=370–371 |year=1811 |publisher=Rees and Curtis |location=Plymouth |display-editors=etal}}</ref> In May 1738, [[Tiverton riot of 1738|riots broke out]] in the town.

The industrialist [[John Heathcoat]] bought an old woollen mill on the [[river Exe]] in 1815, and following the destruction of his machinery at [[Loughborough]] by former [[Luddites]] who were thought to have been in the pay of the lacemakers of Nottingham, he moved his entire lace-making operation to Tiverton.<ref>W. Gore Allen, ''John Heathcoat and his Heritage'' (Christopher Johnson, London, 1958)</ref> The factory turned the fortunes of Tiverton once again, and it became an early industrial centre in the South West. Trade was aided when a branch of the [[Grand Western Canal]] from Tiverton to Lowdwells was opened in 1814, with an extension to Taunton in 1838. This was followed by a branch of the Great Western Railway in 1848.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Although small, Tiverton had two members of Parliament. As one of the "[[rotten boroughs]]" it was often targeted by those seeking electoral reform. [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], or "Pam" as he was known locally, was an MP for Tiverton for a large part of the 19th century. In 1847, the [[Chartists]], a radical group seeking to change the electoral system, stood one of their leaders, [[George Julian Harney]], against Palmerston. He is widely reported as having gained no votes – but in fact he won the "popular vote" (a show of hands of the people of the town), and withdrew when Palmerston called a ballot, aware that he would lose in a vote by only 400 wealthy and propertied in the town out of a population of 7000. Broadening the franchise was of the Chartist objectives. After the [[Reform Act]] of 1867, Tiverton had just one MP. The seat was for a long period held by a member of the Heathcoat-Amory family, most recently by [[Derick Heathcoat-Amory]] who served as MP from 1945 to 1960. Up until 2010 [[David Heathcoat-Amory]] was the MP for [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]] in nearby [[Somerset]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town was the last in the Devon and Cornwall area to retain an independent police force, until 1945. In the second half of the 20th century, Tiverton once again slowly declined in prosperity, as the Heathcoat factory became ever more mechanised, and the Starkey Knight & Ford brewery was taken over by [[Whitbread]] as its regional brewery, but later closed, becoming just a bottling plant located on Howden (now Aston Manor cider makers). The factory then lay derelict for some years before being demolished to make way for a supermarket. The manufacture of agricultural machinery adjacent to the River Lowman dwindled, the railway closed in 1964 and the Globe Elastic plant in Kennedy Way also closed down in the 1980s. However, in this period a few far-sighted individuals, notably William Authers, secured some important assets for the future of the town. Tiverton Museum was opened during this time; the trackbed of the old railway was bought up and now remains as footpaths and an adventure playground; and the Grand Western Canal was saved from dereliction and revived as a country park.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

During the 1990s, retailing in the town declined still further after the opening of the Southern Relief Road (now Great Western Way), which led to the closure of Fore Street in the town centre to all but pedestrians. The decline was reversed to a degree by various regeneration projects, and Tiverton's shops thrived in the late 1990s and early 2000s, especially on the main market days, Tuesday, Friday and Saturday. However, the decline resumed with the major recession of 2008–2009.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Present==
[[File:Tiverton Library.JPG|left|thumb|The new Tiverton Library and council offices]]
Tiverton's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (known as the North Devon Link Road), in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, a new industrial estate was built at Little Gornhay on the north-eastern edge of the town, and a new junction was added to the Link Road, with a distributor road (now the [[A396 road|A396]]) into the town, which has become its main gateway. Great Western Way, linking this road to the Exeter Road along the line of the old railway, was also constructed. These two roads opened up a new aspect of the town and paved the way for expansion.

The demand for housing in the UK and particularly in the South-West has driven house prices up, and many now look to towns on the periphery of employment centres. Tiverton has become a popular [[dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]], and this growth has been supported by large housing projects to the north of the town by most national house builders including [[Westbury (housebuilder)|Westbury Homes]], [[Barrett Homes]] and [[Bellway Homes]]. The resulting influx of population has led to further development of the town's services and shops. The town now has a newly built hospital, the [[Tiverton and District Hospital]], funded by the [[Private Finance Initiative]]. The old hospital in the town centre has since been pulled down and redeveloped into a mixture of flats, houses and retail units. Tiverton's outmoded swimming pool was replaced with a new leisure centre near the main campus of the [[East Devon College]], consisting of a swimming pool and gymnasion. East Devon College was renamed [[Petroc College|Petroc]] after amalgamation with [[North Devon College]] in 2009. It is now the largest [[further education]] college in the district. [[Mid Devon District Council]] has recently{{when|date=September 2018}} built new offices at Phoenix House, at the foot of Phoenix Lane, close to the site of a disused brewery. The building incorporates a new public library.

The [[Pannier Market]] in the town has recently been redeveloped at a cost of more than £3 million, alongside its car park and minor shopping precinct, increasing market capacity and allowing markets to be held more frequently.

In 2007 the former cinema, the Electric, was bulldozed for redevelopment as housing, while the only operative cinema, the Tivoli, which had previously been mostly run by volunteers, closed its doors and the site was put up for sale. After a well-supported public campaign, the Tivoli reopened on 28 June 2008, bought by Merlin Cinemas from former owners Eastmond and Hamlin Ltd. There is also a film club in Tiverton.

In December 2008, the local press reported that the town may need a new high school (funding for which was agreed in 2009), as well as two more primary schools. This came as the town council considered plans for a further two thousand homes, plus extra industrial estates, additional shops, new employment space and more community facilities. Some of this proposed expansion was opposed by local action groups throughout 2009. The proposed high school lost its funding amongst the first cuts of the new government in 2010, leaving it too small for the upcoming intake. A replacement high school is now being proposed to be built by Devon County Council across the road from the current site, next to the leisure centre, to include a theatre run by Tiverton Community Arts Theatre (TCAT) which currently operates in the existing high school hall.

Tiverton won one of the 15 positions in the Round 2 pilot scheme as a [[Portas Pilot Areas|Portas Town]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tivertontoday.co.uk/page18.html |title=Sub Article 1 |author=|date= |website=www.tivertontoday.co.uk |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> The annual [[Mid Devon Show]] is held in the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mid Devon Show to relocate to Knightshayes |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/popular-country-relocate-knightshayes/story–21965954-detail/story.html |accessdate=3 July 2016 |work=Mid Devon Gazette |date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiverton – Mid Devon Show |url=http://www.heartofdevon.com/whats-on/tiverton-mid-devon-show-p454823 |publisher=Heart of Devon |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Blundell's School]], an independent coeducational day and boarding school
*Bolham Primary School
*The Castle Primary School, formerly in the old Grammar School building, but replaced with a new build in 2017, the old building demolished.
*East Anstey County Primary School
*Halberton Primary School
*Heathcoat Primary School
*[[Petroc College]], formerly [[East Devon College]], a further education college sharing a campus with Tiverton High School
*Rackenford Primary School
*St John's Roman Catholic Primary School
*Tidcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now an academy.
*[[Tiverton High School]], the local community secondary school and a specialist visual arts college
*Two Moors Primary School
*Wilcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now part of an academy with 12 other Devon primaries
*Witheridge V. P. (C) School

==Transport==
===Road===
Tiverton has easy access to the [[M5 motorway]]. The town's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (known as the North Devon Link Road), in the late 1980s.

===Rail===
The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] opened a station, known as Tiverton Road on 1 May 1844. It was renamed [[Tiverton Junction railway station|Tiverton Junction]] on 12 June 1848 when [[Tiverton railway station]] was opened nearer the town at the end of a branch from the Junction station. A second branch, the Exe Valley line reached this station from the south, branching off the [[Exeter to Plymouth line|London to Penzance main line]] at [[Stoke Canon]] and following the line of the River Exe; mainline trains were occasionally diverted via Tiverton if there was engineering work or damage on the section north of Stoke Canon. Another line was opened which headed north to join the Taunton–Barnstaple line at [[Dulverton railway station|Dulverton]]. None of these lines remain.

In 1986, [[Tiverton Parkway railway station]] was opened on the main line on the site of the old [[Sampford Peverell]] station, to replace the old junction station a few miles down the line at [[Willand]]. As a [[List of Parkway railway stations|parkway station]], it is located six miles east of the town, alongside Junction 27 of the [[M5 motorway]]. Its proximity to the motorway – and the relative inaccessibility of [[Exeter St Davids railway station]] – means that the station is often used as a coach exchange when the line between Exeter and Plymouth is closed.

===Canal===
The [[Grand Western Canal]] from Taunton to Tiverton opened in 1838.

==Sport==
The town has a main football club in the form of [[Tiverton Town F.C.|Tiverton Town]], also many amateur clubs including [[Elmore F.C.|Elmore]] and Westexe Rovers. The town also has a [[Tiverton Rugby Club|rugby club]] and a number of cricket clubs. Tiverton White Eagles [http://www.twehc.com/home.html (TWEHC)] is the local women's hockey club, which has three teams in various leagues.

==''Tiverton Gazette''==
[[File:Tiverton Gazette Newsroom.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Tiverton and Mid Devon Gazette'''s former newsroom on Bampton Street.]]
The ''Tiverton Gazette'' is a weekly tabloid newspaper for Tiverton and the surrounding area. It has always been published on Tuesdays to coincide with a market day. It first appeared as the ''Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald'' in 1858. The founder, Robert Were, was only 22 years old and died just five years later. The newspaper split into three editions in 1872 – the ''Tiverton Gazette'', ''Crediton Gazette'' and ''South Molton Gazette'', but recombined in the mid–1890s as the ''Mid Devon Gazette''. It then split into Town and Rural editions, before splitting three ways again.

==Geography==
Tiverton is a town in north-east [[Devon]] being 13 miles north of Exeter, 46 miles north-east of [[Plymouth]] and 18 miles west of [[Taunton]]. Ashley, to the south, and [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]] to the north are villages that have also become suburbs of Tiverton. The [[River Exe]] flows through the town.

===Climate===
Tiverton has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'').

{{Weather box
|location = Tiverton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 8
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 10
|Apr high C = 12
|May high C = 16
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 11
|Dec high C = 9
|year high C = 14
|Jan low C = 3
|Feb low C = 3
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 11
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 1
|year low C = 7
|source 1 = Weather Channel<ref>[http://uk.weather.com/travel/travel-Tiverton-UKXX0462?tab=2 Tiverton travel information] ''Weather Channel UK'' Retrieved 2009-04-04</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Notable people==
In birth order:
*[[Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabella de Redvers, Countess of Devon]] (1237–1293), countess who bequeathed the Town Leat, was born at Tidcombe.
*[[John Greenway (died 1529)|John Greenway]] (c. 1460–1529), a wealthy wool merchant and benefactor of the church
*[[Peter Blundell]] (1520–1601), merchant clothier whose bequest founded [[Blundell's School]]
*[[George Slee]] (died 1613), merchant clothier who built The Great House and bequeathed Slee's Almshouses
*[[Peter Sainthill]] (1593–1648), Member of Parliament for Tiverton as a [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] politician
*[[Richard Newte]] (1613–1678), Anglican clergyman, son of Henry Newte the elder, Tiverton's first post-[[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] town clerk
*[[Theophilus Polwhele]] (died 1689), religious controversialist, once a priest in Tiverton, later first minister of the Steps Meeting House
*[[Benjamin Incledon]] (1730–1796), antiquary, trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's school at Tiverton and of Blundell's School, whose first history he wrote
*[[Robert Land]] (1739–1818), United Empire Loyalist, British spy during the American Revolution, and early settler of [[Hamilton, Ontario]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[James Nixon (painter)|James Nixon]] (c. 1741–1812), noted miniature painter, died in Tiverton.
*[[Richard Cosway]] (1742–1821), leading portrait painter of miniatures in the [[Regency era]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Hannah Cowley]] (1743–1809), playwright and poet born in Tiverton
*[[John Heathcoat]] (1783–1861), industrialist who invented the [[bobbinet]] lace machine, founder of Heathcoat Fabrics, MP for Tiverton (1832–1859)
*[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] (1784–1865), MP for Tiverton (1835–65) and twice prime minister
*[[John Taylor Coleridge]] (1790–1876), high court judge and [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|privy councillor]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[William Romaine Govett]] (1807–1848), surveyor of unexplored country in [[New South Wales]], returned to his birthplace of Tiverton.
*[[Edward Capern]] (1819–1894), postman and poet, born in Tiverton
*[[Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet|Sir John Heathcoat-Amory]] (1829–1914), first of the [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets]]
*[[Richard Blundell Comins]] (1848–1919), Anglican missionary in the [[Solomon Islands]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Frank R. Gooding]] (1859–1928), seventh Governor of Idaho and US Senator from Idaho
*[[George Burrington (cricketer)|George Burrington]] (1864–1942), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Francis Bateman-Champain]] (1877–1942), first-class cricketer, died in Tiverton.
*[[Thomas Henry Sage]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1882–1945), was born and died in Tiverton.
*[[George Jennings (cricketer)|George Jennings]] (1895–1959), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Alfred Toye]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], spent his later years in Tiverton.
*[[J. D. Salinger]] (1919–2010), author of [[The Catcher in the Rye]], spent three months in Tiverton waiting for [[D Day]] in the spring of 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-catcher-in-the-rye-was-inspired-by-devon-town-of-tiverton-a6872251.html |title=The Catcher in the Rye 'was inspired by Devon town of Tiverton' |author= |date=13 February 2016 |website=independent.co.uk |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bobby G]] (born 1953), singer with the Eurovision-winning '80s pop group [[Bucks Fizz]]
*[[Martyn Rogers]] (born 1955), professional footballer, manager of [[Tiverton F.C.]] for 18 years, returning in 2014
*[[Mark Labbett]] (born 1965), television personality, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Gareth Townsend]] (born 1968), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Pete Vuckovic]] (born 1971), singer/songwriter, was born in Tiverton.

==See also==
*[[Grand Western Canal]]
*[[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tiverton |volume=26 |page=1033 |short=x}}
*[https://tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk Tiverton Town Council]
*[http://www.tivertonmuseum.org.uk/ Tiverton Museum]
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon/Tiverton/|Tiverton}}
{{Devon parishes}}
{{Mid Devon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Mid Devon District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortified camps in England]]
[[Category:Grand Western Canal]]

Tiverton, Devon

2020-05-05T15:33:58Z

Trotboy: Correction in Population ~~~~

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|region = South West England
|shire_county = [[Devon]]
|shire_district = [[Mid Devon]]
|civil_parish = Tiverton
|official_name = Tiverton
| population = 19,544
| population_ref = (2011 census)
|os_grid_reference = SS955125
|coordinates = {{coord|50.903|-3.488|display=inline,title}}
|post_town = TIVERTON
|postcode_area = EX
|postcode_district = EX16
|dial_code = 01884
|constituency_westminster = [[Tiverton and Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton and Honiton]]
}}
'''Tiverton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|v|ər|t|ən}} {{respell|TIV|ər-tən}}) is a town and [[civil parish]] in the English county of [[Devon]] and the main commercial and administrative centre of the [[Mid Devon]] district. It has also become a [[Commuter town|dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]]. Tiverton had an estimated population of 20,411 in 2018, and the total area of the two County Council Divisions (Including Bampton, Halberton, Sampford Peverell and Uplowman as well as other small villages had a total population of 38,191 in 2019 according to the Devon Gov website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |title=Devon Gov Area Profile |first= |last= |date= |website=https://www.devon.gov.uk/communities/your-community/tiverton-profile |accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:River Exe.jpg|left|thumb|View from the bridge over the Exe which looks towards the historic [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's church]].]]

The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-ford-ton" or "Twyverton", meaning "the town on two fords", and was historically referred to as "Twyford". The town stands at the confluence of the rivers [[River Exe|Exe]] and Lowman. Human occupation in the area dates back to the [[Stone Age]], with many flint tools found in the area. An [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], [[Cranmore Castle]] stands at the top of [[Exeter Hill]] above the town, and a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort, or rather marching camp, was discovered on the hillside below [[Knightshayes Court]] near [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]], just to the north of the town.

Tiverton formed part of the inheritance of [[Aethelweard (son of Alfred)|Aethelweard]], youngest son of [[King Alfred]]. [[Gytha of Wessex|Countess Gytha of Wessex]] controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that [[William the Conqueror]] was its tenant-in-chief in 1086. Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opendomesday.org/place/SS9512/tiverton/ |title=Tiverton - Domesday Book |first=Anna |last=Powell-Smith |date= |website=opendomesday.org |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> It was the strategic site chosen by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] for a Norman castle, [[Tiverton Castle]] first built in 1106 as a [[Motte and Bailey|motte-and-bailey]] type and extensively remodelled in the 13th and 14th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Tiverton has a medieval town [[leat]], built for the town by [[Isabella de Fortibus|Countess Isabella de Fortibus]] who was the eldest daughter of [[Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon]] and grew up at Tidcombe Hall, close to Tiverton. Isabella also controlled the Port of [[Topsham, Devon]], through which much of Tiverton's woollen exports were transported, mostly to the [[Low Countries]]. Every seven years there is a [[Perambulation of the Town Leat]] ceremony to clear the path of the leat and ensure it is kept running. The leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggan's Well, in Fore Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk/9-general/25-perambulation |title=Perambulation |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Tiverton owes its early growth and prosperity to the wool trade, which caused the town to grow rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the town's heritage. John Greenway (1460–1529), for example, added a chapel and porch to [[St Peter's Church, Tiverton|St Peter's]] parish church in 1517, and a small chapel and almshouses in Gold Street which still stand – the Almshouse Trust still houses people today. [[Peter Blundell]], another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for [[Blundell's School]] to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604, and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, where it functions now as an [[independent school]].<ref>[[Martin Dunsford]], ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> [[John Waldron (died 1579)|John Waldron]] (died 1579) founded ''Waldron's Almshouses'', on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate [[chest tomb]] survives in St Peter's Church.

In about 1600 there were two major fires in the town, the first in 1596, allegedly started in a frying pan, destroying most of the town. The second, in 1612, was known as the "dog-fight fire" because a dog fight had distracted people who were supposed to be looking after a furnace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |title=Historic Dates in Tiverton |publisher=Tiverton Town Council |accessdate=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415030018/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/tiverton/historic.html |archivedate=15 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the English Civil War in 1645 [[Tiverton Castle]], held by the Royalists, was the scene of a relatively brief siege by [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October, the town's defenders fleeing before him towards Exeter. They left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery and bombarded the castle for two days, ceasing fire for the sabbath in the afternoon of Saturday 18 October. On Sunday Fairfax had "several great pieces" of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a. m. The siege was ended when a lucky shot broke one of the drawbridge chains and an alert squad of Roundheads gained swift entry. Fairfax then set up his winter quarters in Tiverton due to the inclement weather, requisitioning [[Blundell's School]] as his headquarters. He was joined there in December 1645 by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. They left to lay siege to Exeter in January 1646.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town enjoyed prosperity from the wool trade in the early 18th century. However, a period of decline followed during the early [[Industrial Revolution]]. There were occasional riots, and societies of woolcombers and weavers were formed in an effort to protect jobs and wages. By the end of the century, due to imports of cotton and the expansion of industrialization elsewhere, along with the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on exports, the town's woollen industry was in terminal decline.<ref>Martin Dunsford, ''Historical Memoirs of Tiverton'' (Brice, Exeter, 1790)</ref> In June 1731 [[Tiverton fire of 1731|another fire]] destroyed 298 houses in the town, causing £58,000 worth of damage. After this, the streets were widened.<ref>{{cite book |last=Risdon |first=Tristram |title=The Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIdnAAAAMAAJ |editor=Rees |edition=updated |pages=370–371 |year=1811 |publisher=Rees and Curtis |location=Plymouth |display-editors=etal}}</ref> In May 1738, [[Tiverton riot of 1738|riots broke out]] in the town.

The industrialist [[John Heathcoat]] bought an old woollen mill on the [[river Exe]] in 1815, and following the destruction of his machinery at [[Loughborough]] by former [[Luddites]] who were thought to have been in the pay of the lacemakers of Nottingham, he moved his entire lace-making operation to Tiverton.<ref>W. Gore Allen, ''John Heathcoat and his Heritage'' (Christopher Johnson, London, 1958)</ref> The factory turned the fortunes of Tiverton once again, and it became an early industrial centre in the South West. Trade was aided when a branch of the [[Grand Western Canal]] from Tiverton to Lowdwells was opened in 1814, with an extension to Taunton in 1838. This was followed by a branch of the Great Western Railway in 1848.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Although small, Tiverton had two members of Parliament. As one of the "[[rotten boroughs]]" it was often targeted by those seeking electoral reform. [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], or "Pam" as he was known locally, was an MP for Tiverton for a large part of the 19th century. In 1847, the [[Chartists]], a radical group seeking to change the electoral system, stood one of their leaders, [[George Julian Harney]], against Palmerston. He is widely reported as having gained no votes – but in fact he won the "popular vote" (a show of hands of the people of the town), and withdrew when Palmerston called a ballot, aware that he would lose in a vote by only 400 wealthy and propertied in the town out of a population of 7000. Broadening the franchise was of the Chartist objectives. After the [[Reform Act]] of 1867, Tiverton had just one MP. The seat was for a long period held by a member of the Heathcoat-Amory family, most recently by [[Derick Heathcoat-Amory]] who served as MP from 1945 to 1960. Up until 2010 [[David Heathcoat-Amory]] was the MP for [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]] in nearby [[Somerset]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The town was the last in the Devon and Cornwall area to retain an independent police force, until 1945. In the second half of the 20th century, Tiverton once again slowly declined in prosperity, as the Heathcoat factory became ever more mechanised, and the Starkey Knight & Ford brewery was taken over by [[Whitbread]] as its regional brewery, but later closed, becoming just a bottling plant located on Howden (now Aston Manor cider makers). The factory then lay derelict for some years before being demolished to make way for a supermarket. The manufacture of agricultural machinery adjacent to the River Lowman dwindled, the railway closed in 1964 and the Globe Elastic plant in Kennedy Way also closed down in the 1980s. However, in this period a few far-sighted individuals, notably William Authers, secured some important assets for the future of the town. Tiverton Museum was opened during this time; the trackbed of the old railway was bought up and now remains as footpaths and an adventure playground; and the Grand Western Canal was saved from dereliction and revived as a country park.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

During the 1990s, retailing in the town declined still further after the opening of the Southern Relief Road (now Great Western Way), which led to the closure of Fore Street in the town centre to all but pedestrians. The decline was reversed to a degree by various regeneration projects, and Tiverton's shops thrived in the late 1990s and early 2000s, especially on the main market days, Tuesday, Friday and Saturday. However, the decline resumed with the major recession of 2008–2009.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Present==
[[File:Tiverton Library.JPG|left|thumb|The new Tiverton Library and council offices]]
Tiverton's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (known as the North Devon Link Road), in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, a new industrial estate was built at Little Gornhay on the north-eastern edge of the town, and a new junction was added to the Link Road, with a distributor road (now the [[A396 road|A396]]) into the town, which has become its main gateway. Great Western Way, linking this road to the Exeter Road along the line of the old railway, was also constructed. These two roads opened up a new aspect of the town and paved the way for expansion.

The demand for housing in the UK and particularly in the South-West has driven house prices up, and many now look to towns on the periphery of employment centres. Tiverton has become a popular [[dormitory town]] for commuters to [[Exeter]] and [[Taunton]], and this growth has been supported by large housing projects to the north of the town by most national house builders including [[Westbury (housebuilder)|Westbury Homes]], [[Barrett Homes]] and [[Bellway Homes]]. The resulting influx of population has led to further development of the town's services and shops. The town now has a newly built hospital, the [[Tiverton and District Hospital]], funded by the [[Private Finance Initiative]]. The old hospital in the town centre has since been pulled down and redeveloped into a mixture of flats, houses and retail units. Tiverton's outmoded swimming pool was replaced with a new leisure centre near the main campus of the [[East Devon College]], consisting of a swimming pool and gymnasion. East Devon College was renamed [[Petroc College|Petroc]] after amalgamation with [[North Devon College]] in 2009. It is now the largest [[further education]] college in the district. [[Mid Devon District Council]] has recently{{when|date=September 2018}} built new offices at Phoenix House, at the foot of Phoenix Lane, close to the site of a disused brewery. The building incorporates a new public library.

The [[Pannier Market]] in the town has recently been redeveloped at a cost of more than £3 million, alongside its car park and minor shopping precinct, increasing market capacity and allowing markets to be held more frequently.

In 2007 the former cinema, the Electric, was bulldozed for redevelopment as housing, while the only operative cinema, the Tivoli, which had previously been mostly run by volunteers, closed its doors and the site was put up for sale. After a well-supported public campaign, the Tivoli reopened on 28 June 2008, bought by Merlin Cinemas from former owners Eastmond and Hamlin Ltd. There is also a film club in Tiverton.

In December 2008, the local press reported that the town may need a new high school (funding for which was agreed in 2009), as well as two more primary schools. This came as the town council considered plans for a further two thousand homes, plus extra industrial estates, additional shops, new employment space and more community facilities. Some of this proposed expansion was opposed by local action groups throughout 2009. The proposed high school lost its funding amongst the first cuts of the new government in 2010, leaving it too small for the upcoming intake. A replacement high school is now being proposed to be built by Devon County Council across the road from the current site, next to the leisure centre, to include a theatre run by Tiverton Community Arts Theatre (TCAT) which currently operates in the existing high school hall.

Tiverton won one of the 15 positions in the Round 2 pilot scheme as a [[Portas Pilot Areas|Portas Town]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tivertontoday.co.uk/page18.html |title=Sub Article 1 |author=|date= |website=www.tivertontoday.co.uk |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> The annual [[Mid Devon Show]] is held in the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mid Devon Show to relocate to Knightshayes |url=http://www.middevongazette.co.uk/popular-country-relocate-knightshayes/story–21965954-detail/story.html |accessdate=3 July 2016 |work=Mid Devon Gazette |date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiverton – Mid Devon Show |url=http://www.heartofdevon.com/whats-on/tiverton-mid-devon-show-p454823 |publisher=Heart of Devon |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Blundell's School]], an independent coeducational day and boarding school
*Bolham Primary School
*The Castle Primary School, formerly in the old Grammar School building, but replaced with a new build in 2017, the old building demolished.
*East Anstey County Primary School
*Halberton Primary School
*Heathcoat Primary School
*[[Petroc College]], formerly [[East Devon College]], a further education college sharing a campus with Tiverton High School
*Rackenford Primary School
*St John's Roman Catholic Primary School
*Tidcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now an academy.
*[[Tiverton High School]], the local community secondary school and a specialist visual arts college
*Two Moors Primary School
*Wilcombe Primary School, formerly a state school, now part of an academy with 12 other Devon primaries
*Witheridge V. P. (C) School

==Transport==
===Road===
Tiverton has easy access to the [[M5 motorway]]. The town's revival in recent years began with the construction of the [[A361 road|A361]] (known as the North Devon Link Road), in the late 1980s.

===Rail===
The [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] opened a station, known as Tiverton Road on 1 May 1844. It was renamed [[Tiverton Junction railway station|Tiverton Junction]] on 12 June 1848 when [[Tiverton railway station]] was opened nearer the town at the end of a branch from the Junction station. A second branch, the Exe Valley line reached this station from the south, branching off the [[Exeter to Plymouth line|London to Penzance main line]] at [[Stoke Canon]] and following the line of the River Exe; mainline trains were occasionally diverted via Tiverton if there was engineering work or damage on the section north of Stoke Canon. Another line was opened which headed north to join the Taunton–Barnstaple line at [[Dulverton railway station|Dulverton]]. None of these lines remain.

In 1986, [[Tiverton Parkway railway station]] was opened on the main line on the site of the old [[Sampford Peverell]] station, to replace the old junction station a few miles down the line at [[Willand]]. As a [[List of Parkway railway stations|parkway station]], it is located six miles east of the town, alongside Junction 27 of the [[M5 motorway]]. Its proximity to the motorway – and the relative inaccessibility of [[Exeter St Davids railway station]] – means that the station is often used as a coach exchange when the line between Exeter and Plymouth is closed.

===Canal===
The [[Grand Western Canal]] from Taunton to Tiverton opened in 1838.

==Sport==
The town has a main football club in the form of [[Tiverton Town F.C.|Tiverton Town]], also many amateur clubs including [[Elmore F.C.|Elmore]] and Westexe Rovers. The town also has a [[Tiverton Rugby Club|rugby club]] and a number of cricket clubs. Tiverton White Eagles [http://www.twehc.com/home.html (TWEHC)] is the local women's hockey club, which has three teams in various leagues.

==''Tiverton Gazette''==
[[File:Tiverton Gazette Newsroom.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Tiverton and Mid Devon Gazette'''s former newsroom on Bampton Street.]]
The ''Tiverton Gazette'' is a weekly tabloid newspaper for Tiverton and the surrounding area. It has always been published on Tuesdays to coincide with a market day. It first appeared as the ''Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald'' in 1858. The founder, Robert Were, was only 22 years old and died just five years later. The newspaper split into three editions in 1872 – the ''Tiverton Gazette'', ''Crediton Gazette'' and ''South Molton Gazette'', but recombined in the mid–1890s as the ''Mid Devon Gazette''. It then split into Town and Rural editions, before splitting three ways again.

==Geography==
Tiverton is a town in north-east [[Devon]] being 13 miles north of Exeter, 46 miles north-east of [[Plymouth]] and 18 miles west of [[Taunton]]. Ashley, to the south, and [[Bolham, Devon|Bolham]] to the north are villages that have also become suburbs of Tiverton. The [[River Exe]] flows through the town.

===Climate===
Tiverton has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'').

{{Weather box
|location = Tiverton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 8
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 10
|Apr high C = 12
|May high C = 16
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 11
|Dec high C = 9
|year high C = 14
|Jan low C = 3
|Feb low C = 3
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 11
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 1
|year low C = 7
|source 1 = Weather Channel<ref>[http://uk.weather.com/travel/travel-Tiverton-UKXX0462?tab=2 Tiverton travel information] ''Weather Channel UK'' Retrieved 2009-04-04</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Notable people==
In birth order:
*[[Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabella de Redvers, Countess of Devon]] (1237–1293), countess who bequeathed the Town Leat, was born at Tidcombe.
*[[John Greenway (died 1529)|John Greenway]] (c. 1460–1529), a wealthy wool merchant and benefactor of the church
*[[Peter Blundell]] (1520–1601), merchant clothier whose bequest founded [[Blundell's School]]
*[[George Slee]] (died 1613), merchant clothier who built The Great House and bequeathed Slee's Almshouses
*[[Peter Sainthill]] (1593–1648), Member of Parliament for Tiverton as a [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] politician
*[[Richard Newte]] (1613–1678), Anglican clergyman, son of Henry Newte the elder, Tiverton's first post-[[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] town clerk
*[[Theophilus Polwhele]] (died 1689), religious controversialist, once a priest in Tiverton, later first minister of the Steps Meeting House
*[[Benjamin Incledon]] (1730–1796), antiquary, trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's school at Tiverton and of Blundell's School, whose first history he wrote
*[[Robert Land]] (1739–1818), United Empire Loyalist, British spy during the American Revolution, and early settler of [[Hamilton, Ontario]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[James Nixon (painter)|James Nixon]] (c. 1741–1812), noted miniature painter, died in Tiverton.
*[[Richard Cosway]] (1742–1821), leading portrait painter of miniatures in the [[Regency era]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Hannah Cowley]] (1743–1809), playwright and poet born in Tiverton
*[[John Heathcoat]] (1783–1861), industrialist who invented the [[bobbinet]] lace machine, founder of Heathcoat Fabrics, MP for Tiverton (1832–1859)
*[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] (1784–1865), MP for Tiverton (1835–65) and twice prime minister
*[[John Taylor Coleridge]] (1790–1876), high court judge and [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|privy councillor]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[William Romaine Govett]] (1807–1848), surveyor of unexplored country in [[New South Wales]], returned to his birthplace of Tiverton.
*[[Edward Capern]] (1819–1894), postman and poet, born in Tiverton
*[[Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet|Sir John Heathcoat-Amory]] (1829–1914), first of the [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets]]
*[[Richard Blundell Comins]] (1848–1919), Anglican missionary in the [[Solomon Islands]], was born in Tiverton.
*[[Frank R. Gooding]] (1859–1928), seventh Governor of Idaho and US Senator from Idaho
*[[George Burrington (cricketer)|George Burrington]] (1864–1942), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Francis Bateman-Champain]] (1877–1942), first-class cricketer, died in Tiverton.
*[[Thomas Henry Sage]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1882–1945), was born and died in Tiverton.
*[[George Jennings (cricketer)|George Jennings]] (1895–1959), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Alfred Toye]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], spent his later years in Tiverton.
*[[J. D. Salinger]] (1919–2010), author of [[The Catcher in the Rye]], spent three months in Tiverton waiting for [[D Day]] in the spring of 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-catcher-in-the-rye-was-inspired-by-devon-town-of-tiverton-a6872251.html |title=The Catcher in the Rye 'was inspired by Devon town of Tiverton' |author= |date=13 February 2016 |website=independent.co.uk |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bobby G]] (born 1953), singer with the Eurovision-winning '80s pop group [[Bucks Fizz]]
*[[Martyn Rogers]] (born 1955), professional footballer, manager of [[Tiverton F.C.]] for 18 years, returning in 2014
*[[Mark Labbett]] (born 1965), television personality, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Gareth Townsend]] (born 1968), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
*[[Pete Vuckovic]] (born 1971), singer/songwriter, was born in Tiverton.

==See also==
*[[Grand Western Canal]]
*[[Perambulation of the Town Leat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tiverton |volume=26 |page=1033 |short=x}}
*[https://tivertontowncouncil.gov.uk Tiverton Town Council]
*[http://www.tivertonmuseum.org.uk/ Tiverton Museum]
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon/Tiverton/|Tiverton}}
{{Devon parishes}}
{{Mid Devon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiverton, Devon| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Mid Devon District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Devon]]
[[Category:Roman fortified camps in England]]
[[Category:Grand Western Canal]]