Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:Materialscientist

2024-02-08T03:01:36Z

Tuttt: /* Your revert */ Reply

{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{nobots}}
{{busy}}
<div style='border:solid 1px #282; background:#beb; padding:1em; margin:1em 0;' class=plainlinks>
*'''''If you came here because I reverted your unsourced change, cite your references in the article you edited; there is no use bringing them here.
*'''''I turned off most notifications in my preferences, and therefore can't see pings, sorry.'''''
*'''''New messages go at the bottom.'''''
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== IPBE FYI ==
AJMLS has been non-profit since the law school building was sold in 2021 and AJMLS leased office space downtown, regardless of what any old list at US Dept of Education says, they have no oversight only make loans to students, not law schools. The accreditation is by the ABA at national level.

Hello! :) Just FYI I've pulled IPBE from {{checkuser|Aman.kumar.goel}} per the findings [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Aman.kumar.goel&diff=prev&oldid=1188140447 here]. I pinged you in the SPI but forgot that you don't get those so am just flagging it here. [[User:Firefly|firefly]] ( [[User talk:Firefly|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Firefly|c]] ) 16:09, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
:Pulling IPBE is Ok with me. I couldn't see this coming when granting it. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:11, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

== Zavier Cut Up The Water Heater Box ==

Hey! You! You dig my nose!

Te lauya te Speedy Gonzales mai deks water heater box!

Te Zavier Gonzales!

Water Heater box being cut up by Zavier! [[Special:Contributions/2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1|2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1]] ([[User talk:2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1|talk]]) 06:00, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Chakswari ==

Please Chakswari page as you have locked it. It is incomplete.

I am from Kalyal Chakswari and can trace my last 7 generations back to Chakswari. [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30|2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30|talk]]) 00:11, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Requesting a range block ==

An IP editor on range [[Special:Contributions/2603:8000:2A00:0:0:0:0:0/41|2603:8000:2A00:0:0:0:0:0/41]] has persistently added unreferenced, poorly referenced, and highly POV material to articles. They also have a history of edit-warring to retain their unsourced additions going back at least to July (when I first encountered them). They generally refuse to use an edit summary, save for rare exceptions like {{Diff2|1188209946|today's}} name-calling of {{tq|Low Protestant imbecile}} (which isn't even true). I would appreciate a range block, as the damage is spread across a wide variety of topics and this range appears to be used almost exclusively by the disruptive editor, so minimal collateral. You blocked at least one IP on this range within the last 24h. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 01:06, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
:Blocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:08, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks! Please let me know if I should come back if the same issues continue post-block. Best, ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 01:11, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Your revert ==

How exactly was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestinian%20hikaye&diff=1188254474 this] edit not constructive? I reverted the insertion of an unsourced claim. [[Special:Contributions/62.73.69.121|62.73.69.121]] ([[User talk:62.73.69.121|talk]]) 07:05, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

:Please do not revert without checking the cited source.
:G-INFO shows that the aircraft in question is not currently airworthy.
:By reverting my correction, you are perpetuating incorrect information. [[Special:Contributions/146.200.131.19|146.200.131.19]] ([[User talk:146.200.131.19|talk]]) 02:23, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
:This guy apparently has nothing better to do. Worse than Everything2.com. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 03:01, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

== Shtreimel ==

Materialscientist, you reverted 2 of my edits. One of them clarified that the shtreimel was probably not Turkish/Anatolian as that suggests a Near Eastern/Mediterranean origin of a hat worn in cold climates (which is implausible). You additionally reverted an edit I made that claimed some scholars believe the shtreimel was of Central Asian origin. I did not link the publication, I apologize as I should have. [[Special:Contributions/148.76.179.7|148.76.179.7]] ([[User talk:148.76.179.7|talk]]) 07:44, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== separate article about women in bangladesh police should be kept ==

{{Ping|Materialscientist}}, A separate article should be kept about 'Women in Bangladesh Police', writings will be elaborated, please wait. [[User:নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী|নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী]] ([[User talk:নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী|talk]]) 11:25, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Range Block Request ==

There's an IP editor on the range [[Special:Contributions/2601:408:C500:2000:0:0:0:0/64|2601:408:C500:2000:0:0:0:0/64]] who adds unnecessary info next to show names on award ceremony articles and/or a person's accolade page. Please block them for disruptive editing '''''[[User:Scoophole2021|Scoophole2021]]''''' ([[User talk:Scoophole2021|talk]]). 11:56, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

==FYI==
{{ygm}}

== Miss Charm ==

Contrary to your statement regarding my edit which was "unexplained", here's the link to that.
[[Special:MobileDiff/1188407111]]

It would be kind and best for you to revert it. Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/180.195.115.174|180.195.115.174]] ([[User talk:180.195.115.174|talk]]) 06:33, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for reverting it. Appreciated it. [[Special:Contributions/180.195.115.174|180.195.115.174]] ([[User talk:180.195.115.174|talk]]) 07:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

== Madison Hotel ==

Hey, I certainly hope this is how one gets in touch with you. My apologies if I got it wrong. Much appreciated that you followed up with the post on Madison Hotel, however I can assure you it is VERY closed. The best source I can offer is the updated street view as well as having been in front of the hotel myself last month. If I can provide any more information, let me know. But if you search the property itself it is gone and Google is in the process of updating the listing as well. I hope that helps. Thanks

== Question ==
Hi there, there are several pages who's subjects are former NFL players who have been out of football for awhile now but their pages are still PC protected. These pages are:

* [[Bernard Pollard]]
* [[Chris Simms]]
* [[Montee Ball]]
* [[Ryan Nassib]]
* [[Da'Rick Rogers]]
* [[Cierre Wood]]
* [[Giovanni Carmazzi]]
* [[Roberto Aguayo]]
* [[Karan Higdon]]
* [[Dalton Crossan]]

Is PC really necessary for these pages anymore? And if not, can you please reset those settings for all the above pages? [[User:Ambertuck|Ambertuck]] ([[User talk:Ambertuck|talk]]) 23:37, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
:Unprotected. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:44, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Erick Fedde ==

You didn’t make a mistake. Fedde’s deal is still pending a physical. Can you lock the article until the deal is official? Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/174.228.65.107|174.228.65.107]] ([[User talk:174.228.65.107|talk]]) 00:12, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I've seen you around erasing vandalism faster than I can blink, so I'm going to pile on your barnstar collection because you're amazing and you blocked the IP that vandalized my talk page. [[user:HistoryTheorist|❤History]][[User talk:HistoryTheorist|Theorist❤]] 00:56, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Sophie ==

I added her real name as it appears on her marriage certificate. It’s not something I am particularly adamant needs to be on the article. She kept it private for a reason. [[User:Jamesington|Jamesington]] ([[User talk:Jamesington|talk]]) 01:30, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Correcting pages by the person being discussed
like me
Mike Kernell [[User:MikeKernell|MikeKernell]] ([[User talk:MikeKernell|talk]]) 03:07, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Bio ==

I like to correct the page about me and y’all won’t let me.
Mike Kernell
St. Rep.Tn 1974-2012 [[User:MikeKernell|MikeKernell]] ([[User talk:MikeKernell|talk]]) 03:09, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== What should I do in the future when encountering someone like AnonBlogs? ==

I gave them warnings on their talk page [[User_talk:AnonBlogs]] but is there something else I should do? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(talk to the cutest Wikipedian)]] 07:40, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== email ==

I've emailed you about something that requires urgent attention. Please check at your earliest convenience. Thanks, — [[User:SamX|SamX]] [[[User talk:SamX#top|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/SamX|contribs]]] 08:21, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:24, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

==Mike Kernell==
I don’t know about pings or if this will get to you.
My school was wrong, election year was wrong, David died in 2018,ect.
The source is me- Mike Kernell
Do I need to get a source to write a true bio?
Mike Kernell

==Constructive criticism==
When [username:Person X] edits the article on [Person X], and claims to be making changes based on their personal knowledge, I think it's incumbent upon us to not just use one of the templated "I've reverted your edits" messages. They need something that's obviously a note from a human. [[User:DragonflySixtyseven|DS]] ([[User talk:DragonflySixtyseven|talk]]) 20:58, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks, will try to talk to them next time. Virtually all such changes are replacing sourced information with unsourced one, thus the revert reason is obvious, and it is hard to add something meaningful to the template. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:17, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
::Mr. Materialscientist,
::Try adding:
::"When reading Your post on Your page i felt like {insert Your personal feelings here} so i am reverting edit using [insert NAME OF TEMPLATE here]."
::Then use the template as usual.
::By my understanding Wikipedia has a rule against editing an article about ones self i.e. user: person X editing an article about person X, though they have let the rule slide when Jimbo edits his own article. If you want to play hardball about it without a reference, anything anywhere in wikipedia can be deleted and or reverted. that is not always the best, nor that most polite thing to do. If you lack confidence in your better judgment ask your better half, if you don't have a better half ask chat gpt dot openai dot com. Then read the cautions and check their answer!!!
::Think:
::neutral point of view
::worldview
::your view
::what is best for wikipedia
::etc.
::Thank You for taking time to read this, one coworker of mine once said, "You talk too much."
::.
::.
::. [[User:GeorgeV73GT|GeorgeV73GT]] ([[User talk:GeorgeV73GT|talk]]) 12:34, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

== Block ==

Hello! I want to ask why my new IP address is blocked. I changed my internet provider today. How come this address is blocked? [[User:Gasforth-2021|Gasforth-2021]] ([[User talk:Gasforth-2021|talk]]) 23:31, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mark Brunnel Edits ==

Hi there, I've added reason for edits several times. The latest edits are well explained. Please let me know if I'm doing something wrong. [[User:Ericlmitchell|Ericlmitchell]] ([[User talk:Ericlmitchell|talk]]) 23:39, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== User 24.224.240.102 ==

User 24.224.240.102 is a school so there are meny people so you should probably permanently ban them from editing. [[User:NormalHuman1|NormalHuman1]] ([[User talk:NormalHuman1|talk]]) 17:14, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks. What school is it? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:08, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Intermediate_Senior_High_School
::The one in this wikipedia page [[User:NormalHuman1|NormalHuman1]] ([[User talk:NormalHuman1|talk]]) 23:52, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:53, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

== First National Lacrosse Assocation ==

Information on [[First Nations Lacrosse Association]] (FNLA) was moved and cited properly to [[Haudenosaunee men's national lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee men's national under-19 lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee women's national lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee women's national under-19 lacrosse team]], and [[Haudenosaunee national indoor lacrosse team]]. The FNLA is a [[Lacrosse Canada]] Member organization, which was cited. [[User:Faaksee|Faaksee]] ([[User talk:Faaksee|talk]]) 00:40, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Neil Duff ==

There is no citation or reference I can find for this information, however I've watched him play in his last handful of tournaments and I personally throw the same dart. Given it's a winmau pro design barrel, it makes it a unique design and, from the two different grip levels and colour profile, unmistakeable. He's currently playing with them in the 2023 WDF World Championships, rather than his old 23g RedDragon darts as was listed on his wiki.
*I'm sure Materialscientist will be riveted. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 03:05, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

:An arrow to the heart of her/his psyche? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 08:17, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Medidata ==

I'd be interested in learning why [[WP:NOTADIRECTORY]] is an "invalid rationale" Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/76.14.122.5|76.14.122.5]] ([[User talk:76.14.122.5|talk]]) 03:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:What you removed was not a loose list, but two sentences describing pertinent details, such as location of headquarters and geographical presence worldwide. This is definitely not what NOTADIRECTORY is about. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:09, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/76.14.122.5|76.14.122.5]] ([[User talk:76.14.122.5|talk]]) 04:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1188827307 This link] ==

was actually relevant, although it was formatted wrong. Just letting you know. [[User:Prezbo|Prezbo]] ([[User talk:Prezbo|talk]]) 14:48, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== IPv6 user removing refs ==

Hi there,

I first sought a recently-active admin (Muboshgu), but they [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Muboshgu&diff=prev&oldid=1188945550 said] they didn't have the technical capabilities for to block an IPv6 user. Reaching out to you as you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:59BC:703D:ECF1:63A7&oldid=1188840698 warned] this user as well.

I noticed an IP user has been removing cites and adding unsourced content, mostly to firefighting-related articles, all without explanation. I've tried warning them ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:59BC:703D:ECF1:63A7&diff=prev&oldid=1188842120][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08&oldid=1188943752]), but they appear to have a moving(?) IP address and the actions haven't ceased. Any help is appreciated, thanks!

{{IP range|
2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08
2603:9000:9900:510b:493d:765d:2c6b:cbbe
2603:9000:9900:510b:59bc:703d:ecf1:63a7
}} [[User:Wracking|Wracking]] [[User talk:Wracking|talk!]] 19:00, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:I've semiprotected [[Santa Clara County Fire Department]]. Blocking would cause too much collateral. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::Makes sense, thanks! [[User:Wracking|Wracking]] [[User talk:Wracking|talk!]] 00:14, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Good article reassessment for [[Liquid crystal]] ==
[[Liquid crystal]] has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Liquid crystal/1|reassessment page]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 20:21, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please Slow Down ==

I know I've mentioned this at least once before (though it was a while ago), but please slow down with the block button. There is no need to block without warning for [[Special:Contributions/78.18.103.90|this routine disruptive editing]], and it is absolutely overkill to be [[Special:Contributions/Kotv22|indeffing a registered account after only one disruptive edit]] without any warnings (I was literally in the process of leaving a {{tl|welcomevandal}} on their talk when you blocked them). Unless the vandalism/disruption is egregious (i.e. racist rants, etc.) or unless the user is flooding the filter log with attempted vandalism, please always issue at least one warning before blocking. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:32, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks for feedback. Please look both at the edits and filter logs. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:34, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::For the account in particular, unless something has been deleted, I see '''one single instance of vandalism''' (and a corresponding filter log hit). That's it. And the nature of the vandalism isn't particularly egregious either... run of the mill disruption. Not something that needs an immediate indef without warning. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:45, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::I am always happy to unblock upon a reasonable unblock request. Vandalism is "not Ok", I daily see missed reverts, months or even years after the edit. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:48, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Nobody said that vandalism is "ok". The issue here is that you are being too hasty with blocking for vandalism. In the vast majority of cases users need to receive at least three, generally four, warnings before AIV will take action on a vandalism report. Baring exceptional circumstances, if a report from a non-admin to AIV would be declined on the basis of "not enough warnings", you shouldn't block unilaterally either. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:51, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::I know where this is coming from, but this advice is not a policy, and has long been abandoned. Please note that this is not my opinion, but a common WP:AIV practice. Further, you can find a similar message from Jimbo Wales (that obvious vandals should be blocked on sight) in his talk page archives. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:56, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::As an admin who patrols AIV, as well as edit filters, I think most of what Taking Out The Trash has written is inaccurate.-- [[User:Ponyo|'''Ponyo''']][[User talk:Ponyo|''bons mots'']] 22:57, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I see reports to AIV declined on the basis of the user having not been given enough warnings all the time. The only cases when blocking without warning is appropriate is for ''egregious'' vandalism, like racism, or severe BLP issues, or other stuff like that. Routine run-of-the-mill disruption/blanking/whatever, should go through the warning series first. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:59, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Please understand, that what you are saying is not a policy or even a guideline, but is a matter of choice for a given admin. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:01, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::All warnings are not on the vandal's talk page. They are often warned when they trip filters, explaining what the issue is with their edit. Admins will often review the logs in addition to the talk page. The idea that a vandal has to go through all stages of warnings 1 - 4 is outdated.-- [[User:Ponyo|'''Ponyo''']][[User talk:Ponyo|''bons mots'']] 23:04, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::They absolutely do not need four warnings but even in this day and age I don't think a lot of people realise that their changes will go live immediately so in general they should be told "yes, that worked, please don't do it again", then "that's disruptive and we'll block you if you carry on". I count the edit filter warnings towards this. Hate speech, libel, etc, should be met with an immediate block. I agree with TOTT that the block of the account was premature and would have been declined at AIV. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 08:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:Many times you take the appropriate action. Many times you act so rapidly and without clear explanation. A few weeks ago there was a recommendation made to you to explain more when you revert. Recently you have criticized an editor for not explaining their edit, because you wrote, even editors of long standing do that.
:The rapid aspect of your activity is what has been mentioned. Please Slow Down. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 23:42, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::If you have substantive examples of a problem, present them. Otherwise, please gain some experience before waving your hands. [[User:Johnuniq|Johnuniq]] ([[User talk:Johnuniq|talk]]) 00:07, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Please quantify the level of experience required before I am permitted to express a view.
:::The fundamental principles of Wikipedia may be summarized in five "pillars":
:::[[WP:5P4]] Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility.
:::Do I need your permission to 'wave my hands'. Are only Administrators who have been around for years allowed to speak? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 00:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:@Taking Out The Trash: There are at least two reasons reports at AIV are declined when the user has not been properly warned. First is the minor issue that patrolling a noticeboard like that is mind-numbing in that it goes on forever and ever. That means an admin might want to spend a minimum amount of time considering each report and if there are no warnings it is simplest to just reject the report. Second is the big point that Wikipedia relies on empowering everyone to at least some degree and dealing with bad edits by referring everything to an admin is not scalable. Non-admins should take on a fair bit of the burden and try to explain procedures to new editors in the hope that some of them are just trying things out and will settle down. So, an admin might decline an AIV report because not all the boxes have been ticked by the reporting editor because the burden needs to be shared. However, if that same admin encounters an obviously bad editor, the admin might just indef them without any fanfare because the admin has seen the story countless times and understands when warnings are a waste of time. For another example of how the times change, ten years ago editors were strongly discouraged from reverting misguided comments or edit requests on talk pages. Now, it is very common for those comments to be rolled back without thought because the incoming nonsense would otherwise be overwhelming. [[User:Johnuniq|Johnuniq]] ([[User talk:Johnuniq|talk]]) 00:07, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks. Yes, we do block on sight obvious, and especially returning vandals/spammers, but we (at least I) do go through all 3-4 levels of warning when the editor does not mean to do harm, and does it per ignorance. Such editors are often not blocked at AIV, and even if blocked, the block duration is minimal. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
None of this sufficiently explains why it was acceptable/appropriate to indef the user account linked above after one single non-egregious disruptive edit that didn't even trigger any filter warnings, let alone without any talk page warnings (as I noted, the account was blocked while I was in the middle of leaving a welcome-vandal template). [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 00:54, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:Because patrolling AIV requires thousands of judgment calls, and a block for vandalizing the name of a sports ball player is a reasonable judgement based on having seen hundreds of similar editors contribute that behavior. The purpose of blocking is to prevent disruption. There's no rule, or even common practice, to wait until a requisite amount of disruption has occurred.
:They're have been times where I've left a warning as Materialscientist blocked, and also times where as I blocked they had left a warning. Each admin that patrols AIV, UAA, and filter logs makes these judgment calls ''thousands'' of times, and you've provided a couple examples of blocks you don't agree with due to lack of warnings, not because the edits in question were not disruptive. I don't see an issue here. [[User:ScottishFinnishRadish|ScottishFinnishRadish]] ([[User talk:ScottishFinnishRadish|talk]]) 01:33, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Could you please relate your views to [[wp:aiv]] where it states:
::Important! Please remember the following:
::2. Except for egregious cases, the user must have been given enough warning(s) to stop their disruptive behavior.
::Is it possible that what you say is [[wp:or]]? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 02:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::OR is a content policy and doesn't apply. My view is based on my experience of patrolling AIV and UAA and having made thousands of blocks based on the reports. Materialscientist has made degrees of magnitude more blocks than have, and you're concerned about how many? [[User:ScottishFinnishRadish|ScottishFinnishRadish]] ([[User talk:ScottishFinnishRadish|talk]]) 02:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Hi {{u|BlueWren0123}}. The AIV process guidelines tell non-administrators how to best file something that an administrator can action quickly. For the actual policy in play here: see [[WP:VAND]]. For example, the policy says "warnings are by no means a prerequisite for blocking a vandal (although administrators usually block only when multiple warnings have been issued)". [[WP:OR]] has no bearing here, as it applies to article content. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 02:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::There is a reason for existence of that green poster at AIV - many editors file a report there, while they should have used other means and venues. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Yes I agree that or is directed to article content. I intended to show an approach being taken and just used it as an abbreviation. All of this is getting away from the original point which is
::::Please Slow Down.
::::Materialscientist does much that is valuable.
::::Taking Out The Trash is asking for Please Slow Down.
::::Both can be true. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 02:32, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:For what it’s worth, I have also found myself feeling concerned before about blocks after a single (non-egregious) edit - mainly out of a worry for [[WP:BITE|biting]]. I also appreciate, though, that administrators have a judgement call to make whenever they come across an account that’s made such an edit/such edits. I find myself wondering if this subject would benefit from a discussion at [[Wikipedia talk:Blocking policy]] or somewhere similar. All the best, user:[[User:A smart kitten|'''A smart kitten''']][[User talk:A smart kitten|''meow'']] 06:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Ok, I've unblocked the discussed user (Kotv22). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:37, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::I support and agree with your rationale for many of your blocks. I had/have not looked at your reasoning for Kotv22. Many editors do not require 4 warnings before a block. It depends. Life is complicated. An editor may just insert a random combination of characters and just demonstrate immaturity. Another may insert offensive edits. Another may threaten. In my opinion these should be responded to in a different manner. The experience of an admin to assess the appropriate response is invaluable. When the response appears almost automated, I am concerned. Are the barbarians at the gates? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 23:43, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::There are barbarians at all the gates, halfway up the walls, tunneling under the ground, and catapulting over the parapets. Many are already inside the city. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 03:36, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::Correct. And "many" likely means "many tens of thousands" (depending on degree of vandalism/spam). They (their edits that we missed) hide behind millions of our articles. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:42, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::It may have been unwise of me to add the last sentence as I intended the rest of the comment to have more weight. In my mind the process of an admin considering their actions rather than an almost automated response is the more significant point. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 09:35, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::The barbarians will always be at the gates. Vandalism is a fact of life. Just as there has been graffiti for as long as there have been surfaces to deface, there will be unhelpful edits for as long as anyone can edit Wikipedia. Most vandals aren't malicious, they're bored or they want to vent their opinion on something they read on the Internet. Many will go away if we tell them they're being disruptive. We shouldn't get into a siege mentality. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 19:51, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::I love those vandals who return and revert their edits. Most of them don't. And we don't (notice those edits). That's the problem .. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:05, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Editing Chinese Canadians ==

Apologizes for the edit, but I made a slight error when making edits with that section in Chinese Canadians. Instead of removing portions that I deemed unfit for the section and then adding or rewording some portions I seemed to have removed portions I would've kept. Also you mentioned that they were not constructive, I don't seem to understand what you mean by that. The edits I made have made the section more neutral and also concise and clear. I also believed it need more imagery. But if you disagree, please let me know! [[User:Jut008|Jut008]] ([[User talk:Jut008|talk]]) 23:21, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== template:surname ==

I see your edits like:
: Ivashchenko‎ diff hist +8‎ Materialscientist talk contribs (clean up, replaced: {{surname → {{surname|2=nocat)
[[:category:Surnames]] says "For convenience, all surnames should be included in this category. This includes all surnames that can also be found in the subcategories."
I see it also says " However, do not use the template on disambiguation pages that contain a list of people by family name." But [[Ivashchenko]] is not a disambiguation page.
So, what is your rationale for these edits? - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:17, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:Removal of unnecessary parent category (Category:Surnames). Plus occasional cleanup. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:19, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:: Once again, the parent category explicitly says "all surnames should be included in this category. '''This includes all surnames that can also be found in the subcategories'''". What makes you think it is unnecessary? - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Good point. I don't see the reason for that hatnote, and will try to find it out. Meanwhile, I'll terminate the AWB run. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:24, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::: I have personally found the catch-it-all category useful for double-checking similarly spelt surnames. Also Wikimedia category browser is extremely unwieldy when, eg, I want to browse all villages in Belarus. I have to traverse all this tree of Region and District subcategories. Or, more recntly, I wanted to compare category:Massacres" with category:Mass murders for (mis)consistencies, but quickly gave up. - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:27, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::I know what you mean .. not from surnames, but from image categorization on Commons. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:30, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::I too find it convenient to have Category:Surnames fully populated. I run queries such as 'incategory:Surnames student' to find updates where a young person added their own name. [[User:Wire723|Wire723]] ([[User talk:Wire723|talk]]) 18:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Socks? ==

See [[User:Patil megha]] already blocked.

New accounts: 
[[User:Ashwini Balagi]] 
[[User:PriyankaJadav]] 
[[User:Bhavyashree hegde]] 
[[User:Suman palled]] 
[[User:Shwetasadhunavar]] 
[[User:Mallu Telabakkanavar]] 
[[User:Sukanya Mudhol]] 
[[User:Baligar Sanjana]] 
[[User:Vinayak S A]] 
[[User:Bengerilakshmi]] 
[[User:Nivedita Belagali]] 
[[User:Saikiran R S]] [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:{{Ping|Cahk}} I saw a few of these yesterday. My guess is a spambot. MS might be able to see if there's an easily blockable underlying IP/range. I've blocked all the accounts. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 09:31, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

::{{Ping|HJ Mitchell}} In that case:
[[User:Veena chikkamath]] 
[[User:Padmakurli]] 
[[User:Rashmi yaliwal]] 
[[User:Dhanya hegde]] 
[[User:Vandana S K]] 
[[User:Bharathgoudaa]] 
[[User:Abhipanda1234]] 
[[User:Apeksha anand hesarur]] 
[[User:Tamim mangoli]] 
[[User:Priyanaka patil05]] 
[[User:Sahana C Shivabasayyanavar]] 
[[User:Vidyacgouda]] 
[[User:Bhushan.p.bhat]] 
[[User:Ujwalangrampurohit]] 
[[User:JssChaitra]] 
--[[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 09:42, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:Blocked them as well. Interesting that some of these accounts have been around a while. It ''could'' be multiple people with off-wiki coordination but I suppose it doesn't really matter unless one of them appeals the block. Might it be worth pursuing blacklisting of the domain or do you think they'd just evade that? [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 10:10, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

::{{Ping|HJ Mitchell}} Blacklist could be a good starting point, but we both know Wiki's spam filtering capabilities leave something to be desired.--[[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 10:23, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::The underlying ranges are notoriously spammy, huge and dynamic; they have been and remain an unsolved problem for admins and checkusers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 10:31, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Quelle surprise. Blacklisting and/or filters is probably the way to go. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 10:56, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
==Holiday Greetings==
[[Image:Peace dove.svg|center|400px]]{{quotation|<center>'''Peace is a state of balance and understanding in yourself and between others, where respect is gained by the acceptance of differences, tolerance persists, conflicts are resolved through dialog, people's rights are respected and their voices are heard, and everyone is at their highest point of serenity without social tension.''' Happy Holidays to you and yours. Hope all is well in your corner of WikiWorld! ―[[User:Buster7|'''''Buster7''''']] [[User talk:Buster7|☎]] </center>}}

== Legal threats ==

I have an angry IP user on my talk page making some vague threats of legal action. What's the best way to deal with this, in your opinion? [[User:A type of cabinet|A type of cabinet]] ([[User talk:A type of cabinet|talk]]) 21:46, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:This is not a legal threat, but just an editing dispute. You can decide how to handle it - stand your grounds, give up, etc. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:49, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Never mind. Scottish gave them a temporary block right after you replied.
::Taylor Swift fans... [[User:A type of cabinet|A type of cabinet]] ([[User talk:A type of cabinet|talk]]) 21:53, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Sorry ==

It is late and the sleeping pills are kicking in I am so sorry😅 [[User:Notsayingmyname|Notsayingmyname]] ([[User talk:Notsayingmyname|talk]]) 04:43, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mtel (Montenegro) ==

I have added a source for the CEO change in [[Special:MobileDiff/1189173897|this edit]]. The full company name is also visible on that website, as well as on its "About" page. Why are you reverting the edits now? [[Special:Contributions/92.241.157.193|92.241.157.193]] ([[User talk:92.241.157.193|talk]]) 05:35, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks, I have reverted myself. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:37, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Eminem ==

why did you undo my edit on the Eminem article [[User:AwesomeJewishMan446|AwesomeJewishMan446]] ([[User talk:AwesomeJewishMan446|talk]]) 07:59, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:I couldn't parse your replacement [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eminem&diff=1189185765&oldid=1189184327#cite_note-QuestionsforEm_r3k29-424]. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::in the quote, and you know something is a quote when it has " marks, the Eminem article used a quote where Eminem addressed misogyny in his songs by saying "my overall look on things is a lot more mature than it used to be." For some reason that's in the homophobic section of the Eminem article, even thought Eminem wasn't even talking about homophobia in that quote. So I changed the quote and removed the quotation marks to make it a regular sentence instead of a quote, and for some reason my edits get reverted. And other constructive edits on the Eminem article get reverted too. I honestly don't know what's so serious about changing a few sentences in a wiki article [[User:AwesomeJewishMan446|AwesomeJewishMan446]] ([[User talk:AwesomeJewishMan446|talk]]) 08:14, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Riverbanks Zoo ==

May I ask why you reverted my edit to [[Riverbanks Zoo]] that added the street address? [[Special:Contributions/204.116.251.194|204.116.251.194]] ([[User talk:204.116.251.194|talk]]) 08:12, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:We usually don't add street address into infobox of any article, only location. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:14, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mont Aiguille in France ==

Are you a robot or AI? I identified a place in the movie. It is not some figures or opinion. So what source do you want? [[Special:Contributions/45.64.243.230|45.64.243.230]] ([[User talk:45.64.243.230|talk]]) 14:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Sockpuppets? ==

Can you check is these users are socks?
User:Viishhaaal 
User:Dashan Ghasan 
User:AmNaTi200 
User:Auhabeeb 
User:Ijick . [[User:Juvalkjolly|Juvalkjolly]] ([[User talk:Juvalkjolly|talk]]) 14:37, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== David Lammy ==

{{ipvandal|2A00:23C6:2722:B01:0:0:0:0/64}}
Any chance of a week pblock from [[David Lammy]] for this IP? They started with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1188814301] which asked them to discuss in an edit summary. They continued with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189136813][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189137309], for which the were warned[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:23C6:2722:B01:14EB:AB58:ED61:F959&oldid=1189138035] and I also tried something less templatey[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:23C6:2722:B01:14EB:AB58:ED61:F959&diff=prev&oldid=1189275648]. They responded with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189257645] and the edit you reverted[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189357553]. It could be, expanding a ''lot'' of good faith, that it's a case of 'they can't here you'. -- LCU '''[[User:ActivelyDisinterested|ActivelyDisinterested]]''' ''«[[User talk:ActivelyDisinterested|@]]»'' °[[Special:Contributions/ActivelyDisinterested|∆t]]° 15:22, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 20:21, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks Materialscientist. -- LCU '''[[User:ActivelyDisinterested|ActivelyDisinterested]]''' ''«[[User talk:ActivelyDisinterested|@]]»'' °[[Special:Contributions/ActivelyDisinterested|∆t]]° 21:00, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

== Caños de Carmona ==
Sorry but there is no vandalism, I simply inserted the Template:Infobox_ancient_site
Best regards

== Nagorno-Karabakh ==

Hi there, I noticed that you reverted an edit on "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens" regarding Nagorno-Karabakh. The user who changed it is correct though; this is no longer in place as Nagorno-Karabakh is now under Azeri control and subject to normal Azeri immigration control. As a consequence, visiting Nagorno-Karabakh could not make you persona non grata in Azerbaijan as it is now effectively Azerbaijan itself. Regardless of whether you agree with the politics, this is the situation from an immigration/visa point of view. I couldn't figure out how to revert it back and thought it would be rude and disrespectful to you just do that even if I knew how. Thanks Mike [[Special:Contributions/219.89.209.87|219.89.209.87]] ([[User talk:219.89.209.87|talk]]) 08:53, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Explanation ==

I found this explanation in the introduction of the article "Nagorno-Karabakh"

"On 19 September 2023, after a blockade lasting several months, Azerbaijan launched a fresh large-scale military offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh. The Artsakh forces collapsed rapidly, resulting in an Azerbaijani victory, the dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh, the exodus of almost the entire Armenian population from the region and the entry of Azerbaijani security forces into the former Artsakh capital, Stepanakert (Khankendi)."

Thanks
[[Special:Contributions/219.89.209.87|219.89.209.87]] ([[User talk:219.89.209.87|talk]]) 08:58, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Grae Cleugh ==

Hi
Please do not Remove Grae Cleugh. He won an Olivier award in 2002 while a student at RSAMD. A quick google search will confirm. [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

:Could you please revert your removal. The page has been protected to prevent vandalism! check [[Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright]], [[2002 Laurence Olivier Awards]], https://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsC/cleugh-grae.php, and https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/author/grae-cleugh/ [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:11, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
::It is permenantly logged in the edit history, and at [[Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright]] [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:30, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Borana page ==

They keep making a Photo of a non Borana girl on the page. Check the photo it have no source whatsoever. [[Special:Contributions/2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33|2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33]] ([[User talk:2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33|talk]]) 13:08, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Saxophone ==

I was going to add the C Melody saxophones, Mezzo-Soprano and Conn-o-sax to the table of saxophones along with their SPN ranges, but the page is semi-protected and I haven't edited 4+ articles. I see you decided not to include/removed the C Melodies, or maybe that was another editor/author, but has this page really seen so much vandalism that semi-protection is necessary until 2028?

Have a care,
P. James Norris [[User:Pjamesnorris|Pjamesnorris]] ([[User talk:Pjamesnorris|talk]]) 23:18, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

== Overlap on your user page ==

You probably already know this, but using Vector-2022 your horizontal collection of Userboxes overlaps the Tools menu, on my fairly wide screen. I don't know if that could be considered a bug of the new skin or a call to shorten the list of boxes.

Screenshot [https://1drv.ms/i/s!AtuCZY0YF4hGpMsXYw5Qv_A3DGj-_w?e=ErHxsj here]. [[User:DavidBrooks|David Brooks]] ([[User talk:DavidBrooks|talk]]) 18:50, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

== Fighting vandalism ==

{{User QAIbox
| image = Ehrenbach, plum tree with frost.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| bold = December: [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2023#8 Dec|places]]
}}
Thank you for your quick eyes on symphonies redirected, and other vandalism! -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:00, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Today, I have [[User:Gerda Arendt/Stories#22 Dec|a special story to tell]], of the works of a musician born 300 years ago. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:43, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

==question about citation==

Hi i made several edits to the Oddworld: abe's exoddus as i noticed several developers in the credits of the game weren't listed such as some artists, programmers, and a audio designer. I am unsure how i would cite that as its just in the game itself.

== Please lock Bigg Boss 7 Telugu page ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7)]] page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few hours until the grand finale [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 07:22, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you! ==

Just wanted to thank you for your service, especially in reverting vandalism. Wikipedia owes you a great debt 😊 [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 05:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

:why did you reverted all of my edits most of them where good accept for the alien one the images they need to put them back move them to wikipedia [[User:Bearcoolreal94|Bearcoolreal94]] ([[User talk:Bearcoolreal94|talk]]) 06:03, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
::fair use page [[User:Bearcoolreal94|Bearcoolreal94]] ([[User talk:Bearcoolreal94|talk]]) 06:03, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Jack swing ==

hi there - thanks for your quick response.
I actually tried to hyperlink Boy George, but re-entering, I got the "this has already been modified by another user"
-message - which was obviously me, like 10 mins ago :) [[Special:Contributions/181.176.117.154|181.176.117.154]] ([[User talk:181.176.117.154|talk]]) 07:06, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Widen block of {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:C89}}? ==

Hi! Just wanted to note that {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:C89}}, which you blocked as a proxy, is back as {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:1571}}. The entire /32 is a webhost, per WHOIS. — [[User:Mdaniels5757|Mdaniels5757]] ([[User talk:Mdaniels5757|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mdaniels5757|contribs]]) 21:46, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
:Indeed. Blocked, thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== bruh ==

bruh [[Special:Contributions/74.205.133.138|74.205.133.138]] ([[User talk:74.205.133.138|talk]]) 05:48, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== This old edit ==

Hi. I just [[Special:Diff/1190495816|reverted]] a link substitution you made in the Bangkok article [[Special:Diff/860236466|back in 2018]]. It's several years late, but if you remember whether it was suggested by a tool, it might still be worth filing a bug report? --[[User:Paul_012|Paul_012]] ([[User talk:Paul_012|talk]]) 06:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== Karen O's birthplace. ==

Reference #2 on the main wiki page of Karen O. "Phares, Heather. "Karen O". AllMusic. Retrieved October 28, 2015."
When you click the link:(https://www.allmusic.com/artist/karen-o-mn0000186401#biography)

On the second paragraph "Born in Busan, South Korea, to a Korean mother and Polish father, Karen O spent most of her childhood in Englewood, New Jersey. While attending Ohio's Oberlin College, she met drummer Brian Chase."

The person who wrote the article, Karen O, wrote Seoul instead of Busan for some reason even though the article he/she referenced states that she was born in Busan. Not Seoul. [[Special:Contributions/104.172.38.254|104.172.38.254]] ([[User talk:104.172.38.254|talk]]) 08:12, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

==Manly dam==

Hello, I come from the manly dam page and am wondering about your deletion of the removal of the duck problem at manly dam. this was a true problem so why did you remove it.

{{tps}} Quite simply, and already explained to you - you need to quote a reliable source - see [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. [[User:David J Johnson|David J Johnson]] ([[User talk:David J Johnson|talk]]) 13:09, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

== Front Desk ==

Hello. I noticed you reverted an edit on Front Desk. An IP had changed the part where it said "4-part series" to "5-part series". However, I am not sure why you reverted this. Front Desk is a five-part series. It consists of ''Front Desk'', ''Three Keys'', ''Room to Dream'', ''Key Player'', and ''Top Story''. Did you revert that edit because the IP didn't provide a source? [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 20:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:56, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
::Okay, thanks for responding. [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 21:58, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | You deserve it '''[[User:Abo Yemen|Abo Yemen]][[User talk:Abo Yemen|✉]]''' 18:47, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== 202.133.54.90 back at it with Indian film languages ==

* {{IPVandal|202.133.54.90}}
Less than an hour after the 31-hour block you applied to 202.133.54.90, they are back at disruptive editing (adding/re-ordering Indian languages) in India actors' biographies. FWIW: The Proxy IP Checker thinks this is a Proxy/VPN node [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=202.133.54.90].  — [[User:Archer1234|'''Archer''']] ([[User_talk:Archer1234|t]]·[[Special:Contributions/Archer1234|c]]) 23:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Awesome
[[User:WhizzyDude|WhizzyDude]] ([[User talk:WhizzyDude|talk]]) 04:48, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Good article reassessment for [[Mercury (element)]] ==
[[Mercury (element)]] has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Mercury (element)/1|reassessment page]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 20:17, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== IP vandalism again ==

Hello Materialscientist. The vandal IP from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Materialscientist&diff=prev&oldid=1185153992#IP_vandalism here] is back again.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/185.70.52.0/22 (similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/185.115.0.0/20 previously blocked IP])

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/85.117.48.0/20

The IPs always seem to start with 185.70, 85, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.136.205 91]. Could you please block the range of each IP since this person keeps causing trouble with different addresses? [[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 00:26, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

:The editor is already back with more slightly different IP addresses.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.136.242][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.128.0/20] Is it possible to range all IPs beginning with 185, 85, and 91? Because this vandal seems able to easily return under a new address. --[[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 23:33, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

::The vandal has returned.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/185.70.52.0/22&target=185.70.52.0%2F22&offset=&limit=500][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/85.117.48.0/20] Could you please extend these expired blocks for a longer period of time?[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3A185.70.52.0%2F22][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3A85.117.48.0%2F20] [[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 00:21, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:Dotdotcomma]] ==

Hello @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] i am here for asking help to you. a editor @[[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] who is blocked in Sock Puppet Case in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas is now actively live on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and recreaing all promotional pages on Simple [[The Vach]] , [[Poybo Media]], [[Justin Jin]], [[:simple:Bayu_Prihandito|Bayu Prihandito]] these are deleted in [[English Wikipedia]] but he recreates on Simple English Wikipedia and recently he creates another Sock account [[:simple:User:Anwi6644|Anwi6644]] and tried again to create these above articles on [[English Wikipedia]] . Both account [[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] and @[[User:Anwi6644|Anwi6644]] found guilty in same case of Sock puppetry [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/50mMidas|En:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/50mMidas]] but still [[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] this user is unblocked. First Admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] blocked @[[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] and suddenly after some times he unblocked him this is really questionable. I want a proper Investigation aginst them now i doubt they are paid or not.[[User:Brandom Mc Thompson|Brandom Mc Thompson]] ([[User talk:Brandom Mc Thompson|talk]]) 09:03, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:We don't have tools to tell if a certain Wikimedia editor is paid for editing, only a wild guess based on editing pattern. Note that I don't have any administrative privileges on Simple English Wiki. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:18, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
::so sir who can help me better will you please suggest me >?[[User:Brandom Mc Thompson|Brandom Mc Thompson]] ([[User talk:Brandom Mc Thompson|talk]]) 09:28, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== ANI ==

[[File:Information icon4.svg|link=|25px|alt=Information icon]] There is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#103.5.0.238|103.5.0.238]]. Thank you. [[User:1AmNobody24|Nobody]] ([[User talk:1AmNobody24|talk]]) 09:40, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== [[Potassium]] requested to be unprotected ==

Protection imposed in 2019; unprotection requested at [[Talk:Potassium#I_think_this_article_should_be_not_protected.]]. –[[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] ([[User talk:LaundryPizza03|d]][[Special:Contribs/LaundryPizza03|c̄]]) 11:58, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia ==

Good morning Materalscientist, I am not an admin, but I think that you are (or may know one). You have helped me in the past to get several articles to "Good" status. I am writing to ask for help in dealing with an editor who persistently inserts "bare URLs" into a page that I created more than a decade ago. I, as well as various other editors have tried clean up the persistent edits of an editor known as "MountainHiker" who has reverted attempts to conform to good Wikipedia formatting standards and now is posting private URLs on the article, [[The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia]]. In particular, "MountainHiker" continues to insert a private bare URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community. Further, "MountainHiker" persists in including a redundant "frontend website" bare URL that is already referenced correctly in the External links section. After I (and several others) have tried to correct these edits, I give up and am passing it up the line (through you) to block this editor or protect the article as you see appropriate. Thanks. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 15:32, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:Please do explain this issue to MountainHiker on their talk, especially the inaccessibility of the links - this is important. As to formatting, usually experienced editors bear with it, because we have semi-automatic tools that improve bare urls, such as https://refill.toolforge.org/. Very often editors are much more understanding than we think, and quickly straighten up their attitude without admin intervention (which should be a last resort). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:07, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
::As you suggested, I left a note at User talk:MountainHiker explaining the various problems with recent edits by MountainHiker-- in particular the inclusion of a private bare URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community. I have not reverted MountainHiker's most recent edit, but instead encouraged MountainHiker to remove/fix the most recent edits without intervention by another editor. We'll see if MountainHiker takes the suggestions to heart. If after a week or so, there is not correction, I will revert MountainHiker's most recent edit as nothing will be lost in the article [[The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia]] since one of the bare URLs inserted by MountainHiker is already listed in the External links section and the other is a private URL which should not appear in the article. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 21:22, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
:::FOLLOW UP TO ABOVE REPLY: Without reply/comment to my User talk:MountainHiker note (see context above), MountainHiker responded by making his/her bare URLs to be formatted correctly, but no action was taken to remove the private URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community... and less importantly, the redundant URL already listed in the External links remains. Apparently my exhortation about these matters is being ignored. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 18:48, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

== 2A02:842A:1BF:1901:0:0:0:0/64 ==

* {{Rangevandal|2A02:842A:1BF:1901:0:0:0:0/64}}
Back in November, you warned them twice: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:D9FB:2B2B:D8D4:6017].

This range has a ton of unsourced edits. I see a bunch that are in filmography tables for Indian actors I watch. [[:Ali filmography]] is a recent one where they've repeatedly added content that is reverted for not having sourcing. {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1189673311|Dec. 13}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1190562013|Dec. 18}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1191123336|Dec. 21}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1191287039|Dec. 22}}

I have issued warnings to a few of the IPs: {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:1C58:B55C:B23A:5423||1190678656}} {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:A999:9515:AF2:673||1190996559}} {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:6472:1374:6F12:ECE5||1191308722}}, but since they are IPv6, they hop around within the /64, so I am uncertain they are seeing the warnings.

They are a prolific editor, and it appears that some of the edits are good (or, at least, not bad). However, there are enough bad or questionable edits that it takes a fair amount of time and effort to assess and clean-up.  — [[User:Archer1234|'''Archer''']] ([[User_talk:Archer1234|t]]·[[Special:Contributions/Archer1234|c]]) 19:39, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:This issue is a pain, because there are reference sites like IMDb, etc., where we can quickly check if the actor was part of a movie, and because there are thousands of such good-faith editors who add movies without bothering about references (some of them mention their source in the edit summary, which is not sufficient). How to deal with such edits is a matter of personal choice. If the editor is repeatedly warned for unsourced, and especially dubious additions, then admins can intervene. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:13, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

==Unblock request==
Hello, Materialscientist. There's an unblock request at [[User talk:MrCrazyMan02]], relating to a block which you imposed three years ago. I would like to unblock to give another chance, but do you have any opinion you would like to express? [[User:JBW|JBW]] ([[User talk:JBW|talk]]) 11:52, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
:Unblocking is Ok with me. Sorry for belated reply - I am traveling. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:33, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
:: Thanks. [[User:JBW|JBW]] ([[User talk:JBW|talk]]) 22:20, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Merry Christmas!==

<div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#01902a; background-color:darkred; border-width:3px; text-align:center; padding:3px; width:800px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Christmas tree sxc hu.jpg|196px|right]]
{{font|text='''<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> Merry Christmas! <nowiki>~~~</nowiki>'''|font=Century Gothic|size=30px|color=gold}} {{font|color=gold|text=''Joyeux Noël! ~ Buon Natale! ~ Vrolijk Kerstfeest! ~ Frohe Weihnachten! ¡Feliz Navidad! ~ Feliz Natal! ~ Καλά Χριστούγεννα! ~ Hyvää Joulua! God Jul! ~ Glædelig Jul! ~ Linksmų Kalėdų! ~ Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus! Häid Jõule! ~ Wesołych Świąt! ~ Boldog Karácsonyt! ~ Veselé Vánoce! Veselé Vianoce! ~ Crăciun Fericit! ~ Sretan Božić! ~ С Рождеством! শুভ বড়দিন! ~ 圣诞节快乐！~ メリークリスマス！~ 메리 크리스마스! สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส!'' ~ Selamat Hari Natal! ~ Giáng sinh an lành! Весела Коледа! ~ Meri Kirihimete!|font=Times New Roman|size=19px}}</div>
{{font|text=''Hello, Materialscientist! Thank you for your work to maintain and improve Wikipedia! Wishing you a [[Merry Christmas]] and a [[Happy New Year]]!''|font=Times New Roman|size=19px}} [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 23:06, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
<div style="float:left">''{{resize|88%|Spread the [[WP:LOVE|WikiLove]] and leave other users this message by adding {{tls|Multi-language Season's Greetings}}}}''</div>{{-}}

== Seasonal greetings!! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 4px solid #FFD700;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 2px;" | [[File:Wikipedia Happy New Year.png|211px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 2px 2px 0 2px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Merry Christmas and a Prosperous 2024!'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |
----
'''Hello Materialscientist, may you be surrounded by peace, success and happiness on this [[Christmas and holiday season|seasonal occasion]]. Spread the [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]] and a [[New Year|Happy New Year]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Sending you heartfelt and warm greetings for Christmas and New Year 2024. Happy editing,''' 
[[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 06:56, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

''{{resize|96%|Spread the love by adding {{tls|Seasonal Greetings}} to other user talk pages.}}''
|} [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 06:56, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

{| style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;"
|[[File:Christmas Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]]
|‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) is wishing you a [[Mary Poppins (character)|Merry]] [[Christmas]]!

This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! 

Spread the Christmas cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas3}} to their talk page with a friendly message.
|} ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:27, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

== Request CU and removal of TPA ==

After some gravedancing by another editor, {{noping|Moglesby1999}} announced {{diff2|1191953629|here}} that they (they say {{tq|we}}, but I'm reading that as the [[royal we]]) have "ghost" accounts. Would you mind revoking their TPA and checking to see if their threats have any merit? Best and happy holidays, ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 20:08, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
:TPA is already removed. CU is of little use here, it seems they have access to a vast IP space. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:33, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Joyous Season==
<div style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:lightyellow; border-width:1px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Decorative paper star light.jpg|190px|left]] [[File:Frankenmuth, United States (Unsplash).jpg|180px|right]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text 2.png|260px]]}}

I wish that you may have a very Happy Holiday! {{smiley|christmas}} Whether you celebrate [[Christmas]], [[Hanukkah]], [[Kwanzaa]], [[Hogmanay]], [[Festivus]] or your hemisphere's [[Solstice]], this is a special time of year for almost everyone! May the New Year provide you joy and fulfillment! Thanks for everything you do here. [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 20:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC) 

Spread the holiday cheer by adding {{[[WP:SUBST|subst]]:[[User:Coffee/Holidays]]}} to your fellow editors' talk pages.
{{clear}}
</div>

[[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 20:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

== Really? ==

See message attached to your templating on my talk page and kindly respond appropriately. Remember, some IP editors actually do know what they are doing. [[Special:Contributions/4.37.252.50|4.37.252.50]] ([[User talk:4.37.252.50|talk]]) 02:27, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
:I know, which is why I have restored your edits and removed my warning from your talk with a summary "my bad". No need to be terse. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:29, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
::I was just going to comment about this, while I noticed. [[User:Tropicalkitty|Tropicalkitty]] ([[User talk:Tropicalkitty|talk]]) 02:30, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Looking further, I see why you might have a quick trigger regarding that article. I'll get back to re-rewriting now. Appreciate your restoration. [[Special:Contributions/4.37.252.50|4.37.252.50]] ([[User talk:4.37.252.50|talk]]) 02:50, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Cucciolo gatto Bibo.jpg|left|150px]]
thank you for contributing the wikipedia

[[User:OOF881|OOF881]] ([[User talk:OOF881|talk]]) 04:00, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 

== Happy New Year, Materialscientist! ==
<div style="border: 3px solid #FFD700; background-color: #FFFAF0; padding:0.2em 0.4em; height:auto; min-height:173px; border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);" class="plainlinks">
[[File:Fuochi d'artificio.gif|left|x173px]][[File:Happy new year 01.svg|x173px|right]]
{{Paragraph break}}
{{Center|{{resize|179%|'''''[[New Year|Happy New Year]]!'''''}}}}
'''Materialscientist''', Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable [[New Year]], and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.
 [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 20:13, 31 December 2023 (UTC) 
</div>
   ''{{resize|88%|Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.}}''
{{clear}}

== Happy New Year! ==
<div style="border: 2px solid red; background-color: #FFFAF0">
<div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle;"> [[File:Snowman icon.png|175px]] </div>
 '''Happy [[New Year]]!''' 
<div style="margin-left:177px;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 2px solid green;"> '''Hello Materialscientist: Thanks for all of your contributions to Wikipedia, and have a great [[New Year]]!''' Cheers, [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 22:36, 31 December 2023 (UTC)</div>
 
Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year snowman}} to people's talk pages with a friendly message.
</div>{{clear}} [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 22:36, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy New Year, Materialscientist! ==
<div style="border: 3px solid #FFD700; background-color: #FFFAF0; padding:0.2em 0.4em; height:auto; min-height:173px; border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);" class="plainlinks">
[[File:Everlasting Fireworks looped.gif|left|x173px]][[File:Happy new year 01.svg|x173px|right]]
{{Paragraph break}}
{{Center|{{resize|179%|'''''[[New Year|Happy New Year]]!'''''}}}}
'''Materialscientist''', Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable [[New Year]], and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.
 [[User:Abishe|Abishe]] ([[User talk:Abishe|talk]]) 15:37, 1 January 2024 (UTC) 
</div>
   ''{{resize|88%|Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.}}''
{{clear}} [[User:Abishe|Abishe]] ([[User talk:Abishe|talk]]) 15:37, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

== 108.82.130.140 ==

108.82.130.140 is requesting, via UTRS, that this block be lifted. I have scanned the single IP address using nmap (nmap -v -Pn 108.82.130.140) and see no open proxies. CU data shows no immediately obvious problems for this single IP address and [https://spur.us/context/108.82.130.140 the spur report] shows the address "is not being used by many devices". Any objection to me lifting the block, on the basis that reblocks are cheap? --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 15:42, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unblocked, thanks. I see no evidence of a proxy now. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:28, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
::Wooo! It's so rare that I get to mark a UTRS request as accepted. Thanks! --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 00:05, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

== 67.149.101.152 ==

Greetings. You blocked [[Special:Contributions/67.149.40.151|this IP]] about a year ago for album vandalism. They're now continuing to do so on [[Special:Contributions/67.149.101.152|this IP]]. WHOIS gives an identical region. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 20:57, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
:Blocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:26, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Windows XP]] ==

Hi! Why this article’s protection is indefinite?! [[Special:Contributions/1.46.146.16|1.46.146.16]] ([[User talk:1.46.146.16|talk]]) 05:37, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

:Because of persistent disruptive editing. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 15:32, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== Americans in the United Kingdom ==

On '''[[Americans in the United Kingdom]],''' I added an image to convey the symbolic mix of American and British heritage that Americans in the United Kingdom have. An IP ( [[Special:Contributions/91.192.81.61|<bdi>91.192.81.61</bdi>]] ) keeps removing this image with no reason given on their revert. The image itself is usable under [[Wikipedia:IUP|'''WP:IUP''']] under the Adding images to articles section. Should I try to communicate with them further or request a block? Best regards, [[User:UnexpectedSmoreInquisition|UnexpectedSmoreInquisition]] aka USI ([[User talk:UnexpectedSmoreInquisition|talk]]) 12:22, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

== Multiple accounts? ==

The user you just blocked is the third account attempting the exact same kind of edits 1 after the other to the Jermaine Pennant page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Jermaine+Pennant . There's now a 4th one attempting it. – [[Special:Contributions/2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24]] ([[User talk:2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|talk]]) 03:44, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you :). – [[Special:Contributions/2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24]] ([[User talk:2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|talk]]) 03:55, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== Why you delete my article ==

why you delete and how can I testore [[User:Gudoomiye cali baa|Gudoomiye cali baa]] ([[User talk:Gudoomiye cali baa|talk]]) 06:29, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:KleinerRoterTraktorIstÜberallBekanntMitJanAmLenkradFährtErÜbersLandErIstKeinRiese!]] ==

Username is suspicious for LTA socks - for your awareness. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 09:20, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

:By my look of the name, I'd definitely say this user is [[Wikipedia:NOTHERE]]. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 15:30, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Pabi Cooper]] ==

Hello, you recently deleted an article [[WP:Articles for deletion/Skomota|here]] as it was a product of [[WP:G5|CSD G5]], I have now seen [[Pabi Cooper]] and noticed that it is product of G5 too but it good although it needs a little clean up. My question is do I PROD it or just clean it and mark as reviewed? I'll be on the lookout for your response {{thank you}}. '''dxneo''' ([[User talk:dxneo|talk]]) 11:36, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unclear, because of [[Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#RfC:_Status_of_G|this discussion]]. If your cleanup will be substantial, then fine. Otherwise someone can nominate the page for speedy deletion under G5. Another option is to delete the page as G5, so that you recreate that page as you find it fit. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Page of Jagdish Gandhi ==

Thank you protecting the page of Jagdish Gandhi from vandalism. Unscrupulous people are constantly editing the page claiming he is dead whereas he is not. One last thing, when you look up Jagdish Gandhi on wiki, it shows the years 1936-2024 below his name, meaning he lived till 2024. Can you also change that please. Thanks 🙏 [[User:Rishi05|Rishi05]] ([[User talk:Rishi05|talk]]) 14:24, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} --[[User:BeLucky|BeLucky]] ([[User talk:BeLucky|talk]]) 14:53, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Vandalism at Still life ==
Hi, there is a case of obvious ip vandalism at [[Still life]] but I am struggling to revert it, because there is a backlisted site on there that I can't seem to find. I wonder if you could take a look at it. Thanks. [[User:Fieryninja|Fieryninja]] ([[User talk:Fieryninja|talk]]) 10:09, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 10:32, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hey! I keep bumping into you through Huggle and just wanted to thank you for all your valiant efforts in protecting Wikipedia from all the vandals out there. Keep up the fantastic work! [[User:Bsoyka|'''Bsoyka''']] ([[User talk:Bsoyka|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bsoyka|c]] • [[User:Bsoyka/Guestbook|g]]) 02:05, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== 2016 United States presidential election in Iowa ==

Hi, regarding my content removal edit to [[2016 United States presidential election in Iowa]] that you reverted, I clarified my reasoning on my talk page. [[User:Helpful Raccoon|Helpful Raccoon]] ([[User talk:Helpful Raccoon|talk]]) 05:34, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

:A section on the article talk page expresses the same issue (when the content I removed was in its own section): [[Talk:2016 United States presidential election in Iowa#This background section doesn't belong]] [[User:Helpful Raccoon|Helpful Raccoon]] ([[User talk:Helpful Raccoon|talk]]) 05:56, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Merger of colleges in UP India ==

Hi, since you've asked for merger discussions of various colleges in UP to their parent university, could you start the discussions (on the talk pages of the target articles) as well? Thanks. -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 08:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:I, asked, where? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:29, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::On further research, it looks like you did some reverts, e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Institute_of_Technology&diff=1194442141&oldid=1060883376]. I think they are better off as redirects though. -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 09:14, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, upon a second look I agree. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:16, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I came here to complain about the same thing. Can I revert all of these since they're still standing? [[User:Queen of Hearts|Queen]][[Special:Contribs/Queen of Hearts|of]][[User talk:Queen of Hearts|Hearts]] 22:02, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::I've reverted myself, correct me at will on this matter. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:05, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::Your username was all over [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Article alerts#MRG]] :-) -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 09:15, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== ZX Spectrum graphics revert ==

You reverted my revert to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_graphic_modes] so quickly, that I estimate you didn't have time to even read or consider my Edit Summary, which explained why I reverted the page.

That is not a very good way to act.

Anyway, I stand by my revert (i.e. the "under dispute" template should stay), and I repeat the Edit Summary here:

"The issues on the talk page have direct ramifications on the content of the article. While, technically, the issue was raised on the talk page, the data in the article is directly based on the disputed issues." [[Special:Contributions/80.80.52.64|80.80.52.64]] ([[User talk:80.80.52.64|talk]]) 08:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

==Netta==
I think the article about [[Netta Barzilai]] needs protection from slander and antisemitism.[[User:BabbaQ|BabbaQ]] ([[User talk:BabbaQ|talk]]) 16:24, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Comment F ==

Why did you do that to me? I looked everywhere and I didn't find it. [[User:Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)|Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)]] ([[User talk:Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)|talk]]) 23:49, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Requesting assist/intervention on [[WP:ANI]] ==

Hey there & good day. Could you help take a look on the issue [[WP:ANI#Repeated content removal in the article Peranakans|Repeated content removal in the article Peranakans]]? User Visnu92 has repeatedly engaged in massive blanking of content in [[Peranakans]] & added some ridiculously-worded hatnote to the article.

It should be noted that said user has a history of edit-warring and was previously blocked for this exact same behaviour. Seeking your kind attention as this issue has been posted on ANI for more than 12 hours. Thanks. [[User:HundenvonPenang|hundenvonPG]] ([[User talk:HundenvonPenang|talk]]) 00:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== Hi! ==

Hi, could you please explain the reverts you made on today's portal?
Did they breach any rule? If so, sorry. But they both said "Wednesday" on source.
Appreciated. [[Special:Contributions/190.246.97.81|190.246.97.81]] ([[User talk:190.246.97.81|talk]]) 09:44, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:My bad, thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
::Oh, no problems at all! I got scared because I have never had a single incident since I started editing. Thank you and sorry for bothering you. Have an excellent day. --[[Special:Contributions/190.246.97.81|190.246.97.81]] ([[User talk:190.246.97.81|talk]]) 09:47, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User talk:SyntaXenon]] ==

OK to unblock? [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 11:27, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:47, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== article, Kavim ==

I made a change to an article, [[Kavim]].

It is important for me to point out that I work for KAVIM company and the management asked me to edit the content in the English language because it is not updated. For example: Menchal has already changed twice since "Zion Fat" and there is a lot of data that is not relevant for today.

Attached is a link to the original Hebrew value of KAVIM: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D

[[User:Etibenlish|Etibenlish]] ([[User talk:Etibenlish|talk]]) 11:44, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

:It is very important to the company that I make the changes [[User:Etibenlish|Etibenlish]] ([[User talk:Etibenlish|talk]]) 08:49, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[List of stage names]]==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stage_names&action=history '''Are you serious?''']. I updated the names based on the subjects' articles!!! [[Special:Contributions/65.88.88.56|65.88.88.56]] ([[User talk:65.88.88.56|talk]]) 22:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, but we don't use their full names, and most people don't. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:06, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

::: Perhaps a hidden (or not) note at the top of the article will keep people from wasting their time. [[Special:Contributions/65.88.88.56|65.88.88.56]] ([[User talk:65.88.88.56|talk]]) 22:20, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== Brandi Carlile page ==

Hello. I added a link to the Brandi Carlile interview on the Song Exploder Podcast because I believed it was pertinent to her biography. It is " accurate and on-target" as per the guidelines.

The episode breaks down her song "You and Me on the Rock," and how it was influenced by her wife, by their home, and by Joni Mitchell.

I'd look forward to your thoughts on why this information isn't useful. [[User:Williamchloe|Williamchloe]] ([[User talk:Williamchloe|talk]]) 01:06, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[WP:NOTLINK|Wikipedia is not a collection of links]]. Every notable person has thousands of potential web links, we can't and won't list them, we just use some of them as [[WP:RS|reliable inline references]]. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:07, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

==Westtown School Page==
I currently a student at the school doing a project for the school to make it as up to date as possible. As such, all sources will promptly be cited. That being said it would be appreciated if I could get some help finding the many edits I made as all the work has been erased. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment[[Special:Diff/1195050628|<diff>]] added by [[User:Historymadeeasy|Historymadeeasy]] ([[User talk:Historymadeeasy#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Historymadeeasy|contribs]]) 02:30, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Regarding this deletion.. ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birjand_University_of_Medical_Sciences&diff=next&oldid=1195099899 I believe you made a mistake. Please see wp:burden. Thank you, and happy new year. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3|2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3|talk]]) 09:09, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== taken down information ==

you have said it was taken down due to lack of a reliable source even tho i have spoken to the 4 boys names which were included in the information i supported in the page [[User:Miss meardon|Miss meardon]] ([[User talk:Miss meardon|talk]]) 12:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
:(talk page watcher) See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:NOR]]. --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 12:48, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Bertram Fletcher Robinson ==

Thanks for your message in relation to this article. I am very happy to be guided by a more experienced Wikipedian and would welcome any constructive comments in relation to my attempts to improve the quality of this article. Best wishes. [[Special:Contributions/82.38.214.91|82.38.214.91]] ([[User talk:82.38.214.91|talk]]) 23:34, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Revert ==

Hello, could you please explain [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMbesharam&diff=1195322113&oldid=1195321988 this] edit? [[User:CometVolcano|CometVolcano]] ([[User talk:CometVolcano|talk]]) 11:07, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

== Likely sockpuppetry ==

Hi Materialscientist. Could you please do a CheckUser of {{noping|Lictartarovk}}, mostly to check whether there are more accounts? Based on the edit history, the account looks like a sockpuppet of {{noping|Luparh}} (banned for disruptive editing), {{noping|Eauho}} (banned as sockpuppet), and {{noping|Jonatanar}} (banned as sockpuppet). Thanks. [[User:Daniel Quinlan|Daniel Quinlan]] ([[User talk:Daniel Quinlan|talk]]) 22:47, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
:They have access to a vast IP space, thus CU can't tell for sure whether there are additional accounts of this sockmaster. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:56, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

== Your edit to [[St Martin's Church, Sherwood]] ==
Hi, I believe that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Martin%27s_Church,_Sherwood&oldid=1195536373 your revert] was made in error. This isn't my edit but I am planning on reverting your edit as it seemed like the original edit was a constructive edit. Maybe a small NPOV issue but I'll edit that. [[User:GoldMiner24|GoldMiner24]] [[User talk:GoldMiner24|Talk]] 07:19, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== No fish in Xel-Ha ==

Hi there. I added a section to the Xel-Ha article because I've been many times. This time there were no fish. I'm a big fan of Wikipedia, and am confused as to why you wouldn't take my contribution seriously. I'm happy to answer any questions you might have about Xel-Ha or my education background, or credentials that help inform my observations. [[Special:Contributions/209.35.185.26|209.35.185.26]] ([[User talk:209.35.185.26|talk]]) 09:27, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== Adding Kirby & Friends ==

Hi there! Kirby & Friends is now release at now! You can help me to real important for our dictionary. So I have no time to create you can edit character for you can to interacting to encyclopedia. Thank you for [[User:Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus|Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus]] ([[User talk:Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus|talk]]) 10:03, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== Arigato! ==

arigato! Thanks! Sometimes I work late at night and do not think. I have explained my changes now. It is important today, that we understand the new research going on. For me the biggest surprise was in the field of Japanese architecture (2023). The question of chō versus yomachi in the Jobo city block and the English misunderstanding. Even here, in a remote part of Japanese study do we find the need to go back to origins of hiragana, and what was Tale of Genji written in. 174.214.16.81 (talk) 11:3 [[User:DrBeck007|DrBeck007]] ([[User talk:DrBeck007|talk]]) 11:39, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== USGROCKS ==

Hello! I saw that [[User talk:USGROCKS#January 2024 2|this user]] was blocked from editing, I saw his first instance blanking on the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|2021 capital attack]] and I just warned him. Is blanking an automatic ban? [[User:LuxembourgLover|LuxembourgLover]] ([[User talk:LuxembourgLover|talk]]) 05:47, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
:No. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:48, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Your work reverting and removing vandalism is very admirable! Great work!! [[User:Professor Penguino|Professor Penguino]] ([[User talk:Professor Penguino|talk]]) 08:53, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== Edits by Silver-coated cape ==
Hi, noticed you added a warning to this user's talk page for disruptive editing. Have reverted many of the edits with explanation but it does not really seem to help. Not sure if this is a well-meaning novice or not but the editing behavior is disruptive. Can you have another look? Thx. --[[User:Wolbo|Wolbo]] ([[User talk:Wolbo|talk]]) 15:27, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== Caste Promotion socks ==

I suspect [[User:HölderlinRem1]], [[User:FloridaFlower]], and [[User:Jacob Matthew George]] are sock puppet accounts disrupting [[Zamorin]] articles with biased edits. Their editing patterns suggest coordinated caste promotion, violating Wikipedia's neutrality and sock puppetry policies. I recommend an looking into these accounts. [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057|2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057|talk]]) 02:56, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

== I'd like to see if this editor can learn how to edit, I don't think they've had much help. ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Futuristicediting] [[User:Doug Weller|Doug Weller]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 14:34, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

== Regarding Sino-Soviet border conflict ==

Hi! I saw you reverted [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Soviet_border_conflict&oldid=1195486747 this edit] earlier by an IP user. They've continued editing & are now changing the infobox without obtaining consensus, which ''was'' in the infobox. If you're available, would you be able to help out here? I think it's a case of [[WP:ICANTHEARYOU]]. [[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]] [[User talk:Schrödinger's jellyfish|✉]] 05:40, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]]
:yes I AM LOCAL FROM GUNNAUR
:TALK ME [[User:Hasan Ali gunnauri|Hasan Ali gunnauri]] ([[User talk:Hasan Ali gunnauri|talk]]) 15:13, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

== Link to Tandem Fundazioa material collection ==

Dear colleague,

I am Jürgen Wolff from Tandem Fundazioa (see history of the [[Tandem language learning]] ). We have decided to put our data base at the disposition of all wiki users. Pls do not delete the link again. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/212.231.117.130|212.231.117.130]] ([[User talk:212.231.117.130|talk]]) 10:30, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

== LTA-marked block ==

Hi Materialscientist, I saw the block log comment related to the disruption by [[User:80.117.95.200]] today (in tandem with other IPs). However, I don't think that it is being correctly marked as abuse by the user you linked. Instead, it seems to be the IP-only editor I have been dealing with at places like [[Sankebetsu brown bear incident]]. I'm not a checkuser and I'm not going to ask you to identify any editors by their IPs, but I would appreciate it if you could reexamine the block and see whether you think it should be reattributed. Best, [[User:Dekimasu|Dekimasu]][[User talk:Dekimasu|よ!]] 16:30, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[user:149.62.192.0/18]]==

How sure are we about this? It appears to be one of the standard ranges for the mobile ISP [[Yettel Bulgaria]].[[User:Geni|©Geni]] ([[User talk:Geni|talk]]) 13:37, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unblocked, don't see a webhost anymore, but did see it at the time of the block, maybe reassigned. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:33, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

== I am local guide ==

I CAN HELP YOU

Hasan Ali
From GUNNAUR
NEAR BY Syari Hub [[User:Hasan Ali gunnauri|Hasan Ali gunnauri]] ([[User talk:Hasan Ali gunnauri|talk]]) 15:12, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/John D. White]]==

{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 style="border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #cfc"
|-
|[[File:John D. White - Brady Handy cropped.jpg|75px|center|]]
|<div style="text-align:center;">'''An image created by you has been promoted to [[Wikipedia:Featured picture|featured picture]] status'''</div> Your image, '''[[:File:John D. White - Brady Handy cropped.jpg]]''', was nominated on [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]], gained a consensus of support, and has been promoted. If you would like to nominate an image, please do so at [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]]. Thank you for your contribution! [[User:Armbrust|Armbrust]] [[User talk:Armbrust|The Homunculus]] 09:18, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== [[user talk:Ahurrell61418]] ==

OK to unblock? Their request was not in the unblock request queue. Thanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 06:48, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:32, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

== Semi-protect Lindsey Scherf page ==

Thanks for reverting the Lindsey Scherf page. There is someone using numerous different IPs to edit (aka vandalize) that page and they always need to be reverted. Is there a way to semi-protect that page from edits? I don't know where to start for that. [[User:Gravel for breakfast|Gravel for breakfast]] ([[User talk:Gravel for breakfast|talk]]) 15:53, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

:Nevermind, I found the protection request site. [[User:Gravel for breakfast|Gravel for breakfast]] ([[User talk:Gravel for breakfast|talk]]) 16:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

== Overly Speedy Perma-Banning... ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Abc123qwertymilet] Seems a bit speedy of a block @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]... did they have tons of vandal contribs already or something? [[User:344agg21|jayhawker6]] ([[User talk:344agg21|talk]]) 02:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
:Ok, unblocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:47, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

== Position and assembly ==

UPLOAD THE FILES [[Special:Contributions/174.231.209.136|174.231.209.136]] ([[User talk:174.231.209.136|talk]]) 09:58, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

:Never mind. Disregard! [[Special:Contributions/174.231.209.136|174.231.209.136]] ([[User talk:174.231.209.136|talk]]) 10:03, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

== It happens sometimes ... ==

I think you just restored some uncited text, removed for that reason, by accident. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878|2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878|talk]]) 01:32, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

== Unblock request ==

[[User_talk:Psychroanoker#unblock_discussion|OK to unblock?]] [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 21:28, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:59, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
::hanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 22:52, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union#:~:text=European Union law (the Citizens,report calling for mutual recognition.|LGBT rights in EU]]==
Hi, @materialscientist, you've twice reverted my edit here. On the first occasion it was because I had not referred to the talk page in the edit box. I accept this. On the second occasion, I had referred to it in both the edit both and at the talk page. I feel like your second intervention is automated and doesn't account for my references at the edit page and the talk page. I obviously do not want to get into an edit war in any way, so I will not revert again. Instead, I ask you to actually read the talk page, where I have made some effort over time to justify my edit. If you cannot then justify your second revert then can you please revert back? Thanks. [[User:Charlie Campbell 28|Charlie Campbell 28]] ([[User talk:Charlie Campbell 28|talk]]) 09:25, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Stonestoneeee|Stonestoneeee]] ==

I see that you blocked a bunch of socks, but not the master account. Did you intend to not block the master account? I'm asking because it was brought up at [[WP:ANI#Prolific socking on Jannik Sinner|this]] ANI thread. [[User:MaterialsPsych|MaterialsPsych]] ([[User talk:MaterialsPsych|talk]]) 07:39, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:In short, I forgot to block them, thanks for bringing this up. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:41, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User talk:Siboniso Mabona]] ==

Can you yank their TPA? They seem to be a spambot or something and are posting incoherent content/spam links on their talk page. Thanks! [[User:Thriftycat|Thriftycat]] [[User talk:Thriftycat|Talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Thriftycat|Contribs]] 18:09, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 20:58, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

== User:Saagaraludhaati ==

Hi, user:Saagaraludhaati is removing reliable sources and adding unreliable sources to articles [[Guntur Kaaram]], [[List of Indian films of 2024]] and [[List of Telugu films of 2024]]. Can you please do anything. [[User:Falimy|Falimy]] ([[User talk:Falimy|talk]]) 09:40, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:Also take a look on [[Special:Contributions/Saagaraludhaati|users contributions]], also doing the same in every edits. Thanks. [[User:Falimy|Falimy]] ([[User talk:Falimy|talk]]) 09:43, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== About Skibidirizzohio2 ==

Skibidirizzohio2 is also a sockpuppet of Skibidirizzohio1. Refer to [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Skibidirizzohio1]] for more info. [[User:Brennan Everette|Brennan Everette]] ([[User talk:Brennan Everette|🗣️]] | [[User:Brennan Everette/Sandbox|⏳]]) 11:51, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Block conflict ==

I accidentally conflicted with your block of 122.161.67.67. I've restored your block of 31 hours and your block rationale. — [[User:Red-tailed hawk|Red-tailed hawk]] [[User talk:Red-tailed hawk|(nest)]] 21:18, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Your block was better :-). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:20, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Tadc ==

Michael kovaach is great, why'd you revert my edit about it? [[Special:Contributions/108.191.120.148|108.191.120.148]] ([[User talk:108.191.120.148|talk]]) 21:26, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:un ban him I agree [[Special:Contributions/108.191.120.148|108.191.120.148]] ([[User talk:108.191.120.148|talk]]) 21:27, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Album details ==

Does every new album name and release date need sources? The existing ones don't have any. [[User:Planner21|Planner21]] ([[User talk:Planner21|talk]]) 00:42, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:I know, but this is not an excuse for adding unsourced info. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:43, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::It wasn't an "excuse", it was a question. Never mind. [[User:Planner21|Planner21]] ([[User talk:Planner21|talk]]) 01:27, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Please Lock the Page Bigg Boss 7 Telugu ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7) page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few days or months. Pawan Sparkle [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 06:24, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Talking ==

Assalamualaikum. My name is Nafis Fowzan. I am from Bangladesh.Can I talk with you please? [[User:Fuzeen|Fuzeen]] ([[User talk:Fuzeen|talk]]) 20:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

'''31st January 2024''' for all users. [[Special:Contributions/173.187.77.125|173.187.77.125]] ([[User talk:173.187.77.125|talk]]) 09:21, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

== According to chhota bheem character voice artist ==

do i have to provide citation for the change i have made becuase the artist i wrote about was voice actress of that particular character before the artist whose name is provided there rightnow. [[User:ZachAlexanderCarter|ZachAlexanderCarter]] ([[User talk:ZachAlexanderCarter|talk]]) 12:04, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

==Quick Question for you...==

Hello [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]! I was just going through some recent changes and stumbled upon this [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_Solidarity_Day&curid=15582219&diff=1202267666&oldid=1202264181|edit]]. The explination seems legit, so I don't know what to do. Could you take a look for me please? Thanks!

[[User:Awilh37|Awilh37]] [[User talk:Awilh37|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Awilh37|Contribs]] 11:15, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== How to reuse an existing reference ==

I have been unable to satisfy your perfectly reasonable referencing requirements for the following reason.

I want to reuse an existing reference created by another user. I think it's unnamed.

When I select Cite, Reuse and click on the reference, a reference number is inserted which isn't the one I clicked on.
What am I doing wrong?

HELP!!

Thanks [[User:SYDHIKER|SYDHIKER]] ([[User talk:SYDHIKER|talk]]) 12:56, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== Your message concerning List of serial killers ==

hello, I have seen that you have reinstated the original typo, apparently without the slightes research. So I'll explain very extensively: [[Heidi]] is a children's book by [[Johanna Spyri]], and Thomas Holst certainly did not kill the leading character of the book. OTOH, 'Heide' is the German word for a heath, and Holst was nicknamed the 'Heath Murderer' (Heidemörder) because his victims were found on or near the heath. So Heidi Mörder is clearly a typo.
Let me suggest that, before reverting an edit on the German language, by a German contributor, you might possibly consult with the English and/or the German Wikipedia, or even with Google. [[Thomas Holst]]'s nickname is told correctly in the English version. Greetz -[[User:Zerolevel|Zerolevel]] ([[User talk:Zerolevel|talk]]) 19:37, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:Fine, thanks, I've reinstated your corrections, but note that together with that you've removed a block of the article [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nicknames_of_serial_killers&diff=1197537461&oldid=1197537366]. Please preview your edits before saving them. Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::okay, sorry, I had not seen that. Editing in a table can be trick (for me certainly). -[[User:Zerolevel|Zerolevel]] ([[User talk:Zerolevel|talk]]) 22:10, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== alleged vandalism ==

Approximately a week ago, my user was unfairly blocked for supposedly committing vandalism, but the only thing I did was write someone's exact date of birth and nothing more, I pray that this injustice is not repeated again [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:22, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:{{tps|br}} {{replyto|Hola sectáreos32}} To which blocked user do you refer? Hundreds get blocked every day. [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 22:28, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{tpw}} {{re|Hola sectáreos32}} Now you have two accounts ? - [[User:FlightTime|'''FlightTime''']] ([[User talk:FlightTime|'''open channel''']]) 22:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:::I only have one account, the other times I log in it is with my IP, without logging in [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{Redacted|Personal information}} [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:41, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== P._Rajagopal_(businessman) ==

[[P. Rajagopal (businessman)]] Is a convicted murderer, the sources are further down in the article ([[P._Rajagopal_(businessman)#Life sentence for murder]]). I made the same mistake you did just looking at the edit change [[User:Shaws username|Shaws username]] ([[User talk:Shaws username|talk]]) 07:19, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
:Sure, but what is the source for Pitchai? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:23, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
::Oh I'm sorry, you're totally right. I got so fixated on the murderer part I didn't stop to consider the name, my bad. [[User:Shaws username|Shaws username]] ([[User talk:Shaws username|talk]]) 07:27, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

== warning on pigs being stunned thru carbon dioxide video reverted ==

Atleast I found it disturbing to see pigs screaming. I believe many would as well. Why was the warning removed?
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inert_gas_asphyxiation&diff=1202019319&oldid=1198867093

and how was it vandelism? [[Special:Contributions/103.82.123.138|103.82.123.138]] ([[User talk:103.82.123.138|talk]]) 16:42, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
==[[:Category:South African writers by genre]] has been nominated for merging==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>[[:Category:South African writers by genre]] has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization]] guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 February 3#Category:South African writers by genre|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|categories for discussion]] page. Thank you. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 20:32, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

u changed my edit!! that was mine!! [[User:Dnaile mrbonez|Dnaile mrbonez]] ([[User talk:Dnaile mrbonez|talk]]) 05:46, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Checkuser Request ==

Hello, @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]. Thank you for protecting the page “[[Gary Allen (runner)]].” As you are aware, this article is a [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography of a living person]]. I am the subject of the article. As you are also likely aware, this article has been recently subjected to presumed vandalism, sockpuppetry, and disruption. These presumed bad-faith edits seem to have been made by at least three different users — one anonymous, and two with usernames (“Mainewaynews” and “MaineDomesticViolence”). I am reaching out to you as a [[Wikipedia:CheckUser|checkuser]] to try to determine if these two accounts are possibly related, both geographically and/or electronically, in your opinion? Is it possible for you to share the related IP address/es? Thank you for your time and assistance. Have a nice day. [[User:Garyallen262|Garyallen262]] ([[User talk:Garyallen262|talk]]) 14:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpw|safe=yes}} {{yo|Garyallen262}} I saw your message here this morning and I think you've caught Materialscientist when they will be offline for a bit, so I had a look myself (I'm also a checkuser). Checkusers are not permitted to reveal details about any user's nonpublic technical info, so no I can't tell you where the accounts edit from nor their IP addresses, I can only tell you in vague terms we call "findings" whether the private info I see supports a connection. Mainewaynews and MaineDomesticViolence are {{likely}} - that means they're ''probably'' the same person. I'm going to start a [[WP:SPI|sockpuppet investigation]] for this so we can keep track of their activity. When [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Mainewaynews|this link]] turns blue you can check it for more information. [[User:Ivanvector|Ivanvector]] ([[User talk:Ivanvector|Talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Ivanvector|Edits]]) 14:31, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Ivanvector|Ivanvector]]. Thank you very much for taking the time to look into this. I appreciate your time and assistance. Have a nice day. Thank you. [[User:Garyallen262|Garyallen262]] ([[User talk:Garyallen262|talk]]) 14:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Perhaps revoke TPA on IP? ==

Hi, you may want to revoke talk page access for {{Userlinks|207.172.119.199}} based on their activity after you blocked the IP for 6 months. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 15:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

:{{tpw}} I got it.... - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 15:17, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Please block IP 63.115.31.130 ==

Hey Mateiralscientist. On Wikimedia Commons, I keep getting alerts from this IP and all of the accounts he creates on my Wikimedia Commons talk page doing personal attacks on me. Please block the IP and all accounts he creates on Wikimedia Commons. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 18:58, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

:Never mind. He got blocked for racist statements. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 19:28, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== You've got mail ==

{{You've got mail|dashlesssig=[[User:TrottieTrue|TrottieTrue]] ([[User talk:TrottieTrue|talk]]) 02:27, 6 February 2024 (UTC)}}

== [[Toby Keith]] ==

His official website is reporting that he died February 5. I do not have the time to deal with the current flood of edits, but it is true. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 08:52, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:My protection was not about the fact of his death, but about awkward and unsourced IP edits. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:54, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Santadas Kathiababa Article Development ==

Santadas Kathiababa Article Development This article is the chief Indian cleric of followers of Nimbarka Sampradaya of Hinduism [[Special:Contributions/58.145.184.246|58.145.184.246]] ([[User talk:58.145.184.246|talk]]) 09:10, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== What template are you using on this User_talk page? ==

Hi! What template did you use on [[User_talk:Ender18686]] ? I like the text that is there and would like to post the same thing on a user's talk page when I see an issue with original research. Thank you for the work you do. - [[User:Dyork|Dyork]] ([[User talk:Dyork|talk]]) 11:10, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:If you edit the template text, you will often find the template name as a hidden comment, {{tlx|uw-nor1}} in this case. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:12, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Brigadier Gerard ==

Hi Materialscientist
I have removed the items I believe where a source would be required while I gather the relevant source information and learn how to include it. I hope this helps? I will not add further items where a source would be required. Brigust (talk) 10:39, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
If there are items where a source would be required but I have overlooked them would you please let me know what they are? Brigust (talk) 10:40, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I have all of the newspaper articles for the applicable races but do not know how to add them to the references section. Can you help and advise please? Brigust (talk) 10:51, 6 February 2024 (UTC) [[User:Brigust|Brigust]] ([[User talk:Brigust|talk]]) 11:26, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Is this the right place to ask? ==

Requesting sanctions against APTuviera Loser, which you just blocked began yelling in foreign language in their talk page and is repeating it for 10 minutes. I'm new to using gadgets, so I don't know where do I request talk page edit revokement. Thanks. [[User:AlphaBetaGammsh|AlphaBetaGammsh]] ([[User talk:AlphaBetaGammsh|talk]]) 11:55, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:Done. Yes, it is the right place. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:57, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== deletion of File:Chloe4carasVMFA, Richmond, VA.jpg ==

Dear Materialscientist:

I just noted that the 4 faces of Chloe composite I photographed with a Galaxy S7 and edited in Serif was deleted 19 Nov 23 upon a 12 Nov 23 recommendation. But I do not find the reason?

Thanks for your help.

GlennRayUSA [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549|2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549|talk]]) 18:11, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:See [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Chloe4carasVMFA,_Richmond,_VA.jpg here]. The reason hinges on the concept of "freedom of panorama", which in this case means that we need permission from the sculpture author to keep those photographs on Commons. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:20, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Unsure what to do at a promotional edit ==

Hi! Saw you online and figured I'd poke my head in. A new user (likely with a COI) removed a redirect over at [[Wildlife Conservation International]] and has filled the article with blatantly promotional content.

Would it be appropriate to blank and restore the original redirect? Thanks! [[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]] [[User talk:Schrödinger's jellyfish|✉]] 05:07, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

== Please Lock Bigg Boss Kannada (Season 10) Pagr ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 10)]] page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few days or months. Pawan Sparkle [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 12:29, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

:Pawan I have left you a message. Because there were many issues with the table before
:first as bigg boss and big brother are the same franchise we don’t add re-entered and entered in bigg boss nomination table. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83]] ([[User talk:2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|talk]]) 17:35, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
::In housemates rows. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83]] ([[User talk:2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|talk]]) 17:36, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

== I corrected the spelling of someone's name FFS!! ==

Cosmonaut Titov's first name is spelled "Gherman" NOT "German".

Why TF did you revert that? Haven't you go better things to do?

Get a life!
T. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 02:57, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
:Ok, thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:59, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Materialscientist

2024-02-08T02:57:38Z

Tuttt: /* I corrected the spelling of someone's name FFS!! */ new section

{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{nobots}}
{{busy}}
<div style='border:solid 1px #282; background:#beb; padding:1em; margin:1em 0;' class=plainlinks>
*'''''If you came here because I reverted your unsourced change, cite your references in the article you edited; there is no use bringing them here.
*'''''I turned off most notifications in my preferences, and therefore can't see pings, sorry.'''''
*'''''New messages go at the bottom.'''''
</div>

== IPBE FYI ==
AJMLS has been non-profit since the law school building was sold in 2021 and AJMLS leased office space downtown, regardless of what any old list at US Dept of Education says, they have no oversight only make loans to students, not law schools. The accreditation is by the ABA at national level.

Hello! :) Just FYI I've pulled IPBE from {{checkuser|Aman.kumar.goel}} per the findings [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Aman.kumar.goel&diff=prev&oldid=1188140447 here]. I pinged you in the SPI but forgot that you don't get those so am just flagging it here. [[User:Firefly|firefly]] ( [[User talk:Firefly|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Firefly|c]] ) 16:09, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
:Pulling IPBE is Ok with me. I couldn't see this coming when granting it. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:11, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

== Zavier Cut Up The Water Heater Box ==

Hey! You! You dig my nose!

Te lauya te Speedy Gonzales mai deks water heater box!

Te Zavier Gonzales!

Water Heater box being cut up by Zavier! [[Special:Contributions/2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1|2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1]] ([[User talk:2402:1980:82D4:2005:0:0:0:1|talk]]) 06:00, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Chakswari ==

Please Chakswari page as you have locked it. It is incomplete.

I am from Kalyal Chakswari and can trace my last 7 generations back to Chakswari. [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30|2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C8:D48F:5301:DB55:5C59:EAD2:3A30|talk]]) 00:11, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Requesting a range block ==

An IP editor on range [[Special:Contributions/2603:8000:2A00:0:0:0:0:0/41|2603:8000:2A00:0:0:0:0:0/41]] has persistently added unreferenced, poorly referenced, and highly POV material to articles. They also have a history of edit-warring to retain their unsourced additions going back at least to July (when I first encountered them). They generally refuse to use an edit summary, save for rare exceptions like {{Diff2|1188209946|today's}} name-calling of {{tq|Low Protestant imbecile}} (which isn't even true). I would appreciate a range block, as the damage is spread across a wide variety of topics and this range appears to be used almost exclusively by the disruptive editor, so minimal collateral. You blocked at least one IP on this range within the last 24h. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 01:06, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
:Blocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:08, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks! Please let me know if I should come back if the same issues continue post-block. Best, ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 01:11, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Your revert ==

How exactly was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestinian%20hikaye&diff=1188254474 this] edit not constructive? I reverted the insertion of an unsourced claim. [[Special:Contributions/62.73.69.121|62.73.69.121]] ([[User talk:62.73.69.121|talk]]) 07:05, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

:Please do not revert without checking the cited source.
:G-INFO shows that the aircraft in question is not currently airworthy.
:By reverting my correction, you are perpetuating incorrect information. [[Special:Contributions/146.200.131.19|146.200.131.19]] ([[User talk:146.200.131.19|talk]]) 02:23, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

== Shtreimel ==

Materialscientist, you reverted 2 of my edits. One of them clarified that the shtreimel was probably not Turkish/Anatolian as that suggests a Near Eastern/Mediterranean origin of a hat worn in cold climates (which is implausible). You additionally reverted an edit I made that claimed some scholars believe the shtreimel was of Central Asian origin. I did not link the publication, I apologize as I should have. [[Special:Contributions/148.76.179.7|148.76.179.7]] ([[User talk:148.76.179.7|talk]]) 07:44, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== separate article about women in bangladesh police should be kept ==

{{Ping|Materialscientist}}, A separate article should be kept about 'Women in Bangladesh Police', writings will be elaborated, please wait. [[User:নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী|নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী]] ([[User talk:নূর-এ-আলম সিদ্দিকী|talk]]) 11:25, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

== Range Block Request ==

There's an IP editor on the range [[Special:Contributions/2601:408:C500:2000:0:0:0:0/64|2601:408:C500:2000:0:0:0:0/64]] who adds unnecessary info next to show names on award ceremony articles and/or a person's accolade page. Please block them for disruptive editing '''''[[User:Scoophole2021|Scoophole2021]]''''' ([[User talk:Scoophole2021|talk]]). 11:56, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

==FYI==
{{ygm}}

== Miss Charm ==

Contrary to your statement regarding my edit which was "unexplained", here's the link to that.
[[Special:MobileDiff/1188407111]]

It would be kind and best for you to revert it. Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/180.195.115.174|180.195.115.174]] ([[User talk:180.195.115.174|talk]]) 06:33, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for reverting it. Appreciated it. [[Special:Contributions/180.195.115.174|180.195.115.174]] ([[User talk:180.195.115.174|talk]]) 07:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

== Madison Hotel ==

Hey, I certainly hope this is how one gets in touch with you. My apologies if I got it wrong. Much appreciated that you followed up with the post on Madison Hotel, however I can assure you it is VERY closed. The best source I can offer is the updated street view as well as having been in front of the hotel myself last month. If I can provide any more information, let me know. But if you search the property itself it is gone and Google is in the process of updating the listing as well. I hope that helps. Thanks

== Question ==
Hi there, there are several pages who's subjects are former NFL players who have been out of football for awhile now but their pages are still PC protected. These pages are:

* [[Bernard Pollard]]
* [[Chris Simms]]
* [[Montee Ball]]
* [[Ryan Nassib]]
* [[Da'Rick Rogers]]
* [[Cierre Wood]]
* [[Giovanni Carmazzi]]
* [[Roberto Aguayo]]
* [[Karan Higdon]]
* [[Dalton Crossan]]

Is PC really necessary for these pages anymore? And if not, can you please reset those settings for all the above pages? [[User:Ambertuck|Ambertuck]] ([[User talk:Ambertuck|talk]]) 23:37, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
:Unprotected. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:44, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Erick Fedde ==

You didn’t make a mistake. Fedde’s deal is still pending a physical. Can you lock the article until the deal is official? Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/174.228.65.107|174.228.65.107]] ([[User talk:174.228.65.107|talk]]) 00:12, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I've seen you around erasing vandalism faster than I can blink, so I'm going to pile on your barnstar collection because you're amazing and you blocked the IP that vandalized my talk page. [[user:HistoryTheorist|❤History]][[User talk:HistoryTheorist|Theorist❤]] 00:56, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Sophie ==

I added her real name as it appears on her marriage certificate. It’s not something I am particularly adamant needs to be on the article. She kept it private for a reason. [[User:Jamesington|Jamesington]] ([[User talk:Jamesington|talk]]) 01:30, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Correcting pages by the person being discussed
like me
Mike Kernell [[User:MikeKernell|MikeKernell]] ([[User talk:MikeKernell|talk]]) 03:07, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Bio ==

I like to correct the page about me and y’all won’t let me.
Mike Kernell
St. Rep.Tn 1974-2012 [[User:MikeKernell|MikeKernell]] ([[User talk:MikeKernell|talk]]) 03:09, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== What should I do in the future when encountering someone like AnonBlogs? ==

I gave them warnings on their talk page [[User_talk:AnonBlogs]] but is there something else I should do? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(talk to the cutest Wikipedian)]] 07:40, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== email ==

I've emailed you about something that requires urgent attention. Please check at your earliest convenience. Thanks, — [[User:SamX|SamX]] [[[User talk:SamX#top|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/SamX|contribs]]] 08:21, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:24, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

==Mike Kernell==
I don’t know about pings or if this will get to you.
My school was wrong, election year was wrong, David died in 2018,ect.
The source is me- Mike Kernell
Do I need to get a source to write a true bio?
Mike Kernell

==Constructive criticism==
When [username:Person X] edits the article on [Person X], and claims to be making changes based on their personal knowledge, I think it's incumbent upon us to not just use one of the templated "I've reverted your edits" messages. They need something that's obviously a note from a human. [[User:DragonflySixtyseven|DS]] ([[User talk:DragonflySixtyseven|talk]]) 20:58, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks, will try to talk to them next time. Virtually all such changes are replacing sourced information with unsourced one, thus the revert reason is obvious, and it is hard to add something meaningful to the template. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:17, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
::Mr. Materialscientist,
::Try adding:
::"When reading Your post on Your page i felt like {insert Your personal feelings here} so i am reverting edit using [insert NAME OF TEMPLATE here]."
::Then use the template as usual.
::By my understanding Wikipedia has a rule against editing an article about ones self i.e. user: person X editing an article about person X, though they have let the rule slide when Jimbo edits his own article. If you want to play hardball about it without a reference, anything anywhere in wikipedia can be deleted and or reverted. that is not always the best, nor that most polite thing to do. If you lack confidence in your better judgment ask your better half, if you don't have a better half ask chat gpt dot openai dot com. Then read the cautions and check their answer!!!
::Think:
::neutral point of view
::worldview
::your view
::what is best for wikipedia
::etc.
::Thank You for taking time to read this, one coworker of mine once said, "You talk too much."
::.
::.
::. [[User:GeorgeV73GT|GeorgeV73GT]] ([[User talk:GeorgeV73GT|talk]]) 12:34, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

== Block ==

Hello! I want to ask why my new IP address is blocked. I changed my internet provider today. How come this address is blocked? [[User:Gasforth-2021|Gasforth-2021]] ([[User talk:Gasforth-2021|talk]]) 23:31, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mark Brunnel Edits ==

Hi there, I've added reason for edits several times. The latest edits are well explained. Please let me know if I'm doing something wrong. [[User:Ericlmitchell|Ericlmitchell]] ([[User talk:Ericlmitchell|talk]]) 23:39, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

== User 24.224.240.102 ==

User 24.224.240.102 is a school so there are meny people so you should probably permanently ban them from editing. [[User:NormalHuman1|NormalHuman1]] ([[User talk:NormalHuman1|talk]]) 17:14, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks. What school is it? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:08, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Intermediate_Senior_High_School
::The one in this wikipedia page [[User:NormalHuman1|NormalHuman1]] ([[User talk:NormalHuman1|talk]]) 23:52, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:53, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

== First National Lacrosse Assocation ==

Information on [[First Nations Lacrosse Association]] (FNLA) was moved and cited properly to [[Haudenosaunee men's national lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee men's national under-19 lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee women's national lacrosse team]], [[Haudenosaunee women's national under-19 lacrosse team]], and [[Haudenosaunee national indoor lacrosse team]]. The FNLA is a [[Lacrosse Canada]] Member organization, which was cited. [[User:Faaksee|Faaksee]] ([[User talk:Faaksee|talk]]) 00:40, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Neil Duff ==

There is no citation or reference I can find for this information, however I've watched him play in his last handful of tournaments and I personally throw the same dart. Given it's a winmau pro design barrel, it makes it a unique design and, from the two different grip levels and colour profile, unmistakeable. He's currently playing with them in the 2023 WDF World Championships, rather than his old 23g RedDragon darts as was listed on his wiki.
*I'm sure Materialscientist will be riveted. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 03:05, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

:An arrow to the heart of her/his psyche? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 08:17, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Medidata ==

I'd be interested in learning why [[WP:NOTADIRECTORY]] is an "invalid rationale" Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/76.14.122.5|76.14.122.5]] ([[User talk:76.14.122.5|talk]]) 03:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:What you removed was not a loose list, but two sentences describing pertinent details, such as location of headquarters and geographical presence worldwide. This is definitely not what NOTADIRECTORY is about. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 04:09, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/76.14.122.5|76.14.122.5]] ([[User talk:76.14.122.5|talk]]) 04:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1188827307 This link] ==

was actually relevant, although it was formatted wrong. Just letting you know. [[User:Prezbo|Prezbo]] ([[User talk:Prezbo|talk]]) 14:48, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== IPv6 user removing refs ==

Hi there,

I first sought a recently-active admin (Muboshgu), but they [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Muboshgu&diff=prev&oldid=1188945550 said] they didn't have the technical capabilities for to block an IPv6 user. Reaching out to you as you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:59BC:703D:ECF1:63A7&oldid=1188840698 warned] this user as well.

I noticed an IP user has been removing cites and adding unsourced content, mostly to firefighting-related articles, all without explanation. I've tried warning them ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:59BC:703D:ECF1:63A7&diff=prev&oldid=1188842120][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08&oldid=1188943752]), but they appear to have a moving(?) IP address and the actions haven't ceased. Any help is appreciated, thanks!

{{IP range|
2603:9000:9900:510B:3973:B20D:3FFE:4B08
2603:9000:9900:510b:493d:765d:2c6b:cbbe
2603:9000:9900:510b:59bc:703d:ecf1:63a7
}} [[User:Wracking|Wracking]] [[User talk:Wracking|talk!]] 19:00, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:I've semiprotected [[Santa Clara County Fire Department]]. Blocking would cause too much collateral. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::Makes sense, thanks! [[User:Wracking|Wracking]] [[User talk:Wracking|talk!]] 00:14, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Good article reassessment for [[Liquid crystal]] ==
[[Liquid crystal]] has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Liquid crystal/1|reassessment page]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 20:21, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== Please Slow Down ==

I know I've mentioned this at least once before (though it was a while ago), but please slow down with the block button. There is no need to block without warning for [[Special:Contributions/78.18.103.90|this routine disruptive editing]], and it is absolutely overkill to be [[Special:Contributions/Kotv22|indeffing a registered account after only one disruptive edit]] without any warnings (I was literally in the process of leaving a {{tl|welcomevandal}} on their talk when you blocked them). Unless the vandalism/disruption is egregious (i.e. racist rants, etc.) or unless the user is flooding the filter log with attempted vandalism, please always issue at least one warning before blocking. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:32, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks for feedback. Please look both at the edits and filter logs. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:34, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::For the account in particular, unless something has been deleted, I see '''one single instance of vandalism''' (and a corresponding filter log hit). That's it. And the nature of the vandalism isn't particularly egregious either... run of the mill disruption. Not something that needs an immediate indef without warning. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:45, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::I am always happy to unblock upon a reasonable unblock request. Vandalism is "not Ok", I daily see missed reverts, months or even years after the edit. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:48, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Nobody said that vandalism is "ok". The issue here is that you are being too hasty with blocking for vandalism. In the vast majority of cases users need to receive at least three, generally four, warnings before AIV will take action on a vandalism report. Baring exceptional circumstances, if a report from a non-admin to AIV would be declined on the basis of "not enough warnings", you shouldn't block unilaterally either. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:51, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::I know where this is coming from, but this advice is not a policy, and has long been abandoned. Please note that this is not my opinion, but a common WP:AIV practice. Further, you can find a similar message from Jimbo Wales (that obvious vandals should be blocked on sight) in his talk page archives. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:56, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::As an admin who patrols AIV, as well as edit filters, I think most of what Taking Out The Trash has written is inaccurate.-- [[User:Ponyo|'''Ponyo''']][[User talk:Ponyo|''bons mots'']] 22:57, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I see reports to AIV declined on the basis of the user having not been given enough warnings all the time. The only cases when blocking without warning is appropriate is for ''egregious'' vandalism, like racism, or severe BLP issues, or other stuff like that. Routine run-of-the-mill disruption/blanking/whatever, should go through the warning series first. [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 22:59, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Please understand, that what you are saying is not a policy or even a guideline, but is a matter of choice for a given admin. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:01, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::All warnings are not on the vandal's talk page. They are often warned when they trip filters, explaining what the issue is with their edit. Admins will often review the logs in addition to the talk page. The idea that a vandal has to go through all stages of warnings 1 - 4 is outdated.-- [[User:Ponyo|'''Ponyo''']][[User talk:Ponyo|''bons mots'']] 23:04, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::They absolutely do not need four warnings but even in this day and age I don't think a lot of people realise that their changes will go live immediately so in general they should be told "yes, that worked, please don't do it again", then "that's disruptive and we'll block you if you carry on". I count the edit filter warnings towards this. Hate speech, libel, etc, should be met with an immediate block. I agree with TOTT that the block of the account was premature and would have been declined at AIV. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 08:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:Many times you take the appropriate action. Many times you act so rapidly and without clear explanation. A few weeks ago there was a recommendation made to you to explain more when you revert. Recently you have criticized an editor for not explaining their edit, because you wrote, even editors of long standing do that.
:The rapid aspect of your activity is what has been mentioned. Please Slow Down. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 23:42, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
::If you have substantive examples of a problem, present them. Otherwise, please gain some experience before waving your hands. [[User:Johnuniq|Johnuniq]] ([[User talk:Johnuniq|talk]]) 00:07, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Please quantify the level of experience required before I am permitted to express a view.
:::The fundamental principles of Wikipedia may be summarized in five "pillars":
:::[[WP:5P4]] Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility.
:::Do I need your permission to 'wave my hands'. Are only Administrators who have been around for years allowed to speak? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 00:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:@Taking Out The Trash: There are at least two reasons reports at AIV are declined when the user has not been properly warned. First is the minor issue that patrolling a noticeboard like that is mind-numbing in that it goes on forever and ever. That means an admin might want to spend a minimum amount of time considering each report and if there are no warnings it is simplest to just reject the report. Second is the big point that Wikipedia relies on empowering everyone to at least some degree and dealing with bad edits by referring everything to an admin is not scalable. Non-admins should take on a fair bit of the burden and try to explain procedures to new editors in the hope that some of them are just trying things out and will settle down. So, an admin might decline an AIV report because not all the boxes have been ticked by the reporting editor because the burden needs to be shared. However, if that same admin encounters an obviously bad editor, the admin might just indef them without any fanfare because the admin has seen the story countless times and understands when warnings are a waste of time. For another example of how the times change, ten years ago editors were strongly discouraged from reverting misguided comments or edit requests on talk pages. Now, it is very common for those comments to be rolled back without thought because the incoming nonsense would otherwise be overwhelming. [[User:Johnuniq|Johnuniq]] ([[User talk:Johnuniq|talk]]) 00:07, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks. Yes, we do block on sight obvious, and especially returning vandals/spammers, but we (at least I) do go through all 3-4 levels of warning when the editor does not mean to do harm, and does it per ignorance. Such editors are often not blocked at AIV, and even if blocked, the block duration is minimal. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
None of this sufficiently explains why it was acceptable/appropriate to indef the user account linked above after one single non-egregious disruptive edit that didn't even trigger any filter warnings, let alone without any talk page warnings (as I noted, the account was blocked while I was in the middle of leaving a welcome-vandal template). [[User:Taking Out The Trash|Taking Out The Trash]] ([[User talk:Taking Out The Trash|talk]]) 00:54, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:Because patrolling AIV requires thousands of judgment calls, and a block for vandalizing the name of a sports ball player is a reasonable judgement based on having seen hundreds of similar editors contribute that behavior. The purpose of blocking is to prevent disruption. There's no rule, or even common practice, to wait until a requisite amount of disruption has occurred.
:They're have been times where I've left a warning as Materialscientist blocked, and also times where as I blocked they had left a warning. Each admin that patrols AIV, UAA, and filter logs makes these judgment calls ''thousands'' of times, and you've provided a couple examples of blocks you don't agree with due to lack of warnings, not because the edits in question were not disruptive. I don't see an issue here. [[User:ScottishFinnishRadish|ScottishFinnishRadish]] ([[User talk:ScottishFinnishRadish|talk]]) 01:33, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Could you please relate your views to [[wp:aiv]] where it states:
::Important! Please remember the following:
::2. Except for egregious cases, the user must have been given enough warning(s) to stop their disruptive behavior.
::Is it possible that what you say is [[wp:or]]? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 02:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::OR is a content policy and doesn't apply. My view is based on my experience of patrolling AIV and UAA and having made thousands of blocks based on the reports. Materialscientist has made degrees of magnitude more blocks than have, and you're concerned about how many? [[User:ScottishFinnishRadish|ScottishFinnishRadish]] ([[User talk:ScottishFinnishRadish|talk]]) 02:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Hi {{u|BlueWren0123}}. The AIV process guidelines tell non-administrators how to best file something that an administrator can action quickly. For the actual policy in play here: see [[WP:VAND]]. For example, the policy says "warnings are by no means a prerequisite for blocking a vandal (although administrators usually block only when multiple warnings have been issued)". [[WP:OR]] has no bearing here, as it applies to article content. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 02:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::There is a reason for existence of that green poster at AIV - many editors file a report there, while they should have used other means and venues. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Yes I agree that or is directed to article content. I intended to show an approach being taken and just used it as an abbreviation. All of this is getting away from the original point which is
::::Please Slow Down.
::::Materialscientist does much that is valuable.
::::Taking Out The Trash is asking for Please Slow Down.
::::Both can be true. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 02:32, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:For what it’s worth, I have also found myself feeling concerned before about blocks after a single (non-egregious) edit - mainly out of a worry for [[WP:BITE|biting]]. I also appreciate, though, that administrators have a judgement call to make whenever they come across an account that’s made such an edit/such edits. I find myself wondering if this subject would benefit from a discussion at [[Wikipedia talk:Blocking policy]] or somewhere similar. All the best, user:[[User:A smart kitten|'''A smart kitten''']][[User talk:A smart kitten|''meow'']] 06:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Ok, I've unblocked the discussed user (Kotv22). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:37, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::I support and agree with your rationale for many of your blocks. I had/have not looked at your reasoning for Kotv22. Many editors do not require 4 warnings before a block. It depends. Life is complicated. An editor may just insert a random combination of characters and just demonstrate immaturity. Another may insert offensive edits. Another may threaten. In my opinion these should be responded to in a different manner. The experience of an admin to assess the appropriate response is invaluable. When the response appears almost automated, I am concerned. Are the barbarians at the gates? [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 23:43, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::There are barbarians at all the gates, halfway up the walls, tunneling under the ground, and catapulting over the parapets. Many are already inside the city. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 03:36, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::Correct. And "many" likely means "many tens of thousands" (depending on degree of vandalism/spam). They (their edits that we missed) hide behind millions of our articles. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 03:42, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::It may have been unwise of me to add the last sentence as I intended the rest of the comment to have more weight. In my mind the process of an admin considering their actions rather than an almost automated response is the more significant point. [[User:BlueWren0123|BlueWren0123]] ([[User talk:BlueWren0123|talk]]) 09:35, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::::The barbarians will always be at the gates. Vandalism is a fact of life. Just as there has been graffiti for as long as there have been surfaces to deface, there will be unhelpful edits for as long as anyone can edit Wikipedia. Most vandals aren't malicious, they're bored or they want to vent their opinion on something they read on the Internet. Many will go away if we tell them they're being disruptive. We shouldn't get into a siege mentality. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 19:51, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::::I love those vandals who return and revert their edits. Most of them don't. And we don't (notice those edits). That's the problem .. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:05, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Editing Chinese Canadians ==

Apologizes for the edit, but I made a slight error when making edits with that section in Chinese Canadians. Instead of removing portions that I deemed unfit for the section and then adding or rewording some portions I seemed to have removed portions I would've kept. Also you mentioned that they were not constructive, I don't seem to understand what you mean by that. The edits I made have made the section more neutral and also concise and clear. I also believed it need more imagery. But if you disagree, please let me know! [[User:Jut008|Jut008]] ([[User talk:Jut008|talk]]) 23:21, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

== template:surname ==

I see your edits like:
: Ivashchenko‎ diff hist +8‎ Materialscientist talk contribs (clean up, replaced: {{surname → {{surname|2=nocat)
[[:category:Surnames]] says "For convenience, all surnames should be included in this category. This includes all surnames that can also be found in the subcategories."
I see it also says " However, do not use the template on disambiguation pages that contain a list of people by family name." But [[Ivashchenko]] is not a disambiguation page.
So, what is your rationale for these edits? - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:17, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:Removal of unnecessary parent category (Category:Surnames). Plus occasional cleanup. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:19, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:: Once again, the parent category explicitly says "all surnames should be included in this category. '''This includes all surnames that can also be found in the subcategories'''". What makes you think it is unnecessary? - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:21, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Good point. I don't see the reason for that hatnote, and will try to find it out. Meanwhile, I'll terminate the AWB run. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:24, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::: I have personally found the catch-it-all category useful for double-checking similarly spelt surnames. Also Wikimedia category browser is extremely unwieldy when, eg, I want to browse all villages in Belarus. I have to traverse all this tree of Region and District subcategories. Or, more recntly, I wanted to compare category:Massacres" with category:Mass murders for (mis)consistencies, but quickly gave up. - [[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 06:27, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::::I know what you mean .. not from surnames, but from image categorization on Commons. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:30, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::::I too find it convenient to have Category:Surnames fully populated. I run queries such as 'incategory:Surnames student' to find updates where a young person added their own name. [[User:Wire723|Wire723]] ([[User talk:Wire723|talk]]) 18:12, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Socks? ==

See [[User:Patil megha]] already blocked.

New accounts: 
[[User:Ashwini Balagi]] 
[[User:PriyankaJadav]] 
[[User:Bhavyashree hegde]] 
[[User:Suman palled]] 
[[User:Shwetasadhunavar]] 
[[User:Mallu Telabakkanavar]] 
[[User:Sukanya Mudhol]] 
[[User:Baligar Sanjana]] 
[[User:Vinayak S A]] 
[[User:Bengerilakshmi]] 
[[User:Nivedita Belagali]] 
[[User:Saikiran R S]] [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 08:35, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:{{Ping|Cahk}} I saw a few of these yesterday. My guess is a spambot. MS might be able to see if there's an easily blockable underlying IP/range. I've blocked all the accounts. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 09:31, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

::{{Ping|HJ Mitchell}} In that case:
[[User:Veena chikkamath]] 
[[User:Padmakurli]] 
[[User:Rashmi yaliwal]] 
[[User:Dhanya hegde]] 
[[User:Vandana S K]] 
[[User:Bharathgoudaa]] 
[[User:Abhipanda1234]] 
[[User:Apeksha anand hesarur]] 
[[User:Tamim mangoli]] 
[[User:Priyanaka patil05]] 
[[User:Sahana C Shivabasayyanavar]] 
[[User:Vidyacgouda]] 
[[User:Bhushan.p.bhat]] 
[[User:Ujwalangrampurohit]] 
[[User:JssChaitra]] 
--[[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 09:42, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

:Blocked them as well. Interesting that some of these accounts have been around a while. It ''could'' be multiple people with off-wiki coordination but I suppose it doesn't really matter unless one of them appeals the block. Might it be worth pursuing blacklisting of the domain or do you think they'd just evade that? [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 10:10, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

::{{Ping|HJ Mitchell}} Blacklist could be a good starting point, but we both know Wiki's spam filtering capabilities leave something to be desired.--[[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 10:23, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:::The underlying ranges are notoriously spammy, huge and dynamic; they have been and remain an unsolved problem for admins and checkusers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 10:31, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Quelle surprise. Blacklisting and/or filters is probably the way to go. [[User:HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|Penny for your thoughts?]] 10:56, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
==Holiday Greetings==
[[Image:Peace dove.svg|center|400px]]{{quotation|<center>'''Peace is a state of balance and understanding in yourself and between others, where respect is gained by the acceptance of differences, tolerance persists, conflicts are resolved through dialog, people's rights are respected and their voices are heard, and everyone is at their highest point of serenity without social tension.''' Happy Holidays to you and yours. Hope all is well in your corner of WikiWorld! ―[[User:Buster7|'''''Buster7''''']] [[User talk:Buster7|☎]] </center>}}

== Legal threats ==

I have an angry IP user on my talk page making some vague threats of legal action. What's the best way to deal with this, in your opinion? [[User:A type of cabinet|A type of cabinet]] ([[User talk:A type of cabinet|talk]]) 21:46, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
:This is not a legal threat, but just an editing dispute. You can decide how to handle it - stand your grounds, give up, etc. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:49, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
::Never mind. Scottish gave them a temporary block right after you replied.
::Taylor Swift fans... [[User:A type of cabinet|A type of cabinet]] ([[User talk:A type of cabinet|talk]]) 21:53, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

== Sorry ==

It is late and the sleeping pills are kicking in I am so sorry😅 [[User:Notsayingmyname|Notsayingmyname]] ([[User talk:Notsayingmyname|talk]]) 04:43, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mtel (Montenegro) ==

I have added a source for the CEO change in [[Special:MobileDiff/1189173897|this edit]]. The full company name is also visible on that website, as well as on its "About" page. Why are you reverting the edits now? [[Special:Contributions/92.241.157.193|92.241.157.193]] ([[User talk:92.241.157.193|talk]]) 05:35, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:Thanks, I have reverted myself. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:37, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Eminem ==

why did you undo my edit on the Eminem article [[User:AwesomeJewishMan446|AwesomeJewishMan446]] ([[User talk:AwesomeJewishMan446|talk]]) 07:59, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:I couldn't parse your replacement [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eminem&diff=1189185765&oldid=1189184327#cite_note-QuestionsforEm_r3k29-424]. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::in the quote, and you know something is a quote when it has " marks, the Eminem article used a quote where Eminem addressed misogyny in his songs by saying "my overall look on things is a lot more mature than it used to be." For some reason that's in the homophobic section of the Eminem article, even thought Eminem wasn't even talking about homophobia in that quote. So I changed the quote and removed the quotation marks to make it a regular sentence instead of a quote, and for some reason my edits get reverted. And other constructive edits on the Eminem article get reverted too. I honestly don't know what's so serious about changing a few sentences in a wiki article [[User:AwesomeJewishMan446|AwesomeJewishMan446]] ([[User talk:AwesomeJewishMan446|talk]]) 08:14, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Riverbanks Zoo ==

May I ask why you reverted my edit to [[Riverbanks Zoo]] that added the street address? [[Special:Contributions/204.116.251.194|204.116.251.194]] ([[User talk:204.116.251.194|talk]]) 08:12, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:We usually don't add street address into infobox of any article, only location. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:14, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Mont Aiguille in France ==

Are you a robot or AI? I identified a place in the movie. It is not some figures or opinion. So what source do you want? [[Special:Contributions/45.64.243.230|45.64.243.230]] ([[User talk:45.64.243.230|talk]]) 14:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== Sockpuppets? ==

Can you check is these users are socks?
User:Viishhaaal 
User:Dashan Ghasan 
User:AmNaTi200 
User:Auhabeeb 
User:Ijick . [[User:Juvalkjolly|Juvalkjolly]] ([[User talk:Juvalkjolly|talk]]) 14:37, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

== David Lammy ==

{{ipvandal|2A00:23C6:2722:B01:0:0:0:0/64}}
Any chance of a week pblock from [[David Lammy]] for this IP? They started with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1188814301] which asked them to discuss in an edit summary. They continued with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189136813][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189137309], for which the were warned[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:23C6:2722:B01:14EB:AB58:ED61:F959&oldid=1189138035] and I also tried something less templatey[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:23C6:2722:B01:14EB:AB58:ED61:F959&diff=prev&oldid=1189275648]. They responded with[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189257645] and the edit you reverted[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lammy&diff=prev&oldid=1189357553]. It could be, expanding a ''lot'' of good faith, that it's a case of 'they can't here you'. -- LCU '''[[User:ActivelyDisinterested|ActivelyDisinterested]]''' ''«[[User talk:ActivelyDisinterested|@]]»'' °[[Special:Contributions/ActivelyDisinterested|∆t]]° 15:22, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 20:21, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
::Thanks Materialscientist. -- LCU '''[[User:ActivelyDisinterested|ActivelyDisinterested]]''' ''«[[User talk:ActivelyDisinterested|@]]»'' °[[Special:Contributions/ActivelyDisinterested|∆t]]° 21:00, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

== Caños de Carmona ==
Sorry but there is no vandalism, I simply inserted the Template:Infobox_ancient_site
Best regards

== Nagorno-Karabakh ==

Hi there, I noticed that you reverted an edit on "Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens" regarding Nagorno-Karabakh. The user who changed it is correct though; this is no longer in place as Nagorno-Karabakh is now under Azeri control and subject to normal Azeri immigration control. As a consequence, visiting Nagorno-Karabakh could not make you persona non grata in Azerbaijan as it is now effectively Azerbaijan itself. Regardless of whether you agree with the politics, this is the situation from an immigration/visa point of view. I couldn't figure out how to revert it back and thought it would be rude and disrespectful to you just do that even if I knew how. Thanks Mike [[Special:Contributions/219.89.209.87|219.89.209.87]] ([[User talk:219.89.209.87|talk]]) 08:53, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Explanation ==

I found this explanation in the introduction of the article "Nagorno-Karabakh"

"On 19 September 2023, after a blockade lasting several months, Azerbaijan launched a fresh large-scale military offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh. The Artsakh forces collapsed rapidly, resulting in an Azerbaijani victory, the dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh, the exodus of almost the entire Armenian population from the region and the entry of Azerbaijani security forces into the former Artsakh capital, Stepanakert (Khankendi)."

Thanks
[[Special:Contributions/219.89.209.87|219.89.209.87]] ([[User talk:219.89.209.87|talk]]) 08:58, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Grae Cleugh ==

Hi
Please do not Remove Grae Cleugh. He won an Olivier award in 2002 while a student at RSAMD. A quick google search will confirm. [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

:Could you please revert your removal. The page has been protected to prevent vandalism! check [[Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright]], [[2002 Laurence Olivier Awards]], https://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsC/cleugh-grae.php, and https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/author/grae-cleugh/ [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:11, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
::It is permenantly logged in the edit history, and at [[Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright]] [[Special:Contributions/81.147.111.139|81.147.111.139]] ([[User talk:81.147.111.139|talk]]) 12:30, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Borana page ==

They keep making a Photo of a non Borana girl on the page. Check the photo it have no source whatsoever. [[Special:Contributions/2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33|2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33]] ([[User talk:2A00:A040:198:F2D3:3C5C:3EFD:252C:4C33|talk]]) 13:08, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

== Saxophone ==

I was going to add the C Melody saxophones, Mezzo-Soprano and Conn-o-sax to the table of saxophones along with their SPN ranges, but the page is semi-protected and I haven't edited 4+ articles. I see you decided not to include/removed the C Melodies, or maybe that was another editor/author, but has this page really seen so much vandalism that semi-protection is necessary until 2028?

Have a care,
P. James Norris [[User:Pjamesnorris|Pjamesnorris]] ([[User talk:Pjamesnorris|talk]]) 23:18, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

== Overlap on your user page ==

You probably already know this, but using Vector-2022 your horizontal collection of Userboxes overlaps the Tools menu, on my fairly wide screen. I don't know if that could be considered a bug of the new skin or a call to shorten the list of boxes.

Screenshot [https://1drv.ms/i/s!AtuCZY0YF4hGpMsXYw5Qv_A3DGj-_w?e=ErHxsj here]. [[User:DavidBrooks|David Brooks]] ([[User talk:DavidBrooks|talk]]) 18:50, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

== Fighting vandalism ==

{{User QAIbox
| image = Ehrenbach, plum tree with frost.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| bold = December: [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2023#8 Dec|places]]
}}
Thank you for your quick eyes on symphonies redirected, and other vandalism! -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:00, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Today, I have [[User:Gerda Arendt/Stories#22 Dec|a special story to tell]], of the works of a musician born 300 years ago. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:43, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

==question about citation==

Hi i made several edits to the Oddworld: abe's exoddus as i noticed several developers in the credits of the game weren't listed such as some artists, programmers, and a audio designer. I am unsure how i would cite that as its just in the game itself.

== Please lock Bigg Boss 7 Telugu page ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7)]] page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few hours until the grand finale [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 07:22, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you! ==

Just wanted to thank you for your service, especially in reverting vandalism. Wikipedia owes you a great debt 😊 [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 05:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

:why did you reverted all of my edits most of them where good accept for the alien one the images they need to put them back move them to wikipedia [[User:Bearcoolreal94|Bearcoolreal94]] ([[User talk:Bearcoolreal94|talk]]) 06:03, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
::fair use page [[User:Bearcoolreal94|Bearcoolreal94]] ([[User talk:Bearcoolreal94|talk]]) 06:03, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Jack swing ==

hi there - thanks for your quick response.
I actually tried to hyperlink Boy George, but re-entering, I got the "this has already been modified by another user"
-message - which was obviously me, like 10 mins ago :) [[Special:Contributions/181.176.117.154|181.176.117.154]] ([[User talk:181.176.117.154|talk]]) 07:06, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

== Widen block of {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:C89}}? ==

Hi! Just wanted to note that {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:C89}}, which you blocked as a proxy, is back as {{conam|2A02:27AA:0:0:0:0:0:1571}}. The entire /32 is a webhost, per WHOIS. — [[User:Mdaniels5757|Mdaniels5757]] ([[User talk:Mdaniels5757|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mdaniels5757|contribs]]) 21:46, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
:Indeed. Blocked, thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== bruh ==

bruh [[Special:Contributions/74.205.133.138|74.205.133.138]] ([[User talk:74.205.133.138|talk]]) 05:48, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== This old edit ==

Hi. I just [[Special:Diff/1190495816|reverted]] a link substitution you made in the Bangkok article [[Special:Diff/860236466|back in 2018]]. It's several years late, but if you remember whether it was suggested by a tool, it might still be worth filing a bug report? --[[User:Paul_012|Paul_012]] ([[User talk:Paul_012|talk]]) 06:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

== Karen O's birthplace. ==

Reference #2 on the main wiki page of Karen O. "Phares, Heather. "Karen O". AllMusic. Retrieved October 28, 2015."
When you click the link:(https://www.allmusic.com/artist/karen-o-mn0000186401#biography)

On the second paragraph "Born in Busan, South Korea, to a Korean mother and Polish father, Karen O spent most of her childhood in Englewood, New Jersey. While attending Ohio's Oberlin College, she met drummer Brian Chase."

The person who wrote the article, Karen O, wrote Seoul instead of Busan for some reason even though the article he/she referenced states that she was born in Busan. Not Seoul. [[Special:Contributions/104.172.38.254|104.172.38.254]] ([[User talk:104.172.38.254|talk]]) 08:12, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

==Manly dam==

Hello, I come from the manly dam page and am wondering about your deletion of the removal of the duck problem at manly dam. this was a true problem so why did you remove it.

{{tps}} Quite simply, and already explained to you - you need to quote a reliable source - see [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. [[User:David J Johnson|David J Johnson]] ([[User talk:David J Johnson|talk]]) 13:09, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

== Front Desk ==

Hello. I noticed you reverted an edit on Front Desk. An IP had changed the part where it said "4-part series" to "5-part series". However, I am not sure why you reverted this. Front Desk is a five-part series. It consists of ''Front Desk'', ''Three Keys'', ''Room to Dream'', ''Key Player'', and ''Top Story''. Did you revert that edit because the IP didn't provide a source? [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 20:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:56, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
::Okay, thanks for responding. [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 21:58, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | You deserve it '''[[User:Abo Yemen|Abo Yemen]][[User talk:Abo Yemen|✉]]''' 18:47, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== 202.133.54.90 back at it with Indian film languages ==

* {{IPVandal|202.133.54.90}}
Less than an hour after the 31-hour block you applied to 202.133.54.90, they are back at disruptive editing (adding/re-ordering Indian languages) in India actors' biographies. FWIW: The Proxy IP Checker thinks this is a Proxy/VPN node [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=202.133.54.90].  — [[User:Archer1234|'''Archer''']] ([[User_talk:Archer1234|t]]·[[Special:Contributions/Archer1234|c]]) 23:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Awesome
[[User:WhizzyDude|WhizzyDude]] ([[User talk:WhizzyDude|talk]]) 04:48, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
|}

== Good article reassessment for [[Mercury (element)]] ==
[[Mercury (element)]] has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Mercury (element)/1|reassessment page]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. [[User:AirshipJungleman29|~~ AirshipJungleman29]] ([[User talk:AirshipJungleman29|talk]]) 20:17, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

== IP vandalism again ==

Hello Materialscientist. The vandal IP from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Materialscientist&diff=prev&oldid=1185153992#IP_vandalism here] is back again.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/185.70.52.0/22 (similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/185.115.0.0/20 previously blocked IP])

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/85.117.48.0/20

The IPs always seem to start with 185.70, 85, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.136.205 91]. Could you please block the range of each IP since this person keeps causing trouble with different addresses? [[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 00:26, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

:The editor is already back with more slightly different IP addresses.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.136.242][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/91.151.128.0/20] Is it possible to range all IPs beginning with 185, 85, and 91? Because this vandal seems able to easily return under a new address. --[[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 23:33, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

::The vandal has returned.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/185.70.52.0/22&target=185.70.52.0%2F22&offset=&limit=500][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/85.117.48.0/20] Could you please extend these expired blocks for a longer period of time?[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3A185.70.52.0%2F22][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3A85.117.48.0%2F20] [[User:KhndzorUtogh|KhndzorUtogh]] ([[User talk:KhndzorUtogh|talk]]) 00:21, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:Dotdotcomma]] ==

Hello @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] i am here for asking help to you. a editor @[[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] who is blocked in Sock Puppet Case in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas is now actively live on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and recreaing all promotional pages on Simple [[The Vach]] , [[Poybo Media]], [[Justin Jin]], [[:simple:Bayu_Prihandito|Bayu Prihandito]] these are deleted in [[English Wikipedia]] but he recreates on Simple English Wikipedia and recently he creates another Sock account [[:simple:User:Anwi6644|Anwi6644]] and tried again to create these above articles on [[English Wikipedia]] . Both account [[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] and @[[User:Anwi6644|Anwi6644]] found guilty in same case of Sock puppetry [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/50mMidas|En:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/50mMidas]] but still [[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] this user is unblocked. First Admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] blocked @[[User:Dotdotcomma|Dotdotcomma]] and suddenly after some times he unblocked him this is really questionable. I want a proper Investigation aginst them now i doubt they are paid or not.[[User:Brandom Mc Thompson|Brandom Mc Thompson]] ([[User talk:Brandom Mc Thompson|talk]]) 09:03, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:We don't have tools to tell if a certain Wikimedia editor is paid for editing, only a wild guess based on editing pattern. Note that I don't have any administrative privileges on Simple English Wiki. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:18, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
::so sir who can help me better will you please suggest me >?[[User:Brandom Mc Thompson|Brandom Mc Thompson]] ([[User talk:Brandom Mc Thompson|talk]]) 09:28, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== ANI ==

[[File:Information icon4.svg|link=|25px|alt=Information icon]] There is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#103.5.0.238|103.5.0.238]]. Thank you. [[User:1AmNobody24|Nobody]] ([[User talk:1AmNobody24|talk]]) 09:40, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== [[Potassium]] requested to be unprotected ==

Protection imposed in 2019; unprotection requested at [[Talk:Potassium#I_think_this_article_should_be_not_protected.]]. –[[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] ([[User talk:LaundryPizza03|d]][[Special:Contribs/LaundryPizza03|c̄]]) 11:58, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

== The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia ==

Good morning Materalscientist, I am not an admin, but I think that you are (or may know one). You have helped me in the past to get several articles to "Good" status. I am writing to ask for help in dealing with an editor who persistently inserts "bare URLs" into a page that I created more than a decade ago. I, as well as various other editors have tried clean up the persistent edits of an editor known as "MountainHiker" who has reverted attempts to conform to good Wikipedia formatting standards and now is posting private URLs on the article, [[The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia]]. In particular, "MountainHiker" continues to insert a private bare URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community. Further, "MountainHiker" persists in including a redundant "frontend website" bare URL that is already referenced correctly in the External links section. After I (and several others) have tried to correct these edits, I give up and am passing it up the line (through you) to block this editor or protect the article as you see appropriate. Thanks. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 15:32, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:Please do explain this issue to MountainHiker on their talk, especially the inaccessibility of the links - this is important. As to formatting, usually experienced editors bear with it, because we have semi-automatic tools that improve bare urls, such as https://refill.toolforge.org/. Very often editors are much more understanding than we think, and quickly straighten up their attitude without admin intervention (which should be a last resort). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:07, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
::As you suggested, I left a note at User talk:MountainHiker explaining the various problems with recent edits by MountainHiker-- in particular the inclusion of a private bare URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community. I have not reverted MountainHiker's most recent edit, but instead encouraged MountainHiker to remove/fix the most recent edits without intervention by another editor. We'll see if MountainHiker takes the suggestions to heart. If after a week or so, there is not correction, I will revert MountainHiker's most recent edit as nothing will be lost in the article [[The Preserve at Sharp Mountain, Georgia]] since one of the bare URLs inserted by MountainHiker is already listed in the External links section and the other is a private URL which should not appear in the article. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 21:22, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
:::FOLLOW UP TO ABOVE REPLY: Without reply/comment to my User talk:MountainHiker note (see context above), MountainHiker responded by making his/her bare URLs to be formatted correctly, but no action was taken to remove the private URL that is "members only" and not accessible to Wikipedia community... and less importantly, the redundant URL already listed in the External links remains. Apparently my exhortation about these matters is being ignored. '' ⁃ [[User:Firewall|Firewall]]'' 18:48, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

== 2A02:842A:1BF:1901:0:0:0:0/64 ==

* {{Rangevandal|2A02:842A:1BF:1901:0:0:0:0/64}}
Back in November, you warned them twice: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:D9FB:2B2B:D8D4:6017].

This range has a ton of unsourced edits. I see a bunch that are in filmography tables for Indian actors I watch. [[:Ali filmography]] is a recent one where they've repeatedly added content that is reverted for not having sourcing. {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1189673311|Dec. 13}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1190562013|Dec. 18}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1191123336|Dec. 21}}, {{diff|Ali filmography|prev|1191287039|Dec. 22}}

I have issued warnings to a few of the IPs: {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:1C58:B55C:B23A:5423||1190678656}} {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:A999:9515:AF2:673||1190996559}} {{diff|User talk:2A02:842A:1BF:1901:6472:1374:6F12:ECE5||1191308722}}, but since they are IPv6, they hop around within the /64, so I am uncertain they are seeing the warnings.

They are a prolific editor, and it appears that some of the edits are good (or, at least, not bad). However, there are enough bad or questionable edits that it takes a fair amount of time and effort to assess and clean-up.  — [[User:Archer1234|'''Archer''']] ([[User_talk:Archer1234|t]]·[[Special:Contributions/Archer1234|c]]) 19:39, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
:This issue is a pain, because there are reference sites like IMDb, etc., where we can quickly check if the actor was part of a movie, and because there are thousands of such good-faith editors who add movies without bothering about references (some of them mention their source in the edit summary, which is not sufficient). How to deal with such edits is a matter of personal choice. If the editor is repeatedly warned for unsourced, and especially dubious additions, then admins can intervene. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 23:13, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

==Unblock request==
Hello, Materialscientist. There's an unblock request at [[User talk:MrCrazyMan02]], relating to a block which you imposed three years ago. I would like to unblock to give another chance, but do you have any opinion you would like to express? [[User:JBW|JBW]] ([[User talk:JBW|talk]]) 11:52, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
:Unblocking is Ok with me. Sorry for belated reply - I am traveling. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:33, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
:: Thanks. [[User:JBW|JBW]] ([[User talk:JBW|talk]]) 22:20, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

==Merry Christmas!==

<div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#01902a; background-color:darkred; border-width:3px; text-align:center; padding:3px; width:800px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Christmas tree sxc hu.jpg|196px|right]]
{{font|text='''<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> Merry Christmas! <nowiki>~~~</nowiki>'''|font=Century Gothic|size=30px|color=gold}} {{font|color=gold|text=''Joyeux Noël! ~ Buon Natale! ~ Vrolijk Kerstfeest! ~ Frohe Weihnachten! ¡Feliz Navidad! ~ Feliz Natal! ~ Καλά Χριστούγεννα! ~ Hyvää Joulua! God Jul! ~ Glædelig Jul! ~ Linksmų Kalėdų! ~ Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus! Häid Jõule! ~ Wesołych Świąt! ~ Boldog Karácsonyt! ~ Veselé Vánoce! Veselé Vianoce! ~ Crăciun Fericit! ~ Sretan Božić! ~ С Рождеством! শুভ বড়দিন! ~ 圣诞节快乐！~ メリークリスマス！~ 메리 크리스마스! สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส!'' ~ Selamat Hari Natal! ~ Giáng sinh an lành! Весела Коледа! ~ Meri Kirihimete!|font=Times New Roman|size=19px}}</div>
{{font|text=''Hello, Materialscientist! Thank you for your work to maintain and improve Wikipedia! Wishing you a [[Merry Christmas]] and a [[Happy New Year]]!''|font=Times New Roman|size=19px}} [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 23:06, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
<div style="float:left">''{{resize|88%|Spread the [[WP:LOVE|WikiLove]] and leave other users this message by adding {{tls|Multi-language Season's Greetings}}}}''</div>{{-}}

== Seasonal greetings!! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 4px solid #FFD700;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 2px;" | [[File:Wikipedia Happy New Year.png|211px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 2px 2px 0 2px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Merry Christmas and a Prosperous 2024!'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |
----
'''Hello Materialscientist, may you be surrounded by peace, success and happiness on this [[Christmas and holiday season|seasonal occasion]]. Spread the [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]] and a [[New Year|Happy New Year]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Sending you heartfelt and warm greetings for Christmas and New Year 2024. Happy editing,''' 
[[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 06:56, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

''{{resize|96%|Spread the love by adding {{tls|Seasonal Greetings}} to other user talk pages.}}''
|} [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 06:56, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

{| style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;"
|[[File:Christmas Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]]
|‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) is wishing you a [[Mary Poppins (character)|Merry]] [[Christmas]]!

This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! 

Spread the Christmas cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas3}} to their talk page with a friendly message.
|} ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:27, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

== Request CU and removal of TPA ==

After some gravedancing by another editor, {{noping|Moglesby1999}} announced {{diff2|1191953629|here}} that they (they say {{tq|we}}, but I'm reading that as the [[royal we]]) have "ghost" accounts. Would you mind revoking their TPA and checking to see if their threats have any merit? Best and happy holidays, ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 20:08, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
:TPA is already removed. CU is of little use here, it seems they have access to a vast IP space. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:33, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

==Joyous Season==
<div style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:lightyellow; border-width:1px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Decorative paper star light.jpg|190px|left]] [[File:Frankenmuth, United States (Unsplash).jpg|180px|right]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text 2.png|260px]]}}

I wish that you may have a very Happy Holiday! {{smiley|christmas}} Whether you celebrate [[Christmas]], [[Hanukkah]], [[Kwanzaa]], [[Hogmanay]], [[Festivus]] or your hemisphere's [[Solstice]], this is a special time of year for almost everyone! May the New Year provide you joy and fulfillment! Thanks for everything you do here. [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 20:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC) 

Spread the holiday cheer by adding {{[[WP:SUBST|subst]]:[[User:Coffee/Holidays]]}} to your fellow editors' talk pages.
{{clear}}
</div>

[[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 20:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

== Really? ==

See message attached to your templating on my talk page and kindly respond appropriately. Remember, some IP editors actually do know what they are doing. [[Special:Contributions/4.37.252.50|4.37.252.50]] ([[User talk:4.37.252.50|talk]]) 02:27, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
:I know, which is why I have restored your edits and removed my warning from your talk with a summary "my bad". No need to be terse. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:29, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
::I was just going to comment about this, while I noticed. [[User:Tropicalkitty|Tropicalkitty]] ([[User talk:Tropicalkitty|talk]]) 02:30, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Looking further, I see why you might have a quick trigger regarding that article. I'll get back to re-rewriting now. Appreciate your restoration. [[Special:Contributions/4.37.252.50|4.37.252.50]] ([[User talk:4.37.252.50|talk]]) 02:50, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Cucciolo gatto Bibo.jpg|left|150px]]
thank you for contributing the wikipedia

[[User:OOF881|OOF881]] ([[User talk:OOF881|talk]]) 04:00, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 

== Happy New Year, Materialscientist! ==
<div style="border: 3px solid #FFD700; background-color: #FFFAF0; padding:0.2em 0.4em; height:auto; min-height:173px; border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);" class="plainlinks">
[[File:Fuochi d'artificio.gif|left|x173px]][[File:Happy new year 01.svg|x173px|right]]
{{Paragraph break}}
{{Center|{{resize|179%|'''''[[New Year|Happy New Year]]!'''''}}}}
'''Materialscientist''', Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable [[New Year]], and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.
 [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 20:13, 31 December 2023 (UTC) 
</div>
   ''{{resize|88%|Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.}}''
{{clear}}

== Happy New Year! ==
<div style="border: 2px solid red; background-color: #FFFAF0">
<div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle;"> [[File:Snowman icon.png|175px]] </div>
 '''Happy [[New Year]]!''' 
<div style="margin-left:177px;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 2px solid green;"> '''Hello Materialscientist: Thanks for all of your contributions to Wikipedia, and have a great [[New Year]]!''' Cheers, [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 22:36, 31 December 2023 (UTC)</div>
 
Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year snowman}} to people's talk pages with a friendly message.
</div>{{clear}} [[User:CAPTAIN RAJU|'''CAPTAIN RAJU''']][[User_talk:CAPTAIN RAJU|(T)]] 22:36, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

== Happy New Year, Materialscientist! ==
<div style="border: 3px solid #FFD700; background-color: #FFFAF0; padding:0.2em 0.4em; height:auto; min-height:173px; border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);" class="plainlinks">
[[File:Everlasting Fireworks looped.gif|left|x173px]][[File:Happy new year 01.svg|x173px|right]]
{{Paragraph break}}
{{Center|{{resize|179%|'''''[[New Year|Happy New Year]]!'''''}}}}
'''Materialscientist''', Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable [[New Year]], and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.
 [[User:Abishe|Abishe]] ([[User talk:Abishe|talk]]) 15:37, 1 January 2024 (UTC) 
</div>
   ''{{resize|88%|Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.}}''
{{clear}} [[User:Abishe|Abishe]] ([[User talk:Abishe|talk]]) 15:37, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

== 108.82.130.140 ==

108.82.130.140 is requesting, via UTRS, that this block be lifted. I have scanned the single IP address using nmap (nmap -v -Pn 108.82.130.140) and see no open proxies. CU data shows no immediately obvious problems for this single IP address and [https://spur.us/context/108.82.130.140 the spur report] shows the address "is not being used by many devices". Any objection to me lifting the block, on the basis that reblocks are cheap? --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 15:42, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unblocked, thanks. I see no evidence of a proxy now. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:28, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
::Wooo! It's so rare that I get to mark a UTRS request as accepted. Thanks! --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 00:05, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

== 67.149.101.152 ==

Greetings. You blocked [[Special:Contributions/67.149.40.151|this IP]] about a year ago for album vandalism. They're now continuing to do so on [[Special:Contributions/67.149.101.152|this IP]]. WHOIS gives an identical region. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 20:57, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
:Blocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:26, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Windows XP]] ==

Hi! Why this article’s protection is indefinite?! [[Special:Contributions/1.46.146.16|1.46.146.16]] ([[User talk:1.46.146.16|talk]]) 05:37, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

:Because of persistent disruptive editing. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 15:32, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== Americans in the United Kingdom ==

On '''[[Americans in the United Kingdom]],''' I added an image to convey the symbolic mix of American and British heritage that Americans in the United Kingdom have. An IP ( [[Special:Contributions/91.192.81.61|<bdi>91.192.81.61</bdi>]] ) keeps removing this image with no reason given on their revert. The image itself is usable under [[Wikipedia:IUP|'''WP:IUP''']] under the Adding images to articles section. Should I try to communicate with them further or request a block? Best regards, [[User:UnexpectedSmoreInquisition|UnexpectedSmoreInquisition]] aka USI ([[User talk:UnexpectedSmoreInquisition|talk]]) 12:22, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

== Multiple accounts? ==

The user you just blocked is the third account attempting the exact same kind of edits 1 after the other to the Jermaine Pennant page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Jermaine+Pennant . There's now a 4th one attempting it. – [[Special:Contributions/2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24]] ([[User talk:2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|talk]]) 03:44, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you :). – [[Special:Contributions/2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24]] ([[User talk:2804:F14:80CF:A701:248F:447D:D657:FA24|talk]]) 03:55, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== Why you delete my article ==

why you delete and how can I testore [[User:Gudoomiye cali baa|Gudoomiye cali baa]] ([[User talk:Gudoomiye cali baa|talk]]) 06:29, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:KleinerRoterTraktorIstÜberallBekanntMitJanAmLenkradFährtErÜbersLandErIstKeinRiese!]] ==

Username is suspicious for LTA socks - for your awareness. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 09:20, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

:By my look of the name, I'd definitely say this user is [[Wikipedia:NOTHERE]]. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 15:30, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Pabi Cooper]] ==

Hello, you recently deleted an article [[WP:Articles for deletion/Skomota|here]] as it was a product of [[WP:G5|CSD G5]], I have now seen [[Pabi Cooper]] and noticed that it is product of G5 too but it good although it needs a little clean up. My question is do I PROD it or just clean it and mark as reviewed? I'll be on the lookout for your response {{thank you}}. '''dxneo''' ([[User talk:dxneo|talk]]) 11:36, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unclear, because of [[Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#RfC:_Status_of_G|this discussion]]. If your cleanup will be substantial, then fine. Otherwise someone can nominate the page for speedy deletion under G5. Another option is to delete the page as G5, so that you recreate that page as you find it fit. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Page of Jagdish Gandhi ==

Thank you protecting the page of Jagdish Gandhi from vandalism. Unscrupulous people are constantly editing the page claiming he is dead whereas he is not. One last thing, when you look up Jagdish Gandhi on wiki, it shows the years 1936-2024 below his name, meaning he lived till 2024. Can you also change that please. Thanks 🙏 [[User:Rishi05|Rishi05]] ([[User talk:Rishi05|talk]]) 14:24, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} --[[User:BeLucky|BeLucky]] ([[User talk:BeLucky|talk]]) 14:53, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

== Vandalism at Still life ==
Hi, there is a case of obvious ip vandalism at [[Still life]] but I am struggling to revert it, because there is a backlisted site on there that I can't seem to find. I wonder if you could take a look at it. Thanks. [[User:Fieryninja|Fieryninja]] ([[User talk:Fieryninja|talk]]) 10:09, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 10:32, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hey! I keep bumping into you through Huggle and just wanted to thank you for all your valiant efforts in protecting Wikipedia from all the vandals out there. Keep up the fantastic work! [[User:Bsoyka|'''Bsoyka''']] ([[User talk:Bsoyka|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bsoyka|c]] • [[User:Bsoyka/Guestbook|g]]) 02:05, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== 2016 United States presidential election in Iowa ==

Hi, regarding my content removal edit to [[2016 United States presidential election in Iowa]] that you reverted, I clarified my reasoning on my talk page. [[User:Helpful Raccoon|Helpful Raccoon]] ([[User talk:Helpful Raccoon|talk]]) 05:34, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

:A section on the article talk page expresses the same issue (when the content I removed was in its own section): [[Talk:2016 United States presidential election in Iowa#This background section doesn't belong]] [[User:Helpful Raccoon|Helpful Raccoon]] ([[User talk:Helpful Raccoon|talk]]) 05:56, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Merger of colleges in UP India ==

Hi, since you've asked for merger discussions of various colleges in UP to their parent university, could you start the discussions (on the talk pages of the target articles) as well? Thanks. -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 08:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:I, asked, where? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:29, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::On further research, it looks like you did some reverts, e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Institute_of_Technology&diff=1194442141&oldid=1060883376]. I think they are better off as redirects though. -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 09:14, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, upon a second look I agree. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:16, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I came here to complain about the same thing. Can I revert all of these since they're still standing? [[User:Queen of Hearts|Queen]][[Special:Contribs/Queen of Hearts|of]][[User talk:Queen of Hearts|Hearts]] 22:02, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::I've reverted myself, correct me at will on this matter. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:05, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
::Your username was all over [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Article alerts#MRG]] :-) -[[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] ([[User talk:MPGuy2824|talk]]) 09:15, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== ZX Spectrum graphics revert ==

You reverted my revert to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_graphic_modes] so quickly, that I estimate you didn't have time to even read or consider my Edit Summary, which explained why I reverted the page.

That is not a very good way to act.

Anyway, I stand by my revert (i.e. the "under dispute" template should stay), and I repeat the Edit Summary here:

"The issues on the talk page have direct ramifications on the content of the article. While, technically, the issue was raised on the talk page, the data in the article is directly based on the disputed issues." [[Special:Contributions/80.80.52.64|80.80.52.64]] ([[User talk:80.80.52.64|talk]]) 08:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

==Netta==
I think the article about [[Netta Barzilai]] needs protection from slander and antisemitism.[[User:BabbaQ|BabbaQ]] ([[User talk:BabbaQ|talk]]) 16:24, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Comment F ==

Why did you do that to me? I looked everywhere and I didn't find it. [[User:Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)|Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)]] ([[User talk:Mazeriboy(Minnesotaman)|talk]]) 23:49, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Requesting assist/intervention on [[WP:ANI]] ==

Hey there & good day. Could you help take a look on the issue [[WP:ANI#Repeated content removal in the article Peranakans|Repeated content removal in the article Peranakans]]? User Visnu92 has repeatedly engaged in massive blanking of content in [[Peranakans]] & added some ridiculously-worded hatnote to the article.

It should be noted that said user has a history of edit-warring and was previously blocked for this exact same behaviour. Seeking your kind attention as this issue has been posted on ANI for more than 12 hours. Thanks. [[User:HundenvonPenang|hundenvonPG]] ([[User talk:HundenvonPenang|talk]]) 00:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== Hi! ==

Hi, could you please explain the reverts you made on today's portal?
Did they breach any rule? If so, sorry. But they both said "Wednesday" on source.
Appreciated. [[Special:Contributions/190.246.97.81|190.246.97.81]] ([[User talk:190.246.97.81|talk]]) 09:44, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:My bad, thanks. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 09:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
::Oh, no problems at all! I got scared because I have never had a single incident since I started editing. Thank you and sorry for bothering you. Have an excellent day. --[[Special:Contributions/190.246.97.81|190.246.97.81]] ([[User talk:190.246.97.81|talk]]) 09:47, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User talk:SyntaXenon]] ==

OK to unblock? [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 11:27, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:47, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== article, Kavim ==

I made a change to an article, [[Kavim]].

It is important for me to point out that I work for KAVIM company and the management asked me to edit the content in the English language because it is not updated. For example: Menchal has already changed twice since "Zion Fat" and there is a lot of data that is not relevant for today.

Attached is a link to the original Hebrew value of KAVIM: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D

[[User:Etibenlish|Etibenlish]] ([[User talk:Etibenlish|talk]]) 11:44, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

:It is very important to the company that I make the changes [[User:Etibenlish|Etibenlish]] ([[User talk:Etibenlish|talk]]) 08:49, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[List of stage names]]==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stage_names&action=history '''Are you serious?''']. I updated the names based on the subjects' articles!!! [[Special:Contributions/65.88.88.56|65.88.88.56]] ([[User talk:65.88.88.56|talk]]) 22:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, but we don't use their full names, and most people don't. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:06, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

::: Perhaps a hidden (or not) note at the top of the article will keep people from wasting their time. [[Special:Contributions/65.88.88.56|65.88.88.56]] ([[User talk:65.88.88.56|talk]]) 22:20, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

== Brandi Carlile page ==

Hello. I added a link to the Brandi Carlile interview on the Song Exploder Podcast because I believed it was pertinent to her biography. It is " accurate and on-target" as per the guidelines.

The episode breaks down her song "You and Me on the Rock," and how it was influenced by her wife, by their home, and by Joni Mitchell.

I'd look forward to your thoughts on why this information isn't useful. [[User:Williamchloe|Williamchloe]] ([[User talk:Williamchloe|talk]]) 01:06, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[WP:NOTLINK|Wikipedia is not a collection of links]]. Every notable person has thousands of potential web links, we can't and won't list them, we just use some of them as [[WP:RS|reliable inline references]]. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 01:07, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

==Westtown School Page==
I currently a student at the school doing a project for the school to make it as up to date as possible. As such, all sources will promptly be cited. That being said it would be appreciated if I could get some help finding the many edits I made as all the work has been erased. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment[[Special:Diff/1195050628|<diff>]] added by [[User:Historymadeeasy|Historymadeeasy]] ([[User talk:Historymadeeasy#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Historymadeeasy|contribs]]) 02:30, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Regarding this deletion.. ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birjand_University_of_Medical_Sciences&diff=next&oldid=1195099899 I believe you made a mistake. Please see wp:burden. Thank you, and happy new year. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3|2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:2101:AA00:5CB2:346A:EE59:60F3|talk]]) 09:09, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== taken down information ==

you have said it was taken down due to lack of a reliable source even tho i have spoken to the 4 boys names which were included in the information i supported in the page [[User:Miss meardon|Miss meardon]] ([[User talk:Miss meardon|talk]]) 12:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
:(talk page watcher) See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:NOR]]. --[[User:Yamla|Yamla]] ([[User talk:Yamla|talk]]) 12:48, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Bertram Fletcher Robinson ==

Thanks for your message in relation to this article. I am very happy to be guided by a more experienced Wikipedian and would welcome any constructive comments in relation to my attempts to improve the quality of this article. Best wishes. [[Special:Contributions/82.38.214.91|82.38.214.91]] ([[User talk:82.38.214.91|talk]]) 23:34, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

== Revert ==

Hello, could you please explain [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMbesharam&diff=1195322113&oldid=1195321988 this] edit? [[User:CometVolcano|CometVolcano]] ([[User talk:CometVolcano|talk]]) 11:07, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

== Likely sockpuppetry ==

Hi Materialscientist. Could you please do a CheckUser of {{noping|Lictartarovk}}, mostly to check whether there are more accounts? Based on the edit history, the account looks like a sockpuppet of {{noping|Luparh}} (banned for disruptive editing), {{noping|Eauho}} (banned as sockpuppet), and {{noping|Jonatanar}} (banned as sockpuppet). Thanks. [[User:Daniel Quinlan|Daniel Quinlan]] ([[User talk:Daniel Quinlan|talk]]) 22:47, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
:They have access to a vast IP space, thus CU can't tell for sure whether there are additional accounts of this sockmaster. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 22:56, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

== Your edit to [[St Martin's Church, Sherwood]] ==
Hi, I believe that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Martin%27s_Church,_Sherwood&oldid=1195536373 your revert] was made in error. This isn't my edit but I am planning on reverting your edit as it seemed like the original edit was a constructive edit. Maybe a small NPOV issue but I'll edit that. [[User:GoldMiner24|GoldMiner24]] [[User talk:GoldMiner24|Talk]] 07:19, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== No fish in Xel-Ha ==

Hi there. I added a section to the Xel-Ha article because I've been many times. This time there were no fish. I'm a big fan of Wikipedia, and am confused as to why you wouldn't take my contribution seriously. I'm happy to answer any questions you might have about Xel-Ha or my education background, or credentials that help inform my observations. [[Special:Contributions/209.35.185.26|209.35.185.26]] ([[User talk:209.35.185.26|talk]]) 09:27, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== Adding Kirby & Friends ==

Hi there! Kirby & Friends is now release at now! You can help me to real important for our dictionary. So I have no time to create you can edit character for you can to interacting to encyclopedia. Thank you for [[User:Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus|Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus]] ([[User talk:Taqi Inalessa Sany Plus|talk]]) 10:03, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== Arigato! ==

arigato! Thanks! Sometimes I work late at night and do not think. I have explained my changes now. It is important today, that we understand the new research going on. For me the biggest surprise was in the field of Japanese architecture (2023). The question of chō versus yomachi in the Jobo city block and the English misunderstanding. Even here, in a remote part of Japanese study do we find the need to go back to origins of hiragana, and what was Tale of Genji written in. 174.214.16.81 (talk) 11:3 [[User:DrBeck007|DrBeck007]] ([[User talk:DrBeck007|talk]]) 11:39, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

== USGROCKS ==

Hello! I saw that [[User talk:USGROCKS#January 2024 2|this user]] was blocked from editing, I saw his first instance blanking on the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|2021 capital attack]] and I just warned him. Is blanking an automatic ban? [[User:LuxembourgLover|LuxembourgLover]] ([[User talk:LuxembourgLover|talk]]) 05:47, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
:No. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 05:48, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Your work reverting and removing vandalism is very admirable! Great work!! [[User:Professor Penguino|Professor Penguino]] ([[User talk:Professor Penguino|talk]]) 08:53, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== Edits by Silver-coated cape ==
Hi, noticed you added a warning to this user's talk page for disruptive editing. Have reverted many of the edits with explanation but it does not really seem to help. Not sure if this is a well-meaning novice or not but the editing behavior is disruptive. Can you have another look? Thx. --[[User:Wolbo|Wolbo]] ([[User talk:Wolbo|talk]]) 15:27, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

== Caste Promotion socks ==

I suspect [[User:HölderlinRem1]], [[User:FloridaFlower]], and [[User:Jacob Matthew George]] are sock puppet accounts disrupting [[Zamorin]] articles with biased edits. Their editing patterns suggest coordinated caste promotion, violating Wikipedia's neutrality and sock puppetry policies. I recommend an looking into these accounts. [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057|2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:4527:3B00:7C68:B92C:9057:6057|talk]]) 02:56, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

== I'd like to see if this editor can learn how to edit, I don't think they've had much help. ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Futuristicediting] [[User:Doug Weller|Doug Weller]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 14:34, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

== Regarding Sino-Soviet border conflict ==

Hi! I saw you reverted [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Soviet_border_conflict&oldid=1195486747 this edit] earlier by an IP user. They've continued editing & are now changing the infobox without obtaining consensus, which ''was'' in the infobox. If you're available, would you be able to help out here? I think it's a case of [[WP:ICANTHEARYOU]]. [[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]] [[User talk:Schrödinger's jellyfish|✉]] 05:40, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]]
:yes I AM LOCAL FROM GUNNAUR
:TALK ME [[User:Hasan Ali gunnauri|Hasan Ali gunnauri]] ([[User talk:Hasan Ali gunnauri|talk]]) 15:13, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

== Link to Tandem Fundazioa material collection ==

Dear colleague,

I am Jürgen Wolff from Tandem Fundazioa (see history of the [[Tandem language learning]] ). We have decided to put our data base at the disposition of all wiki users. Pls do not delete the link again. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/212.231.117.130|212.231.117.130]] ([[User talk:212.231.117.130|talk]]) 10:30, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

== LTA-marked block ==

Hi Materialscientist, I saw the block log comment related to the disruption by [[User:80.117.95.200]] today (in tandem with other IPs). However, I don't think that it is being correctly marked as abuse by the user you linked. Instead, it seems to be the IP-only editor I have been dealing with at places like [[Sankebetsu brown bear incident]]. I'm not a checkuser and I'm not going to ask you to identify any editors by their IPs, but I would appreciate it if you could reexamine the block and see whether you think it should be reattributed. Best, [[User:Dekimasu|Dekimasu]][[User talk:Dekimasu|よ!]] 16:30, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[user:149.62.192.0/18]]==

How sure are we about this? It appears to be one of the standard ranges for the mobile ISP [[Yettel Bulgaria]].[[User:Geni|©Geni]] ([[User talk:Geni|talk]]) 13:37, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
:Unblocked, don't see a webhost anymore, but did see it at the time of the block, maybe reassigned. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:33, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

== I am local guide ==

I CAN HELP YOU

Hasan Ali
From GUNNAUR
NEAR BY Syari Hub [[User:Hasan Ali gunnauri|Hasan Ali gunnauri]] ([[User talk:Hasan Ali gunnauri|talk]]) 15:12, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/John D. White]]==

{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 style="border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #cfc"
|-
|[[File:John D. White - Brady Handy cropped.jpg|75px|center|]]
|<div style="text-align:center;">'''An image created by you has been promoted to [[Wikipedia:Featured picture|featured picture]] status'''</div> Your image, '''[[:File:John D. White - Brady Handy cropped.jpg]]''', was nominated on [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]], gained a consensus of support, and has been promoted. If you would like to nominate an image, please do so at [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates]]. Thank you for your contribution! [[User:Armbrust|Armbrust]] [[User talk:Armbrust|The Homunculus]] 09:18, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
|}

== [[user talk:Ahurrell61418]] ==

OK to unblock? Their request was not in the unblock request queue. Thanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 06:48, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:32, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

== Semi-protect Lindsey Scherf page ==

Thanks for reverting the Lindsey Scherf page. There is someone using numerous different IPs to edit (aka vandalize) that page and they always need to be reverted. Is there a way to semi-protect that page from edits? I don't know where to start for that. [[User:Gravel for breakfast|Gravel for breakfast]] ([[User talk:Gravel for breakfast|talk]]) 15:53, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

:Nevermind, I found the protection request site. [[User:Gravel for breakfast|Gravel for breakfast]] ([[User talk:Gravel for breakfast|talk]]) 16:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

== Overly Speedy Perma-Banning... ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Abc123qwertymilet] Seems a bit speedy of a block @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]... did they have tons of vandal contribs already or something? [[User:344agg21|jayhawker6]] ([[User talk:344agg21|talk]]) 02:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
:Ok, unblocked. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 02:47, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

== Position and assembly ==

UPLOAD THE FILES [[Special:Contributions/174.231.209.136|174.231.209.136]] ([[User talk:174.231.209.136|talk]]) 09:58, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

:Never mind. Disregard! [[Special:Contributions/174.231.209.136|174.231.209.136]] ([[User talk:174.231.209.136|talk]]) 10:03, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

== It happens sometimes ... ==

I think you just restored some uncited text, removed for that reason, by accident. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878|2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:2101:AA00:88EF:A8E0:1CF:A878|talk]]) 01:32, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

== Unblock request ==

[[User_talk:Psychroanoker#unblock_discussion|OK to unblock?]] [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 21:28, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:59, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
::hanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 22:52, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

==[[LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union#:~:text=European Union law (the Citizens,report calling for mutual recognition.|LGBT rights in EU]]==
Hi, @materialscientist, you've twice reverted my edit here. On the first occasion it was because I had not referred to the talk page in the edit box. I accept this. On the second occasion, I had referred to it in both the edit both and at the talk page. I feel like your second intervention is automated and doesn't account for my references at the edit page and the talk page. I obviously do not want to get into an edit war in any way, so I will not revert again. Instead, I ask you to actually read the talk page, where I have made some effort over time to justify my edit. If you cannot then justify your second revert then can you please revert back? Thanks. [[User:Charlie Campbell 28|Charlie Campbell 28]] ([[User talk:Charlie Campbell 28|talk]]) 09:25, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Stonestoneeee|Stonestoneeee]] ==

I see that you blocked a bunch of socks, but not the master account. Did you intend to not block the master account? I'm asking because it was brought up at [[WP:ANI#Prolific socking on Jannik Sinner|this]] ANI thread. [[User:MaterialsPsych|MaterialsPsych]] ([[User talk:MaterialsPsych|talk]]) 07:39, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:In short, I forgot to block them, thanks for bringing this up. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:41, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[User talk:Siboniso Mabona]] ==

Can you yank their TPA? They seem to be a spambot or something and are posting incoherent content/spam links on their talk page. Thanks! [[User:Thriftycat|Thriftycat]] [[User talk:Thriftycat|Talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Thriftycat|Contribs]] 18:09, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 20:58, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

== User:Saagaraludhaati ==

Hi, user:Saagaraludhaati is removing reliable sources and adding unreliable sources to articles [[Guntur Kaaram]], [[List of Indian films of 2024]] and [[List of Telugu films of 2024]]. Can you please do anything. [[User:Falimy|Falimy]] ([[User talk:Falimy|talk]]) 09:40, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:Also take a look on [[Special:Contributions/Saagaraludhaati|users contributions]], also doing the same in every edits. Thanks. [[User:Falimy|Falimy]] ([[User talk:Falimy|talk]]) 09:43, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== About Skibidirizzohio2 ==

Skibidirizzohio2 is also a sockpuppet of Skibidirizzohio1. Refer to [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Skibidirizzohio1]] for more info. [[User:Brennan Everette|Brennan Everette]] ([[User talk:Brennan Everette|🗣️]] | [[User:Brennan Everette/Sandbox|⏳]]) 11:51, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Block conflict ==

I accidentally conflicted with your block of 122.161.67.67. I've restored your block of 31 hours and your block rationale. — [[User:Red-tailed hawk|Red-tailed hawk]] [[User talk:Red-tailed hawk|(nest)]] 21:18, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Your block was better :-). [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:20, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Tadc ==

Michael kovaach is great, why'd you revert my edit about it? [[Special:Contributions/108.191.120.148|108.191.120.148]] ([[User talk:108.191.120.148|talk]]) 21:26, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:un ban him I agree [[Special:Contributions/108.191.120.148|108.191.120.148]] ([[User talk:108.191.120.148|talk]]) 21:27, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Album details ==

Does every new album name and release date need sources? The existing ones don't have any. [[User:Planner21|Planner21]] ([[User talk:Planner21|talk]]) 00:42, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:I know, but this is not an excuse for adding unsourced info. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 00:43, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::It wasn't an "excuse", it was a question. Never mind. [[User:Planner21|Planner21]] ([[User talk:Planner21|talk]]) 01:27, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Please Lock the Page Bigg Boss 7 Telugu ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7) page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few days or months. Pawan Sparkle [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 06:24, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 06:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Talking ==

Assalamualaikum. My name is Nafis Fowzan. I am from Bangladesh.Can I talk with you please? [[User:Fuzeen|Fuzeen]] ([[User talk:Fuzeen|talk]]) 20:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

'''31st January 2024''' for all users. [[Special:Contributions/173.187.77.125|173.187.77.125]] ([[User talk:173.187.77.125|talk]]) 09:21, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

== According to chhota bheem character voice artist ==

do i have to provide citation for the change i have made becuase the artist i wrote about was voice actress of that particular character before the artist whose name is provided there rightnow. [[User:ZachAlexanderCarter|ZachAlexanderCarter]] ([[User talk:ZachAlexanderCarter|talk]]) 12:04, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

==Quick Question for you...==

Hello [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]! I was just going through some recent changes and stumbled upon this [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_Solidarity_Day&curid=15582219&diff=1202267666&oldid=1202264181|edit]]. The explination seems legit, so I don't know what to do. Could you take a look for me please? Thanks!

[[User:Awilh37|Awilh37]] [[User talk:Awilh37|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Awilh37|Contribs]] 11:15, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== How to reuse an existing reference ==

I have been unable to satisfy your perfectly reasonable referencing requirements for the following reason.

I want to reuse an existing reference created by another user. I think it's unnamed.

When I select Cite, Reuse and click on the reference, a reference number is inserted which isn't the one I clicked on.
What am I doing wrong?

HELP!!

Thanks [[User:SYDHIKER|SYDHIKER]] ([[User talk:SYDHIKER|talk]]) 12:56, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== Your message concerning List of serial killers ==

hello, I have seen that you have reinstated the original typo, apparently without the slightes research. So I'll explain very extensively: [[Heidi]] is a children's book by [[Johanna Spyri]], and Thomas Holst certainly did not kill the leading character of the book. OTOH, 'Heide' is the German word for a heath, and Holst was nicknamed the 'Heath Murderer' (Heidemörder) because his victims were found on or near the heath. So Heidi Mörder is clearly a typo.
Let me suggest that, before reverting an edit on the German language, by a German contributor, you might possibly consult with the English and/or the German Wikipedia, or even with Google. [[Thomas Holst]]'s nickname is told correctly in the English version. Greetz -[[User:Zerolevel|Zerolevel]] ([[User talk:Zerolevel|talk]]) 19:37, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:Fine, thanks, I've reinstated your corrections, but note that together with that you've removed a block of the article [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nicknames_of_serial_killers&diff=1197537461&oldid=1197537366]. Please preview your edits before saving them. Cheers. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::okay, sorry, I had not seen that. Editing in a table can be trick (for me certainly). -[[User:Zerolevel|Zerolevel]] ([[User talk:Zerolevel|talk]]) 22:10, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== alleged vandalism ==

Approximately a week ago, my user was unfairly blocked for supposedly committing vandalism, but the only thing I did was write someone's exact date of birth and nothing more, I pray that this injustice is not repeated again [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:22, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:{{tps|br}} {{replyto|Hola sectáreos32}} To which blocked user do you refer? Hundreds get blocked every day. [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 22:28, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{tpw}} {{re|Hola sectáreos32}} Now you have two accounts ? - [[User:FlightTime|'''FlightTime''']] ([[User talk:FlightTime|'''open channel''']]) 22:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
:::I only have one account, the other times I log in it is with my IP, without logging in [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
::{{Redacted|Personal information}} [[User:Hola sectáreos32|Hola sectáreos32]] ([[User talk:Hola sectáreos32|talk]]) 22:41, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

== P._Rajagopal_(businessman) ==

[[P. Rajagopal (businessman)]] Is a convicted murderer, the sources are further down in the article ([[P._Rajagopal_(businessman)#Life sentence for murder]]). I made the same mistake you did just looking at the edit change [[User:Shaws username|Shaws username]] ([[User talk:Shaws username|talk]]) 07:19, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
:Sure, but what is the source for Pitchai? [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 07:23, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
::Oh I'm sorry, you're totally right. I got so fixated on the murderer part I didn't stop to consider the name, my bad. [[User:Shaws username|Shaws username]] ([[User talk:Shaws username|talk]]) 07:27, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

== warning on pigs being stunned thru carbon dioxide video reverted ==

Atleast I found it disturbing to see pigs screaming. I believe many would as well. Why was the warning removed?
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inert_gas_asphyxiation&diff=1202019319&oldid=1198867093

and how was it vandelism? [[Special:Contributions/103.82.123.138|103.82.123.138]] ([[User talk:103.82.123.138|talk]]) 16:42, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
==[[:Category:South African writers by genre]] has been nominated for merging==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>[[:Category:South African writers by genre]] has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization]] guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at '''[[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 February 3#Category:South African writers by genre|the category's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|categories for discussion]] page. Thank you. [[User:Smasongarrison|Mason]] ([[User talk:Smasongarrison|talk]]) 20:32, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

u changed my edit!! that was mine!! [[User:Dnaile mrbonez|Dnaile mrbonez]] ([[User talk:Dnaile mrbonez|talk]]) 05:46, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Checkuser Request ==

Hello, @[[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]]. Thank you for protecting the page “[[Gary Allen (runner)]].” As you are aware, this article is a [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography of a living person]]. I am the subject of the article. As you are also likely aware, this article has been recently subjected to presumed vandalism, sockpuppetry, and disruption. These presumed bad-faith edits seem to have been made by at least three different users — one anonymous, and two with usernames (“Mainewaynews” and “MaineDomesticViolence”). I am reaching out to you as a [[Wikipedia:CheckUser|checkuser]] to try to determine if these two accounts are possibly related, both geographically and/or electronically, in your opinion? Is it possible for you to share the related IP address/es? Thank you for your time and assistance. Have a nice day. [[User:Garyallen262|Garyallen262]] ([[User talk:Garyallen262|talk]]) 14:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
:{{tpw|safe=yes}} {{yo|Garyallen262}} I saw your message here this morning and I think you've caught Materialscientist when they will be offline for a bit, so I had a look myself (I'm also a checkuser). Checkusers are not permitted to reveal details about any user's nonpublic technical info, so no I can't tell you where the accounts edit from nor their IP addresses, I can only tell you in vague terms we call "findings" whether the private info I see supports a connection. Mainewaynews and MaineDomesticViolence are {{likely}} - that means they're ''probably'' the same person. I'm going to start a [[WP:SPI|sockpuppet investigation]] for this so we can keep track of their activity. When [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Mainewaynews|this link]] turns blue you can check it for more information. [[User:Ivanvector|Ivanvector]] ([[User talk:Ivanvector|Talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Ivanvector|Edits]]) 14:31, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Ivanvector|Ivanvector]]. Thank you very much for taking the time to look into this. I appreciate your time and assistance. Have a nice day. Thank you. [[User:Garyallen262|Garyallen262]] ([[User talk:Garyallen262|talk]]) 14:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Perhaps revoke TPA on IP? ==

Hi, you may want to revoke talk page access for {{Userlinks|207.172.119.199}} based on their activity after you blocked the IP for 6 months. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 15:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

:{{tpw}} I got it.... - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 15:17, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== Please block IP 63.115.31.130 ==

Hey Mateiralscientist. On Wikimedia Commons, I keep getting alerts from this IP and all of the accounts he creates on my Wikimedia Commons talk page doing personal attacks on me. Please block the IP and all accounts he creates on Wikimedia Commons. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 18:58, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

:Never mind. He got blocked for racist statements. [[User:NoobThreePointOh|NoobThreePointOh]] ([[User talk:NoobThreePointOh|talk]]) 19:28, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

== You've got mail ==

{{You've got mail|dashlesssig=[[User:TrottieTrue|TrottieTrue]] ([[User talk:TrottieTrue|talk]]) 02:27, 6 February 2024 (UTC)}}

== [[Toby Keith]] ==

His official website is reporting that he died February 5. I do not have the time to deal with the current flood of edits, but it is true. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 08:52, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:My protection was not about the fact of his death, but about awkward and unsourced IP edits. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 08:54, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Santadas Kathiababa Article Development ==

Santadas Kathiababa Article Development This article is the chief Indian cleric of followers of Nimbarka Sampradaya of Hinduism [[Special:Contributions/58.145.184.246|58.145.184.246]] ([[User talk:58.145.184.246|talk]]) 09:10, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== What template are you using on this User_talk page? ==

Hi! What template did you use on [[User_talk:Ender18686]] ? I like the text that is there and would like to post the same thing on a user's talk page when I see an issue with original research. Thank you for the work you do. - [[User:Dyork|Dyork]] ([[User talk:Dyork|talk]]) 11:10, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:If you edit the template text, you will often find the template name as a hidden comment, {{tlx|uw-nor1}} in this case. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:12, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Brigadier Gerard ==

Hi Materialscientist
I have removed the items I believe where a source would be required while I gather the relevant source information and learn how to include it. I hope this helps? I will not add further items where a source would be required. Brigust (talk) 10:39, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
If there are items where a source would be required but I have overlooked them would you please let me know what they are? Brigust (talk) 10:40, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I have all of the newspaper articles for the applicable races but do not know how to add them to the references section. Can you help and advise please? Brigust (talk) 10:51, 6 February 2024 (UTC) [[User:Brigust|Brigust]] ([[User talk:Brigust|talk]]) 11:26, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Is this the right place to ask? ==

Requesting sanctions against APTuviera Loser, which you just blocked began yelling in foreign language in their talk page and is repeating it for 10 minutes. I'm new to using gadgets, so I don't know where do I request talk page edit revokement. Thanks. [[User:AlphaBetaGammsh|AlphaBetaGammsh]] ([[User talk:AlphaBetaGammsh|talk]]) 11:55, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:Done. Yes, it is the right place. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 11:57, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== deletion of File:Chloe4carasVMFA, Richmond, VA.jpg ==

Dear Materialscientist:

I just noted that the 4 faces of Chloe composite I photographed with a Galaxy S7 and edited in Serif was deleted 19 Nov 23 upon a 12 Nov 23 recommendation. But I do not find the reason?

Thanks for your help.

GlennRayUSA [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549|2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:11E7:AD00:ADF8:35E7:62B0:2549|talk]]) 18:11, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
:See [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Chloe4carasVMFA,_Richmond,_VA.jpg here]. The reason hinges on the concept of "freedom of panorama", which in this case means that we need permission from the sculpture author to keep those photographs on Commons. [[User:Materialscientist|Materialscientist]] ([[User talk:Materialscientist#top|talk]]) 21:20, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

== Unsure what to do at a promotional edit ==

Hi! Saw you online and figured I'd poke my head in. A new user (likely with a COI) removed a redirect over at [[Wildlife Conservation International]] and has filled the article with blatantly promotional content.

Would it be appropriate to blank and restore the original redirect? Thanks! [[User:Schrödinger's jellyfish|Schrödinger's jellyfish]] [[User talk:Schrödinger's jellyfish|✉]] 05:07, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

== Please Lock Bigg Boss Kannada (Season 10) Pagr ==

Hi Materialscientist, there are so many unknown users changing the context of [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 10)]] page with unsourced data. Please lock the page for few days or months. Pawan Sparkle [[User:Pawan Sparkle|Pawan Sparkle]] ([[User talk:Pawan Sparkle|talk]]) 12:29, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

:Pawan I have left you a message. Because there were many issues with the table before
:first as bigg boss and big brother are the same franchise we don’t add re-entered and entered in bigg boss nomination table. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83]] ([[User talk:2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|talk]]) 17:35, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
::In housemates rows. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83]] ([[User talk:2A02:6B68:10:4E00:91B6:27FC:2DF4:DE83|talk]]) 17:36, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

== I corrected the spelling of someone's name FFS!! ==

Cosmonaut Titov's first name is spelled "Gherman" NOT "German".

Why TF did you revert that? Haven't you go better things to do?

Get a life!
T. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 02:57, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

List of astronauts by year of selection

2024-02-08T02:53:27Z

Tuttt: /* 1966 */ I corrected the spelling of hit name FFS!

{{Short description|None}}
{{For|a list of those who have flown to space|List of space travelers by name}}
{{Update|documentation|date=June 2020}}

This is a '''list of [[astronaut]]s by year of selection''': people selected to train for a [[List of human spaceflight programs|human spaceflight program]] to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a [[spacecraft]]. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the advent of [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital flight]] starting with privately funded [[SpaceShipOne]] in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the [[commercial astronaut]].

While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who trains for travels into space—including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists—this article lists only professional astronauts, those who have been selected to train as a profession. This includes national space programs and private industry programs which train and/or hire their own professional astronauts.

More than 500 people have trained as astronauts. A list of everyone who has flown in space can be found at ''[[List of space travelers by name]]''.

==North American X-15 Pilots Group (USA)==
:Fourteen pilots were directly involved with the [[North American X-15|X-15]], although only twelve actually flew the vehicles. There was no formal selection process, since everyone chosen was already a qualified test pilot.

:[[Scott Crossfield]] and [[Alvin S. White|Alvin White]] were the prime and backup North American Aviation test pilots who first became involved with the project. Air Force Captains [[Iven Kincheloe]] (prime pilot) and [[Robert Michael White|Robert White]] (backup) were assigned to the X-15 in 1957. When Kincheloe was killed in an accident through a different rocket aircraft program, White became prime pilot and Captain [[Robert Rushworth]] became his backup. The first NASA pilots were [[Joseph A. Walker|Joseph Walker]] and [[Neil Armstrong]]. Lieutenant Commander [[Forrest S. Petersen]] represented the Navy.

:Walker and Armstrong were eventually replaced by NASA pilots [[John B. McKay]] (1960), [[Milton Thompson]] (1963) and [[William H. Dana]] (1965). White and Rushworth were succeeded by Captain [[Joe Engle]] (1963), Captain [[William Joseph Knight]] (1964) and Major [[Michael J. Adams|Michael Adams]] (1966). The Navy selected Lieutenant Lloyd Hoover (1924–2016<ref name="spacefacts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/candidates/english/hoover_lloyd.htm |title=Biographies of Astronaut and Cosmonaut Candidates Lloyd Hoover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/candidates/english/hoover_lloyd.htm |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>) as Peterson's replacement, though he never trained or flew.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinspace00cass|title=Who's Who in Space|last=Cassutt|first=Michael|date=November 1998|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|isbn=9780028649658|edition=Subsequent|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref>

:{{As of|2023}}, the only surviving X-15 pilot is Joe Engle.

==1958==
'''June 25 – [[Man in Space Soonest]] (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[Bill Bridgeman|William B. Bridgeman]], [[Scott Crossfield|Albert S. Crossfield]], [[Iven C. Kincheloe]], [[John B. McKay]], [[Robert A. Rushworth]], [[Joseph A. Walker]], [[Alvin S. White]], and [[Robert M. White]].

:Nine test pilots from the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA), the United States Air Force (USAF), [[North American Aviation]] (NAA), and [[Douglas Aircraft Corporation]] were selected for the [[Man in Space Soonest]] project, a USAF initiative to put a man in space before the Soviet Union did. The project was cancelled on August 1, but two of these men would later reach space: Walker made two [[X-15]] flights above 100 kilometers in 1963; and Neil Armstrong joined [[NASA]] in 1962 and flew in [[Project Gemini]] and [[Apollo program|Apollo]], becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon at 02:56 [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]] July 21, 1969.<ref name="ALSJ 4">{{Cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |title=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: One Small Step |last=Jones |first=Eric M. |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017080207/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |archive-date=17 October 2023 }}</ref>

:The last surviving member of this group was Neil Armstrong; he died in 2012.

==1959==
'''April 9 – [[Mercury Seven|NASA Group 1]] – ''Mercury Seven'' (USA)'''

:[[Scott Carpenter]], [[Gordon Cooper]], [[John Glenn]], [[Virgil Grissom|Gus Grissom]], [[Wally Schirra]], [[Alan Shepard]] and [[Deke Slayton]].

:The first group of astronauts selected by [[NASA]] were for [[Project Mercury]] in April 1959. All seven were military test pilots, a requirement specified by President [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] to simplify the selection process. All seven eventually flew in space, although one, Deke Slayton, did not fly a Mercury mission due to a medical disqualification, instead flying a decade later on the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz mission]]. The other six each flew one Mercury mission. For two of these, Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, the Mercury mission was their only flight in the Mercury/[[Project Gemini|Gemini]]/[[Apollo Program|Apollo]] era. Glenn later flew on the [[STS-95|Space Shuttle]].

:Three of the Mercury astronauts, Gus Grissom, Gordon Cooper and Wally Schirra, also each flew a mission during the Gemini program. Alan Shepard was slated to fly [[Mercury 10]] before its cancellation and was the original commander for the [[Gemini 3]] mission, but did not fly due to a medical disqualification. After surgery to correct the problem, he later flew as commander of [[Apollo 14]]. He was the only Mercury astronaut to go to the Moon.

:Wally Schirra was the only astronaut to fly into space on all three types of spacecraft, though Gus Grissom was scheduled to be first to complete that feat before he [[Apollo 1|died in a fire on Apollo 1]] during launchpad training. Gordon Cooper was a backup commander for [[Apollo 10]], the "dress rehearsal" flight for the lunar landing, and would have commanded another mission—likely to have been [[Apollo 13]], according to the crew rotation—but was bumped from the rotation after a disagreement with NASA management.

:Collectively, at least one member of the Mercury Seven flew on every NASA class of human-rated spacecraft (but neither the [[Skylab]] nor [[International Space Station|ISS]] space stations) through the end of the 20th century: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle.

:The last surviving member of this group was John Glenn; he died in 2016.

==1960==
'''March 7 – Air Force Group 1 (USSR)'''

:[[Ivan Anikeyev]], [[Pavel Belyayev]], [[Valentin Bondarenko]], [[Valery Bykovsky]], [[Valentin Filatyev]], [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Viktor Gorbatko]], [[Anatoli Kartashov]], [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]], [[Alexei Leonov]], [[Grigori Nelyubov]], [[Andrian Nikolayev]], [[Pavel Popovich]], [[Mars Rafikov]], [[Georgi Shonin]], [[Gherman Titov]], [[Valentin Varlamov]], [[Boris Volynov]], and [[Dmitri Zaikin]].

:The initial group of Soviet cosmonauts was chosen from Soviet Air Force jet pilots.

:As of 2024, the only surviving member is Boris Volynov.

'''April – Dyna–Soar Group 1 (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[William H. Dana]], [[Henry C. Gordon]], [[William J. Knight|Pete Knight]], [[Russell L. Rogers]], [[Milton O. Thompson|Milt Thompson]], and [[James W. Wood]].

:In April 1960, seven men were secretly chosen for the [[Dyna-Soar]] program. Armstrong had previously been part of the [[Man in space soonest|MISS]] program. Armstrong and Dana left the program in the summer of 1962.

:The last surviving member of this group was William H. Dana; he died in 2014.

==1962==
'''March 12 – Female Group (USSR)'''

:[[Tatyana Kuznetsova]], [[Valentina Ponomaryova]], [[Irina Solovyova]], [[Valentina Tereshkova]], and [[Zhanna Yorkina]].

:On March 12, 1962, a group of five civilian women with parachuting experience was added to the cosmonaut training program. Only Tereshkova would fly. A leading Soviet high-altitude parachutist, 20-year-old [[Tatyana Kuznetsova]] was, and remains, the youngest person ever selected to train for spaceflight.

'''September 17 – [[Astronaut Group 2|NASA Group 2]] – ''The Next Nine, aka'' ''The Nifty Nine'', ''The New Nine'' (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[Frank Borman]], [[Pete Conrad]], [[Jim Lovell]], [[Jim McDivitt]], [[Elliot See]], [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Tom Stafford]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]], and [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]].

:A [[Astronaut Group 2|second group]] of nine astronauts was selected by NASA in September 1962. All of this group flew missions in the [[Gemini program]] except Elliot See, who died in a flight accident while preparing for the [[Gemini 9]] flight. All of the others also flew on Apollo, except for Ed White, who died in the [[Apollo 1]] launchpad fire.

:Three of this group, McDivitt, Borman and Armstrong, made single flights in both Gemini and Apollo. Four others, Young, Lovell, Stafford and Conrad, each made two flights in Gemini and at least one flight in Apollo. Young and Lovell both made two Apollo flights. Conrad and Stafford also made second flights in Apollo spacecraft, Conrad on [[Skylab 2]] and Stafford in Apollo–Soyuz.

:Six of this group, Borman, Lovell, Stafford, Young, Armstrong and Conrad, made flights to the Moon. Lovell and Young went to the Moon twice. Armstrong, Conrad, and Young walked on the Moon. McDivitt was later Apollo Program Director and became the first [[General|general officer]] and would have been either the prime LM Pilot or backup commander for [[Apollo 14]], but left NASA due to a conflict between Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton. John Young also later flew on the [[Space Shuttle]] ([[STS-1]] and [[STS-9]]) and would retire from NASA in 2004, 42 years after becoming an astronaut. He was both the first and last of his group to go into space.

'''September 19 – Dyna-Soar Group 2 (USA)'''

:On September 19, 1962, [[Albert H. Crews|Albert Crews]] (born 1929) was added to the Dyna-Soar program and the names of the six active Dyna-Soar astronauts were announced to the public.

==1963==
'''January 10 – Air Force Group 2 (USSR)'''

:[[Yuri Artyukhin]], Eduard Buinovski, [[Lev Dyomin]], [[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Anatoly Filipchenko]], [[Aleksei Gubarev]], Vladislav Gulyayev, [[Pyotr Kolodin]], Eduard Kugno, Anatoli Kuklin, Aleksandr Matinchenko, [[Vladimir Shatalov]], Lev Vorobyov, Anatoly Voronov, [[Vitaly Zholobov]]

'''October 17, 1963 – [[Astronaut Group 3|NASA Group 3]] – ''The Fourteen'' (USA)'''

:[[Buzz Aldrin]], [[William Anders]], [[Charles Bassett]], [[Alan Bean]], [[Eugene Cernan]], [[Roger Chaffee]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], [[Walter Cunningham]], [[Donn Eisele]], [[Theodore Freeman]], [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.|Richard Gordon]], [[Russell Schweickart]], [[David Scott]], [[Clifton Williams]]

:While four members of Group 3 died in accidents before ever reaching space—Chaffee in the [[Apollo 1]] fire, Bassett, Freeman and Williams in crashes of NASA [[Northrop T-38 Talon|T-38]] [[jet trainers]]—the other ten all flew on the Apollo program. Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon. Five of them: Aldrin, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott also flew missions during the Gemini program. Cernan would be the only astronaut from this group to fly to the Moon twice, being assigned to both [[Apollo 10]] and [[Apollo 17]], while Bean would command the [[Skylab 3]] mission.

==1964==
'''January 25 – Air Force Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)'''

:[[Georgi Beregovoi]] (1921–1995)

'''May 26 – Voskhod Group – Medical Group 1 (USSR)'''

:Vladimir Benderov, [[Georgy Katys]], [[Vasili Lazarev]], Boris Polyakov, Aleksei Sorokin, [[Boris Yegorov]]

'''June 11 – Civilian Specialist Group 1 (USSR)'''

:[[Konstantin Feoktistov]] (1926–2009)

==1965==
'''June 1 – Journalist Group 1 (USSR)'''

:In 1965, three civilian journalists, [[Yaroslav Golovanov]], Yuri Letunov, Mikhail Rebrov, were selected for cosmonaut training in preparation for flight on a [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]] mission. When the Voskhod program was canceled, Golovanov and Letunov were dismissed. Rebrov, on the other hand, stayed with the space program as a journalist until 1974.

'''June 1 – Medical Group 2 (USSR)'''

:Three physicians were selected for the long-duration [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]] flights: Yevgeni Illyin, Aleksandr Kiselyov, [[Yuri Senkevich]]. All were subsequently canceled to make way for the Soviet Moon program and dismissed at the beginning of the following year.

'''June 28 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 4|NASA Group 4]] – ''The Scientists'' (USA)'''

:[[Owen Garriott]], [[Edward Gibson]], [[Duane Graveline]], [[Joseph P. Kerwin|Joseph Kerwin]], [[Curt Michel]], [[Harrison Schmitt]]

:Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space. Schmitt walked on the Moon with [[Apollo 17]]. Garriott, Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab. Garriott also flew on [[Space Shuttle]] flight [[STS-9]], becoming the first [[Amateur radio]] operator (callsign W5LFL) to operate from orbit.

'''October 28 – Air Force Group 3 (USSR)'''

:Boris Belousov, Vladimir Degtyarov, Anatoli Fyodorov, [[Yuri Glazkov]], Vitali Grishchenko, Veygeni Khludeyev, [[Leonid Kizim]], [[Pyotr Klimuk]], Gennadi Kolesnikov, Aleksandr Kramarenko, Mikhail Lisun, Aleksandr Petrushenko, Vladimir Preobrazhensky, [[Valery Rozhdestvensky]], [[Gennadi Sarafanov]], Ansar Sharafutdinov, Vasili Shcheglov, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Eduard Stepanov, Valeri Voloshin, Oleg Yakovlev, [[Vyacheslav Zudov]]

:This cosmonaut group was selected for participation in five separate [[Soyuz programme]]s that the USSR was running. These included military programs—with and without the [[Almaz]]/[[Salyut]] [[space station]]s—and two lunar programs, only one of which aimed at an actual lunar landing. In the end, only the orbital program and the space station program went ahead. Few of the cosmonauts from this group ever were given the chance to fly.

'''November – USAF MOL Group 1 (USA)'''

:[[Michael J. Adams]], [[Albert H. Crews]] Jr., [[John L. Finley]], [[Richard E. Lawyer]], [[Lachlan Macleay]], [[Francis G. Neubeck]], [[James M. Taylor]], [[Richard H. Truly]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] (MOL) program. Of this group, only Truly transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program and later flew on the Space Shuttle. In 1989, Truly became the first astronaut to be [[NASA Administrator]].

==1966==
'''April 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|NASA Group 5]] (USA)'''

:[[Vance Brand]], [[John S. Bull]], [[Gerald P. Carr|Gerald Carr]], [[Charles Duke]], [[Joseph Engle]], [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], [[Edward Givens]], [[Fred Haise]], [[James Irwin]], [[Don Lind]], [[Jack Lousma]], [[Ken Mattingly]], [[Bruce McCandless II]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[William Pogue]], [[Stuart Roosa]], [[Jack Swigert]], [[Paul J. Weitz|Paul Weitz]], [[Alfred Worden]].

:Veteran astronaut John Young christened this group the "Original Nineteen", in parody of the [[Mercury Seven|original seven]] Mercury astronauts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Carrying The Fire|first=Michael|last=Collins|year=1974|isbn=0-553-23948-1|page=180}}</ref> Roughly half of them flew in the Apollo program, while others flew during Skylab and the Space Shuttle, with Brand also flying on the American half of the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] in 1975. Engle was the only NASA astronaut to have earned his astronaut wings before his selection.
:Two of this group never flew into space: Givens was killed in a car accident in 1967, and Bull resigned from the Astronaut Corps in 1968 after discovering he had [[pulmonary disease]]. Engle, Lind, and McCandless were the only ones from this group who never flew an Apollo spacecraft; Brand, Haise, Lousma, Mattingly, and Weitz all flew both an Apollo and a Shuttle (though Haise only flew the Approach and Landing Tests in the Shuttle program, not into space).

'''May 23 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 (USSR)'''

:[[Sergei Anokhin (test pilot)|Sergei Anokhin]], [[Vladimir Bugrov]], [[Gennadi Dolgopolov]], [[Georgi Grechko]], [[Valeri Kubasov]], [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg Makarov]], [[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]]

'''June 30 – USAF MOL Group 2 (USA)'''

:[[Karol Bobko]], [[Robert Crippen]], [[Gordon Fullerton]], [[Henry Hartsfield]], [[Robert Overmyer]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. All transferred to NASA after the MOL program was canceled and all five flew on the Space Shuttle as pilot astronauts.

:As of 2023, the only surviving member is Robert Crippen.

'''September – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)'''

:[[Pavel Popovich]], Alexei Gubarev, [[Yuri Artyukhin]], Vladimir Gulyaev, [[Boris Nikolaevich Belousov|Boris Belousov]], and Gennadiy Kolesnikov.

:Cosmonaut training for the [[Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda]] program, a radically modified [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]]. In December 1967, the project was closed.<ref name="fighters">{{Cite web |url=http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/pervushin/orb-ist.html |title=Истребители выходят на орбиту |trans-title=Fighters Enter Orbit |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809032028/https://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/pervushin/orb-ist.html |archive-date=9 August 2023 |website=epizodsspace.narod.ru }}</ref>

'''1966–67 – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)'''

:Cosmonauts training for aerospace system Project "Spiral", 1969, the 4th Division of the 1st Cosmonaut Training Center Management:

:[[Gherman Titov]] (1966–70), Anatoly Kuklin (1966–67), [[Vasily Lazarev]] (1966–67), [[Anatoly Filipchenko]] (1966–67), [[Leonid Kizim]] (1969–73), Vladimir Kozelskiy (August 1969 – October 1971) [[Vladimir Lyakhov]] (1969–73), [[Yury Malyshev (cosmonaut)|Yury Malyshev]] (1969–73), Alexander Petrushenko (1970–73), [[Anatoly Berezovoy]] (1972–73), Anatoly Dedkov (1972–73), [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]] (July–December 1972), [[Yuri Romanenko]] (1972), and Lev Vorobyov (1973). In 1973, the department was disbanded in connection with the termination of the project.

==1967==
'''January 31 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)'''

:[[Nikolai Rukavishnikov]] and [[Vitali Sevastyanov]].

:The last surviving member of this group was Vitali Sevastyanov; he died in 2010.

'''February – Soviet crewed lunar programs cosmonauts in two training groups (USSR)'''

:First group: commanded by [[Vladimir Komarov]] (Gagarin, Nikolayev, Bykovskiy, Khrunov; Engineer – Cosmonauts: Gorbatko, Grechko, Sevastyanov, Kubasov, Volkov).
:Second group: commanded by [[Alexei Leonov]] (Popovich, Belyayev, Volynov, Klimuk; Engineer – Cosmonauts: Makarov, Voronov, Rukavishnikov, Artyukhin).

'''May 7 – Air Force Group 4 (USSR)'''

:Vladimir Alekseyev, Vladimir Beloborodov, Mikhail Burdayev, Sergei Gaidukov, Vladimir Isakov, [[Vladimir Kovalyonok]], Vladimir Kozelsky, [[Vladimir Lyakhov]], [[Yury Malyshev (cosmonaut)|Yuri Malyshev]], Viktor Pisarev, Nikolai Porvatkin, Mikhail Sologub

'''May 22 – Academy of Sciences Group (USSR)'''

:Mars Fathulin, Rudolf Gulyayev, Ordinard Kolomitsev, Vsevolod Yegorov, Valentin Yershov

'''June – USAF MOL Group 3 (USA)'''

:[[James Abrahamson]], [[Robert Herres]], [[Robert Henry Lawrence Jr|Robert H. Lawrence Jr]], and [[Donald H. Peterson|Donald Peterson]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. Lawrence was the first [[African-American]] to be chosen as an astronaut, but was killed in a jet accident before the MOL program was canceled in 1969. Had Lawrence not died, he would have been, if accepted by NASA, the first African-American astronaut candidate, predating [[Guion Bluford]], [[Ronald McNair]] and [[Frederick D. Gregory|Frederick Gregory]] by nine years. Peterson transferred to NASA in 1969 after the MOL cancellation and would fly on the [[Space Shuttle]]. Herres would later become the first [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] under the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1987.

:As of 2023, the only surviving member is James Abrahamson.

'''October 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 6|NASA Group 6]] – ''XS-11'' ''(The Excess Eleven)'' (USA)'''

:[[Joseph P. Allen|Joseph Allen]], [[Philip Chapman]], [[Anthony W. England]], [[Karl Henize]], [[Donald Holmquest]], [[William B. Lenoir]], [[Anthony Llewellyn]], [[Story Musgrave]], [[Brian O'Leary]], [[Robert A. Parker|Robert Parker]], [[William E. Thornton|William Thornton]].

:This second group of scientist-astronauts were assigned as support crew members for the last three Apollo missions or as backup crew members for Skylab.

:Chapman, Holmquest, Llewellyn, and O'Leary resigned from NASA before the end of the Apollo program, and the rest of the group members eventually flew as [[Mission Specialist|mission specialist]]s during the Space Shuttle program. With his flight on STS-80 at the age of 61, Musgrave held the title of "oldest astronaut" prior to John Glenn's second flight. England resigned from NASA in 1972 but rejoined the astronaut corps in 1979.

==1968==
'''May 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 3 (USSR)'''

:Vladimir Fartushny, [[Viktor Patsayev]], Valeri Yazdovsky

==1969==
'''August 14 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 7|NASA Group 7]] (USA)'''
:[[Karol Bobko]], [[Robert Crippen]], [[Gordon Fullerton]], [[Henry Hartsfield]], [[Robert Overmyer]], [[Donald H. Peterson]], [[Richard Truly]].

:This group is all USAF MOL astronauts who transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program in 1969. All flew on early Space Shuttle flights. Truly, in 1989, would become the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator, holding the post until 1992.

'''September 10 – Civilian Engineer Group (USSR)'''

:Anatoli Demyanenko, Valeri Makrushin, and Dmitri Yuyukov.

==1970==
'''April 27 – Air Force Group 5 (USSR)'''

:[[Anatoli Berezovoi]], Aleksandr Dedkov, [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]], Nikolai Fefelov, Valeri Illarianov, Yuri Isaulov, Vladimir Kozlov, [[Leonid Popov]], [[Yuri Romanenko]]

==1971==
'''February 25 – 1971 Scientific Group (USSR)'''

:Gurgen Ivanyan

'''May – [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] Group 1970 (China)'''

:Chai Hongliang, Dong Xiaohai, Du Jincheng, Fang Guojun, Hu Zhanzi, Li Shichang, Liu Chongfu, Liu Zhongyi, Lu Xiangxiao, Ma Zizhong, Meng Senlin, Shao Zhijian, Wang Fuhe, Wang Fuquan, Wang Quanbo, Wang Rongsen, Wang Zhiyue, Yu Guilin, Zhang Ruxiang

==1972==
'''March 22 – Civilian Specialist Group 4 (USSR)'''

:[[Boris Andreyev (cosmonaut)|Boris Andreyev]], [[Valentin Lebedev]], Yuri Ponomaryov

'''March 22 – Medical Group 3 – USSR'''

:Georgi Machinski, [[Valeri Polyakov]], Lev Smirenny

==1973==
'''March 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 5 (USSR)'''

:[[Vladimir Aksyonov]], Vladimir Gevorkyan, [[Aleksandr Ivanchenkov]], Valeri Romanov, [[Valery Ryumin]], [[Gennady Strekalov]]

==1974==
'''January 1 – Physician Group (USSR)'''

:Zyyadin Abuzyarov

==1976==
'''August 23 – Air Force Group 6 – [[Buran (spacecraft)|Space shuttle Buran]]''' '''crew (USSR)'''

:[[Leonid Ivanov (test pilot)|Leonid Ivanov]], [[Leonid Kadenyuk]], Nikolai Moskalenko, Sergei Protchenko, Yevgeni Saley, [[Anatoly Solovyev]], [[Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)|Vladimir Titov]], [[Vladimir Vasyutin]], [[Alexander Alexandrovich Volkov (cosmonaut)|Alexander Volkov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tspk-6astronautgroup1976.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617055938/http://www.astronautix.com/t/tspk-6astronautgroup1976.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2017|title=TsPK-6 Astronaut Group, 1976|publisher=astronautix.com|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>[[:ru:Соловьёв, Анатолий Яковлевич|Соловьёв, Анатолий Яковлевич (Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich)]]{{Circular reference|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2018}}
Protchenko was removed from the squad for health reasons, Ivanov was killed in the crash of a [[MiG-27]] during test pilot training and Kadenyuk was removed from the squad over marital issues (but accepted back into the Cosmonaut Detachment in 1988). Vasyutin concealed a medical condition from doctors that resulted in his falling ill during the [[Soyuz T-14]]/ Salyut 7 EO-4 flight causing the premature termination of the mission 4 months early. This resulted in more stringent cosmonaut medical checks which Moskalenko and Saley failed.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Manned Cosmonautics – History, Equipment, People (Russian language)|editor=Yuri M. Baturin |publisher=Moscow Publishing House|date=2005|pages=600–601}}</ref>

'''November 25 – 1976 Intercosmos Group (USSR)'''

:[[Mirosław Hermaszewski]] (Poland), [[Zenon Jankowski]] (Poland), [[Sigmund Jähn]] (East Germany), [[Eberhard Köllner]] (East Germany), [[Oldřich Pelčák]] (Czechoslovakia), [[Vladimír Remek]] (Czechoslovakia)

==1977==
'''July 12 – The first group of test pilots for Buran – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

:[[Igor Volk]], [[Oleg Grigoriyevich Kononenko]], [[Anatoly Levchenko]], Nikolai Sadovnikov, [[Rimantas Stankevicius]], and Alexander Schukin.

==1978==
'''January 16 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 8|NASA Group 8]] – ''TFNG Thirty-Five New Guys'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Daniel Brandenstein]], [[Michael Coats]], [[Richard O. Covey|Richard Covey]], [[John Oliver Creighton|John Creighton]], [[Robert L. Gibson|Robert Gibson]], [[Frederick D. Gregory]], [[Frederick Hauck]], [[Jon McBride]], [[Dick Scobee|Francis "Dick" Scobee]], [[Brewster Shaw]], [[Loren Shriver]], [[David M. Walker (astronaut)|David Walker]], [[Donald E. Williams|Donald Williams]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Guion Bluford]], [[James Buchli]], [[John M. Fabian|John Fabian]], [[Anna Lee Fisher|Anna Fisher]], [[Dale Gardner]], [[S. David Griggs]], [[Terry Hart]], [[Steven Hawley]], [[Jeffrey Hoffman]], [[Shannon Lucid]], [[Ronald McNair]], [[Richard Mullane]], [[Steven Nagel]], [[George Nelson (astronaut)|George Nelson]], [[Ellison Onizuka]], [[Judith Resnik]], [[Sally Ride]], [[Rhea Seddon]], [[Robert L. Stewart|Robert Stewart]], [[Kathryn D. Sullivan]], [[Norman Thagard]], [[James van Hoften]]

:Due to the long delay between the last [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] mission and the [[STS-1|first flight of the Space Shuttle]] in 1981, few astronauts from the older groups stayed with [[NASA]]—though some did, including [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]. Thus, in 1978, a new group of 35 astronauts was selected after 9 years without new astronauts, including the first American female astronauts, with one of them, [[Judith Resnik]], also being the first Jewish American astronaut, as well as the first African-American astronauts to fly, [[Guion Bluford]] and [[Frederick D. Gregory]] (the first black astronaut was [[Robert Henry Lawrence Jr]]), and the first Asian-American, [[Ellison Onizuka]]. [[Robert L. Stewart|Bob Stewart]] was the first [[U.S. Army|Army]] astronaut to be selected (almost 19 years after the original [[Mercury Seven]]). Since then, a new group has been selected roughly every two years.

:Two different astronaut groups were formed: pilots and mission specialists. Additionally, the [[Space Shuttle program|Shuttle Program]] has payload specialists who are selected for a single mission and are not part of the astronaut corps—mostly scientists, with a few politicians, and many international astronauts.

:Of the first of the post-Apollo group, Sally Ride would become the first American woman in space ([[STS-7]]). Later, she would fly with Kathryn Sullivan on a Shuttle flight in which Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an EVA. Dr. Thagard, who flew with Ride on STS-7, would later become the first American to be launched on a Russian rocket ([[Soyuz TM-21]] or "Mir-18") to the [[Mir]] space station, while Shannon Lucid would serve on Mir for slightly over six months, breaking all American space duration records (both the [[Skylab 4]] record and Thagard's) from 1996 to 1997 until [[Sunita Williams]], who was selected 20 years later, broke Lucid's record.
:Of this group, Scobee, Resnik, Onizuka, and McNair would perish in the [[Challenger Disaster]]. Of the astronauts chosen, Anna Fisher remained on active duty the longest, retiring in 2017 (although her tenure included an extended leave of absence from 1989 to 1996), while Robert Gibson and Rhea Seddon became the first active-duty astronauts to marry (both are now retired). Shannon Lucid's tenure was unbroken from 1978 until she announced her retirement in 2012. In later years she served as a space shuttle [[Flight controller#Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)|CAPCOM]], up to the final day of the final shuttle mission. After the ''Challenger'' disaster, Sally Ride would serve on both the [[Rogers Commission]] and the [[Columbia Accident Investigation Board]].

'''March 1 – 1978 Intercosmos Group''' ('''USSR''')

:[[Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov|Aleksandr P. Aleksandrov]] (Bulgaria), [[Dumitru Dediu]] (Romania), Jose Lopez Falcon (Cuba), [[Bertalan Farkas]] (Hungary), [[Maidarjavyn Ganzorig]] (Mongolia), [[Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa]] (Mongolia), [[Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)|Georgi Ivanov]] (Bulgaria), [[Béla Magyari]] (Hungary), [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]] (Cuba), [[Dumitru Prunariu]] (Romania)

'''May 1 – [[Spacelab]] Payload Specialists Group 1''' ('''ESA''')

:[[Ulf Merbold]] (West Germany), [[Claude Nicollier]] (Switzerland), [[Wubbo Ockels]] (Netherlands), [[Franco Malerba]] (Italy)

==1979==
'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] – Group 1'''<ref name="cassutt1989"/> ('''USA''')

:Frank J. Casserino, Jeffrey E. Detroye, Michael A. Hamel, Terry A. Higbee, Daryl J. Joseph, Malcolm W. Lydon, [[Gary E. Payton]], Jerry J. Rij, Paul A. Sefchek, Eric E. Sundberg, David M. Vidrine, John B. Watterson, Keith C. Wright

: Of this group, only Payton ever flew into space, as a Payload Specialist aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle flight.

'''April 1 – 1979 Intercosmos Group''' ('''USSR''')

:[[Tuân Pham]] (Vietnam), [[Thanh Liem Bui]] (Vietnam)

==1980==
'''May 29 – [[NASA Group 9]]''' ('''USA''')
: '''Pilots''': [[John Blaha]], [[Charles Bolden]], [[Roy D. Bridges Jr.|Roy Bridges]], [[Guy Gardner (astronaut)|Guy Gardner]], [[Ronald Grabe]], [[Bryan O'Connor]], [[Richard N. Richards]], [[Michael J. Smith (astronaut)|Michael J. Smith]]
: '''Mission''' '''specialists''': [[James Bagian]], [[Franklin Chang-Diaz|Franklin Chang–Diaz]], [[Mary Cleave]], [[Bonnie Dunbar]], [[William Frederick Fisher|William Fisher]], [[David Hilmers]], [[David Leestma]], [[John Lounge]], [[Jerry L. Ross|Jerry Ross]], [[Sherwood Spring]], [[Robert C. Springer|Robert Springer]]
:'''International mission specialists''': [[Claude Nicollier]], [[Wubbo Ockels]]
: Of this group, Franklin Chang-Diaz would become the first Hispanic-American in space, Michael Smith would perish in the [[Challenger disaster]], and John Blaha would fly aboard the [[Mir]] space station. Both Jerry Ross and Chang-Diaz currently jointly hold the record of number of crewed spaceflights flown, at seven. Charles Bolden was chosen in 2009 to become the second NASA astronaut and the first African-American to the post of [[NASA Administrator]] on a full-time basis (although Frederick Gregory, who is also African-American and a former Shuttle commander, held the post on a temporary basis between the departure of [[Sean O'Keefe]] and the appointment of [[Michael D. Griffin|Michael Griffin]] in 2005). The announcement, made a day before the conclusion of the [[STS-125]] flight to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], was coincidental, because Bolden was the pilot on the [[STS-31|telescope's deployment flight]] in 1990.

'''July 30 – [[Gromov Flight Research Institute|LII]]–1/IMBP–3/MAP/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-5]]/AN–2 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''<ref name="30July1980">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/groups/english/ene5.htm |title=Cosmonaut Selection: LII-1 Selection.. |access-date=15 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.spacefacts.de/groups/english/ene5.htm |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>
: '''LII'''-1: [[Anatoly Levchenko]], Alexandr Shchukin, [[Rimantas Stankevicius]], [[Igor Volk]]
: '''IBMP''': Galina Amelkina, Yelena Dobrokvashina, Larisa Pozharskaya, Tamara Zakharova
: '''MAP''': [[Svetlana Savitskaya]]
: '''NPOE''': Yekaterina Ivanova, Natalya Kuleshova, Irina Pronina
: '''AN–2''': Irina Latysheva

''' 1980 – CNES Group 1 (France)'''
: [[Patrick Baudry]], [[Jean-Loup Chrétien]]
: Chrétien and Baudry would become the first Frenchmen in space. Chrétien flew with Soviets to [[Salyut 7]] in 1982, and Baudry on Space Shuttle [[STS-51-G]] flight in 1985. Chrétien would later fly to the [[Space Station Mir]] and would become a Shuttle mission specialist in the 1990s.

==1982==
'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] (Group 2)'''<ref name="cassutt1989"/>

:James B. Armor Jr., Michael W. Booen, [[Livingston L. Holder Jr.]], [[Larry D. James]], [[Charles Edward Jones|Charles E. Jones]], Maureen C. LaComb, Michael R. Mantz, Randy T. Odle, [[William A. Pailes]], Craig A. Puz, Katherine E. Roberts, Jess M. Sponable, W. David Thompson, Glenn S. Yeakel

:Jones was killed in the [[September 11 attacks]] as a passenger aboard [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Of this group, only Pailes ever flew in space, aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist.

'''September 11 – 1982 [[Intercosmos]] Group (India)'''

:[[Ravish Malhotra]], [[Rakesh Sharma]]

'''December 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group (Germany)'''

:[[Reinhard Furrer]], [[Ernst Messerschmid]]

==1983==
'''April 25 – The second group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)'''

:Ural Sultanov and [[Magomed Tolboev]]

'''December – [[National Research Council of Canada|NRC]] Group (Canada)'''

:[[Roberta Bondar]], [[Marc Garneau]], [[Steve MacLean (astronaut)|Steve MacLean]], [[Ken Money]], [[Robert Thirsk]], and [[Bjarni Tryggvason]]

:This first Canadian astronaut group was selected by the [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council]] and were transferred to the [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA) when it was created in 1989. All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle by 1997 except Ken Money, who resigned from CSA in 1992.

==1984==
'''February 15 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–6]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''
:[[Aleksandr Kaleri]] and Sergei Yemelyanov

'''May 23 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 10|NASA Group 10]] – ''The Maggots'' (USA)'''

:Pilots: [[Kenneth D. Cameron|Kenneth Cameron]], [[John Casper]], [[Frank Culbertson]], [[Sidney Gutierrez]], [[Blaine Hammond]], [[Michael McCulley]], [[James Wetherbee]]

:Mission specialists: [[James C. Adamson|James Adamson]], [[Ellen S. Baker|Ellen Baker]], [[Mark N. Brown|Mark Brown]], [[Sonny Carter]], [[Marsha Ivins]], [[Mark C. Lee|Mark Lee]], [[G. David Low|David Low]], [[William Shepherd]], [[Kathryn Thornton]], [[Charles Veach|Charles "Lacy" Veach]]

:Of this group, William Shepherd would become the commander of the first [[International Space Station]] crew (''[[Expedition 1]]''). James Wetherbee would become the only person to command five spaceflight missions. Sonny Carter died in 1991 in a plane crash while on NASA business.

'''June 12 – The third group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

Victor Zabolotski.

==1985==
'''May – ISRO Insat Group (India)'''

:Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat and [[P. Radhakrishnan (scientist)|Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair]].

:Although selected to fly on the Space Shuttle, none of the group members flew due to the ''Challenger'' disaster of 1986. Bhat was assigned to a [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions#STS-61-I|shuttle flight]] that was cancelled in the wake of ''Challenger''.

'''June (Mexico)'''

:[[Rodolfo Neri Vela]], [[Ricardo Peralta y Fabi]]

:Note: Neri Vela flew on Shuttle mission STS-61-B, in November 1985.

'''June 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 11|NASA Group 11]] (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Michael A. Baker]], [[Robert D. Cabana]], [[Brian Duffy (astronaut)|Brian Duffy]], [[Terence Henricks]], [[Stephen Oswald]], [[Stephen Thorne (astronaut)|Stephen Thorne]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Jerome Apt]], [[Charles Gemar]], [[Linda Godwin]], [[Richard Hieb]], [[Tamara Jernigan]], [[Carl Meade]], [[Pierre Thuot]]

:<nowiki>* Thorne was killed in the crash of a private airplane before his first flight assignment.</nowiki>

'''July 19 – NASA [[Teacher in Space Project|Teacher in Space]] Program (USA)'''

:[[Christa McAuliffe]], [[Barbara Morgan]]

:McAuliffe and Morgan were selected as the prime and backup Payload Specialists for the [[STS-51-L]] mission in 1985. McAuliffe was killed in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], 73 seconds after liftoff. Morgan would later join the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1998. She flew on the [[STS-118]] mission in 2007, 21 years after ''Challenger''.

'''August 1 – 1985 [[NASDA]] Group (Japan)'''

:[[Mamoru Mohri]], [[Chiaki Mukai]], [[Takao Doi]]

'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] – Group 3'''<ref name="cassutt1989">Cassutt, Michael. "[http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/spaceflight/31/mse.html The Manned Space Flight Engineer Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230225623/http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/spaceflight/31/mse.html |date=2008-12-30 }}" ''Spaceflight'', January 1989.</ref> ('''USA''')

:Joseph J. Caretto, Robert B. Crombie, Frank M. DeArmond, David P. Staib Jr., Teresa M. Stevens

'''September 2 – [[State Red Banner Scientific Research Institute|GKNII–2]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–7]] Cosmonaut Group''' ('''USSR''')
:GKNII: [[Viktor Mikhaylovich Afanasyev|Viktor Afanasyev]], [[Anatoly Artsebarsky]], [[Gennadi Manakov]]
:NPOE: [[Sergei Krikalyov]], [[Andrei Zaytsev (cosmonaut)|Andrei Zaytsev]]

'''September 18 – CNES Group 2 (France)'''

:[[Claudie André-Deshays|Claudie André–Deshays]], [[Jean-François Clervoy|Jean–François Clervoy]], [[Jean-Jacques Favier|Jean–Jacques Favier]], [[Jean-Pierre Haigneré|Jean–Pierre Haigneré]], [[Frédéric Patat]], [[Michel Tognini]], [[Michel Viso]]

'''September 30 – 1985 Intercosmos Group (Syria)'''

:[[Muhammed Ahmed Faris]], [[Munir Habib Habib]]

'''October – Indonesian Palapa Group (Indonesia)'''

:[[Taufik Akbar]], [[Pratiwi Sudarmono]]

:Due to the ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' accident, none of the group members flew in space. Sudarmono was assigned to a [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions#STS-61-H|shuttle flight in 1986]], with Akbar as her backup.

'''December 27 – ATLAS–1 (ESA)'''

:[[Dirk D. Frimout]] (Belgium)

==1986==
'''January 2 – The fourth group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

Sergey Tresvyatski and Yuri Schaeffer.

:Per the June 5, 1987 decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Committee (IAC), all Buran test pilots were awarded the qualification ''test cosmonaut''.

==1987==
'''January 5 – Shipka Group (Bulgaria)'''

:[[Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]] and Krasimir Stoyanov

'''March 26 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–8]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-8]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''
:TsPK: [[Valery Korzun]], [[Vladimir Dezhurov]], [[Yuri Gidzenko]], [[Yuri Malenchenko]], [[Vasily Tsibliyev]]
:NPOE: [[Sergei Avdeyev]]

'''June 5 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 12|NASA Group 12]] – ''The GAFFers'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Andrew M. Allen]], [[Kenneth Bowersox]], [[Curtis Brown]], [[Kevin Chilton]], [[Donald McMonagle]], [[William Readdy]], [[Kenneth Reightler]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Thomas Akers]], [[Jan Davis]], [[Michael Foale]], [[Gregory Harbaugh]], [[Mae Jemison]], [[Bruce Melnick]], [[Mario Runco]], [[James S. Voss|James Voss]]

:The group's informal nickname is an acronym for "[[George Abbey (NASA)|George Abbey]] Final Fifteen." Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, while Michael Foale would serve on extended missions to both [[Mir]] and the [[International Space Station]], as well as a mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].
:At the time of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster|''Columbia'' accident]] in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox was commanding the ''[[Expedition 6]]'' crew on the ISS. Chilton, after leaving NASA, became the first NASA astronaut to become a full [[4 star rank|General]] in the [[U.S. Air Force|US Air Force]] (Lt. Gen. [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Thomas Stafford]], USAF, and VADM [[Richard Truly]], USN were three-star officers) and held the position of commander, [[U.S. Strategic Command|US Strategic Command]].

'''August 3 – 1987 German Group'''

:[[Renate Brümmer]], [[Hans Schlegel]], [[Gerhard Thiele]], [[Heike Walpot]], [[Ulrich Walter]]

==1988==
'''February 12 – OS "Mir" Group (Afghanistan)'''

:[[Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum]], [[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]]

==1989==
'''January 25 – [[Institute of Medical and Biological Problems|IMBP–5]]/[[State Red Banner Scientific Research Institute|GKNII–3]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–9]]/[[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–10]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''

:IMBP: [[Vladimir Karashtin]], [[Vasili Lukiyanyuk]], [[Boris Morukov]]
:GNKII: [[Anatoli Polonsky]], [[Valeri Tokarev]], [[Aleksandr Yablontsev]]
:NPOE: [[Nikolai Budarin]], [[Yelena Kondakova]], [[Aleksandr Poleshchuk]], [[Yury Usachov]]
:TsPK: [[Sergei Kirchevsky]], [[Gennady Padalka]], [[Yury Onufriyenko]]

'''22 March – The last group of test pilots for the Buran project – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)'''

:[[Yuri Prikhodko]]
:Officially, the cosmonaut corps LII (Letno-ispitatelny Institut = Flight Research Institute) ceased to exist in 2002, having gone through a long period of inactivity since the closure of the Buran program in 1993. Of all those selected and trained, only two cosmonauts traveled to space: [[Igor Volk]] and [[Anatoly Levchenko]]. More information about the Buran space flight program and Soyuz-Savior, the ''Soyuz-spasatel'' program and its cosmonauts, who were trained to fly in space, can be found on the Buran program website.<ref name="crewsofbruan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |title=Экипажи "Бурана" Несбывшиеся планы |trans-title=Crews of 'Buran': Unfulfilled Plans |language=ru |access-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115083953/http://buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |archive-date=15 November 2023 |website=www.buran.ru }}</ref>

'''May 23 – 1989 Italian Group'''
:[[Franco Malerba]], [[Franco Rossitto]], [[Umberto Guidoni]], [[Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici]]

'''September 29 – ATLAS Payload Specialists (NASA)'''
:[[Charles R. Chappell]], [[Michael Lampton]], [[Byron K. Lichtenberg]]

'''November 25 – Project Juno (UK-Soviet Union)'''
:[[Helen Sharman]] (UK) and Timothy Mace (UK)
:Sharman became the first British-born person to go into space onboard [[Soyuz TM-12]] in May 1991.

==1990==
'''January 17 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 13|NASA Group 13]] – ''The Hairballs'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Kenneth Cockrell]], [[Eileen Collins]], [[William G. Gregory]], [[James Halsell]], [[Charles Precourt]], [[Richard Searfoss]], [[Terrence Wilcutt]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Daniel Bursch]], [[Leroy Chiao]], [[Michael R. Clifford]], [[Bernard Harris]], [[Susan Helms]], [[Thomas David Jones]], [[William S. McArthur|William McArthur]], [[James H. Newman|James Newman]], [[Ellen Ochoa]], [[Ronald Sega]], [[Nancy Currie]], [[Donald A. Thomas]], [[Janice Voss]], [[Carl E. Walz]], [[Peter Wisoff]], [[David Wolf (astronaut)|David Wolf]]

:Collins would go on to be the first female shuttle pilot, the first female shuttle commander, and then commander of the second "[[STS-114|Return to Flight]]" mission in 2005. The "Hairballs" nickname, according to Jones in his book ''Sky Walking'', came after the group, the 13th NASA astronaut class, put a black cat on its group patch.

'''February – CNES Group 3 (France)'''

:[[Léopold Eyharts]], [[Jean-Marc Gasparini]], [[Philippe Perrin]], [[Benoit Silve]]

: Group 3 was the last group of CNES astronauts chosen. In 1999, all remaining active CNES astronauts were transferred to the ESA Astronaut Corps.

'''May 11 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–11]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''
:[[Talgat Musabayev]], [[Vladimir Severin]], [[Salizhan Sharipov]], [[Sergei Vozovikov]], [[Sergei Zalyotin]]

'''October 8 – 1990 German Group'''

:[[Reinhold Ewald]], [[Klaus-Dietrich Flade|Klaus–Dietrich Flade]]

==1992==
'''March 3 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-10]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:[[Aleksandr Lazutkin]], [[Sergei Treshchov]], [[Pavel Vinogradov]]

'''March 31 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 14|NASA Group 14]] – ''The Hogs'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Scott Horowitz]], [[Brent Jett]], [[Kevin Kregel]], [[Kent Rominger]]

:'''Mission''' '''specialists''': [[Daniel T. Barry]], [[Charles E. Brady Jr.|Charles Brady]], [[Catherine Coleman]], [[Michael Gernhardt]], [[John Grunsfeld]], [[Wendy Lawrence]], [[Jerry Linenger]], [[Richard Linnehan]], [[Michael Lopez-Alegria]], [[Scott Parazynski]], [[Winston Scott]], [[Steven Smith (astronaut)|Steven Smith]], [[Joseph R. Tanner|Joseph Tanner]], [[Andy Thomas]], [[Mary Weber]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Marc Garneau]] (Canada), [[Chris Hadfield]] (Canada), [[Maurizio Cheli]] (Italy), [[Jean-François Clervoy]] (France), [[Koichi Wakata]] (Japan)

:Beginning with this NASA Group, non-US astronauts representing their home country's space agencies were brought in and trained alongside their NASA counterparts as full-fledged mission specialists, eligible to be assigned to any shuttle mission. As of 2023, Wakata is the earliest selected astronaut still on active service, and thus this is the earliest group with an active astronaut.<ref name="spacefacts-active">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/english/e_active.htm |title=Active Astronauts and Cosmonauts |access-date=26 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621094555/http://www.spacefacts.de/english/e_active.htm |archive-date=21 June 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>

'''April – 1992 NASDA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Koichi Wakata]]

'''June – CSA Group 2 (Canada)'''

:[[Dafydd Williams]], [[Julie Payette]], [[Chris Hadfield]] and [[Michael McKay (astronaut)|Michael McKay]]

:The second Canadian astronaut group were selected by CSA. McKay was selected as an alternate after Robert Stewart left the Canadian Space Agency program to accept a position at the [[University of Calgary]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lowey |first1=Mark |title=Calgary astronaut bows out |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=July 4, 1992 |page=B4 |id={{ProQuest|2263051201}}}}</ref> All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle except Michael McKay, who resigned due to medical reasons.

'''May 15 – 1992 ESA Group (ESA)'''

:[[Maurizio Cheli]] (Italy), [[Jean-François Clervoy|Jean–François Clervoy]] (France), [[Pedro Duque]] (Spain), [[Christer Fuglesang]] (Sweden), [[Marianne Merchez]] (Belgium), [[Thomas Reiter]] (Germany)

==1994==
'''April 1 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–11]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
: [[Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya]], [[Mikhail Tyurin]]

'''December 12 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 15|NASA Group 15]] – ''The Flying Escargot'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Scott Altman]], [[Jeffrey Ashby]], [[Michael J. Bloomfield|Michael Bloomfield]], [[Joe F. Edwards Jr.|Joe Edwards]], [[Dominic Gorie]], [[Rick Husband]], [[Steven Lindsey]], [[Pamela Melroy]], [[Susan L. Kilrain|Susan (Still) Kilrain]], [[Frederick Sturckow]].

:'''Mission''' '''specialists''': [[Michael P. Anderson|Michael Anderson]], [[Kalpana Chawla]], [[Robert Curbeam]], [[Kathryn Hire]], [[Janet L. Kavandi|Janet Kavandi]], [[Edward Lu]], [[Carlos Noriega]], [[James F. Reilly|James Reilly]], [[Stephen Robinson]].

:'''International mission specialists:''' [[Jean-Loup Chrétien|Jean–Loup Chrétien]] (France), [[Takao Doi]] (Japan), [[Michel Tognini]] (France), [[Dafydd Williams]] (Canada).

:Husband, Anderson and Chawla were crewmembers on the final [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'']] mission. Chrétien trained as a backup Spacelab crew member in the 1980s and flew on both US and Soviet/Russian spacecraft, along with being the first non-US or Soviet/Russian astronaut to perform a [[space walk]].

==1996==
'''February 9 – [[Russian Federal Space Agency|MKS]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE–12]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:MKS: [[Oleg Kotov]], [[Yuri Shargin]]
:RKKE: [[Konstantin Kozeyev]], [[Sergei Revin]]

'''March 26 – MKS supplemental cosmonaut group (Russia)'''
:[[Oleg Kononenko]]

'''May 1 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 16|NASA Group 16]] – ''The Sardines'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Duane G. Carey]], [[Stephen Frick]], [[Charles O. Hobaugh]], [[James M. Kelly (astronaut)|James M. Kelly]], [[Mark Kelly (astronaut)|Mark Kelly]], [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]], [[Paul Lockhart]], [[Christopher Loria]], [[William Cameron McCool]], [[Mark L. Polansky]].

:'''Mission specialists''': [[David McDowell Brown]], [[Daniel C. Burbank]], [[Yvonne Cagle]], [[Fernando Caldeiro]], [[Charles Camarda]], [[Laurel Clark]], [[Michael Fincke]], [[Patrick G. Forrester]], [[John Herrington]], [[Joan Higginbotham]], [[Sandra Magnus]], [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Richard Mastracchio]], [[Lee Morin]], [[Lisa Nowak]], [[Donald Pettit]], [[John L. Phillips]], [[Paul W. Richards]], [[Piers Sellers]], [[Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper]], [[Daniel M. Tani]], [[Rex J. Walheim]], [[Peggy Whitson]], [[Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)|Jeffrey Williams]], [[Stephanie Wilson]].

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Pedro Duque]] (Spain), [[Christer Fuglesang]] (Sweden), [[Umberto Guidoni]] (Italy), [[Steve MacLean (astronaut)|Steve MacLean]] (Canada), [[Mamoru Mohri]] (Japan), [[Soichi Noguchi]] (Japan), [[Julie Payette]] (Canada), [[Philippe Perrin]] (France), [[Gerhard Thiele]] (Germany).

:Brown, Clark and McCool were crewmembers on the final [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'']] mission. Mark and Scott Kelly are twin brothers; James Kelly is not related. Loria resigned from his shuttle mission due to injury and never flew before retiring from the astronaut corps. Nowak, who flew on [[STS-121]], was arrested on February 5, 2007, after confronting a woman entangled in a [[love triangle]] with a fellow astronaut. She was dismissed by NASA on March 6, the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed (prior astronauts who were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired).

'''June – NASDA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Soichi Noguchi]]

'''October – China Group 1996 (China)'''

:[[Li Qinglong]], [[Wu Jie]]

: Trained at [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]], joined other twelve pilots as Chinese Group 1 in 1998.

'''November – Shuttle-97 Group (Ukraine)'''

:[[Leonid Kadeniuk]], [[Yaroslav Pustovyi]]

==1997==
'''April (?) – Shuttle Group (Israel)'''<ref name="israeli-astronauts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_isral/as_isral_0.htm |title=Астронавты Израиля |trans-title=Astronauts of Israel |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127112322/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_isral/as_isral_0.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=www.astronaut.ru }}</ref>
:[[Yitzhak Mayo]], [[Ilan Ramon]]

:Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut to fly in space and also a Payload Specialist on the final mission of [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] ([[STS-107]]).

'''July 28 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–12]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-13]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:TsPK: [[Dmitri Kondratyev]], [[Yury Lonchakov]], [[Sergei Moshchenko]], [[Oleg Moshkin]], [[Roman Romanenko]], [[Aleksandr Skvortsov (cosmonaut)|Aleksandr Skvortsov]], [[Maksim Surayev]], [[Konstantin Valkov]], [[Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov|Sergey Volkov]]
:RKKE: [[Oleg Skripochka]], [[Fyodor Yurchikhin]]

==1998==
'''January – Chinese Group 1 (China)'''

:[[Chen Quan]] 陈全, [[Deng Qingming]] 邓清明, [[Fei Junlong]] 费俊龙, [[Jing Haipeng]] 景海鹏, [[Liu Boming (astronaut)|Liu Boming]] 刘伯明, [[Liu Wang]] 刘旺, [[Nie Haisheng]] 聂海胜, [[Pan Zhanchun]] 潘占春, [[Yang Liwei]] 杨利伟, [[Zhai Zhigang]] 翟志刚, [[Zhang Xiaoguang]] 张晓光, [[Zhao Chuandong]] 赵传东
::In October 2003, Yang Liwei became the first man to be sent into space by the [[space program of China]], and his mission, ''[[Shenzhou 5]]'', made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space.

'''February 24 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-14]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:[[Mikhail Korniyenko]]

'''March 2 – OS "Mir" Stefanik Group (Slovakia)'''

:[[Ivan Bella]], [[Michal Fulier]]

'''June 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 17|NASA Group 17]] – ''The Penguins'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Lee Archambault]], [[Christopher Ferguson]], [[Kenneth Ham]], [[Gregory C. Johnson]], [[Gregory H. Johnson]], [[William Oefelein]], [[Alan G. Poindexter|Alan Poindexter]], [[George Zamka]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Clayton Anderson]], [[Tracy Caldwell]], [[Gregory Chamitoff]], [[Timothy Creamer]], [[Michael Foreman (astronaut)|Michael Foreman]], [[Michael E. Fossum]], [[Stanley G. Love|Stanley Love]], [[Leland D. Melvin|Leland Melvin]], [[Barbara Morgan]], [[John D. Olivas]], [[Nicholas Patrick]], [[Garrett Reisman]], [[Patricia Robertson]], [[Steven Swanson]], [[Douglas H. Wheelock|Douglas Wheelock]], [[Sunita Williams]], [[Neil Woodward]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Léopold Eyharts]] (France), [[Paolo Nespoli]] (Italy), [[Marcos Pontes]] (Brazil), [[Hans Schlegel]] (Germany), [[Robert Thirsk]] (Canada), [[Bjarni Tryggvason]] (Canada), [[Roberto Vittori]] (Italy)

::This group includes Barbara Morgan, who was the backup "Teacher-In-Space" for [[Christa McAuliffe]] of the ill-fated [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]] Disaster in 1986. While often referred to as an Educator Astronaut, Morgan was selected by NASA as a mission specialist before the [[Educator Astronaut Project]] was formed.<ref name="bio1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/morgan_barbara.pdf |title=Barbara Radding Morgan |date=July 2010 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120170036/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/morgan_barbara.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref>
::[[Patricia Robertson]] (née Hilliard) was killed in the crash of a private airplane before she was assigned to a Shuttle mission.
:: Oefelein was dismissed from NASA in 2007 due to his involvement in a love triangle with fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak.

'''October 7 – 1998 ESA Group (ESA)'''

:[[Frank De Winne]] (Belgium), [[Léopold Eyharts]] (France), [[André Kuipers]] (Netherlands), [[Paolo A. Nespoli|Paolo Nespoli]] (Italy), [[Hans Schlegel]] (Germany), [[Roberto Vittori]] (Italy)

==1999==
'''February – 1999 NASDA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Satoshi Furukawa]], [[Akihiko Hoshide]], [[Naoko Yamazaki|Naoko Sumino]]

'''1 November – 1999 ESA Group (Europe)'''

:[[Claudie André-Deshays]], [[Philippe Perrin]], [[Michel Tognini]]

:The three remaining CNES (France) astronauts transferred to the ESA's astronaut corps in 1999.

==2000==
'''July 26 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 18|NASA Group 18]] – ''The Bugs'' (USA)'''

:Pilots: [[Dominic A. Antonelli]], [[Eric A. Boe]], [[Kevin A. Ford]], [[Ronald J. Garan Jr.]], [[Douglas G. Hurley]], [[Terry W. Virts Jr.]], [[Barry E. Wilmore]]

:Mission specialists: [[Michael R. Barratt]], [[Robert L. Behnken]], [[Stephen G. Bowen]], [[B. Alvin Drew]], [[Andrew J. Feustel]], [[Michael T. Good]], [[Timothy L. Kopra]], [[K. Megan McArthur]], [[Karen L. Nyberg]], [[Nicole P. Stott]]

==2003==
'''May 23 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK-13]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-15]]/[[Institute of Medical and Biological Problems|IMBP-6]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:TsPK: [[Anatoli Ivanishin]], [[Aleksandr Samokutyayev]], [[Anton Shkaplerov]], [[Evgeny Tarelkin]], [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhukov|Sergei Zhukov]]
:RKKE: [[Oleg Artemyev]], [[Andrei Borisenko]], [[Mark Serov]]
:IMBP: [[Sergey Ryazansky]]

'''Kazakhstan – Group 1'''
:[[Aydyn Aimbetov]], [[Mukhtar Aymakhanov]]<ref name="ru-class-2003">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2003/start.htm |title=Набор 2003 года |trans-title=Class of 2003 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127112559/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2003/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref>

'''September 11 – [[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne|SpaceShipOne]] (Commercial Astronauts) (USA)'''<ref name="test1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/astrogrp/tessites.htm|title=Test Pilots|access-date=October 27, 2007|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|year=2007|author=Encyclopedia Astronautica |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203330/http://www.astronautix.com/astrogrp/tessites.htm  |archive-date = September 30, 2007}}</ref>
:[[Brian Binnie]], [[Mike Melvill]], [[Doug Shane]], [[Peter Siebold]]<ref name="xp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=1858&gid=154 |title=X Prize: The Competition is Heating Up |access-date=October 27, 2007 |publisher=Space.com |author=Space.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524044812/http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=1858&gid=154 |archive-date=May 24, 2009 }}</ref>
:'''* 2003''' marked the first group of [[commercial astronaut]]s. Only Binnie and Melville reached space, during a SpaceShipOne flight. Siebold has also piloted [[SpaceShipTwo]], but no flights have yet reached space.

==2004==
'''May 6 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 19|NASA Group 19]] – ''The Peacocks'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Randolph Bresnik]], [[James Dutton (astronaut)|James Dutton]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Thomas Marshburn]], [[Christopher Cassidy]], [[R. Shane Kimbrough]], [[José M. Hernández]], [[Robert Satcher]], [[Shannon Walker]]

:'''Educator mission specialists''': [[Joseph M. Acaba]], [[Richard R. Arnold]], [[Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger|Dorothy Metcalf–Lindenburger]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Satoshi Furukawa]] (Japan), [[Akihiko Hoshide]] (Japan), [[Naoko Yamazaki]] (Japan)

:This group was the first to include [[Educator Astronaut Project|educator mission specialists]], and the last group to train for [[Space Shuttle]] flights.

==2006==
'''March 30 – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="asiatt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news06/303-SpaceTravel.shtml |title=Virgin Atlantic Pilots offered chance to become Astronauts |date=30 March 2006 |publisher=Travel News Asia |access-date=27 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608081614/https://www.asiatraveltips.com/news06/303-SpaceTravel.shtml |archive-date=8 June 2023 }}</ref>

:[[Steve Johnson (astronaut pilot)|Steve Johnson]], [[Alistair Hoy]], [[David Mackay (pilot)|David MacKay]], [[Alex Tai]]

'''September 4 – [[Angkasawan program|Angkasawan Group]] ([[Malaysia]])'''<ref name="angkasawan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmail.com.my/Current_News/mm/Weekend/Hotnews/20071027111145/Article/index_html|title=Angkasawan: Space is only the beginning|access-date=October 27, 2007|publisher=The Malay Mail|year=2007|author=Sushma Veera|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028130926/http://www.mmail.com.my/Current_News/mm/Weekend/Hotnews/20071027111145/Article/index_html|archive-date=October 28, 2007}}</ref>

:[[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], [[Faiz Khaleed]], [[S. Vanajah|Siva Vanajah]], [[Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin]]
:In 2006, four Malaysians were chosen to train for a flight to the International Space Station through the [[Angkasawan program]]. Sheikh Muszaphar became the first Malaysian in space when he flew aboard [[Soyuz TMA-11]].

'''October 11 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK-14]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-16]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''

:TsPK: [[Aleksandr Misurkin]], [[Oleg Novitskiy]], [[Aleksey Ovchinin]], [[Maksim Ponomaryov]], [[Sergey Nikolayevich Ryzhikov|Sergey Ryzhikov]]
:RKKE: [[Yelena Serova]], [[Nikolai Tikhonov (cosmonaut)|Nikolai Tikhonov]]

'''December 25 – [[Korean Astronaut Program]] Group'''

:[[Yi So-yeon]], [[Ko San]]
:Ko San was chosen as the prime candidate over Yi So-yeon in September 2007. Yi So-yeon became prime candidate in March 2008 and made a trip to the ISS with the agency that year.

==2008==
'''July – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="ru-virgin-galactic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/suborb/as_virgn/as_virgn.htm |title=Virgin Galactic |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011258/https://astronaut.ru/suborb/as_virgn/as_virgn.htm |archive-date=9 June 2023 |website=www.astronaut.ru }}</ref>

:[[Robert Bendall]], [[Rich Dancaster]], Brad Lambert

==2009==
'''February 25 – JAXA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Takuya Onishi]], [[Kimiya Yui]]

'''May 13 – CSA Group (Canada)'''

:[[Jeremy Hansen]], [[David Saint-Jacques]]

'''May 20 – ESA Group – ''The Shenanigans'' (ESA)'''<ref name="esa-next-generation">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/ESA_prepares_for_the_next_generation_of_human_spaceflight_and_exploration_by_recruiting_a_new_class_of_European_astronauts |title=ESA prepares for the next generation of human spaceflight and exploration by recruiting a new class of European astronauts |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525091145/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/ESA_prepares_for_the_next_generation_of_human_spaceflight_and_exploration_by_recruiting_a_new_class_of_European_astronauts |archive-date=25 May 2023 }}</ref>

:[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] (Italy), [[Alexander Gerst]] (Germany), [[Andreas Mogensen]] (Denmark), [[Luca Parmitano]] (Italy), [[Timothy Peake]] (United Kingdom), [[Thomas Pesquet]] (France).
:8413 applications were received. Of those, 1430 (17%) were women. The most common first citizenship of the applicants was France (22.1%), Germany (21.4%), Italy (11.0%), the United Kingdom (9.8%), and Spain (9.4%).<ref name="esa-all-states">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/Applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States_to_become_European_astronauts |title=Applicants from all ESA Member States to become European astronauts |date=23 June 2008 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123192933/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/Applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States_to_become_European_astronauts |archive-date=23 November 2023 }}</ref>

'''June 29 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 20|NASA Group 20]] – ''Chumps''<ref name="cSchumps">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100809a.html |title=NASA's new astronaut class: call them the "Chumps" |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530011144/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100809a.html |archive-date=30 May 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref> (USA)'''

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Serena M. Auñón]], [[Jeanette J. Epps]], [[Jack D. Fischer]], [[Michael S. Hopkins]], [[Kjell N. Lindgren]], [[Kathleen Rubins|Kathleen (Kate) Rubins]], [[Scott D. Tingle]], [[Mark T. Vande Hei]], [[Gregory R. Wiseman|Gregory R. (Reid) Wiseman]]
:'''International mission specialists''': [[Jeremy Hansen]] (Canada), [[Norishige Kanai]] (Japan), [[Takuya Onishi]] (Japan), [[David Saint-Jacques]] (Canada), [[Kimiya Yui]] (Japan)
:NASA selected the nine members of Group 20 from over 3500 applicants.<ref name="newclass">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html |title=NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration |date=29 June 2009 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801162824/http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html |archive-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref> The NASA candidates were announced in June; international astronauts were added later that year. This was the first group of astronauts chosen for the post-Space Shuttle era and not trained to fly the Shuttle. Fischer, Tingle, and Wiseman were selected as pilots, but there is currently no distinction between pilots and non-pilots: all are considered mission specialists.

'''September 8 – JAXA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Norishige Kanai]]

==2010==
'''March – Chinese Group 2 (China)'''<ref name="spacefacts-groups">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/english/groups.htm |title=Selection groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113605/http://www.spacefacts.de/english/groups.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>
:[[Cai Xuzhe]], [[Chen Dong (astronaut)|Chen Dong]], [[Liu Yang (astronaut)|Liu Yang]], [[Tang Hongbo]], [[Wang Yaping]], [[Ye Guangfu]], [[Zhang Lu (astronaut)|Zhang Lu]]

'''April 12 – [[#Association of Spaceflight Professionals|Association of Spaceflight Professionals]] – Group 1<ref name="Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps22">[https://books.google.com/books?id=o1JLxAHE68cC "Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps,"] accessed August 31, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/04/press-release-astronauts4hire-launches.html|title=Astronauts for Hire Launches|date=2013-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602090901/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/04/press-release-astronauts4hire-launches.html|archive-date=2013-06-02|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Neal|first=Valerie|chapter=Astronauts: Reinventing the Right Stuff|date=2017-06-27|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300206517|doi=10.12987/yale/9780300206517.003.0003|title=Spaceflight in the Shuttle Era and Beyond}}</ref>

: Jim Crowell, Bruce Davis, Kristine Ferrone, Amnon Govrin, Chad Healy, Ryan Kobrick, Joseph Palaia, Luís Saraiva, Brian Shiro, Laura Stiles, Veronica Ann Zabala-Aliberto

'''June 7 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 2 (Commercial Astronauts)'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/06/press-release-astronauts4hire-expands.html|title=Association of Spaceflight Professionals expands its team of Commercial Astronaut Candidates|newspaper=Odyssey Magazine|date=2011-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808031715/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/06/press-release-astronauts4hire-expands.html|archive-date=2011-08-08|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

: Ben Corbin, José Miguel Hurtado, Jr, Jason Reimuller, Todd Romberger, [[Erik Seedhouse]], Alli Taylor

'''October 12 – TsPK–15/RKKE–17 Cosmonaut Group''' '''(Russia)'''<ref name="astronote-classof2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2008/start.htm |title=Набор 2010 года |trans-title=Class of 2010 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123032633/http://astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2008/start.htm |archive-date=23 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref>

:TsPK: [[Aleksey Khomenchuk]] (rit.), [[Denis Matveev]], [[Sergey Prokopyev (cosmonaut)|Sergey Prokopyev]]
:RKKE: [[Andrei Babkin]], [[Ivan Vagner]], [[Sergey Kud-Sverchkov]], [[Svyatoslav Morozov]] (rit.)

==2011==
'''January–February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)'''<ref name="gctc-classes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=128 |title=Наборы в отряд космонавтов |trans-title=Selections for the Cosmonaut Squad |publisher=[[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010101712/https://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=128 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=www.gctc.ru }}</ref>
:[[Oleg Artemyev]], [[Andrei Babkin]], [[Ivan Vagner]], [[Andrei Borisenko]], [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhukov|Sergei Zhukov]], [[Oleg Kononenko]], [[Mikhail Kornienko]], [[Sergey Kud-Sverchkov]], [[Svyatoslav Morozov]], [[Sergei Revin]], [[Sergey Ryazansky]], [[Yelena Serova]], [[Nikolai Tikhonov (cosmonaut)|Nikolai Tikhonov]].

From 1 January 2011 at the Research Institute of the Y. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is a single detachment of the Russian Space Agency astronauts, which in 2015 consisted of 38 people. The next set of candidates was announced at the beginning of 2016,<ref name="tass-20150803">{{Cite news |url=https://tass.ru/info/2161502 |title=Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А. Гагарина. Досье |trans-title=Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. Dossier |date=3 August 2015 |publisher=[[TASS]] |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114112/https://tass.ru/info/2161502 |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> then postponed until 2017.<ref name="astronote-classof2018">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2016/start.htm |title=Набор 2018 года |trans-title=Class of 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114340/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2016/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref> In September 2016, the unit counted 31 astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/|title=Космическая энциклопедия ASTROnote|website=www.astronaut.ru}}</ref>

'''February 28 –''' '''Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group''' '''3'''<ref name="2-28-2011 Press Release2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110312234312/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2011/02/press-release-astronauts4hire-announces_28.html Astronauts for Hire Announces Selection of New Flight Members – Feb 28, 2011], accessed March 5, 2011.</ref>

: [[Christopher Altman]], Jon-Erik Dahlin, [[Melania Guerra]], Mindy Howard, Kris Lehnhardt, Abhishek Tripathi, Cosan Unuvar, Pavel Zagadailov, Luis Zea

'''October 26 – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="forbes-20111027">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/10/27/virgin-galactic-selects-its-first-astronaut-pilot/ |title=Virgin Galactic Selects Its First Astronaut Pilot |last=Knapp |first=Alex |date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/10/27/virgin-galactic-selects-its-first-astronaut-pilot/?sh=63eaf562c89e |archive-date=7 June 2023 |magazine=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>

:[[Keith Colmer]]

==2012==
'''February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos cosmonauts (Russia)'''
:[[Fyodor Yurchikhin]]

'''October 30 – TsPK– Addition Group (Russia)'''<ref name="astronote-classof2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2012/start.htm |title=Набор 2012 года |trans-title=Class of 2012 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114404/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2012/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref>

:Finalists: [[Oleg Blinov]] (rit.), [[Nikolay Chub]], [[Pyotr Dubrov]], [[Andrey Fedyaev]], [[Ignat Ignatov]], [[Anna Kikina]], [[Sergey Korsakov (cosmonaut)|Sergey Korsakov]], [[Dmitriy Petelin]]

==2013==
'''May 8 Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/virgin-galactic-adds-two-pilots-to-commercial-flight-team/ |title=News – VIRGIN GALACTIC ADDS TWO PILOTS TO COMMERCIAL FLIGHT TEAM | Virgin Galactic |access-date=2013-05-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510215546/http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/virgin-galactic-adds-two-pilots-to-commercial-flight-team/ |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref>
:[[Frederick W. Sturckow]] (former NASA astronaut), [[Michael "Sooch" Masucci]]

'''June 3 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 4'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2013/06/press-release-astronauts-for-hire-adds.html|title=Association of Spaceflight Professionals Adds Six New Commercial Astronaut Candidates|date=2013-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610103457/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2013/06/press-release-astronauts-for-hire-adds.html|archive-date=2013-06-10|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

: David Ballinger, Jessica Cherry, Michael Gallagher, Jamie Guined, Tanya Markow-Estes, Aaron Persad

'''June 17 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 21|NASA Group 21]] – ''8-Balls'''''<ref name="collectspace-20130820">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082013a.html |title=NASA's new astronaut class, the "8 Balls", reports for training |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713075949/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082013a.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref> ('''US)'''

:[[Josh A. Cassada]], [[Victor J. Glover]], [[Tyler N. Hague]], [[Christina M. Hammock]], [[Nicole Aunapu Mann]], [[Anne C. McClain]], [[Jessica U. Meir]], [[Andrew R. Morgan]]

==2014==
'''July 24 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''

: [[Todd Ericson]]<ref>[http://www.virgingalactic.com/press/virgin-galactic-announces-todd-ericson-space-pilot/ Virgin Galactic Announces Todd Ericson as Space Pilot]</ref>

'''August 14 – Individual set into a United detachment of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)'''

:[[Mukhtar Aimakhanov]]

==2015==
'''January 23 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''

: [[Mark Stucky]]<ref>[http://www.virgingalactic.com/press/virgin-galactic-appoints-mark-stucky-pilot/ Virgin Galactic Appoints Mark Stucky as Pilot – Virgin Galactic]</ref>

'''July 9 – NASA Commercial Crew Program'''<ref name="bolden-20150709">{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2015/07/09/nasa-selects-astronauts-for-first-u-s-commercial-space-flights/ |title=NASA Selects Astronauts for First U.S. Commercial Space Flights |last=Bolden |first= |author-link=Charles Bolden |date=9 July 2015 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801111529/https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2015/07/09/nasa-selects-astronauts-for-first-u-s-commercial-space-flights/ |archive-date=1 August 2023 |website=NASA Blogs }}</ref>

:[[Robert Behnken]], [[Sunita Williams]], [[Eric Boe]], [[Douglas Hurley]]

'''July – ESA Astronaut Corps'''

: [[Matthias Maurer]]

'''[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]] (Commercial Astronauts) (Denmark)'''

: Mads Stenfatt, Anna Olsen, Carsten Olsen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/user/copsub/3456128040/1364750458140627297_3456128040|title=Imgrum.org|website=www.imgrum.org}}</ref>

==2017==
'''June 7 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 22|NASA Group 22]] – ''The Turtles'' (USA)'''

:[[Kayla Barron]], [[Zena Cardman]], [[Raja Chari]], [[Matthew Dominick]], [[Robert Hines (astronaut)|Robert Hines]], [[Warren Hoburg]], [[Jonny Kim]], [[Robb Kulin]], [[Jasmin Moghbeli]], [[Loral O'Hara]], [[Francisco Rubio (astronaut)|Francisco Rubio]], [[Jessica Watkins]].

:Kulin resigned from NASA in August 2018 before completing his training.<ref name="collectspace-20180827">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082718a-kulin-nasa-astronaut-candidate-resigns.html |title= NASA astronaut candidate resigns prior to qualifying for spaceflight |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161106/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082718a-kulin-nasa-astronaut-candidate-resigns.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

'''July 1 – 2017 CSA Group (Canada)'''

:[[Jennifer Sidey]], [[Joshua Kutryk]]

'''April 19 – 2017 Die Astronautin Selection (Germany)'''
:[[Insa Thiele-Eich]], [[Nicola Baumann]] (Baumann was later replaced by [[Suzanna Randall]])

==2018==
'''August 10 – 17th Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref name="collectspace-20180813">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081318a-roscosmos-cosmonaut-candidates-brother.html |title= Russia's new cosmonauts include brother of ISS crew member |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=13 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081318a-roscosmos-cosmonaut-candidates-brother.html |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

: [[Konstantin Borisov]], [[Alexander Gorbunov]], [[Alexander Grebenkin]], [[Sergei Mikayev]], [[Kirill Peskov]], [[Oleg Platonov (cosmonaut)|Oleg Platonov]], [[Yevgeny Prokopyev]] (rit.), [[Alexei Zubritsky]]
* All but Yevgeny Prokopyev passed the state exam in December 2020 to be qualified for spaceflight assignments; Propkopyev did not qualify and was reassigned to basic space training.<ref name="collectspace-20210129">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012921a-roscosmos-2021-cosmonaut-selection.html |title=Roscosmos selects four new candidates to begin cosmonaut training |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=29 January 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607161908/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012921a-roscosmos-2021-cosmonaut-selection.html |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

'''September 3 – Emirati Astronaut Group (United Arab Emirates)'''<ref name="gulfnews-20180903">{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/uae-names-2-astronauts-to-international-space-station-1.2274003 |title=UAE names 2 astronauts to International Space Station |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185956/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/uae-names-2-astronauts-to-international-space-station-1.2274003 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Gulf News]] }}</ref>

: [[Hazza Al Mansouri]], [[Sultan Al Neyadi]]
* In 2018, Al Mansouri and Al Neyadi were announced as candidates to fly to the ISS on a Soyuz, as guest cosmonauts (Al Mansouri flew in 2019, with Al Neyadi as his backup). In 2020, the two were named to be assigned to Houston to train as full-fledged mission specialist astronauts and to join the cadre of International Partner Astronauts.<ref name="UAE2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/general/united-arab-emirates-astronauts-to-train-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-under-new-agreement/ |title=United Arab Emirates Astronauts to Train at NASA's Johnson Space Center Under New Agreement |last1=Potter |first1=Sean |date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=21 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127115520/https://www.nasa.gov/general/united-arab-emirates-astronauts-to-train-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-under-new-agreement/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> Al Neyadi later flew on [[SpaceX Crew-6]] in March 2023, being the first long duration Emirati Astronaut.

==2020==
'''October 8 – Chinese Group 3 (China)'''<ref name="chinadaily-20201001">{{Cite news |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202010/01/WS5f75405fa31024ad0ba7cf78.html |title=18 picked for nation's 3rd generation of astronauts |last1=Lei |first1=Zhao |access-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194755/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202010/01/WS5f75405fa31024ad0ba7cf78.html |archive-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[China Daily]] }}</ref>
* China announced the selection of 18 new astronauts (17 men, 1 woman), whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
: 7 spacecraft pilots: [[Tang Shengjie]]
: 7 flight engineers: [[Zhu Yangzhu]], [[Jiang Xinlin]]
: 4 mission payload specialists: [[Gui Haichao]]

==2021==
'''January 27 – 18th Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref name="roscosmos-20210128">{{Cite web |url=http://en.roscosmos.ru/21883/ |title=Cosmonaut selection 2019: winners announced |date=28 January 2021 |publisher=[[Roscosmos]] |access-date=31 January 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123123446/http://en.roscosmos.ru/21883/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |website=Roscosmos }}</ref>

: [[Sergey Irtuganov]] (rit.), [[Alexander Kolyabin]], [[Sergey Teteryatnikov]], [[Harutyun Kiviryan]]

'''March 30 – [[Inspiration4]] (USA)'''

: [[Jared Isaacman]], [[Sian Proctor]], [[Hayley Arceneaux]], [[Chris Sembroski]]

: Privately funded by mission commander Isaacman, Inspiration 4 was the first all civilian [[orbital spaceflight]] mission and the first human orbital spaceflight not funded by a nation state. 2021's Inspiration4 also made the highest human orbit of the 21st century. Other mission accomplishments of note: Mission pilot Proctor became the first female [[commercial astronaut]] spaceship pilot and the first African American female spacecraft pilot, and medical officer Arceneaux became the first astronaut to fly with a prosthesis.<ref name="fai-20220726">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fai.org/news/meet-crew-aboard-first-ever-all-civilian-spaceflight#:~:text=The%20Inspiration4%20flight%20reached%20an,is%20located%20at%20408%20km. |title=Meet the Crew of the First Ever All-Civilian Spaceflight |date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] |access-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010042615/https://www.fai.org/news/meet-crew-aboard-first-ever-all-civilian-spaceflight#:~:text=The%20Inspiration4%20flight%20reached%20an,is%20located%20at%20408%20km. |archive-date=10 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="medium-20230818">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/space-is-for-everybody/the-first-female-commercial-spaceship-pilot-is-also-a-poet-a6d1f1ed5998 |title=The First Female Commercial Spaceship Pilot is also a Poet |last=Mongo |first=M. |publisher=PR HORSE |access-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926081219/https://medium.com/space-is-for-everybody/the-first-female-commercial-spaceship-pilot-is-also-a-poet-a6d1f1ed5998 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |website=Medium }}</ref><ref name="nyt-20210329">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/science/spacex-hayley-arceneaux.html |url-access=subscription |title=She Beat Cancer at 10. Now She's Set to Be the Youngest American in Space. |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=19 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926081219/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/science/spacex-hayley-arceneaux.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 }}</ref>

'''April 10 – Emirati Astronaut Group 2 (United Arab Emirates)''' <ref name="UAE2021" /><ref name="collectspace-20210410">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041021a-uae-astronaut-selection-almatrooshi-almulla.html |title=UAE names two new astronauts, including first woman candidate |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407035334/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041021a-uae-astronaut-selection-almatrooshi-almulla.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

: [[Nora Al Matrooshi]], [[Mohammad Al Mulla]]
* The two UAE astronauts will begin training alongside the [[NASA Astronaut Group 23]] class after their selection

'''December 6 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 23|NASA Group 23]] (USA)'''

: [[Nichole Ayers]], [[Marcos Berríos]], [[Christina Birch]], [[Deniz Burnham]], [[Luke Delaney (astronaut)|Luke Delaney]], [[Andre Douglas]], [[Jack Hathaway]], [[Anil Menon (astronaut)|Anil Menon]], [[Christopher Williams (astronaut)|Christopher Williams]], [[Jessica Wittner]].

==2022==
'''October 2 – Chinese Group 4 (China)'''<ref name="spacecom-20221004">{{Cite news |url=https://www.space.com/china-recruiting-fourth-batch-astronauts |title=China begins recruitment for 4th batch of astronauts |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061002/https://www.space.com/china-recruiting-fourth-batch-astronauts |archive-date=8 November 2023 |work=[[Space.com]] }}</ref>
* China announced the selection of 12-14 new astronauts, whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
: 7-8 spacecraft pilots
: 5-6 flight engineers
: 2 mission payload specialists

'''November 23 – [[2022 ESA Astronaut Group]]'''<ref name="esa-20221123">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_astronauts |title=ESA presents new generation of astronauts |date=23 November 2022 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=3 January 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126165206/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_astronauts |archive-date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>
* Career: [[Sophie Adenot]] (France), [[Pablo Álvarez Fernández]] (Spain), [[Rosemary Coogan]] (UK), [[Raphaël Liégeois]] (Belgium), [[Marco Alain Sieber]] (Switzerland)
* Reserve/Project: [[Meganne Christian]] (UK), [[Anthea Comellini]] (Italy), [[Sara García Alonso]] (Spain), [[Andrea Patassa]] (Italy), [[Carmen Possnig]] (Austria), [[Arnaud Prost]] (France), [[Amelie Schoenenwald]] (Germany), [[Aleš Svoboda]] (Czech Republic), [[Sławosz Uznański]] (Poland), [[Marcus Wandt]] (Sweden), [[Nicola Winter]] (Germany) and [[John McFall (athlete)|John McFall]] (UK) "astronaut with a disability" feasibility study.

==2023==

'''February 12 – Saudi Astronaut Group 2 (Saudi Arabia)''' <ref name="Saudi2023">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1853025 |title=In Line with Vision 2030, the Kingdom Returns to Space by Sending a Male and Female Astronaut to the International Space Station |date=12 February 2023 |publisher=[[Saudi Press Agency]] |location=Riyadh |access-date=13 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602175610/https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1853025 |archive-date=2 June 2023 }}</ref>

: [[Rayyanah Barnawi]], [[Ali AlQarni]], [[Mariam Fardous]], Ali AlGhamdi
* Two of the Saudi astronauts will participate in [[Axiom Mission 2]].

'''March 8 – Australian Astronaut Group 1 (Australia)'''
:[[Katherine Bennell-Pegg]]

'''March 17 – HUNOR 1 (Hungary)''' <ref>[https://hvg.hu/tudomany/20230307_hunor_magyar_urhajos_program_allomany_bejelentes_nemzetkozi_urallomas_jeloltek_iss Megvannak a jelöltek: megnevezték, kik közül kerül majd ki Magyarország következő űrhajósa]</ref>

:Schlégl Ádám, Cserényi Gyula, Kapu Tibor and Szakály András

'''April – [[Turkish Space Agency|Turkish Astronaut (Group 1)]]'''<ref name="aa1">{{Cite news |title=Erdogan inaugure le TEKNOFEST et dévoile le nom du premier astronaute turc qui participera à une mission dans l'espace |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turkiye/erdogan-inaugure-le-teknofest-et-d%C3%A9voile-le-nom-du-premier-astronaute-turc-qui-participera-%C3%A0-une-mission-dans-lespace/2884706 |access-date=2023-12-10 |newspaper=[[Anadolu News Agency]] }}</ref>

:[[Alper Gezeravcı]], Tuva Cihangir Atasever
'''May – [[Belarus Space Agency|Belarusian Cosmonaut Corps Group 1]]'''

:[[Marina Vasilevskaya]], [[Anastasia Lenkova]]

'''June – Others'''<ref name="first-brazilian-scientist">{{Cite news |url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia/noticia/2023/07/01/1o-cientista-brasileiro-escalado-para-ir-ao-espaco-conduzira-estudo-que-pode-mudar-a-colonizacao-interplanetaria.ghtml |title=1º cientista brasileiro escalado para ir ao espaço conduzirá estudo que pode mudar a colonização interplanetária |trans-title=The first Brazilian scientist selected to go to space will conduct a study that could change interplanetary colonization |last=Peixoto |first=Roberto |date=1 July 2023 |language=pt-br |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002214740/https://g1.globo.com/ciencia/noticia/2023/07/01/1o-cientista-brasileiro-escalado-para-ir-ao-espaco-conduzira-estudo-que-pode-mudar-a-colonizacao-interplanetaria.ghtml |archive-date=2 October 2023 |work=G1 |accessdate=2 October 2023 }}</ref>

: [[Alysson Muotri]]

== Commercial advances ==
The space market exceeds $330 billion today. Current estimates show the number growing to nearly $3 trillion over the next three decades. Human spaceflight is one of the sectors positioned for greatest growth. Commercial astronauts are expected to fill the gap in this transition.<ref name="cnbc-20171031">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/the-space-industry-will-be-worth-nearly-3-trillion-in-30-years-bank-of-america-predicts.html |title=The space industry will be worth nearly $3 trillion in 30 years, Bank of America predicts |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201502/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/the-space-industry-will-be-worth-nearly-3-trillion-in-30-years-bank-of-america-predicts.html |archive-date=21 June 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] }}</ref>

'''Ansari X Prize'''

The first commercial astronauts were selected by contenders for the [[Ansari X PRIZE]], the first nongovernmental reusable crewed spacecraft, in 2004. Among them include [[Starchaser Industries]] directors Steve Bennett (United Kingdom) and [[Matt Shewbridge]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xezmyn|title=Tourists to space in the next five years – video Dailymotion|website=Dailymotion|date=28 September 2010 }}</ref> former NASA astronauts [[John Bennett Herrington]] ([[Pioneer Rocketplane]]), [[Richard Searfoss]] and pilot [[Dick Rutan]] ([[XCOR Aerospace]]); Canadian engineer [[Brian Feeney (engineer)|Brian Feeney]] ([[da Vinci Project]]); and veteran [[Wally Funk]] from [[Mercury 13]] ([[Interorbital Systems]]).

=== Boeing ===

Boeing hired former [[NASA]] astronaut [[Christopher Ferguson|Chris Ferguson]] to join the Space Exploration Team.<ref name="beoing-20111212">{{Cite press release |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-12-12-Boeing-Welcomes-Astronaut-Chris-Ferguson-to-Space-Exploration-Team |title=Boeing Welcomes Astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team |date=12 December 2011 |publisher=[[Boeing]] |location=Houston, Tx. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608183958/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-12-12-Boeing-Welcomes-Astronaut-Chris-Ferguson-to-Space-Exploration-Team |archive-date=8 June 2023 |website=MediaRoom }}</ref> Candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps include former NASA astronauts, commercial scientist astronauts and test pilots who have never flown in space.<ref name="nbc-20110804">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44021510 |title=Boeing chooses a rocket, looks for astronauts to fly on it |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=4 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607211125/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44021510 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-to-unveil-crew-spacesuits-for-cst-100-test-flight-this-summer/|title=Boeing To Unveil Crew, Spacesuits For CST-100 Test Flight This Summer|date=April 15, 2015|website=SpaceNews}}</ref>

=== SpaceX ===
[[SpaceX]] has employed former NASA astronauts, but did not select any SpaceX employees to fly its commercial vehicles to the International Space Station.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

SpaceX's former medical director at SpaceX, [[Anil Menon (astronaut candidate)|Anil Menon]], is now a NASA astronaut selected in 2021 as a member of [[NASA Astronaut Group 23]].

=== Association of Spaceflight Professionals ===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{POV section|date=November 2023}}{{Importance section|date=November 2023}}}}
The world's first commercial astronaut corps,{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} the Association of Spaceflight Professionals received funding{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} for a series of crewed spaceflight missions through the NASA Flight Opportunities Program{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} in March 2012.

Several million dollars have been allocated for detailed spectroscopic analysis of high-altitude noctilucent cloud formations on suborbital flights using rapidly reusable, task-and-deploy spaceplanes.<ref name="possum">{{Cite conference |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA33B1993R/abstract |title=PoSSUM: Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere |last1=Reimuller |first1=J. D. |last2=Fritts |first2=D. C. |last3=Thomas |first3=G. E. |last4=Taylor |first4=M. J. |last5=Mitchell |first5=S. |last6=Lehmacher |first6=G. A. |last7=Watchorn |first7=S. R. |last8=Baumgarten |first8=G. |last9=Plane |first9=J. M. |date=December 2013 |publisher=Project PoSSUM |bibcode=2013AGUFMSA33B1993R |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127122133/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA33B1993R |archive-date=27 November 2023 |conference=Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical union }}</ref><ref name="parabolicarc-20150224">{{Cite press release |url=https://parabolicarc.com/2015/02/24/54721/ |title=Project PoSSUM Graduates First Class of Scientist-Astronauts |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Project PoSSUM |location=Daytona Beach, Fl. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111010804/https://parabolicarc.com/2015/02/24/54721/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |quote=The project evolved from the Noctilucent Cloud Imagery and Tomography experiment, selected by NASA's Flight Opportunities Program in March 2012 as experiment 46-S. PoSSUM is managed by Integrated Spaceflight Services under principal investigator Jason Reimuller, Vice President and COO, Association of Spaceflight Professionals. |editor-first=Doug |editor-last=Messier |via=Parabolic Arc }}</ref><ref>''[https://www.boulder.swri.edu/NSRC2013/Site2/PDF/Reimuller_abstract1.pdf The PoSSUM Campaign: Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere]''. Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado. [[Southwest Research Institute]]. "PoSSUM will optimize the opportunity created by the "PMC Imagery and Tomography Experiment", a high-latitude campaign selected by the NASA Flight Opportunities Program (Experiment 46-S) to study the small-scale dynamics of PMCs ([[Mesospheric clouds|polar mesospheric clouds]]). The PoSSUM Project will make full use of the 46-S opportunity by fully utilizing all available payload space and campaign deployment time to optimize technology maturation and science return while validating a repeatable, low-cost means to study seasonal trends of PMCs."</ref><ref>NASA. ''[https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/about About NASA Flight Opportunities].'' nasa.gov. "The Flight Opportunities program within the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) strategically invests in the growth of the commercial spaceflight market by providing flight opportunities to test space exploration and utilization technologies on commercially available suborbital flight platforms." NASA. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</ref><ref name=":93">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-commercial-lower-cost-suborbital-firms-to-test-space-technologies-2/ |title=NASA Selects Commercial, Lower Cost Suborbital Firms to Test Space Technologies |date=22 April 2015 |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=15-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127124438/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-commercial-lower-cost-suborbital-firms-to-test-space-technologies-2/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":103">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/flightproviders/ |title=Commercial Suborbital Flight Providers |access-date= 2018-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901012359/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/flightproviders |archive-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":310">[https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/newsreleases/15-25.html NASA Selects New Technologies for Flight Opportunities Program]. NASA (2017-12-18).</ref>{{Off topic paragraph}}

The organization's [[commercial astronaut]]s go through a selection process modeled after the [[NASA Astronaut Corps]],{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} which involves NASA astronauts.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} Some of its members serve as astronaut trainers themselves;{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} some have interviewed as finalists in national space agency astronaut candidate selection campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thespaceshow.com/guest/dr.-erik-seedhouse|title=Dr. Erik Seedhouse {{!}} The Space Show|website=www.thespaceshow.com|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2019|reason=No mention of Seedhouse's relation to ASP anywhere in source}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-alumni-make-shortlist-become-canada-s-next-astronauts|title=U of T alumni make shortlist to become Canada's next astronauts|website=University of Toronto News|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://news.uaf.edu/uaf-faculty-member-shortlisted-for-nasa-astronaut-class-of-2017/|title=UAF faculty member shortlisted for astronaut program|date=2016-09-06|work=UAF news and information|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2019|reason=No mention of Cherry's relation to ASP anywhere in source}} [[Yi So-yeon]], who completed an orbital mission to the International Space Station,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/lee_so-hyun.htm|title=Cosmonaut Biography: Yi Soyeon|last=Becker|first=Joachim|website=www.spacefacts.de|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> is a member of the organization.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

=== Virgin Galactic ===

[[Scaled Composites]] and [[Virgin Galactic]] astronauts include [[Michael Alsbury]] (killed in the [[2014 Virgin Galactic crash]]), [[Rob Bendall]] (Canada), [[Richard Branson]], [[Peter Kalogiannis]], [[Niki Lauda]] (Austria),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/28/space-cadet-niki-lauda-training-to-be-an-astronaut-with-virgin/|title=Space Cadet: Niki Lauda training to be an astronaut with Virgin Galactic?!|website=Autoblog}}</ref> [[Brian Maisler]], [[Clint Nichols]], [[Wes Persall]], [[Burt Rutan]], Peter Seiffert, [[Peter Siebold]], [[Mark Stucky]],<ref name="Sheetz">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/virgin-galactic-flight-could-send-first-astronauts-to-edge-of-space.html |title=Virgin Galactic flies its first astronauts to the edge of space, taking one step closer to space tourism |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713182126/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/virgin-galactic-flight-could-send-first-astronauts-to-edge-of-space.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] }}</ref> and [[David Mackay (pilot)|Dave Mackay]].<ref name="Sheetz" />

=== Teachers in Space ===

The [[Teacher in Space Project#Private program|Teachers in Space]] program began in 2005. In 2012, the [[United States Rocket Academy]] announced that the program was expanding to include a broader range of participants, renaming the initiative Citizens in Space. For its first phase, Citizens in Space selected and trained ten citizen astronaut candidates to fly as payload operators, including four astronaut candidates already in training (Maureen Adams, Steve Heck, Michael Johnson, and Edward Wright).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nastarcenter.com/citizen-astronauts-complete-suborbital-scientist-course-training-evaluating-new-medical-technology-at-nastar-center|title=Citizen Astronauts Complete Suborbital Scientist Course Training, Evaluating New Medical Technology at NASTAR Center | The NASTAR Center}}</ref> Informal educator and aerospace historian Gregory Kennedy was among those listed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizensinspace.org/2013/07/greg-kennedy-joins-citizen-astronaut-corps/|title=Greg Kennedy Joins Citizen Astronaut Corps|date=July 25, 2013}}</ref>

=== Copenhagen Suborbitals ===

[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]] (2008, Denmark) seeks to make Denmark the fourth nation to launch humans above the [[Kármán line]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Mars One ===

[[Mars One]] was a private initiative with claims to establish a permanent human colony on [[Mars]] by 2023. The project was led by Dutch entrepreneur [[Bas Lansdorp]], who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.

A Mars One astronaut selection announcement was made on April 19, 2013, and started its search on April 22, 2013. By August 2013, Mars One had more than 200,000 applicants from around the world.<ref>[https://applicants.mars-one.com/ Mars One Applicants]</ref> Round Two selection results were declared on December 30, 2013, wherein a total of 1058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.

Mars One received a variety of criticism relating to medical, technical and financial feasibility.<ref name="WIRED-20140212">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/opinion/2014/02/happens-body-mars/ |title=The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body |last=Fong |first=Kevin |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516154650/https://www.wired.com/2014/02/happens-body-mars/ |archive-date=16 May 2023 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] }}</ref> Unverified rumors claimed that Mars One was a scam designed to take as much money as possible from donors, including those participating as contestants.<ref name="techspot.com">[http://www.techspot.com/news/60071-mars-one-finalist-breaks-silence-claims-organization-total.html] 'Mars One' finalist breaks silence, claims organization is a total scam, 16 March 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/mars-one-astronaut-joseph-roche-space-missions|title=I'm on list to be a Mars One astronaut – but I won't see the red planet|last1=Roche|first1=Joseph|website=The Guardian|date=18 March 2015|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref>

In February 2019, it was reported that Mars One had declared [[bankruptcy]] in a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] court on January 15, 2019, and was permanently dissolved as a company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/11/mars-one-is-dead/|title=Mars One is dead|last=Cooper|first=Daniel|date=2019-02-11|publisher=Engadget}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a26286368/mars-one-is-dead/|title=Mars One Is Now Officially Dead. But It Always Was.|last=Moseman|first=Andrew|date=2019-02-11|publisher=Popular Mechanics}}</ref><ref name="bankruptcy">[https://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-ventures-ag-in-administration Mars One Ventures AG in administration]</ref>

=== Inspiration Mars ===

[[Inspiration Mars Foundation]], an American nonprofit founded by [[Dennis Tito]], aimed to launch a human mission to flyby Mars in January 2018, or, as the 2018 date was missed, in 2021. Flight candidates included husband and wife travel duo [[Jane Poynter]] and [[Taber MacCallum]], who participated in the [[Biosphere 2]] experiment.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/02/inspiration-mars-foundation/|title=Private Plan to Send Humans to Mars in 2018 Might Not Be So Crazy|magazine=Wired|via=www.wired.com}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130712040436/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/millionaire-dennis-tito-plans-send-woman-man-mars-back-1C8577887 Millionaire Dennis Tito plans to send woman and man to Mars and back] Alan Boyle, Science Editor NBC News Feb. 27, 2013 at 12:58 pm ET</ref>

=== Waypoint2Space ===

[[Waypoint 2 Space|Waypoint2Space]] was granted [[FAA]] safety approval for its training services in 2014. The company works in collaboration with [[NASA]] [[Johnson Space Center]] in Houston to provide spaceflight training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waypoint2space.com|title=Waypoint 2 Space|website=Waypoint 2 Space|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/01/29/waypoint-2-space-trains-passengers-for-commercial-launches/|title=Waypoint 2 Space Trains Passengers For Commercial Launches|last=Knapp|first=Alex|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nasawatch.com/archives/2014/01/waypoint2space.html|title=Waypoint2space: Closer Look at Website Claims About Operations at NASA JSC – NASA Watch|website=nasawatch.com|date=30 January 2014 |access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>

=== Truax Engineering ===

The first private firm that tried to build a suborbital space rocket, [[Robert Truax#Truax Engineering|Truax Engineering]], selected company employee, engineer and lifelong aviator [[Jeana Yeager]] as the first test pilot for its rocket. The project was halted in 1991 due to lack of funds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/university-of-nebraska-press/9780803216105/|title=Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight|last1=Paat-Dahlstrom|first1=Emeline|access-date=2018-04-30|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|last2=Dubbs|first2=Chris}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ansari X Prize]]
* [[Canadian Arrow]]
* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[List of astronauts by name]]
* [[List of astronauts by nationality]]
* [[List of astronauts by first flight]]
* [[List of cosmonauts]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Robert Truax]] X-3 Volksrocket

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{include-NASA}}
{{refend}}

{{Shenzhou program}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}
{{NASA Astronaut Groups}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{ESA Astronaut Groups}}
{{Chinese space program}}
{{Malaysian space program}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astronauts By Selection}}
[[Category:Lists of astronauts|Selection]]
[[Category:Lists by year]]

Into the Comet

2021-05-28T20:52:19Z

Tuttt: /* Plot summary */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Into the Comet
| author = [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| published_in ='' [[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publication_type = Magazine
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = October 1960
}}
'''"Into the Comet"''' is a [[science fiction]] [[short story]] by British writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]]. It was originally published in the [[literary magazine]] ''[[Fantasy & Science Fiction]]'' in 1960. It is one of several stories by many science fiction authors in which problems are solved by reverting to 'primitive' technology. The story was also published as "Inside the Comet".

==Plot summary==
The plot concerns a journey by a [[spacecraft|spaceship]] to enter through the layers of gas surrounding a [[comet]] and observe the nucleus at close range. This part of the mission is successful, but the ship's [[computer]] develops a malfunction and they are unable to compute the required orbit to escape the comet. The ionised gas in the comet's tail prevents any radio communication with Earth.

George Takeo Pickett, a part-Japanese [[journalist]] on board the ship, recalls the use of the [[abacus]] used by his granduncle, a bank teller, and persuades the ship's [[astronomer]] to give it a try. Once convinced, the astronomer creates a production line of the crew, using abaci to carry out the calculations that the computer would normally do.

The procedure is successful and an orbit is calculated to bring the ship within radio range of Earth.

==References==
*Clarke, Arthur C. ''The Best of Arthur C Clarke; 1956 - 1972'', published 1973

== External links ==
* {{isfdb title|62808}}

[[Category:1960 short stories]]
[[Category:Fiction about comets]]
[[Category:Short stories by Arthur C. Clarke]]
[[Category:Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]

The Crowded Sky

2021-05-28T20:18:19Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{short description|1960 film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Crowded Sky
| image = Crowded sky.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joseph Pevney]]
| producer = [[Michael Garrison (producer)|Michael Garrison]]
| screenplay = [[Charles Schnee]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''The Crowded Sky'' 1960 novel|[[Hank Searls]]<ref>Williams, Wirt. " 'Crowded Sky' weaves actual crises into pattern of disaster." ''Los Angeles Times'', May 1, 1960, p. J7.</ref>}}
| starring = [[Dana Andrews]] [[Rhonda Fleming]] [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]
| music = [[Leonard Rosenman]]
| cinematography = [[Harry Stradling Sr.]]
| editing = Tom McAdoo
| studio = Warner Bros
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Start date|1960|09|02}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = United States
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

'''''The Crowded Sky''''' is a 1960 [[Technicolor]] drama movie produced by [[Michael Garrison (producer)|Michael Garrison]], directed by [[Joseph Pevney]],<ref name="The Crowded Sky">[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/26590/The-Crowded-Sky/ "Overview: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]'', 2019. Retrieved: August 12, 2019.</ref> and starring [[Dana Andrews]], [[Rhonda Fleming]], and [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iwMiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b04EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7431,1050882&dq=crowded-sky+pevney&hl=en "Crowded Sky cast set."] ''The Pittsburgh Press'', November 2, 1959. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> {{#tag:ref|In ''[[Airport 75]]'', both Efrem Zimbalist Jr. and Dana Andrews reprised their roles, but in a reversal, Andrews does the crashing.<ref name="Nixon"/>|group=Note}} ''The Crowded Sky'' is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by [[Hank Searls]]. The movie was distributed by [[Warner Bros.]]

The movie's story follows the back stories of the crew and passengers of a U.S. Navy jet and a commercial airliner carrying a full load of passengers during a bout of severe weather.<ref>Carlson 2012, p. 201.</ref> Other issues such as a malfunctioning radio make it nearly impossible to communicate with air traffic control and set the two aircraft on a collision course.<ref name="Nixon">Nixon, Rob. [http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/290086%7C0/The-Crowded-Sky.html "Articles: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]'', 2019. Retrieved: August 12, 2019.</ref>{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Plot==
A U.S. Navy [[Lockheed T2V SeaStar|Lockheed TV-2]] jet piloted by Commander Dale Heath (Efrem Zimbalist Jr.), with an enlisted man ([[Troy Donahue]]) as a rear passenger, runs into trouble as soon as the aircraft gets airborne. Both Heath's radio and his navigation system become disabled, with no way to correctly determine their altitude. At the same time, a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner, piloted by veteran Dick Barnett ([[Dana Andrews]]), is carrying a full passenger complement, each with their own worries and problems with which they must deal.

Both Barnett and Heath have their personal crises, including Heath's unhappy marriage to an unfaithful wife (Rhonda Fleming) and Barnett's long-time conflict with his co-pilot, Mike Rule ([[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]]). Rule has his own personal demons, including no meaningful relationship with his catatonic father, and an affair with head [[stewardess]] Kitty Foster ([[Anne Francis]]).

Both aircraft, through various errors with their flight paths, are now on a direct collision course that air traffic controllers are unable to avert. When the crash inevitably occurs, Heath sacrifices himself and his passenger by diving his plane at the last minute to avoid fatally damaging the airliner (making amends for a past air tragedy that he had caused by climbing at the last minute instead). The airliner is still badly damaged, and Louis Capelli ([[Joe Mantell]]), the [[flight engineer]], is blown out of a hole in the aircraft, falling to his death. Meanwhile the rest of the passengers and crew fight for their lives. Even with one engine destroyed and a wing on fire, Barnett brings the airliner down safely, but accepts responsibility for the collision during the accident investigation. In the aftermath of the crash, Mike and Kitty are not only survivors but are now planning a future life together.

==Cast==
* [[Dana Andrews]] as Dick Barnett
* [[Rhonda Fleming]] as Cheryl Heath
* [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] as Dale Heath
* [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]] as Mike Rule
* [[Anne Francis]] as Kitty Foster
* [[Keenan Wynn]] as Nick Hyland
* [[Troy Donahue]] as McVey
* [[Joe Mantell]] as Louis Capelli
* [[Patsy Kelly]] as Gertrude Ross
* [[Donald May]] as Norm Coster
* [[Louis Quinn]] as Sidney Schreiber
* [[Ed Kemmer]] as Caesar (as Edward Kemmer)
* [[Tom Gilson]] as Rob Fermi
* Hollis Irving as Beatrice Wiley
* [[Paul Genge]] as Samuel N. Poole
* [[Nan Leslie]] as Bev
* Jean Willes as Gloria Panawek

==Production==
[[File:Screen shot The-Crowded Sky.png|thumb|Miniatures were used extensively to depict the aircraft in flight including the climactic crash scene.]]
Film rights to the novel ''The Crowded Sky'', written by a former U.S. Navy flyer, were sold before it was published.<ref>Witkin, Richard. "Heavy traffic over Amarillo: 'The Crowded Sky' by Hank Searis." ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 1960, p. BR42.</ref><ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "Paul Douglas will figure in 'Kidnap': Sturges to guide squadron; Russ discuss film exchange." ''Los Angeles Times'', December 1, 1958, p. C15.</ref> The screenplay extensively employs the device of characters thinking aloud. Screenwriter Charles Schnee felt that audiences at the time required more subtlety in characterization. Additional dialogue helped provide that, he concluded.<ref>Schumach, Murray. "Day of improved movie dialogue and characterization in offing." ''The New York Times'', June 25, 1959, p. 21.</ref>

''The Crowded Sky'' was the first movie role in more than a year for Dana Andrews, who had been appearing on Broadway in the play ''Two for the Seesaw''. Andrews described the movie "as a kind of ''[[The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944 film)|Bridge of San Luis Rey]]'' of the air".<ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "Pantomimist will spout beat' verse: Dana Andrews resumes acting; Oakie returns to Paramount." ''Los Angeles Times'', September 29, 1959, p. 27.</ref>

In order to prepare for his role, Zimbalist trained for 20 hours in a jet flight simulator to familiarize himself with the controls that his character would use.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m9smAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GnkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5472,663162&dq=crowded-sky+pevney&hl=en "Zimbalist takes pilot training for film role."] ''St. Petersburg Times'', August 2, 1960. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> For Troy Donahue, his role was a departure from the usual "teen heartthrob" films that he had made for [[Warner Bros.]]<ref>Maltin 1994, p. 236.</ref> The main theme music from ''[[A Summer Place]]'', Donahue's preceding movie, appears in the soundtrack. Principal photography began in mid-October and concluded in mid-November 1959.<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/26590/The-Crowded-Sky/original-print-info.html "Original Print Information: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''Turner Classic Movies.'' Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref>

Even though the Dana Andrews character mentions he knows how to fly DC-7s, the actual plane used in the movie appears to be a Douglas DC-6.<ref>[http://impdb.org/index.php?title=The_Crowded_Sky "Douglas DC-6B"]
Fictitious airline Trans States using DC-6B N16020 of National Airlines, though no DC-6 seems to have carried that registration.</ref> The DC-7 has four-blade propellers. The DC-6 has three blades.

==Reception==
''The Crowded Sky'' was received with mixed reviews by audience and critics alike. As a progenitor of the [[disaster film]]s of the 1970s, it had some of the elements of the genre, but relied heavily on dialogue to the detriment of the impact of an aerial disaster. The ''Los Angeles Times'' called it "interesting but uneven".<ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "'Crowded Sky' planes keep date with destiny." ''Los Angeles Times'', September 1, 1960, p. C12.</ref>''Variety]'' gave a mixed review upon the movie's release, criticizing Pevney's directing, but praising the aerial scenes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y2pZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Crowded+Sky%22+Pevney&dq=%22Crowded+Sky%22+Pevney&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oDWnUZKYH_a-4APF04DACA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBzgK "The Crowded Sky."] ''Variety's Film Reviews: 1959-1963''. New Providence, New Jersey: R.R. Bowker, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-83522-789-6}}.</ref>

In a more critical review in ''The New York Times'', Eugene Archer called ''The Crowded Sky'' "reprehensible" because it exploited human tragedy. His review noted "Possibly a meaningful film could be developed from this theme, but as directed with an emphasis on sensationalism by Joseph Pevney, the effect is as meretricious as it is harrowing".<ref>Archer, Eugene. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B01E2DC153DEE3ABC4952DFB466838A679EDE "The Crowded Sky (1960)".] ''The New York Times'', February 11, 1961.</ref>

Modern reviews were more favorable. Glenn Erickson in ''DVD Talk'' gave a mostly positive review, but commented that ''The Crowded Sky'' came off more as an "unintentional comedy" than a serious drama movie.<ref>Erickson, Glenn. [http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3106crow.html "Review: The Crowded Sky."] ''DVD Talk'', January 25, 2010. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> Reviewer [[Leonard Maltin]] called it a "slick film focusing on emotional problems aboard jet liner and Navy plane bound for fateful collision; superficial but diverting".<ref>Maltin 2009, p. 300.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1960]]
* [[1957 Pacoima mid-air collision]], a 1957 collision of a military jet and civil airliner
* [[United Airlines Flight 736]], a 1958 collision of a military jet and civil airliner
* [[Hughes Airwest Flight 706]], a 1971 collision of a military jet and civil airliner

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Carlson, Mark. ''Flying on Film: A Century of Aviation in the Movies, 1912–2012''. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-219-0}}.
* Maltin, Leonard. ''Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia''. New York: Dutton, 1994. {{ISBN|0-525-93635-1}}.
* Maltin, Leonard. ''Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009''. New York: New American Library, 2009 (originally published as ''TV Movies'', then ''Leonard Maltin’s Movie & Video Guide''), First edition 1969, published annually since 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-451-22468-2}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0053742}}
* {{amg title|88270}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=26590}}
* {{AFI film|53124}}

{{Joseph Pevney}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crowded Sky, The}}
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960s disaster films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American aviation films]]
[[Category:American disaster films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about aviation accidents or incidents]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joseph Pevney]]
[[Category:Films scored by Leonard Rosenman]]
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]

The Crowded Sky

2021-05-28T20:15:43Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{short description|1960 film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Crowded Sky
| image = Crowded sky.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joseph Pevney]]
| producer = [[Michael Garrison (producer)|Michael Garrison]]
| screenplay = [[Charles Schnee]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''The Crowded Sky'' 1960 novel|[[Hank Searls]]<ref>Williams, Wirt. " 'Crowded Sky' weaves actual crises into pattern of disaster." ''Los Angeles Times'', May 1, 1960, p. J7.</ref>}}
| starring = [[Dana Andrews]] [[Rhonda Fleming]] [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]
| music = [[Leonard Rosenman]]
| cinematography = [[Harry Stradling Sr.]]
| editing = Tom McAdoo
| studio = Warner Bros
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Start date|1960|09|02}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = United States
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

'''''The Crowded Sky''''' is a 1960 [[Technicolor]] drama movie produced by [[Michael Garrison (producer)|Michael Garrison]], directed by [[Joseph Pevney]],<ref name="The Crowded Sky">[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/26590/The-Crowded-Sky/ "Overview: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]'', 2019. Retrieved: August 12, 2019.</ref> and starring [[Dana Andrews]], [[Rhonda Fleming]], and [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iwMiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b04EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7431,1050882&dq=crowded-sky+pevney&hl=en "Crowded Sky cast set."] ''The Pittsburgh Press'', November 2, 1959. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> {{#tag:ref|In ''[[Airport 75]]'', both Efrem Zimbalist Jr. and Dana Andrews reprised their roles, but in a reversal, Andrews does the crashing.<ref name="Nixon"/>|group=Note}} ''The Crowded Sky'' is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by [[Hank Searls]]. The movie was distributed by [[Warner Bros.]]

The movie's story follows the back stories of the crew and passengers of a U.S. Navy jet and a commercial airliner carrying a full load of passengers during a bout of severe weather.<ref>Carlson 2012, p. 201.</ref> Other issues such as a malfunctioning radio make it nearly impossible to communicate with air traffic control and set the two aircraft on a collision course.<ref name="Nixon">Nixon, Rob. [http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/290086%7C0/The-Crowded-Sky.html "Articles: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]'', 2019. Retrieved: August 12, 2019.</ref>{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Plot==
A U.S. Navy [[Lockheed T2V SeaStar|Lockheed TV-2]] jet piloted by Commander Dale Heath (Efrem Zimbalist Jr.), with an enlisted man ([[Troy Donahue]]) as a rear passenger, runs into trouble as soon as the aircraft gets airborne. Both Heath's radio and his navigation system become disabled, with no way to correctly determine their altitude. At the same time, a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner, piloted by veteran Dick Barnett ([[Dana Andrews]]), is carrying a full passenger complement, each with their own worries and problems with which they must deal.

Both Barnett and Heath have their personal crises, including Heath's unhappy marriage to an unfaithful wife (Rhonda Fleming) and Barnett's long-time conflict with his co-pilot, Mike Rule ([[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]]). Rule has his own personal demons, including no meaningful relationship with his catatonic father, and an affair with head [[stewardess]] Kitty Foster ([[Anne Francis]]).

Both aircraft, through various errors with their flight paths, are now on a direct collision course that air traffic controllers are unable to avert. When the crash inevitably occurs, Heath sacrifices himself and his passenger by diving his plane at the last minute to avoid fatally damaging the airliner (making amends for a past air tragedy that he had caused by climbing at the last minute instead). The airliner is badly damaged, and Louis Capelli ([[Joe Mantell]]), the flight engineer, is blown out of the aircraft, falling to his death, while the rest of the passengers and crew fight for their lives. Even with one engine destroyed and a wing on fire, Barnett brings the airliner down safely, but accepts responsibility for the collision during the accident investigation. In the aftermath of the crash, Mike and Kitty are not only survivors but are now planning a future life together.

==Cast==
* [[Dana Andrews]] as Dick Barnett
* [[Rhonda Fleming]] as Cheryl Heath
* [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] as Dale Heath
* [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]] as Mike Rule
* [[Anne Francis]] as Kitty Foster
* [[Keenan Wynn]] as Nick Hyland
* [[Troy Donahue]] as McVey
* [[Joe Mantell]] as Louis Capelli
* [[Patsy Kelly]] as Gertrude Ross
* [[Donald May]] as Norm Coster
* [[Louis Quinn]] as Sidney Schreiber
* [[Ed Kemmer]] as Caesar (as Edward Kemmer)
* [[Tom Gilson]] as Rob Fermi
* Hollis Irving as Beatrice Wiley
* [[Paul Genge]] as Samuel N. Poole
* [[Nan Leslie]] as Bev
* Jean Willes as Gloria Panawek

==Production==
[[File:Screen shot The-Crowded Sky.png|thumb|Miniatures were used extensively to depict the aircraft in flight including the climactic crash scene.]]
Film rights to the novel ''The Crowded Sky'', written by a former U.S. Navy flyer, were sold before it was published.<ref>Witkin, Richard. "Heavy traffic over Amarillo: 'The Crowded Sky' by Hank Searis." ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 1960, p. BR42.</ref><ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "Paul Douglas will figure in 'Kidnap': Sturges to guide squadron; Russ discuss film exchange." ''Los Angeles Times'', December 1, 1958, p. C15.</ref> The screenplay extensively employs the device of characters thinking aloud. Screenwriter Charles Schnee felt that audiences at the time required more subtlety in characterization. Additional dialogue helped provide that, he concluded.<ref>Schumach, Murray. "Day of improved movie dialogue and characterization in offing." ''The New York Times'', June 25, 1959, p. 21.</ref>

''The Crowded Sky'' was the first movie role in more than a year for Dana Andrews, who had been appearing on Broadway in the play ''Two for the Seesaw''. Andrews described the movie "as a kind of ''[[The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944 film)|Bridge of San Luis Rey]]'' of the air".<ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "Pantomimist will spout beat' verse: Dana Andrews resumes acting; Oakie returns to Paramount." ''Los Angeles Times'', September 29, 1959, p. 27.</ref>

In order to prepare for his role, Zimbalist trained for 20 hours in a jet flight simulator to familiarize himself with the controls that his character would use.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m9smAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GnkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5472,663162&dq=crowded-sky+pevney&hl=en "Zimbalist takes pilot training for film role."] ''St. Petersburg Times'', August 2, 1960. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> For Troy Donahue, his role was a departure from the usual "teen heartthrob" films that he had made for [[Warner Bros.]]<ref>Maltin 1994, p. 236.</ref> The main theme music from ''[[A Summer Place]]'', Donahue's preceding movie, appears in the soundtrack. Principal photography began in mid-October and concluded in mid-November 1959.<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/26590/The-Crowded-Sky/original-print-info.html "Original Print Information: 'The Crowded Sky' (1960)."] ''Turner Classic Movies.'' Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref>

Even though the Dana Andrews character mentions he knows how to fly DC-7s, the actual plane used in the movie appears to be a Douglas DC-6.<ref>[http://impdb.org/index.php?title=The_Crowded_Sky "Douglas DC-6B"]
Fictitious airline Trans States using DC-6B N16020 of National Airlines, though no DC-6 seems to have carried that registration.</ref> The DC-7 has four-blade propellers. The DC-6 has three blades.

==Reception==
''The Crowded Sky'' was received with mixed reviews by audience and critics alike. As a progenitor of the [[disaster film]]s of the 1970s, it had some of the elements of the genre, but relied heavily on dialogue to the detriment of the impact of an aerial disaster. The ''Los Angeles Times'' called it "interesting but uneven".<ref>Scheuer, Philip K. "'Crowded Sky' planes keep date with destiny." ''Los Angeles Times'', September 1, 1960, p. C12.</ref>''Variety]'' gave a mixed review upon the movie's release, criticizing Pevney's directing, but praising the aerial scenes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y2pZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Crowded+Sky%22+Pevney&dq=%22Crowded+Sky%22+Pevney&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oDWnUZKYH_a-4APF04DACA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBzgK "The Crowded Sky."] ''Variety's Film Reviews: 1959-1963''. New Providence, New Jersey: R.R. Bowker, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-83522-789-6}}.</ref>

In a more critical review in ''The New York Times'', Eugene Archer called ''The Crowded Sky'' "reprehensible" because it exploited human tragedy. His review noted "Possibly a meaningful film could be developed from this theme, but as directed with an emphasis on sensationalism by Joseph Pevney, the effect is as meretricious as it is harrowing".<ref>Archer, Eugene. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B01E2DC153DEE3ABC4952DFB466838A679EDE "The Crowded Sky (1960)".] ''The New York Times'', February 11, 1961.</ref>

Modern reviews were more favorable. Glenn Erickson in ''DVD Talk'' gave a mostly positive review, but commented that ''The Crowded Sky'' came off more as an "unintentional comedy" than a serious drama movie.<ref>Erickson, Glenn. [http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3106crow.html "Review: The Crowded Sky."] ''DVD Talk'', January 25, 2010. Retrieved: August 26, 2014.</ref> Reviewer [[Leonard Maltin]] called it a "slick film focusing on emotional problems aboard jet liner and Navy plane bound for fateful collision; superficial but diverting".<ref>Maltin 2009, p. 300.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1960]]
* [[1957 Pacoima mid-air collision]], a 1957 collision of a military jet and civil airliner
* [[United Airlines Flight 736]], a 1958 collision of a military jet and civil airliner
* [[Hughes Airwest Flight 706]], a 1971 collision of a military jet and civil airliner

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Carlson, Mark. ''Flying on Film: A Century of Aviation in the Movies, 1912–2012''. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-219-0}}.
* Maltin, Leonard. ''Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia''. New York: Dutton, 1994. {{ISBN|0-525-93635-1}}.
* Maltin, Leonard. ''Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009''. New York: New American Library, 2009 (originally published as ''TV Movies'', then ''Leonard Maltin’s Movie & Video Guide''), First edition 1969, published annually since 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-451-22468-2}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0053742}}
* {{amg title|88270}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=26590}}
* {{AFI film|53124}}

{{Joseph Pevney}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crowded Sky, The}}
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960s disaster films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American aviation films]]
[[Category:American disaster films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about aviation accidents or incidents]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joseph Pevney]]
[[Category:Films scored by Leonard Rosenman]]
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]

Nuri (name)

2021-05-20T15:27:17Z

Tuttt: /* Surname */

{{Infobox given name
| name = Nuri
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Male given name (Arabic/Islamic, common in Turkey), male and female given name (Korean, Aramaic), Persian surname
| meaning = Arabic for "my light" (نور+ي), Aramaic for "my fire" (ܢܘܪܝ), old Korean for "world"(누리), Persian from Arabic
| region =
| language = Arabic, Aramaic, Korean, Persian, Japanese
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Nori, Nouri, Noori
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
| wikt = {{wiktionary|nuri}}
}}

'''Nuri''' (also spelled '''Nouri''', '''Noori''' or '''Noory''', {{lang-ar|نوري}}, {{lang-ko|누리}}, {{lang-syr|ܢܘܪܝ}}) is a name which may refer to:

==Given name==
*[[Nuri Badran]] (born 1943), Iraqi Minister of the Interior
*[[Bae Noo-ri]] (born 1993), South Korean actress
*[[Nuri Berköz]] (1889–1975), Azerbaijani general
*[[Nuri Boytorun]] (1908–1988), Turkish Olympic wrestler
*[[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]] (born 1959), Turkish filmmaker
*[[Nuri Demirağ]] (1886–1957), Turkish industrialist
*[[Nuri Killigil]] (1881–1949), general in the Ottoman army
*[[Nuri Kino]] (born 1965), Swedish journalist and filmmaker of Assyrian descent
*[[Nuri Montsé]] (1917–1971), Spanish-born Argentine film actress
*[[Nouri al-Maliki]] (born 1950), Prime Minister of Iraq
*[[Nuri Ok]] (born 1942), Turkish judge
*[[Nouri Ouznadji]], Algerian footballer
*[[Nuri as-Said]] (1888–1958), Iraqi politician
*[[Nuri Şahin]] (born 1988), Turkish international footballer
*[[Nuri Şahin (volleyball player)]] (born 1980), Turkish volleyball player
*[[Nuri Sojliu]] (1870–1940), signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
*[[Nuri Kamberi]] (1998–), Music producer from Slovakia

==Surname==
* [[NOURI (artist)]] (born 1993), New Zealand recording artist of Kurdish descent
* [[Abdelhak Nouri]] (born 1997), Dutch footballer
* [[Abdollah Nouri]], Iranian politician
* [[Alekhine Nouri]], Filipino [[FIDE]] master
* [[Alexander Nouri]] (born 1979), Iranian-German football manager
* [[Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri]], Iranian politician
* [[Alireza Noori]], Iranian politician
* [[Hossein Noori Hamedani]], Iranian ayatollah
* [[George Noory]], Late night radio talk show host
* [[Hossein Nuri]], Iranian painter, dramaturge, and filmmaker
* [[Kat Nouri]]''',''' Iranian-born American entrepreneur and inventor
* [[Michael Nouri]], Lebanese-American actor
* [[Mohammad Nouri (footballer)]], Iranian footballer
* [[Mohammad Nouri (singer)]], Iranian singer
* [[Milad Nouri (footballer born 1986)|Milad Nouri]], Iranian footballer
* [[Pejman Nouri]], Iranian footballer
* [[Pir Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri]], an Islamic saint
* [[Sayid Abdulloh Nuri]] (1947–2006), leader of the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan
* [[Shahab Sheikh Nuri]] (1932–1976), a Kurdish politician
* [[Sheikh Fazlollah Noori]], Iranian cleric
* [[Yochanan ben Nuri]], a Tanna of the first and second century CE

==See also==
*[[Nuri (disambiguation)]]

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Arabic-language surnames]]
[[Category:Arabic masculine given names]]
[[Category:Turkish masculine given names]]
[[Category:Korean unisex given names]]

Randy Atcher

2021-05-17T18:31:16Z

Tuttt: /* Biography */

{{Infobox person
|name = Randy Atcher
|birth_name = Randall Ignatius Atcher
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|12|07}}
|birth_place = Tiptop, Kentucky
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|10|09|1918|11|07}}
|death_place = Louisville, Kentucky
|occupation = American country musician, television host, narrator
}}
'''Randall Ignatius "Randy" Atcher''' (December 7, 1918 - October 9, 2002) was a Louisville, Ky radio and television personality.

Atcher was born in [[Tiptop, Kentucky]] and by the age of 15 was an accomplished and favorite entertainer. Atcher played [[guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[double bass]] and [[harmonica]] and was often heard with his musical "Atcher Family" on [[WHAS (AM)|WHAS AM radio]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. By the 1950s, Atcher was a popular entertainer in Louisville performing (and starring) on over 22 programs a week. Atcher died on October 9, 2002 in Louisville.

==Biography==
'''Randy Atcher''' was the fifth child of Mary Agnes (née Ray) and George Christopher Atcher. Soon after his birth, the family farm was taken as part of the [[Fort Knox]] reservation,<ref name= tunecore>{{cite web |url=https://web.tunecore.com/music/singingarecords |title=Bob Atcher - The Dean of the Cowboys |website=tunecore.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> and his family moved to [[North Dakota]], and then back to [[Kentucky]] when he was twelve. Atcher's father was a Kentucky State Champion old-time fiddler.<ref name= tunecore/>

Atcher quickly became an accomplished and favorite entertainer. In 1934, at the age of 15, he was listed as the "Yodeling Wonder" during a concert he performed with his brother Bob Atcher at Hustonville (Kentucky) High School.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hustonville |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/221940895/|work=Interior Journal |date=September 21, 1934 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Stanford, Kentucky }}</ref>

Atcher played [[guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[double bass]] and [[harmonica]] and was often heard with his musical "Atcher Family" on [[WHAS (AM)|WHAS AM radio]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. The family was first broadcast in 1932 on Louisville's [[WLAP]] AM radio station and then began a two and a half-year run on WHAS AM that ended in 1936.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Atcher Family |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660693909/|work=The Advocate-Messenger |date=November 8, 1935 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Danville, Kentucky }}</ref>

Atcher became a prolific entertainer at WHAS Radio and TV in Louisville. In 1959, at 12:15pm each day, he hosted a show called ''Randy Sings Ballads''. At 1:00pm, Randy and the Red River Ramblers performed an hour show. His children's show ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' aired every day at 4:00pm. On Saturdays, Atcher did the ''WHAS Old Kentucky Barn Dance'' that aired Saturdays from 6:00pm to 7:00pm and the ''Country Record Shop'' show from 7:30pm to 8:30pm. Atcher's popular barn dance show was also a featured attraction for two Saturday nights at the Kentucky State Fair.<ref name=Hillbilly>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillbilly-music.com/artists/story/index.php?id=13560 |title=Randy Atcher and the Red River Ramblers |website=hillbilly-music.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

==Early career==
Atcher originally performed with musician members of his family. A 1935 newspaper article listed "Bob Atcher, the 'Mountain Minstrel', Randall Atcher, the 'Laughing Yodeler', Dad, the 'Kentucky Fiddling Champion' and Francis, the 'Old Grin Boy'" on April 15, 1935 at Moreland High School in Danville, Kentucky and broadcast on WHAS AM radio. Readers were told they would "laugh 'till your sides ache'".<ref name="The Park City Daily News">{{cite news |title=Corbin Resident Named Leader of Freshman Class |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660693574|work=The Park City Daily News|date=October 30, 1936 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Bowling Green, Kentucky }}</ref>

===Interrupted college===
Atcher attended the [[Western Kentucky State College|Western Kentucky Teachers College]] in 1936. The "radio yodeler from West Point" won the position of vice-president of the freshman class.<ref name="The Park City Daily News"/> The [[Ohio River flood of 1937]] washed the Atcher family home at West Point away, and Atcher withdrew from the college, helping to rebuild the family home. He did not return to college, having decided to continue in entertainment.

===Return to broadcasting===
Later in 1937, Atcher joined the hillbilly radio troupe "Uncle Henry and His Kentucky Mountaineers".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kentucky Mountaineers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660886867/|work=The Park City Daily News|date=April 24, 1938 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Bowling Green, Kentucky }}</ref> In 1938, he joined "Sunshine Sue and Her Rock Creek Rangers", playing guitar and singing on WHAS AM radio. While a member of that troupe, Atcher also played the rube comedic character "Lemuel Q. Splutterfluss". In 1939 the group moved to WMOX AM in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Answers to Questions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107999241/|work=The Courier-Journal|date=May 16, 1938 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Louisville, Kentucky }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Loyal |date=October 8, 2008 |title=Country Music Humorists and Comedians |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Country_Music_Humorists_and_Comedians/|location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=65 |isbn=9780252033698}}</ref>

In 1938, he left Louisville for [[Chicago]] and put a band together there. He won slots performing on [[WYLL|WJJD]] and [[WBBM (AM)|WBBM]] and became a local star; he also recorded occasionally with his older brother, [[Bob Atcher]].

In 1941, Atcher joined his brother Bob and Bob's wife Laurena Applegate,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yourememberthat.com/comments/15172 |title=Bob Atcher And Churn Fresh Meadow Gold |website=yourememberthat.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> known as "Bonnie Blue Eyes" as "The Western Trio" on [[Ben Bernie]]'s ''Just Entertainment'' program. The program aired on Louisville's WHAS AM radio station Mondays through Fridays at 4:45 pm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Signs Kentucky Trio |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108371756/|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=November 10, 1941 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref>

==Military service==
Atcher stepped away from WJJD AM in Chicago and enlisted as a Private in the [[United States Army Air Forces]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Station-Albums/WJJD-Radio-at-War.pdf |title=A Salute to WJJD Men in the Armed Forces |website=worldradiohistory.com|publisher=WJJD Radio |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> saying "We were with [[Ben Bernie]]'s old orchestra on a tour at the time of Pearl Harbor. My birthday is December 7, so it's easy to remember. And I quit the troupe that night and came home and enlisted in the Air Force. When I went in the Air Force... I decided that I probably wouldn't go back into music when I got out of the service. But after four and a half years it was just so natural to go back to the entertaining that that's what I did."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews>{{cite web |url=https://www.louisvillemusicnews.net |title=Randy Atcher - Star of "T-Bar-V Ranch" and "Hayloft Hoedown" |website=Louisville Music News|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> Atcher mustered out having earned the rank of Major in the US Army Air Forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisville Flier, 25, Now Lieutenant Colonel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108393799/|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=November 5, 1943 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=UKY>{{cite web |url=http://nyx.uky.edu/dips/xt7sbc3svb8c/data/knu2004M02.xml |title=Guide to the Randy Atcher Collection, ca.1890-ca.2000 |website=nyx.uky.edu/|publisher=Kentucky History Center |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

==Later career==
Upon discharge from the Army, Atcher initially returned to WHAS AM radio as a performer on their ''Old Kentucky Barn Dance''. Atcher signed a solo recording contract with [[MGM Records]] and also recorded many songs with his brother Bob for [[Columbia Records]].

Atcher was heard and seen multiple times per day and per week with many different radio and later television shows. Atcher also performed at many local venues, singing and playing western music. In 1949, he appeared nightly at the Silver Creek Country Club in Jeffersonville, Indiana.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 30, 1949|title=Silver Creek Country Club|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/110349060/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

===Radio career===
In 1946, Atcher was hired as station musical director, helping sign WFRP AM radio on the air in Savannah, Georgia.<ref name=Hillbilly/> In 1947, Atcher returned to Louisville, where he and his Swinging Cowboys band were heard nightly on WHAS AM radio as well as every Sunday morning 7:15 am on a WHAS AM radio show entitled "Camp Meeting Singers.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 7, 1947|title=History in the Making |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/375661826/|work=Messenger-Inquirer|location=Owensboro, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 16, 1947|title=Hear the Bells |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108406428/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

Atcher left WHAS AM, moving in April, 1948 to WGRC AM.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 16, 1948|title=Bill Ladd's Almanac|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108411419/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> By December, 1948, Atcher had hired on as a booth announcer and singing talent on two music shows broadcast on Louisville's WKLO AM radio. He also worked there as a disk jockey hosting his country music themed "Randy A Show".<ref>{{cite news|date=December 5, 1948|title=With Benny Shifting, War of the Comics|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108433320/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> His shift featured country music, from 8am until 12 Noon, Monday through Friday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/87A361CE-B754-4660-BFF2-378520926820 |title=Object Record |website=kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com|publisher=Kentucky Historical Society |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

WHAS AM approached Atcher with a job offer. Atcher asked WKLO to pay him what they were paying another announcer, [[Foster Brooks]]. Atcher knew WKLO was paying Brooks' both a salary as well as paying his alimony. WKLO refused Atcher's request and Atcher went to WHAS AM.<ref name=Inman>{{cite book |last=Inman |first=David |date=2010|title=Louisville Television |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Louisville_Television/TXoBS7-nJ4QC?hl=en |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9780738586526}}</ref>

In 1950 through 1951, Atcher was a performer on the WHAS AM radio program "Circle Star Ranch".<ref name=Berea>{{cite web |url=https://berea.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=213&q=whas&rootcontentid=194987 |title=WHAS Radio Historical Collection, 1936-1967 - Berea College Special Collections and Archives Catalog|website=berea.libraryhost.com|publisher=Berea College |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

===Television career===
Atcher was a popular entertainer in Louisville. "At one time on WHAS, counting radio and television, we were doing 22 programs a week. I did three radio programs daily and on Friday night the ''Old Kentucky Barn Dance'' program on radio and then we did ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' five days a week and ''Hayloft Hoedown'', so we kept busy."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

===''T-Bar-V Ranch''===
Atcher appeared on WHAS TV's first television broadcast day in Louisville on March 27, 1950. During the station's first program, Atcher previewed his concept for a locally produced children's show ''T-Bar-V Ranch''. The next Monday, Atcher started his half-hour children's program. ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' aired at 4:00pm for almost 25 years, five days a week. Atcher said "At the time it (''T-Bar-V Ranch'') went off the air, it was the longest-running show with the same talent in the country."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/> It is estimated over 135,000 children had their birthdays celebrated during the show's broadcast run.<ref>{{cite web|work=Congressional Record - Senate |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/2002/10/16/CREC-2002-10-16-pt1-PgS10566.pdf|date=October 16, 2002|title=Tribute to Randy Atcher|access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

Atcher was the star of the show, and his [[sidekick]], "Cactus" (played by Tom Brooks), brother of actor and comedian [[Foster Brooks]]), sang songs, performed skits, and gave parenting tips and advice to their children audience.

Atcher wrote the theme song for the show. The lyrics included advice that urged his young viewers to "Brush your teeth each morning / Get lots of sleep at night / Mind your mom and daddy / 'Cause they know what is right."<ref name=Inman/>

In 1950, Atcher formed a new band, the Red River Rangers,<ref name=Berea/> who performed on every ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' show. The Red River Rangers band included George Workman on bass, Shorty Chesser on guitar, Bernie Smith on guitar and banjo, Sleepy Marlin on fiddle, and Tiny Thomale on piano. The band also performed live at local state fairs and events.

In 1953, [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] began advertising its [[hamburger]]s through the show, the first of several companies who contracted [[product placement]].

Speaking of ''T-Bar-V Ranch'''s reach, Atcher said "One of the things that I will always remember is in 1966 the State Department asked me to take some of our entertainers and entertain the troops in Santo Domingo and in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. ...we were in this, I think, a soccer stadium – it was a huge stadium – and we had arranged the program so that I would go out by myself to start and then bring each one of them out after I had sung a few songs. I walked out on the stage and a voice from way back in the crowd said, 'Well, I'll be damned, ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' time.' That was a real highlight to have that happen that far away."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

The show ran until 1970, when it was abruptly cancelled.

===''Hayloft Hoedown''===
Atcher starred in ''Hayloft Hoedown'', a weekly, Friday evening country music variety show that premiered on WHAS TV in June, 1951. Atcher was joined by his sidekick Tom "Cactus" Brooks and the Red River Rangers.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 17, 1951|title=Randy Atcher to Star in New TV Show|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/110331884/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> The show aired until 1971.

===Songwriting career===
Atcher wrote over 450 songs. Atcher also wrote the theme song for WHAS TV's ''T-Bar-V Ranch''. When the show first went on the air its theme song was "I Love the Prairie Country," a song by the Sons of the Pioneers. It was replaced by Atcher's original theme song a few years later.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

Originally, Atcher sang the traditional "Happy Birthday" song on "T-Bar-V", paying ASCAP for each singing of it. Atcher wrote his own birthday song for the program and the station did not have to pay for each performance of the new song.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

Many of Atcher's songs were used on the WHAS-TV programs. ''Hayloft Hoedown'' was always closed with a gospel hymn and Atcher's song ''The Golden Key'' was the most requested of those hymns. ''Hayloft Hoedown'' also had a goodnight song at the end of the program. "The parents used to tell me that their children would begin to cry when that song started because it meant they had to go to bed," Atcher read the words to the song:
''The time has come to say goodnight, Goodnight, goodnight. But we'll be here next Saturday, until then, goodnight''.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

===Costume===
Atcher wore a custom "Nudie" suit, made by the famous country-western tailor, [[Nudie Cohn]]. Atcher's suit is on display in the Kentucky Historical Society's permanent exhibit.<ref name=UKY/>

==Community service==
Atcher narrated over 600 non-fiction books over a 40 year period for Louisville's [[American Printing House for the Blind]].
<ref name=BioBook>{{cite web |url=http://passtheword.ky.gov/collection/randy-atcher-oral-history-project?order=field_interview_date&sort=desc |title=Randy Atcher Oral History Project |website=passtheword.ky.gov|publisher=Kentucky Historical Society |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> Atcher was a favorite regular performer on the annual Louisville fund-raising telethon [[WHAS Crusade for Children]].

==Death and burial==
Atcher died of lung cancer on October 9, 2002, at the Hospice & Palliative Care unit at Norton Audubon Hospital in Louisville. His body was buried at Evergreen Mausoleum in Louisville, Kentucky.

==Publications==
Atcher was the subject of a biography edited by Wade Hall and Greg Swem entitled ''A Song in Native Pastures: Randy Atcher's Life in Country Music''. The book was produced from a series of nine recordings of Atcher’s memoirs taped in 1969 through 2002 and transcribed by Hall and Swem.<ref name=BioBook/>

==Awards==
• 2019 Gold Circle Honoree, National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Ohio Valley Chapter<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiovalleyemmy.org/silvergold-circle/silver-and-gold-circle-honorees/ |title=Silver and Gold Circle Honorees |website=ohiovalleyemmy.org|publisher=Ohio Valley Chapter of NATAS |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

• 1994 Alexander Scourby Narrator of the Year, The American Federation for the Blind, New York, New York<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisville, Southern Indiana and Regional Area Deaths |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/362126086|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=October 11, 2002 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref>

• 1989 Musician of the Year, Louisville Federation of Musicians<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs artist|Randy Atcher}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atcher, Randy}}
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:Country musicians from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Singers from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Songwriters from Kentucky]]

Randy Atcher

2021-05-17T18:29:22Z

Tuttt:

{{Infobox person
|name = Randy Atcher
|birth_name = Randall Ignatius Atcher
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|12|07}}
|birth_place = Tiptop, Kentucky
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|10|09|1918|11|07}}
|death_place = Louisville, Kentucky
|occupation = American country musician, television host, narrator
}}
'''Randall Ignatius "Randy" Atcher''' (December 7, 1918 - October 9, 2002) was a Louisville, Ky radio and television personality.

Atcher was born in [[Tiptop, Kentucky]] and by the age of 15 was an accomplished and favorite entertainer. Atcher played [[guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[double bass]] and [[harmonica]] and was often heard with his musical "Atcher Family" on [[WHAS (AM)|WHAS AM radio]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. By the 1950s, Atcher was a popular entertainer in Louisville performing (and starring) on over 22 programs a week. Atcher died on October 9, 2002 in Louisville.

==Biography==
'''Randall Ignatius "Randy" Atcher''' was born in [[Tiptop, Kentucky]], the fifth of Mary Agnes (née Ray) and George Christopher Atcher's eight children. Soon after his birth, the family farm was taken as part of the [[Fort Knox]] reservation,<ref name= tunecore>{{cite web |url=https://web.tunecore.com/music/singingarecords |title=Bob Atcher - The Dean of the Cowboys |website=tunecore.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> and his family moved to [[North Dakota]], and then back to [[Kentucky]] when he was twelve. Atcher's father was a Kentucky State Champion old-time fiddler.<ref name= tunecore/>

Atcher quickly became an accomplished and favorite entertainer. In 1934, at the age of 15, he was listed as the "Yodeling Wonder" during a concert he performed with his brother Bob Atcher at Hustonville (Kentucky) High School.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hustonville |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/221940895/|work=Interior Journal |date=September 21, 1934 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Stanford, Kentucky }}</ref>

Atcher played [[guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[banjo]], [[double bass]] and [[harmonica]] and was often heard with his musical "Atcher Family" on [[WHAS (AM)|WHAS AM radio]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. The family was first broadcast in 1932 on Louisville's [[WLAP]] AM radio station and then began a two and a half-year run on WHAS AM that ended in 1936.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Atcher Family |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660693909/|work=The Advocate-Messenger |date=November 8, 1935 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Danville, Kentucky }}</ref>

Atcher became a prolific entertainer at WHAS Radio and TV in Louisville. In 1959, at 12:15pm each day, he hosted a show called ''Randy Sings Ballads''. At 1:00pm, Randy and the Red River Ramblers performed an hour show. His children's show ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' aired every day at 4:00pm. On Saturdays, Atcher did the ''WHAS Old Kentucky Barn Dance'' that aired Saturdays from 6:00pm to 7:00pm and the ''Country Record Shop'' show from 7:30pm to 8:30pm. Atcher's popular barn dance show was also a featured attraction for two Saturday nights at the Kentucky State Fair.<ref name=Hillbilly>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillbilly-music.com/artists/story/index.php?id=13560 |title=Randy Atcher and the Red River Ramblers |website=hillbilly-music.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

==Early career==
Atcher originally performed with musician members of his family. A 1935 newspaper article listed "Bob Atcher, the 'Mountain Minstrel', Randall Atcher, the 'Laughing Yodeler', Dad, the 'Kentucky Fiddling Champion' and Francis, the 'Old Grin Boy'" on April 15, 1935 at Moreland High School in Danville, Kentucky and broadcast on WHAS AM radio. Readers were told they would "laugh 'till your sides ache'".<ref name="The Park City Daily News">{{cite news |title=Corbin Resident Named Leader of Freshman Class |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660693574|work=The Park City Daily News|date=October 30, 1936 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Bowling Green, Kentucky }}</ref>

===Interrupted college===
Atcher attended the [[Western Kentucky State College|Western Kentucky Teachers College]] in 1936. The "radio yodeler from West Point" won the position of vice-president of the freshman class.<ref name="The Park City Daily News"/> The [[Ohio River flood of 1937]] washed the Atcher family home at West Point away, and Atcher withdrew from the college, helping to rebuild the family home. He did not return to college, having decided to continue in entertainment.

===Return to broadcasting===
Later in 1937, Atcher joined the hillbilly radio troupe "Uncle Henry and His Kentucky Mountaineers".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kentucky Mountaineers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/660886867/|work=The Park City Daily News|date=April 24, 1938 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Bowling Green, Kentucky }}</ref> In 1938, he joined "Sunshine Sue and Her Rock Creek Rangers", playing guitar and singing on WHAS AM radio. While a member of that troupe, Atcher also played the rube comedic character "Lemuel Q. Splutterfluss". In 1939 the group moved to WMOX AM in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Answers to Questions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107999241/|work=The Courier-Journal|date=May 16, 1938 |access-date=December 26, 2020|location=Louisville, Kentucky }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Loyal |date=October 8, 2008 |title=Country Music Humorists and Comedians |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Country_Music_Humorists_and_Comedians/|location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=65 |isbn=9780252033698}}</ref>

In 1938, he left Louisville for [[Chicago]] and put a band together there. He won slots performing on [[WYLL|WJJD]] and [[WBBM (AM)|WBBM]] and became a local star; he also recorded occasionally with his older brother, [[Bob Atcher]].

In 1941, Atcher joined his brother Bob and Bob's wife Laurena Applegate,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yourememberthat.com/comments/15172 |title=Bob Atcher And Churn Fresh Meadow Gold |website=yourememberthat.com|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> known as "Bonnie Blue Eyes" as "The Western Trio" on [[Ben Bernie]]'s ''Just Entertainment'' program. The program aired on Louisville's WHAS AM radio station Mondays through Fridays at 4:45 pm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Signs Kentucky Trio |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108371756/|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=November 10, 1941 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref>

==Military service==
Atcher stepped away from WJJD AM in Chicago and enlisted as a Private in the [[United States Army Air Forces]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Station-Albums/WJJD-Radio-at-War.pdf |title=A Salute to WJJD Men in the Armed Forces |website=worldradiohistory.com|publisher=WJJD Radio |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> saying "We were with [[Ben Bernie]]'s old orchestra on a tour at the time of Pearl Harbor. My birthday is December 7, so it's easy to remember. And I quit the troupe that night and came home and enlisted in the Air Force. When I went in the Air Force... I decided that I probably wouldn't go back into music when I got out of the service. But after four and a half years it was just so natural to go back to the entertaining that that's what I did."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews>{{cite web |url=https://www.louisvillemusicnews.net |title=Randy Atcher - Star of "T-Bar-V Ranch" and "Hayloft Hoedown" |website=Louisville Music News|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> Atcher mustered out having earned the rank of Major in the US Army Air Forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisville Flier, 25, Now Lieutenant Colonel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108393799/|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=November 5, 1943 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=UKY>{{cite web |url=http://nyx.uky.edu/dips/xt7sbc3svb8c/data/knu2004M02.xml |title=Guide to the Randy Atcher Collection, ca.1890-ca.2000 |website=nyx.uky.edu/|publisher=Kentucky History Center |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

==Later career==
Upon discharge from the Army, Atcher initially returned to WHAS AM radio as a performer on their ''Old Kentucky Barn Dance''. Atcher signed a solo recording contract with [[MGM Records]] and also recorded many songs with his brother Bob for [[Columbia Records]].

Atcher was heard and seen multiple times per day and per week with many different radio and later television shows. Atcher also performed at many local venues, singing and playing western music. In 1949, he appeared nightly at the Silver Creek Country Club in Jeffersonville, Indiana.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 30, 1949|title=Silver Creek Country Club|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/110349060/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

===Radio career===
In 1946, Atcher was hired as station musical director, helping sign WFRP AM radio on the air in Savannah, Georgia.<ref name=Hillbilly/> In 1947, Atcher returned to Louisville, where he and his Swinging Cowboys band were heard nightly on WHAS AM radio as well as every Sunday morning 7:15 am on a WHAS AM radio show entitled "Camp Meeting Singers.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 7, 1947|title=History in the Making |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/375661826/|work=Messenger-Inquirer|location=Owensboro, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 16, 1947|title=Hear the Bells |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108406428/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

Atcher left WHAS AM, moving in April, 1948 to WGRC AM.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 16, 1948|title=Bill Ladd's Almanac|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108411419/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> By December, 1948, Atcher had hired on as a booth announcer and singing talent on two music shows broadcast on Louisville's WKLO AM radio. He also worked there as a disk jockey hosting his country music themed "Randy A Show".<ref>{{cite news|date=December 5, 1948|title=With Benny Shifting, War of the Comics|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108433320/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> His shift featured country music, from 8am until 12 Noon, Monday through Friday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/87A361CE-B754-4660-BFF2-378520926820 |title=Object Record |website=kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com|publisher=Kentucky Historical Society |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

WHAS AM approached Atcher with a job offer. Atcher asked WKLO to pay him what they were paying another announcer, [[Foster Brooks]]. Atcher knew WKLO was paying Brooks' both a salary as well as paying his alimony. WKLO refused Atcher's request and Atcher went to WHAS AM.<ref name=Inman>{{cite book |last=Inman |first=David |date=2010|title=Louisville Television |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Louisville_Television/TXoBS7-nJ4QC?hl=en |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9780738586526}}</ref>

In 1950 through 1951, Atcher was a performer on the WHAS AM radio program "Circle Star Ranch".<ref name=Berea>{{cite web |url=https://berea.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=213&q=whas&rootcontentid=194987 |title=WHAS Radio Historical Collection, 1936-1967 - Berea College Special Collections and Archives Catalog|website=berea.libraryhost.com|publisher=Berea College |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

===Television career===
Atcher was a popular entertainer in Louisville. "At one time on WHAS, counting radio and television, we were doing 22 programs a week. I did three radio programs daily and on Friday night the ''Old Kentucky Barn Dance'' program on radio and then we did ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' five days a week and ''Hayloft Hoedown'', so we kept busy."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

===''T-Bar-V Ranch''===
Atcher appeared on WHAS TV's first television broadcast day in Louisville on March 27, 1950. During the station's first program, Atcher previewed his concept for a locally produced children's show ''T-Bar-V Ranch''. The next Monday, Atcher started his half-hour children's program. ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' aired at 4:00pm for almost 25 years, five days a week. Atcher said "At the time it (''T-Bar-V Ranch'') went off the air, it was the longest-running show with the same talent in the country."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/> It is estimated over 135,000 children had their birthdays celebrated during the show's broadcast run.<ref>{{cite web|work=Congressional Record - Senate |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/2002/10/16/CREC-2002-10-16-pt1-PgS10566.pdf|date=October 16, 2002|title=Tribute to Randy Atcher|access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

Atcher was the star of the show, and his [[sidekick]], "Cactus" (played by Tom Brooks), brother of actor and comedian [[Foster Brooks]]), sang songs, performed skits, and gave parenting tips and advice to their children audience.

Atcher wrote the theme song for the show. The lyrics included advice that urged his young viewers to "Brush your teeth each morning / Get lots of sleep at night / Mind your mom and daddy / 'Cause they know what is right."<ref name=Inman/>

In 1950, Atcher formed a new band, the Red River Rangers,<ref name=Berea/> who performed on every ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' show. The Red River Rangers band included George Workman on bass, Shorty Chesser on guitar, Bernie Smith on guitar and banjo, Sleepy Marlin on fiddle, and Tiny Thomale on piano. The band also performed live at local state fairs and events.

In 1953, [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] began advertising its [[hamburger]]s through the show, the first of several companies who contracted [[product placement]].

Speaking of ''T-Bar-V Ranch'''s reach, Atcher said "One of the things that I will always remember is in 1966 the State Department asked me to take some of our entertainers and entertain the troops in Santo Domingo and in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. ...we were in this, I think, a soccer stadium – it was a huge stadium – and we had arranged the program so that I would go out by myself to start and then bring each one of them out after I had sung a few songs. I walked out on the stage and a voice from way back in the crowd said, 'Well, I'll be damned, ''T-Bar-V Ranch'' time.' That was a real highlight to have that happen that far away."<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

The show ran until 1970, when it was abruptly cancelled.

===''Hayloft Hoedown''===
Atcher starred in ''Hayloft Hoedown'', a weekly, Friday evening country music variety show that premiered on WHAS TV in June, 1951. Atcher was joined by his sidekick Tom "Cactus" Brooks and the Red River Rangers.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 17, 1951|title=Randy Atcher to Star in New TV Show|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/110331884/|work=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> The show aired until 1971.

===Songwriting career===
Atcher wrote over 450 songs. Atcher also wrote the theme song for WHAS TV's ''T-Bar-V Ranch''. When the show first went on the air its theme song was "I Love the Prairie Country," a song by the Sons of the Pioneers. It was replaced by Atcher's original theme song a few years later.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

Originally, Atcher sang the traditional "Happy Birthday" song on "T-Bar-V", paying ASCAP for each singing of it. Atcher wrote his own birthday song for the program and the station did not have to pay for each performance of the new song.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

Many of Atcher's songs were used on the WHAS-TV programs. ''Hayloft Hoedown'' was always closed with a gospel hymn and Atcher's song ''The Golden Key'' was the most requested of those hymns. ''Hayloft Hoedown'' also had a goodnight song at the end of the program. "The parents used to tell me that their children would begin to cry when that song started because it meant they had to go to bed," Atcher read the words to the song:
''The time has come to say goodnight, Goodnight, goodnight. But we'll be here next Saturday, until then, goodnight''.<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

===Costume===
Atcher wore a custom "Nudie" suit, made by the famous country-western tailor, [[Nudie Cohn]]. Atcher's suit is on display in the Kentucky Historical Society's permanent exhibit.<ref name=UKY/>

==Community service==
Atcher narrated over 600 non-fiction books over a 40 year period for Louisville's [[American Printing House for the Blind]].
<ref name=BioBook>{{cite web |url=http://passtheword.ky.gov/collection/randy-atcher-oral-history-project?order=field_interview_date&sort=desc |title=Randy Atcher Oral History Project |website=passtheword.ky.gov|publisher=Kentucky Historical Society |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> Atcher was a favorite regular performer on the annual Louisville fund-raising telethon [[WHAS Crusade for Children]].

==Death and burial==
Atcher died of lung cancer on October 9, 2002, at the Hospice & Palliative Care unit at Norton Audubon Hospital in Louisville. His body was buried at Evergreen Mausoleum in Louisville, Kentucky.

==Publications==
Atcher was the subject of a biography edited by Wade Hall and Greg Swem entitled ''A Song in Native Pastures: Randy Atcher's Life in Country Music''. The book was produced from a series of nine recordings of Atcher’s memoirs taped in 1969 through 2002 and transcribed by Hall and Swem.<ref name=BioBook/>

==Awards==
• 2019 Gold Circle Honoree, National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Ohio Valley Chapter<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiovalleyemmy.org/silvergold-circle/silver-and-gold-circle-honorees/ |title=Silver and Gold Circle Honorees |website=ohiovalleyemmy.org|publisher=Ohio Valley Chapter of NATAS |access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

• 1994 Alexander Scourby Narrator of the Year, The American Federation for the Blind, New York, New York<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisville, Southern Indiana and Regional Area Deaths |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/362126086|work=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=October 11, 2002 |access-date=December 26, 2020 }}</ref>

• 1989 Musician of the Year, Louisville Federation of Musicians<ref name=LouisvilleMusicNews/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs artist|Randy Atcher}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atcher, Randy}}
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:Country musicians from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Singers from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Songwriters from Kentucky]]

Condensation cloud

2021-04-22T22:16:49Z

Tuttt:

{{short description|Observable at large explosions in humid air}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Crossroads baker explosion.jpg|thumb|A 21-kiloton underwater [[nuclear weapon]] test, the ''Baker'' shot of [[Operation Crossroads]], showing a Wilson cloud]]
[[File:Castle_Union.jpg|thumb|[[Mushroom cloud]] with multiple condensation rings from the [[Castle Union]] 6.9 Mt hydrogen bomb test]]

A transient '''condensation cloud''', also called a '''Wilson cloud''', is observable surrounding large [[explosion]]s in [[humidity|humid]] air.

When a [[nuclear weapon]] or a large amount of a conventional [[explosive]] is detonated in sufficiently [[humidity|humid]] air, the "negative phase" of the [[shock wave]] causes a [[rarefaction]] of the air surrounding the explosion, but not contained within it. This rarefaction results in a temporary cooling of that air, which causes a [[condensation]] of some of the water vapor contained in it. When the pressure and the temperature return to normal, the Wilson cloud dissipates.<ref>Glasstone, Samuel and Philip J. Dolan. ''The Effects of Nuclear Weapons'', U.S. Dept. Of Defense/ Dept. Of Energy; 3rd Edition (1977), p. 631</ref>

==Mechanism==

Since heat does not leave the affected air mass, this change of pressure is [[adiabatic process|adiabatic]], with an associated change of temperature. In humid air, the drop in temperature in the most rarefied portion of the shock wave can bring the air temperature below its [[dew point]], at which moisture condenses to form a visible [[cloud]] of microscopic water droplets. Since the pressure effect of the wave is reduced by its expansion (the same pressure effect is spread over a larger radius), the vapor effect also has a limited radius. Such vapor can also be seen in low pressure regions during [[g-force|high–g]] subsonic maneuvers of aircraft in humid conditions.

==Occurrence==

===Nuclear weapons testing===

Scientists observing the [[Operation Crossroads]] nuclear tests in 1946 at [[Bikini Atoll]] named that transitory cloud a "Wilson cloud" because the same pressure effect is employed in a [[Wilson cloud chamber]] to let condensation mark the tracks of electrically-charged [[sub-atomic particle]]s. Analysts of later nuclear bomb tests used the more general term ''condensation cloud''.

The shape of the shock wave, influenced by different speed in different altitudes, and the temperature and humidity of different atmospheric layers determines the appearance of the Wilson clouds. During [[nuclear test]]s, '''condensation rings''' around or above the fireball are commonly observed. Rings around the fireball may become stable and form rings around the rising stem of the [[mushroom cloud]].

The lifetime of the Wilson cloud during nuclear [[air burst]]s can be shortened by the [[thermal radiation]] from the fireball, which heats the cloud above to the dew point and evaporates the droplets.

===Non-nuclear explosions===
[[File:TNT detonation on Kaho'olawe Island during Operation Sailor Hat, shot Bravo, 1965.jpg|thumb|500 tons of [[trinitrotoluene|TNT]] detonated during [[Operation Sailor Hat]], showing a Wilson cloud]]
Any sufficiently large explosion, such as one caused by a large quantity of conventional explosives or a volcanic eruption, can create a condensation cloud,<ref name="c&en Beirut">{{cite web |last1=Howes |first1=Laura |title=The chemistry behind the Beirut explosion |url=https://cen.acs.org/safety/industrial-safety/chemistry-behind-Beirut-explosion/98/web/2020/08 |website=Chemical and Egineering News |accessdate=7 August 2020 |date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yokoo |first1=Akihiko |last2=Ishihara |first2=Kazuhiro |title=Analysis of pressure waves observed in Sakurajima eruption movies |journal=Earth, Planets, and Space |date=23 March 2007 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=177-181 |doi=10.1186/BF03352691 |url=https://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/BF03352691 |accessdate=7 August 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> as seen in [[Operation Sailor Hat]]<ref>{{cite web |title=KN-11352 Operation "Sailor Hat", 1965 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara-series/kn-series/KN-10000/KN-11352.html |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |accessdate=7 August 2020}}</ref> or in the 2020 [[2020 Beirut explosions|Beirut Port explosion]], where a very large Wilson cloud expanded outwards from the blast.<ref name="c&en Beirut"/>


===Aircraft===

The same kind of condensation cloud is sometimes seen above the wings of aircraft in a moist atmosphere. The top of a wing has a reduction of air pressure as part of the process of generating lift. This reduction in air pressure causes a cooling, just as above, and the condensation of water vapor. Hence, the small, transient clouds that appear.

The [[vapor cone]] of a [[transonic]] aircraft is another example of a condensation cloud.

==See also==
* [[Mushroom cloud]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Aerodynamics]]
[[Category:Physical phenomena]]
[[Category:Explosions]]
[[Category:Cloud types]]

Skydive Empuriabrava

2021-04-20T17:13:52Z

Tuttt: /* Exhibitions and collaborative projects */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = '''Skydive Empuriabrava'''
| logo =
| caption =
| type =
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = [[Castelló d'Empúries]], [[Girona (province)|Girona]], Catalonia, Spain
| founder = {{unbulleted list|Roland Hilfiker|Maria Peterson|Mitch Decoteau}}
| defunct = 
| location_city =
| location_country =
| locations = 1 (2014)
| area_served =
| key_people = {{unbulleted list |Jaume Comas Espigulé (CEO)|Juli Sargatal (IT, Marketing and Sales Manager)|Alberto Cardosa (Financial Manager)|Richard Pym (Operations Manager)}}
| industry = [[Privately held company|Privately]] sports, services at all levels of [[skydiving]]
| products =
| production =
| services = {{unbulleted list|Tandem skydiving|introductory and advanced courses|formation flying|freefly|piloting |wingsuit|formation flying|training for professionals|training teams for competition|introductory flights in light aircraft|private pilot courses}}
| revenue =
| operating_income = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}} €4.08 million (2006)|€3.35 million (2005)}}
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}}50 (2014)|40 (2005)|5 (1985)}}
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|skydiveempuriabrava.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Skydive Empuriabrava''' is the brand that has been commercially operating [[Empuriabrava Aerodrome]] (on the [[Empuriabrava]] residential estate of the town of [[Castelló d'Empúries]], [[Costa Brava]], [[Girona (province)|Girona province]], Catalonia, Spain) since 1985. Since it began operating its main activity has been skydiving although it also offers photo flights, aerial and tourist advertising, and runs a school of aviation for private pilots.

== History ==
[[File:Pista 17.jpg|thumb|300px|Runway 17]]
[[File:Panoramica aerodromo Empuriabrava.jpg|thumb|300px|Panoramic view of the aerodrome]]
[[File:Pista 35.jpg|thumb|300px|Empuriabrava Aerodrome, runway 35]]

Since 1973, weekends have been a time for [[skydiving]] at [[Empuriabrava Aerodrome]], managed by the ''ParaClub Girona'' section of ''Aeroclub Girona''. In 1975, the management of the aerodrome changed hands when it was bought by the company ''Promotora Deportiva del Ampurdán'', which in 1984 was sold to the company ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones''. This company leased the facilities to the company ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', the professional skydiving management firm. The business name of the aerodrome, which until then had been ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', changed to ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' in 1985.

In 1987, ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones'' sold the concern to the company ''Fórmula y Propiedades S.L''.

''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', the company in charge of the skydiving operations and tenant of ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones'', continued with the same lease arrangement for the facilities.

It was in this period that the aerodrome won acclaim in Europe for its work. ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', was founded in 1984 by the Italian-American Maria-Grazia Panozzo and Swiss Roland Hilfiker, as well as American Mitch Decoteau. The trio brought the method known as AFF ([[Accelerated freefall]]), developed by the "School of Human Flight" to the aerodrome. This innovative method shifted from the traditional static-line progression system to starting students with 12,500 ft jumps guided by professional instructors giving in-air signals to allow people to practice their positioning at terminal velocity. This method proved highly effective and is now the standard taught world-wide. In 1986, Jaime Comas Espigulé joined the company.

In 1985, work at the aerodrome involved five people and the company did not own any light aircraft: a [[Cesna|Cesna 207]], the first used at Girona airport, was rented. The first [[Pilatus Porter|Pilatus EC-EMZ]] was not bought until 1987, two years later.

The period from 1985 to 1994 saw the first milestones on a European scale. Jumps at [[Empuriabrava aerodrome]] rose from 12,000 to 35,000 a year. By 1985 it was now one of the few aviation centres open continuously throughout the year. The Christmas Boogie, an international event for [[skydivers]] who meet to take part in unusual competitions and group jumps, attracted 1,000 registered participants in 1987 and had to be moved to [[Girona Airport]] so that aircraft such as the [[DC-3]] and the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribou]] could be used. Freefall and precision landing jumps were performed and in 1992, with the arrival of the [[Olympic flame]] for the [[Barcelona Olympic Games]], a demonstration freefall jump featured a representation of the five [[Olympic rings]].

The aerodrome changed hands again: in 1994, Peter Jones, Ivan Coufal and Jaime Comas Espigulé bought ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'' and jumps at the aerodrome rose to 134,000 per year, making it the aerodrome with the highest number of jumps in the world. The meetings and exhibitions that had been staged for years became increasingly consolidated benchmarks on the world skydiving calendar. The mild winter temperatures of the [[Empordà]] region turned the Boogie Christmas meeting into Europe's largest event and required a much larger fleet of aircraft to cater for the 12,000 jumps. The Speed Star competition, which involves ten skydivers from the same team forming a star formation as fast as possible in the air, became a characteristic feature of the event. This was also a period of records and the site became home to the Spanish Formation Skydiving team and the French Freefly World Champion team. It also offered the highly spectacular discipline of wingsuit flying. In order to rationalise the business situation after all the aerodrome's changes of ownership over the years, in 2005 ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' acquired ''Fórmula y Propiedades SL'', which it owned until 2012 when the company was bought by a sovereign wealth fund from [[Dubai]] through the company Skydive Dutch BV. From that time onwards, investments were made in the facilities with a view to making it a key centre for skydiving lovers. It has now been the centre with the highest number of jumps in Europe since 1998.

=== Timeline ===
* 1985: Opening as a professional skydiving centre with a staff of 5 people. In the first year of operations alone, 25,000 jumps were made, thus making it Europe's leading aerodrome for number of jumps per year.
* 2001: the 134,000 jumps per year mark was reached. It became one of the world's top three skydiving centres.
* 2003: with 1,000,000 jumps made from the facilities since 1985, it became the world's first skydiving centre to reach this mark. The [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] used the occasion of the millionth jump to award [[Castelló d'Empúries]] the status of Sports Tourism Destination (DTE) for skydiving. It now had 40 staff and a number of associated satellite companies.
* 2013: 2,000,000 jumps made since it opened, with a yearly average of 100,000 jumps.

=== Facilities ===
[[File:Beechcraft 99.jpg|thumb|300px|Beechcraft 99]]
In addition to the [[hangar]]s, packing zone, private team rooms and onsite gas station, it has [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus Porter]] aircraft, a [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Twin Otter]] and a [[Beechcraft Model 99|Beechcraft 99]] (plane with the fastest take-off in Europe). The facilities also include offices and a bar and restaurant zone. Access is free.

== Services ==
It offers [[tandem skydiving]], beginner's flights and aerial photography work. The school offers formation skydiving courses for beginners and advanced students, freefly canopy, [[wingsuit flying]] (or wingsuiting), [[formation skydiving]] for top competition, training for top competition, and flight instruction for professionals.

== Competitions ==
[[File:Olav Zipser Space Ball and Space Games.jpg|thumb|300px|Olav Zipser Space Ball and Space Games]]
Skydive Empuriabrava not only holds rallies, seminars and minor competitions, but has also hosted top world sports events. It has organised the eighth World Formation Skydiving Championship (1989), two World Cups (1994 and 2002) and the fourth World Freestyle and Skysurfing Championship (1993). The 1993 Championship was attended by [[Patrick de Gayardon]] (inventor of skysurf and modern wingsuit flying), [[Olav Zipser]] (considered the father of the freefly discipline), [[Mike Michigan]] (freestyle pioneer) and [[Marco Manna]], considered the all-time best freestyler.

It also hosted the ninth Formation Skydiving World Cup (1994), the third POPS World Championship (1995), an [[Extreme Games]] (1996), the first Spanish Freestyle and Skysurfing Championship (1997), the first European 16-Way Formation Skydiving Championship (1998), the first 16-Way Formation Skydiving World Cup (1998), the twenty-fourth Spanish Skydiving Championship (2002), the thirteenth Skydiving World Cup (2002) and the twenty-fifth Spanish Skydiving Championship (2003).

From 2004 to 2006 it also hosted the King of Swoop competitions (initially known as the Beach Swoop Challenge), one of the world's most spectacular skydiving contests that brings together specialists in swooping, which is a landing technique based on [[speed]], [[distance]] and precision. This competition has been reinitiated in 2014.

Since 1989, and particularly since 1993, it has been the venue for Spanish, European and world competitions<ref>{{cite news|title=1998 16-Way World Meet|url=http://www.omniskore.com/comp/1998/16-way_wpc/results.htm|access-date=1998-03-21|work=Omniskore|publisher=Omniskore|date=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=13th FAI World Cup of Formation Skydiving|url=http://www.fai.org/ipc-events/ipc-events-calendar-and-results?id=31557&EventCalendarId=1884|access-date=2014-03-21|work=F.A.I. Parachuting|publisher=F.A.I. Parachuting|date=10 October 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051756/http://www.fai.org/ipc-events/ipc-events-calendar-and-results?id=31557&EventCalendarId=1884|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in different skydiving disciplines, notably freestyle, POPS, extreme games, swoop, [[skysurfing]], freefly and canopy formation skydiving.

=== Records set at the facilities ===
The following records have been set at the facilities:
* 2004 Women's European Canopy Formation record
* 2005 Spanish Canopy Formation Skydiving record, with 25 skydivers
* 2005 European Freefly record, with 28 skydivers<ref>{{cite journal|title=1er Record Européen de FREEFLY|journal=Para Mag France|date=1 July 2005|pages=31–34}}</ref>
* 2007 European Freefly record, with 40 skydivers
* 2009 European Freefly record, with 51 skydivers<ref>{{cite web|title=Empuriabrava se convierte en el escenario del nuevo récord de Europa de freefly|work=empordatv|date=December 2010|url=http://empordatv.cat/diari/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2789:empuriabrava-es-converteix-en-laescenari-del-nou-record-daeuropa-de-freefly&Itemid=58|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233616/http://empordatv.cat/diari/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2789:empuriabrava-es-converteix-en-laescenari-del-nou-record-daeuropa-de-freefly&Itemid=58|archive-date=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 European Freefly record, with 80 skydivers
* 2012 World Horizontal Freefall Speed record, reaching the 304-km/h mark.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Record 5/10/2012: 188.9 mph (304 km/h) in Empuriabrava|url=http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/press/|access-date=2014-03-21|work=Speed-tracking|publisher=Speed-tracking|date=5 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030124931/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/press/|archive-date=30 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 5 October 2012, the Swiss [[Marc Hauser (skydiver)|Marc Hauser]] set a first world record in speed tracking, a discipline he founded.<ref>[http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/the-project/ Marc Hauser's 'Speed Tracking' website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030130712/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/the-project/ |date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> The measured ground speed was 188.9 mph (304 km/h) over the [[drop zone|dropzone]] of Skydive Empuriabrava, Spain.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rapid Flight in Skydiving|url=http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/sport/weitere/Rasanter-Flug-in-den-Fallschirm/story/19735961|journal=Berner Zeitung |location=Switzerland|year = 2012}}</ref> Only a specially adapted [[skydiving]] suit was used (no [[wingsuit]], tracking suit, nor additional weights were used).<ref>*[http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/team/ "A specially-developed suit made for this speed flight will support Marc in using his body perfectly and release maximum power."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030135050/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/team/ |date=30 October 2014 }} by Tom Naef, Skydiving Professional, ''Speed Tracking.com'', retrieved 25 February 2014</ref>
* 2013 European Freefly Record, with 96 skydivers<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuevo récord mundial en paracaidismo|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/09/22/mas_deportes/deportes_aventura/1379878007.html|access-date=2014-03-21|work=Marca Newspaper|publisher=Marca Newspaper|date=22 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Skydive Empuriabrava' se consolida como potencia mundial con los récords de Europa y del mundo|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/deporte/campeonato-mundial/skydive-empuriabrava-se-consolida-como-potencia-mundial-con-los-records-de-europa-y-del-mundo_vsGOFgX04OmyFnRxm8EX2/|access-date=2014-03-21|work=lainformacion.com|publisher=lainformacion.com|date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208135026/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/deporte/campeonato-mundial/skydive-empuriabrava-se-consolida-como-potencia-mundial-con-los-records-de-europa-y-del-mundo_vsGOFgX04OmyFnRxm8EX2|archive-date=8 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2013 World Sequential Formation Skydiving record, with 106 skydivers
* 2014 [[Guinness Record]], tandem jumping to get 35 jumps in one hour when the record was in 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Un salt en paracaigudes de rècord inspirat en Bollywood|publisher=TV3|url=http://www.tv3.cat/3alacarta/#/videos/5216451|access-date=28 August 2014|date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=85 indians set world record in Girona skydive|publisher=Spanish news today|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/85-indians-set-world-record-in-girona-skydive_20262-a.html#.U_7Z2TLV_p4|access-date=28 August 2014|date=25 August 2014}}</ref>
* 2015 European Freefly Head Up, with 21 skydivers<ref>{{cite news|title=Preliminary record claim received|publisher=F.A.I. Air Sports Federation|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17695|access-date=19 October 2015|date=26 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201426/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17695|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Participation in world records ===
In order to promote the sport, the aerodrome supports highly ambitious sportspeople involved in official competitions or in setting world records. It has also been the training site for the Spanish National Skydiving Team and for other national teams that trained here prior to becoming world champions. Examples are the Swiss, the English women's team, the Belgian and the Russian teams, and the French team that was World Champion in 2003. This team included the French [[Babylon Freefly]] team, still currently considered the world leader as well as an organiser of top events and jumps, the school of which has run training at Empuriabrava since 2003. Skydive Empuriabrava has also been the training site for members of the "''Wings Project''" since it began, and later for different challenges such as the 15-km Strait of Gibraltar jump record in 2005.

The Empuriabrava Skydive team takes part in skydiving demonstrations worldwide and has achieved the following records:
* 1999 largest freefall World Record, [[Ubon Ratchathani]] ([[Thailand]]), 282 skydivers.
* 2003 largest freefall World Record: 13 December 2003, [[Eloy, Arizona|Eloy]] ([[Arizona]]), 300 skydivers
* 2004 largest freefall World Record: 6 February 2004, [[Korat]] ([[Thailand]]), 357 skydivers from around the world established a freefall formation at 280 km/h, which remained intact for exactly 6 seconds at a height of 24,000 feet (7,315 metres). The challenge, held to mark the 72nd birthday of the [[Queen of Thailand]], brought together the world's best jumpers on a historic occasion. Three skydivers from the Empuriabrava-Red Bull team ([[Santi Corella]], [[Félix Álvarez]] and [[Toni López]]), plus [[Alain Dony]], took part at the event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview Marcus Lazer|url=http://knowledge.freefalluniversity.co.uk/world_team_2004.asp|website=freefalluniversity.co.uk|publisher=Freefall University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725050924/http://knowledge.freefalluniversity.co.uk/world_team_2004.asp|archive-date=25 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2005 canopy formation World Record: [[Lake Wales]] (Florida), 85 skydivers. The head of the canopy formation flying school, Alain Dony, took part.<ref>{{cite news|title=2005 CANOPY FORMATION WORLD RECORD|url=http://floridaskydiving.com/FloridaSkydivingCenter/PastEvents/2005CanopyFormationWorldRecords.aspx|work=floridaskydiving.com/|publisher=Florida Skydiving|date=25 November 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140822100241/http://floridaskydiving.com/FloridaSkydivingCenter/PastEvents/2005CanopyFormationWorldRecords.aspx|archive-date=22 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2006 freefall formation World Record: February, also in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Largest freefall formation – 400 parachutists|url=http://www.fai.org/interesting-record/35081-largest-freefall-formation-400-parachutists|work=fai.org|publisher=F.A.I.|date=8 February 2006}}</ref> This time 400 skydivers from around the world established a freefall formation that stayed intact for 4.25 seconds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Skydiving team in record formation as 400 hold hands in free-fall jump.|journal=Daily Post |location=Liverpool, England|date=9 February 2006|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Skydiving+team+in+record+formation+as+400+hold+hands+in+free-fall...-a0141830548}}</ref>

=== Wings Project ===
After a project in [[Norway]], in 1999 members of the aerodrome team [[Santiago Corella]] and [[Toni López]], together with high-risk sportsman [[Álvaro Bultó]], came up with what was known as the "'''''Wings Project'''''" ("'''''Proyecto Alas'''''"), a professional skydiving and [[BASE jumping]] team whose objective was to tackle four challenges and overcome natural elements in special conditions such as [[relief]], temperature (extreme heat or cold) or lack of [[oxygen]], and skydive freefall with wingsuits. The initiative and training originated at Skydive Empuriabrava. While rising to these challenges, they twice beat the world record for human freefall flight, which they themselves had set.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frontera Límite|journal=Metrópoli|date=15 April 2005|page=55}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The constant flow of skydivers and accompanying parties and seasonal continuity has established a regularity that has earned ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' the ''"Espiga i Timó"'' Award of the Council of Castelló d'Empúries, the 22nd Tourism Night Award from the Girona School of Tourism, and the Association of Tourist Apartments ''"Sun of the Costa Brava"'' Award.

In 2003, the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] used the occasion of the millionth jump to award Castelló d'Empúries the status of Sports Tourism Destination (DTE) for skydiving, in acknowledgement of the facilities.

In 2010, the Generalitat of Catalonia recognised its outstanding contribution to tourism in [[Catalonia]] by awarding it the Tourism Diploma of Catalonia.

== Exhibitions and collaborative projects ==
[[File:Tandem Skydive.jpg|thumb|300px|Tandem Skydive]]
* Participation in reception of the [[Olympic flame]] at [[Empúries]] for the 1992 [[Barcelona Olympic Games]] with a demonstration freefall jump featuring a representation of the five [[Olympic rings]].
* Participation in the opening of the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games at Barcelona's [[Montjuïc Olympic Stadium]] (1992).
* January 1997, a jump to show solidarity with [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] kidnap victims, José Antonio Ortega and Cosme Delclaux.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Decenas de miles de personas exigen a ETA la liberación de Ortega Lara al año de apoyo secuestro|journal=El País|date=18 January 1997|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1997/01/18/espana/853542009_850215.html}}</ref>
* Spanish [[Formula 1 Grand Prix]].
* Formation of a [[black ribbon]] in [[freefall]] to show solidarity with the victims of the terrorist attacks of 11 March in Madrid (11 April 2004).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Un salto homenajea a las víctimas del 11-M|journal=Diario de Ibiza|date=13 April 2004}}</ref>
* Collaboration with Dalí Year on 8 October 2004, with a freefall representation of [[Dalí]]'s painting [[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Salto de Homenaje a Salvador Dalí – 2004 Año Dalí|date=8 October 2004|url=http://ca.joseplagares.com/sobre-mi/el-meu-esport/video/salt-dhomenatge-a-salvador-dali-2004-any-dali/}}</ref>
* Collaboration in several editions of Channel [[TV3 (Catalonia)|TV3]]'s fundraising "Marató".
* Since 2005, it has worked with the [[Children's Dream Foundation]] to make the dream of children with cancer and other serious illnesses a reality.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirarse en paracaídas|url=http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/television/tirarse-paracaidas/1012744/?s1=programas&s2=otros-programas&s3=para-todos-la-2&s4|publisher=RTVE|date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
* The music video for [[The Presets]] single "Fall" was filmed at the center circa 2013, with Airwax Freefly Team members Karine Joly and Gregory Crozier doubling for [[Julian Hamilton]] and [[Kim Moyes]] respectively.

== Book of honour ==
Its reputation as a stage for European and world titles, the quality of the challenges held at the facilities and its location on the [[Costa Brava]] attract famous sportspeople and public figures from different fields, and have made it a venue for the celebrations of other companies.

World acclaimed sportspeople from different disciplines, such as tennis players [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] and [[Sergi Bruguera]], motorcyclists [[Adam Raga]], [[Àlex Crivillé]] and [[Sete Gibernau]], racing driver [[Marc Gené]], world motorcycling champion [[Valentino Rossi]], [[Formula 1]] champion [[Michael Schumacher]], [[taekwondo]] expert [[Joel González]], swimmer [[Clara Basiana]] and sports-adventurer Álvaro Bultó, have jumped here. One famous anecdote is the story of Marta Ferrusola, wife of former President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, [[Jordi Pujol]], who made her first [[parachute jump]] from the facilities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marta Ferrusola salta en paracaídas|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1993/08/01/espana/744156011_850215.html|newspaper=El País|date=1 August 1993}}</ref>

It has also been used as a set for films and music videos. In the year 2000, [[Fatboy Slim]]'s music video ''"[[Sunset (Bird of Prey)|Bird of Prey]]"'' was filmed here, as were the exteriors, in March 2004, for the skydiving chase scenes from the French production ''Secret Agents'', featuring [[Monica Bellucci]] and [[Vincent Cassel]]. Later, in 2011, it was used to shoot the exteriors for the skydiving scenes from the feature ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' ('''You only live once'''), one of [[Bollywood]]'s most successful films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Un català triomfa a Bollywood|url=http://www.ara.cat/cultura/catala-triunfa-Bollywood_0_637136373.html|publisher=Diari Ara|date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.skydiveempuriabrava.com Web Skydive Empuriabrava]
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Skydive-Empuriabrava/44214266003 Facebook fan page for Skydive Empuriabrava] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://twitter.com/SkydiveEmpuria Twitter for Skydive Empuriabrava] {{in lang|es}}

[[Category:Air sports]]
[[Category:Parachuting in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Spain]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of Spain]]
[[Category:Companies based in Catalonia]]

Skydive Empuriabrava

2021-04-20T17:12:37Z

Tuttt: /* Exhibitions and collaborative projects */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = '''Skydive Empuriabrava'''
| logo =
| caption =
| type =
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = [[Castelló d'Empúries]], [[Girona (province)|Girona]], Catalonia, Spain
| founder = {{unbulleted list|Roland Hilfiker|Maria Peterson|Mitch Decoteau}}
| defunct = 
| location_city =
| location_country =
| locations = 1 (2014)
| area_served =
| key_people = {{unbulleted list |Jaume Comas Espigulé (CEO)|Juli Sargatal (IT, Marketing and Sales Manager)|Alberto Cardosa (Financial Manager)|Richard Pym (Operations Manager)}}
| industry = [[Privately held company|Privately]] sports, services at all levels of [[skydiving]]
| products =
| production =
| services = {{unbulleted list|Tandem skydiving|introductory and advanced courses|formation flying|freefly|piloting |wingsuit|formation flying|training for professionals|training teams for competition|introductory flights in light aircraft|private pilot courses}}
| revenue =
| operating_income = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}} €4.08 million (2006)|€3.35 million (2005)}}
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = {{unbulleted list|{{increase}}50 (2014)|40 (2005)|5 (1985)}}
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|skydiveempuriabrava.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Skydive Empuriabrava''' is the brand that has been commercially operating [[Empuriabrava Aerodrome]] (on the [[Empuriabrava]] residential estate of the town of [[Castelló d'Empúries]], [[Costa Brava]], [[Girona (province)|Girona province]], Catalonia, Spain) since 1985. Since it began operating its main activity has been skydiving although it also offers photo flights, aerial and tourist advertising, and runs a school of aviation for private pilots.

== History ==
[[File:Pista 17.jpg|thumb|300px|Runway 17]]
[[File:Panoramica aerodromo Empuriabrava.jpg|thumb|300px|Panoramic view of the aerodrome]]
[[File:Pista 35.jpg|thumb|300px|Empuriabrava Aerodrome, runway 35]]

Since 1973, weekends have been a time for [[skydiving]] at [[Empuriabrava Aerodrome]], managed by the ''ParaClub Girona'' section of ''Aeroclub Girona''. In 1975, the management of the aerodrome changed hands when it was bought by the company ''Promotora Deportiva del Ampurdán'', which in 1984 was sold to the company ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones''. This company leased the facilities to the company ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', the professional skydiving management firm. The business name of the aerodrome, which until then had been ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', changed to ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' in 1985.

In 1987, ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones'' sold the concern to the company ''Fórmula y Propiedades S.L''.

''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', the company in charge of the skydiving operations and tenant of ''Anglo Costa Brava de Inversiones'', continued with the same lease arrangement for the facilities.

It was in this period that the aerodrome won acclaim in Europe for its work. ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'', was founded in 1984 by the Italian-American Maria-Grazia Panozzo and Swiss Roland Hilfiker, as well as American Mitch Decoteau. The trio brought the method known as AFF ([[Accelerated freefall]]), developed by the "School of Human Flight" to the aerodrome. This innovative method shifted from the traditional static-line progression system to starting students with 12,500 ft jumps guided by professional instructors giving in-air signals to allow people to practice their positioning at terminal velocity. This method proved highly effective and is now the standard taught world-wide. In 1986, Jaime Comas Espigulé joined the company.

In 1985, work at the aerodrome involved five people and the company did not own any light aircraft: a [[Cesna|Cesna 207]], the first used at Girona airport, was rented. The first [[Pilatus Porter|Pilatus EC-EMZ]] was not bought until 1987, two years later.

The period from 1985 to 1994 saw the first milestones on a European scale. Jumps at [[Empuriabrava aerodrome]] rose from 12,000 to 35,000 a year. By 1985 it was now one of the few aviation centres open continuously throughout the year. The Christmas Boogie, an international event for [[skydivers]] who meet to take part in unusual competitions and group jumps, attracted 1,000 registered participants in 1987 and had to be moved to [[Girona Airport]] so that aircraft such as the [[DC-3]] and the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribou]] could be used. Freefall and precision landing jumps were performed and in 1992, with the arrival of the [[Olympic flame]] for the [[Barcelona Olympic Games]], a demonstration freefall jump featured a representation of the five [[Olympic rings]].

The aerodrome changed hands again: in 1994, Peter Jones, Ivan Coufal and Jaime Comas Espigulé bought ''Centro de Paracaidismo Costa Brava'' and jumps at the aerodrome rose to 134,000 per year, making it the aerodrome with the highest number of jumps in the world. The meetings and exhibitions that had been staged for years became increasingly consolidated benchmarks on the world skydiving calendar. The mild winter temperatures of the [[Empordà]] region turned the Boogie Christmas meeting into Europe's largest event and required a much larger fleet of aircraft to cater for the 12,000 jumps. The Speed Star competition, which involves ten skydivers from the same team forming a star formation as fast as possible in the air, became a characteristic feature of the event. This was also a period of records and the site became home to the Spanish Formation Skydiving team and the French Freefly World Champion team. It also offered the highly spectacular discipline of wingsuit flying. In order to rationalise the business situation after all the aerodrome's changes of ownership over the years, in 2005 ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' acquired ''Fórmula y Propiedades SL'', which it owned until 2012 when the company was bought by a sovereign wealth fund from [[Dubai]] through the company Skydive Dutch BV. From that time onwards, investments were made in the facilities with a view to making it a key centre for skydiving lovers. It has now been the centre with the highest number of jumps in Europe since 1998.

=== Timeline ===
* 1985: Opening as a professional skydiving centre with a staff of 5 people. In the first year of operations alone, 25,000 jumps were made, thus making it Europe's leading aerodrome for number of jumps per year.
* 2001: the 134,000 jumps per year mark was reached. It became one of the world's top three skydiving centres.
* 2003: with 1,000,000 jumps made from the facilities since 1985, it became the world's first skydiving centre to reach this mark. The [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] used the occasion of the millionth jump to award [[Castelló d'Empúries]] the status of Sports Tourism Destination (DTE) for skydiving. It now had 40 staff and a number of associated satellite companies.
* 2013: 2,000,000 jumps made since it opened, with a yearly average of 100,000 jumps.

=== Facilities ===
[[File:Beechcraft 99.jpg|thumb|300px|Beechcraft 99]]
In addition to the [[hangar]]s, packing zone, private team rooms and onsite gas station, it has [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus Porter]] aircraft, a [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland Twin Otter]] and a [[Beechcraft Model 99|Beechcraft 99]] (plane with the fastest take-off in Europe). The facilities also include offices and a bar and restaurant zone. Access is free.

== Services ==
It offers [[tandem skydiving]], beginner's flights and aerial photography work. The school offers formation skydiving courses for beginners and advanced students, freefly canopy, [[wingsuit flying]] (or wingsuiting), [[formation skydiving]] for top competition, training for top competition, and flight instruction for professionals.

== Competitions ==
[[File:Olav Zipser Space Ball and Space Games.jpg|thumb|300px|Olav Zipser Space Ball and Space Games]]
Skydive Empuriabrava not only holds rallies, seminars and minor competitions, but has also hosted top world sports events. It has organised the eighth World Formation Skydiving Championship (1989), two World Cups (1994 and 2002) and the fourth World Freestyle and Skysurfing Championship (1993). The 1993 Championship was attended by [[Patrick de Gayardon]] (inventor of skysurf and modern wingsuit flying), [[Olav Zipser]] (considered the father of the freefly discipline), [[Mike Michigan]] (freestyle pioneer) and [[Marco Manna]], considered the all-time best freestyler.

It also hosted the ninth Formation Skydiving World Cup (1994), the third POPS World Championship (1995), an [[Extreme Games]] (1996), the first Spanish Freestyle and Skysurfing Championship (1997), the first European 16-Way Formation Skydiving Championship (1998), the first 16-Way Formation Skydiving World Cup (1998), the twenty-fourth Spanish Skydiving Championship (2002), the thirteenth Skydiving World Cup (2002) and the twenty-fifth Spanish Skydiving Championship (2003).

From 2004 to 2006 it also hosted the King of Swoop competitions (initially known as the Beach Swoop Challenge), one of the world's most spectacular skydiving contests that brings together specialists in swooping, which is a landing technique based on [[speed]], [[distance]] and precision. This competition has been reinitiated in 2014.

Since 1989, and particularly since 1993, it has been the venue for Spanish, European and world competitions<ref>{{cite news|title=1998 16-Way World Meet|url=http://www.omniskore.com/comp/1998/16-way_wpc/results.htm|access-date=1998-03-21|work=Omniskore|publisher=Omniskore|date=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=13th FAI World Cup of Formation Skydiving|url=http://www.fai.org/ipc-events/ipc-events-calendar-and-results?id=31557&EventCalendarId=1884|access-date=2014-03-21|work=F.A.I. Parachuting|publisher=F.A.I. Parachuting|date=10 October 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051756/http://www.fai.org/ipc-events/ipc-events-calendar-and-results?id=31557&EventCalendarId=1884|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in different skydiving disciplines, notably freestyle, POPS, extreme games, swoop, [[skysurfing]], freefly and canopy formation skydiving.

=== Records set at the facilities ===
The following records have been set at the facilities:
* 2004 Women's European Canopy Formation record
* 2005 Spanish Canopy Formation Skydiving record, with 25 skydivers
* 2005 European Freefly record, with 28 skydivers<ref>{{cite journal|title=1er Record Européen de FREEFLY|journal=Para Mag France|date=1 July 2005|pages=31–34}}</ref>
* 2007 European Freefly record, with 40 skydivers
* 2009 European Freefly record, with 51 skydivers<ref>{{cite web|title=Empuriabrava se convierte en el escenario del nuevo récord de Europa de freefly|work=empordatv|date=December 2010|url=http://empordatv.cat/diari/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2789:empuriabrava-es-converteix-en-laescenari-del-nou-record-daeuropa-de-freefly&Itemid=58|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233616/http://empordatv.cat/diari/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2789:empuriabrava-es-converteix-en-laescenari-del-nou-record-daeuropa-de-freefly&Itemid=58|archive-date=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 European Freefly record, with 80 skydivers
* 2012 World Horizontal Freefall Speed record, reaching the 304-km/h mark.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Record 5/10/2012: 188.9 mph (304 km/h) in Empuriabrava|url=http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/press/|access-date=2014-03-21|work=Speed-tracking|publisher=Speed-tracking|date=5 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030124931/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/press/|archive-date=30 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 5 October 2012, the Swiss [[Marc Hauser (skydiver)|Marc Hauser]] set a first world record in speed tracking, a discipline he founded.<ref>[http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/the-project/ Marc Hauser's 'Speed Tracking' website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030130712/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/the-project/ |date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> The measured ground speed was 188.9 mph (304 km/h) over the [[drop zone|dropzone]] of Skydive Empuriabrava, Spain.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rapid Flight in Skydiving|url=http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/sport/weitere/Rasanter-Flug-in-den-Fallschirm/story/19735961|journal=Berner Zeitung |location=Switzerland|year = 2012}}</ref> Only a specially adapted [[skydiving]] suit was used (no [[wingsuit]], tracking suit, nor additional weights were used).<ref>*[http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/team/ "A specially-developed suit made for this speed flight will support Marc in using his body perfectly and release maximum power."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030135050/http://www.speed-tracking.com/english/team/ |date=30 October 2014 }} by Tom Naef, Skydiving Professional, ''Speed Tracking.com'', retrieved 25 February 2014</ref>
* 2013 European Freefly Record, with 96 skydivers<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuevo récord mundial en paracaidismo|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/09/22/mas_deportes/deportes_aventura/1379878007.html|access-date=2014-03-21|work=Marca Newspaper|publisher=Marca Newspaper|date=22 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Skydive Empuriabrava' se consolida como potencia mundial con los récords de Europa y del mundo|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/deporte/campeonato-mundial/skydive-empuriabrava-se-consolida-como-potencia-mundial-con-los-records-de-europa-y-del-mundo_vsGOFgX04OmyFnRxm8EX2/|access-date=2014-03-21|work=lainformacion.com|publisher=lainformacion.com|date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208135026/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/deporte/campeonato-mundial/skydive-empuriabrava-se-consolida-como-potencia-mundial-con-los-records-de-europa-y-del-mundo_vsGOFgX04OmyFnRxm8EX2|archive-date=8 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2013 World Sequential Formation Skydiving record, with 106 skydivers
* 2014 [[Guinness Record]], tandem jumping to get 35 jumps in one hour when the record was in 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Un salt en paracaigudes de rècord inspirat en Bollywood|publisher=TV3|url=http://www.tv3.cat/3alacarta/#/videos/5216451|access-date=28 August 2014|date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=85 indians set world record in Girona skydive|publisher=Spanish news today|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/85-indians-set-world-record-in-girona-skydive_20262-a.html#.U_7Z2TLV_p4|access-date=28 August 2014|date=25 August 2014}}</ref>
* 2015 European Freefly Head Up, with 21 skydivers<ref>{{cite news|title=Preliminary record claim received|publisher=F.A.I. Air Sports Federation|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17695|access-date=19 October 2015|date=26 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201426/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17695|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Participation in world records ===
In order to promote the sport, the aerodrome supports highly ambitious sportspeople involved in official competitions or in setting world records. It has also been the training site for the Spanish National Skydiving Team and for other national teams that trained here prior to becoming world champions. Examples are the Swiss, the English women's team, the Belgian and the Russian teams, and the French team that was World Champion in 2003. This team included the French [[Babylon Freefly]] team, still currently considered the world leader as well as an organiser of top events and jumps, the school of which has run training at Empuriabrava since 2003. Skydive Empuriabrava has also been the training site for members of the "''Wings Project''" since it began, and later for different challenges such as the 15-km Strait of Gibraltar jump record in 2005.

The Empuriabrava Skydive team takes part in skydiving demonstrations worldwide and has achieved the following records:
* 1999 largest freefall World Record, [[Ubon Ratchathani]] ([[Thailand]]), 282 skydivers.
* 2003 largest freefall World Record: 13 December 2003, [[Eloy, Arizona|Eloy]] ([[Arizona]]), 300 skydivers
* 2004 largest freefall World Record: 6 February 2004, [[Korat]] ([[Thailand]]), 357 skydivers from around the world established a freefall formation at 280 km/h, which remained intact for exactly 6 seconds at a height of 24,000 feet (7,315 metres). The challenge, held to mark the 72nd birthday of the [[Queen of Thailand]], brought together the world's best jumpers on a historic occasion. Three skydivers from the Empuriabrava-Red Bull team ([[Santi Corella]], [[Félix Álvarez]] and [[Toni López]]), plus [[Alain Dony]], took part at the event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview Marcus Lazer|url=http://knowledge.freefalluniversity.co.uk/world_team_2004.asp|website=freefalluniversity.co.uk|publisher=Freefall University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725050924/http://knowledge.freefalluniversity.co.uk/world_team_2004.asp|archive-date=25 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2005 canopy formation World Record: [[Lake Wales]] (Florida), 85 skydivers. The head of the canopy formation flying school, Alain Dony, took part.<ref>{{cite news|title=2005 CANOPY FORMATION WORLD RECORD|url=http://floridaskydiving.com/FloridaSkydivingCenter/PastEvents/2005CanopyFormationWorldRecords.aspx|work=floridaskydiving.com/|publisher=Florida Skydiving|date=25 November 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140822100241/http://floridaskydiving.com/FloridaSkydivingCenter/PastEvents/2005CanopyFormationWorldRecords.aspx|archive-date=22 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2006 freefall formation World Record: February, also in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Largest freefall formation – 400 parachutists|url=http://www.fai.org/interesting-record/35081-largest-freefall-formation-400-parachutists|work=fai.org|publisher=F.A.I.|date=8 February 2006}}</ref> This time 400 skydivers from around the world established a freefall formation that stayed intact for 4.25 seconds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Skydiving team in record formation as 400 hold hands in free-fall jump.|journal=Daily Post |location=Liverpool, England|date=9 February 2006|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Skydiving+team+in+record+formation+as+400+hold+hands+in+free-fall...-a0141830548}}</ref>

=== Wings Project ===
After a project in [[Norway]], in 1999 members of the aerodrome team [[Santiago Corella]] and [[Toni López]], together with high-risk sportsman [[Álvaro Bultó]], came up with what was known as the "'''''Wings Project'''''" ("'''''Proyecto Alas'''''"), a professional skydiving and [[BASE jumping]] team whose objective was to tackle four challenges and overcome natural elements in special conditions such as [[relief]], temperature (extreme heat or cold) or lack of [[oxygen]], and skydive freefall with wingsuits. The initiative and training originated at Skydive Empuriabrava. While rising to these challenges, they twice beat the world record for human freefall flight, which they themselves had set.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frontera Límite|journal=Metrópoli|date=15 April 2005|page=55}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The constant flow of skydivers and accompanying parties and seasonal continuity has established a regularity that has earned ''Skydive Empuriabrava'' the ''"Espiga i Timó"'' Award of the Council of Castelló d'Empúries, the 22nd Tourism Night Award from the Girona School of Tourism, and the Association of Tourist Apartments ''"Sun of the Costa Brava"'' Award.

In 2003, the [[Generalitat of Catalonia]] used the occasion of the millionth jump to award Castelló d'Empúries the status of Sports Tourism Destination (DTE) for skydiving, in acknowledgement of the facilities.

In 2010, the Generalitat of Catalonia recognised its outstanding contribution to tourism in [[Catalonia]] by awarding it the Tourism Diploma of Catalonia.

== Exhibitions and collaborative projects ==
[[File:Tandem Skydive.jpg|thumb|300px|Tandem Skydive]]
* Participation in reception of the [[Olympic flame]] at [[Empúries]] for the 1992 [[Barcelona Olympic Games]] with a demonstration freefall jump featuring a representation of the five [[Olympic rings]].
* Participation in the opening of the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games at Barcelona's [[Montjuïc Olympic Stadium]] (1992).
* January 1997, a jump to show solidarity with [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] kidnap victims, José Antonio Ortega and Cosme Delclaux.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Decenas de miles de personas exigen a ETA la liberación de Ortega Lara al año de apoyo secuestro|journal=El País|date=18 January 1997|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1997/01/18/espana/853542009_850215.html}}</ref>
* Spanish [[Formula 1 Grand Prix]].
* Formation of a [[black ribbon]] in [[freefall]] to show solidarity with the victims of the terrorist attacks of 11 March in Madrid (11 April 2004).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Un salto homenajea a las víctimas del 11-M|journal=Diario de Ibiza|date=13 April 2004}}</ref>
* Collaboration with Dalí Year on 8 October 2004, with a freefall representation of [[Dalí]]'s painting [[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Salto de Homenaje a Salvador Dalí – 2004 Año Dalí|date=8 October 2004|url=http://ca.joseplagares.com/sobre-mi/el-meu-esport/video/salt-dhomenatge-a-salvador-dali-2004-any-dali/}}</ref>
* Collaboration in several editions of Channel [[TV3 (Catalonia)|TV3]]'s fundraising "Marató".
* Since 2005, it has worked with the [[Children's Dream Foundation]] to make the dream of children with cancer and other serious illnesses a reality.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirarse en paracaídas|url=http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/television/tirarse-paracaidas/1012744/?s1=programas&s2=otros-programas&s3=para-todos-la-2&s4|publisher=RTVE|date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
* The music video for [[The Presets]] single "Fall" was filmed at the center circa 2013, with Airwax Freefly Team members Karine Joly and Gregory Crozier doubling for Julian Hamilton and Kim Moyes respectively.

== Book of honour ==
Its reputation as a stage for European and world titles, the quality of the challenges held at the facilities and its location on the [[Costa Brava]] attract famous sportspeople and public figures from different fields, and have made it a venue for the celebrations of other companies.

World acclaimed sportspeople from different disciplines, such as tennis players [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] and [[Sergi Bruguera]], motorcyclists [[Adam Raga]], [[Àlex Crivillé]] and [[Sete Gibernau]], racing driver [[Marc Gené]], world motorcycling champion [[Valentino Rossi]], [[Formula 1]] champion [[Michael Schumacher]], [[taekwondo]] expert [[Joel González]], swimmer [[Clara Basiana]] and sports-adventurer Álvaro Bultó, have jumped here. One famous anecdote is the story of Marta Ferrusola, wife of former President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, [[Jordi Pujol]], who made her first [[parachute jump]] from the facilities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marta Ferrusola salta en paracaídas|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1993/08/01/espana/744156011_850215.html|newspaper=El País|date=1 August 1993}}</ref>

It has also been used as a set for films and music videos. In the year 2000, [[Fatboy Slim]]'s music video ''"[[Sunset (Bird of Prey)|Bird of Prey]]"'' was filmed here, as were the exteriors, in March 2004, for the skydiving chase scenes from the French production ''Secret Agents'', featuring [[Monica Bellucci]] and [[Vincent Cassel]]. Later, in 2011, it was used to shoot the exteriors for the skydiving scenes from the feature ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' ('''You only live once'''), one of [[Bollywood]]'s most successful films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Un català triomfa a Bollywood|url=http://www.ara.cat/cultura/catala-triunfa-Bollywood_0_637136373.html|publisher=Diari Ara|date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.skydiveempuriabrava.com Web Skydive Empuriabrava]
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Skydive-Empuriabrava/44214266003 Facebook fan page for Skydive Empuriabrava] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://twitter.com/SkydiveEmpuria Twitter for Skydive Empuriabrava] {{in lang|es}}

[[Category:Air sports]]
[[Category:Parachuting in Spain]]
[[Category:Sport in Spain]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of Spain]]
[[Category:Companies based in Catalonia]]

One for the Angels

2021-04-09T17:34:11Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox television episode
| title = One for the Angels
| series = [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]
| image = Ed Wynn Twilight Zone 1959.jpg
| season = 1
| episode = 2
| music = [[Production music|Stock]] (mostly from [[Bernard Herrmann]]'s "Outer Space Suite")
| airdate = October 9, 1959
| production = 173-3608
| writer = [[Rod Serling]]
| director = [[Robert Parrish]]
| photographer = [[George T. Clemens]]
| guests = {{plainlist|
* [[Ed Wynn]]: Lewis J. "Lew" Bookman
* [[Murray Hamilton]]: [[Death (personification)|Mr. Death]]
* Dana Dillaway: Maggie Polanski<ref>{{cite web|title=Complete Episode Guide|url=http://www.twilightzonemuseum.com/show/01.php}}</ref>}}
| season_article = The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 1)
| episode_list = List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes
| prev = [[Where Is Everybody?]]
| next = [[Mr. Denton on Doomsday]]
}}
"'''One for the Angels'''" is the second episode of the American [[anthology series|anthology]] [[television series]] ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]''. It originally aired on October 9, 1959 on [[CBS]].

==Opening narration==
{{cquote|Street scene: Summer. The present. Man on a sidewalk named Lew Bookman, age sixtyish. Occupation: [[Hawker (trade)|pitchman]]. Lew Bookman, a fixture of the summer, a rather minor component to a hot July, a nondescript, commonplace little man whose life is a treadmill built out of sidewalks. And in just a moment, Lew Bookman will have to concern himself with survival – because as of three o'clock this hot July afternoon, he'll be stalked by [[Death (personification)|Mr. Death]].
}}

==Plot==
Lew Bookman is a kindly sidewalk pitchman who sells and repairs toys, [[notions (sewing)|notions]], and trinkets, and is adored by the neighborhood children. One day, Bookman is visited by Mr. Death, who tells him that he is to die at midnight of [[death by natural causes|natural causes]]. Unable to dissuade Death by convincing him he has great achievements in the works that must be completed, Bookman eventually convinces him to wait until he has made his greatest sales pitch: "one for the angels". After Death has agreed to the extension and asks when this grand pitch might take place, Bookman announces he is retiring, smug that he has successfully cheated Death. Death concedes Bookman has found a loophole in their agreement, but warns that someone else now has to die in his place. Death chooses Maggie, a little girl who lives in Bookman's apartment building and is a friend of his.

Maggie is hit by a truck and falls into a [[coma]]; Death intends to be in her room at the stroke of midnight to claim her. Bookman begs Death to take him instead, but Death is adamant; a deal is a deal. Bookman gets out his wares and begins to eloquently boost one item after another, making the greatest sales pitch of his life—one so great that he entices Death himself to buy item after item until all of the wares in his case are sold. With one minute remaining before midnight, he offers his "[[Piece de Resistance]]", he pitches himself as the ultimate [[manservant]]. Death is so moved, that midnight passes and he the misses his appointment with Maggie. Maggie awakens and, as her doctor leaves the apartment and sees Bookman, he assures him that Maggie will live.

Death observes that by making that great sales pitch, Bookman has met the original terms of their deal. Now content and willing to accept his fate, Bookman leaves for [[Heaven]] with Death. He fetches his case of wares to bring with him, remarking that "you never know who might need something up there". He looks to Death, adding hopefully, "Up there?" and Death replies, "Up there, Mr. Bookman. You made it."

==Closing narration==
{{cquote|Lewis J. Bookman, age sixtyish. Occupation: pitchman. Formerly a fixture of the summer, formerly a rather minor component to a hot July. But, throughout his life, a man beloved by the children, and therefore, a most important man. Couldn't happen, you say? Probably not in most places – but it did happen in the Twilight Zone.
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Zicree|first=Marc Scott|title=The Twilight Zone Companion|publisher=Sillman-James Press|year=1982|edition=second}}
* {{cite book|last=DeVoe|first=Bill|year=2008|title=Trivia from The Twilight Zone|location=Albany, GA|publisher=Bear Manor Media|isbn=978-1-59393-136-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Grams|first=Martin|year=2008|title=The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic|location=Churchville, MD|publisher=OTR Publishing|isbn=978-0-9703310-9-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Sander|first=Gordon F.|title=Serling: the rise and twilight of television's last angry man|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1992|isbn=0-525-93550-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode}}
* {{tv.com episode}}

{{The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:One For The Angels}}
[[Category:The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 1) episodes]]
[[Category:1959 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Rod Serling]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1960]]
[[Category:Television episodes about personifications of death]]

Dust (The Twilight Zone)

2021-04-09T17:31:11Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Dust (''The Twilight Zone'')}}
{{Infobox television episode
| title = Dust
| series = [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]
| image =
| caption =
| season = 2
| episode = 12
| airdate = January 6, 1961
| production = 173-3653
| writer = [[Rod Serling]]
| director = [[Douglas Heyes]]
| guests = * [[Thomas Gomez]]
* [[Vladimir Sokoloff (actor)|Vladimir Sokoloff]]
* [[John Larch]]
* [[John Alonzo]]
* [[Paul Genge]]
* [[Dorothy Adams]]
| music = [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
| season_article = The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 2)
| episode_list = List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes
| prev = [[The Night of the Meek]]
| next = [[Back There]]
}}

"'''Dust'''" is episode 48 of the American television [[anthology series]] ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]''. It originally aired on January 6, 1961 on [[CBS]].

==Opening narration==
{{cquote|There was a village. Built of crumbling clay and rotting wood. And it squatted ugly under a broiling sun like a sick and mangy animal wanting to die. This village had a virus, shared by its people. It was the germ of squalor, of hopelessness, of a loss of faith. With the faithless, the hopeless, the misery-laden, there is time, ample time, to engage in one of the other pursuits of men. They began to destroy themselves.}}

==Plot==
Set in the Old West in a desolate barren town, Sykes, an unscrupulous peddler, after selling the [[executioner]] some five-strand rope needed for a [[hanging]], sells a bag of "magic" dust to Gallegos, the condemned man's father. The condemned man, Luis, had been found guilty of accidentally causing the death of a child. Sykes collects ordinary dirt from the ground and insists to his mark that it will spread good will throughout the crowd and will make them feel love and sympathy for the man sentenced to be hanged.

As the crowd gathers for the hanging, Gallegos cries out and starts sprinkling the dust everywhere. To his dismay, he hears the trapdoor drop behind him and turns... to see that the fresh and sturdy rope has snapped above the noose, and Luis is unharmed. When asked if another hanging attempt should be made, the girl's parents decide that it should not, that Luis has suffered enough and maybe they have had a sign from God. As father and son walk home, Sykes discovers that he is also affected by the "magic". He throws his gold pieces from the sale of the dust to the poor children of the town, insisting that they have them.

"That what she is. Magic!" he exclaims, as he walks away, laughing.

==Closing narration==
{{cquote|It was a very small, misery-laden village. On the day of a hanging. And of little historical consequence. And if there's any moral to it at all, let's say that in any quest for magic, and any search for sorcery, witchery, legerdemain, first check the human heart. For inside this deep place is a wizardry that costs far more than a few pieces of gold. Tonight's case in point - in the Twilight Zone.}}

==Cast==
* [[Thomas Gomez]] as Sykes
* [[Vladimir Sokoloff (actor)|Vladimir Sokoloff]] as Gallegos
* [[John Larch]] as The Sheriff
* [[John Alonzo]] as Luis Gallegos
* [[Paul Genge]] as John Canfield
* [[Dorothy Adams]] as Mrs. Canfield
* [[Duane Grey]] as Rogers
* [[Andrea Darvi]] as Estrellita Gallegos
* [[Jon Lormer]] as Man
* [[Doug Heyes, Jr.]] as Farmer Boy
* Robert McCord as Lawman
* [[Dan White (actor)|Dan White]] as Second Man

==See also==
* [[List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes|List of ''The Twilight Zone'' (1959 TV series) episodes]]

==References==
*DeVoe, Bill. (2008). ''Trivia from The Twilight Zone''. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-136-0}}
*Grams, Martin. (2008). ''The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic''. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-9703310-9-0}}

==External links==
* {{imdb episode|0734564}}
* {{tv.com episode|12632}}

{{The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes}}

[[Category:1961 American television episodes]]
[[Category:The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 2) episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Rod Serling]]

One for the Angels

2021-04-01T15:55:17Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox television episode
| title = One for the Angels
| series = [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]
| image = Ed Wynn Twilight Zone 1959.jpg
| season = 1
| episode = 2
| music = [[Production music|Stock]] (mostly from [[Bernard Herrmann]]'s "Outer Space Suite")
| airdate = October 9, 1959
| production = 173-3608
| writer = [[Rod Serling]]
| director = [[Robert Parrish]]
| photographer = [[George T. Clemens]]
| guests = {{plainlist|
* [[Ed Wynn]]
* [[Murray Hamilton]]}}
| season_article = The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 1)
| episode_list = List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes
| prev = [[Where Is Everybody?]]
| next = [[Mr. Denton on Doomsday]]
}}
"'''One for the Angels'''" is the second episode of the American [[anthology series|anthology]] [[television series]] ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]''. It originally aired on October 9, 1959 on [[CBS]].

==Opening narration==
{{cquote|Street scene: Summer. The present. Man on a sidewalk named Lew Bookman, age sixtyish. Occupation: [[Hawker (trade)|pitchman]]. Lew Bookman, a fixture of the summer, a rather minor component to a hot July, a nondescript, commonplace little man whose life is a treadmill built out of sidewalks. And in just a moment, Lew Bookman will have to concern himself with survival – because as of three o'clock this hot July afternoon, he'll be stalked by [[Death (personification)|Mr. Death]].
}}

==Plot==
Lew Bookman is a kindly sidewalk pitchman who sells and repairs toys, [[notions (sewing)|notions]], and trinkets, and is adored by the neighborhood children. One day, Bookman is visited by Mr. Death, who tells him that he is to die at midnight of [[death by natural causes|natural causes]]. Unable to dissuade Death by convincing him he has great achievements in the works that must be completed, Bookman eventually convinces him to wait until he has made his greatest sales pitch: "one for the angels". After Death has agreed to the extension and asks when this grand pitch might take place, Bookman announces he is retiring, smug that he has successfully cheated Death. Death concedes Bookman has found a loophole in their agreement, but warns that someone else now has to die in his place. Death chooses Maggie, a little girl who lives in Bookman's apartment building and is a friend of his.

Maggie is hit by a truck and falls into a [[coma]]; Death intends to be in her room at the stroke of midnight to claim her. Bookman begs Death to take him instead, but Death is adamant; a deal is a deal. Bookman gets out his wares and begins to eloquently boost one item after another, making the greatest sales pitch of his life—one so great that he entices Death himself to buy item after item until all of the wares in his case are sold. With one minute remaining before midnight, he offers his "[[Piece de Resistance]]", he pitches himself as the ultimate [[manservant]]. Death is so moved, that midnight passes and he the misses his appointment with Maggie. Maggie awakens and, as her doctor leaves the apartment and sees Bookman, he assures him that Maggie will live.

Death observes that by making that great sales pitch, Bookman has met the original terms of their deal. Now content and willing to accept his fate, Bookman leaves for [[Heaven]] with Death; he brings his case of wares with him, remarking that "you never know who might need something up there". He looks to Death, adding hopefully, "Up there?" and Death replies, "Up there, Mr. Bookman. You made it."

==Closing narration==
{{cquote|Lewis J. Bookman, age sixtyish. Occupation: pitchman. Formerly a fixture of the summer, formerly a rather minor component to a hot July. But, throughout his life, a man beloved by the children, and therefore, a most important man. Couldn't happen, you say? Probably not in most places – but it did happen in the Twilight Zone.
}}

==Cast==
* [[Ed Wynn]] as Lewis J. "Lew" Bookman
* [[Murray Hamilton]] as [[Death (personification)|Mr. Death]]
* Dana Dillaway as Maggie Polanski<ref>{{cite web|title=Complete Episode Guide |url=http://www.twilightzonemuseum.com/show/01.php}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* Zicree, Marc Scott: ''The Twilight Zone Companion''. Sillman-James Press, 1982 (second edition)
*DeVoe, Bill. (2008). ''Trivia from The Twilight Zone''. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-136-0}}
*Grams, Martin. (2008). ''The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic''. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-9703310-9-0}}
* Sander, Gordon F. ''Serling: the rise and twilight of television's last angry man.'' New York: Penguin Books, 1992. {{ISBN|0-525-93550-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode}}
* {{tv.com episode}}

{{The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:One For The Angels}}
[[Category:The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 1) episodes]]
[[Category:1959 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Rod Serling]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1960]]
[[Category:Television episodes about personifications of death]]

List of Blade Runner (franchise) characters

2021-01-26T21:04:11Z

Tuttt: /* J.F. Sebastian */

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Blade Runner'' characters}}
''[[Blade Runner]]'' is a 1982 American [[neo-noir]] [[science fiction film]] directed by [[Ridley Scott]], which stars [[Harrison Ford]], [[Rutger Hauer]], [[Sean Young]], and [[Edward James Olmos]]. Written by [[Hampton Fancher]] and [[David Peoples]], the film is an [[film adaptation|adaptation]] of the 1968 novel ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'' by [[Philip K. Dick]].

Its 2017 sequel, ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'', stars [[Ryan Gosling]] and [[Harrison Ford]], with [[Ana de Armas]], [[Sylvia Hoeks]], [[Robin Wright]], [[Mackenzie Davis]], [[Carla Juri]], [[Lennie James]], [[Dave Bautista]] and [[Jared Leto]].

==Characters in both films==
{{anchor|Characters that each appear in both films }}
=== Rick Deckard ===
{{main|Rick Deckard}}
'''Rick Deckard''' is a "blade runner", a special agent in the Los Angeles police department employed to hunt down and "[[Capital punishment|retire]]" [[replicant]]s. His ID number is B-263-54, which is stated twice in both the 1992 Director's Cut and the 25th-anniversary Final Cut of the film.

He is the [[protagonist]] of the film and the [[narrator]] in the original theatrical release.

Agent Deckard was played by [[Harrison Ford]].

=== Gaff ===
'''Gaff''' is a Los Angeles police officer who escorts Deckard throughout his mission. He primarily uses "Cityspeak", a [[creole language|creole]] of [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], which Deckard pretends not to understand.<ref> Edit: Gaff speaks Cityspeak to Deckard at the noodle bar at the start of the movie. Although Deckard feigns not understanding, he says of Cityspeak in his narration that "I didn't need an interpreter. I knew the lingo. Every good cop did."[https://web.archive.org/web/20070106232536/http://www.brmovie.com/FAQs/BR_FAQ_Language.htm The Blade Runner FAQ] (via [[Internet Archive]])</ref> Gaff is never shown participating in Deckard's investigation, preferring to linger in the background crafting [[origami]] figures.

Gaff was played by American actor/director [[Edward James Olmos]].

The [[Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human|sequel novel]] to ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'' by K. W. Jeter mentions that Gaff is killed in the line of duty. At the beginning of the novel, Bryant has just returned from the funeral and expresses his distaste for the Cityspeak written on Gaff's [[headstone]].

In the sequel film, ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'', Gaff is questioned by Officer K ([[Ryan Gosling]]) in a retirement home asking about Deckard's whereabouts.

=== Rachael ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner]] [[Replicant]]
|image =
|gender = Female
|name = Rachael
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-7 N7FAA52318
|portrayer = [[Sean Young]]
}}

'''Rachael''', sometimes referred to as '''Rachael Tyrell''', was the latest experiment of Eldon Tyrell, and the sole Nexus-7 replicant. He believed that since the replicants had such a limited lifespan, they had little time to develop control of their emotions, causing difficulty in managing these emotions. He believed implanting the replicants with memories would create a cushion that would allow for emotional development, and make them more controllable.

Rachael has the implanted memories of Lilith Tyrell, Tyrell's niece, and Rachael is then led to believe that she is human. It is not revealed in the film how long she has been living, but Tyrell admits that he thinks she is beginning to suspect the truth of her nature.<ref>The name of Tyrell's niece is given as Lilith Tyrell in ''Blade Runner: Revelations''.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2018|reason=is this game considered official or just a spin-off with liberties taken.}}

Tyrell refuses to discuss the issue with Rachael. In desperation, she turns to Deckard, who has been told by Captain Bryant to retire her. However, he falls in love with her instead.

At the end of the film, the four replicants Deckard had been assigned to kill are dead. Rachael and Deckard then flee and presumably go into hiding to have a future together.

In ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'' it is revealed Rachael, as the sole Nexus-7, was given the ability to reproduce by Tyrell. During an apparently routine investigation, Blade Runner Officer K uncovers a box containing bones and hair buried under a tree. The remains are shown to be that of a being who died after a [[caesarean section]], and upon the discovery that the being was a replicant, K is ordered by Lt. Joshi to track down and kill the replicant's child. K later learns the pregnant replicant was Rachael. After capturing Deckard, Niander Wallace designs a physically near-identical copy of Rachael and offers her to Deckard in an attempt to persuade Deckard to reveal the location of the replicants who helped hide his and Rachael's daughter.<ref name="Screen Rant">{{cite news|title=Blade Runner 2049: What Happened to Deckard and Rachael?|url=http://screenrant.com/blade-runner-2049-rachael-deckard-daughter-backstory-explained/2/|access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> After Deckard declines, Wallace has the copy killed.<ref name="Screen Rant" />

Rachael was played by [[Sean Young]] in ''[[Blade Runner]]''. In ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'', Rachael was portrayed by actress Loren Peta with Sean Young's facial features de-aged and overlaid via CGI.<ref name="Screen Rant" />

== Characters in ''Blade Runner''==
=== Roy Batty ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner]] [[Replicant]]
| image = Tears In Rain Roy.png
|gender = Male
|name = Roy Batty
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-6 N6MAA10816
|portrayer = [[Rutger Hauer]]
}}

'''Roy Batty''' is the leader of the renegade Nexus-6 replicants and the main [[antagonist]] of the film. He was activated on January 8, 2016, which makes him 3 years and 10 months old by the time of the events of the film. He is highly intelligent, fast and skilled at combat and yet still learning how to deal with emotions. With an A Physical Level (superhuman strength & endurance) and an A Mental Level ([[genius]]-level intellect), he is probably the most dangerous of the fugitive replicants. He is a combat model, used off-world for military service. He and five other replicants come to Earth hoping to find a way to lengthen their lifespan. He is able to use J. F. Sebastian to get a meeting with Tyrell, the founder of the company and his creator. Tyrell refers to him as his "prodigal son" and tells him his life cannot be extended ''but'' he should revel in the life that he has, as he has done and seen things others could only dream of. Batty kills Tyrell and Sebastian.

Deckard retires the remaining replicants and is hunted by a dying Roy. Deckard ends up dangling from a building and is saved from the fall by Roy. As he dies, Roy tells Deckard about the things he has seen and how the memories will be "lost in time, [[Tears in rain monologue|like tears in rain]]". He smiles, saying, "Time... to die". In the novel, ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'', his name was spelled "Roy Baty" and was the leader of the eight replicants who killed their human owners so that they could escape their life of slavery on [[Mars]]. Roy was married to Irmgard Baty, another replicant. In the novel, Roy's relationship with Pris (who was his lover in the film) is only one of friendship. In the novel ''[[Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human]]'' (written by [[K. W. Jeter]] after Dick's death, incorporating elements from ''Do Androids Dream'' and ''Blade Runner'' script), Batty is one of a series of replicants based on a mercenary of the same name. The template suffered from "neural malformation", which made them unable to experience fear. This might be a reason why replicants of that series were so difficult to kill; Roy Batty was played by [[Rutger Hauer]].<ref name="NYT-20190725">{{cite news |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |title=Even Now, Rutger Hauer's Performance in 'Blade Runner' Is a Marvel - With his combination of menace and anguish, he created an unforgettable character that made the movie the classic it remains today. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/movies/blade-runner-rutger-hauer.html |date=July 25, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}</ref>

=== Harry Bryant ===
'''Harry Bryant''' is the captain of the Rep-Detect department of the Los Angeles Police Department. His job in the film is to deal with a group of escaped Nexus-6 replicants (whom he refers to as "skinjobs") that have landed on Earth. His top Blade Runner, Holden, was in hospital on a [[medical ventilator]] after an encounter with the Leon replicant, earlier in the film. Bryant uses thinly-veiled threats against Rick Deckard, a retired Blade Runner, to enlist his aid.

In the original theatrical version, Deckard, during his narration, compares Bryant to the [[racist]] cops of the past. ''"Skinjob, that was Bryant's term for Replicants. In history books, he's the kind of cop that used to call black men [[nigger]]s."''

Capt. Bryant was played by [[M. Emmet Walsh]].

=== Hannibal Chew ===
'''Hannibal Chew''' works for the Tyrell Corporation as a genetic engineer. His job is to create the eyes for the replicants, Roy's and Leon's, in this case.

In the film, the replicants visit him while he is working in a freezer. The replicants pressure him into telling them that J. F. Sebastian can get them into Tyrell's inner sanctum.

He was played by American actor [[James Hong]].

=== Dave Holden ===
'''Dave Holden''' is the Blade Runner testing new employees at the Tyrell Corporation on the premise that the escaped Replicants might try to infiltrate the company.

During a Voight-Kampff test, Leon shoots Holden and leaves him for dead. Later, Bryant mentions that Holden is alive, but his breathing is assisted by machines.

There were two hospital scenes with Holden and Deckard that were filmed, but not used in the movie. One scene is shown in the documentary ''[[Blade Runner#Documentaries|On the Edge of Blade Runner]]''.<ref name="edge-doc-review">{{citation |url=http://tyrell-corporation.pp.se/on-the-edge-of-blade-runner-documentury/ |title=On the Edge of ''Blade Runner'' |last=Ingels |first=Nicklas |work=Los Angeles, 2019 |via=Tyrell-Corporation.pp.se |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140407015534/http://tyrell-corporation.pp.se/on-the-edge-of-blade-runner-documentury/ |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> Both scenes appear in the deleted scenes section on the ''Blade Runner'' Special Edition DVD.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noto|first=Vincent Joseph Noto|title=Issue 4: Ridley's Key - The Forgotten Influence of Joseph Losey in Blade Runner|url=https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/luminary/issue4/issue4article9.htm|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.lancaster.ac.uk}}</ref>

He was played by [[Morgan Paull]].

=== Leon Kowalski ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner]] [[Replicant]]
| image = Leon Kowalski.png
|gender = Male
|name = Leon Kowalski
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-6 N6MAC41717
|portrayer = [[Brion James]]
}}

'''Leon Kowalski''' is a replicant who came to Earth with five others looking to extend their lives. He has an A physical level, which means he has superhuman strength and endurance (according to the Final Cut he was used as a 180 kg/400 lb nuclear-head loader in the outer space colonies as well as a front-line soldier). Leon is classified mental level C. He does not have the speed of thought that Roy does when it comes to solving problems. He was activated on April 10, 2017, making him 2 years and 7 months old by the time of the film.{{ref|alpha|α}}

Leon shoots Blade Runner Holden as he administers the Voight-Kampff test on him while he works at the Tyrell Corporation, which he has infiltrated. Leon attacks Deckard after he witnesses Deckard kill Zhora, but is himself killed by Rachael who shoots him with Deckard's gun, which Leon had knocked out of Deckard's hand as he drew it.

Leon cherishes photographs of his friends. Unlike Rachael's false photos of her childhood, these include current photos of people who mean something to him.

Leon Kowalski was played by [[Brion James]].

=== Taffey Lewis ===
'''Taffey Lewis''' is the owner of Taffey's Snake Pit Bar. The bar features music, exotic dancing, and something being smoked in pipes. He dismisses Deckard's threats with a free drink.

He was played by [[Hy Pyke]].

=== Pris Stratton ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner]] [[Replicant]]
|image =
|gender = Female
|name = Pris Stratton
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-6 N6FAB21416
|portrayer = [[Daryl Hannah]]
}}

'''Pris Stratton''' is a "basic pleasure model" incepted on Valentine's Day, 2016, making her the second-oldest of the four fugitive replicants at three years, nine months. She is the girlfriend of Roy Batty and is responsible for gaining J. F. Sebastian's trust. At an A-Physical Level, she is shown to have superhuman endurance (as in the scene where she grabs a boiling egg with her bare hand without harm) and an affinity for [[gymnastics]]. Her B-Mental Level puts her at a lower intellectual level than Roy, but higher than Leon. She sets a trap for Deckard in the Bradbury Building, disguising herself as one of Sebastian's toys and then attacking Deckard with her gymnastic skills. As she rushes Deckard for another attack, he kills her.

Her surname, Stratton, appears in the novel, ''Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?'', but is never used in the film.

Her punk outfits were inspired by a [[New wave music|new wave]] calendar.<ref name="BR Bible Cast">{{cite web|url=http://scribble.com/uwi/br/fn/fn-ch8.html|title=Future Noir: Chapter VIII – The Crew|first=Paul M.|last=Sammon|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref>

It is suggested in ''[[Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human]]'' that Pris was actually an insane human woman who believed that she was a female replicant, although this has nothing to do with the original Blade Runner since it was from a different author.<ref>{{cite book |title = Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human |url = https://archive.org/details/edgeofhumanblade00kwje |url-access = registration |last = Jeter |first = K.W.}}</ref>

She was played by [[Daryl Hannah]].

=== J.F. Sebastian ===
'''J.F. Sebastian''' is a genetic designer working for Tyrell. He is not allowed to emigrate off-world because he has [[Progeria|Methuselah Syndrome]]. Because of this, he ages faster and has a shorter lifespan, something he has in common with the replicants. He is only 25 years old, but his physical appearance is of a middle-aged man. With the [[Bradbury Building]] all to himself, he makes the most of his considerable talents creating [[automata]] companions. He is loosely based on the character J. R. Isidore from the [[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?|novel]].

He is approached by Pris, whom Sebastian takes in because he thinks she is homeless, and Roy comes to stay with him soon after. Roy and Pris point out that because of his condition, Sebastian has much in common with them, and argue that if they don't get Tyrell's help to extend their lives, Pris will soon die.
Sebastian is playing correspondence chess with Tyrell, and Roy suggests a bold move which gives rise to an opportunity to visit Tyrell and smuggle Roy in.
When Tyrell claims that he cannot extend Roy's life, Roy kills him.

Sebastian is seen running away from Roy, who then descends the elevator alone. A police radio message heard by Deckard after Tyrell is killed states that Sebastian's body was also discovered by the police with Tyrell's at the Tyrell Corporation.

The makeup for Sebastian was a "stretch and stipple" technique with no prosthetics.<ref name="BR Bible Cast"/>

He was played by [[William Sanderson]].

=== Dr. Eldon Tyrell ===
'''Dr. Eldon Tyrell''' is the CEO and founder of Tyrell Corporation. His creations are Replicants, some of whom have been given away as an incentive for people to emigrate to the Off-World colonies. Others are used in combat to protect those settlers. Roy Batty, along with J. F. Sebastian, finds Tyrell, and asks him to extend his life beyond the four-year limit built into Nexus-6 replicants. However, Tyrell claims this request is impossible to satisfy due to the inherent instabilities of replicant genetics. Upon hearing this, Batty kisses Tyrell before gouging out his eyes and crushing his skull with his bare hands, killing him.

He was played by [[Joe Turkel]].

=== Zhora Salome ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner]] [[Replicant]]
|image =
|gender = Female
|name = Zhora Salome
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-6 N6FAB61216
|portrayer = [[Joanna Cassidy]]
}}

'''Zhora Salome''' is a replicant with an A Physical Level (super-human endurance) and a B Mental Level (intelligence equal to that of Pris), and has been used in murder squads. She was activated on June 12, 2016, making her 3 years and 5 months old. She gets a job as an exotic dancer at Taffey's Bar, creating an act using her own pet snake. Deckard tracks her down at Taffey's after finding her snake's scale, and she soon realizes that he is dangerous. She attacks him, but Deckard narrowly escapes death when people walk in just before she delivers a killing blow. Zhora tries to escape by running into a busy street, but Deckard chases her and finally shoots her in the back, "retiring" her.

She was played by [[Joanna Cassidy]].

=== Unnamed replicant(s) ===
According to dialogue spoken by Bryant in the Final Cut of the film, two other unnamed replicants (only one in earlier versions) were killed while attempting to enter the Tyrell Corporation. The term used by him when describing their deaths ("Two of them got fried running through an electrical field") suggests they were stopped by an electrical barrier or security device of some sort. (In the theatrical cut of the film, the spoken line is "One of them got fried running through an electrical field" leaving one replicant unaccounted for.)

Earlier drafts of the script name these replicants as Hodge and Mary. In [[Hampton Fancher]]'s early drafts of the script, Mary lives and Hodge is the only replicant fried in the electrical field. Mary was intended to reflect the novel's character of Irmgard Baty, and was meant to be a "mother figure" model of replicant, performing housework and childcare duties, and she was supposed to be reminiscent of the stereotypical housewife of the 1950s. Her incept date is given as November 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/Blade-runner_early.html|title=Blade Runner script by Hampton Fancher|first=Daily|last=Script|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> Mary was to be played by [[Stacey Nelkin]], who had originally tried out for the role of Pris, but Mary's scenes were cut before filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brmovie.com/FAQs/BR_FAQ_SixthRep.htm|title=BRmovie.com: BR FAQ: Who is the sixth replicant?|first=Lukas Mariman and David|last=Caldwell|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref name="DangerousDays">{{cite video|title=Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner|medium=Blade Runner: The Final Cut DVD|publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]|date=2007}}</ref>

==Characters in ''Blade Runner 2049''==

=== K ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner 2049]]
|image =
|gender = Male
|name = K
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-9 KD6-3.7
|portrayer = [[Ryan Gosling]]
}}
KD6-3.7 ("K" for short) is a Nexus-9 replicant model created to obey and works as a "blade runner" for the LAPD, hunting down and "retiring" rogue older model replicants. K is aware he is a replicant, and like the rest of his line, was programmed with implanted memories to aid his mental stability—though the new model replicants are fully aware that these fake memories never really happened, to them or other people, but are fictional fabrications. In contrast to Deckard in the first film, a human blade runner who suspects that what he thinks are his real memories might actually be implanted, K is a replicant blade runner, who begins to suspect that his implanted memories are actually real. When he begins to suspect that he may be Rachael's child, and thus a "real" person, Joi suggests that he needs a real name and picks "Joe" for him.

Officer K was played by [[Ryan Gosling]].

=== Joi ===

Joi is an artificial intelligence projected as a hologram, designed and commercially sold by Wallace Corporation to be a fully customizable live-in romantic companion. K, an artificial intelligence himself, has a Joi copy but treats her as a person, and tries to have a real romantic relationship with her, while wondering about how "real" it can truly be given that she is programmed to like him. K obtains a mobile "emanator" unit for her at the beginning of the film, a control unit or hologram projector which he can transport in his coat, allowing Joi to accompany him anywhere in the world. Joi is nonetheless intangible and cannot physically interact with her surroundings. Played by [[Ana de Armas]].

=== Niander Wallace ===

Niander Wallace ([[Jared Leto]]) is the sinister CEO and founder of Wallace Corporation, which dominates replicant production in 2049. A genius genetic engineer, his genetically modified crops and livestock solved a global food crisis – which then gave him enough wealth and political clout to lift the ban on replicant production. Wallace bought out the bankrupt Tyrell Corporation (which had collapsed after several revolts by Nexus-8 replicants). Wallace improved the genetic programming of his new "Nexus-9" replicants to the point that they cannot disobey the orders of humans, even if the order is to commit suicide. By 2049, Wallace Corporation has revitalized the replicant industry and is a major megacorporation with numerous other subsidiaries in other fields, such as Joi unit digital AI holograms.

Wallace is blind, but uses cybernetic implants in his neck to interact with various computers and "see" through flying miniature camera units.

The secret of making replicants that can reproduce died with Tyrell, and Wallace is obsessed with learning it. By 2049, Earth is suffering from resource depletion and heavy pollution, and it was Wallace's genetically modified foods and new replicants that not only staved off extinction, but allowed humanity to spread to the off-world colonies. Nonetheless, Wallace is frustrated that humanity has only spread to nine other planets, when he wants to see it explode across thousands of planets in the galaxy. Lacking the capacity to build enough replicants for such an endeavor, Wallace is convinced that replicants capable of reproduction on their own are the answer.

=== Ana Stelline ===

Dr. Ana Stelline ([[Carla Juri]]) is a scientist who designs the implanted memories that Wallace Corporation installs into its new replicants: the replicants are aware that these memories are implants they did not personally experience, but their presence drastically improves their mental stability. Empathetic to how replicants are used as slave-labor, Ana tries to give them pleasant memories to carry with them, even if they know they're artificial. Due to the complications that can arise, it is forbidden to base memory implants on the real memories of another person: they must be fabrications with no basis in real events. Nonetheless, Dr. Stelline secretly sneaks in a few of her best memories into some of the memory implants, as a gift. Ana actually doesn't directly work for Wallace Corporation: her "Stelline Corporation" is an independent sub-contractor (Wallace offered to buy her out, but she says she "enjoys her creative freedom").

Ostensibly, Dr. Stelline developed an immune system deficiency as a child, and has spent the past two decades living in a sterile clean-room in her company's compound, keeping her in seclusion from the outside world. Secretly, Ana is actually the daughter of Deckard and Rachael: living proof that replicants can be capable of reproducing on their own (and making Ana at least part-replicant through her mother). The replicant underground hid her as an infant and scrambled the records, seeing her birth as a miracle and Ana as their savior.

K comes to Ana's lab to investigate the wooden horse he found, which was in his allegedly fake memory implant. She confirms that it is a real memory, but not who it is from – either K or someone else. The wooden horse was a gift from Deckard to his child, later etched with the child's birth date (the same day that Rachael died, from her grave marker). K suspects the memory of the horse is his own, and he is Rachael's son, but when he meets the replicant underground they reveal that Rachael's child was female. K then realizes that Ana was Rachael's child and it was her memory of the horse – because the best memories she gives to replicants like K are actually based on her own.

=== Luv ===

Luv ([[Sylvia Hoeks]]) is a Nexus-9 replicant and personal assistant to Niander Wallace. He entrusts her as his right-hand agent running day-to-day affairs over Wallace Corporation. As KD6-3.7 notes, Wallace was fond enough of her to give her a name (and not just a serial number like he has). She also acts as his personal enforcer, ruthlessly killing police officers in the search for Rachael's child. Luv has an outer air of poise, but with a powerful fury simmering barely underneath.

=== Freysa Sadeghpour ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner 2049]]
|image =
|gender = Female
|name = Freysa Sadeghpour
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-8 DRV09817
|portrayer = [[Hiam Abbass]]
}}
Freysa Sadeghpour ([[Hiam Abbass]]) is the leader of the replicant underground. Apparently an older Nexus-8 model, she took care of Rachael's baby after she died in childbirth (K recognizes her in a photo of the baby from around 2022). Freysa helped to hide Rachael's child and erase the records of its past, but is organizing the underground to one day lead another replicant revolt. At some undisclosed point, Freysa lost her right eye: as seen with Sapper Morton, blade runners by this time remove the right eye of replicants as proof of a successful retirement (death), due to having a serial number embedded below the iris. Whether someone cut out Freysa's eye and left her for dead, or perhaps she cut out her own eye so she cannot be identified, is left unexplained.

Freysa sends Mariette to keep tabs on K, and later saves K after Luv's team from Wallace Corp. captures Deckard. She explains the stakes of the situation to K and her past with Rachael's child, causing him to realize that it is actually Ana. Freysa warns K that if Wallace is able to interrogate Deckard and capture Rachael's child all will be lost, and urges K to kill Deckard before that can happen. K, however, saves Deckard while managing to fake Deckard's death by drowning in the ocean.

=== Sapper Morton ===
{{Infobox character
|series = [[Blade Runner 2049]]
|image =
|gender = Male
|name = Sapper Morton
|lbl21 = Model
|data21 = NEXUS-8 N8PSD32974
|portrayer = [[Dave Bautista]]
}}
Sapper Morton ([[Dave Bautista]]) is an older Nexus-8 replicant, living in seclusion on a protein farm in the industrial outliers of Los Angeles. Despite his large size and strength, he is polite and well-read, collecting antique books. Morton used to be an army medic on the off-world colonies in several campaigns. K's encounter to "retire" him starts off the events of the film, as it leads K to discover Rachael's skeletal remains buried on Morton's farm. Morton was a member of the replicant underground and, along with Freysa, helped hide Deckard and Rachael's baby – whose birth Morton describes as "a miracle". Using his army medic training, Morton personally conducted an emergency C-section on Rachael to save her baby after Rachael died in childbirth. Morton is contemptuous that K, a replicant himself, is a blade runner hunting his own kind (though K points out that he's a Nexus-9, not the same model as him).

===Mariette===

Mariette ([[Mackenzie Davis]]) is a replicant prostitute, and secretly a member of the replicant underground. Joi wants to experience sex with K, but the holographic projection of her AI lacks physical substance, so she hires Mariette to have sex with him – while overlaying her projection on Mariette's body. Secretly, Freysa instructs Mariette to keep tabs on K by slipping a tracking device into his coat, which enables the replicant underground to save him after Wallace's agents assault him and capture Deckard in the ruins of Las Vegas. Mariette then brings K to meet Freysa personally.

===Doc Badger===

Doc Badger ([[Barkhad Abdi]]) is a street-wise fixer on the black market, who talks in City-speak creole. After obtaining a wooden horse that was in his allegedly fake [[implanted memory]], K goes to Doc Badger's shop to have it analyzed. Badger is surprised that it is made of real wood (which is worth a fortune), and on chemical analysis, discerns that it was exposed to high radiation levels – allowing K to narrow down his search to the ruins of [[Las Vegas]].

===Mister Cotton===

Mister Cotton ([[Lennie James]]) runs a combination orphanage and salvaging operation in the vast junkyards on the outskirts of Los Angeles, putting the children to work picking apart piles of e-waste for useful scrap-metal. K's investigation leads him to discover that Rachael's child was passed off as a human child at Cotton's orphanage, though he doesn't remember it. K strong-arms him into revealing his records books, only to discover that someone stole the pages from that year to destroy the evidence.

=== Lt. Joshi ===

Lt. Joshi ([[Robin Wright]]) is K's superior on the police force. She doesn't think replicants like K are as "real" as humans like her, though she does respect K. She is brutally killed by Luv after refusing to reveal K's location.

=== Coco ===

Coco ([[David Dastmalchian]]) is a police forensics investigator. He analyzes the ossuary that K found, revealing to him and Joshi that they belonged to a replicant female who died in childbirth (Rachael). Wallace's agent Luv later ambushes and kills him in his lab, to steal Rachael's skeletal remains and return them to Wallace for analysis.

===Nandez===

Nandez ([[Wood Harris]]) is another police investigator. He is disdainful of Coco's conclusion that Sapper Morton must have cared for Rachael's baby, though Coco points out that Morton clearly cared enough to give her a proper burial.

== Notes ==
:{{note|alpha|α}} Replicant serial numbers cover the individual's series, gender, physical and mental levels, and incept date. However, Leon's serial number is an error, as it gives his incept date as April 17, 2017.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerman |first=Judith |date=1997 |title=Retrofitting Blade Runner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAma4m3w38EC&lpg=PA157&dq=blade%20runner%20replicant%20serial%20numbers&pg=PA157#q=blade%20runner%20replicant%20serial%20numbers |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=157 |isbn=0879725109 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Blade Runner}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blade Runner}}
[[Category:Blade Runner (franchise)|Characters]]
[[Category:Speculative fiction film characters lists]]
[[Category:Lists of minor fictional characters]]

Conventional landing gear

2021-01-25T22:45:45Z

Tuttt: /* Airplanes */

[[File:Cessna150taildraggerC-GOCB02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.14|A [[Cessna 150]] converted to taildragger configuration by installation of an aftermarket modification kit]]

'''Conventional landing gear''', or '''tailwheel-type landing gear''', is an [[aircraft]] [[Landing gear|undercarriage]] consisting of two main wheels forward of the [[Center of gravity of an aircraft|center of gravity]] and a small wheel or skid to support the tail.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 133. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">From the Ground Up, 27th edition, page 11</ref> The term '''taildragger''' is also used, although some claim it should apply only to those aircraft with a tailskid rather than a wheel.<ref name="GroundUp" /><ref name="Brandon">{{cite web|last=Brandon |first=John |title=Recreational Aircraft Australia - Groundschool |url=http://www.auf.asn.au/groundschool/umodule11.html#handy |access-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719131723/http://www.auf.asn.au/groundschool/umodule11.html#handy |archive-date=2008-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The term "conventional" persists for historical reasons, but all modern [[jet aircraft]] and most modern propeller aircraft use [[tricycle gear]].

==History==
[[File:De Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth - undercarriage tailwheel detail.jpg|thumb|Tailwheel detail on a [[de Havilland Tiger Moth|Tiger Moth biplane]]]]
[[File:AgustaWestland Apache AH1 10 (5968018661).jpg|thumb|Like many attack helicopters, the [[AgustaWestland Apache]] has a tailwheel to allow an unobstructed arc of fire for the gun.]]
In early aircraft, a tailskid made of metal or wood was used to support the tail on the ground. In most modern aircraft with conventional landing gear, a small articulated wheel assembly is attached to the rearmost part of the [[airframe]] in place of the skid. This wheel may be steered by the pilot through a connection to the rudder pedals, allowing the rudder and tailwheel to move together.<ref name="GroundUp" /><ref name="Brandon" />

Before aircraft commonly used tailwheels, many aircraft (like a number of First World War [[Sopwith Aviation Company|Sopwith]] aircraft, such as the [[Sopwith Camel|Camel]] fighter) were equipped with steerable tailskids, which operate similar to a tailwheel. When the pilot pressed the right rudder pedal — or the right footrest of a "rudder bar" in World War I — the skid pivoted to the right, creating more drag on that side of the plane and causing it to turn to the right. While less effective than a steerable wheel, it gave the pilot some control of the direction the craft was moving while taxiing or beginning the takeoff run, before there was enough airflow over the rudder for it to become effective.

Another form of control, which is less common now than it once was, is to steer using "[[differential braking]]", in which the tailwheel is a simple, freely [[caster]]ing mechanism, and the aircraft is steered by applying brakes to one of the mainwheels in order to turn in that direction. This is also used on some tricycle gear aircraft, with the nosewheel being the freely castering wheel instead. Like the steerable tailwheel/skid, it is usually integrated with the rudder pedals on the craft to allow an easy transition between wheeled and aerodynamic control.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

== Advantages ==
[[File:Dc3.takeoff.thales.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas DC-3]], a taildragger [[airliner]]]]

The tailwheel configuration offers several advantages over the [[tricycle landing gear]] arrangement, which make tailwheel aircraft less expensive to manufacture and maintain.<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* Due to its position much further from the [[Center of gravity of an aircraft|center of gravity]], a tailwheel supports a smaller part of the aircraft's weight allowing it to be made much smaller and lighter than a nosewheel.<ref name="GroundUp"/> As a result, the smaller wheel weighs less and causes less [[parasitic drag]].<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* Because of the way airframe loads are distributed while operating on rough ground, tailwheel aircraft are better able to sustain this type of use over a long period of time, without cumulative airframe damage occurring.<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* If a tailwheel fails on landing, the damage to the aircraft will be minimal. This is not the case in the event of a nosewheel failure, which usually results in a [[prop strike]].<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* Due to the increased propeller clearance on tailwheel aircraft less stone chip damage will result from operating a conventional geared aircraft on rough or gravel airstrips, making them well suited to [[bush flying]].<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* Tailwheel aircraft are more suitable for operation on skis.<ref name="GroundUp"/>
* Tailwheel aircraft are easier to fit into and maneuver inside some hangars.<ref name="GroundUp"/><ref name="Scott 2004">{{cite web|last=Scott|first=Jeff|title = Aerospace Web - Aircraft Landing Gear Layouts| url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0200.shtml|access-date = 2016-02-19}}</ref>

==Disadvantages==
[[File:FE2B, Masterton, New Zealand, 25 April 2009 05.jpg|thumb|A replica World War 1 [[Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2|F.E.2]] fighter. This aircraft uses a tailskid. The small wheel at the front is a safety device intended to prevent nose-over accidents]]
The conventional landing gear arrangement has disadvantages compared to nosewheel aircraft.<ref name="GroundUp" />

*Tailwheel aircraft are more subject to "nose-over" accidents due to injudicious application of brakes by the pilot.<ref name="GroundUp" />
*Conventional geared aircraft are much more susceptible to [[Ground loop (aviation)|ground looping]]. A ground loop occurs when directional control is lost on the ground and the tail of the aircraft passes the nose, swapping ends, in some cases completing a full circle. This event can result in damage to the aircraft's undercarriage, tires, [[wingtip]]s, propeller and engine. Ground-looping occurs because, whereas a nosewheel aircraft is steered from ahead of the [[center of gravity of an aircraft|center of gravity]], a taildragger is steered from behind (much like driving a car backwards at high speed), so that on the ground a taildragger is inherently unstable, whereas a nosewheel aircraft will self-center if it swerves on landing. In addition, some tailwheel aircraft must transition from using the rudder to steer to using the tailwheel while passing through a speed range when neither is wholly effective due to the nose high angle of the aircraft and lack of airflow over the rudder. Avoiding ground loops requires more pilot training and skill.<ref name="Crane" /><ref name="GroundUp" />

[[File:F4U-4 Bu97388 front view.jpg|thumb|A parked [[Vought F4U Corsair]]. If this aircraft were taxiing, the pilot would be unable to see the photographer]]
*Tailwheel aircraft generally suffer from poorer forward visibility on the ground, compared to nose wheel aircraft. Often this requires continuous "S" turns on the ground to allow the pilot to see where they are taxiing.<ref name="GroundUp" />
*Tailwheel aircraft are more difficult to taxi during high wind conditions, due to the higher angle of attack on the wings which can then develop more lift on one side, making control difficult or impossible. They also suffer from lower crosswind capability and in some wind conditions may be unable to use crosswind runways or single-runway airports.<ref name="GroundUp" />
*Due to the nose-high attitude on the ground, propeller-powered taildraggers are more adversely affected by [[P-factor]] – asymmetrical thrust caused by the propeller's disk being angled to the direction of travel, which causes the blades to produce more lift when going down than when going up due to the difference in [[Angle of attack|angle]] the blade experiences when passing through the air. The aircraft will then pull to the side of the upward blade. Some aircraft lack sufficient rudder authority in some flight regimes (particularly at higher power settings on takeoff) and the pilot must compensate before the aircraft starts to yaw. Some aircraft, particularly older, higher powered aircraft such as the P-51 Mustang, cannot use full power on takeoff and still safely control their direction of travel. On landing this is less of a factor, however opening the throttle to abort a landing can induce severe uncontrollable yaw unless the pilot is prepared for it.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Jet-powered tailwheel aircraft==
[[File:Supermarine Attcker FB.2 WP290 ST812 1831 Sqn STN 25.02.56 edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Navy Supermarine ''Attacker'' landing at [[RNAS Stretton]], England, 1956]]

Jet aircraft generally cannot use conventional landing gear, as this orients the engines at a high angle, causing their [[jet blast]] to bounce off the ground and back into the air, preventing the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevator]]s from functioning properly. This problem occurred with the third, or "V3" prototype of the German [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] jet fighter.<ref name="Boyne 2008, p. 60">Boyne 2008, p. 60.</ref> After the first four prototype Me 262 V-series airframes were built with retracting tailwheel gear, the fifth prototype was fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear for trials, with the sixth prototype onwards getting fully retracting tricycle gear. A number of other experimental and prototype jet aircraft had conventional landing gear, including the first successful jet, the [[Heinkel He 178]], the [[Ball-Bartoe Jetwing]] research aircraft, and a single [[Vickers VC.1 Viking]], which was modified with [[Rolls Royce Nene]] engines to become the world's first jet airliner.

[[File:Yakolev Yak-15 '37 yellow' (38910149232).jpg|thumb|The sole surviving Yak-15. Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, Moscow, 2012]]
Rare examples of jet-powered tailwheel aircraft that went into production and saw service include the British [[Supermarine Attacker]] naval fighter and the Soviet [[Yakovlev Yak-15]]. Both first flew in 1946 and owed their configurations to being developments of earlier propeller powered aircraft. The Attacker's tailwheel configuration was a result of it using the [[Supermarine Spiteful]]'s wing, avoiding expensive design modification or retooling. The engine exhaust was behind the elevator and tailwheel, reducing problems. The Yak-15 was based on the [[Yakovlev Yak-3]] propeller fighter. Its engine was mounted under the forward fuselage. Despite its unusual configuration, the Yak-15 was easy to fly. Although a fighter, it was mainly used to prepare Soviet pilots for flying more advanced jet fighters.

==Monowheel undercarriage==
[[File:Alexander Schleicher ASG 29.JPG|right|thumb|A Schleicher ASG 29 glider shows its monowheel landing gear]]
A variation of the taildragger layout is the [[Landing gear#Monowheel|monowheel landing gear]].

To minimize drag, many modern [[Glider (sailplane)|gliders]] have a single wheel, retractable or fixed, centered under the fuselage, which is referred to as ''monowheel gear'' or ''monowheel landing gear''. Monowheel gear is also used on some powered aircraft, where drag reduction is a priority, such as the [[Europa XS]]. Both monowheel gliders and monowheel power aircraft use retractable wingtip legs (with small castor wheels attached) to prevent the wingtips from striking the ground. A monowheel aircraft may have a tailwheel (like the Europa) or a nosewheel (like the illustrated Schleicher glider).

==Training==
Taildragger aircraft require more training time for student pilots to master. This was a large factor in the 1950s switch by most manufacturers to nosewheel-equipped trainers, and for many years nosewheel aircraft have been more popular than taildraggers. As a result, most [[Private Pilot Licence|Private Pilot Licence (PPL)]] pilots now learn to fly in tricycle gear aircraft (e.g. [[Cessna 172]] or [[Piper Cherokee]]) and only later transition to taildraggers.<ref name="GroundUp" />

==Techniques==
Landing a conventional geared aircraft can be accomplished in two ways.<ref name="FTM">[[Transport Canada]], ''Aeroplane Flight Training Manual'', page 111 (4th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-7715-5115-0}}</ref>

Normal landings are done by touching all three wheels down at the same time in a ''three-point landing''. This method does allow the shortest landing distance but can be difficult to carry out in crosswinds,<ref name="FTM" /> as rudder control may be reduced severely before the tailwheel can become effective.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

The alternative is the ''wheel landing''. This requires the pilot to land the aircraft on the mainwheels while maintaining the tailwheel in the air with [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevator]] to keep the [[angle of attack]] low. Once the aircraft has slowed to a speed that can ensure control will not be lost, but above the speed at which [[rudder]] effectiveness is lost, then the tailwheel is lowered to the ground.<ref name="FTM" />

== Examples ==

Examples of tailwheel aircraft include:


===Airplanes===
* [[de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver]]
* [[Douglas DC-3]]
* [[Maule M-7]]
* [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
* [[Piper J-3 Cub]]
* [[Supermarine Spitfire]]
* [[Pilatus PC6 Porter]]

=== Helicopters ===
* [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]] - Attack helicopter
* [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King]] - Anti-submarine helicopter

==Modifications of tricycle gear aircraft==
Several aftermarket modification companies offer kits to convert many popular [[Tricycle gear|nose-wheel]] equipped aircraft to conventional landing gear. Aircraft for which kits are available include:

*[[Cessna 150]]
*[[Cessna 152]]
*[[Cessna 172]]
*[[Cessna 175]]
*[[Cessna 182]]
*[[Piper PA-20 Pacer|Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Boyne, Walter J. "Goering's Big Bungle". Air Force Magazine, Vol. 91, No. 11, November 2008.
*Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 11 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}

{{Aircraft components}}

[[Category:Conventional landing gear| ]]
[[Category:Aircraft undercarriage]]
[[Category:Aircraft configurations]]

The Right Stuff (film)

2021-01-21T18:16:02Z

Tuttt: /* Filming */

{{About|the 1983 film|the 2020 television series|The Right Stuff (TV series)}}{{short description|1983 film by Philip Kaufman}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Right Stuff
| image = Right_stuff_ver1.jpg
| alt = [[Film poster|Theatrical release poster]]
| caption = [[Film poster|Theatrical release poster]]
| director = [[Philip Kaufman]]
| producer = [[Irwin Winkler]] [[Robert Chartoff]]
| screenplay = Philip Kaufman
| based_on = ''[[The Right Stuff (book)|The Right Stuff]]'' by [[Tom Wolfe]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Charles Frank]]
* [[Scott Glenn]]
* [[Ed Harris]]
* [[Lance Henriksen]]
* [[Scott Paulin]]
* [[Dennis Quaid]]
* [[Sam Shepard]]
* [[Fred Ward]]
* [[Kim Stanley]]
* [[Barbara Hershey]]
* [[Veronica Cartwright]]
* [[Pamela Reed]]
}}
| music = [[Bill Conti]]
| cinematography = [[Caleb Deschanel]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[Glenn Farr]]|[[Lisa Fruchtman]]|[[Stephen A. Rotter]]|[[Douglas Stewart (film editor)|Douglas Stewart]]|[[Tom Rolf]]}}
| studio = [[The Ladd Company]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1983|10|16|[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center]]|1983|10|21|United States}}
| runtime = 192 minutes<ref>[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/right-stuff-1970-3 "[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]-[[EMI Records|EMI]] [[Warner Bros.|Warner]]: The Right Stuff".] ''[[British Board of Film Classification]]'', November 29, 1983, Retrieved: October 16, 2013.</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $27 million
| gross = $21.1 million<ref>{{mojo title|rightstuff|The Right Stuff}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Right Stuff''''' is a 1983 American [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical drama|historical drama film]] written and directed by [[Philip Kaufman]]. It was adapted from [[Tom Wolfe]]'s best-selling [[The Right Stuff (book)|1979 book of the same name]] about the Navy, Marine, and Air Force [[test pilot]]s who were involved in [[aeronautics|aeronautical research]] at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]], as well as the [[Mercury Seven]], the seven military pilots who were selected to be the [[astronaut]]s for [[Project Mercury]], the first [[human spaceflight]] by the United States. The film was written and directed by [[Philip Kaufman]] and stars [[Sam Shepard]], [[Ed Harris]], [[Scott Glenn]], [[Fred Ward]], [[Dennis Quaid]], and [[Barbara Hershey]]. [[Levon Helm]] narrates, and plays Air Force test pilot [[Jack Ridley (pilot)|Jack Ridley]].

The film was a [[box-office bomb]], grossing about $21 million against a $27 million budget. Despite this, it received widespread critical acclaim and eight [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations at the [[56th Academy Awards]], four of which it won. In 2013 the film was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref name="2013Add">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/library-of-congress-announces-2013-national-film-registry-selections/2013/12/17/eba98bce-6737-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html?tid=hpModule_ef3e52c4-8691-11e2-9d71-f0feafdd1394 "Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections" (Press release).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610201044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/library-of-congress-announces-2013-national-film-registry-selections/2013/12/17/eba98bce-6737-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html?tid=hpModule_ef3e52c4-8691-11e2-9d71-f0feafdd1394 |date=2016-06-10 }} ''[[Washington Post]]'', December 18, 2013. Retrieved: December 18, 2013.</ref>

==Plot==

The film begins in 1947 at the [[Edwards Air Force Base|Muroc Army Air Field]] in California, with civilian and military [[test pilot]]s flight-testing high-speed aircraft, including the rocket-powered [[Bell X-1]]. Death is a part of their life. After [[privateer]] [[Slick Goodlin]] demands $150,000 ({{Inflation|US|150000|1947|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) to attempt to break the [[sound barrier]] in the X1, World War II hero Captain [[Chuck Yeager]] is given the chance. While horseback riding with his wife, Glennis, the evening before his historic flight, Yeager falls and breaks his ribs, an injury which inhibits his ability to lock the door on the X-1. Worried that he might not fly the secret mission, he confides in friend and fellow pilot [[Jack Ridley (pilot)|Jack Ridley]], who solves the problem by giving Yeager the stump of a broom handle to use as leverage. Though the X1 bucks like a wild bronco, and pushes him to his limit, Yeager goes [[supersonic]] and lives. Yet the attendant sonic boom initially causes people to think his plane has exploded. However, an officer immediately classifies his achievement, denying him the fame of his accomplishment, which some people thought couldn't be done in an airplane.

Six years later, Muroc, by then Edwards Air Force Base, remains a beehive of danger, competition, and risky behavior. Major Yeager and friendly rival [[Albert Scott Crossfield|Scott Crossfield]] repeatedly break each other's speed records. Crossfield gets featured on the newsreels for achieving Mach 2, while Yeager, unnamed, shakes his hand as the former record-holder. They often visit the [[Happy Bottom Riding Club]] run by pioneering aviatrix [[Pancho Barnes]] for raucous nights of drinking. Loud and vulgar, she favors the pilots at Edwards who fly the best equipment, such as Yeager and Crossfield, whom she dubs "prime", over green "pudknockers" who only dream about it. Newly arrived [[United States Air Force]] captains [[Gordon Cooper|Gordon "Gordo" Cooper]], [[Gus Grissom|Virgil "Gus" Grissom]], and [[Deke Slayton|Donald "Deke" Slayton]] hope to prove that they have "the Right Stuff". Publicity has replaced secrecy to generate continued funding, adding further pressure to the pilots. Cooper's wife, Trudy, and other wives fear becoming widows as the ever more gripping competitions of man versus machine, man versus Nature, and man versus man grow, but cannot change their husbands' powerful ambitions and what they lead to. The stress and deprivations result in Trudy taking the kids and going to live with her parents.

In 1957, the launch of the Soviet [[Sputnik]] satellite [[Sputnik crisis|triggers a crisis]] for the United States government. Politicians such as Senator [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and military leaders demand America wage and win an emerging [[Space Race]]. [[NASA]] is founded, and seeks to develop the first U.S. [[astronaut]]s. When approached, Yeager is dismissive of the "spam in a can" program, saying they don't need pilots. The recruiters then don't pursue him in spite of his proven abilities, saying he lacks a college degree. Air Force Pilots Cooper, Grissom and Slayton decide to tryout for the program as their opportunities are limited as second-tier pilots behind Yeager and Crossfield. Grueling physical and mental tests select an initial roster of gentlemen officers drawn from the U.S. Air Force and naval aviation. These include [[Alan Shepard]], [[Wally Schirra]], [[Scott Carpenter]] of the [[United States Navy]], [[John Glenn]] from the [[United States Marine Corps]], and Cooper, Grissom and Slayton. Dubbed the "[[Mercury Seven]]", the men immediately become national heroes. They along with their wives receive compensation for exclusive features in Life magazine. In spite of repeated launchpad and in-flight explosions of the booster rockets which will carry them, the ambitious competitors all hope to be the first in Space as part of [[Project Mercury]]. Early U.S. test flights include a [[Ham (chimpanzee)|chimpanzee]] to test [[G-force]]s and other loads upon animal life. NASA engineers view the astronauts basically similarly, as mere passengers on pre-programmed flight paths. This comes up during an argument among themselves over conduct, where they realize they must present a united front to compete with the "monkey". The men insist that the Mercury spacecraft at least have a window, a hatch with explosive bolts, and [[pitch-yaw-roll]] controls to give them some role in its piloting. They say that the public supports funding for "Buck Rogers" and "that's us". While agreeing to this, Wernher von Braun next launches the capsule with the chimpanzee. Russia then beats them into Space on April 12, 1961 with the launch of [[Vostok 1]] carrying [[Yuri Gagarin]]. U.S. efforts redouble.

Shepard is the first American to reach space on the 15-minute sub-orbital flight of [[Mercury-Redstone 3]], on May 5, 1961. He and his wife are given a White House visit, meeting the president and first lady, John and Jackie Kennedy. After Grissom's similar flight of [[Mercury-Redstone 4]] on July 21, the capsule's hatch blows open upon splashdown and quickly fills with water. Grissom escapes, but the spacecraft sinks. Many accuse him of opening the hatch prematurely and panicking, a personal smirch, not on the program. The Grissoms don't get a parade, and Betty Grissom is distraught as she won't get to meet Jackie, which was her dream and feels is her due for all the years of being a test pilot's wife. Meanwhile test pilots at Edwards mock the Mercury program, saying Gus Grissom should have been washed out. Yeager states that "it takes a special kind of man to volunteer for a suicide mission, especially when it's on national TV." They then recognize the courage it takes, irrespective of flying skill.

John Glenn is in the capsule and expected to be launched into orbit, but the mission that day is postponed. Meanwhile, the vice-president, LBJ, is trying to get Glenn's wife to appear with him on TV. She refuses, as she speaks with a stutter. Incensed, LBJ decides to "go to the top". Once out of the capsule, Glenn is ordered by the director to tell his wife to cooperate. He refuses, telling his wife by phone not to let the vice-president into their home. When the director suggests someone else will be given his spot, his fellow astronauts back him up, asking, "and who are you going to get?" Soon Glenn, boosted on [[Mercury-Atlas 6]], becomes the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962. Arriving at a communications site in Australia, Cooper meets Australian aborigines and explains their mission. One says their elder has been to space in his mind. Glenn's mission is cut short from 7 orbits to 3, as an alarm suggests a possibly loose heat shield, while he sees sparks outside the capsule in the Earth's shadow, which he calls "fireflies". While initially keeping the danger of a catastrophic failure from Glenn, his fellow astronauts insist he be told the condition of his craft. Von Braun decides that the capsule's best chance is to not jettison the package below the heat shield, hoping the straps will keep it and the heat shield in place for re-entry. Glenn is heard humming as the capsule violently hits the atmosphere. He survives and receives a [[ticker-tape parade]]. The entire Mercury Seven and their families become celebrities, and are feted at a gigantic celebration to announce the opening of the [[Johnson Space Center|Manned Space Center]] in [[Houston]]. During an interview, Cooper is asked, who's the greatest pilot he's ever seen. In a long answer he is about to name Chuck Yeager, but is interrupted by other reporters, so says "You're looking at him," which he often says to his wife.

Back in California, Yeager hears that a Soviet pilot holds the altitude record in a jet plane. A new [[Lockheed NF-104A]] has arrived for testing, but funding for his program is being cut as NASA's funding is increasing. Yeager decides to take it out to attempt to beat the altitude record. Upon breaking it, the jets flame out and can't be reignited. His aircraft spins out of control and he is nearly killed in a high-speed ejection. Seriously burned, Yeager simply gathers up his parachute upon landing and walks to the ambulance, proving that he still has the "Right Stuff."

On May 15, 1963, Cooper has a successful launch on [[Mercury-Atlas 9]], ending the Mercury program. As the last American to fly into space alone, the narrator notes he "went higher, farther, and faster than any other American... for a brief moment, Gordo Cooper became the greatest pilot anyone had ever seen."

==Cast==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* [[Sam Shepard]] as [[Chuck Yeager]], USAF
* [[Fred Ward]] as [[Gus Grissom|Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom]], [[USAF]]
* [[Dennis Quaid]] as [[Gordo Cooper|Gordon "Gordo" Cooper]], USAF
* [[Ed Harris]] as [[John Glenn]], [[U.S. Marine Corps|USMC]]
* [[Scott Glenn]] as [[Alan Shepard]], [[U.S. Navy|USN]]
* [[Lance Henriksen]] as [[Wally Schirra|Walter "Wally" Schirra]], USN
* [[Scott Paulin]] as [[Deke Slayton|Donald K. "Deke" Slayton]], USAF
* [[Barbara Hershey]] as Glennis Yeager
* [[Veronica Cartwright]] as [[Betty Grissom]]
* [[Jane Dornacker]] as Nurse Murch
* [[Harry Shearer]] and [[Jeff Goldblum]] as NASA recruiters sent to find astronaut candidates
* [[Kim Stanley]] as [[Pancho Barnes]]
* [[Pamela Reed]] as Trudy Cooper
* [[Charles Frank]] as [[Scott Carpenter]], USN
* [[Donald Moffat]] as U.S. Senator and Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
* [[Levon Helm]] as [[Jack Ridley (pilot)|Jack Ridley]], USAF; Helm also provides voice-over at the beginning and end of the film
* [[Mary Jo Deschanel]] as [[Annie Glenn]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]] as [[Scott Crossfield]], civilian test pilot for [[North American Aviation]]
* [[Kathy Baker]] as [[Louise Shepard]]
* Mickey Crocker as [[Marge Slayton]]
* Susan Kase as [[Rene Carpenter]]
* Mittie Smith as [[Jo Schirra]]
* [[Royal Dano]] as a minister
* [[David Clennon]] as a liaison man
* [[Scott Beach]] as head NASA scientist based on German immigrant [[Wernher von Braun]]
* [[John P. Ryan (actor)|John P. Ryan]] as the Head of the Manned Space Program
* [[Eric Sevareid]] as himself
* [[William Russ]] as [[Slick Goodlin]]
* Robert Beer as President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
* Peggy Davis as [[Sally Rand]]
* [[John Dehner]] as [[Henry Luce]]
* Royce Grones as the first X-1 pilot, [[Jack Woolams]]
* [[Brigadier General]] [[Chuck Yeager]], USAF (Ret) as Fred, the bartender at Pancho's saloon
* [[Anthony Muñoz]] as Gonzales
* [[David Gulpilil]] as aboriginal man
{{col-end}}

The following appeared as themselves in archive footage: [[Ed Sullivan]] with [[Bill Dana]] (in character as [[José Jiménez (character)|José Jiménez]]); [[Yuri Gagarin]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] embracing at a review, joined by [[Georgi Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]], and [[Anastas Mikoyan]]; [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]; [[John F. Kennedy]]; [[Alan Shepard]] (in Kennedy footage); and [[James E. Webb]], director of NASA during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.

==Production==
===Development===
In 1979, independent producers [[Robert Chartoff]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] outbid [[Universal Pictures]] for the movie rights to [[Tom Wolfe]]'s book, paying $350,000.<ref name="Ansen">Ansen, David and Katrine Ames. "A Movie with All 'The Right Stuff'." ''[[Newsweek]]'', October 3, 1983, p. 38.</ref> They hired [[William Goldman]] to write the screenplay. Goldman wrote in his memoirs that his adaptation should focus on the astronauts, entirely ignoring Chuck Yeager.<ref>Goldman 2001, p. 254.</ref> Goldman was inspired to accept the job because he wanted to say something patriotic about America in the wake of the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Winkler writes in his memoirs that he was disappointed Goldman's adaptation ignored Yeager.<ref name="wink">{{cite book |first=Irwin |last=Winkler |author-link=Irwin Winkler |title=A Life in Movies: Stories from Fifty Years in Hollywood |page=1717/3917 |edition=Kindle |publisher=Abrams Press |year=2019}}</ref>

In June 1980, [[United Artists]] agreed to finance the film up to $20 million, and the producers began looking for a director. [[Michael Ritchie (film director)|Michael Ritchie]] was originally attached but fell through; so did [[John Avildsen]] who, four years prior, had won an Oscar for his work under Winkler and Chartoff on the original ''[[Rocky]]''. (''The Right Stuff'' would have reunited Avildsen with both producers, and also with a fourth ''Rocky'' veteran, composer [[Bill Conti]].) <ref>Goldman 2001, p 257.</ref>

Ultimately, Chartoff and Winkler approached director [[Philip Kaufman]], who agreed to make the film but did not like Goldman's script; Kaufman disliked the emphasis on patriotism, and wanted Yeager put back in the film.<ref>Goldman 2001, p. 258.</ref> Eventually, Goldman quit the project in August 1980 and United Artists pulled out.

When Wolfe showed no interest in adapting his own book, Kaufman wrote a draft in eight weeks.<ref name="Ansen" /> His draft restored Yeager to the story because "if you're serious about tracing where the future — read: space travel — began, its roots lay with Yeager and the whole test pilot-subculture. Ultimately, astronautics descended from that point."<ref name="Wilford">Wilford, John Noble. [https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=3&res=9C0DE5DB143BF935A25753C1A965948260&scp=73&sq=%22The+Right+Stuff%22&st=nyt "'The Right Stuff': From Space to Screen."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205722/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/movies/the-right-stuff-from-space-to-the-screen.html |date=2020-11-15 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 16, 1983. Retrieved: December 29, 2008.</ref>

After the financial failure of ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'', the studio put ''The Right Stuff'' in [[Turnaround (filmmaking)|turnaround]]. Then [[The Ladd Company]] stepped in with an estimated $17 million.

===Casting===
Actor Ed Harris auditioned twice in 1981 for the role of John Glenn. Originally, Kaufman wanted to use a troupe of contortionists to portray the press corps, but settled on the improvisational comedy troupe [[Fratelli Bologna]], known for its sponsorship of "St. Stupid's Day" in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="Williams">Williams, Christian. "A Story that Pledges Allegiance to Drama and Entertainment." ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 20, 1983, A18.</ref> The director created a locust-like chatter to accompany the press corps whenever they appear, which was achieved through a sound combination of (among other things) motorized Nikon cameras and clicking beetles.<ref name="Williams" />

===Filming===
Most of the film was shot in and around San Francisco between March and October 1982, with additional filming continuing into January 1983. A waterfront warehouse there was transformed into a studio.<ref name="Ansen" />{{refn|Downtown San Francisco doubled for [[Lower Manhattan]] in the [[ticker-tape parade]] scene after John Glenn's return to Earth. The scene was shot at the intersection of California and Montgomery Streets in the Financial District, and the [[Pacific Stock Exchange]] on the corner of Sansome and Pine Streets can be spotted doubling for the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in the final part of the scene.<ref name= "Ansen"/>|group = Note}} Location shooting took place primarily at the abandoned [[Hamilton Air Force Base]] north of San Francisco which was converted into a sound stage for the numerous interior sets.<ref>Farmer 1984, p. 34.</ref> No location could substitute for the distinctive [[Edwards Air Force Base]] landscape, so the entire production crew moved to the [[Mojave Desert]] to shoot the opening sequences that framed the story of the test pilots at Muroc Army Air Field, later Edwards AFB.<ref>Farmer 1984, p. 41.</ref> Additional shooting took place in [[California City, California|California City]] in early 1983. During the filming of a sequence portraying Chuck Yeager's ejection from an NF-104,<ref>Note that Yeager's ejection was from the highly specialized [[NF-104]] rocket jet, while the movie used a common unmodified F-104.</ref> stuntman Joseph Svec, a former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Green Beret]], was killed when he failed to open his parachute.<ref>[http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/TheRightStuff-Svec.htm Svec's Freefall, Check-Six.com]</ref>

Yeager was hired as a technical consultant on the film. He took the actors flying, studied the storyboards and special effects, and pointed out the errors. To prepare for their roles, Kaufman gave the actors playing the seven astronauts an extensive videotape collection to study.<ref name="Ansen" />

The effort to make an authentic feature led to the use of many full-size aircraft, scale models and special effects to replicate the scenes at Edwards Air Force Base and [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]].<ref>Farmer 1983, p. 47.</ref> Special visual effects supervisor Gary Gutierrez said the first special effects were too clean for the desired "dirty, funky, early NASA look."<ref name="Ansen" /> So Gutierrez and his team started from scratch, employing unconventional techniques, like going up a hill with model airplanes on wires and fog machines to create clouds, or shooting model F-104s from a crossbow device and capturing their flight with up to four cameras.<ref name="Ansen" /> Avant garde filmmaker Jordan Belson created the background of the Earth as seen from high-flying planes and from orbiting spacecraft.<ref name="Wilford" />

Kaufman gave his five editors a list of documentary images he needed, sending them off to search for film from NASA, the Air Force, and Bell Aircraft vaults.<ref name="Ansen" /> They also discovered Russian stock footage not viewed in 30 years. During production, Kaufman met with resistance from the Ladd Company and threatened to quit several times. In December 1982, one reel of cut workprint of the film that included portions of John Glenn's flight disappeared from Kaufman's editing facility in San Francisco's Dogpatch neighborhood. The missing reel of cut workprint was never found, but was reconstructed using a black and white duplicate copy of the reel as a guide and reprinting new workprint from the original negative, which was always safely in storage at the film lab.

===Historical accuracy===
Although ''The Right Stuff'' was based on historic events and real people, some substantial dramatic liberties were taken. Neither Yeager's flight in the X-1 to break the sound barrier early in the film or his later, nearly fatal flight in the NF-104A were spur-of-moment, capriciously decided events, as the film seems to imply –- they actually were part of the routine testing program for both aircraft. Yeager had already test-flown both aircraft a number of times previously and was very familiar with them.<ref>Young, Dr. James.. [http://www.chuckyeager.com/1945-1947-mach-buster "Mach Buster."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205711/http://www.chuckyeager.com/1945-1947-mach-buster |date=2020-11-15 }} ''Air Force Flight Test Center History Office, 2014. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/NF104-YeagerInterview.htm "Chuck Yeager, in his our words, regarding his experience with the NF-104."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205704/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/NF104-YeagerInterview.htm |date=2020-11-15 }} ''Check-six.com'', April 23, 2014. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref> Jack Ridley had actually died in 1957,<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/x1/ridley.html "Jack Ridley."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205827/https://history.nasa.gov/x1/ridley.html |date=2020-11-15 }} ''Nasa'' September 18, 1997. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref> even though his character appears in several key scenes taking place after that, most notably including Yeager's 1963 flight of the NF-104A.

''The Right Stuff'' depicts Cooper arriving at Edwards in 1953, reminiscing with Grissom there about the two of them having supposedly flown together at the [[Langley Field|Langley Air Force Base]] and then hanging out with Grissom and Slayton, including all three supposedly being present at Edwards when [[Scott Crossfield]] flew at [[Supersonic speed|Mach 2]] in November 1953.<ref>[http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Famed-aviator-Scott-Crossfield-dies-in-plane-crash-1201589.php "Famed aviator Scott Crossfield dies in plane crash."] ''The Seattle Times,'' April 19, 2006.</ref> The film shows the three of them being recruited together there for the astronaut program in late 1957, with Grissom supposedly expressing keen interest in becoming a "star-voyager". According to their respective NASA biographies, none of the three was posted to Edwards before 1955 (Slayton in 1955<ref>Gray, Tara. [https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/slayton.htm "Donald K. 'Deke' Slayton".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205713/https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/slayton.htm |date=2020-11-15 }} ''NASA''. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref> and Grissom and Cooper in 1956,<ref name="Grissom">Zornio, Mary C. [https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/grissom.htm Virgil Ivan 'Gus' Grissom."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205718/https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/grissom.htm |date=2020-11-15 }} ''NASA''. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref><ref>Gray, Tara. [https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/cooper.htm "L. Gordon Cooper, Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205707/https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/cooper.htm |date=2020-11-15 }} ''NASA''. Retrieved: July 14, 2014.</ref>) and neither of the latter two had previously trained at Langley. By the time astronaut recruitment began in late 1957 after the Soviets had orbited [[Sputnik]], Grissom had already left Edwards and returned to [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]], where he had served previously and was happy with his new assignment there. Grissom did not even know he was under consideration for the astronaut program until he received mysterious orders "out of the blue" to report to Washington in civilian clothing for what turned out to be a recruitment session for NASA.<ref name="Grissom"/> 

While the film took liberties with certain historical facts as part of "dramatic license", criticism focused on one: the portrayal of [[Gus Grissom]] panicking when his ''[[Liberty Bell 7]]'' spacecraft sank following splashdown. Most historians, as well as engineers working for or with [[NASA]] and many of the related contractor agencies within the aerospace industry, are now convinced that the premature detonation of the spacecraft hatch's explosive bolts was caused by mechanical failure not associated with direct human error or deliberate detonation by Grissom.{{refn|Schirra proved that activating the hatch explosives would have left a large welt on any part of the body that came in contact with the trigger. He proved this on his Mercury flight when he intentionally blew the hatch on October 3, 1962 when his spacecraft was on the deck of the recovery carrier.<ref name ="Buckbee">Buckbee and Schirra 2005, pp. 72–73.</ref>|group = Note}} This determination had been made long before the film was completed.<ref name="Buckbee" /> Many astronauts, including Schirra, Cooper and Shepard, were critical of ''The Right Stuff'' for its treatment of Grissom,<ref>Buckbee and Schirra 2005, p. 72.</ref><ref>Cooper 2000, p. 33.</ref><ref name="ShepardRose" /> who was killed in the [[Apollo 1]] launch pad fire in January 1967 and thus unable to defend himself when the film was being made.

Other notable inaccuracies include: early termination of Glenn's flight after three orbits instead of seven (in reality, the flight was scheduled for at most three orbits); the engineers who built the Mercury craft are portrayed as Germans (in reality, they were mostly Americans);<ref name="Wilford"/> etc.

===Film models===
[[File:Kansas Cosmosphere Right Stuff Glamorous Glennis Replica 2013.JPG|thumb|A replica of the ''Glamorous Glennis'' which was used in filming ''The Right Stuff''. Now on display at the [[Cosmosphere]] in Hutchinson, Kansas. The same museum has the flown Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft on display.]]

A large number of film models were assembled for the production; for the more than 80 aircraft appearing in the film, static [[mock-up]]s and models were used as well as authentic aircraft of the period.<ref name="Farmer p.49">Farmer 1983, p. 49.</ref> Lieutenant Colonel Duncan Wilmore, USAF (Ret) acted as the [[United States Air Force]] liaison to the production, beginning his role as a technical consultant in 1980 when the pre-production planning had begun. The first draft of the script in 1980 had concentrated only on the Mercury 7 but as subsequent revisions developed the treatment into more of the original story that Wolfe had envisioned, the aircraft of the late-1940s that would have been seen at Edwards AFB were required. Wilmore gathered World War II era "prop" aircraft including:
* [[Douglas A-26 Invader]]
* [[North American P-51 Mustang]]
* [[North American T-6 Texan]] and
* [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]]

The first group were mainly "set dressing" on the ramp while the [[Confederate Air Force]] (now renamed the Commemorative Air Force) B-29 [[FIFI (aircraft)|"Fifi"]] was modified to act as the B-29 "mothership" to carry the [[Bell X-1]] and [[Bell X-1#X-1A|X-1A]] rocket-powered record-breakers.<ref name="Farmer p. 50–51">Farmer 1983, pp. 50–51.</ref>

Other "real" aircraft included the early jet fighters and trainers as well as current USAF and [[United States Navy]] examples. These flying aircraft and helicopters included:
* [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]]
* [[LTV A-7 Corsair II]]
* [[North American F-86 Sabre]]
* [[Convair F-106 Delta Dart]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]]
* [[Sikorsky H-34|Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw]]
* [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King]]
* [[Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star]]
* [[Northrop T-38 Talon]]<ref>Farmer 1983, p. 51.</ref>

A number of aircraft significant to the story had to be recreated. The first was an essentially static X-1 that had to at least roll along the ground and realistically "belch flame" by a simulated rocket blast from the exhaust pipes.<ref name="Farmer p.49" /> A series of wooden mock-up X-1s were used to depict interior shots of the cockpit, the mating up of the X-1 to a modified B-29 fuselage and bomb bay and ultimately to recreate flight in a combination of model work and live-action photography. The "follow-up" X-1A was also an all-wooden model.<ref name="Farmer p. 50–51" />

The U.S. Navy's [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]] that Crossfield duelled with Yeager's X-1 and X-1A was recreated from a modified [[Hawker Hunter]] jet fighter. The climactic flight of Yeager in a [[Lockheed NF-104A]] was originally to be made with a modified [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] but ultimately, Wilmore decided that the production had to make do with a repainted Luftwaffe F-104G, which lacks the rocket engine of the NF-104.<ref name="Farmer p. 50–51" />

Wooden mock-ups of the Mercury space capsules also realistically depicted the NASA spacecraft and were built from the original mold.<ref name="Wilford" />

For many of the flying sequences, scale models were produced by USFX Studios and filmed outdoors in natural sunlight against the sky. Even off-the-shelf plastic scale models were utilized for aerial scenes. The X-1, F-104 and B-29 models were built in large numbers as a number of the more than 40 scale models were destroyed in the process of filming.<ref>Farmer 1984, pp. 72–73.</ref> The blending together of miniatures, full-scale mock-ups and actual aircraft was seamlessly integrated into the live-action footage. The addition of original newsreel footage was used sparingly but to effect to provide another layer of authenticity.<ref>Farmer 1984, p. 66.</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''The Right Stuff'' had its [[Film premiere|world premiere]] on October 16, 1983, at the [[Kennedy Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], to benefit the [[American Film Institute]].<ref name="Morganthau">Morganthau, Tom and Richard Manning. "Glenn Meets the Dream Machine." ''[[Newsweek]]'', October 3, 1983, p. 36.</ref><ref name="Arnold">Arnold, Gary. "The Stuff of Dreams." ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 16, 1983, p. G1.</ref> It was given a [[limited release]] on October 21, 1983, in 229 theaters, grossing $1.6 million on its opening weekend. It went into [[wide release]] on February 17, 1984, in 627 theaters where it grossed an additional $1.6 million on that weekend. Despite this, the movie bombed at the box office with $21.1 million. The failure of this and ''[[Twice Upon a Time (1983 film)|Twice Upon a Time]]'' caused The Ladd Company to shut down.

As part of the promotion for the film, Veronica Cartwright, Chuck Yeager, Gordon Cooper, Scott Glenn and Dennis Quaid appeared in 1983 at ConStellation, the [[41st World Science Fiction Convention]] in Baltimore.<ref>[http://www.fanac.org/worldcon/ConStellation/w83p008.html "1983 World Science Fiction Convention."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205725/http://www.fanac.org/photohtm.php?worldcon/ConStellation/w83p008 |date=2020-11-15 }} ''fanac.org,'' 2012. Retrieved: September 5, 2012.</ref>

===Reviews===
''The Right Stuff'' received overwhelming acclaim from critics. The film holds a 96% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 49 reviews, with an average score of 8.81/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Right Stuff packs a lot of movie into its hefty running time, spinning a colorful, fact-based story out of consistently engaging characters in the midst of epochal events."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/right_stuff/ | title = The Right Stuff | website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher = [[Fandango Media]] | access-date = July 15, 2019 | archive-date = February 21, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100221083349/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/right_stuff/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] named ''The Right Stuff'' best film of 1983, and wrote, "it joins a short list of recent American movies that might be called experimental epics: movies that have an ambitious reach through time and subject matter, that spend freely for locations or special effects, but that consider each scene as intently as an art film".<ref name="Ebert">Ebert, Roger. [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19831021/REVIEWS/310210301/1023 "'The Right Stuff'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225045903/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19831021%2FREVIEWS%2F310210301%2F1023 |date=2007-12-25 }} ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', October 21, 1983. Retrieved: December 29, 2008.</ref> He later named it one of the best films of the decade and wrote, "''The Right Stuff'' is a greater film because it is not a straightforward historical account but pulls back to chronicle the transition from Yeager and other test pilots to a mighty public relations enterprise". He later put it at #2 on his 10 best of the 1980s, behind Martin Scorsese's ''[[Raging Bull]]''.<ref name="Ebert2">Ebert, Roger. [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020316/REVIEWS08/203160301/1023 "'The Right Stuff': Great Movies."] ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', March 16, 2002. Retrieved: December 29, 2008.</ref> [[Gene Siskel]], Ebert's co-host of ''[[At the Movies (1982–1990 TV series)|At the Movies]]'', also named ''The Right Stuff'' the best film of 1983, and said "It's a great film, and I hope everyone sees it." Siskel also went on to include ''The Right Stuff'' at #3 on his list of the best films of the 1980s, behind ''[[Shoah (film)|Shoah]]'' and ''[[Raging Bull]]''.<ref>[http://siskelandebert.org/video/8OHG6RGH2A6W/At-the-Movies-Best-of-1983 "At the Movies-Best of 1983."] ''Youtube.'' Retrieved: May 14, 2013.</ref>

In his review for ''[[Newsweek]]'', [[David Ansen]] wrote, "When ''The Right Stuff'' takes to the skies, it can't be compared with any other movie, old or new: it's simply the most thrilling flight footage ever put on film".<ref name="Ansen" /> Gary Arnold in his review for the ''[[Washington Post]]'', wrote, "The movie is obviously so solid and appealing that it's bound to go through the roof commercially and keep on soaring for the next year or so".<ref name="Arnold" /> In his review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Vincent Canby praised Shepard's performance: "Both as the character he plays and as an iconic screen presence, Mr. Shepard gives the film much well-needed heft. He is the center of gravity".<ref name="Canby">Canby, Vincent. [https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E05E1DC123BF932A15753C1A965948260&scp=80&sq=%22The+Right+Stuff%22&st=nyt "'Right Stuff', On Astronauts."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205705/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/21/movies/film-right-stuff-on-astronauts.html |date=2020-11-15 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 21, 1983. Retrieved: December 29, 2008</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] wrote, "The movie has the happy, excited spirit of a fanfare, and it's astonishingly entertaining, considering what a screw-up it is".<ref name="Kael">Kael, Pauline. "The Sevens". ''[[The New Yorker]]'', October 17, 1983.</ref>

Tom Wolfe made no secret that he disliked the film, especially because of changes from his original book. William Goldman also disliked the choices made by Kaufman, writing in his 1983 book ''[[Adventures in the Screen Trade]]'': "Phil [Kaufman]'s heart was with Yeager. And not only that, he felt the astronauts, rather than being heroic, were really minor leaguers, mechanical men of no particular quality, not great pilots at all, simply the product of hype."<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=William |title=Adventures in the Screen Trade: A Personal View of Hollywood and Screenwriting (reissue ed.) |year=1989 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=0-446-39117-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresinscre00gold_0 }}</ref>

The Mercury Seven astronauts were mostly negative about the film. In an early interview, Deke Slayton said that none of the film "was all that accurate, but it was well done.<ref name="Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth and Phil McCombs. "The Premiere: A Weekend Full of American Heroes and American Hype." ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 17, 1983, p. B1.</ref> However, in his memoirs, Slayton described the film as being "as bad as the book was good, just a joke".<ref>Slayton 1994, p. 317.</ref> Wally Schirra liked the book a lot, but expressed disappointment and dislike for the movie, and he never forgave the producers for portraying Gus Grissom as a "bungling sort of coward", which was totally untrue.<ref name="Burgess">Colin Burgess, ''Sigma 7: The Six Mercury Orbits of Walter M. Schirra, Jr.'', Springer Praxis Books, 2016.</ref> In an interview, Schirra said: "It was the best book on space, but the movie was distorted and warped... All the astronauts hated [the movie]. We called
it ''Animal House in Space''."<ref>Vernon Scott, article "Schirra debunks notions about astronauts," ''The Tribune newspaper'', San Diego, CA, 9 May 1985, p. D-12.</ref> In another interview, Schirra said: "They insulted the lovely people who talked us through the program - the NASA engineers. They made them like bumbling Germans".<ref name="Bumiller" /> Scott Carpenter said that it was a "great movie in all regards".<ref name="Bumiller" /> Alan Shepard harshly criticized both the movie and the book: "Neither Tom Wolfe nor [Philip Kaufman] had talked to any of the original seven guys, at any time... ''The Right Stuff'' [both the film and the book] is fiction... The movie assumed that Grissom had panicked, which wasn't true at all. The movie made him look like a bad guy for the whole movie. They were very hard on John Glenn's wife, who had a mild speech problem. They made Lyndon Johnson look like a clown. It was just totally fiction."<ref name="ShepardRose">Alan Shepard's Interview to Charlie Rose, July 20, 1994.</ref>

Chuck Yeager said of his characterization: "Sam [Shepard] is not a real flamboyant actor, and I'm not a real flamboyant-type individual ... he played his role the way I fly airplanes".<ref name="Ansen" />

[[Robert Osborne]], who introduced showings of the film on [[Turner Classic Movies]], was quite enthusiastic about the film. The cameo appearance by the real Chuck Yeager in the film was a particular "treat" which Osborne cited. The recounting of many of the legendary aspects of Yeager's life was left in place, including the naming of the X-1, "Glamorous Glennis" after his wife and his superstitious preflight ritual of asking for a stick of [[Beemans gum|Beemans chewing gum]] from his best friend, Jack Ridley.{{refn|This allusion to Beemans chewing gum was later included in ''[[The Rocketeer (film)|The Rocketeer]]'' (1991).|group = Note}}

===Awards and nominations===
''The Right Stuff'' won four [[Academy Awards]]: for [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Effects Editing]] ([[Jay Boekelheide]]), for [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]], for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] and for [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound]] ([[Mark Berger (sound engineer)|Mark Berger]], [[Tom Scott (sound engineer)|Tom Scott]], [[Randy Thom]] and [[David MacMillan (sound engineer)|David MacMillan]]).<ref name="Oscars1984">[http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1984 "The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102051926/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1984 |date=2017-11-02 }} ''oscars.org.'' Retrieved: October 10, 2011.</ref>

The film was also nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] (Sam Shepard), [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]] (Art Direction: [[Geoffrey Kirkland]], [[Richard Lawrence (art director)|Richard Lawrence]], [[W. Stewart Campbell]] and [[Peter R. Romero]]; Set Decoration: [[George R. Nelson]]), [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Caleb Deschanel]]) and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref name="NY Times">[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/41416/The-Right-Stuff/awards "'The Right Stuff'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205728/https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies |date=2020-11-15 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved: January 1, 2009.</ref> The movie was also nominated for the [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]] in 1984.<ref>[http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=35 "1984 Hugo Awards."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225194510/http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=35 |date=2007-12-25 }} ''thehugoawards.org.'' Retrieved: September 5, 2012.</ref> Scott Glenn was also nominated for the New York Film Critics' Award for Best Supporting Actor.

==Home media==
On June 23, 2003, Warner Bros. released a two-disc [[DVD]] Special Edition that featured scene-specific commentaries with key cast and crew members, deleted scenes, three documentaries on the making of ''The Right Stuff'' including interviews with Mercury astronauts and Chuck Yeager, and a feature-length PBS documentary, ''John Glenn: American Hero''. These extras are also included in the November 5, 2013 release of the 30th Anniversary edition, which also includes a 40-page book binding case, with the film in [[Blu-ray]] format. The extras are in standard DVD format.

In addition, the [[British Film Institute]] published a book on ''The Right Stuff'' by Tom Charity in October 1997 that offered a detailed analysis and behind-the-scenes anecdotes.

==Soundtrack==
Although an album mix had been prepared by [[Bill Conti]] in 1983 (and indeed the poster contains the credit "Original Soundtrack Available On [[Geffen Records]]"), the soundtrack album release was cancelled following the film's disappointing box office.<ref name="ReferenceA">Liner notes, ''The Right Stuff'' Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, VCL 0609 1095</ref> In 1986, Conti conducted a re-recording of selections from the score and from his music for ''[[North and South (miniseries)|North and South]]'', performed by the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and released by [[Varèse Sarabande]]<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/original-scores-by-bill-conti-the-right-stuff-north-and-south-mw0000191468 "The Right Stuff/North and South."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205808/https://www.allmusic.com/album/original-scores-by-bill-conti-the-right-stuff-north-and-south-mw0000191468 |date=2020-11-15 }} ''AllMusic''. Retrieved: July 15, 2015.</ref> The original soundtrack was released by Varèse Sarabande on September 20, 2013, prepared from the 1983 album mix (as the original masters of the complete score were lost).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

{{Track listing
| collapsed = no
| extra_column = Artist
| total_length = 37:31<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-right-stuff-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0002595588 "The Right Stuff Soundtrack."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115205704/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-right-stuff-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0002595588 |date=2020-11-15 }} ''AllMusic''. Retrieved: February 2, 2014.</ref>

| title1 = Breaking The Sound Barrier
| length1 = 4:46
| extra1 = [[Bill Conti]]

| title2 = Mach I
| length2 = 1:23
| extra2 = Bill Conti

| title3 = Training Hard / Russian Moon
| length3 = 2:17
| extra3 = Bill Conti

| title4 = Tango
| length4 = 2:20
| extra4 = Bill Conti

| title5 = Mach II
| length5 = 1:58
| extra5 = Bill Conti

| title6 = The Eyes Of Texas Are Upon You / The Yellow Rose Of Texas / Deep In The Heart Of Texas / Dixie
| length6 = 2:50
| extra6 = Bill Conti

| title7 = Yeager and the F104
| length7 = 2:26
| extra7 = Bill Conti

| title8 = Light This Candle
| length8 = 2:45
| extra8 = Bill Conti

| title9 = Glenn's Flight
| length9 = 5:08
| extra9 = Bill Conti

| title10 = Daybreak in Space
| length10 = 2:48
| extra10 = Bill Conti

| title11 = Yeager's Triumph
| length11 = 5:39
| extra11 = Bill Conti

| title12 = The Right Stuff (Single)
| length12 = 3:11
| extra12 = Bill Conti
}}

==See also==
* [[Flight airspeed record]]
* [[Test pilot]]
* ''[[The Right Stuff (TV series)|The Right Stuff]]'', 2020 TV series

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* Buckbee, Ed and Walter Schirra. [http://www.apogeebooks.com/Books/Space_Cowboys.html ''The Real Space Cowboys''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209085942/http://www.apogeebooks.com/Books/Space_Cowboys.html |date=2012-02-09 }} Burlington, Ontario: [[Apogee Books]], 2005. {{ISBN|1-894959-21-3}}.
* Charity, Tom. ''The Right Stuff'' (BFI Modern Classics). London: British Film Institute, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85170-624-X}}.
* [[Bill Conti|Conti, Bill]] (with London Symphony Orchestra). ''The Right Stuff: Symphonic Suite; North and South: Symphonic Suite''. North Hollywood, California: Varèse Sarabande, 1986 [http://worldcat.org/oclc/15749038 (WorldCat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226165700/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15749038 |date=2008-12-26 }}.
* Cooper, Gordon. ''Leap of Faith''. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000. {{ISBN|0-06-019416-2}}.
* Farmer, Jim. "Filming the Right Stuff." ''Air Classics'', Part One: Vol. 19, No. 12, December 1983, Part Two: Vol. 20, No. 1, January 1984.
* Glenn, John. ''John Glenn: A Memoir''. New York: Bantam, 1999. {{ISBN|0-553-11074-8}}.
* Goldman, William. ''Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade''. New York: Vintage Books USA, 2001. {{ISBN|0-375-70319-5}}.
* Hansen, James R. ''[[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7432-5631-X}}.
* Wolfe, Tom. ''The Right Stuff''. New York: Bantam, 2001. {{ISBN|0-553-38135-0}}.
* Slayton, Deke and Michael Cassutt. ''Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle''. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1994. {{ISBN|0-312-85503-6}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0086197|The Right Stuff}}
* {{tcmdb title|16091|The Right Stuff}}
* {{Amg movie|41416|The Right Stuff}}
* {{mojo title|rightstuff|The Right Stuff}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|right_stuff|The Right Stuff}}

{{Tom Wolfe}}
{{The Right Stuff}}
{{Philip Kaufman}}
{{Blue Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right Stuff, The}}
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 drama films]]
[[Category:1980s historical films]]
[[Category:American aviation films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American space adventure films]]
[[Category:Cold War aviation films]]
[[Category:Cold War films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of American men]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of astronauts]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about NASA]]
[[Category:Films about astronauts]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Tom Wolfe]]
[[Category:Films directed by Philip Kaufman]]
[[Category:Films produced by Irwin Winkler]]
[[Category:Films produced by Robert Chartoff]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bill Conti]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Films set in 1953]]
[[Category:Films set in 1957]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award]]
[[Category:Project Mercury]]
[[Category:The Ladd Company films]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]

Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

2021-01-04T21:44:09Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Short description|1968 film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner}}
{{About|the 1968 film|other uses|Planet of the Apes (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Planet of the Apes
| image = PlanetoftheapesPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Franklin J. Schaffner]]
| producer = [[Arthur P. Jacobs]]
| screenplay = {{Plain list|
* [[Michael Wilson (writer)|Michael Wilson]]
* [[Rod Serling]]
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]''|[[Pierre Boulle]]}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Charlton Heston]]
* [[Roddy McDowall]]
* [[Maurice Evans (actor)|Maurice Evans]]
* [[Kim Hunter]]
* [[James Whitmore]]
* [[James Daly (actor)|James Daly]]
* [[Linda Harrison (actress)|Linda Harrison]]
}}
| music = [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
| cinematography = [[Leon Shamroy]]
| editing = [[Hugh S. Fowler]]
| studio = [[APJAC Productions]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{film date|1968|02|08|[[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol Theatre]]|1968|04|03|United States}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet of the Apes |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/planet-apes-1970-1 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $5.8 million<ref name="Numbers">{{cite web |title=The Planet of the Apes (1968) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Planet-of-the-Apes-The#tab=summary |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref>
| gross = $33.4 million {{small|(North America)}}<ref name="Numbers"/>
}}

'''''Planet of the Apes''''' is a 1968 American [[science fiction film]] directed by [[Franklin J. Schaffner]] and loosely based on the 1963 French novel ''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|La Planète des Singes]]'' by [[Pierre Boulle]]. Written by [[Michael Wilson (writer)|Michael Wilson]] and [[Rod Serling]], it stars [[Charlton Heston]], [[Roddy McDowall]], [[Kim Hunter]], [[Maurice Evans (actor)|Maurice Evans]], [[James Whitmore]], [[James Daly (actor)|James Daly]] and [[Linda Harrison (actress)|Linda Harrison]]. In the film, an astronaut crew [[Emergency landing|crash-lands]] on a strange planet in the distant future. Although the planet appears desolate at first, the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech. The apes have assumed the role of the [[Dominance (ecology)|dominant species]] and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins.

The outline of ''Planet of the Apes'' originated in script, originally written by Serling, underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rodserling.com/pota.htm |title=30 Years Later: Rod Serling's Settling the Debate over Who Wrote What, and When |last=Webb |first=Gordon C. |date=July 1998 |publisher=www.rodserling.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202034740/http://www.rodserling.com/pota.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 4, 2007}}</ref> Directors [[J. Lee Thompson]] and [[Blake Edwards]] were approached, but the film's producer Arthur P. Jacobs, upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston, chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film. Schaffner's changes included an ape society less advanced—and therefore less expensive to depict—than that of the original novel.<ref name="Those Damned Dirty Apes!">{{cite web |url=http://www.mediacircus.net/pota.html |title=Those Damned Dirty Apes! |last=Leong |first=Anthony |publisher=www.mediacircus.net |access-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> Filming took place between May 21 and August 10, 1967, in [[California]], [[Utah]] and [[Arizona]], with desert sequences shot in and around [[Lake Powell]], [[Glen Canyon National Recreation Area]]. The film's final "closed" cost was $5.8 million.

The film was released in the United States on February 8, 1968, and was a commercial success, earning a lifetime domestic gross of $32.6 million.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=planetoftheapes.htm |title=Planet of the Apes (1968) |website=Box Office Mojo |date=January 1, 1982 |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> The film was groundbreaking for its [[prosthetic makeup]] techniques by artist [[John Chambers (make-up artist)|John Chambers]]<ref name=guardian01/> and was well received by critics and audiences, launching a [[Planet of the Apes|film franchise]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/p/planet_apes68.html |title=Planet of the Apes (1968) A Film Review by James Berardinelli |access-date=August 4, 2007 |publisher=www.reelviews.net}}</ref> including four sequels, as well as a short-lived television show, animated series, comic books, and various merchandising. In particular, Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the ''Apes'' series, appearing in four of the original five films (absent, from the second film of the series, ''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]'', in which he was replaced by [[David Watson (actor)|David Watson]] in the role of Cornelius), and also in the television series.

The original series was followed by [[Tim Burton]]'s remake ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' in 2001 and the [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] series begun by ''[[Rise of the Planet of the Apes]]'' in 2011.<ref name="Visit" /> In 2001, ''Planet of the Apes'' was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing {{!}} Film Registry {{!}} National Film Preservation Board {{!}} Programs at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-01-184/national-film-registry-2001/2001-12-18/|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:Planet of the Apes (1968) - Teaser Trailer.webm|thumb|thumbtime=103|upright=1.5|Teaser, ''Planet of the Apes'' (1968)]]
Astronauts Taylor, Landon, and Dodge awaken from deep [[suspended animation|hibernation]] after a [[light-speed]] space voyage. Stewart, the lone female crew member, is dead due to a sleep chamber malfunction. The spaceship crashes into a lake on an unknown planet. The men abandon the sinking ship. Before bailing out, Taylor reads the ship's chronometer as November 25, 3978, two thousand and six years after their departure.

After traveling through desolate wasteland, they come upon eerie scarecrow-like figures. Shortly beyond is a fresh-water lake and lush vegetation. While swimming, the men's clothes are stolen and shredded by primitive mute humans. Soon after, armed gorillas raid a cornfield where the humans are gathering food. Taylor is shot in the throat, and he and others are captured. Dodge is killed and Landon rendered unconscious in the chaos. Taylor is taken to Ape City. Two chimpanzees, animal psychologist Zira and surgeon Galen, save Taylor's life, though his throat injury renders him temporarily mute.

Taylor is placed with a captive female, whom he later names Nova. He observes an advanced society of talking apes with a strict caste system: [[gorilla]]s are the military force and labourers; [[orangutan]]s oversee government and religion; and intellectual [[Pan (genus)|chimpanzee]]s are mostly scientists and doctors. While their society is a [[theocracy]] similar to the early human Industrial Era, the apes consider the primitive humans as vermin to be hunted and either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments. Taylor convinces Zira he is intelligent as she and her fiancé, Cornelius, an archaeologist, take an interest in him. Dr. Zaius, their orangutan superior, arranges for Taylor to be castrated against Zira's protests. Taylor escapes and finds Dodge's stuffed corpse on display in a museum. When Taylor is recaptured, he suddenly regains his speaking abilities, stunning onlookers by shouting at his captors to take their "stinking paws" off him.

A hearing to determine Taylor's origins is convened. Taylor mentions his two comrades, learning that Landon was [[lobotomy|lobotomized]] and rendered catatonic. Believing Taylor is from a human tribe beyond their borders, Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor for refusing to reveal his origins. With help from Zira's nephew Lucius, Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City where Taylor's ship crashed. Ape law has ruled the area out of bounds for centuries. While Cornelius and Zira are intent to gather proof of an earlier non-simian civilization – which Cornelius discovered a year earlier – to be cleared of heresy, Taylor is focused on proving he comes from a different planet.

Arriving at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off by threatening to shoot Zaius, who agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories. Inside, Cornelius displays remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve, and to the apes' astonishment, a child's talking doll. Zaius admits he has always known about the ancient human civilization. Taylor wants to search for answers, ignoring Zaius' warning he may dislike what he finds. After Taylor and Nova are allowed to leave, Dr. Zaius has the cave sealed off to destroy the evidence while charging Zira, Cornelius, and Lucius with heresy.

Taylor and Nova follow the shoreline on horseback and eventually discover the remnants of the [[Statue of Liberty]], revealing that this "alien" planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war. Understanding Zaius' earlier warning, Taylor falls to his knees in despair and condemns humanity for destroying the world.

==Cast==


{{div col}}
*[[Charlton Heston]] as George Taylor


*[[Roddy McDowall]] as Cornelius
*[[Kim Hunter]] as Zira
*[[Maurice Evans (actor)|Maurice Evans]] as Dr. Zaius
*[[James Whitmore]] as President of the Assembly
*[[James Daly (actor)|James Daly]] as Honorious

*[[Linda Harrison (actress)|Linda Harrison]] as Nova


*Robert Gunner as Landon
*[[Lou Wagner]] as Lucius
*[[Woodrow Parfrey]] as Maximus
*Jeff Burton as Dodge
*[[Buck Kartalian]] as Julius
*[[Norman Burton]] as Hunt Leader
*[[Wright King]] as Dr. Galen
*[[Paul Lambert (actor)|Paul Lambert]] as Minister
*[[Dianne Stanley]] as Stewart
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Origins===
Producer [[Arthur P. Jacobs]] bought the rights for the [[Pierre Boulle]] novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, but was passed over. After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing ''[[What a Way to Go!]]'' (1964) for [[20th Century Fox]] and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio, ''[[Doctor Dolittle (film)|Doctor Dolittle]]'', he managed to convince Fox vice-president [[Richard D. Zanuck]] to greenlight ''Planet of the Apes''.<ref name="btpota">{{cite video |title=Behind the Planet of the Apes |year=1998 |author=American Movie Classics |author-link=American Movie Classics |location=''Planet of the Apes'' Blu-Ray |publisher=20th Century Fox Home Entertainment}}</ref>

One script that came close to being made was written by ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'' creator [[Rod Serling]], though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive [[set construction|sets]], [[theatrical property|props]], and [[special effects]]. The previously [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] screenwriter [[Michael Wilson (writer)|Michael Wilson]] was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director [[Franklin J. Schaffner]], the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several [[storyboards]]. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces.<ref name="btpota"/>

To convince the Fox Studio that a ''Planet of the Apes'' film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup, on March 8, 1966. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), [[Edward G. Robinson]] appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, [[James Brolin]] and [[Linda Harrison (actress)|Linda Harrison]], played Cornelius and Zira. This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film, as well as the documentary ''Behind the Planet of the Apes''. [[Linda Harrison (actress)|Linda Harrison]], at the time, the girlfriend of studio chief [[Richard D. Zanuck]], went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and [[Beneath the Planet of the Apes|its first sequel]], and had a cameo in [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' more than 30 years later, which was also produced by Zanuck. Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova, they had, in fact, considered first [[Ursula Andress]], then [[Raquel Welch]], and [[Angelique Pettyjohn]]. When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested, Zanuck gave the part to Harrison. Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson, but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |title=Monkey business |date=June 24, 2005 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/jun/25/adaptationoftheweek.books |access-date=May 13, 2015}}</ref> Robinson's final film, ''[[Soylent Green]]'' (1973), starred his one-time ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|Ten Commandments]]'' (1956) co-star, Heston.

Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer [[Mort Abrahams]] an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abrahams some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "[[Three wise monkeys|See no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil]]" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.<ref name="revisited">{{cite book |last1=Russo |first1=Joe |last2=Landsman |first2=Larry |last3=Gross |first3=Edward |title=Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga |date=2001 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=0312252390 |edition=1st |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312252397}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2016}} During filming [[John Chambers (make-up artist)|John Chambers]], who designed prosthetic make-up in the film,<ref name=guardian01>{{cite news |title=Obituary: John Chambers: Make-up master responsible for Hollywood's finest space-age creatures |author=Brian Pendreigh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/07/guardianobituaries.filmnews |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 7, 2001 |access-date=February 27, 2013}}</ref> held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sci-Fi Swarm and Horror Horde: Interviews with 62 Filmmakers |author=Tom Weaver |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0786458318 |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50AbUfJS6OkC&q=John+Chambers+makeup+artist&pg=PA314 }}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Glen Canyon 305947975.jpg|thumb|right|The astronauts' journey from their downed ship was filmed along the [[Colorado River]] in [[Glen Canyon]].]]
Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the [[Grand Canyon]], the [[Colorado River]], [[Lake Powell]],<ref name="revisited"/>{{rp|61}} [[Glen Canyon]]<ref name="revisited"/>{{rp|61}} and other locations near [[Page, Arizona]]<ref name="revisited"/>{{rp|59}} Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch<ref name="revisited"/>{{rp|68}} in [[Malibu Creek State Park]], northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the [[backlot]] of 20th Century Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] and [[Oxnard]] with cliffs that towered {{convert|130|ft|m}} above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.<ref name="revisited"/>{{rp|79}}

The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between [[Zuma Beach]] and [[Point Dume]] in Malibu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/p/planet_apes.html |title=Film locations for Planet of the Apes (1968) |publisher=Movie-locations.com |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706115121/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/p/planet_apes.html |archive-date=July 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As noted in the documentary ''Behind the Planet of the Apes'',<ref name="btpota"/> the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a [[matte painting]] with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} scaffold, angled over a 1/2-scale [[papier-mache]] model of the Statue. The actors in ''Planet of the Apes'' were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theforbidden-zone.com/info/trivia.shtml |title=Apes Trivia |publisher=Theforbidden-zone.com |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>

===Taylor's spacecraft===
The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film; however, for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu-ray edition of the film, in the short film created for the release titled ''A Public Service Announcement from ANSA'', the ship is named ''Liberty 1''.<ref name = Timeline>{{cite book |last1=Handley |first1=Rich |year=2009 |title=Timeline of the Planet of the Apes: The Definitive Chronology |publisher=Hasslein Books |page=11 |isbn=9780615253923}}</ref> The ship had originally been called "Immigrant One" in an early draft of the script, and then called "Air Force One" in a test set of Topps Collectible cards, and dubbed "Icarus" by a fan; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom.<ref name = Timeline/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Key |first=Jim |date=January 1, 1999 |title=The Flight of the Icarus |journal=Sci-Fi & Fantasy Models International |publisher=Next Millennium Publishing Ltd |issue=38 |page=14}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Planet of the Apes'' was met with critical acclaim and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/1968.html |title=The Greatest Films of 1968 |publisher=AMC Filmsite.org |access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.films101.com/y1968r.htm |title= The Best Movies of 1968 by Rank |publisher=Films101.com |access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] called it "one of the most entertaining science-fiction fantasies ever to come out of Hollywood."<ref name="Kael">{{Cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |author-link=Pauline Kael |title=5001 Nights at the Movies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LzeUZ03vQC |year=2011 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |location=New York |isbn=978-1-250-03357-4 |page=586}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film three stars out of four and called it "much better than I expected it to be. It is quickly paced, completely entertaining, and its philosophical pretensions don't get in the way."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/planet-of-the-apes-1968 |title=Planet of the Apes |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 15, 1968 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=December 21, 2018 }}</ref> [[Renata Adler]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "It is no good at all, but fun, at moments, to watch."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adler|first=Renata|date=1968-02-09|title=She Reads Playboy, He Reads Cosmopolitan:Ritual Roles Reversed in 'Sweet November' ' Planet of the Apes' and 'Winter' Also Open (Published 1968)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/09/archives/she-reads-playboy-he-reads-cosmopolitanritual-roles-reversed-in.html|access-date=2020-10-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Arthur D. Murphy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called it "an amazing film." He thought the script "at times digresses into low comedy," but "the totality of the film works very well."<ref>Murphy, Arthur D. (February 7, 1968). "Film Reviews: Planet of the Apes". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 6.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote, "A triumph of artistry and imagination, it is at once a timely parable and a grand adventure on an epic scale."<ref>Thomas, Kevin (March 24, 1968). "'[https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=26872338&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM4MjU1MjQ1MCwiaWF0IjoxNTYwMjkzNTMxLCJleHAiOjE1NjAzNzk5MzF9.aTKNmQ6dxJzxItG6rlXImzC0_qyWAaLHaN03HGskxvo Planet of Apes' Out of This World"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Calendar, p. 18.</ref> [[Richard L. Coe]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it an "amusing and unusually engrossing picture."<ref>Coe, Richard L. (April 12, 1968). "The Simians Take a Planet". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. B6.</ref>

{{As of|2020|06|26|df=US}}, the film held a "Certified Fresh" 87% rating on the review aggregate website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 59 reviews with an average rating of 7.63/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''Planet of the Apes'' raises thought-provoking questions about our culture without letting social commentary get in the way of the drama and action."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1016397-planet_of_the_apes/ |title= Planet of the Apes (1968) |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> In 2008, the film was selected by ''[[Empire Magazine|Empire]]'' magazine as one of ''The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/500/28.asp |title=''Empire's'' The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time |publisher=Empire Magazine |access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>

===Box office===
According to Fox records the film required $12,850,000 in theater rentals to break even and made $20,825,000{{emdash}}a large profit for the studio.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv/page/327 327]|title=The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox|url=https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv|url-access=registration|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M|year=1988|publisher=L. Stuart}}</ref>

===Accolades===
The film won an honorary [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[John Chambers (make-up artist)|John Chambers]] for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] ([[Morton Haack]]) and [[Academy Award for Original Music Score|Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical)]] ([[Jerry Goldsmith]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards |last1=Wiley |first1=Mason |last2=Bona |first2=Damien |editor1-first=Gail |editor1-last=MacColl |year=1986 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |location=New York |page=768 }}</ref> The score is known for its [[avant-garde]] compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual [[percussion]] instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-tone music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.

;[[American Film Institute]] Lists
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies]]—Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/movies400.pdf|title=America's Greatest Movies|date=2002|publisher=AFI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052804/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/movies400.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills]]—#59
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains]]:
**Colonel George Taylor—Nominated Hero<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf|title=AFI'S 100 Years 100 Heroes & Villains|publisher=AFI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913234749/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf|archive-date=September 13, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes]]:
**"Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!"—#66
*[[AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores]]—#18
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)]]—Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/Movies_ballot_06.pdf|title=AFI 100 Years 100 Movies|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052423/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/Movies_ballot_06.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>
*[[AFI's 10 Top 10]]—Nominated Science Fiction Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/drop/ballot.pdf|title=AFI Ballot|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911161721/http://www.afi.com/drop/ballot.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>

'''[[National Film Registry]]'''

Among the 25 Films inducted into the [[Library of Congress]] for the year 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing {{!}} Film Registry {{!}} National Film Preservation Board {{!}} Programs at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Main|Planet of the Apes}}

===Original series sequels===
Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer [[Mort Abrahams]] and writer [[Paul Dehn]], which became the basis for ''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]''.<ref name="revisited"/>{{Page needed|date=August 2016}} The original film series had four sequels:
*''[[Beneath the Planet of the Apes]]'' (1970)
*''[[Escape from the Planet of the Apes]]'' (1971)
*''[[Conquest of the Planet of the Apes]]'' (1972)
*''[[Battle for the Planet of the Apes]]'' (1973)

===Television series===
*''[[Planet of the Apes (TV series)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (1974)
*''[[Return to the Planet of the Apes]]'' (animated) (1975)

===Remake===
*''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (2001): The film was a re-imagining of the original film, directed by [[Tim Burton]].

===Reboot series===
*''[[Rise of the Planet of the Apes]]'' (2011): A series [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]], directed by [[Rupert Wyatt]], was released on August 5, 2011 to critical and commercial success. It is the first installment in the new series of films.<ref name="Visit">{{cite web|last=Lussier |first=Germain |url=https://collider.com/set-visit-rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes/85807 |title=RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES Set Visit and Video Blog |website=Collider |date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Dawn of the Planet of the Apes]]'' (2014): The second entry in the ''Planet of the Apes'' reboot series, directed by [[Matt Reeves]], was released on July 11, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/matt-reeves-confirmed-to-helm-dawn-of-the-planet-of-the-apes/|title=Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'|last=Lussier|first=Germain|date=October 1, 2012|publisher=Slashfilm.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=112321|title=Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week|last=Douglas|first=Edward|date=December 10, 2013|publisher=ComingSoon.net|access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>
*''[[War for the Planet of the Apes]]'' (2017): The third film in the reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released on July 14, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Channing Tatum's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/channing-tatums-x-men-spinoff-to-hit-theaters-in-2016-1201393233|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 5, 2015|access-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/channing-tatums-gambit-gets-2016-release-date-fantastic-four-sequel-moves-up/ |title=Channing Tatum's 'Gambit' Gets 2016 Release Date, 'Fantastic Four' Sequel Moves Up |author=Sneider, Jeff |date=January 5, 2015 |access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/new-planet-of-the-apes-movie-title-revealed/|title=New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed|last=Goldberg|first=Matt|date=May 14, 2015|work=Collider|access-date=May 14, 2015}}</ref>

===Documentaries===
*''[[Behind the Planet of the Apes]]'' (1998) A feature-length making-of documentary on the original film and TV series, hosted by Roddy McDowall.

===Comics===
*[[Planet of the Apes (comics)|Comic book adaptations]] of the films were published by [[Gold Key]] (1970) and [[Marvel Comics]] (b/w magazine 1974-1977,<ref>[http://www.comics.org/series/2185/ ''Planet of the Apes''] at the Grand Comics Database</ref> color comic book 1975-76).<ref>[http://www.comics.org/series/2231/ ''Adventures on the Planet of the Apes''] at the Grand Comics Database</ref> [[Malibu Comics]] reprinted the Marvel adaptations when it held the license in the early 1990s, as well as producing new stories including ''Ape Nation'', a crossover with ''[[Alien Nation]]''. [[Dark Horse Comics]] published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film. Currently [[Boom! Studios]] has the licensing rights to ''Planet of the Apes''. Its stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived. In July 2014, Boom! Studios and [[IDW Publishing]] published a crossover between ''Planet of the Apes'' and the original ''Star Trek'' series. In 2018, the original 1968 film's unused screenplay by [[Rod Serling]] was adapted into a graphic novel entitled ''[[Planet of the Apes: Visionaries]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/rod-serlings-planet-apes-script-inspires-graphic-novel-1080728 |title=Rod Serling's 'Planet of the Apes' Script Inspires Graphic Novel (Exclusive) |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=February 1, 2018 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geek.com/comics/planet-of-the-apes-visionaries-1750357/ |title=Planet of the Apes: Visionaries is Unpredictable, Stunning and Wild |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Insha |date=September 3, 2018 |access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in ''[[Mad Magazine]]''. It was illustrated by [[Mort Drucker]] and written by [[Arnie Kogen]] in regular issue #157, March 1973.<ref name="madcoversite">{{cite web |url=http://www.madcoversite.com/mad157.html |title=Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site - Mad #157 |publisher=Madcoversite.com |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref>

[[TV Globo]], Brazil's largest and most important television network (and the second-largest commercial TV network in the world just behind the American ABC TV), aired from 1976 to 1982 a sketch comedy show called "Planeta dos Homens" (Planet of the Men) where, among regular sketches and parodies, three apes (Charles, a chimp, Socrates and Gibinha, orangutans) from a highly-evolved ape planet, tried to comprehend the illogical human civilization, ending with the catchphrase "You don't need to explain me, I just wanted to understand it!"; "Planeta dos Homens" went on for years as one of the highest-audience levels TV shows on the country.

The Simpsons parodied the film in the episode "[[A Fish Called Selma]]". [[Troy McClure]] (who appeared in such films as ''Today We Kill, Tomorrow We Die'' and ''Gladys the Groovy Mule'') starred in a musical version called ''Stop the Planet of the Apes, I Want to Get Off''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fox|first=Jesse David|date=July 17, 2017|title=An Oral History of The Simpsons' Classic Planet of the Apes Musical|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/culture/2017/07/simpsons-planet-of-the-apes-musical-an-oral-history.html|access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lake Powell in Arizona.jpg|The crash of the astronauts' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around [[Lake Powell]].
File:Horseshoebend smt.jpg|[[Horseshoe Bend (Arizona)|Horseshoe Bend]] on the [[Colorado River]], near [[Page, Arizona]], was a part of the Forbidden Zone, through which Taylor, Zira, and Cornelius fled Ape City.
File:Malibu creek1.jpg|[[Malibu Creek State Park]], part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch, was the location of the astronauts' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes, and of Cornelius, Zira and Taylor's escape from Ape City.
File:Point Dume Climbing.JPG|The final scene was filmed at [[Point Dume]]'s Westward Beach on the [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] coast.
File:Potaending.jpg|The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the [[matte painting]] of the Statue of Liberty.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|1960s|Film|United States|Speculative fiction}}
* [[List of American films of 1968]]
* [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction]], about the film genre, with a list of related films
* [[Survival film]], about the film genre, with a list of related films

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes}}
{{commons category|Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes}}
*''Planet of the Apes'' essay [https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/planet_apes.pdf] by John Wills at the [[National Film Registry]]
*{{Official website|https://www.foxmovies.com/movies/planet-of-the-apes-1968}}
* {{IMDb title|63442}}
* {{Amg title|38295}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|1016397_planet_of_the_apes}}
* {{Mojo title|planetoftheapes}}
* ''Planet of the Apes'' essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 {{ISBN|0826429777}}, pages 632-633 [https://www.google.com/books/edition/America_s_Film_Legacy/deq3xI8OmCkC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIr9CUqP_qAhXyl3IEHX1wCbIQiKUDMBZ6BAgTEAQ]
{{Planet of the Apes}}
{{Franklin Schaffner}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Planet Of The Apes}}
[[Category:1960s dystopian films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1960s science fiction films]]
[[Category:Alien zoos in fiction]]
[[Category:American science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:American dystopian films]]
[[Category:Films about astronauts]]
[[Category:Films about time travel]]
[[Category:Films awarded an Academy Honorary Award]]
[[Category:Films based on French novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 4th millennium]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:Films shot in Utah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arizona]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Planet of the Apes films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Michael Wilson (writer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Rod Serling]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]

List of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. characters

2020-12-18T18:40:27Z

Tuttt: /* Senior Chief Petty Officer Wayne Simpson */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{tone|date=November 2013}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.'' characters}}
'''''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]''''' is an American television [[situation comedy]] that was originally broadcast from 1964 to 1969 on the [[CBS]] network. It focused on Gomer Pyle, a naïve but good-hearted private in the [[United States Marine Corps]] who served in a non-combat role while stationed stateside. The plots of the episodes often grew out of the contentious relationship between Pyle and his stern [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]], Sergeant Carter.

==Private First Class Gomer Pyle==
{{main|Gomer Pyle}}
* Portrayed by [[Jim Nabors]]

'''Ribbons of Decoration Worn By PFC Gomer Pyle'''

[[Image:United States Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|55px]] USMC Good Conduct
[[Image:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|55px]] National Defense Service

[[Private First Class]] [[Gomer Pyle]] is the main character throughout the series. Pyle also wears the USMC Expert Rifle badge.

==Gunnery Sergeant Carter==

* Portrayed by [[Frank Sutton]]
[[Gunnery Sergeant]] Vincent J. Carter is Gomer's stern, yet soft at heart (as shown in season 3,episode 10 Cold Nose, Warm Heart), [[drill instructor]]. He was born and raised on May 4, 1928, in [[Wichita, Kansas]], in a town not far from [[Leavenworth, Kansas|Leavenworth]]. Carter takes his role very seriously, as evidenced by the stripes he's earned (and is sometimes obsessed with) over the years. Carter is forever exasperated by Gomer’s ineptitude and refusal to surrender his naïve point of view and would like nothing better than to see Gomer transferred. He is always referred to as "''Sergeant'' Carter," although under actual U.S. Marine Corps protocol, he would be addressed as “''Gunnery Sergeant'' Carter" or the informal "''Gunny'' Carter". In the episode, "How to Succeed in Farming Without Really Trying," Carter does specify his correct rank.

There seems to be some inconsistency concerning Carter’s age and time in the Marine Corps. By the beginning of the series, Carter had been in the Marine Corps for 16 years, which means he would have entered the service in 1948, when he would have been about 20. However, he wears the World War II Victory ribbon which was awarded to the Armed Forces through Dec. 31, 1946. In the episode "Old Man Carter" (season 1, episode 23), aired on 26 February 1965, he is said to be 35 years old. However, at the end of the show, Gomer discovers Carter subtracted incorrectly and was actually 36 years old, and not 35 as he believed. Carter also reveals to his men he joined the Marines in 1946. Therefore, his time in the service by 1965 would have been between 18 and 19 years. This would put him at the age of 18 when he joined. In the second episode he reveals that he has earned five Good Conduct medals, was cited for bravery in [[Korea]] and has had three honor platoons in a row. In "Come Blow Your Top" (Season 5, Episode 9), it is revealed Carter owns a sword from an enemy officer which he stated he captured at the Battle of Inchon (1950). At that time he was a corporal. (Later in that episode, though, he admits he won the sword in a card game while at Inchon.) In "A Tattoo for Gomer" (Season 5, Episode 15), Carter reveals he was with the 7th Fleet in Korea where he got his Semper Fidelis tattoo (upper right arm), but did not mention the year.

Carter wears his emotions on his sleeve. He has an explosive temper with a short fuse, which is triggered at the first sign of angst. This feature, in combination with Pyle's genial nature and naïveté, drive the show's plot in most episodes. Carter also expresses happiness and fear in dramatic fashion. His emotions also become a source of tension between him and his girlfriend, Miss Bunny Wilson. Despite Carter's desire to see Pyle out of his life, it is apparent he cares for Pyle and wants him to successfully fulfill his service in the Corps. Carter is Gomer's best friend and by the end of the show's run, it is obvious that Gomer is his.

===Awards, Decorations and Service Medals Worn By Gunnery Sgt. Carter===

[[Image:Bronze Star ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Bronze Star]]
[[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Purple Heart]]
[[File:United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|55px]]
US Navy [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]
[[Image:United States Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
Marine Corps Good Conduct
[[File:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[World War II Victory Medal]] 
[[Image:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[National Defense Service Medal]]
[[File:Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Korean Service Medal]]
[[File:United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[United Nations Service Medal for Korea]]
[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Korea).svg|55px]]
Korean [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation|Presidential Unit Citation]] 
Carter also wears the USMC Expert Rifle and Pistol Expert badges

Frank Sutton in real life served in the [[US Army]] in the Pacific Theater of World War II. When he was cast as Sgt. Carter he was allowed to wear some of his actual WW2 decorations with his Marine uniform.

==Private First Class and later Corporal Gilbert 'Duke' Slater==
* Portrayed by [[Ronnie Schell]]
[[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Corporal]] Gilbert "Duke" Slater is Gomer's close friend in the Marines. Unlike Gomer, he has few scruples and is not above putting one over on Sergeant Carter, much to Gomer's consternation. A private in early seasons, Duke transferred to a different platoon at the end of season three, where he took a Corporal test and graduated in the top 10 of his class, earning a promotion to Corporal. Duke later returned to Camp Henderson and succeeded Boyle as Carter's second in command. As before his promotion Duke still addressed Gomer by his first name, sometimes calling him "Gome". He took over Cpl. Chuck Boyle's position for season 5 as the straight man putting up with Sergeant Carter's antics and sticking up for Gomer when actor Ronnie Schell returned to the series.

==Corporal Chuck Boyle==
* Portrayed by [[Roy Stuart (actor)|Roy Stuart]]
[[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Corporal]] Chuck Boyle works under Sergeant Carter after Nicholas Cuccinelli. Boyle usually serves as Carter's conscience, making Carter treat Gomer civilly, even if it means that Gomer will continue under his beloved sergeant. Boyle is the straight man for Carter's antics and he also sticks up for Gomer a lot of times. Gomer never realizes it but Boyle, many times, serves as his advocate. Corporal Boyle left following the fourth season to be replaced by Cpl. Duke Slater (when actor Ronnie Schell returned to the series).

==Lou-Ann Poovie==
* Portrayed by [[Elizabeth MacRae]]
Lou-Ann Poovie is Gomer's girlfriend throughout most of the series. She is from North Carolina as well, and a sweet, somewhat naive, but always willing partner to Gomer's misadventures, although she can also sometimes be fickle, capricious and prideful and can also get needlessly jealous and make incorrect assumptions when another woman makes a move on Gomer, even though Gomer makes clear he only has eyes for Lou-Ann. Although very interested in music (she came to California for a music career), she is considered tone-deaf. Her catchphrase is "Well...actually..." Lou-Ann Poovie was introduced and appeared in three episodes in the show's third season. She played Gomer's girlfriend in the show's fourth and fifth seasons.

=="Miss" Bunny Wilson==
* Portrayed by [[Barbara Stuart]]
"Miss" Bunny Wilson is Sergeant Carter's girlfriend throughout most of the series.

==Staff Sergeant Whipple==
* Portrayed by [[Buck Young]]
[[Staff Sergeant#Marine Corps|Staff Sergeant]] Whipple was born sometime in the 1920s or 1930s. Whipple and Carter dislike one another and are prone to competition, especially in platoon ratings. The season one episode "Private Ralph Skunk" highlights Carter and Whipple's rivalry and mutual contempt: When Whipple used underhanded tricks to embarrass Sgt. Carter just to keep his own platoon ahead in the ratings, Gomer (without Carter's knowledge) snuck his pet skunk inside Whipple's barracks to scare his troops outside, which got Whipple into trouble with the camp commander, who punished Whipple and his men by confining them to their bunk to clean up, much to Carter's delight.

==Staff Sergeant Charley Hacker==
* Portrayed by [[Allan Melvin]]
[[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff Sergeant]] Charley Hacker runs the company mess hall and served at battle of [[Iwo Jima]]; unlike his feud with Whipple, Sergeant Carter's rivalry with Hacker is less contemptuous, and on occasion the two are able to put aside their differences. One example was in the episode "Third Finger, Left Loaf", Hacker and Carter have to search 600 loaves of bread for a wedding ring Pyle accidentally dropped into the dough (which was in Pyle's back pocket), nearly driving themselves crazy in the process. You rarely hear Hacker call Carter 'Carter'. He usually calls him by his first name Vince.
===Awards, Decorations and Service Medals Worn By Sgt. Hacker===

[[Image:Bronze Star ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Bronze Star]]
[[File:Navy and Marine Corps Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]
[[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Purple Heart]]
[[Image:United States Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
Marine Corps Good Conduct
[[Image:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[National Defense Service Medal]]
[[File:Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Korean Service Medal]]
[[File:United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[United Nations Service Medal for Korea]]
 

==Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gray==
* Portrayed by [[Forrest Compton]]
[[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Edward Gray was born in 1925. He was the officer in charge of the base on the show [[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]. He served at the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] during World War II in 1945. Gray, in contrast to Sgt. Carter, seems to respect Gomer more, especially on a personal level. Gray is portrayed as no-nonsense and running a tight ship. He rarely smiles and most scenes with Gray are in his office as he sits behind his desk chewing out Sgt. Carter.
===(Incomplete list) Awards, Decorations and Service Medals Worn By Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gray===

[[Image:Silver Star ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Silver Star]]
[[File:Navy and Marine Corps Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]
[[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[Purple Heart]]
[[File:United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|55px]]
US Navy [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]
[[Image:United States Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
Marine Corps Good Conduct
[[File:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|55px]]
[[World War II Victory Medal]] 

==Lieutenant Colonel George Van Pelt==
* Portrayed by [[Peter Hansen (actor)|Peter Hansen]]
[[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] George Van Pelt was born in 1911. He joined the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] and saw action in World War II against Japan. He was in the first season of [[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]].

==Corporal and Gunnery Sergeant Carol Barnes==
*Portrayed by [[Carol Burnett]]
[[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Corporal]], then [[Gunnery Sergeant]] Carol Barnes was in an episode in [[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]] of season 4 entitled "Corporal Carol", during which she falls in love with Gomer but then finds out that he is dating someone else. She also appears in an episode of season 5 entitled "Show Time with Sgt. Carol", in which Gomer and Carol sing a Duet at Camp Henderson's Base Variety Show.

==Corporal Johnson==
* Portrayed by [[Jerry Dexter]]
[[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Corporal]] Johnson was born in 1944 and worked with [[Gunnery Sergeant]] Vince Carter during the first season of the show.

==Corporal Jensen==
* Portrayed by [[Victor Brandt]]
Corporal Jensen is Sergeant Hacker's second in command.

==Corporal Nicholas Cuccinelli==
* Portrayed by [[Tommy Leonetti]]
[[Corporal#United States Marine Corps|Corporal]] Nicholas Cuccinelli was born in 1939. He served under [[Gunnery Sergeant]] Vince Carter in the first season in 1964 - 1965.

==Private First Class Frankie Lombardi==
* Portrayed by [[Ted Bessell]]
[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]] Frankie Lombardi, introduced in season 2, served as a recruit under Sergeant Carter. He is partner-in-crime and best friend to private Duke Slater and a constant confidant to Gomer.

==Private Joey Lombardi==
* Portrayed by [[Joe E. Tata]], George Spencer, and George Zateslo
[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]] Joey Lombardi is the brother of Private Frankie Lombardi. Lombardi was a recruit under [[Gunnery Sergeant]] Vince Carter. He was in eleven episodes of ''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]'' and was portrayed by three actors. He had a girlfriend named Rosie, whom Gomer snuck in to base to see him, although the rules strictly prohibited visitation until after four weeks of training. Though Joey confessed that she was his girlfriend, Gomer was still punished by Gunnery Sgt. Carter for sneaking Rosie in without permission.

==Private First Class Lester Hummel==
* Portrayed by [[William Christopher]]
Another of Gomer's friends. Usually a philosopher-like type of Marine. He is the most seen from seasons 3-4 next to Duke Slater.

==Private Eddie Swanson==
* Portrayed by [[Mark Slade]]
Another of Gomer's friends. He, Gomer, Duke, et al. were in boot camp together. He only appears in the first half of season 1.

==Private Larry Gottschalk==
* Portrayed by [[Larry Hovis]]
One of Gomer's barracks mates, also an occasional foil to Duke Slater. Appears only in season 1 (1964-1965); actor Larry Hovis left the series to appear as Lieutenant Carter in the pilot episode of [[Hogan's Heroes]], oddly enough, that role would be revamped, and made regular, as their own [[List of Hogan's Heroes characters#Sergeant Carter|Sgt. Carter]].

==Senior Chief Petty Officer Wayne Simpson==
* Portrayed by [[Tige Andrews]]
Sgt. Carter's [[United States navy|Navy]] foe; a bully to some Marines. His catchphrase is "What's this? What's this?". Simpson once knocked Carter out during a boxing match with one punch, and makes fun of the platoon when Gomer messes up. Nicknamed "The Rattlesnake", he was the Fleet boxing champion for four years: 37 KOs and only retired from the said position because he couldn't find someone brave enough to challenge him. Simpson also has his own gang of men following him around. In "'''Cat Overboard'''", Carter and the other Marines laughed at Simpson when they learned about the romance magazines he reads aboard ship. He got offended and told Carter off that his choice of reading romance magazines are none of his and the Marines business. Simpson has a strict rule on contraband, evident when he threw a pet turtle over board and confiscated a transmitter radio. Although angry that Gomer had snuck his pet cat, Henrietta, aboard ship, Simpson has shown compassion when he learned about her pregnancy and took her to the sick bay so some of his corpsmen can have some training in delivering kittens.
{{mayberry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomer Pyle}}
[[Category:Lists of American comedy television series characters]]

Shirley Eaton

2020-12-10T16:57:08Z

Tuttt:

{{short description|British actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shirley Eaton
| image =
| caption = Eaton in ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|01|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edgware]], [[Middlesex]], England
| occupation = Actress, author, sex symbol
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| yearsactive = {{ubl|1951–1969 (actress)|1999–present (author)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Colin Rowe|1957|1994|reason=died}}
| children = 2
| }}
'''Shirley Eaton''' (born 12 January 1937) is an English actress and model.

Eaton appeared regularly in British films throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and gained her highest profile for her appearance as Bond Girl Jill Masterson in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' (1964). Following the death of [[Sean Connery]] in October 2020, she is the last surviving member of the principal cast. Eaton also had roles in the early [[Carry On (franchise)|''Carry On'' films]]. Preferring to devote herself to bringing up a family, Eaton retired from acting in 1969.

==Life and career==

===Early life===
Eaton was born on 12 January 1937 in [[Edgware]] General Hospital, [[Middlesex]], and brought up in the suburb of [[Kingsbury, London|Kingsbury]]. She attended Roe Green Primary School on Princes Avenue, and although living close to both [[Kingsbury County Grammar School]] and [[Kingsbury High School|Tylers Croft Secondary Modern School]], won a place at the [[Aida Foster Theatre School]], a specialist drama school, and remained there until she was sixteen.<ref name="Reid">{{Cite book |first=John Howard |last=Reid |title=America's Best, Britain's Finest: A Survey of Mixed Movies |page=144 |location=Morrisville, NC |publisher=Lulu Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4116-7877-4}}</ref> Her stage debut was in [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[The Little Sweep|Let's Make an Opera!]]'' and her West End debut was in 1954 in ''Going to Town''.<ref name="Reid"/>

All through the 1950s, Eaton was a singing star, both on the stage and on television, appearing with her own act in variety shows throughout the country and starring at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in London in her own solo singing act, as well as appearing in many films. Throughout her career, she appeared with many of the top British male comedy stars of the period, including [[Jimmy Edwards]], [[Max Bygraves]], [[Bob Monkhouse]], and [[Arthur Askey]]. Eaton's female co-stars included [[Peggy Mount]], [[Thora Hird]], and [[Dora Bryan]] among others. Her early roles include ''[[Three Men in a Boat]]'' (1956) and ''Date with Disaster'' (1957), in which she co-starred with [[Tom Drake]]. She also worked with [[Crazy Gang (comedy group)|the Crazy Gang]] in ''[[Life Is a Circus (1960 film)|Life Is a Circus]]'' (1958) and with [[Mickey Spillane]] in ''[[The Girl Hunters]]'' (1963) in which Spillane played his own literary creation [[Mike Hammer]]. She appeared in several early [[Carry On (franchise)|''Carry On'' films]]. She made three episodes of ''[[The Saint (TV series)|The Saint]],'' starring [[Roger Moore]], including the pilot. Eaton participated in the British heat of the 1957 [[Eurovision Song Contest]].

But Eaton achieved the most recognition for her performance as Jill Masterson in the 1964 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' (1964). She appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine in her gold-painted persona. Her character's death, being painted head to toe in gold paint and suffering "skin suffocation", led to an [[urban myth]] that Eaton had died during filming.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180716-goldfinger-and-the-myth-of-bond-girl-shirley-eaton-death| title=Goldfinger and the myth of a Bond girl's death| last=Blauvelt| first=Christian| date=17 July 2018| website=BBC Culture| publisher=BBC}}</ref> She appeared in a 2003 episode of the series ''[[MythBusters]]'' to dispel the rumour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mythresults.com/pilot3 |title=MythBusters Pilot 3: Larry’s Lawn Chair Balloon, Poppy Seed Drug Test, Goldfinger |work=MythBusters Results |accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Despite the myth, she ironically outlived the rest of ''Goldfinger's'' cast.

After ''Goldfinger,'' Eaton made only a few more films, including the version of the [[Agatha Christie]] mystery ''[[Ten Little Indians (1965 film)|Ten Little Indians]]'' (1965) co-starring [[Hugh O'Brian]] and a [[Bob Hope]] comedy, ''[[Eight on the Lam]]'' (1967), plus the spy story ''[[The Million Eyes of Sumuru]]'' (1967), before her retirement. In a 2014 interview, she explained: "After I finished ''[[The Million Eyes of Sumuru]]'' and ''[[The Girl from Rio (1969 film)|The Girl from Rio]]'' and was coming home in the plane was when I made the decision to quit. I hated being away from my baby Jason and his brother Grant. However, I did enjoy being the wicked lady Sumuru in two rather bad films, which I had not had the chance to be before. I do believe they have become cult films now."<ref>{{cite web | last1=Armstrong | first1=Richard | title=Shirley Eaton Talks with the Café about James Bond, Mickey Spillane, and Her New Book | url=http://www.classicfilmtvcafe.com/2014/02/shirley-eaton-talks-with-cafe-about.html | website=Classic Film & TV Cafe | accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="StrodderPhillips2007">{{cite book|last1=Strodder|first1=Chris|last2=Phillips|first2=Michelle|title=The Encyclopedia of Sixties Cool: A Celebration of the Grooviest People, Events, and Artifacts of the 1960s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRILAQAAMAAJ|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Santa Monica Press|isbn=978-1-59580-017-6|page=104}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Eaton was married to Colin Lenton Rowe from 1957 until his death in 1994. The couple had two children, Grant and Jason. Eaton retired from acting to bring up her family and later commented in a 1999 interview with Steve Swires of ''[[Starlog (magazine)|Starlog]]'' magazine, "A career is a career, but you're a mother until you die". She repeated this statement in an interview with the journalist James Davies on 18 June 2008, adding, "The most important thing for me was being a woman and having a family more than being a very famous glamorous actress".<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://jamesdaviesmedia.blogspot.com/2008/06/interview-with-bonds-golden-girl.html |title=JAMES DAVIES MEDIA - Journalist, Showbiz Reporter: James Davies Interviews Bond’s golden girl, Shirley Eaton |website=Jamesdaviesmedia.blogspot.com |date=2008-06-18 |accessdate=2015-12-03}}</ref>

Eaton published an autobiography in 1999 titled ''Golden Girl''. Her later book (''Golden Girl Shirley Eaton: Her Reflections'') is a picture book of all her film photos from throughout her career and the second book (''Shirley Eaton, Bond's Golden Girl''; her own ART Gallery) is full of her paintings and sculptures made over a lifetime and, more recently, her art and photography. She also has an official website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shirleyeaton.net/|title=Shirley Eaton - Bond girl, actress, author, artist - Home|website=Shirleyeaton.net|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Role
|-
| ''[[Parent-Craft]]'' || 1951 || Anne Pebble (TV series)
|-
| ''[[A Day to Remember (1953 film)|A Day to Remember]]'' || 1953 || Young Woman on Ferry (uncredited)
|-
| ''[[You Know What Sailors Are (1954 film)|You Know What Sailors Are]]'' || 1954 || Palace Girl (uncredited)
|-
| ''[[Doctor in the House]]'' || 1954 || Milly Groaker
|-
| ''[[The Belles of St Trinian's]]'' || 1954 || Sixth Former (uncredited)
|-
| ''[[And So to Bentley]]'' || 1954 || One episode
|-
| ''[[The Love Match]]'' || 1955 || Rose Brown
|-
| ''[[Charley Moon]]'' || 1956 || Angel Dream
|-
| ''[[Sailor Beware! (1956 film)|Sailor Beware!]]'' || 1956 || Shirley Hornett
|-
| ''[[Three Men in a Boat (1956 film)|Three Men in a Boat]]'' || 1956 || Sophie Clutterbuck
|-
| ''[[Doctor at Large (film)|Doctor at Large]]'' || 1957 || Nan
|-
| ''[[Date with Disaster]]'' || 1957|| Sue
|-
| ''[[The Naked Truth (1957 film)|The Naked Truth]]'' ||1957 || Melissa Right
|-
| ''[[Carry On Sergeant]]'' || 1958 || Mary Sage
|-
| ''[[Further Up the Creek]]'' || 1958 || Jane
|-
| ''[[Carry On Nurse]]'' ||1959 || Staff Nurse Dorothy Denton
|-
| ''[[In the Wake of a Stranger]]'' ||1959 || Joyce Edwards
|-
| ''[[Life Is a Circus (1960 film)|Life Is a Circus]]'' || 1960 || Shirley Winter
|-
| ''[[Carry On Constable]]'' || 1960 || Sally Barry
|-
| ''[[Nearly a Nasty Accident]]'' || 1961 || Cpl. Jean Briggs
|-
| ''[[Dentist on the Job]]'' || 1961 || Jill Venner
|-
| ''[[A Weekend with Lulu]]'' || 1961 || Deirdre Proudfoot
|-
| ''[[What a Carve Up! (film)|What a Carve Up!]]'' || 1961 || Linda Dickson
|-
| ''[[The Saint (TV series)|The Saint]]'' || 1962–1968 || Adrienne Halberd/Gloria Uckrose/Reb Denning (three episodes)
|-
| ''[[Our Man in the Caribbean]]'' || 1962 || Lee
|-
| ''[[Man of the World (TV series)|Man of the World]]'' ||1962 || Lee (one episode)
|-
| ''[[The Girl Hunters (film)|The Girl Hunters]]'' || 1963 || Laura Knapp
|-
| ''[[Rhino!]]'' || 1964|| Miss Arleigh
|-
| ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' || 1964 || Jill Masterson
|-
| ''[[The Naked Brigade]]'' || 1965 || Diana Forsythe
|-
| ''[[Ten Little Indians (1965 film)|Ten Little Indians]]'' || 1965 || Ann Clyde
|-
| ''[[Around the World Under the Sea]]'' || 1966 || Dr. Margaret E. 'Maggie' Hanford
|-
| ''[[Eight on the Lam]]'' || 1967 || Ellie Barton
|-
| ''[[The Million Eyes of Sumuru]]'' || 1967 || [[Sumuru (character)|Sumuru]]
|-
| ''[[The Blood of Fu Manchu]]'' ||1968 || Black Widow
|-
| ''[[The Girl from Rio (1969 film)|The Girl from Rio]]'' || 1969 || Sumuru/Sumitra
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|0247881}}
* [http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/goldfing.htm Article debunking the "skin suffocation" urban legend] from [[Snopes.com]]
* [http://jamesdaviesmedia.blogspot.com/2008/06/interview-with-bonds-golden-girl.html James Davies Interview with Shirley Eaton, 18 June 2008.]
* [http://www.classicfilmtvcafe.com/2014/02/shirley-eaton-talks-with-cafe-about.html Shirley Eaton interview at Classic Film & TV Cafe]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eaton, Shirley}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:20th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Aida Foster Theatre School]]

Lower Westheimer, Houston

2020-12-03T19:11:54Z

Tuttt: /* Music */

{{Refimprove|date=November 2016}}
[[Image:lovettblvdcondos.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Townhouses on Lovett Blvd]]

'''Lower Westheimer''' is an area in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], United States. It is centered on [[Westheimer Road]], and is considered to be East of Shepherd, and West of Midtown. Several historic neighborhoods are partially or completely located within the area including [[Montrose, Houston|Montrose]] and Hyde Park. Lower Wertheimer is known for its hipster culture, nightlife, arts, and food scene.

==Location==
While there are no formal borders of Lower Westheimer, the East-West borders are respectively known to be Shepherd Dr to the west, and Bagby St to the east. This is also where Westheimer turns into Elgin St, as well as [[Midtown Houston]]. The southern border is usually considered Interstate 69, and the northern borders are thought to be Gray St. This puts Lower Westheimer entirely within the [[Montrose District, Houston|Montrose Management District]] (not to be confused with the neighborhood of Montrose).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houstontx.gov/planning/transportation/CMP/LowerWestheimer/ |title=Lower Westheimer Corridor Study |publisher=Houstontx.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Real.tex.mex.jpeg|thumb|350px|El Real Tex Mex is a prominent landmark in Lower Westheimer]]
Lower Wertheimer is considered the center of Houston’s hipster community. Street art plays a big role, and can be found throughout the area. In 2012, Forbes named Lower Westheimer as one of “America's Hippest Hipster Neighborhoods”.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mhj45jmeh/20-lower-westheimer-houston-texas-2/#537053d919f2 |title=Lower Westheimer, Houston, Texas - pg.21 |website=Forbes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref>

===Food scene===
[[File:Pi pizza truck.jpeg|thumb|250px|A food truck in Lower Westheimer]]
Lower Westheimer is known for its diverse food scene ranging from Tex-Mex, Puerto Rican, Kolaches, Greek, burger joints, Sichuan, sushi, Lebanese, Vietnamese,Thai, ramen, etc. Food trucks also have a large presence in the area. El Real Tex Mex restaurants is considered a landmark, and is well-known both for its food and its architecture. One of the most popular restaurants, Underbelly, is known for bringing Houston's ethnic diversity together in its food. Among other popular restaurants in the area include Tex Chick, Gusto Gourmet, Mala Sichuan, UB Preserve, Rosie Cannonball, Niko Niko's, Les Noo'dle, Empire Cafe, Uchi, Hugo's, Ramen Tatsuya and more.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shilcutt |first=Katharine |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/restaurants/the-restaurant-gentrification-of-lower-westheimer-a-long-time-coming-6425738 |title=The Restaurant Gentrification of Lower Westheimer: A Long Time Coming |publisher=Houston Press |date=2011-08-30 |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=By PETE WELLSAPRIL 9, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/10/dining/reviews/making-houston-a-dining-destination.html |title=Restaurant Review: Oxheart and Underbelly in Houston, Texas - The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2013-04-09 |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref>

===Art===

====Visial arts====
[[File:LowerWestheimerStreetArt.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Street Art in Lower Westheimer]]

Art businesses have been present in the area dating as far back as the 1970s. Lower Westheimer was also the location of the Westheimer Street Festival, which eventually absorbed into the Free Press Summer Festival. Since the 70s, the community has grown, and currently, one can find art galleries across the neighborhood. Famed art collectors John de Menil and Dominigue de Menil opened the Menil Collection is located within the area, and it now operates as a museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/lower-westheimer/ |title=Lower Westheimer |website=Texasmonthly.com |date=2016-11-23 |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref>

====Music====
[[File:NumbersMural.jpg|thumb|Western facade of Numbers Nightclub, with mural depicting many of the artists who have performed there over the decades.]]
Throughout its history, Lower Westheimer has been a major area for live music. Many of the bars and restaurant feature live musical performances. [[Beyoncé]] and [[Destiny's Child]] performed in the area before their fame, where their usual stage was ''Headliners'' which has since left the neighborhood. Popular [[pop country]] singer [[Lyle Lovett]] also had his first performance in the ''Anderson Fair Retail Restaurant'' which is still in the area. <ref>http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/its-a-family-affair/</ref> <ref>https://www.visithoustontexas.com/about-houston/my-houston/lyle-lovett/</ref>

Other popular venues for in the area include ''Boondocks'', ''Numbers'', ''Rudyard's'', and ''Brasil Cafe''.

==Education==

The [[Houston Independent School District]] operates all public schools.

Most of the area falls in the zone of [[Lamar High School (Houston)|Lamar High School]]. <ref>"[http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/LamarHS.pdf Lamar High School Attendance Zone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085440/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/LamarHS.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}." [[Houston Independent School District]]. Retrieved on October 18, 2011.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Montrose, Houston]]

{{Houston, Texas}}

{{coord missing|Texas}}

[[Category:Hipster neighborhoods]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Houston]]

Skyhook

2015-12-08T18:25:02Z

Tuttt: /* Technology */

{{wiktionary|skyhook}}

'''Skyhook''', '''sky hook''' or '''skyhooks''' may refer to:

== Fiction ==
* ''[[Sky Hook]]'', a Hugo-award nominated science fiction fanzine
* [[Sky Hook (film)|''Sky Hook'' (film)]], a 1999 Yugoslavian film
* [[skyhook]], mechanical device used to operate The Great Glass Elevator in Roald Dahl's childrens books

==Music==
* [[Skyhooks (band)]], an Australian rock band

== Science ==
* [[Skyhook (concept)]], an explanation of design complexity in the universe that does not build on lower, simpler layers

== Sports ==
* [[Hook shot]], nicknamed ''skyhook'', a basketball shot popularized by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
* [[Skyhook (boarding)]], a binding used in skateboarding and related sports
* [[Skyhook (climbing)]], a hook used in technical climbing
* [[Skyhook (skydiving)]], a device for quickly extracting reserve parachutes
* [[Skyhook (tennis)]], a smash in which the Eastern grip used to hit the ball further behind the body than is normally possible

== Technology ==
* [[Airco DH.6]], nicknamed Skyhook, an early (1916) ''ab initio'' trainer aircraft
* [[Australian Autogyro Skyhook]], also known as the Minty Skyhook Mini Chopper
* [[Cessna CH-1]], nicknamed Cessna Skyhook, a helicopter produced in the early 1960s by the Cessna Aircraft company that was marketed to the civil sector
* [[Fulton surface-to-air recovery system]], nicknamed Skyhook, a retrieval method by which a flying aircraft picks up a payload
* a hook that clamps to the rungs of a non-extension type ladder which can then be "hooked" over the peak of a roof to use the ladder as a staircase on steep pitched roofs by a [[roofer]]
* [[Skyhook (cable)]], a supposed device used to lift an object on a long cable hanging from the sky, designed by Timothy Bargass and used in a similar manner as JHG completion dates
* [[Skyhook (structure)]], a space elevator concept
* [[Skyhook balloon]], a type of unmanned balloon used by the United States Navy in the late 1940s and in the 1950s for atmospheric research
* [[SkyHook JHL-40]], an experimental combination airship/helicopter in development by Boeing, primarily for low impact logging
* [[Skyhook (skydiving)]], a type of main-assisted reserve parachute deployment system
* [[Skyhook theory]], a theory used in some automobile suspensions
* [[Skyhook Wireless]], a technology company that invented hybrid location positioning

{{disambiguation}}

Stigmata (film)

2012-05-24T19:38:03Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox film
| name = Stigmata
| image = Stigmata film.jpg
| image_size = 215px
| alt = A washed out red image of a woman with arms oustretched as if being crucified
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rupert Wainwright]]
| producer = [[Frank Mancuso, Jr.]] [[Tom Lazarus]]
| writer = [[Tom Lazarus]] [[Rick Ramage]]
| starring = [[Patricia Arquette]] [[Gabriel Byrne]] [[Jonathan Pryce]] [[Nia Long]] [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]
| music = [[Billy Corgan]] [[Elia Cmiral]]
| cinematography = [[Jeffrey L. Kimball]]
| editing = [[Michael R. Miller]]
| studio = FGM Entertainment
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|9|10}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English Syriac Portuguese Italian Arabic
| budget = $29 million<ref name="BOMojo" />
| gross = $89,446,268<ref name="BOMojo" />
}}
'''''Stigmata''''' is a 1999 [[supernatural fiction|supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Rupert Wainwright]] and starring [[Patricia Arquette]] as a hairdresser from [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], who is afflicted with the [[stigmata]] after acquiring a [[rosary]] formerly owned by a deceased Italian priest who himself suffered from the phenomena. [[Gabriel Byrne]] plays a [[Holy See|Vatican]] official who investigates her case, and [[Jonathan Pryce]] plays a corrupt [[Catholic Church]] official.

==Plot==
{{Anchor|Synopsis}}
The film opens in the [[Brazil]]ian village of Belo Quinto, with Father Andrew Kiernan ([[Gabriel Byrne]]), a former scientist and [[ordination|ordained]] [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] who investigates supposed miracles, examining a statue of the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]] weeping blood at the funeral of Father Paulo Alameida ([[Jack Donner]]). While Andrew is collecting evidence, a young boy steals the rosary from the father's hand.The boy later sells it to a woman in a marketplace, who sends it to her daughter Frankie Paige ([[Patricia Arquette]]) living in Pittsburgh. Shortly after, Frankie is attacked by an unseen force while bathing, and receives two deep wounds on her wrists. As the wounds are treated at the hospital the doctors cannot find the cause beyond that they are puncture wounds and go all the way through the wrist. Frankie goes to work the next day, but on the way home on the subway approaches a priest and asks if he is Andrew Kiernan. After the priest tells her he is Father Derning, the lights in the train begin to flash, and Frankie holds onto the bars lining the ceiling as she is whipped from behind by an unseen force, Father Derning watching in horror. While Frankie is hospitalized again, the priest sends security tapes showing the attack to the Vatican, and Andrew is sent to investigate.

Andrew meets Frankie, who tells him she has been expecting him, and Andrew interviews her, believing her wounds may be [[stigmata]]. When she tells him she is an [[atheist]], Andrew tells her that stigmatics are universally spiritual people, and that stigmata is when the deeply devoted are struck with the same [[Holy Wounds|five wounds]] that [[Jesus Christ]] received during the crucifixion - thus far Frankie has been impaled through the wrists and whipped. Frankie walks away and begins to research on her own what could be the cause to no avail. Later while at a nightclub, Frankie's head begins to bleed, the third stigmata wound caused by the [[Crown of Thorns]]. Frankie runs home, where Andrew is waiting, then runs into an alley. As Andrew pursues her, Frankie smashes a glass bottle and uses the shards to carve symbols on the hood of a car: when Andrew approaches her, she yells at him in another language. Andrew takes Frankie to Father Derning's church, and the Vatican translates what she was yelling as [[Aramaic]], the language of Christ. Frankie goes home, and the next morning Andrew returns to her apartment to find her writing in marker on the wall, now covered in Aramaic. When questioned, Frankie responds in a male voice speaking Italian, then collapses on the bed. Frankie goes out and walks the streets with Andrew, when she collapses as wounds appear in her feet, the fourth wound of stigmata.

Andrew emails photographs of Frankie's apartment wall to the Vatican, where Brother Delmonico ([[Dick Latessa]]) recognizes the words and deletes the pictures and tells Andrew the words are from a document the church found that looked to be an entirely new gospel. Father Dario ([[Enrico Colantoni]]) retrieves the pictures and shows them to Cardinal Daniel Houseman ([[Jonathan Pryce]]), who also recognizes them. Meanwhile, Delmonico phones Marion Petrocelli ([[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]) and tells him the missing gospel has been found in Pittsburgh. In Pittsburgh, Andrew goes to Frankie's apartment to find the wall she wrote on painted over, and Frankie attempts to seduce him. When Andrew rejects her she attacks him, wind blowing through the apartment as Frankie denounces Andrew's beliefs in a male voice, ending with Frankie levitating off the bed crying tears of blood. Houseman and Dario arrive at the apartment with Derning and take Frankie to another church, sending Andrew to Derning's.

At Derning's church Andrew meets Petrocelli, who tells him the words Frankie has been writing are part of a document found outside [[Jerusalem]] that they believed to be a gospel in the exact words of Jesus Christ. Petrocelli, Delmonico and Alameida were assigned to translate it, but Houseman ordered them to stop. Alameida refused and stole the document to continue translating it alone, having been [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by Houseman. Petrocelli tells Andrew that the document was Jesus telling his disciples that the kingdom of God is all around them and not confined to churches, a revelation that could ruin the Catholic Church. Petrocelli also tells Andrew that Alameida suffered from stigmata. Andrew races to the church where Frankie is while Houseman and Dario attempt to perform an [[exorcism]] on Frankie. Frankie shouts at them in a male voice, and Houseman dismisses Dario and the present nuns before attempting to strangle Frankie. Andrew arrives and stops him, and the fireplaces in the room erupt and set the room on fire. Now believing Frankie is possessed by Alameida's spirit, Andrew offers to be Alameida's messenger instead. He walks unharmed through the fire to retrieve Frankie, bidding Alameida's spirit to depart in peace. Some time later, Andrew returns to Belo Quinto and finds the original documents for the lost gospel under the floorboards of Alameida's church.

The film ends with a screen of text describing the discovery of the [[Gospel of St. Thomas|Gospel of Thomas]], believed according to the film to be the closest thing to the actual words of Jesus while alive: the film states the Catholic Church refuses to recognize the document as a gospel and considers it [[heresy]].

==Cast==
* [[Patricia Arquette]] as Frankie Paige
* [[Gabriel Byrne]] as Father Andrew Kiernan
* [[Jonathan Pryce]] as Cardinal Daniel Houseman
* [[Nia Long]] as Donna Chadway
* [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]] as Marion Petrocelli
* [[Enrico Colantoni]] as Father Dario
* [[Jack Donner]] as Father Paulo Alameida
* [[Thomas Kopache]] as Father Durning
* [[Dick Latessa]] as Father Gianni Delmonico
* [[Portia de Rossi]] as Jennifer Kelliho
* [[Patrick Muldoon]] as Steven
* [[Ann Cusack]] as Dr. Reston
* [[Shaun Toub]] as Doctor

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Stigmata'', produced on a $29 million budget, premiered at the box office in the number one position, earning $18.3 million in its first weekend, becoming the first film in five weekends to outgross ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' at the box office. In the United States, ''Stigmata'' earned $50,046,268. Internationally the film earned $39,400,000 for a total world wide gross $89,446,268.<ref name="BOMojo">{{cite web
| url = http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=stigmata.htm
| title = Stigmata
| work = [[Box Office Mojo]]
}}</ref>

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critics}}
The film received relatively poor reviews; [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a score of 21% approval rating at, based on 89 reviews (19 positive, 70 negative).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://rottentomatoes.com/m/stigmata/
| title = Stigmata
| work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
}}
</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] called it "possibly the funniest movie ever made about Catholicism — from a theological point of view."<ref>{{cite news
| date = January 1, 1999
| last = Ebert
| first = Roger
| authorlink = Roger Ebert
| url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990101/REVIEWS/901010302/1023
| title = Roger Ebert's review of 'Stigmata'
| work = RogerEbert.com
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|0145531|Stigmata}}
* {{amg movie|180776|Stigmata}}
* {{mojo title|stigmata|Stigmata}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|stigmata|Stigmata}}

{{Rupert Wainwright}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stigmata (Film)}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1990s horror films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American mystery films]]
[[Category:American horror films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language films]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Aramaic-language films]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Films critical of Roman Catholicism and Catholics]]
[[Category:Films set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Religious horror films]]
[[Category:Supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]

[[de:Stigmata (Film)]]
[[es:Stigmata (película)]]
[[fr:Stigmata (film, 1999)]]
[[id:Stigmata (film)]]
[[it:Stigmate (film)]]
[[mk:Стигмата (филм)]]
[[nl:Stigmata (film)]]
[[ja:スティグマータ聖痕]]
[[no:Stigmata (film)]]
[[pl:Stygmaty (film)]]
[[pt:Stigmata (filme)]]
[[ro:Stigmata (film)]]
[[ru:Стигматы (фильм)]]

Stigmata (film)

2012-05-24T16:44:05Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox film
| name = Stigmata
| image = Stigmata film.jpg
| image_size = 215px
| alt = A washed out red image of a woman with arms oustretched as if being crucified
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rupert Wainwright]]
| producer = [[Frank Mancuso, Jr.]] [[Tom Lazarus]]
| writer = [[Tom Lazarus]] [[Rick Ramage]]
| starring = [[Patricia Arquette]] [[Gabriel Byrne]] [[Jonathan Pryce]] [[Nia Long]] [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]
| music = [[Billy Corgan]] [[Elia Cmiral]]
| cinematography = [[Jeffrey L. Kimball]]
| editing = [[Michael R. Miller]]
| studio = FGM Entertainment
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|9|10}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English Syriac Portuguese Italian Arabic
| budget = $29 million<ref name="BOMojo" />
| gross = $89,446,268<ref name="BOMojo" />
}}
'''''Stigmata''''' is a 1999 [[supernatural fiction|supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Rupert Wainwright]] and starring [[Patricia Arquette]] as a hairdresser from [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], who is afflicted with the [[stigmata]] after acquiring a [[rosary]] formerly owned by a deceased Italian priest who himself suffered from the phenomena. [[Gabriel Byrne]] plays a [[Holy See|Vatican]] official who investigates her case, and [[Jonathan Pryce]] plays a corrupt [[Catholic Church]] official.

==Plot==
{{Anchor|Synopsis}}
The film opens in the [[Brazil]]ian village of Belo Quinto, with Father Andrew Kiernan ([[Gabriel Byrne]]), a former scientist and [[ordination|ordained]] [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] who investigates supposed miracles, examining a statue of the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]] weeping blood at the funeral of Father Paulo Alameida ([[Jack Donner]]). While Andrew is collecting evidence, a young boy steals the rosary from the father's hand.The boy later sells it to a woman in a marketplace, who sends it to her daughter Frankie Paige ([[Patricia Arquette]]) living in Pittsburgh. Shortly after, Frankie is attacked by an unseen force while bathing, and receives two deep wounds on her wrists. As the wounds are treated at the hospital the doctors cannot find the cause beyond that they are puncture wounds and go all the way through the wrist. Frankie goes to work the next day, but on the way home on the subway approaches a priest and asks if he is Andrew Kiernan. After the priest tells her he is Father Derning, the lights in the train begin to flash, and Frankie holds onto the bars lining the ceiling as she is whipped from behind by an unseen force, Father Derning watching in horror. While Frankie is hospitalized again, the priest sends security tapes showing the attack to the Vatican, and Andrew is sent to investigate.

Andrew meets Frankie, who tells him she has been expecting him, and Andrew interviews her, believing her wounds may be [[stigmata]]. When she tells him she is an [[atheist]], Andrew tells her that stigmatics are universally spiritual people, and that stigmata is when the deeply devoted are struck with the same five wounds that [[Jesus Christ]] received during the crucifixion - thus far Frankie has been impaled through the wrists and whipped. Frankie walks away and begins to research on her own what could be the cause to no avail. Later while at a nightclub, Frankie's head begins to bleed, the third stigmata wound caused by the [[Crown of Thorns]]. Frankie runs home, where Andrew is waiting, then runs into an alley. As Andrew pursues her, Frankie smashes a glass bottle and uses the shards to carve symbols on the hood of a car: when Andrew approaches her, she yells at him in another language. Andrew takes Frankie to Father Derning's church, and the Vatican translates what she was yelling as [[Aramaic]], the language of Christ. Frankie goes home, and the next morning Andrew returns to her apartment to find her writing in marker on the wall, now covered in Aramaic. When questioned, Frankie responds in a male voice speaking Italian, then collapses on the bed. Frankie goes out and walks the streets with Andrew, when she collapses as wounds appear in her feet, the fourth wound of stigmata.

Andrew emails photographs of Frankie's apartment wall to the Vatican, where Brother Delmonico ([[Dick Latessa]]) recognizes the words and deletes the pictures and tells Andrew the words are from a document the church found that looked to be an entirely new gospel. Father Dario ([[Enrico Colantoni]]) retrieves the pictures and shows them to Cardinal Daniel Houseman ([[Jonathan Pryce]]), who also recognizes them. Meanwhile, Delmonico phones Marion Petrocelli ([[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]) and tells him the missing gospel has been found in Pittsburgh. In Pittsburgh, Andrew goes to Frankie's apartment to find the wall she wrote on painted over, and Frankie attempts to seduce him. When Andrew rejects her she attacks him, wind blowing through the apartment as Frankie denounces Andrew's beliefs in a male voice, ending with Frankie levitating off the bed crying tears of blood. Houseman and Dario arrive at the apartment with Derning and take Frankie to another church, sending Andrew to Derning's.

At Derning's church Andrew meets Petrocelli, who tells him the words Frankie has been writing are part of a document found outside [[Jerusalem]] that they believed to be a gospel in the exact words of Jesus Christ. Petrocelli, Delmonico and Alameida were assigned to translate it, but Houseman ordered them to stop. Alameida refused and stole the document to continue translating it alone, having been [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by Houseman. Petrocelli tells Andrew that the document was Jesus telling his disciples that the kingdom of God is all around them and not confined to churches, a revelation that could ruin the Catholic Church. Petrocelli also tells Andrew that Alameida suffered from stigmata. Andrew races to the church where Frankie is while Houseman and Dario attempt to perform an [[exorcism]] on Frankie. Frankie shouts at them in a male voice, and Houseman dismisses Dario and the present nuns before attempting to strangle Frankie. Andrew arrives and stops him, and the fireplaces in the room erupt and set the room on fire. Now believing Frankie is possessed by Alameida's spirit, Andrew offers to be Alameida's messenger instead. He walks unharmed through the fire to retrieve Frankie, bidding Alameida's spirit to depart in peace. Some time later, Andrew returns to Belo Quinto and finds the original documents for the lost gospel under the floorboards of Alameida's church.

The film ends with a screen of text describing the discovery of the [[Gospel of St. Thomas|Gospel of Thomas]], believed according to the film to be the closest thing to the actual words of Jesus while alive: the film states the Catholic Church refuses to recognize the document as a gospel and considers it [[heresy]].

==Cast==
* [[Patricia Arquette]] as Frankie Paige
* [[Gabriel Byrne]] as Father Andrew Kiernan
* [[Jonathan Pryce]] as Cardinal Daniel Houseman
* [[Nia Long]] as Donna Chadway
* [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]] as Marion Petrocelli
* [[Enrico Colantoni]] as Father Dario
* [[Jack Donner]] as Father Paulo Alameida
* [[Thomas Kopache]] as Father Durning
* [[Dick Latessa]] as Father Gianni Delmonico
* [[Portia de Rossi]] as Jennifer Kelliho
* [[Patrick Muldoon]] as Steven
* [[Ann Cusack]] as Dr. Reston
* [[Shaun Toub]] as Doctor

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Stigmata'', produced on a $29 million budget, premiered at the box office in the number one position, earning $18.3 million in its first weekend, becoming the first film in five weekends to outgross ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' at the box office. In the United States, ''Stigmata'' earned $50,046,268. Internationally the film earned $39,400,000 for a total world wide gross $89,446,268.<ref name="BOMojo">{{cite web
| url = http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=stigmata.htm
| title = Stigmata
| work = [[Box Office Mojo]]
}}</ref>

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critics}}
The film received relatively poor reviews; [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a score of 21% approval rating at, based on 89 reviews (19 positive, 70 negative).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://rottentomatoes.com/m/stigmata/
| title = Stigmata
| work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
}}
</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] called it "possibly the funniest movie ever made about Catholicism — from a theological point of view."<ref>{{cite news
| date = January 1, 1999
| last = Ebert
| first = Roger
| authorlink = Roger Ebert
| url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990101/REVIEWS/901010302/1023
| title = Roger Ebert's review of 'Stigmata'
| work = RogerEbert.com
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|0145531|Stigmata}}
* {{amg movie|180776|Stigmata}}
* {{mojo title|stigmata|Stigmata}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|stigmata|Stigmata}}

{{Rupert Wainwright}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stigmata (Film)}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1990s horror films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American mystery films]]
[[Category:American horror films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language films]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Aramaic-language films]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Films critical of Roman Catholicism and Catholics]]
[[Category:Films set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Religious horror films]]
[[Category:Supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]

[[de:Stigmata (Film)]]
[[es:Stigmata (película)]]
[[fr:Stigmata (film, 1999)]]
[[id:Stigmata (film)]]
[[it:Stigmate (film)]]
[[mk:Стигмата (филм)]]
[[nl:Stigmata (film)]]
[[ja:スティグマータ聖痕]]
[[no:Stigmata (film)]]
[[pl:Stygmaty (film)]]
[[pt:Stigmata (filme)]]
[[ro:Stigmata (film)]]
[[ru:Стигматы (фильм)]]

The Good Shepherd (film)

2012-05-13T20:39:09Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox film
| name = The Good Shepherd
| image = GoodShepherdBigPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = [[James G. Robinson]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Jane Rosenthal]] [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| director = Robert De Niro
| writer = [[Eric Roth]]
| starring = [[Matt Damon]] [[Angelina Jolie]] [[William Hurt]] [[Alec Baldwin]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Billy Crudup]] [[Michael Gambon]] [[Timothy Hutton]] [[Joe Pesci]] [[John Turturro]]|
| music = [[Bruce Fowler]] [[Marcelo Zarvos]] [[Arvo Pärt]]
| cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]]
| editing = [[Tariq Anwar (film editor)|Tariq Anwar]]
| studio = [[Morgan Creek Productions|Morgan Creek]] [[TriBeCa Productions]] [[American Zoetrope]]
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|22}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| budget = $85 million
| gross = $99,480,480<ref>http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm</ref>
}}
'''''The Good Shepherd''''' is a 2006 spy film directed by [[Robert De Niro]] and starring [[Matt Damon]] and [[Angelina Jolie]], with an extensive supporting cast. Although it is a fictional film loosely based on real events, it is advertised as telling the untold story of the birth of [[counter-intelligence]] in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The film's main character, Edward Wilson (portrayed by Matt Damon), is loosely based on [[James Jesus Angleton]] and [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard M. Bissell]]. This was [[Joe Pesci]]'s first film appearance after his six year hiatus from acting between 1999 and 2005.

==Plot==
{{plot|date=December 2011}}
A photograph and an audio recording on [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel tape]] are dropped off anonymously at the home of Edward Wilson ([[Matt Damon]]), a senior CIA officer, after the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]] fails due to an undisclosed leak. While riding to work on the bus, Edward is approached by a young boy who asks if Edward has change for a dollar. Upon arriving at work, Edward's assistant checks the serial number of the dollar against a long list of serial numbers assigned to various code names and confirms that Edward has been given a dollar from "Cardinal". The movie then flashes back to 1939.

In 1939 Edward is at [[Yale University]] and is invited to join [[Skull and Bones]], a secret society that grooms future U.S. leaders. He is compelled to disclose a secret as part of his initiation: he reveals that as a young boy in 1925 he discovered the suicide note left by his father, Thomas ([[Timothy Hutton]]), although he says he never read it. After the ceremony, a fraternity brother tells him that Edward's father, an [[admiral]], was to be chosen as [[Secretary of the Navy]], until his loyalties were questioned. Afterwards Edward is recruited by an [[FBI]] agent Sam Murach ([[Alec Baldwin]]), who claims that Edward's poetry professor, Dr. Fredericks ([[Michael Gambon]]), is a [[Nazi]] spy, asking Edward to expose his professor's background as well as implying that the Professor is homosexual: Edward's actions result in Dr. Fredericks' forced resignation from the university.

Edward begins a relationship with a deaf student named Laura ([[Tammy Blanchard]]), but while on [[Deer Island (Thousand Islands)|Deer Island]], Edward meets and is later aggressively seduced by Margaret 'Clover' Russell ([[Angelina Jolie]]), his friend's sister. General Bill Sullivan ([[Robert De Niro]]) asks Edward to join the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], offering him a post in [[London]].

Later while Edward and Laura are at the beach, Clover's brother, John, privately reveals that Clover is pregnant with Edward's child and asks him to "do what is expected." Laura, an able [[Lip reading|lip-reader]], sees and walks away. Edward marries Clover. At the wedding reception Edward accepts an offer of a position in the London OSS office from General Sullivan, requiring him to be in England in one week, leaving his newlywed wife. In London he meets his former professor Dr. Fredericks, who is actually a British intelligence operative who had sought to infiltrate a Nazi organization while at Yale, causing the American authorities to suspect that he was a Nazi spy. Despite this, Fredericks recognized Edward's gifts and recommended that he be trained in counter-espionage in London.

An intelligence officer in the British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]], Arch Cummings ([[Billy Crudup]]), tells Edward that Fredericks' indiscriminate homosexual relationships pose a security risk; Edward is asked to deal with his mentor, but Fredericks refuses the chivalrous suggestion to protect himself by returning to teaching. He says he will understand if Wilson wants to "tie his shoe" (a signal to watchers that the meeting went badly). Edward delays, prompting Fredericks to kneel down and tie Edward's shoe for him. As their meeting ends, he advises Wilson to "quit... while you still have a soul", leaves, and is brutally killed, his body being dumped into the [[River Thames|Thames]].

The time shifts to post-war [[Berlin]], where the [[Allies]] and the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], in a race for technological superiority, are trying to recruit as many German scientists as possible. Edward encounters his Soviet counterpart, codenamed ''"Ulysses"'', who praises Edward. They plan an exchange of scientists — the Soviets asking for German Nazi and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] scientists, while the Americans seek [[Jewish]] scientists.

Edward is assisted by an interpreter, Hanna Schiller ([[Martina Gedeck]]), who wears what appears to be a hearing aid. After Edward learns from his son during a rare phone call home that Clover is having an affair, he accepts Hanna's invitation to dinner at her home, and sleeps with her. While they are making love, Edward realizes that Hanna can hear without the use of her hearing aid, exposing her as a Soviet operative. She is killed and Ulysses is notified by her hearing aid being planted in his teapot.

After six years in London, Edward returns home to a distant Clover, who now prefers to be called Margaret. Edward presents his son with a miniature model ship inside a glass watch-casing. Margaret explains that her brother was killed in the war; she also confesses that she previously had a brief relationship with another man. When she asks if he had any relationships, Edward replies that "it was a mistake." General Sullivan approaches Wilson again to help form a new foreign intelligence organization - the CIA - where Wilson will work with his former colleague, Richard Hayes ([[Lee Pace]]), under Phillip Allen ([[William Hurt]]). Edward accepts, hiding the details of his position from everyone but Clover/Margaret. Allen discloses his love of Swiss chocolate, prompting Edward to later ask Murach if the FBI has any information on Allen: the resulting file intimates that Allen holds substantial funds in Swiss accounts.

Edward's first assignment deals with coffee in Central America where the Russians are trying to gain influence. Edward spots Ulysses in the background of footage of the country's leader, but doesn't disclose this. Another agent is sent covertly as a representative of the Mayan Coffee Company; Edward warns him not to wear his Yale class ring. Edward arranges for airplanes to fly over and release [[locusts]] during a public event where the Russians (including Ulysses) are present in order to intimidate the Central American leader. Edward later receives a can of Mayan Coffee presumably from Ulysses, containing a severed finger, and Yale class ring, evidently of the American agent. Wilson and Clover go to a Christmas party with their son, who wets himself, out of a heightened state of fear resulting from his fragmented awareness that his father is involved in dark secrets.

A Russian requesting [[Right of asylum|asylum]] and claiming to be high-ranking KGB man Valentin Mironov, who knows Ulysses, is interviewed by Edward. Edward is fully convinced of his honesty. While attending the theater with Mironov and Cummings, Edward encounters his former sweetheart, Laura. They leave the theater separately, meet at a restaurant and rekindle their old romance.

Sometime later, Margaret anonymously receives photos of Laura and Edward getting into a taxi together and kissing. A distraught Margaret confronts him. Edward ends the relationship with Laura by returning her jeweled crucifix, which he had kept from their college romance days.

Then a Russian [[Defection|defector]] appears, claiming that he is the ''real'' Valentin Mironov, and that the other man actually is Yuri Modin, a [[KGB]] operative working for Ulysses. Edward does not believe him, and agents beat and torture the man, and administer liquid [[LSD]] because of its alleged [[truth serum]] properties. Despite the combined effects of drugs and torture, the second defector insists that he is the true Mironov. He further ridicules his interrogators for their need to believe in the myth of Soviet power which he calls a "great show" and "painted rust". Realising that he will never be believed, the defector hurls himself through the window to the pavement several stories below. The first man claiming to be Valentin Mironov, who has watched the entire ordeal together with Edward, then offers to take LSD to prove his innocence, but Edward doesn't think it's necessary.

Edward visits his son, Edward Jr., at Yale, where he has also joined the Skull and Bones society and has been approached for recruitment by the CIA. Margaret pleads with Edward to persuade their son not to accept, but Edward Jr. joins anyway, believing it will bring him closer to his loving, but distant, father. This widens the rift between Edward and Margaret. Later Edward Jr. overhears Edward and Hays discuss the upcoming Bay of Pigs invasion; Wilson suspects that Edward Jr. may have overheard the conversation and warns his son to be silent. Margaret moves to her mother's home in Arizona.

The film returns to the recording dropped off at the beginning of the movie. After analysis of clues such as the ceiling fan's brand name and the church bells and other sounds heard on the tape, CIA specialists deduce that the photograph may have been taken in [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]. Edward goes there and finds the room. He realizes that the photograph and tape are of his son Edward Jr. when he sees the model ship in the glass watch-casing on the nightstand; its blurred image was the one object in the photo that the CIA team was unable to identify. Ulysses is there and plays Edward an unedited version of the tape, revealing Edward Jr. repeating to his lover, a Soviet spy named Miriam, the classified information he overheard his father discussing. Thus the Cubans and Soviets learned of the upcoming CIA landing at the Bay of Pigs. Ulysses encourages Edward to spy for the Soviets in exchange for them protecting his son. Edward is non-committal, however; he confronts his son, who says that he is in love with the woman and plans to marry her. His son refuses to believe that she is an intelligence agent.

Edward exposes Valentin as Soviet spy Yuri Modin after finding evidence of his true identity in a book given to him by Arch Cummings, who is thus exposed as a co-conspirator. Cummings flees to the USSR. After meeting Ulysses in a museum and refusing to betray his country, Edward explains that as the Soviets have won in Cuba it is not necessary to hurt his son. Ulysses notes of Edward Jr.'s fiancée: "neither of us can be sure about her", and asks Edward, "You want her to be part of your family, don't you?" Later, Ulysses' aide asks him for change to purchase his daughter a souvenir from the gift shop. Edward asks how much it is, and hands him a one dollar bill, commenting that a ''cardinal'' rule of democracy is generosity, thus confirming that the aide is Edward's defector in place.

Edward and Margaret arrive separately in the Congo for Edward Jr.'s wedding. His fiancée Miriam travels on a small plane to the ceremony but mid-flight is thrown out of the plane. When she fails to arrive at the church, Edward informs a worried Edward Jr. that she is dead. Edward denies any responsibility when Edward Jr. asks; but is visibly affected when his son reveals that Miriam was pregnant.

Edward meets with fellow Skull and Bones classmate Hayes (loosely based on [[Richard Helms]]) at the new CIA headquarters still under construction. Hayes tells him that Allen is resigning under a cloud of financial improprieties (after receiving copies of the Swiss accounts delivered in a chocolate box), and that the President has asked him to be the new Director. The President has directed him to do some "housecleaning" and he tells Edward that he needs someone he can trust, saying, "after all, we're still brothers" and that Edward is the "CIA's heart and soul". He then tells Edward he will be the first head of counter-intelligence. Edward notes the inscription on the new marble wall of the CIA lobby: "And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free (John 8:32)".

Edward is then shown pulling from his home safe the suicide note that his father, Thomas, had left and in which his father's words, only now read by Edward, reveal that he had betrayed his country. He left loving words for his wife and son, particularly urging the latter to grow up to be a good man, husband and father and to live a life of decency and truth. Edward burns the note.

The film ends with Edward leaving his old office and moving to his new wing in the CIA.

==Cast==
[[File:DamonDeNiroGedeckHuttonBerlinFeb07.jpg|thumb|right|Damon, De Niro, Gedeck and Hutton at the February 2007 premiere of the film in Berlin]]
* [[Matt Damon]] as Edward Wilson, Sr.; based on [[James Jesus Angleton]]
* [[Angelina Jolie]] as Margaret "Clover" Russell Wilson
* [[Robert De Niro]] as General William "Bill" Sullivan; based on [[William Joseph Donovan|William Donovan]]
* [[Alec Baldwin]] as [[FBI]] Agent Samuel "Sam" Murach
* [[Billy Crudup]] as Archibald "Arch" Cummings; based on [[Kim Philby]]
* [[Tammy Blanchard]] as Laura
* [[Keir Dullea]] as Senator John Russell, Sr.
* [[Michael Gambon]] as Dr. Fredericks
* [[Martina Gedeck]] as Hanna Schiller
* [[Timothy Hutton]] as Admiral Thomas Wilson
* [[William Hurt]] as CIA Director Philip Allen; based on [[Allen Dulles]]
* [[Gabriel Macht]] as John Russell, Jr.
* [[Lee Pace]] as Deputy Director Richard Hayes; based on [[Richard Helms]]
* [[Joe Pesci]] as Joseph Palmi; based partly on [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]]
* [[Eddie Redmayne]] as older Edward Wilson, Jr.
* [[John Sessions]] as Valentin Mironov #1/Yuri Modin; based on [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]
* [[Mark Ivanir]] as Valentin Mironov #2; based on [[Yuri Nosenko]]
* [[Oleg Stefan]] as Ulysses/Stas Siyanko
* [[John Turturro]] as Ray Brocco; based on Angleton deputy Raymond Rocca
* [[Liya Kebede]] as Miriam.

This marked Pesci's return to acting after an eight-year absence from the screen following ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]''.

== Production ==
[[Eric Roth]] wrote the screenplay in 1994 for [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and [[Columbia Pictures]].<ref name="Stewart"/> Roth read [[Norman Mailer]]'s ''[[Harlot's Ghost]]'' and became intrigued with the people who built the CIA.<ref name="Hart">{{cite news
| last = Hart
| first = Hugh
| coauthors =
| title = Soup o the CIA
| work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 31, 2006
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/31/PKGL7N6CIV1.DTL&type=printable
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Coppola left the project because he could not relate to the characters due to their lack of emotion (although he retained a credit as co-executive producer).<ref name="Stewart"/> [[Wayne Wang]] was set to direct and even conducted some location scouting but management changes at Columbia ended his involvement. The new administration gave Roth a list of directors to choose from and one of them was [[Philip Kaufman]]. He felt that Roth's script, whose original structure was linear, should go back and forth in time to "give it a more contemporary feeling".<ref name="Crowdus">{{cite news
| last = Crowdus
| first = Gary
| coauthors =
| title = Living in a wilderness of mirrors: an interview with Eric Roth
| work = [[Cineaste]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url =
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Kaufman and Roth worked on the project for a year and then the management changed at the studio again. The new studio head had no interest in spy films unless they could get a movie star like [[Tom Cruise]] to appear in the film.

The project languished until [[John Frankenheimer]] signed on to make the film with [[MGM]] agreeing to purchase the rights. He wanted Robert De Niro to star, having just worked together on ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]''. De Niro had been developing his own spy story about the CIA from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 and agreed to appear in the film.<ref name="Crowdus"/> During pre-production in 2002, Frankenheimer died. According to producer [[Jane Rosenthal]], this had been Robert De Niro's pet project for nine years, but it proved difficult to produce in a pre-[[September 11, 2001|9/11]] world and had to compete with his busy schedule as an actor. The actor said in an interview, “I had always been interested in the Cold War. I was raised in the Cold War. All of the intelligence stuff was interesting to me”.<ref name="Horn, John">{{cite news
| last = Horn
| first = John
| coauthors =
| title = Intelligence Design
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = November 5, 2006
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/05/entertainment/ca-shepherd5
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref> De Niro and Roth ended up making a deal: Roth would write up De Niro's idea into a screenplay if the actor would direct his existing script. If ''The Good Shepherd'' proved to be a commercial success then their follow-up would be De Niro's pitch.<ref name="Stewart"/>

De Niro took the project to [[Universal Pictures]] where producer [[Graham King]] agreed to help finance the $110+ million budget. He had a deal with [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], who was interested in playing the film's protagonist Edward Wilson.<ref name="Horn, John"/> De Niro planned to shoot the movie in early 2005 but DiCaprio could not do it then because he was making ''[[The Departed]]'' for [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name="Stewart">{{cite news
| last = Stewart
| first = Ryan
| coauthors =
| title = Junket Report: ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = Cinematical
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 11, 2006
| url = http://www.cinematical.com/2006/12/11/junket-report-the-good-shepherd/
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> King left with him and so did his financial backing. De Niro approached Matt Damon, who was also doing ''The Departed'' but would be done earlier than DiCaprio and De Niro would only have to wait six months to do the film with him.<ref name="Horn, John"/> Initially, Damon turned De Niro down because he was scheduled to shoot [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s ''[[The Informant!]]''. Soderbergh agreed to delay filming and Damon agreed to star as Wilson. James Robinson's Morgan Creek Productions agreed to help finance the film with a budget under $90 million which meant that many of the principal actors, Damon included, would have to waive their usual salaries to keep costs down.<ref name="Horn, John"/>

De Niro was not interested in making a spy movie with flashy violence and exciting car chases. “I just like it when things happen for a reason. So I want to downplay the violence, depict it in a muted way. In those days, it was a gentleman's game”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> He and Roth were also interested in showing how absolute power corrupted the leaders of the CIA. Early on, De Niro said in an interview, “they tried to do what they thought was right. And then, as they went on, they became overconfident and started doing things that are not always in our best interests”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> In preparation for the film, De Niro watched spy films like ''[[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|The Spy Who Came In From the Cold]]'', ''[[The Third Man (film)|The Third Man]]'', and ''[[Smiley's People]]''.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = David
| coauthors =
| title = Spies Like Us
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/jun/22/robertdeniro
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref>

He also hired retired CIA agent [[Milton Bearden]] to serve as a technical adviser on the film. They had first worked together on ''[[Meet the Parents]]'' where De Niro played a retired CIA agent.<ref name="Collura">{{cite news
| last = Collura
| first = Scott
| coauthors =
| title = The Real ''Good Shepherd''
| work = [[IGN]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = April 2, 2007
| url = http://dvd.ign.com/articles/777/777432p1.html
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Bearden agreed to take De Niro through [[Afghanistan]] to the north-west frontier of [[Pakistan]] and into [[Moscow]] for a guided tour of intelligence gathering. Damon also spent time with Bearden as well as visiting several of the locations depicted in the film and reading several books on the CIA.<ref name="ProdNotes">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'' Production Notes
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Universal Pictures]]
| year = 2006
| url =
| accessdate = }}</ref> Bearden also made sure that the historical aspects were correct but fictionalized to a certain degree.<ref name="Collura"/>

Principal photography began on August 18, 2005, with shooting taking place in [[New York City]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[London, England|London]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]. Three-time [[Academy Award]]-winning [[art director]] [[Jeannine Oppewall]] was assigned art director for ''The Good Shepherd'', which would eventually earn Oppewall her fourth Oscar nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Design]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> She conducted a large amount of research for the film that filled ten to twelve {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=mid|-thick}} three-ring binders. It took her a week to organize the number of set locations due to the large amounts of settings in the script, which included Cuba, Léopoldville, London, [[Guatemala]], Moscow, [[New York]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]], among other places.

Although the vast majority of the movie was filmed in New York, the only scenes that are actually set in New York were filmed at a house in the Long Island town, [[Manhasset]]. As a result, many sets had to be constructed under Oppewall's direction, including a Skull and Bones headquarters and the Berlin set, which was built on the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> The interiors of the CIA were built in the Brooklyn Armory, a large edifice built in 1901 for the United States Cavalry. She also visited the CIA's headquarters in Washington, D.C. and worked with Bearden to create sets for the CIA's offices, Technical Room and Communications Room.

Since the lead character originally aspired to be a poet, Oppewall incorporated many visual poetic symbols into the film, including a large number of mirrors to represent the duplicity of the CIA, [[full rigged ship]]s as symbols of the state and [[eagle]] symbols, which were used in ironic situations such as suspect interrogations. Her team tracked down the right set dressings and also found authentic [[Teletype Corporation|Teletype]] machines, reel-to-reel tape recorders and radios used in the CIA during that time.<ref name="ProdNotes"/>

==Music==

The music for the film was by [[Bruce Fowler]] and [[Marcelo Zarvos]]. They replaced [[James Horner]], who left the project due to creative differences.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = Marcelo Zarvos and Bruce Fowler replace James Horner on ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = October 31, 2006
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-01-14 }}</ref>

The violin solo is an extract from [[Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)|Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto In D]] though this is misattributed to Marcelo Zarvos on the soundtrack CD.

==Historical accuracy==

Edward Wilson, the character played by Matt Damon, is based at least in part on [[James Jesus Angleton]], the long-serving director of the CIA's [[counter-intelligence]] staff who also fell victim to intense paranoia during his career, and [[covert operations]] specialist [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard Bissell]].<ref name="Horn, John"/> Bill Sullivan, the character played by Robert De Niro, is based on [[William Stephenson]] and [[William Joseph Donovan]]. William Hurt's character Phillip Allen is likely based on former CIA Director [[Allen Dulles]], while [[Lee Pace]]'s character Richard Hayes shares some similarities, including a similar name, to Dulles' eventual successor [[Richard Helms]].<ref name="Robarge">{{cite news
| last = Robarge
| first = David
| coauthors = Gary McCollim, Nicholas Dujmovic, Thomas G. Coffey
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'': Intelligence in Recent Public Media
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
| date = January 8, 2007
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/the-good-shepherd.html
| accessdate = 2009-06-17 }}</ref>

High-ranking British operative turned Soviet mole, Arch Cummings, bears some similarities to [[Kim Philby]] (who fled to the USSR after being exposed and spent his last years friendless and mired in alcoholism). The character Yuri Modin shares similar characteristics to Soviet defector [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]; the real [[Yuri Modin]] was a [[KGB]] officer who was the controller of the [[Cambridge Five]] spies in the UK. The character of Dr. Ibanez bears some similarities to [[Jacobo Arbenz]].<ref name="Robarge"/>

Oscar-winning actor [[Joe Pesci]] appears in one scene as a Mafia boss ("Joseph Palmi") who, it is implied in the film, is a fictionalized composite of [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] and [[Sam Giancana]] (in one scene it is mentioned that Castro has seized "three of [Palmi's] casinos and thrown him out of [[Cuba]]." In fact, Castro did nationalize several casinos owned by both Chicago and Florida organized crime interests). The CIA recruited such mafiosi for multiple assassination attempts against Fidel Castro. The story thread, however, is not fully developed in the film.

In May, 2007, the [[Center for the Study of Intelligence]], a history group with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], held a round-table with a number of on-staff historians to discuss the film. The discussion was publicly released as an article; it covered the film's depiction of the OSS and CIA, the accuracy of the film's depiction of both the events and atmosphere of the period, and discussed factual details surrounding the actual persons on whom some of the film's characters were based. The general consensus was that although the film was meticulous in getting small details (especially artifacts) correct, the overall perception portayed by the movie was seriously flawed. One of the historians said:

<blockquote>A film can take a strictly documentary approach .. If that's the standard, then anyone with historical sense is going to dislike the liberties ''The Good Shepherd'' takes. If one approaches the film as a work of art, one must still ask if there is truth in the story-telling. Does it convey the sense of the time: the atmosphere, the motivations, the tone, and the challenges? I think we all agree that the film fails that test as well. It fails because it inserts themes we know from our studies of the period were not there: the overarching economic interest, the WASP mafia dominance, the cynicism, the dark perspective.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

The article also addressed inaccurate but enduring beliefs that Yale's famous secret society [[Skull and Bones]] was an incubator of the U.S. Intelligence Community.

===Bay of Pigs Invasion leak===
The film depicts the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] failure as the result of a leak within the CIA. [[James K. Galbraith]] wrote that the Taylor Report on the invasion confirmed the existence of a leak:

<blockquote>One of the great travesties of the Cold War surfaced on April 29, 2000 when the Washington Post reported the declassification in full of General Maxwell Taylor's June, 1961 special report on the Bay of Pigs invasion. Partial versions of this document have been available for decades. But only now did its darkest secret spill. Here is what Taylor reported to Kennedy. The Russians knew the date of the invasion (Therefore, Castro also knew.) The CIA, headed by [[Allen Dulles]], knew that the Russians knew (Therefore, they knew the invasion would fail). The leak did not come from the invasion force; it had happened before the [[Cuban exile]]s were themselves briefed on the date. Kennedy was not informed. Nor, of course, were the exiles. And knowing all this, Dulles ordered the operation forward.<ref>{{harvnb|Galbraith|2000}}</ref></blockquote>

However, one of the panel of CIA historians who discussed the movie in a round table strongly disagreed that the leak was crucial, saying:

<blockquote>Even if the operation had initially succeeded, the idea that this paramilitary battalion would have melted into the jungles and mountains to spawn a general uprising against Castro is fatuous. CIA's own analysts judged that Castro's popular support was strong and that he controlled the army and the security services. Even if the group had secured the beachhead, its members eventually would have been hunted down. The supposed leak had nothing to do with historical reality.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

==Reaction==
''The Good Shepherd'' was released on December 22, 2006 in 2,215 theaters, grossing $9.9 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $59.9 million in North America and $39.5 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $99.4 million.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news | last= | first= | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=Box Office Mojo | date= | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film received mixed reviews. In her review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Manohla Dargis]] wrote, "''The Good Shepherd'' is an origin story about the C.I.A., and for the filmmakers that story boils down to fathers who fail their sons, a suspect metaphor that here becomes all too ploddingly literal", but praised De Niro's direction: "Among the film’s most striking visual tropes is the image of Wilson simply going to work in the capital alongside other similarly dressed men, a spectral army clutching briefcases and silently marching to uncertain victory".<ref name="dargis">{{cite news | last= Dargis | first= Manohla | url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/movies/22shep.html | title=Company Man: Hush, Hush, Sweet Operative | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Kenneth Turan, in his review for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', praised Matt Damon's performance: "Damon, in his second major role of the year (after ''[[The Departed]]'') once again demonstrates his ability to convey emotional reserves, to animate a character from the inside out and create a man we can sense has more of an interior life than he is willing to let on".<ref name="turan">{{cite news | last= Turan | first= Kenneth | url=http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl-et-good22dec22,0,5200550.story | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Richard Corliss also gave Damon a positive notice in his review: "Damon is terrific in the role-all-knowing, never overtly expressing a feeling. Indeed, so is everyone else in this intricate, understated but ultimately devastating account of how secrets, when they are left to fester, can become an illness, dangerous to those who keep them, more so to nations that base their policies on them".<ref name="corliss">{{cite news | last= Corliss | first= Richard | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568455-3,00.html | title=Holiday Movies | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date= December 10, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for ''[[The New York Observer]]'', [[Andrew Sarris]] wrote, "Still, no previous American film has ventured into this still largely unknown territory with such authority and emotional detachment. For this reason alone, ''The Good Shepherd'' is must-see viewing".<ref name="sarris">{{cite news | last= Sarris | first= Andrew | url=http://www.observer.com/node/36529 | title=Shhhh! De Niro’s Spy Flick Keeps It to a Whisper | work=[[The New York Observer]] | date= January 7, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "What makes the story work so powerfully is his focus on a multidimensional individual—Wilson—thereby creating a stirring personal tale about the inner workings of the clandestine government agency".<ref name="puig">{{cite news | last= Puig | first= Claudia | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2006-12-21-good-shepherd_x.htm | title=Mesmerizing ''Good Shepherd'' will rope you in | work=[[USA Today]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a "B" rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum praised De Niro's direction and Damon's performance, noting the latter's maturation as an actor.<ref name="schwarzbaum">{{cite news | last= Schwarzbaum | first= Lisa | url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1569416,00.html | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date= December 13, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine's [[David Ansen]] wrote, "For the film's mesmerizing first 50 minutes I thought De Niro might pull off the ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' of spy movies ... Still, even if the movie's vast reach exceeds its grasp, it's a spellbinding history lesson".<ref name="ansen">{{cite news | last= Ansen | first= David | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/70146 | title=Following the Flock | work=[[Newsweek]] | date= January 29, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> However, Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine opined, "It's tough to slog through a movie that has no pulse".<ref name="travers">{{cite news | last= Travers | first= Peter | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/7405477/review/12812399/the_good_shepherd | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Rolling Stone]] | date= December 12, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', Jim Emerson wrote, "If you think [[George Tenet]]'s Central Intelligence Agency was a disaster, wait until you see Robert De Niro's torpid, ineffectual movie about the history of the agency".<ref name="emerson">{{cite news | last= Emerson | first= Jim | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061221/REVIEWS/61222002/1023 | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Peter Bradshaw in ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film two out of five stars and criticized Damon's performance: "And why is Damon allowed to act in such a callow, boring way? As ever, he looks like he is playing Robin to some imaginary Batman at his side, like Jimmy Stewart and his invisible rabbit. His nasal, unobtrusive voice makes every line sound the same".<ref name="bradshaw">{{cite news | last= Bradshaw | first= Peter | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/feb/23/thriller.mattdamon | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Guardian]] | date= February 23, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

In 2007, the cast of ''The Good Shepherd'' won the Silver Bear of the prestigious [[Berlin International Film Festival]] for outstanding artistic contribution. It was the only American entry in 2007 to win a prize at the festival.<ref>{{citation
| last = Meza
| first = Ed
| coauthors =
| title = ''Tuya'' nabs top prize at Berlin fest
| work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = February 17, 2007
| url = http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_vstory/VR1117959774.html?nav=vpage&categoryid=1985&cs=1&query=Box+Office&query=%22Good+Shepherd%22
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref>

De Niro said he would like to make two sequels to ''The Good Shepherd'', one bringing the action forward from 1961 to 1989 and the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the other following its protagonist, Edward Wilson, up to the present day.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Aftab
| first = Kaleem
| coauthors =
| title = Robert De Niro: "You talkin' to me? Oh, OK, then..."
| work = [[The Independent]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = July 25, 2008
| url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/robert-de-niro-you-talkin-to-me-oh-ok-then-876213.html
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 }}</ref>

The review-tallying website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reporting that 90 out of the 167 reviews they tallied were positive, for a score of 54% and a certification of "rotten" (according to the website's criteria).<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/good_shepherd/ Rotten Tomatoes: The Good Shepherd (2006)]</ref> [[Metacritic]] reports the film has an aggregate metascore of 61/100 ("Generally favorable reviews").

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web
|first=James K.
|last=Galbraith
|year=2000
|ref=harv
|authorlink=James K. Galbraith
|title=A Crime So Immense
|publisher=[[Texas Observer]], (C) 2000 [[Texas Democracy Foundation]]
|url=http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/2006/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archivedate=2006-09-04
}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.thegoodshepherdmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|0343737|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{Allmovie title|317817|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|good_shepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{metacritic film|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{mojo title|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Good Shepherd}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American political drama films]]
[[Category:American Zoetrope films]]
[[Category:Cold War spy films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert De Niro]]
[[Category:Films set in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Lingala-language films]]
[[Category:Morgan Creek Productions films]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Romantic period films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency in fiction]]
{{Francis Ford Coppola}}

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[[bn:দ্য গুড শেপার্ড (চলচ্চিত্র)]]
[[cy:The Good Shepherd]]
[[de:Der gute Hirte (2006)]]
[[es:El buen pastor (película)]]
[[fa:چوپان خوب (فیلم)]]
[[fr:Raisons d'État]]
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[[ja:グッド・シェパード]]
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[[pt:O Bom Pastor (2006)]]
[[ru:Ложное искушение]]
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[[zh:特務風雲：中情局誕生秘辛]]

The Good Shepherd (film)

2012-05-13T18:59:04Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox film
| name = The Good Shepherd
| image = GoodShepherdBigPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = [[James G. Robinson]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Jane Rosenthal]] [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| director = Robert De Niro
| writer = [[Eric Roth]]
| starring = [[Matt Damon]] [[Angelina Jolie]] [[William Hurt]] [[Alec Baldwin]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Billy Crudup]] [[Michael Gambon]] [[Timothy Hutton]] [[Joe Pesci]] [[John Turturro]]|
| music = [[Bruce Fowler]] [[Marcelo Zarvos]] [[Arvo Pärt]]
| cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]]
| editing = [[Tariq Anwar (film editor)|Tariq Anwar]]
| studio = [[Morgan Creek Productions|Morgan Creek]] [[TriBeCa Productions]] [[American Zoetrope]]
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|22}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| budget = $85 million
| gross = $99,480,480<ref>http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm</ref>
}}
'''''The Good Shepherd''''' is a 2006 spy film directed by [[Robert De Niro]] and starring [[Matt Damon]] and [[Angelina Jolie]], with an extensive supporting cast. Although it is a fictional film loosely based on real events, it is advertised as telling the untold story of the birth of [[counter-intelligence]] in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The film's main character, Edward Wilson (portrayed by Matt Damon), is loosely based on [[James Jesus Angleton]] and [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard M. Bissell]]. This was [[Joe Pesci]]'s first film appearance after his six year hiatus from acting between 1999 and 2005.

==Plot==
{{plot|date=December 2011}}
A photograph and an audio recording on [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel tape]] are dropped off anonymously at the home of Edward Wilson ([[Matt Damon]]), a senior CIA officer, after the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]] fails due to an undisclosed leak. While riding to work on the bus, Edward is approached by a young boy who asks if Edward has change for a dollar. Upon arriving at work, Edward's assistant checks the serial number of the dollar against a long list of serial numbers assigned to various code names and confirms that Edward has been given a dollar from "Cardinal". The movie then flashes back to 1939.

In 1939 Edward is at [[Yale University]] and is invited to join [[Skull and Bones]], a secret society that grooms future U.S. leaders. He is compelled to disclose a secret as part of his initiation: he reveals that as a young boy in 1925 he discovered the suicide note left by his father, Thomas ([[Timothy Hutton]]), although he says he never read it. After the ceremony, a fraternity brother tells him that Edward's father, an [[admiral]], was to be chosen as [[Secretary of the Navy]], until his loyalties were questioned. Afterwards Edward is recruited by an [[FBI]] agent Sam Murach ([[Alec Baldwin]]), who claims that Edward's poetry professor, Dr. Fredericks ([[Michael Gambon]]), is a [[Nazi]] spy, asking Edward to expose his professor's background as well as implying that the Professor is homosexual: Edward's actions result in Dr. Fredericks' forced resignation from the university.

Edward begins a relationship with a deaf student named Laura ([[Tammy Blanchard]]), but while on [[Deer Island (Thousand Islands)|Deer Island]], Edward meets and is later aggressively seduced by Margaret 'Clover' Russell ([[Angelina Jolie]]), his friend's sister. General Bill Sullivan ([[Robert De Niro]]) asks Edward to join the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], offering him a post in [[London]].

Later while Edward and Laura are at the beach, Clover's brother, John, privately reveals that Clover is pregnant with Edward's child and asks him to "do what is expected." Laura, an able [[Lip reading|lip-reader]], sees and walks away. Edward marries Clover. At the wedding reception Edward accepts an offer of a position in the London OSS office from General Sullivan, requiring him to be in England in one week, leaving his newlywed wife. In London he meets his former professor Dr. Fredericks, who is actually a British intelligence operative who had sought to infiltrate a Nazi organization while at Yale, causing the American authorities to suspect that he was a Nazi spy. Despite this, Fredericks recognized Edward's gifts and recommended that he be trained in counter-espionage in London.

An intelligence officer in the British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]], Arch Cummings ([[Billy Crudup]]), tells Edward that Fredericks' indiscriminate homosexual relationships pose a security risk; Edward is asked to deal with his mentor, but Fredericks refuses the chivalrous suggestion to protect himself by returning to teaching. He says he will understand if Wilson wants to "tie his shoe" (a signal to watchers that the meeting went badly). Edward delays, prompting Fredericks to kneel down and tie Edward's shoe for him. As their meeting ends, he advises Wilson to "quit... while you still have a soul", leaves, and is brutally killed, his body being dumped into the [[River Thames|Thames]].

The time shifts to post-war [[Berlin]], where the [[Allies]] and the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], in a race for technological superiority, are trying to recruit as many German scientists as possible. Edward encounters his Soviet counterpart, codenamed ''"Ulysses"'', who praises Edward. They plan an exchange of scientists — the Soviets asking for German Nazi and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] scientists, while the Americans seek [[Jewish]] scientists.

Edward is assisted by an interpreter, Hanna Schiller ([[Martina Gedeck]]), who wears what appears to be a hearing aid. After Edward learns from his son during a rare phone call home that Clover is having an affair, he accepts Hanna's invitation to dinner at her home, and sleeps with her. While they are making love, Edward realizes that Hanna can hear without the use of her hearing aid, exposing her as a Soviet operative. She is killed and Ulysses is notified by her hearing aid being planted in his teapot.

After six years in London, Edward returns home to a distant Clover, who now prefers to be called Margaret. Edward presents his son with a miniature model ship inside a glass watch-casing. Margaret explains that her brother was killed in the war; she also confesses that she previously had a brief relationship with another man. When she asks if he had any relationships, Edward replies that "it was a mistake." General Sullivan approaches Wilson again to help form a new foreign intelligence organization - the CIA - where Wilson will work with his former colleague, Richard Hayes ([[Lee Pace]]), under Phillip Allen ([[William Hurt]]). Edward accepts, hiding the details of his position from everyone but Clover/Margaret. Allen discloses his love of Swiss chocolate, prompting Edward to later ask Murach if the FBI has any information on Allen: the resulting file intimates that Allen holds substantial funds in Swiss accounts.

Edward's first assignment deals with coffee in Central America where the Russians are trying to gain influence. Edward spots Ulysses in the background of footage of the country's leader, but doesn't disclose this. Another agent is sent covertly as a representative of the Mayan Coffee Company; Edward warns him not to wear his Yale class ring. Edward arranges for airplanes to fly over and release [[locusts]] during a public event where the Russians (including Ulysses) are present in order to intimidate the Central American leader. Edward later receives a can of Mayan Coffee presumably from Ulysses, containing a severed finger, and Yale class ring, evidently of the American agent. Wilson and Clover go to a Christmas party with their son, who wets himself, out of a heightened state of fear resulting from his fragmented awareness that his father is involved in dark secrets.

A Russian requesting [[Right of asylum|asylum]] and claiming to be high-ranking KGB man Valentin Mironov, who knows Ulysses, is interviewed by Edward. Edward is fully convinced of his honesty. While attending the theater with Mironov and Cummings, Edward encounters his former sweetheart, Laura. They leave the theater separately, meet at a restaurant and rekindle their old romance.

Sometime later, Margaret anonymously receives photos of Laura and Edward getting into a taxi together and kissing. A distraught Margaret confronts him. Edward ends the relationship with Laura by returning her jeweled crucifix, which he had kept from their college romance days.

Then a Russian [[Defection|defector]] appears, claiming that he is the ''real'' Valentin Mironov, and that the other man actually is Yuri Modin, a [[KGB]] operative working for Ulysses. Edward does not believe him, and agents beat and torture the man, and administer liquid [[LSD]] because of its alleged [[truth serum]] properties. Despite the combined effects of drugs and torture, the second defector insists that he is the true Mironov. He further ridicules his interrogators for their need to believe in the myth of Soviet power which he calls a "great show" and "painted rust". Realising that he will never be believed, the defector hurls himself through the window to the pavement several stories below. The first man claiming to be Valentin Mironov, who has watched the entire ordeal together with Edward, then offers to take LSD to prove his innocence, but Edward doesn't think it's necessary.

Edward visits his son, Edward Jr., at Yale, where he has also joined the Skull and Bones society and has been approached for recruitment by the CIA. Margaret pleads with Edward to persuade their son not to accept, but Edward Jr. joins anyway, believing it will bring him closer to his loving, but distant, father. This widens the rift between Edward and Margaret. Later Edward Jr. overhears Edward and Hays discuss the upcoming Bay of Pigs invasion; Wilson suspects that Edward Jr. may have overheard the conversation and warns his son to be silent. Margaret moves to her mother's home in Arizona.

The film returns to the recording dropped off at the beginning of the movie. After analysis of clues such as the ceiling fan's brand name and the church bells and other sounds heard on the tape, CIA specialists deduce that the photograph may have been taken in [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]. Edward goes there and finds the room. He realizes that the photograph and tape are of his son Edward Jr. when he sees the model ship in the glass watch-casing on the nightstand; its blurred image was the one object in the photo that the CIA team was unable to identify. Ulysses is there and plays Edward an unedited version of the tape, revealing Edward Jr. repeating to his lover, a Soviet spy named Miriam, the classified information he overheard his father discussing. Thus the Cubans and Soviets learned of the upcoming CIA landing at the Bay of Pigs. Ulysses encourages Edward to spy for the Soviets in exchange for them protecting his son. Edward is non-committal, however; he confronts his son, who says that he is in love with the woman and plans to marry her. His son refuses to believe that she is an intelligence agent.

Edward exposes Valentin as Soviet spy Yuri Modin after finding evidence of his true identity in a book given to him by Arch Cummings, who is thus exposed as a co-conspirator. Cummings flees to the USSR. After meeting Ulysses in a museum and refusing to betray his country, Edward explains that as the Soviets have won in Cuba it is not necessary to hurt his son. Ulysses notes of Edward Jr.'s fiancée: "neither of us can be sure about her", and asks Edward, "You want her to be part of your family, don't you?" Later, Ulysses' aide asks him for change to purchase his daughter a souvenir from the gift shop. Edward asks how much it is, and hands him a one dollar bill, commenting that a ''cardinal'' rule of democracy is generosity, thus confirming that the aide is Edward's defector in place.

Edward and Margaret arrive separately in the Congo for Edward Jr.'s wedding. His fiancée Miriam travels on a small plane to the ceremony but mid-flight is thrown out of the plane. When she fails to arrive at the church, Edward informs a worried Edward Jr. that she is dead. Edward denies any responsibility when Edward Jr. asks; Edward is visibly affected when Edward Jr. reveals that Miriam was pregnant.

Edward meets with fellow Skull and Bones classmate Hayes (loosely based on [[Richard Helms]]) at the new CIA headquarters still under construction. Hayes tells him that Allen is resigning under a cloud of financial improprieties (after receiving copies of the Swiss accounts delivered in a chocolate box), and that the President has asked him to be the new Director. The President has directed him to do some "housecleaning" and he tells Edward that he needs someone he can trust, saying, "after all, we're still brothers" and that Edward is the "CIA's heart and soul". He then tells Edward he will be the first head of counter-intelligence. Edward notes the inscription on the new marble wall of the CIA lobby: "And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free (John 8:32)".

Edward is then shown pulling from his home safe the suicide note that his father, Thomas, had left and in which his father's words, only now read by Edward, reveal that he had betrayed his country. He left loving words for his wife and son, particularly urging the latter to grow up to be a good man, husband and father and to live a life of decency and truth. Edward burns the note.

The film ends with Edward leaving his old office and moving to his new wing in the CIA.

==Cast==
[[File:DamonDeNiroGedeckHuttonBerlinFeb07.jpg|thumb|right|Damon, De Niro, Gedeck and Hutton at the February 2007 premiere of the film in Berlin]]
* [[Matt Damon]] as Edward Wilson, Sr.; based on [[James Jesus Angleton]]
* [[Angelina Jolie]] as Margaret "Clover" Russell Wilson
* [[Robert De Niro]] as General William "Bill" Sullivan; based on [[William Joseph Donovan|William Donovan]]
* [[Alec Baldwin]] as [[FBI]] Agent Samuel "Sam" Murach
* [[Billy Crudup]] as Archibald "Arch" Cummings; based on [[Kim Philby]]
* [[Tammy Blanchard]] as Laura
* [[Keir Dullea]] as Senator John Russell, Sr.
* [[Michael Gambon]] as Dr. Fredericks
* [[Martina Gedeck]] as Hanna Schiller
* [[Timothy Hutton]] as Admiral Thomas Wilson
* [[William Hurt]] as CIA Director Philip Allen; based on [[Allen Dulles]]
* [[Gabriel Macht]] as John Russell, Jr.
* [[Lee Pace]] as Deputy Director Richard Hayes; based on [[Richard Helms]]
* [[Joe Pesci]] as Joseph Palmi; based partly on [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]]
* [[Eddie Redmayne]] as older Edward Wilson, Jr.
* [[John Sessions]] as Valentin Mironov #1/Yuri Modin; based on [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]
* [[Mark Ivanir]] as Valentin Mironov #2; based on [[Yuri Nosenko]]
* [[Oleg Stefan]] as Ulysses/Stas Siyanko
* [[John Turturro]] as Ray Brocco; based on Angleton deputy Raymond Rocca
* [[Liya Kebede]] as Miriam.

This marked Pesci's return to acting after an eight-year absence from the screen following ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]''.

== Production ==
[[Eric Roth]] wrote the screenplay in 1994 for [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and [[Columbia Pictures]].<ref name="Stewart"/> Roth read [[Norman Mailer]]'s ''[[Harlot's Ghost]]'' and became intrigued with the people who built the CIA.<ref name="Hart">{{cite news
| last = Hart
| first = Hugh
| coauthors =
| title = Soup o the CIA
| work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 31, 2006
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/31/PKGL7N6CIV1.DTL&type=printable
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Coppola left the project because he could not relate to the characters due to their lack of emotion (although he retained a credit as co-executive producer).<ref name="Stewart"/> [[Wayne Wang]] was set to direct and even conducted some location scouting but management changes at Columbia ended his involvement. The new administration gave Roth a list of directors to choose from and one of them was [[Philip Kaufman]]. He felt that Roth's script, whose original structure was linear, should go back and forth in time to "give it a more contemporary feeling".<ref name="Crowdus">{{cite news
| last = Crowdus
| first = Gary
| coauthors =
| title = Living in a wilderness of mirrors: an interview with Eric Roth
| work = [[Cineaste]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url =
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Kaufman and Roth worked on the project for a year and then the management changed at the studio again. The new studio head had no interest in spy films unless they could get a movie star like [[Tom Cruise]] to appear in the film.

The project languished until [[John Frankenheimer]] signed on to make the film with [[MGM]] agreeing to purchase the rights. He wanted Robert De Niro to star, having just worked together on ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]''. De Niro had been developing his own spy story about the CIA from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 and agreed to appear in the film.<ref name="Crowdus"/> During pre-production in 2002, Frankenheimer died. According to producer [[Jane Rosenthal]], this had been Robert De Niro's pet project for nine years, but it proved difficult to produce in a pre-[[September 11, 2001|9/11]] world and had to compete with his busy schedule as an actor. The actor said in an interview, “I had always been interested in the Cold War. I was raised in the Cold War. All of the intelligence stuff was interesting to me”.<ref name="Horn, John">{{cite news
| last = Horn
| first = John
| coauthors =
| title = Intelligence Design
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = November 5, 2006
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/05/entertainment/ca-shepherd5
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref> De Niro and Roth ended up making a deal: Roth would write up De Niro's idea into a screenplay if the actor would direct his existing script. If ''The Good Shepherd'' proved to be a commercial success then their follow-up would be De Niro's pitch.<ref name="Stewart"/>

De Niro took the project to [[Universal Pictures]] where producer [[Graham King]] agreed to help finance the $110+ million budget. He had a deal with [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], who was interested in playing the film's protagonist Edward Wilson.<ref name="Horn, John"/> De Niro planned to shoot the movie in early 2005 but DiCaprio could not do it then because he was making ''[[The Departed]]'' for [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name="Stewart">{{cite news
| last = Stewart
| first = Ryan
| coauthors =
| title = Junket Report: ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = Cinematical
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 11, 2006
| url = http://www.cinematical.com/2006/12/11/junket-report-the-good-shepherd/
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> King left with him and so did his financial backing. De Niro approached Matt Damon, who was also doing ''The Departed'' but would be done earlier than DiCaprio and De Niro would only have to wait six months to do the film with him.<ref name="Horn, John"/> Initially, Damon turned De Niro down because he was scheduled to shoot [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s ''[[The Informant!]]''. Soderbergh agreed to delay filming and Damon agreed to star as Wilson. James Robinson's Morgan Creek Productions agreed to help finance the film with a budget under $90 million which meant that many of the principal actors, Damon included, would have to waive their usual salaries to keep costs down.<ref name="Horn, John"/>

De Niro was not interested in making a spy movie with flashy violence and exciting car chases. “I just like it when things happen for a reason. So I want to downplay the violence, depict it in a muted way. In those days, it was a gentleman's game”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> He and Roth were also interested in showing how absolute power corrupted the leaders of the CIA. Early on, De Niro said in an interview, “they tried to do what they thought was right. And then, as they went on, they became overconfident and started doing things that are not always in our best interests”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> In preparation for the film, De Niro watched spy films like ''[[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|The Spy Who Came In From the Cold]]'', ''[[The Third Man (film)|The Third Man]]'', and ''[[Smiley's People]]''.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = David
| coauthors =
| title = Spies Like Us
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/jun/22/robertdeniro
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref>

He also hired retired CIA agent [[Milton Bearden]] to serve as a technical adviser on the film. They had first worked together on ''[[Meet the Parents]]'' where De Niro played a retired CIA agent.<ref name="Collura">{{cite news
| last = Collura
| first = Scott
| coauthors =
| title = The Real ''Good Shepherd''
| work = [[IGN]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = April 2, 2007
| url = http://dvd.ign.com/articles/777/777432p1.html
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Bearden agreed to take De Niro through [[Afghanistan]] to the north-west frontier of [[Pakistan]] and into [[Moscow]] for a guided tour of intelligence gathering. Damon also spent time with Bearden as well as visiting several of the locations depicted in the film and reading several books on the CIA.<ref name="ProdNotes">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'' Production Notes
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Universal Pictures]]
| year = 2006
| url =
| accessdate = }}</ref> Bearden also made sure that the historical aspects were correct but fictionalized to a certain degree.<ref name="Collura"/>

Principal photography began on August 18, 2005, with shooting taking place in [[New York City]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[London, England|London]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]. Three-time [[Academy Award]]-winning [[art director]] [[Jeannine Oppewall]] was assigned art director for ''The Good Shepherd'', which would eventually earn Oppewall her fourth Oscar nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Design]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> She conducted a large amount of research for the film that filled ten to twelve {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=mid|-thick}} three-ring binders. It took her a week to organize the number of set locations due to the large amounts of settings in the script, which included Cuba, Léopoldville, London, [[Guatemala]], Moscow, [[New York]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]], among other places.

Although the vast majority of the movie was filmed in New York, the only scenes that are actually set in New York were filmed at a house in the Long Island town, [[Manhasset]]. As a result, many sets had to be constructed under Oppewall's direction, including a Skull and Bones headquarters and the Berlin set, which was built on the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> The interiors of the CIA were built in the Brooklyn Armory, a large edifice built in 1901 for the United States Cavalry. She also visited the CIA's headquarters in Washington, D.C. and worked with Bearden to create sets for the CIA's offices, Technical Room and Communications Room.

Since the lead character originally aspired to be a poet, Oppewall incorporated many visual poetic symbols into the film, including a large number of mirrors to represent the duplicity of the CIA, [[full rigged ship]]s as symbols of the state and [[eagle]] symbols, which were used in ironic situations such as suspect interrogations. Her team tracked down the right set dressings and also found authentic [[Teletype Corporation|Teletype]] machines, reel-to-reel tape recorders and radios used in the CIA during that time.<ref name="ProdNotes"/>

==Music==

The music for the film was by [[Bruce Fowler]] and [[Marcelo Zarvos]]. They replaced [[James Horner]], who left the project due to creative differences.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = Marcelo Zarvos and Bruce Fowler replace James Horner on ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = October 31, 2006
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-01-14 }}</ref>

The violin solo is an extract from [[Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)|Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto In D]] though this is misattributed to Marcelo Zarvos on the soundtrack CD.

==Historical accuracy==

Edward Wilson, the character played by Matt Damon, is based at least in part on [[James Jesus Angleton]], the long-serving director of the CIA's [[counter-intelligence]] staff who also fell victim to intense paranoia during his career, and [[covert operations]] specialist [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard Bissell]].<ref name="Horn, John"/> Bill Sullivan, the character played by Robert De Niro, is based on [[William Stephenson]] and [[William Joseph Donovan]]. William Hurt's character Phillip Allen is likely based on former CIA Director [[Allen Dulles]], while [[Lee Pace]]'s character Richard Hayes shares some similarities, including a similar name, to Dulles' eventual successor [[Richard Helms]].<ref name="Robarge">{{cite news
| last = Robarge
| first = David
| coauthors = Gary McCollim, Nicholas Dujmovic, Thomas G. Coffey
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'': Intelligence in Recent Public Media
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
| date = January 8, 2007
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/the-good-shepherd.html
| accessdate = 2009-06-17 }}</ref>

High-ranking British operative turned Soviet mole, Arch Cummings, bears some similarities to [[Kim Philby]] (who fled to the USSR after being exposed and spent his last years friendless and mired in alcoholism). The character Yuri Modin shares similar characteristics to Soviet defector [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]; the real [[Yuri Modin]] was a [[KGB]] officer who was the controller of the [[Cambridge Five]] spies in the UK. The character of Dr. Ibanez bears some similarities to [[Jacobo Arbenz]].<ref name="Robarge"/>

Oscar-winning actor [[Joe Pesci]] appears in one scene as a Mafia boss ("Joseph Palmi") who, it is implied in the film, is a fictionalized composite of [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] and [[Sam Giancana]] (in one scene it is mentioned that Castro has seized "three of [Palmi's] casinos and thrown him out of [[Cuba]]." In fact, Castro did nationalize several casinos owned by both Chicago and Florida organized crime interests). The CIA recruited such mafiosi for multiple assassination attempts against Fidel Castro. The story thread, however, is not fully developed in the film.

In May, 2007, the [[Center for the Study of Intelligence]], a history group with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], held a round-table with a number of on-staff historians to discuss the film. The discussion was publicly released as an article; it covered the film's depiction of the OSS and CIA, the accuracy of the film's depiction of both the events and atmosphere of the period, and discussed factual details surrounding the actual persons on whom some of the film's characters were based. The general consensus was that although the film was meticulous in getting small details (especially artifacts) correct, the overall perception portayed by the movie was seriously flawed. One of the historians said:

<blockquote>A film can take a strictly documentary approach .. If that's the standard, then anyone with historical sense is going to dislike the liberties ''The Good Shepherd'' takes. If one approaches the film as a work of art, one must still ask if there is truth in the story-telling. Does it convey the sense of the time: the atmosphere, the motivations, the tone, and the challenges? I think we all agree that the film fails that test as well. It fails because it inserts themes we know from our studies of the period were not there: the overarching economic interest, the WASP mafia dominance, the cynicism, the dark perspective.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

The article also addressed inaccurate but enduring beliefs that Yale's famous secret society [[Skull and Bones]] was an incubator of the U.S. Intelligence Community.

===Bay of Pigs Invasion leak===
The film depicts the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] failure as the result of a leak within the CIA. [[James K. Galbraith]] wrote that the Taylor Report on the invasion confirmed the existence of a leak:

<blockquote>One of the great travesties of the Cold War surfaced on April 29, 2000 when the Washington Post reported the declassification in full of General Maxwell Taylor's June, 1961 special report on the Bay of Pigs invasion. Partial versions of this document have been available for decades. But only now did its darkest secret spill. Here is what Taylor reported to Kennedy. The Russians knew the date of the invasion (Therefore, Castro also knew.) The CIA, headed by [[Allen Dulles]], knew that the Russians knew (Therefore, they knew the invasion would fail). The leak did not come from the invasion force; it had happened before the [[Cuban exile]]s were themselves briefed on the date. Kennedy was not informed. Nor, of course, were the exiles. And knowing all this, Dulles ordered the operation forward.<ref>{{harvnb|Galbraith|2000}}</ref></blockquote>

However, one of the panel of CIA historians who discussed the movie in a round table strongly disagreed that the leak was crucial, saying:

<blockquote>Even if the operation had initially succeeded, the idea that this paramilitary battalion would have melted into the jungles and mountains to spawn a general uprising against Castro is fatuous. CIA's own analysts judged that Castro's popular support was strong and that he controlled the army and the security services. Even if the group had secured the beachhead, its members eventually would have been hunted down. The supposed leak had nothing to do with historical reality.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

==Reaction==
''The Good Shepherd'' was released on December 22, 2006 in 2,215 theaters, grossing $9.9 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $59.9 million in North America and $39.5 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $99.4 million.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news | last= | first= | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=Box Office Mojo | date= | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film received mixed reviews. In her review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Manohla Dargis]] wrote, "''The Good Shepherd'' is an origin story about the C.I.A., and for the filmmakers that story boils down to fathers who fail their sons, a suspect metaphor that here becomes all too ploddingly literal", but praised De Niro's direction: "Among the film’s most striking visual tropes is the image of Wilson simply going to work in the capital alongside other similarly dressed men, a spectral army clutching briefcases and silently marching to uncertain victory".<ref name="dargis">{{cite news | last= Dargis | first= Manohla | url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/movies/22shep.html | title=Company Man: Hush, Hush, Sweet Operative | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Kenneth Turan, in his review for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', praised Matt Damon's performance: "Damon, in his second major role of the year (after ''[[The Departed]]'') once again demonstrates his ability to convey emotional reserves, to animate a character from the inside out and create a man we can sense has more of an interior life than he is willing to let on".<ref name="turan">{{cite news | last= Turan | first= Kenneth | url=http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl-et-good22dec22,0,5200550.story | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Richard Corliss also gave Damon a positive notice in his review: "Damon is terrific in the role-all-knowing, never overtly expressing a feeling. Indeed, so is everyone else in this intricate, understated but ultimately devastating account of how secrets, when they are left to fester, can become an illness, dangerous to those who keep them, more so to nations that base their policies on them".<ref name="corliss">{{cite news | last= Corliss | first= Richard | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568455-3,00.html | title=Holiday Movies | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date= December 10, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for ''[[The New York Observer]]'', [[Andrew Sarris]] wrote, "Still, no previous American film has ventured into this still largely unknown territory with such authority and emotional detachment. For this reason alone, ''The Good Shepherd'' is must-see viewing".<ref name="sarris">{{cite news | last= Sarris | first= Andrew | url=http://www.observer.com/node/36529 | title=Shhhh! De Niro’s Spy Flick Keeps It to a Whisper | work=[[The New York Observer]] | date= January 7, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "What makes the story work so powerfully is his focus on a multidimensional individual—Wilson—thereby creating a stirring personal tale about the inner workings of the clandestine government agency".<ref name="puig">{{cite news | last= Puig | first= Claudia | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2006-12-21-good-shepherd_x.htm | title=Mesmerizing ''Good Shepherd'' will rope you in | work=[[USA Today]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a "B" rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum praised De Niro's direction and Damon's performance, noting the latter's maturation as an actor.<ref name="schwarzbaum">{{cite news | last= Schwarzbaum | first= Lisa | url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1569416,00.html | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date= December 13, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine's [[David Ansen]] wrote, "For the film's mesmerizing first 50 minutes I thought De Niro might pull off the ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' of spy movies ... Still, even if the movie's vast reach exceeds its grasp, it's a spellbinding history lesson".<ref name="ansen">{{cite news | last= Ansen | first= David | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/70146 | title=Following the Flock | work=[[Newsweek]] | date= January 29, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> However, Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine opined, "It's tough to slog through a movie that has no pulse".<ref name="travers">{{cite news | last= Travers | first= Peter | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/7405477/review/12812399/the_good_shepherd | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Rolling Stone]] | date= December 12, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', Jim Emerson wrote, "If you think [[George Tenet]]'s Central Intelligence Agency was a disaster, wait until you see Robert De Niro's torpid, ineffectual movie about the history of the agency".<ref name="emerson">{{cite news | last= Emerson | first= Jim | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061221/REVIEWS/61222002/1023 | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Peter Bradshaw in ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film two out of five stars and criticized Damon's performance: "And why is Damon allowed to act in such a callow, boring way? As ever, he looks like he is playing Robin to some imaginary Batman at his side, like Jimmy Stewart and his invisible rabbit. His nasal, unobtrusive voice makes every line sound the same".<ref name="bradshaw">{{cite news | last= Bradshaw | first= Peter | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/feb/23/thriller.mattdamon | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Guardian]] | date= February 23, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

In 2007, the cast of ''The Good Shepherd'' won the Silver Bear of the prestigious [[Berlin International Film Festival]] for outstanding artistic contribution. It was the only American entry in 2007 to win a prize at the festival.<ref>{{citation
| last = Meza
| first = Ed
| coauthors =
| title = ''Tuya'' nabs top prize at Berlin fest
| work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = February 17, 2007
| url = http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_vstory/VR1117959774.html?nav=vpage&categoryid=1985&cs=1&query=Box+Office&query=%22Good+Shepherd%22
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref>

De Niro said he would like to make two sequels to ''The Good Shepherd'', one bringing the action forward from 1961 to 1989 and the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the other following its protagonist, Edward Wilson, up to the present day.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Aftab
| first = Kaleem
| coauthors =
| title = Robert De Niro: "You talkin' to me? Oh, OK, then..."
| work = [[The Independent]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = July 25, 2008
| url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/robert-de-niro-you-talkin-to-me-oh-ok-then-876213.html
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 }}</ref>

The review-tallying website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reporting that 90 out of the 167 reviews they tallied were positive, for a score of 54% and a certification of "rotten" (according to the website's criteria).<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/good_shepherd/ Rotten Tomatoes: The Good Shepherd (2006)]</ref> [[Metacritic]] reports the film has an aggregate metascore of 61/100 ("Generally favorable reviews").

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web
|first=James K.
|last=Galbraith
|year=2000
|ref=harv
|authorlink=James K. Galbraith
|title=A Crime So Immense
|publisher=[[Texas Observer]], (C) 2000 [[Texas Democracy Foundation]]
|url=http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/2006/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archivedate=2006-09-04
}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.thegoodshepherdmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|0343737|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{Allmovie title|317817|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|good_shepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{metacritic film|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{mojo title|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Good Shepherd}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American political drama films]]
[[Category:American Zoetrope films]]
[[Category:Cold War spy films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert De Niro]]
[[Category:Films set in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Lingala-language films]]
[[Category:Morgan Creek Productions films]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Romantic period films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency in fiction]]
{{Francis Ford Coppola}}

[[ar:الراعي الصالح (فيلم)]]
[[bn:দ্য গুড শেপার্ড (চলচ্চিত্র)]]
[[cy:The Good Shepherd]]
[[de:Der gute Hirte (2006)]]
[[es:El buen pastor (película)]]
[[fa:چوپان خوب (فیلم)]]
[[fr:Raisons d'État]]
[[it:The Good Shepherd - L'ombra del potere]]
[[hu:Az ügynökség (film)]]
[[nl:The Good Shepherd (2006)]]
[[ja:グッド・シェパード]]
[[pl:Dobry agent]]
[[pt:O Bom Pastor (2006)]]
[[ru:Ложное искушение]]
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[[sv:Den innersta kretsen]]
[[zh:特務風雲：中情局誕生秘辛]]

The Good Shepherd (film)

2012-05-11T17:43:23Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox film
| name = The Good Shepherd
| image = GoodShepherdBigPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = [[James G. Robinson]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Jane Rosenthal]] [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| director = Robert De Niro
| writer = [[Eric Roth]]
| starring = [[Matt Damon]] [[Angelina Jolie]] [[William Hurt]] [[Alec Baldwin]] [[Robert De Niro]] [[Billy Crudup]] [[Michael Gambon]] [[Timothy Hutton]] [[Joe Pesci]] [[John Turturro]]|
| music = [[Bruce Fowler]] [[Marcelo Zarvos]] [[Arvo Pärt]]
| cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]]
| editing = [[Tariq Anwar (film editor)|Tariq Anwar]]
| studio = [[Morgan Creek Productions|Morgan Creek]] [[TriBeCa Productions]] [[American Zoetrope]]
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|22}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| budget = $85 million
| gross = $99,480,480<ref>http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm</ref>
}}
'''''The Good Shepherd''''' is a 2006 spy film directed by [[Robert De Niro]] and starring [[Matt Damon]] and [[Angelina Jolie]], with an extensive supporting cast. Although it is a fictional film loosely based on real events, it is advertised as telling the untold story of the birth of [[counter-intelligence]] in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The film's main character, Edward Wilson (portrayed by Matt Damon), is loosely based on [[James Jesus Angleton]] and [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard M. Bissell]]. This was [[Joe Pesci]]'s first film appearance after his six year hiatus from acting between 1999 and 2005.

==Plot==
{{plot|date=December 2011}}
A photograph and an audio recording on [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel tape]] are dropped off anonymously at the home of Edward Wilson ([[Matt Damon]]), a senior CIA officer, after the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]] fails due to an undisclosed leak. While riding to work on the bus, Edward is approached by a young boy who asks if Edward has change for a dollar. Upon arriving at work, Edward's assistant checks the serial number of the dollar against a long list of serial numbers assigned to various code names and confirms that Edward has been given a dollar from "Cardinal". The movie then flashes back to 1939.

In 1939 Edward is at [[Yale University]] and is invited to join [[Skull and Bones]], a secret society that grooms future U.S. leaders. He is compelled to disclose a secret as part of his initiation: he reveals that as a young boy in 1925 he discovered the suicide note left by his father, Thomas ([[Timothy Hutton]]), although he says he never read it. After the ceremony, a fraternity brother tells him that Edward's father, an [[admiral]], was to be chosen as [[Secretary of the Navy]], until his loyalties were questioned. Afterwards Edward is recruited by an [[FBI]] agent Sam Murach ([[Alec Baldwin]]), who claims that Edward's poetry professor, Dr. Fredericks ([[Michael Gambon]]), is a [[Nazi]] spy, asking Edward to expose his professor's background as well as implying that the Professor is homosexual: Edward's actions result in Dr. Fredericks' forced resignation from the university.

Edward begins a relationship with a deaf student named Laura ([[Tammy Blanchard]]), but while on [[Deer Island (Thousand Islands)|Deer Island]], Edward meets and is later aggressively seduced by Margaret 'Clover' Russell ([[Angelina Jolie]]), his friend's sister. General Bill Sullivan ([[Robert De Niro]]) asks Edward to join the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], offering him a post in [[London]].

Later while Edward and Laura are at the beach, Clover's brother, John, privately reveals that Clover is pregnant with Edward's child and asks him to "do what is expected." Laura, an able [[Lip reading|lip-reader]], sees and walks away. Edward marries Clover. At the wedding reception Edward accepts an offer of a position in the London OSS office from General Sullivan, requiring him to be in England in one week, leaving his newlywed wife. In London he meets his former professor Dr. Fredericks, who is actually a British intelligence operative who had sought to infiltrate a Nazi organization while at Yale, causing the American authorities to suspect that he was a Nazi spy. Despite this, Fredericks recognized Edward's gifts and recommended that he be trained in counter-espionage in London.

An intelligence officer in the British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]], Arch Cummings ([[Billy Crudup]]), tells Edward that Fredericks' indiscriminate homosexual relationships pose a security risk; Edward is asked to deal with his mentor, but Fredericks refuses the chivalrous suggestion to protect himself by returning to teaching. He says he will understand if Wilson wants to "tie his shoe" (a signal to watchers that the meeting went badly). Edward delays, prompting Fredericks to kneel down and tie Edward's shoe for him. As their meeting ends, he advises Wilson to "quit... while you still have a soul", leaves, and is brutally killed, his body being dumped into the [[River Thames|Thames]].

The time shifts to post-war [[Berlin]], where the [[Allies]] and the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], in a race for technological superiority, are trying to recruit as many German scientists as possible. Edward encounters his Soviet counterpart, codenamed ''"Ulysses"'', who praises Edward. They plan an exchange of scientists — the Soviets asking for German Nazi and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] scientists, while the Americans seek [[Jewish]] scientists.

Edward is assisted by an interpreter, Hanna Schiller ([[Martina Gedeck]]), who wears what appears to be a hearing aid. After Edward learns from his son during a rare phone call home that Clover is having an affair, he accepts Hanna's invitation to dinner at her home, and sleeps with her. While they are making love, Edward realizes that Hanna can hear without the use of her hearing aid, exposing her as a Soviet operative. She is killed and Ulysses is notified by her hearing aid being planted in his teapot.

After six years in London, Edward returns home to a distant Clover, who now prefers to be called Margaret. Edward presents his son with a miniature model ship inside a glass watch-casing. Margaret explains that her brother was killed in the war; she also confesses that she previously had a brief relationship with another man. When she asks if he had any relationships, Edward replies that "it was a mistake." General Sullivan approaches Wilson again to help form a new foreign intelligence organization - the CIA - where Wilson will work with his former colleague, Richard Hayes ([[Lee Pace]]), under Phillip Allen ([[William Hurt]]). Edward accepts, hiding the details of his position from everyone but Clover/Margaret. Allen discloses his love of Swiss chocolate, prompting Edward to later ask Murach if the FBI has any information on Allen: the resulting file intimates that Allen holds substantial funds in Swiss accounts.

Edward's first assignment deals with coffee in Central America where the Russians are trying to gain influence. Edward spots Ulysses in the background of footage of the country's leader, but doesn't disclose this. Another agent is sent covertly as a representative of the Mayan Coffee Company; Edward warns him not to wear his Yale class ring. Edward arranges for airplanes to fly over and release [[locusts]] during a public event where the Russians (including Ulysses) are present in order to intimidate the Central American leader. Edward later receives a can of Mayan Coffee presumably from Ulysses, containing a severed finger, and Yale class ring, evidently of the American agent. Wilson and Clover go to a Christmas party with their son, who wets himself, out of a heightened state of fear resulting from his fragmented awareness that his father is involved in dark secrets.

A Russian requesting [[Right of asylum|asylum]] and claiming to be high-ranking KGB man Valentin Mironov, who knows Ulysses, is interviewed by Edward. Edward is fully convinced of his honesty. While attending the theater with Mironov and Cummings, Edward encounters his former sweetheart, Laura. They leave the theater separately, meet at a restaurant and rekindle their old romance.

Sometime later, Margaret anonymously receives photos of Laura and Edward getting into a taxi together and kissing. A distraught Margaret confronts him. Edward ends the relationship with Laura by returning her jeweled crucifix, which he had kept from their college romance days.

Then a Russian [[Defection|defector]] appears, claiming that he is the ''real'' Valentin Mironov, and that the other man actually is Yuri Modin, a [[KGB]] operative working for Ulysses. Edward does not believe him, and agents beat and torture the man, and administer liquid [[LSD]] because of its alleged [[truth serum]] properties. Despite the combined effects of drugs and torture, the second defector insists that he is the true Mironov. He further ridicules his interrogators for their need to believe in the myth of Soviet power which he calls a "great show" and "painted rust". Realising that he will never be believed, the defector hurls himself through the window to the pavement several stories below. The first man claiming to be Valentin Mironov, who has watched the entire ordeal together with Edward, then offers to take LSD to prove his innocence, but Edward doesn't think it's necessary.

Edward visits his son, Edward Jr., at Yale, where he has also joined the Skull and Bones society and has been approached for recruitment by the CIA. Margaret pleads with Edward to persuade their son not to accept, but Edward Jr. joins anyway, believing it will bring him closer to his loving, but distant, father. This widens the rift between Edward and Margaret. Later Edward Jr. overhears Edward and Hays discuss the upcoming Bay of Pigs invasion; Wilson suspects that Edward Jr. may have overheard the conversation and warns his son to be silent. Margaret moves to her mother's home in Arizona.

The film returns to the recording dropped off at the beginning of the movie. After analysis of clues such as the ceiling fan's brand name and the church bells and other sounds heard on the tape, CIA specialists deduce that the photograph may have been taken in [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]. Edward goes there and finds the room. He realizes that the photograph and tape are of his son Edward Jr. when he sees the model ship in the glass watch-casing on the nightstand; its blurred image was the one object in the photo that the CIA team was unable to identify. Ulysses is there and plays Edward an unedited version of the tape, revealing Edward Jr. repeating to his lover, a Soviet spy named Miriam, the classified information he overheard his father discussing. Thus the Cubans and Soviets learned of the upcoming CIA landing at the Bay of Pigs. Ulysses encourages Edward to spy for the Soviets in exchange for them protecting his son. Edward is non-committal, however; he confronts his son, who says that he is in love with the woman and plans to marry her. His son refuses to believe that she is an intelligence agent.

Edward exposes Valentin as Soviet spy Yuri Modin after finding evidence of his true identity in a book given to him by Arch Cummings, who is thus exposed as a co-conspirator. Cummings flees to the USSR. After meeting Ulysses in a museum and refusing to betray his country, Edward explains that as the Soviets have won in Cuba it is not necessary to hurt his son. Ulysses notes of Edward Jr.'s fiancée: "neither of us can be sure about her", and asks Edward, "You want her to be part of your family, don't you?" Later, Ulysses' aide asks him for change to purchase his daughter a souvenir from the gift shop. Edward asks how much it is, and hands him a one dollar bill, commenting that a ''cardinal'' rule of democracy is generosity, thus confirming that the aide is Edward's defector in place.

Edward and Margaret arrive separately in the Congo for Edward Jr.'s wedding. His fiancée travels on a small plane to the ceremony but mid-flight is thrown out of the plane. When she fails to arrive at the church, Edward informs a worried Edward Jr. that his fiancée is dead. Edward denies any responsibility when Edward Jr. asks; Edward is visibly affected when Edward Jr. reveals that his fiancée was pregnant.

Edward meets with fellow Skull and Bones classmate Hayes (loosely based on [[Richard Helms]]) at the new CIA headquarters still under construction. Hayes tells him that Allen is resigning under a cloud of financial improprieties (after receiving copies of the Swiss accounts delivered in a chocolate box), and that the President has asked him to be the new Director. The President has directed him to do some "housecleaning" and he tells Edward that he needs someone he can trust, saying, "after all, we're still brothers" and that Edward is the "CIA's heart and soul". He then tells Edward he will be the first head of counter-intelligence. Edward notes the inscription on the new marble wall of the CIA lobby: "And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free (John 8:32)".

Edward is then shown pulling from his home safe the suicide note that his father, Thomas, had left and in which his father's words, only now read by Edward, reveal that he had betrayed his country. He left loving words for his wife and son, particularly urging the latter to grow up to be a good man, husband and father and to live a life of decency and truth. Edward burns the note.

The film ends with Edward leaving his old office and moving to his new wing in the CIA.

==Cast==
[[File:DamonDeNiroGedeckHuttonBerlinFeb07.jpg|thumb|right|Damon, De Niro, Gedeck and Hutton at the February 2007 premiere of the film in Berlin]]
* [[Matt Damon]] as Edward Wilson, Sr.; based on [[James Jesus Angleton]]
* [[Angelina Jolie]] as Margaret "Clover" Russell Wilson
* [[Robert De Niro]] as General William "Bill" Sullivan; based on [[William Joseph Donovan|William Donovan]]
* [[Alec Baldwin]] as [[FBI]] Agent Samuel "Sam" Murach
* [[Billy Crudup]] as Archibald "Arch" Cummings; based on [[Kim Philby]]
* [[Tammy Blanchard]] as Laura
* [[Keir Dullea]] as Senator John Russell, Sr.
* [[Michael Gambon]] as Dr. Fredericks
* [[Martina Gedeck]] as Hanna Schiller
* [[Timothy Hutton]] as Admiral Thomas Wilson
* [[William Hurt]] as CIA Director Philip Allen; based on [[Allen Dulles]]
* [[Gabriel Macht]] as John Russell, Jr.
* [[Lee Pace]] as Deputy Director Richard Hayes; based on [[Richard Helms]]
* [[Joe Pesci]] as Joseph Palmi; based partly on [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]]
* [[Eddie Redmayne]] as older Edward Wilson, Jr.
* [[John Sessions]] as Valentin Mironov #1/Yuri Modin; based on [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]
* [[Mark Ivanir]] as Valentin Mironov #2; based on [[Yuri Nosenko]]
* [[Oleg Stefan]] as Ulysses/Stas Siyanko
* [[John Turturro]] as Ray Brocco; based on Angleton deputy Raymond Rocca
* [[Liya Kebede]] as Miriam.

This marked Pesci's return to acting after an eight-year absence from the screen following ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]''.

== Production ==
[[Eric Roth]] wrote the screenplay in 1994 for [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and [[Columbia Pictures]].<ref name="Stewart"/> Roth read [[Norman Mailer]]'s ''[[Harlot's Ghost]]'' and became intrigued with the people who built the CIA.<ref name="Hart">{{cite news
| last = Hart
| first = Hugh
| coauthors =
| title = Soup o the CIA
| work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 31, 2006
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/31/PKGL7N6CIV1.DTL&type=printable
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Coppola left the project because he could not relate to the characters due to their lack of emotion (although he retained a credit as co-executive producer).<ref name="Stewart"/> [[Wayne Wang]] was set to direct and even conducted some location scouting but management changes at Columbia ended his involvement. The new administration gave Roth a list of directors to choose from and one of them was [[Philip Kaufman]]. He felt that Roth's script, whose original structure was linear, should go back and forth in time to "give it a more contemporary feeling".<ref name="Crowdus">{{cite news
| last = Crowdus
| first = Gary
| coauthors =
| title = Living in a wilderness of mirrors: an interview with Eric Roth
| work = [[Cineaste]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url =
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Kaufman and Roth worked on the project for a year and then the management changed at the studio again. The new studio head had no interest in spy films unless they could get a movie star like [[Tom Cruise]] to appear in the film.

The project languished until [[John Frankenheimer]] signed on to make the film with [[MGM]] agreeing to purchase the rights. He wanted Robert De Niro to star, having just worked together on ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]''. De Niro had been developing his own spy story about the CIA from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 and agreed to appear in the film.<ref name="Crowdus"/> During pre-production in 2002, Frankenheimer died. According to producer [[Jane Rosenthal]], this had been Robert De Niro's pet project for nine years, but it proved difficult to produce in a pre-[[September 11, 2001|9/11]] world and had to compete with his busy schedule as an actor. The actor said in an interview, “I had always been interested in the Cold War. I was raised in the Cold War. All of the intelligence stuff was interesting to me”.<ref name="Horn, John">{{cite news
| last = Horn
| first = John
| coauthors =
| title = Intelligence Design
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = November 5, 2006
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/05/entertainment/ca-shepherd5
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref> De Niro and Roth ended up making a deal: Roth would write up De Niro's idea into a screenplay if the actor would direct his existing script. If ''The Good Shepherd'' proved to be a commercial success then their follow-up would be De Niro's pitch.<ref name="Stewart"/>

De Niro took the project to [[Universal Pictures]] where producer [[Graham King]] agreed to help finance the $110+ million budget. He had a deal with [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], who was interested in playing the film's protagonist Edward Wilson.<ref name="Horn, John"/> De Niro planned to shoot the movie in early 2005 but DiCaprio could not do it then because he was making ''[[The Departed]]'' for [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name="Stewart">{{cite news
| last = Stewart
| first = Ryan
| coauthors =
| title = Junket Report: ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = Cinematical
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = December 11, 2006
| url = http://www.cinematical.com/2006/12/11/junket-report-the-good-shepherd/
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> King left with him and so did his financial backing. De Niro approached Matt Damon, who was also doing ''The Departed'' but would be done earlier than DiCaprio and De Niro would only have to wait six months to do the film with him.<ref name="Horn, John"/> Initially, Damon turned De Niro down because he was scheduled to shoot [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s ''[[The Informant!]]''. Soderbergh agreed to delay filming and Damon agreed to star as Wilson. James Robinson's Morgan Creek Productions agreed to help finance the film with a budget under $90 million which meant that many of the principal actors, Damon included, would have to waive their usual salaries to keep costs down.<ref name="Horn, John"/>

De Niro was not interested in making a spy movie with flashy violence and exciting car chases. “I just like it when things happen for a reason. So I want to downplay the violence, depict it in a muted way. In those days, it was a gentleman's game”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> He and Roth were also interested in showing how absolute power corrupted the leaders of the CIA. Early on, De Niro said in an interview, “they tried to do what they thought was right. And then, as they went on, they became overconfident and started doing things that are not always in our best interests”.<ref name="Horn, John"/> In preparation for the film, De Niro watched spy films like ''[[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|The Spy Who Came In From the Cold]]'', ''[[The Third Man (film)|The Third Man]]'', and ''[[Smiley's People]]''.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = David
| coauthors =
| title = Spies Like Us
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = June 22, 2007
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/jun/22/robertdeniro
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref>

He also hired retired CIA agent [[Milton Bearden]] to serve as a technical adviser on the film. They had first worked together on ''[[Meet the Parents]]'' where De Niro played a retired CIA agent.<ref name="Collura">{{cite news
| last = Collura
| first = Scott
| coauthors =
| title = The Real ''Good Shepherd''
| work = [[IGN]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = April 2, 2007
| url = http://dvd.ign.com/articles/777/777432p1.html
| accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> Bearden agreed to take De Niro through [[Afghanistan]] to the north-west frontier of [[Pakistan]] and into [[Moscow]] for a guided tour of intelligence gathering. Damon also spent time with Bearden as well as visiting several of the locations depicted in the film and reading several books on the CIA.<ref name="ProdNotes">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'' Production Notes
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Universal Pictures]]
| year = 2006
| url =
| accessdate = }}</ref> Bearden also made sure that the historical aspects were correct but fictionalized to a certain degree.<ref name="Collura"/>

Principal photography began on August 18, 2005, with shooting taking place in [[New York City]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[London, England|London]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]. Three-time [[Academy Award]]-winning [[art director]] [[Jeannine Oppewall]] was assigned art director for ''The Good Shepherd'', which would eventually earn Oppewall her fourth Oscar nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Design]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> She conducted a large amount of research for the film that filled ten to twelve {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=mid|-thick}} three-ring binders. It took her a week to organize the number of set locations due to the large amounts of settings in the script, which included Cuba, Léopoldville, London, [[Guatemala]], Moscow, [[New York]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]], among other places.

Although the vast majority of the movie was filmed in New York, the only scenes that are actually set in New York were filmed at a house in the Long Island town, [[Manhasset]]. As a result, many sets had to be constructed under Oppewall's direction, including a Skull and Bones headquarters and the Berlin set, which was built on the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]].<ref name="ProdNotes"/> The interiors of the CIA were built in the Brooklyn Armory, a large edifice built in 1901 for the United States Cavalry. She also visited the CIA's headquarters in Washington, D.C. and worked with Bearden to create sets for the CIA's offices, Technical Room and Communications Room.

Since the lead character originally aspired to be a poet, Oppewall incorporated many visual poetic symbols into the film, including a large number of mirrors to represent the duplicity of the CIA, [[full rigged ship]]s as symbols of the state and [[eagle]] symbols, which were used in ironic situations such as suspect interrogations. Her team tracked down the right set dressings and also found authentic [[Teletype Corporation|Teletype]] machines, reel-to-reel tape recorders and radios used in the CIA during that time.<ref name="ProdNotes"/>

==Music==

The music for the film was by [[Bruce Fowler]] and [[Marcelo Zarvos]]. They replaced [[James Horner]], who left the project due to creative differences.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = Marcelo Zarvos and Bruce Fowler replace James Horner on ''The Good Shepherd''
| work = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = October 31, 2006
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-01-14 }}</ref>

The violin solo is an extract from [[Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)|Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto In D]] though this is misattributed to Marcelo Zarvos on the soundtrack CD.

==Historical accuracy==

Edward Wilson, the character played by Matt Damon, is based at least in part on [[James Jesus Angleton]], the long-serving director of the CIA's [[counter-intelligence]] staff who also fell victim to intense paranoia during his career, and [[covert operations]] specialist [[Richard M. Bissell, Jr.|Richard Bissell]].<ref name="Horn, John"/> Bill Sullivan, the character played by Robert De Niro, is based on [[William Stephenson]] and [[William Joseph Donovan]]. William Hurt's character Phillip Allen is likely based on former CIA Director [[Allen Dulles]], while [[Lee Pace]]'s character Richard Hayes shares some similarities, including a similar name, to Dulles' eventual successor [[Richard Helms]].<ref name="Robarge">{{cite news
| last = Robarge
| first = David
| coauthors = Gary McCollim, Nicholas Dujmovic, Thomas G. Coffey
| title = ''The Good Shepherd'': Intelligence in Recent Public Media
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
| date = January 8, 2007
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/the-good-shepherd.html
| accessdate = 2009-06-17 }}</ref>

High-ranking British operative turned Soviet mole, Arch Cummings, bears some similarities to [[Kim Philby]] (who fled to the USSR after being exposed and spent his last years friendless and mired in alcoholism). The character Yuri Modin shares similar characteristics to Soviet defector [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]]; the real [[Yuri Modin]] was a [[KGB]] officer who was the controller of the [[Cambridge Five]] spies in the UK. The character of Dr. Ibanez bears some similarities to [[Jacobo Arbenz]].<ref name="Robarge"/>

Oscar-winning actor [[Joe Pesci]] appears in one scene as a Mafia boss ("Joseph Palmi") who, it is implied in the film, is a fictionalized composite of [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] and [[Sam Giancana]] (in one scene it is mentioned that Castro has seized "three of [Palmi's] casinos and thrown him out of [[Cuba]]." In fact, Castro did nationalize several casinos owned by both Chicago and Florida organized crime interests). The CIA recruited such mafiosi for multiple assassination attempts against Fidel Castro. The story thread, however, is not fully developed in the film.

In May, 2007, the [[Center for the Study of Intelligence]], a history group with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], held a round-table with a number of on-staff historians to discuss the film. The discussion was publicly released as an article; it covered the film's depiction of the OSS and CIA, the accuracy of the film's depiction of both the events and atmosphere of the period, and discussed factual details surrounding the actual persons on whom some of the film's characters were based. The general consensus was that although the film was meticulous in getting small details (especially artifacts) correct, the overall perception portayed by the movie was seriously flawed. One of the historians said:

<blockquote>A film can take a strictly documentary approach .. If that's the standard, then anyone with historical sense is going to dislike the liberties ''The Good Shepherd'' takes. If one approaches the film as a work of art, one must still ask if there is truth in the story-telling. Does it convey the sense of the time: the atmosphere, the motivations, the tone, and the challenges? I think we all agree that the film fails that test as well. It fails because it inserts themes we know from our studies of the period were not there: the overarching economic interest, the WASP mafia dominance, the cynicism, the dark perspective.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

The article also addressed inaccurate but enduring beliefs that Yale's famous secret society [[Skull and Bones]] was an incubator of the U.S. Intelligence Community.

===Bay of Pigs Invasion leak===
The film depicts the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] failure as the result of a leak within the CIA. [[James K. Galbraith]] wrote that the Taylor Report on the invasion confirmed the existence of a leak:

<blockquote>One of the great travesties of the Cold War surfaced on April 29, 2000 when the Washington Post reported the declassification in full of General Maxwell Taylor's June, 1961 special report on the Bay of Pigs invasion. Partial versions of this document have been available for decades. But only now did its darkest secret spill. Here is what Taylor reported to Kennedy. The Russians knew the date of the invasion (Therefore, Castro also knew.) The CIA, headed by [[Allen Dulles]], knew that the Russians knew (Therefore, they knew the invasion would fail). The leak did not come from the invasion force; it had happened before the [[Cuban exile]]s were themselves briefed on the date. Kennedy was not informed. Nor, of course, were the exiles. And knowing all this, Dulles ordered the operation forward.<ref>{{harvnb|Galbraith|2000}}</ref></blockquote>

However, one of the panel of CIA historians who discussed the movie in a round table strongly disagreed that the leak was crucial, saying:

<blockquote>Even if the operation had initially succeeded, the idea that this paramilitary battalion would have melted into the jungles and mountains to spawn a general uprising against Castro is fatuous. CIA's own analysts judged that Castro's popular support was strong and that he controlled the army and the security services. Even if the group had secured the beachhead, its members eventually would have been hunted down. The supposed leak had nothing to do with historical reality.<ref name="Robarge"/></blockquote>

==Reaction==
''The Good Shepherd'' was released on December 22, 2006 in 2,215 theaters, grossing $9.9 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $59.9 million in North America and $39.5 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $99.4 million.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite news | last= | first= | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodshepherd.htm | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=Box Office Mojo | date= | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film received mixed reviews. In her review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Manohla Dargis]] wrote, "''The Good Shepherd'' is an origin story about the C.I.A., and for the filmmakers that story boils down to fathers who fail their sons, a suspect metaphor that here becomes all too ploddingly literal", but praised De Niro's direction: "Among the film’s most striking visual tropes is the image of Wilson simply going to work in the capital alongside other similarly dressed men, a spectral army clutching briefcases and silently marching to uncertain victory".<ref name="dargis">{{cite news | last= Dargis | first= Manohla | url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/movies/22shep.html | title=Company Man: Hush, Hush, Sweet Operative | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Kenneth Turan, in his review for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', praised Matt Damon's performance: "Damon, in his second major role of the year (after ''[[The Departed]]'') once again demonstrates his ability to convey emotional reserves, to animate a character from the inside out and create a man we can sense has more of an interior life than he is willing to let on".<ref name="turan">{{cite news | last= Turan | first= Kenneth | url=http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl-et-good22dec22,0,5200550.story | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Richard Corliss also gave Damon a positive notice in his review: "Damon is terrific in the role-all-knowing, never overtly expressing a feeling. Indeed, so is everyone else in this intricate, understated but ultimately devastating account of how secrets, when they are left to fester, can become an illness, dangerous to those who keep them, more so to nations that base their policies on them".<ref name="corliss">{{cite news | last= Corliss | first= Richard | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568455-3,00.html | title=Holiday Movies | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date= December 10, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for ''[[The New York Observer]]'', [[Andrew Sarris]] wrote, "Still, no previous American film has ventured into this still largely unknown territory with such authority and emotional detachment. For this reason alone, ''The Good Shepherd'' is must-see viewing".<ref name="sarris">{{cite news | last= Sarris | first= Andrew | url=http://www.observer.com/node/36529 | title=Shhhh! De Niro’s Spy Flick Keeps It to a Whisper | work=[[The New York Observer]] | date= January 7, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "What makes the story work so powerfully is his focus on a multidimensional individual—Wilson—thereby creating a stirring personal tale about the inner workings of the clandestine government agency".<ref name="puig">{{cite news | last= Puig | first= Claudia | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2006-12-21-good-shepherd_x.htm | title=Mesmerizing ''Good Shepherd'' will rope you in | work=[[USA Today]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a "B" rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum praised De Niro's direction and Damon's performance, noting the latter's maturation as an actor.<ref name="schwarzbaum">{{cite news | last= Schwarzbaum | first= Lisa | url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1569416,00.html | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date= December 13, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine's [[David Ansen]] wrote, "For the film's mesmerizing first 50 minutes I thought De Niro might pull off the ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' of spy movies ... Still, even if the movie's vast reach exceeds its grasp, it's a spellbinding history lesson".<ref name="ansen">{{cite news | last= Ansen | first= David | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/70146 | title=Following the Flock | work=[[Newsweek]] | date= January 29, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> However, Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine opined, "It's tough to slog through a movie that has no pulse".<ref name="travers">{{cite news | last= Travers | first= Peter | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/7405477/review/12812399/the_good_shepherd | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Rolling Stone]] | date= December 12, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> In his review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', Jim Emerson wrote, "If you think [[George Tenet]]'s Central Intelligence Agency was a disaster, wait until you see Robert De Niro's torpid, ineffectual movie about the history of the agency".<ref name="emerson">{{cite news | last= Emerson | first= Jim | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061221/REVIEWS/61222002/1023 | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date= December 22, 2006 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref> Peter Bradshaw in ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film two out of five stars and criticized Damon's performance: "And why is Damon allowed to act in such a callow, boring way? As ever, he looks like he is playing Robin to some imaginary Batman at his side, like Jimmy Stewart and his invisible rabbit. His nasal, unobtrusive voice makes every line sound the same".<ref name="bradshaw">{{cite news | last= Bradshaw | first= Peter | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/feb/23/thriller.mattdamon | title=''The Good Shepherd'' | work=[[The Guardian]] | date= February 23, 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-06 }}</ref>

In 2007, the cast of ''The Good Shepherd'' won the Silver Bear of the prestigious [[Berlin International Film Festival]] for outstanding artistic contribution. It was the only American entry in 2007 to win a prize at the festival.<ref>{{citation
| last = Meza
| first = Ed
| coauthors =
| title = ''Tuya'' nabs top prize at Berlin fest
| work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = February 17, 2007
| url = http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_vstory/VR1117959774.html?nav=vpage&categoryid=1985&cs=1&query=Box+Office&query=%22Good+Shepherd%22
| accessdate = 2007-04-06 }}</ref>

De Niro said he would like to make two sequels to ''The Good Shepherd'', one bringing the action forward from 1961 to 1989 and the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the other following its protagonist, Edward Wilson, up to the present day.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Aftab
| first = Kaleem
| coauthors =
| title = Robert De Niro: "You talkin' to me? Oh, OK, then..."
| work = [[The Independent]]
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = July 25, 2008
| url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/robert-de-niro-you-talkin-to-me-oh-ok-then-876213.html
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 }}</ref>

The review-tallying website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reporting that 90 out of the 167 reviews they tallied were positive, for a score of 54% and a certification of "rotten" (according to the website's criteria).<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/good_shepherd/ Rotten Tomatoes: The Good Shepherd (2006)]</ref> [[Metacritic]] reports the film has an aggregate metascore of 61/100 ("Generally favorable reviews").

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web
|first=James K.
|last=Galbraith
|year=2000
|ref=harv
|authorlink=James K. Galbraith
|title=A Crime So Immense
|publisher=[[Texas Observer]], (C) 2000 [[Texas Democracy Foundation]]
|url=http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/2006/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf
|archivedate=2006-09-04
}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.thegoodshepherdmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|0343737|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{Allmovie title|317817|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|good_shepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{metacritic film|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}
* {{mojo title|goodshepherd|The Good Shepherd}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Good Shepherd}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American political drama films]]
[[Category:American Zoetrope films]]
[[Category:Cold War spy films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert De Niro]]
[[Category:Films set in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Lingala-language films]]
[[Category:Morgan Creek Productions films]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Romantic period films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency in fiction]]
{{Francis Ford Coppola}}

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Tornado

2012-04-18T13:55:09Z

Tuttt:

{{About|the weather phenomenon}}
{{For|the current tornado season|Tornadoes of {{#time:Y}}}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
[[Image:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb|300px|A tornado near [[Anadarko, Oklahoma]]. The ''funnel'' is the thin tube reaching from the cloud to the ground. The lower part of this tornado is surrounded by a [[transparency (optics)|translucent]] dust cloud, kicked up by the tornado's strong winds at the surface. The wind of the tornado has a much wider radius than the funnel itself.]]
{{Weather}}

A '''tornado''' is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a [[cumulonimbus cloud]] or, in rare cases, the base of a [[cumulus cloud]]. They are often referred to as '''twisters''' or '''cyclones''',<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyclone merriam-webster.com]</ref> although the word [[cyclone]] is used in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed [[low pressure area|low pressure]] circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the form of a visible [[funnel cloud|condensation funnel]], whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of [[debris]] and [[dust]]. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than {{convert|110|mph|km/h|sigfig=3}}, are about {{convert|250|ft|0}} across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|most extreme]] tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than {{convert|300|mph|km/h|sigfig=3}}, stretch more than {{convert/spell|2|mi|km}} across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web|url=http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm|title=Doppler On Wheels|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Wurman, Joshua|publisher=Center for Severe Weather Research|date=2008-08-29}}</ref><ref name="widest tornado">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/archive/hallam/hallam.php|title=Hallam Nebraska Tornado|accessdate=2009-11-15|work=[[National Weather Service]]| publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2005-10-02}}</ref><ref name="SPC FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.ncep.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/|title=The Online Tornado FAQ|accessdate=2006-09-08|author=Roger Edwards|date=2006-04-04|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>

Various types of tornadoes include the [[landspout]], [[multiple vortex tornado]], and [[waterspout]]. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-[[supercell]]ular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=Waterspout|title=Waterspout|year=2000|accessdate=2009-11-15|author=Glossary of Meteorology|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the [[equator]], and are less common at [[high latitude]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/15Jan2009/overview.shtml|title=15 January 2009: Lake Champlain Sea Smoke, Steam Devils, and Waterspout: Chapters IV and V|author=National Weather Service|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2009-02-03|accessdate=2009-06-21|authorlink=National Weather Service}}</ref> Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the [[gustnado]], [[dust devil]], [[fire whirl]]s, and [[steam devil]].

Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. However, the vast majority of tornadoes in the world occur in the so-called "[[Tornado Alley]]" region of the [[United States of America|United States]], although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America.<ref name="Science News 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060825011156/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archivedate=2006-08-25|title=Tornado Alley, USA|accessdate=2006-09-20|author=Sid Perkins|date=2002-05-11|publisher=[[Science News]]|pages=296–298}}</ref> They also occasionally occur in south-central and eastern Asia, the [[Philippines]], south east Asia, like [[Malaysia]],<ref>[http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0614&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Kota&pg=wk_01.htm utusan.com.my]</ref><ref>[http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2010&dt=1030&pub=Kosmo&sec=Negara&pg=ne_02.htm Kosmo Malaysia Contemporary Newspaper]</ref> northern and east-central South America, [[Southern Africa]], northwestern and southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.<ref name="EB tornado climatology"/> Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of [[Pulse-Doppler radar]] by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as [[hook echo]]es, as well as by the efforts of [[storm spotter]]s.

There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The [[Fujita scale]] rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated [[Enhanced Fujita Scale]]. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large [[skyscraper]]s. The similar [[TORRO scale]] ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/ECSS_Slide_Show/2004%20SPAIN%20ECSS%20Post-FINAL%20slide%20show.html|title=Wind Scales: Beaufort, T — Scale, and Fujita's Scale|author=Meaden, Terrance|publisher=Tornado and Storm Research Organisation|year=2004|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref> Doppler [[weather radar|radar]] data, [[photogrammetry]], and ground swirl patterns ([[cycloid]]al marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating.<ref name="EF SPC">{{cite web|title=Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage|work=Storm Prediction Center|date=2007-02-01|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ef-scale.html|accessdate=2009-06-21}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''tornado'' is an altered form of the Spanish word ''tronada'', which means "thunderstorm". This in turn was taken from the Latin ''tonare'', meaning "to thunder". It most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish ''tronada'' and ''tornar'' ("to turn"); however, this may be a [[folk etymology]].<ref name="etymology 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tornado|title=Online Etymology Dictionary| accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Douglas Harper|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="etymology 2">{{cite book|title=Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary| accessdate=2009-12-13|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tornado|author=Frederick C Mish|edition=10th|year=1993|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|isbn=0-87779-709-9}}</ref> A tornado is also commonly referred to as a "twister", and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term ''cyclone''.<ref name="TT"/><ref name="nssl faq">{{cite web| url =http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_faq.shtml| title =Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes | date =2009-07-20| publisher =[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]]}}</ref> The term "cyclone" is used as a synonym for "tornado" in the often-aired 1939 film, ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''. The term "twister" is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]''.

== Definitions ==
[[Image:Seymour Texas Tornado.jpg|thumb|right|A tornado near [[Seymour, Texas]]]]
A tornado is "a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a [[cumuliform cloud]] or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud".<ref name="Glossary of Meteorology">{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=t&p=34|title=Section:T|author=Glossary of Meteorology|edition=2|accessdate=2009-11-15|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|year=2000}}</ref> For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a complete definition of the word; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/> ''Tornado'' refers to the [[vortex]] of wind, not the condensation cloud.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/><ref name="tornado?">{{cite web|author=Charles A Doswell III|url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/a_tornado/atornado.html|title=What is a tornado?|accessdate=2008-05-28|publisher=[[Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies]]|date=2001-10-01}}</ref>

=== Funnel cloud ===
{{main|Funnel cloud}}
[[Image:Tornado with no funnel.jpg|thumb|left|This tornado has no funnel cloud; however, the rotating dust cloud indicates that strong winds are occurring at the surface, and thus it is a true tornado.]]
A tornado is not necessarily visible; however, the intense low pressure caused by the high wind speeds (as described by [[Bernoulli's principle]]) and rapid rotation (due to [[cyclostrophic balance]]) usually causes [[water vapor]] in the air to become visible as a funnel cloud or condensation funnel.<ref name="Renno">{{cite journal|author=Nilton O. Renno|title=A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices|journal=[[Tellus A]] |volume=60|issue=4|pages=688–99|publisher=International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm|date=2008-07-03|url=http://vortexengine.ca/misc/Renno_2008.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x|accessdate=2009-12-12|bibcode = 2008TellA..60..688R }}</ref>

There is some disagreement over the definition of funnel cloud and condensation funnel. According to the ''Glossary of Meteorology'', a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=funnel-cloud1|title=Funnel cloud|author=Glossary of Meteorology|edition=2|accessdate=2009-02-25|date=2000-06-30|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> Among many meteorologists, the funnel cloud term is strictly defined as a rotating cloud which is not associated with strong winds at the surface, and condensation funnel is a broad term for any rotating cloud below a cumuliform cloud.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/>

Tornadoes often begin as funnel clouds with no associated strong winds at the surface, and not all funnel clouds evolve into tornadoes. Most tornadoes produce strong winds at the surface while the visible funnel is still above the ground, so it is difficult to discern the difference between a funnel cloud and a tornado from a distance.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/>

=== Outbreaks and families ===
{{main|Tornado family|tornado outbreak|tornado outbreak sequence}}
Occasionally, a single storm will produce more than one tornado, either simultaneously or in succession. Multiple tornadoes produced by the same [[storm cell]] are referred to as a "tornado family".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/severewx/glossary4.php#t|title=A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather Terms for Storm Spotters|accessdate=2007-02-27|author=Michael Branick|year=2006|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030803230231/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/severewx/glossary4.php#t |archivedate=2003-08-03}}</ref> Several tornadoes are sometimes spawned from the same large-scale storm system. If there is no break in activity, this is considered a tornado outbreak (although the term "tornado outbreak" has various definitions). A period of several successive days with tornado outbreaks in the same general area (spawned by multiple weather systems) is a tornado outbreak sequence, occasionally called an extended tornado outbreak.<ref name="Glossary of Meteorology"/><ref name="significant tornadoes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81933.pdf|title=Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)|accessdate=2007-03-20|author=Russell S Schneider, Harold E. Brooks, and Joseph T. Schaefer|year=2004|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
=== Size and shape ===
[[Image:Binger Oklahoma Tornado.jpg|thumb|right|A wedge tornado, nearly a mile wide. [[May 1981 tornado outbreak|This tornado]] hit [[Binger, Oklahoma]].]]
Most tornadoes take on the appearance of a narrow [[funnel]], a few hundred yards (meters) across, with a small cloud of debris near the ground. Tornadoes may be obscured completely by rain or dust. These tornadoes are especially dangerous, as even experienced meteorologists might not see them.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> Tornadoes can appear in many shapes and sizes.

Small, relatively weak landspouts may be visible only as a small swirl of dust on the ground. Although the condensation funnel may not extend all the way to the ground, if associated surface winds are greater than 40 mph (64 km/h), the circulation is considered a tornado.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/> A tornado with a nearly cylindrical profile and relative low height is sometimes referred to as a "stovepipe" tornado. Large single-vortex tornadoes can look like large [[wedge (mechanical device)|wedges]] stuck into the ground, and so are known as "wedge tornadoes" or "wedges". The "stovepipe" classification is also used for this type of tornado, if it otherwise fits that profile. A wedge can be so wide that it appears to be a block of dark clouds, wider than the distance from the cloud base to the ground. Even experienced storm observers may not be able to tell the difference between a low-hanging cloud and a wedge tornado from a distance. Many, but not all major tornadoes are wedges.<ref name="wedge tornado">{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/binger.htm|title=Wedge Tornado|author=Roger Edwards|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2008-07-18|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref>

[[Image:Roping tornado.jpg|thumb|left|A rope tornado in its dissipating stage, [[Tecumseh, Oklahoma]].]]Tornadoes in the dissipating stage can resemble narrow tubes or ropes, and often curl or twist into complex shapes. These tornadoes are said to be "roping out", or becoming a "rope tornado". When they rope out, the length of their funnel increases, which forces the winds within the funnel to weaken due to [[Angular momentum#Conservation of angular momentum|conservation of angular momentum]].<ref name="thebible">{{cite journal|pages=57–58|journal=Bible of Weather Forecasting|volume=1|issue=4|title=27.0.0 General Laws Influencing the Creation of Bands of Strong Bands|author=Singer, Oscar|date=May–July 1985 |publisher=Singer Press}}</ref> Multiple-vortex tornadoes can appear as a family of swirls circling a common center, or they may be completely obscured by condensation, dust, and debris, appearing to be a single funnel.<ref name="rope tornado">{{cite web| url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/el_reno.htm|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2008-07-18|title=Rope Tornado|accessdate=2007-02-28|author=Roger Edwards}}</ref>

In the United States, tornadoes are around 500 feet (150 m) across on average and travel on the ground for {{convert|5|mi|km}}.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> However, there is a wide range of tornado sizes. Weak tornadoes, or strong yet dissipating tornadoes, can be exceedingly narrow, sometimes only a few feet or couple meters across. One tornado was reported to have a damage path only 7 feet (2 m) long.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> On the other end of the spectrum, wedge tornadoes can have a damage path a mile (1.6 km) wide or more. A [[May 2004 tornado outbreak sequence|tornado that affected Hallam, Nebraska]] on May 22, 2004, was up to {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} wide at the ground.<ref name="widest tornado">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/archive/hallam/hallam.php|title=Hallam Nebraska Tornado|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2005-11-02|accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref>

In terms of path length, the [[Tri-State Tornado]], which affected parts of [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]] on March 18, 1925, was on the ground continuously for {{convert|219|mi|km}}. Many tornadoes which appear to have path lengths of {{convert|100|mi|km}} or longer are composed of a family of tornadoes which have formed in quick succession; however, there is no substantial evidence that this occurred in the case of the Tri-State Tornado.<ref name="significant tornadoes">{{cite book|author=Thomas P Grazulis|title=Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991|date=July 1993|publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films|location=St. Johnsbury, VT|isbn=1-879362-03-1}}</ref> Indeed, modern reanalysis of the path suggests that the tornado may have begun {{convert|15|mi|km}} further west than previously thought.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/ams/AMS%20VP/Storm%20Conference/NESC%20Presentations/32ndNESC_Presentation/Banquet/Doswell.ppt| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070604203605/http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/ams/AMS+VP/Storm+Conference/NESC+Presentations/32ndNESC_Presentation/Banquet/Doswell.ppt|archivedate=2007-06-04|title=The Tri-State Tornado of 18 March 1925 Reanalysis Project|accessdate=2007-04-07|author= Dr. Charles A, III oswell|format=Powerpoint Presentation}}</ref>

=== Appearance ===
Tornadoes can have a wide range of colors, depending on the environment in which they form. Those that form in dry environments can be nearly invisible, marked only by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. Condensation funnels that pick up little or no debris can be gray to white. While traveling over a body of water (as a waterspout), tornadoes can turn very white or even blue. Slow-moving funnels, which ingest a considerable amount of debris and dirt, are usually darker, taking on the color of debris. Tornadoes in the [[Great Plains]] can turn red because of the reddish tint of the soil, and tornadoes in mountainous areas can travel over snow-covered ground, turning white.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/>

[[Image:Waurika Oklahoma Tornado Back and Front.jpg|thumb|right|Photographs of the [[Waurika, Oklahoma]] tornado of May 30, 1976, taken at nearly the same time by two photographers. In the top picture, the tornado is lit with the sunlight focused from behind the [[camera]], thus the funnel appears bluish. In the lower image, where the camera is facing the opposite direction, the sun is behind the tornado, giving it a dark appearance.<ref name="PD tornado images">{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/torscans.htm|title=Public Domain Tornado Images|work=[[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=2009-11-17|year=2009|author=Roger Edwards|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>]]

Lighting conditions are a major factor in the appearance of a tornado. A tornado which is "[[Backlighting (lighting design)|back-lit]]" (viewed with the sun behind it) appears very dark. The same tornado, viewed with the sun at the observer's back, may appear gray or brilliant white. Tornadoes which occur near the time of sunset can be many different colors, appearing in hues of yellow, orange, and pink.<ref name="TT">{{cite web|author=Tim Marshall|url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/cellar/tttttttt.htm|title=The Tornado Project's Terrific, Timeless and Sometimes Trivial Truths about Those Terrifying Twirling Twisters!|accessdate=2008-11-09|publisher=The Tornado Project|date=2008-11-09}}</ref><ref name="target tornado">{{cite video|people=Linda Mercer Lloyd|date=1996|title=Target: Tornado|medium=Videotape|publisher=[[The Weather Channel (United States)|The Weather Channel Enterprises, Inc.]]}}</ref>

Dust kicked up by the winds of the parent thunderstorm, heavy rain and hail, and the darkness of night are all factors which can reduce the visibility of tornadoes. Tornadoes occurring in these conditions are especially dangerous, since only [[weather radar]] observations, or possibly the sound of an approaching tornado, serve as any warning to those in the storm's path. Most significant tornadoes form under the storm's ''updraft base'', which is rain-free,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/stormspotting/basics.php |work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|title=The Basics of Storm Spotting|date=2009-01-15|accessdate=2009-11-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20031011045434/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/stormspotting/basics.php |archivedate = 2003-10-11}}</ref> making them visible.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YwEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=tornadoes+visible+location+within+updraft&q=tornadoes%20visible%20location%20within%20updraft|author1=Corporation, Bonnier|journal=[[Popular Science]]|title=Tornado Factory — Giant Simulator Probes Killer Twisters|volume=213|issue=1 |year=1978|accessdate=2009-11-17|page=77}}</ref> Also, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, when the bright sun can penetrate even the thickest clouds.<ref name="significant tornadoes"/> Night-time tornadoes are often illuminated by frequent lightning.

There is mounting evidence, including [[Doppler On Wheels]] mobile radar images and eyewitness accounts, that most tornadoes have a clear, calm center with extremely low pressure, akin to the [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of [[tropical cyclone]]s. This area would be clear (possibly full of dust), have relatively light winds, and be very dark, since the light would be blocked by swirling debris on the outside of the tornado. Lightning is said to be the source of illumination for those who claim to have seen the interior of a tornado.<ref name="Science News 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/5_15_99/fob1.htm|title=Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record|accessdate=2006-10-20|author=R. Monastersky|date=1999-05-15|work=Science News|pages=308–309}}</ref><ref name="inside eyewitness">{{cite web|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/058/mwr-058-05-0205.pdf|title=Seeing the Inside of a Tornado|accessdate=2006-10-20|author=Alonzo A Justice|year=1930|format=PDF|work=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roy S Hall|isbn=0-7377-1473-5|title=Tornadoes|year=2003|publisher=Greenhaven Press|pages=59–65|chapter=Inside a Texas Tornado}}</ref>

=== Rotation ===
Tornadoes normally rotate [[cyclone|cyclonically]] (when viewed from above, this is counterclockwise in the [[northern hemisphere]] and clockwise in the [[southern hemisphere|southern]]). While large-scale storms always rotate cyclonically due to the [[Coriolis effect]], thunderstorms and tornadoes are so small that the direct influence of the Coriolis effect is unimportant, as indicated by their large [[Rossby number]]s. Supercells and tornadoes rotate cyclonically in numerical simulations even when the Coriolis effect is neglected.<ref name="Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercells">{{cite journal|author=Robert Davies-Jones|title=Streamwise Vorticity: The Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Storms|journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]]|volume=41|issue=20|pages=2991–3006|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469(1984)041%3C2991%3ASVTOOU%3E2.0.CO%3B2|accessdate=2007-04-13|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2991:SVTOOU>2.0.CO;2|date=October 1984|bibcode = 1984JAtS...41.2991D|year=1984 }}</ref><ref name="Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercells">{{cite journal|author=Richard Rotunno, Joseph Klemp|title=On the Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms|volume=42|issue=3|pages=271–292|journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]]|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469(1985)042%3C0271%3AOTRAPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|accessdate=2007-04-13|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2|date=February 1985|bibcode = 1985JAtS...42..271R|year=1985 }}</ref> Low-level [[mesocyclone]]s and tornadoes owe their rotation to complex processes within the supercell and ambient environment.<ref name="Tornado Development and Decay within a Supercell">{{cite journal|author=Louis J. Wicker, Robert B. Wilhelmson|title=Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm|pages=2675–2703|journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]]|volume=52|issue=15|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=August 1995|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469(1995)052%3C2675%3ASAAOTD%3E2.0.CO%3B2|accessdate=2007-04-13|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2675:SAAOTD>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1995JAtS...52.2675W|year=1995 }}</ref>

Approximately 1 percent of tornadoes rotate in an anticyclonic direction in the northern hemisphere. Typically, systems as weak as landspouts and gustnadoes can rotate anticyclonically, and usually only those which form on the anticyclonic shear side of the descending [[rear flank downdraft]] in a cyclonic supercell.<ref name="Recent Example of an anticyclonic tornado in El Reno, OK">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_9262.html|title=anticyclonic tornado in El Reno, OK|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=2006-04-26|accessdate=2006-12-30|author=Greg Forbes}}</ref> On rare occasions, [[anticyclonic tornado]]es form in association with the mesoanticyclone of an anticyclonic supercell, in the same manner as the typical cyclonic tornado, or as a companion tornado either as a satellite tornado or associated with anticyclonic eddies within a supercell.<ref name="Sunnyvale Tornado">{{cite web|url=http://tornado.sfsu.edu/geosciences/StormChasing/Cases/Sunnyvale/Sunnyvale.html|title=Sunnyvale and Los Altos, CA Tornadoes 1998-05-04|accessdate=2006-10-20|author=John Monteverdi|date=2003-01-25}}</ref>

=== Sound and seismology ===
Tornadoes emit widely on the [[acoustics]] [[Audio frequency|spectrum]] and the sounds are caused by multiple mechanisms. Various sounds of tornadoes have been reported, mostly related to familiar sounds for the witness and generally some variation of a whooshing roar. Popularly reported sounds include a freight train, rushing rapids or waterfall, a nearby jet engine, or combinations of these. Many tornadoes are not audible from much distance; the nature and propagation distance of the audible sound depends on atmospheric conditions and topography.

The winds of the tornado vortex and of constituent turbulent [[eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]], as well as airflow interaction with the surface and debris, contribute to the sounds. Funnel clouds also produce sounds. Funnel clouds and small tornadoes are reported as whistling, whining, humming, or the buzzing of innumerable bees or electricity, or more or less harmonic, whereas many tornadoes are reported as a continuous, deep rumbling, or an irregular sound of "noise".<ref name="tornado music">{{cite journal|author=Abdul Abdullah|title=The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=94|issue=4|pages=213–220|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=April 1966|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%281966%29094%3C0213%3ATMSEBA%3E2.3.CO%3B2|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 1966MWRv...94..213A }}</ref>

Since many tornadoes are audible only when very near, sound is not reliable warning of a tornado. Tornadoes are also not the only source of such sounds in severe thunderstorms; any strong, damaging wind, a severe hail volley, or continuous thunder in a thunderstorm may produce a roaring sound.<ref name="sound obs">{{cite journal|author=David K. Hoadley|title=Tornado Sound Experiences|journal=[[Stormtrack]]|volume=6|issue=3|pages=5–9|date=1983-03-31|url=http://www.stormtrack.org/archive/0636.htm}}</ref>

[[Image:Tornado infrasound sources.png|thumb|left|An illustration of generation of infrasound in tornadoes by the [[Earth System Research Laboratory]]'s Infrasound Program]]
Tornadoes also produce identifiable inaudible [[infrasonic]] signatures.<ref name="tornado infrasonics">{{cite journal|author=A. J. Bedard|title=Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=133|issue=1|pages=241–263|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=January 2005|doi=10.1175/MWR-2851.1|bibcode = 2005MWRv..133..241B }}</ref>

Unlike audible signatures, tornadic signatures have been isolated; due to the long distance propagation of low-frequency sound, efforts are ongoing to develop tornado prediction and detection devices with additional value in understanding tornado morphology, dynamics, and creation.<ref name="field programs history"/> Tornadoes also produce a detectable [[seismic]] signature, and research continues on isolating it and understanding the process.<ref name="tornado seismic signal">{{cite journal|author=Frank Tatom, Kevin R. Knupp, and Stanley J. Vitto|title=Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal|journal=[[Journal of Applied Meteorology]]|volume=34|issue=2|pages=572–582|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=February 1995|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1995JApMe..34..572T|year=1995 }}</ref>

=== Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects ===
Tornadoes emit on the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], with [[sferics]] and [[E-field]] effects detected.<ref name="field programs history"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=John R Leeman, E.D. Schmitter|title=Electric signals generated by tornados|journal=[[Atmospheric Research]]|volume=92|issue=2|pages=277–9|date=April 2009|doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029}}</ref><ref name="in situ history">{{cite conference |author=Timothy M. Samaras|title=A Historical Perspective of In-Situ Observations within Tornado Cores|booktitle=Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=October 2004|location=Hyannis, MA|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81153.htm}}</ref> There are observed correlations between tornadoes and patterns of lightning. Tornadic storms do not contain more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells never produce lightning. More often than not, overall cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity decreases as a tornado reaches the surface and returns to the baseline level when the tornado lifts. In many cases, intense tornadoes and thunderstorms exhibit an increased and anomalous dominance of positive polarity CG discharges.<ref name="CG tor">{{cite journal|author=Antony H Perez, Louis J. Wicker, and Richard E. Orville|title=Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes|journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]]|volume=12|issue=3|pages=428–437|date=September 1997|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434(1997)012%3C0428%3ACOCTGL%3E2.0.CO%3B2|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1997WtFor..12..428P|year=1997 }}</ref> [[Electromagnetics]] and lightning have little or nothing to do directly with what drives tornadoes (tornadoes are basically a [[thermodynamic]] phenomenon), although there are likely connections with the storm and environment affecting both phenomena.

[[Luminosity]] has been reported in the past and is probably due to misidentification of external light sources such as lightning, city lights, and [[power flash]]es from broken lines, as internal sources are now uncommonly reported and are not known to ever have been recorded. In addition to winds, tornadoes also exhibit changes in atmospheric variables such as [[temperature]], [[moisture]], and [[atmospheric pressure|pressure]]. For example, on June 24, 2003 near [[Manchester, South Dakota]], a probe measured a 100 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]) (2.95 [[Inch of mercury|inHg]]) pressure decrease. The pressure dropped gradually as the vortex approached then dropped extremely rapidly to 850 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]) (25.10 [[Inch of mercury|inHg]]) in the core of the violent tornado before rising rapidly as the vortex moved away, resulting in a V-shape pressure trace. Temperature tends to decrease and moisture content to increase in the immediate vicinity of a tornado.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite conference|author=Julian J. Lee, Timothy P. Samaras, Carl R. Young|title=Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado|booktitle=Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=2004-10-07|location=Hyannis, Massachusetts|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81700.htm}}</ref>

== Life cycle ==
[[Image:Dimmit Sequence.jpg|thumb|right|A sequence of images showing the birth of a tornado. First, the rotating cloud base lowers. This lowering becomes a funnel, which continues descending while winds build near the surface, kicking up dust and other debris. Finally, the visible funnel extends to the ground, and the tornado begins causing major damage. This tornado, near [[Dimmitt, Texas]], was one of the best-observed violent tornadoes in history.]]
{{Further2|[[Tornadogenesis]]}}

=== Supercell relationship ===
{{See also|Supercell}}
Tornadoes often develop from a class of thunderstorms known as supercells. Supercells contain mesocyclones, an area of organized rotation a few miles up in the atmosphere, usually 1–6 miles (2–10 km) across. Most intense tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 on the [[Enhanced Fujita Scale]]) develop from supercells. In addition to tornadoes, very heavy rain, frequent lightning, strong wind gusts, and hail are common in such storms.

Most tornadoes from supercells follow a recognizable life cycle. That begins when increasing rainfall drags with it an area of quickly descending air known as the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This downdraft accelerates as it approaches the ground, and drags the supercell's rotating mesocyclone towards the ground with it.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/>

=== Formation ===
As the mesocyclone lowers below the cloud base, it begins to take in cool, moist air from the downdraft region of the storm. This convergence of warm air in the updraft, and this cool air, causes a rotating wall cloud to form. The RFD also focuses the mesocyclone's base, causing it to siphon air from a smaller and smaller area on the ground. As the updraft intensifies, it creates an area of low pressure at the surface. This pulls the focused mesocyclone down, in the form of a visible condensation funnel. As the funnel descends, the RFD also reaches the ground, creating a gust front that can cause severe damage a good distance from the tornado. Usually, the funnel cloud begins causing damage on the ground (becoming a tornado) within a few minutes of the RFD reaching the ground.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/>

=== Maturity ===
Initially, the tornado has a good source of warm, moist [[inflow (meteorology)|inflow]] to power it, so it grows until it reaches the "mature stage". This can last anywhere from a few minutes to more than an hour, and during that time a tornado often causes the most damage, and in rare cases can be more than one mile (1.6 km) across. Meanwhile, the RFD, now an area of cool surface winds, begins to wrap around the tornado, cutting off the inflow of warm air which feeds the tornado.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/>

=== Dissipation ===
As the RFD completely wraps around and chokes off the tornado's air supply, the vortex begins to weaken, and become thin and rope-like. This is the "dissipating stage"; often lasting no more than a few minutes, after which the tornado fizzles. During this stage the shape of the tornado becomes highly influenced by the winds of the parent storm, and can be blown into fantastic patterns.<ref name="significant tornadoes"/><ref name="PD tornado images"/><ref name="target tornado"/> Even though the tornado is dissipating, it is still capable of causing damage. The storm is contracting into a rope-like tube and, like the ice skater who pulls her arms in to spin faster, winds can increase at this point.<ref name="thebible"/>

As the tornado enters the dissipating stage, its associated mesocyclone often weakens as well, as the rear flank downdraft cuts off the inflow powering it. In particular, intense supercells tornadoes can develop [[wiktionary:cycle|cyclically]]. As the first mesocyclone and associated tornado dissipate, the storm's inflow may be concentrated into a new area closer to the center of the storm. If a new mesocyclone develops, the cycle may start again, producing one or more new tornadoes. Occasionally, the old (occluded) mesocyclone and the new mesocyclone produce a tornado at the same time.

Although this is a widely accepted theory for how most tornadoes form, live, and die, it does not explain the formation of smaller tornadoes, such as landspouts, long-lived tornadoes, or tornadoes with multiple vortices. These each have different mechanisms which influence their development—however, most tornadoes follow a pattern similar to this one.<ref name="tornadogenesis">{{cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469%282003%29060%3C0795:TRFTTO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Markowski, Straka, and Rasmussen|date=2002-10-14|journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] | volume= 60 |issue= 6|year=2003|page=28|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|bibcode = 2003JAtS...60..795M }}</ref>

== Types ==
=== Multiple vortex ===
{{Main|multiple vortex tornado}}

[[Image:1957 Dallas multi-vortex 1 edited.JPG|thumb|right|A multiple-vortex [[1957 Dallas Tornado Outbreak|tornado]] outside [[Dallas, Texas]] on April 2, 1957.]]

A ''multiple-vortex tornado'' is a type of tornado in which two or more columns of spinning air rotate around a common center. Multivortex structure can occur in almost any circulation, but is very often observed in intense tornadoes. These vortices often create small areas of heavier damage along the main tornado path.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/><ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/os/brochures/adv_spotters.pdf|title=Advanced Spotters' Field Guide|accessdate=2006-09-20|author=Doswell, Moller, Anderson et al.|year=2005|publisher = US Department of Commerce |format=PDF}}</ref> This is a distinct phenomenon from a satellite tornado, which is a weaker tornado which forms very near a large, strong tornado contained within the same mesocyclone. The satellite tornado may appear to "[[orbit]]" the larger tornado (hence the name), giving the appearance of one, large multi-vortex tornado. However, a satellite tornado is a distinct circulation, and is much smaller than the main funnel.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/>

=== Waterspout ===
{{Main|waterspout}}

[[Image:Trombe.jpg|thumb|left|A waterspout near the [[Florida Keys]] in 1969.]]

A ''waterspout'' is defined by the [[National Weather Service]] as a tornado over water. However, researchers typically distinguish "fair weather" waterspouts from tornadic waterspouts. Fair weather waterspouts are less severe but far more common, and are similar to dust devils and landspouts. They form at the bases of [[cumulus congestus]] clouds over tropical and subtropical waters. They have relatively weak winds, smooth [[laminar flow|laminar]] walls, and typically travel very slowly. They occur most commonly in the [[Florida Keys]] and in the northern [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref name="USA Today 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/community/chat/0504tornb.htm|title=Tornado Chase 2000|accessdate=2007-05-19|author=Dave Zittel|date=2000-05-04|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref name="USA Today 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wspouts.htm|title=Waterspouts are tornadoes over water|date=2007-11-01|accessdate=2007-05-19|author=Joseph Golden|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas P. Grazulis, Dan Flores|title=The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman OK|year=2003|page=256|isbn=0-8061-3538-7}}</ref> In contrast, tornadic waterspouts are stronger tornadoes over water. They form over water similarly to mesocyclonic tornadoes, or are stronger tornadoes which cross over water. Since they form from [[severe thunderstorm]]s and can be far more intense, faster, and longer-lived than fair weather waterspouts, they are more dangerous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=waterspouts|title=About Waterspouts|accessdate=2009-12-13|date=2007-01-04|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>

=== Landspout ===
{{Main|landspout}}

A ''landspout'', or ''dust-tube tornado'', is a tornado not associated with a mesocyclone. The name stems from their characterization as a "fair weather waterspout on land". Waterspouts and landspouts share many defining characteristics, including relative weakness, short lifespan, and a small, smooth condensation funnel which often does not reach the surface. Landspouts also create a distinctively laminar cloud of dust when they make contact with the ground, due to their differing mechanics from true mesoform tornadoes. Though usually weaker than classic tornadoes, they can produce strong winds which could cause serious damage.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/><ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide"/>

=== Similar circulations ===
==== Gustnado ====
{{Main|gustnado}}

[[Image:Dust devil.jpg|right|thumb|A dust devil in [[Arizona]]]]

A ''gustnado'', or ''gust front tornado'', is a small, vertical swirl associated with a [[Outflow boundary|gust front]] or [[downburst]]. Because they are not connected with a cloud base, there is some debate as to whether or not gustnadoes are tornadoes. They are formed when fast moving cold, dry outflow air from a [[thunderstorm]] is blown through a mass of stationary, warm, moist air near the outflow boundary, resulting in a "rolling" effect (often exemplified through a [[roll cloud]]). If low level [[wind shear]] is strong enough, the rotation can be turned vertically or diagonally and make contact with the ground. The result is a gustnado.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/><ref name="gustnado AMS">{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=gustnado1|title=Gustnado|accessdate=2006-09-20|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|work=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000}}</ref> They usually cause small areas of heavier rotational wind damage among areas of straight-line wind damage.

==== Dust devil ====
{{Main|dust devil}}

A ''dust devil'' resembles a tornado in that it is a vertical swirling column of air. However, they form under clear skies and are no stronger than the weakest tornadoes. They form when a strong convective updraft is formed near the ground on a hot day. If there is enough low level wind shear, the column of hot, rising air can develop a small cyclonic motion that can be seen near the ground. They are not considered tornadoes because they form during fair weather and are not associated with any clouds. However, they can, on occasion, result in major damage in [[arid]] areas.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book|author=Walter A Lyons|title=The Handy Weather Answer Book|edition=2nd|year=1997|publisher=Visible Ink press|location =[[Detroit, Michigan]]|isbn=0-7876-1034-8|pages=175–200|chapter=Tornadoes}}</ref><ref name="dust devil injury">{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ssd/techmemo/sr207.htm|title=Severe Weather Climatology for New Mexico|accessdate=2006-09-29|author =Charles H Jones, Charlie A. Liles|year=1999}}</ref>

==== Fire whirls and steam devils ====
{{Main|fire whirl|steam devil}}

Small-scale, tornado-like circulations can occur near any intense surface heat source. Those that occur near intense [[wildfire]]s are called ''fire whirls''. They are not considered tornadoes, except in the rare case where they connect to a [[pyrocumulus]] or other cumuliform cloud above. Fire whirls usually are not as strong as tornadoes associated with thunderstorms. They can, however, produce significant damage.<ref name="significant tornadoes"/> A ''steam devil'' is a [[rotating]] [[updraft]] that involves [[steam]] or [[smoke]]. Steam devils are very rare. They most often form from smoke issuing from a [[power plant]] [[smokestack]]. [[Hot springs]] and [[deserts]] may also be suitable locations for a steam devil to form. The phenomenon can occur over water, when cold arctic air passes over relatively warm water.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/>

{{clear}}

== Intensity and damage ==
{{Main|Tornado intensity and damage}}
{{See also|Enhanced Fujita scale|Fujita scale|TORRO scale}}
[[Image:EF1 tornado damage example.jpg|thumb|right|An example of [[Enhanced Fujita Scale|EF1]] damage. Here, the roof has been substantially damaged, and the [[garage door]] blown outwards, but the walls and supporting structures are still intact.]]
The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused. The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale was an upgrade to the older Fujita scale, by [[expert elicitation]], using engineered wind estimates and better damage descriptions. The EF Scale was designed so that a tornado rated on the Fujita scale would receive the same numerical rating, and was implemented starting in the United States in 2007. An EF0 tornado will probably damage trees but not substantial structures, whereas an EF5 tornado can rip buildings off their foundations leaving them bare and even deform large [[skyscraper]]s. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes. [[Pulse-Doppler radar|Doppler]] [[weather radar]] data, [[photogrammetry]], and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5lyrvy2Nr|title=Goshen County Tornado Given Official Rating of EF2|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=David C Lewellen, M I Zimmerman|date=2008-10-28|title=Using Simulated Tornado Surface Marks to Decipher Near-Ground Winds|conference=24th Conference on Severe Local Storms|conferenceurl=http://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/program_508.htm|publisher=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141749.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-09|format=PDF}}</ref>
Tornadoes vary in intensity regardless of shape, size, and location, though strong tornadoes are typically larger than weak tornadoes. The association with track length and duration also varies, although longer track tornadoes tend to be stronger.<ref name="width/length intensity relationship">{{cite journal|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434%282004%29019%3C0310%3AOTROTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity|accessdate=2007-04-06|author=Harold E Brooks|date=2004-04-01|journal=Weather and Forecasting|work=[[Weather and Forecasting]]|volume=19|issue=2|pages=310–319 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 2004WtFor..19..310B}}</ref> In the case of violent tornadoes, only a small portion of the path is of violent intensity, most of the higher intensity from [[multiple vortex tornado|subvortices]].<ref name="significant tornadoes"/>

In the United States, 80% of tornadoes are EF0 and EF1 (T0 through T3) tornadoes. The rate of occurrence drops off quickly with increasing strength—less than 1% are violent tornadoes (EF4, T8 or stronger).<ref name="Basic Spotter Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/basicspot.pdf|title=Basic Spotters’ Field Guide|accessdate=2006-11-01|author=Edwards, Moller, Purpura et al.|date=1998-03-31|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|format=PDF}}</ref> Outside Tornado Alley, and North America in general, violent tornadoes are extremely rare. This is apparently mostly due to the lesser number of tornadoes overall, as research shows that tornado intensity distributions are fairly similar worldwide. A few significant tornadoes occur annually in Europe, Asia, southern Africa, and southeastern South America, respectively.<ref name="intensity distribution">{{cite web|url=http://www.essl.org/people/dotzek/pdf/ecss02p.pdf|title=Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions|accessdate=2007-04-06|author=Dotzek, Nikolai, Jürgen Grieser, Harold E. Brooks|date=2003-03-01|publisher=[[Atmospheric Research]] Vol. 67–68|pages=163–187|format=PDF}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Climatology ==
{{Main|Tornado climatology}}
[[Image:Globdisttornado.jpg|thumb|right|Areas worldwide where tornadoes are most likely, indicated by orange shading]]

The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, nearly four times more than estimated in all of Europe, excluding waterspouts.<ref name="European tornado climatology">{{cite journal|author=Nikolai Dotzek|date=2003-03-20|title=An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe | journal=Atmospheric Research|url=http://www.essl.org/people/dotzek/pdf/ecss02s.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> This is mostly due to the unique geography of the continent. North America is a large continent that extends from the [[tropics]] north into [[arctic]] areas, and has no major east-west mountain range to block air flow between these two areas. In the [[middle latitudes]], where most tornadoes of the world occur, the [[Rocky Mountains]] block moisture and buckle the [[prevailing winds|atmospheric flow]], forcing drier air at mid-levels of the [[troposphere]] due to downsloped winds, and causing [[cyclogenesis|the formation of a low pressure area]] downwind to the east of the mountains. Increased westerly flow off the Rockies force the formation of a [[dry line]] when the flow aloft is strong,<ref>{{cite web|author=Huaqing Cai|title=Dryline cross section|date=2001-09-24|accessdate=2009-12-13|url=http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~caihq/pic/fig23.html|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]}}</ref> while the [[Gulf of Mexico]] fuels abundant low-level moisture in the southerly flow to its east. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long-lived storms throughout the year. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the [[central United States]] known as [[Tornado Alley]].<ref name="Science News 1"/> This area extends into [[Canada]], particularly [[Ontario]] and the [[Prairie Provinces]], although southeast [[Quebec]], the interior of [[British Columbia]], and western [[New Brunswick]] are also tornado-prone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/ae00s02.en.html|title=Tornadoes|work=Prairie Storm Prediction Centre|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]|date=2007-10-07|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> Tornadoes also occur across northeastern Mexico.<ref name="SPC FAQ"/>

The United States averages about 1,200 tornadoes per year. The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country (more than 20, or 0.0013 per sq mi (0.00048 per km2), annually), followed by the UK (around 33, or 0.00035 per sq mi (0.00013 per km2), per year),<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Holden, A Wright|title=UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society|volume=130|pages=1009–1021|publisher=Royal Meteorological Society|date=2003-03-13|url=http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.holden/paper80.pdf |doi=10.1256/qj.03.45|accessdate=2009-12-13|format=PDF |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070824151103/http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.holden/paper80.pdf |archivedate = 2007-08-24|bibcode = 2004QJRMS.130.1009H|issue=598 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|title=Natural Disasters: Tornadoes|work=BBC Science and Nature|publisher=BBC|date=2002-03-28|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/hottopics/naturaldisasters/hurricanes.shtml |accessdate=2009-12-13 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20021014233047/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/hottopics/naturaldisasters/hurricanes.shtml |archivedate = 2002-10-14}}</ref> but most are small and cause minor damage. In absolute number of events, ignoring area, the UK experiences more tornadoes than any other European country, excluding waterspouts.<ref name="European tornado climatology"/>

[[Image:Tornado Alley.gif|thumb|left|Intense tornado activity in the United States. The darker-colored areas denote the area commonly referred to as [[Tornado Alley]].]]
Tornadoes kill an average of 179 people per year in [[Bangladesh]], the most in the world. This is due to high population density, poor quality of construction and lack of tornado safety knowledge, as well as other factors.<ref name="Bangladesh tornado">{{cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr169/qr169.pdf|title=The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Bimal Kanti Paul, Rejuan Hossain Bhuiyan|date=2005-01-18|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/bengaltornadoes.html|title=Bangladesh and East India Tornadoes Background Information|accessdate=2009-12-13|date=2008-04-02|author=Jonathan Finch}}</ref> Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include South Africa, parts of [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], and southern [[Brazil]], as well as portions of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.<ref name="EB tornado climatology">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-218357/tornado|title=Tornado: Global occurrence|accessdate=2009-12-13|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremwetter.ch/thesis.pdf|author=Michael Graf|title=Synoptical and mesoscale weather situations associated with tornadoes in Europe|accessdate=2009-12-13|date=2008-06-28|format=PDF}}</ref>

Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter, but tornadoes can occur any time of year that favorable conditions occur.<ref name="significant tornadoes"/> Spring and fall experience peaks of activity as those are the seasons when stronger winds, wind shear, and atmospheric instability are present.<ref name="LouieLouie">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=supercell/dynamics|title=Structure and Dynamics of Supercell Thunderstorms|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2008-08-28|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> Tornadoes are focused in the right front quadrant of [[landfall (meteorology)|landfalling]] tropical cyclones, which tend to occur in the late summer and autumn. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of [[Eye (cyclone)#Eyewall mesovortices|eyewall mesovortices]], which persist until landfall.<ref name="AOML FAQ L6">{{cite web|work=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/L6.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions: Are TC tornadoes weaker than midlatitude tornadoes?|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2006-10-04|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>

Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day, because of [[solar radiation|solar heating]].<ref name="tornado time of day">{{cite web|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493(1978)106%3C1172%3AAATC%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=An Augmented Tornado Climatology|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Kelly, Schaefer, McNulty, et al.|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=1978-04-10|format=PDF|work=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|pages=12}}</ref> Worldwide, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, between 3 pm and 7 pm local time, with a peak near 5 pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-218362/tornado|title=Tornado: Diurnal patterns|accessdate=2009-12-13|year=2007|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|page=G.6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A.M. Holzer|year=2000|title=Tornado Climatology of Austria|journal=Atmospheric Research|issue=56|pages=203–211|url=http://tordach.org/at/Tornado_climatology_of_Austria.html|accessdate = 2007-02-27 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070219045706/http://tordach.org/at/Tornado_climatology_of_Austria.html |archivedate = 2007-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Nikolai Dotzek|date=2000-05-16|title=Tornadoes in Germany|journal=Atmospheric Research|url=http://essl.org/people/dotzek/pdf/etss_1p.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/References/Tornado.jsp |title=South African Tornadoes|accessdate=2009-12-13|year=2003|publisher=[[South African Weather Service]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070526105238/http://www.weathersa.co.za/References/Tornado.jsp |archivedate = 2007-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan D. Finch, Ashraf M. Dewan|url=http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/climo/btorcli0.htm|title=Bangladesh Tornado Climatology|date=2007-05-23|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> Destructive tornadoes can occur at any time of day. The [[Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak|Gainesville Tornado]] of 1936, one of the deadliest tornadoes in history, occurred at 8:30 am local time.<ref name="significant tornadoes"/>

=== Associations with climate and climate change ===
Associations to various [[climate]] and environmental trends exist. For example, an increase in the [[sea surface temperature]] of a source region (e.g. Gulf of Mexico and [[Mediterranean Sea]]) increases atmospheric moisture content. Increased moisture can fuel an increase in [[severe weather]] and tornado activity, particularly in the cool season.<ref name="Edwards GoM">{{cite conference|author=Roger Edwards, Steven J. Weiss|title=Comparisons between Gulf of Mexico Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies and Southern U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Frequency in the Cool Season|booktitle=18th Conference on Severe Local Storms|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=1996-02-23|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/sstsvr.htm}}</ref>

Some evidence does suggest that the [[Southern Oscillation]] is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the [[ENSO]] phase is that of [[El Niño]] or [[La Niña]].<ref name="AGU ENSO tor">{{cite conference|author=Ashton Robinson Cook, Joseph T. Schaefer|title=The Relation of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks|booktitle=19th Conference on Probability and Statistics|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|date=2008-01-22|accessdate=2009-12-13|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/88Annual/techprogram/paper_134378.htm}}</ref>

Climatic shifts may affect tornadoes via [[teleconnection]]s in shifting the jet stream and the larger weather patterns. The climate-tornado link is confounded by the forces affecting larger patterns and by the local, nuanced nature of tornadoes. Although it is reasonable that [[global warming]] may affect trends in tornado activity,<ref name="agw tstm">{{cite journal|author=Robert J Trapp, NS Diffenbaugh, HE Brooks, ME Baldwin, ED Robinson, and JS Pal|title=Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=104|issue=50|pages=19719–23|date=2007-12-12|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19719.abstract|doi=10.1073/pnas.0705494104}}</ref> any such effect is not yet identifiable due to the complexity, local nature of the storms, and database quality issues. Any effect would vary by region.<ref name="IPCC4-WGI">{{cite book|author=Susan Solomon et al.|title=Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis|series=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] for the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|year=2007|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, USA|accessdate=2009-12-13|url=http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html|isbn=978-0-521-88009-1}}</ref>

== Detection ==
[[File:Tornado1857.jpg|thumb|right|Path of a tornado across Wisconsin on August 21, 1857]]
{{Main|Convective storm detection}}
Rigorous attempts to warn of tornadoes began in the United States in the mid-20th century. Before the 1950s, the only method of detecting a tornado was by someone seeing it on the ground. Often, news of a tornado would reach a local weather office after the storm. However, with the advent of weather radar, areas near a local office could get advance warning of severe weather. The first public [[tornado warning]]s were issued in 1950 and the first [[tornado watch]]es and [[Storm Prediction Center#Convective outlooks|convective outlooks]] in 1952. In 1953 it was confirmed that [[hook echo]]es are associated with tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=The First Tornadic Hook Echo Weather Radar Observations|publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|url=http://www.chill.colostate.edu/w/CHILL_history#The_First_Tornadic_Hook_Echo_Weather_Radar_Observations|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> By recognizing these radar signatures, meteorologists could detect thunderstorms probably producing tornadoes from dozens of miles away.<ref name="hook echoes">{{cite journal|author=Paul M. Markowski|title=Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=130 |issue=4|pages=852–876|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493(2002)130%3C0852:HEARFD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2|year=April 2002|bibcode = 2002MWRv..130..852M }}</ref>

=== Radar ===
{{See also|Pulse-Doppler radar|weather radar}}
Today, most developed countries have a network of weather radars, which remains the main method of detecting signatures probably associated with tornadoes. In the United States and a few other countries, Doppler weather radar stations are used. These devices measure the velocity and radial [[direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] (towards or away from the radar) of the winds in a storm, and so can spot evidence of rotation in storms from more than a hundred miles (160 km) away. When storms are distant from a radar, only areas high within the storm are observed and the important areas below are not sampled.<ref name="airbusradar">{{cite web|url=http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/163.pdf|title=Flight Briefing Notes: Adverse Weather Operations Optimum Use of Weather Radar|pages=2|author=Airbus|publisher=SKYbrary|date=2007-03-14|accessdate=2009-11-19 |format=PDF|authorlink=Airbus}}</ref> Data resolution also decreases with distance from the radar. Some meteorological situations leading to tornadogenesis are not readily detectable by radar and on occasion tornado development may occur more quickly than radar can complete a scan and send the batch of data. Also, most populated areas on Earth are now visible from the [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite]]s (GOES), which aid in the [[Weather forecasting#Nowcasting|nowcasting]] of tornadic storms.<ref name="environment Canada detection"/>
[[File:05june-rapiddow-wide.gif|thumb|700px|center|A [[Doppler on Wheels]] radar loop of a [[hook echo]] and associated mesocyclone in [[Tornadoes of 2009#June 5|Goshen County, Wyoming on June 5, 2009]]. Strong mesocyclones show up as adjacent areas of yellow and blue (on other radars, bright red and bright green), and usually indicate an imminent or occurring tornado.]]

=== Storm spotting ===
In the mid-1970s, the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) increased its efforts to train [[storm spotter]]s to spot key features of storms which indicate severe hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes, as well as damage itself and [[flash flood]]ing. The program was called [[Skywarn]], and the spotters were local sheriff's deputies, state troopers, firefighters, ambulance drivers, [[amateur radio operator]]s, [[civil defense]] (now [[emergency management]]) spotters, [[storm chasing|storm chasers]], and ordinary citizens. When severe weather is anticipated, local weather service offices request that these spotters look out for severe weather, and report any tornadoes immediately, so that the office can warn of the hazard.

Usually spotters are trained by the NWS on behalf of their respective organizations, and report to them. The organizations activate public warning systems such as [[Civil defense siren|sirens]] and the [[Emergency Alert System]], and forward the report to the NWS.<ref name="spotter history">{{cite journal|author=Charles A. Doswell, III, Alan R. Moller, Harold E. Brooks|title=Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948|journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]]|volume=14|issue=4|pages=544–557|date=1999-08-02|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434%281999%29014%3C0544%3ASSAPAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2|accessdate=2009-12-13|bibcode = 1999WtFor..14..544D}}</ref>
There are more than 230,000 trained Skywarn weather spotters across the United States.<ref name="NWS SKYWARN">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/skywarn/|date=2009-02-06|author=National Weather Service|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|title=What is SKYWARN?|accessdate=2009-12-13|authorlink=National Weather Service}}</ref>

In Canada, a similar network of volunteer weather watchers, called [[Canwarn]], helps spot severe weather, with more than 1,000 volunteers.<ref name="environment Canada detection">{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/ae00s10.en.html|title=Tornado Detection at Environment Canada|accessdate=2009-12-13|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]|date=2004-06-02}}</ref> In Europe, several nations are organizing spotter networks under the auspices of [[Skywarn Europe]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-05-31|url=http://www.skywarn.eu/|title=Skywarn Europe|author=European Union|accessdate=2009-12-13|authorlink=European Union}}</ref> and the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) has maintained a network of spotters in the United Kingdom since 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/history.php|title=A Brief History|author=Terence Meaden|year=1985|publisher=[[Tornado and Storm Research Organisation]]|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>

Storm spotters are needed because radar systems such as [[NEXRAD]] do not detect a tornado; merely signatures which hint at the presence of tornadoes.<ref name="NSSLsearch">{{cite web|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_detecting.html|title=Detecting Tornadoes: What Does a Tornado Look Like?|author=National Severe Storms Laboratory|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2006-11-15|accessdate=2009-12-13|authorlink=National Severe Storms Laboratory}}</ref> Radar may give a warning before there is any visual evidence of a tornado or imminent tornado, but [[ground truth]] from an observer can either verify the threat or determine that a tornado is not imminent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/verf/|title=Proposals For Changes in Severe Local Storm Warnings, Warning Criteria and Verification|year=2003|accessdate=2009-12-13|publisher=Roger and Elke Edwards}}</ref> The spotter's ability to see what radar cannot is especially important as distance from the radar site increases, because the radar beam becomes progressively higher in altitude further away from the radar, chiefly due to curvature of Earth, and the beam also spreads out.<ref name="airbusradar"/>

=== Visual evidence ===
[[Image:Wall cloud12 - NOAA.jpg|thumb|right|A rotating [[wall cloud]] with [[rear flank downdraft]] clear slot evident to its left rear]]
Storm spotters are trained to discern whether a storm seen from a distance is a supercell. They typically look to its rear, the main region of [[updraft]] and inflow. Under the updraft is a rain-free base, and the next step of [[tornadogenesis]] is the formation of a rotating [[wall cloud]]. The vast majority of intense tornadoes occur with a wall cloud on the backside of a supercell.<ref name="Basic Spotter Guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/basicspot.pdf|title=Basic Spotters’ Field Guide|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|format=PDF|date=1998-03-31|accessdate=2006-11-01}}</ref>

Evidence of a supercell comes from the storm's shape and structure, and cloud tower features such as a hard and vigorous updraft tower, a persistent, large [[overshooting top]], a hard anvil (especially when backsheared against strong upper level [[wind]]s), and a corkscrew look or [[striation (meteorology)|striations]]. Under the storm and closer to where most tornadoes are found, evidence of a supercell and likelihood of a tornado includes inflow bands (particularly when curved) such as a "beaver tail", and other clues such as strength of inflow, warmth and moistness of inflow air, how outflow- or inflow-dominant a storm appears, and how far is the front flank precipitation core from the wall cloud. Tornadogenesis is most likely at the interface of the updraft and [[rear flank downdraft]], and requires a balance between the outflow and inflow.<ref name="Advanced Spotter Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/os/brochures/adv_spotters.pdf|title=Advanced Spotters' Field Guide|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-12-13|date=2003-01-03|format=PDF}}</ref>

Only wall clouds that rotate spawn tornadoes, and usually precede the tornado by five to thirty minutes. Rotating wall clouds are the visual manifestation of a mesocyclone. Barring a low-level boundary, tornadogenesis is highly unlikely unless a rear flank downdraft occurs, which is usually visibly evidenced by evaporation of [[cloud]] adjacent to a corner of a wall cloud. A tornado often occurs as this happens or shortly after; first, a funnel cloud dips and in nearly all cases by the time it reaches halfway down, a surface swirl has already developed, signifying a tornado is on the ground before condensation connects the surface circulation to the storm. Tornadoes may also occur without wall clouds, under flanking lines, and on the leading edge. Spotters watch all areas of a storm, and the [[cloud base]] and surface.<ref name="NSSL tornadoes">{{cite web |title=Questions and Answers about Tornadoes|work=A Severe Weather Primer|publisher=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]]|date=2006-11-15|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_basics.html|accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref>

== Extremes ==
{{Main|Tornado records}}
[[Image:Super Outbreak Map.PNG|thumb|left|A map of the tornado paths in the Super Outbreak (April 3–4, 1974)]]
The most extreme{{Clarify|March 2012|date=March 2012}} tornado in recorded history was the [[Tri-State Tornado]], which roared through parts of [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]] on March 18, 1925. It was likely an F5, though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era. It holds records for longest path length (219 miles, 352 km), longest duration (about 3.5 hours), and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado (73 mph, 117 km/h) anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history (695 dead).<ref name="significant tornadoes"/> The tornado was also the second costliest tornado in history at the time, but in the years since has been surpassed by several others if population changes over time are not considered. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it ranks third today.<ref name="tornado damage cost">{{cite web|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/damage/tdam1.html|title=Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999| accessdate=2007-02-28|author=Harold E Brooks, Charles A. Doswell III|date=2000-10-01}}</ref>

The deadliest tornado in world history was the [[Daultipur-Salturia Tornado]] in [[Bangladesh]] on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1300 people.<ref name="Bangladesh tornado"/> Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes in its history kill more than 100 people, almost half of the [[List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths|total in the rest of the world]].

The most extensive [[tornado outbreak]] on record was the [[Super Outbreak]], which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern [[Ontario]] in Canada on April 3 and 4, 1974. This outbreak, which saw 148 tornadoes develop in 18 hours, included six of F5 intensity and twenty-four that peaked at F4 strength. Sixteen tornadoes were on the ground at the same time during its peak. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak.<ref name="super outbreak">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/1999/april/TornOut.pdf|title=Tornado Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974; Synoptic Analysis|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Lee R Hoxit, Charles F Chappell|date=1975-11-01|format=PDF|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>

While direct measurement of the most violent tornado wind speeds is nearly impossible, since conventional [[anemometer]]s would be destroyed by the intense winds, some tornadoes have been scanned by [[Doppler on Wheels|mobile Doppler radar units]], which can provide a good estimate of the tornado's winds. The highest wind speed ever measured in a tornado, which is also the highest wind speed ever recorded on the planet, is 301 ± 20 mph (484 ± 32 km/h) in the F5 [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|Bridge Creek-Moore, Oklahoma]], tornado which killed 36 people.<ref>[http://newsok.com/anatomy-of-may-3s-f5-tornado/article/3365909 Anatomy of May 3's F5 tornado], The Oklahoman Newspaper, May 1, 2009</ref> Though the reading was taken about 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, this is a testament to the power of the strongest tornadoes.<ref name="fastest wind"/>

Storms that produce tornadoes can feature intense updrafts, sometimes exceeding {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Debris from a tornado can be lofted into the parent storm and carried a very long distance. A tornado which affected [[Great Bend, Kansas]], in November 1915, was an extreme case, where a "rain of debris" occurred {{convert|80|mi|km}} from the town, a sack of flour was found {{convert|110|mi|km}} away, and a cancelled check from the Great Bend bank was found in a field outside of [[Palmyra, Nebraska]], {{convert|305|mi|km}} to the northeast.<ref name="tornado project oddities">{{cite web|url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/oddities/oddities.htm|title=Tornado Oddities|accessdate=2009-12-13|author=Thomas P Grazulis|date=2005-09-20}}</ref> Waterspouts and tornadoes have been advanced as an explanation for instances of [[raining animals|raining fish and other animals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/archives-tornado-history.htm|title=Q: You've probably heard the expression, "it's raining cats and dogs." Has it ever rained animals?|author=Emily Yahr|date=2006-02-21|work=Answers archive: Tornado history, climatology|publisher=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>

== Safety ==
Though tornadoes can strike in an instant, there are precautions and preventative measures that people can take to increase the chances of surviving a tornado. Authorities such as the [[Storm Prediction Center]] advise having a pre-determined plan should a tornado warning be issued. When a warning is issued, going to a basement or an interior first-floor room of a sturdy building greatly increases chances of survival.<ref name="tornado safety">{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/safety.html|title=Tornado Safety|date=2008-07-16|accessdate=2009-11-17|author=Roger Edwards|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> In tornado-prone areas, many buildings have [[storm cellar]]s on the property. These underground refuges have saved thousands of lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/preparedness/brochures/storm_shelter.pdf |title=Storm Shelters|accessdate=2009-12-13|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2002-08-26|format=PDF |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060223072127/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/preparedness/brochures/storm_shelter.pdf |archivedate = 2006-02-23}}</ref>

Some countries have meteorological agencies which distribute tornado forecasts and increase levels of alert of a possible tornado (such as [[tornado watch]]es and [[Tornado warning|warnings]] in the United States and Canada). [[Weather radio]]s provide an alarm when a severe weather advisory is issued for the local area, though these are mainly available only in the United States. Unless the tornado is far away and highly visible, meteorologists advise that drivers park their vehicles far to the side of the road (so as not to block emergency traffic), and find a sturdy shelter. If no sturdy shelter is nearby, getting low in a ditch is the next best option. Highway overpasses are one of the worst places to take shelter during tornadoes, as the constricted space can be subject to increased wind speed and funneling of debris underneath the overpass.<ref name="highway overpasses"/>

== Myths and misconceptions ==
{{Main|Tornado myths}}
[[Image:Saltlaketornado.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Salt Lake City Tornado]], August 11, 1999. This tornado disproved several misconceptions, including the idea that tornadoes cannot occur in areas like [[Utah]] or in cities.]]
Folklore often identifies a green sky with tornadoes, and though the phenomenon may be associated with severe weather, there is no evidence linking it specifically with tornadoes.<ref>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-if-sky-is-green-run-for-cover-tornado-is-coming</ref> It is often thought that opening windows will lessen the damage caused by the tornado. While there is a large drop in [[atmospheric pressure]] inside a strong tornado, it is unlikely that the pressure drop would be enough to cause the house to explode. Some research indicates that opening windows may actually increase the severity of the tornado's damage. A violent tornado can destroy a house whether its windows are open or closed.<ref name="tornado myths">{{cite book|author=Thomas P Grazulis|title=The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm|year=2001|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0-8061-3258-2|chapter=Tornado Myths}}</ref><ref name="tornado project myths">{{cite web|url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/myths/myths.htm|title=Myths and Misconceptions about Tornadoes|accessdate=2007-02-28|author=Tim Marshall|publisher=The Tornado Project|date=2005-03-15}}</ref>

Another commonly held misconception is that highway overpasses provide adequate shelter from tornadoes. This belief is partly inspired by widely-circulated video captured during the [[1991 Andover, Kansas tornado outbreak|1991 tornado outbreak]] near [[Andover, Kansas]], where a news crew and several other people take shelter under an overpass on the [[Kansas Turnpike]] and safely ride out a tornado as it passes by.<ref name=noaa-overpass>{{cite web|last=National Weather Service Forecast Office, Dodge City, Kansas|title=Overpasses and Tornado Safety: Not a Good Mix|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ddc/?n=over|work=Tornado Overpass Information|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> However, a highway overpass is a dangerous place during a tornado: the subjects of the video remained safe due to an unlikely combination of events: the storm in question was a weak tornado, did not directly strike the overpass, and the overpass itself was of a unique design.<ref name=noaa-overpass/> Due to the [[Venturi effect]], tornadic winds are accelerated in the confined space of an overpass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/severeweather/tornadosafety.html |title=Tornado Myths, Facts, and Safety|publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |date=17-08-2006|author=Climate Services and Monitoring Division|accessdate=27-03-2012}}</ref> Indeed, in the [[1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak]] of May 3, 1999, three highway overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes, and at all three locations there was a fatality, along with many life-threatening injuries.<ref name="highway overpass danger">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/basics/tornado-underpass.htm|title=Overpasses are tornado death traps|accessdate=2007-02-28|author=Chris Cappella|date=2005-05-17|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> By comparison, during the same tornado outbreak, more than 2000 homes were completely destroyed, with another 7000 damaged, and yet only a few dozen people died in their homes.<ref name="highway overpasses">{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=safety-overpass |title=Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters|accessdate=2007-02-28|date=2000-03-01|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20000616093920/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/papers/overpass.html |archivedate = 2000-06-16}}</ref>

An old belief is that the southwest corner of a basement provides the most protection during a tornado. The safest place is the side or corner of an underground room opposite the tornado's direction of approach (usually the northeast corner), or the central-most room on the lowest floor. Taking shelter in a basement, under a staircase, or under a sturdy piece of furniture such as a workbench further increases chances of survival.<ref name="tornado myths"/><ref name="tornado project myths"/>

Finally, there are areas which people believe to be protected from tornadoes, whether by being in a city, near a major river, hill, or mountain, or even protected by [[supernatural]] forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tornado Myths & Tornado Reality|url=http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/tornado-myths.html|author=Kenneth F Dewey|publisher=High Plains Regional Climate Center and [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]|date=2002-07-11|accessdate=2009-11-17|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080611013128/http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/tornado-myths.html |archivedate = June 11, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Tornadoes have been known to cross major rivers, climb mountains,<ref name="Tornadoes in mountains">{{cite web|url=http://tornado.sfsu.edu/RockwellPassTornado/index.html|title=Tornado, Rockwell Pass, Sequoia National Park, 2004-07-07|author=John Monteverdi, Roger Edwards, Greg Stumpf, Daniel Gudgel|date=2006-09-13|accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref> affect valleys, and have damaged [[List of tornadoes striking downtown areas|several city centers]]. As a general rule, no area is "safe" from tornadoes, though some areas are more susceptible than others.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref name="tornado myths"/><ref name="tornado project myths"/>

== Ongoing research ==
[[Image:Tornado with DOW.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Doppler On Wheels]] unit observing a tornado near [[Attica, Kansas]]]]
Meteorology is a relatively young science and the study of tornadoes is newer still. Although researched for about 140 years and intensively for around 60 years, there are still aspects of tornadoes which remain a mystery.<ref name="VORTEX book">{{cite web|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/noaastory/book.html|title=VORTEX: Unraveling the Secrets|accessdate=2007-02-28|author=National Severe Storms Laboratory|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2006-10-30|authorlink=National Severe Storms Laboratory}}</ref> Scientists have a fairly good understanding of the development of [[thunderstorm]]s and mesocyclones,<ref name="Extreme Weather">{{cite book|title=Extreme Weather|author=Micheal H Mogil|year=2007|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57912-743-5|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mesocyclone Climatology Project|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]]|author=Kevin McGrath|date=1998-11-05|accessdate=2009-11-19|url=http://mesocyclone.ou.edu/}}</ref> and the meteorological conditions conducive to their formation. However, the step from [[supercell]] (or other respective formative processes) to [[tornadogenesis]] and predicting tornadic vs. non-tornadic mesocyclones is not yet well known and is the focus of much research.<ref name="LouieLouie"/>

Also under study are the low-level mesocyclone and the [[vortex stretching|stretching]] of low-level [[vorticity]] which tightens into a tornado,<ref name="LouieLouie"/> namely, what are the processes and what is the relationship of the environment and the convective storm. Intense tornadoes have been observed forming simultaneously with a mesocyclone aloft (rather than succeeding mesocyclogenesis) and some intense tornadoes have occurred without a mid-level mesocyclone.<ref name=" Seymour 2001 32">{{Cite book
| last = Seymour
| first = Simon
| title = Tornadoes
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| year= 2001
| location = [[New York City, New York]]
| pages = 32
| isbn = 978-0-06-443791-2}}</ref>

In particular, the role of [[downdraft]]s, particularly the [[rear-flank downdraft]], and the role of [[baroclinic]] boundaries, are intense areas of study.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=N6Tiz_7VmJoC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=intense+tornadoes+without+a+mesocyclone&q=intense%20tornadoes%20without%20a%20mesocyclone|title=The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm|author=Thomas P Grazulis|pages=63–65|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]] Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8061-3258-7|accessdate=2009-11-20}}</ref>

Reliably predicting tornado intensity and longevity remains a problem, as do details affecting characteristics of a tornado during its life cycle and tornadolysis. Other rich areas of research are tornadoes associated with [[:wikt:mesovortex|mesovortices]] within linear thunderstorm structures and within tropical cyclones.<ref name="tornado forecasting">{{cite web|url=http://cimms.ou.edu/~erik/Tornadoes/Forecasting/Detailed/Detailed.htm|title=Severe Storms Research: Tornado Forecasting|accessdate=2007-03-27|author=Erik Rasmussen|date=2000-12-31|publisher=The Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070407031255/http://cimms.ou.edu/~erik/Tornadoes/Forecasting/Detailed/Detailed.htm |archivedate = April 7, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

Scientists still do not know the exact mechanisms by which most tornadoes form, and occasional tornadoes still strike without a tornado warning being issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/naturalevents/tornadoes.html|title=Tornadoes|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2009-11-20|author=United States Environmental Protection Agency|publisher=|authorlink=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Analysis of observations including both stationary and mobile (surface and aerial) [[in-situ]] and [[remote sensing]] (passive and active) instruments generates new ideas and refines existing notions. [[Mathematical model|Numerical modeling]] also provides new insights as observations and new discoveries are integrated into our physical understanding and then tested in [[computer simulation]]s which validate new notions as well as produce entirely new theoretical findings, many of which are otherwise unattainable. Importantly, development of new observation technologies and installation of finer spatial and temporal resolution observation networks have aided increased understanding and better predictions.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=N6Tiz_7VmJoC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=intense+tornadoes+without+a+mesocyclone&q=intense%20tornadoes%20without%20a%20mesocyclone|title=The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm|author=Grazulis, Thomas P.|pages=65–69|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]] Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8061-3258-7|accessdate=2009-11-20}}</ref>

Research programs, including field projects such as the [[VORTEX projects]] (Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment), deployment of [[TOtable Tornado Observatory|TOTO]] (the TOtable Tornado Observatory), [[Doppler On Wheels]] (DOW), and dozens of other programs, hope to solve many questions that still plague meteorologists.<ref name="field programs history">{{cite journal|author=Howard Bluestein|title=A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs|journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]]|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=1520-0434&volume=014&issue=04&page=0558|pages=558–577|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|volume=14|issue=4|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2|date=1998-10-27|year=1999|bibcode = 1999WtFor..14..558B }}</ref> Universities, government agencies such as the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]], private-sector meteorologists, and the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] are some of the organizations very active in research; with various sources of funding, both private and public, a chief entity being the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref name="NSSLsearch"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/tornadoes.php|title=Tornadoes|author=National Center for Atmospheric Research|year=2008|accessdate=2009-11-20|publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]]|authorlink=National Center for Atmospheric Research}}</ref>

Solar storms similar to tornadoes have been recorded, but it is unknown how closely related they are to their terrestrial counterparts.<ref>http://www.physorg.com/news/2012-03-huge-tornadoes-sun.html</ref>
== See also ==
{{portal|Weather}}
* [[Cultural significance of tornadoes]]
* [[Derecho]]
* [[History of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes]]
* [[List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks]]
* [[List of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks]]
* [[Secondary flow]]
* [[Skipping tornado]]
* [[Tornado drill]]
* [[Tornadoes of {{#time:Y}}]]
* [[Whirlwind]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Howard B Bluestein|title=Tornado Alley: Monster Storms of the Great Plains|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|year=1999|isbn=0-19-510552-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Marlene Bradford|year=2001|title=Scanning the Skies: a History of Tornado Forecasting|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|address=Norman, OK|isbn=0-8061-3302-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Thomas P Grazulis|date=January 1997|title=Significant Tornadoes Update, 1992–1995|publisher=Environmental Films|location=St. Johnsbury, VT|isbn=1-879362-04-X}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|tornado}}
* [http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwEvent~Storms NOAA Storm Database 1950–Present]
* [http://www.essl.org/ESWD European Severe Weather Database]
* [http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=events/tornado/ Social & Economic Costs of Tornadoes]
* [http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/tornadowarnings/welcome.html Tornado Detection and Warnings]
* [http://www.ejssm.org/ Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology]
* [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/edu/safety/tornadoguide.html NOAA Tornado Preparedness Guide]
* [http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/ Tornado History Project - Maps and statistics from 1950-Present]

{{Featured article}}
{{Natural disasters}}
{{Disasters}}

[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Severe weather and convection]]
[[Category:Tornado| ]]
[[Category:Types of cyclone]]
[[Category:Wind]]
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Christine Ohlman

2011-11-29T12:13:33Z

Tuttt:

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Christine Ohlman
| image = Christine OhLman1.jpg
| caption = Christine Ohlman performing live
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Christine Ohlman
| alias = The Beehive Queen
| Born = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|9|mf=y}} [[New York City, New York|New York City]], [[New York]] [[United States]]
| Death =
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Songwriter]]
| genre = [[Contemporary music]]
| instrument = Vocals, Guitar
| years_active = 1991–present
| label = HMG Records
| associated_acts = [[SNL]] Rebel Montez
}}

'''Christine Ohlman''' (born November 25 in the Bronx, New York City) is a singer, songwriter, guitarist, recording artist, music scholar. Her nickname "The Beehive Queen" refers to her distinctive platinum [[beehive (hairstyle) | beehive]]. She leads the band ''Christine Ohlman and Rebel Montez'' consisting of Michael Colbath (bass), Larry Donahue (drums), Cliff Goodwin (guitar), founding member and guitarist (Eric Fletcher) (died in 2006) with whom she has recorded six albums. Additionally, she is the long-running vocalist for the [[Saturday Night Live Band]].

==Background==
Christine's recording career began at age 16 with the New Haven, Connecticut-based band The Wrongh (sic) Black Bag recording a version of the Blues Project's "Wake Me, Shake Me" for the
Mainstream Records owner/producer Bob Shad. Relocating to Connecticut and working out of a studio in Wallingford, Connecticut (initially called Syncron Sound and now known as Trod Nossel),
Ohlman next fronted a group called Fancy with her brother Vic Steffens, releasing an LP "Fancy Meeting You Here" and a 45 "All My Best" on the Poison Ring label. She overdubbed backup
vocals for the Rolling Stones "Metamorphosis" album and developed a lifelong friendship with Rolling Stones producer Andrew Loog Oldham. She later sang on the Oldham-produced "Essence to
Essence" (by Donovan) and edited the second installment of Oldham's autobiography "2Stoned."<ref>Taken from Christine Ohlman's Biography,
http://www.christineohlman.net/index_christine_bio_long.html</ref>

===Associations===
Christine was a founding member of The Scratch Band when Fancy evolved into that band's incarnation, a seven-member unit which later pared down to five. The Scratch Band, including members
G. E. Smith and Mickey Curry, were noted throughout the Northeast for their incendiary live shows (not to be confused with The 77s-The Savage-Young Scratch Band). She later reunited with
both Smith and fellow Scratch Band member Paul Ossala when she joined the Saturday Night Live (SNL) Band for the 1991-1992 season.<ref>Taken from April 2010 interview
http://www.killingboxx.com/content.php?section=Interviews&cID=COhlman</ref>

==Saturday Night Live==
Christine Ohlman became the lead vocalist for the Saturday Night Live Band in 1991 
She appeared with Reverend Al Green on the show's 25th anniversary special. [[Lenny Pickett]], music director for Saturday Night Live, said "Ms. Ohlman was, at the time she entered the SNL
Band, responsible for selecting much of the band's vintage rhythm and blues repertoire."<ref>"SNL's Christine Ohlman to Release 'Deep End' Album", PR-Insider,
http://www.pr-inside.com/snl-s-christine-ohlman-to-release-the-r1679345.htm</ref>

==Releases==
In addition to her own releases, she has contributed to the CDs of [[Eddie Kirkland]], [[Charlie Musselwhite]] (Grammy nominated "One Night In America"), [[Kenny Neal]], [[Ian Hunter (singer)|Ian Hunter]],
[[Black 47]], and [[Big Al Anderson]]. She has appeared on CDs paying tribute to The Rolling Stones ("Exile On Blues Street"), Nick Lowe ("Labour of Love: The Songs of Nick Lowe"), Willie
Dixon ("The Songs Of Willie Dixon"), and the Grammy nominated "A Tribute To Howling Wolf," which includes her duet with Eddie Shaw. The Howling Wolf Tribute and Eddie Kirkland's "Lonely
Street" were both co-produced by Christine's mate of many years, the late Thomas "Doc" Cavalier, who also co-produced Christine's first four CDs and is memorialized in "The Deep End's"
poignant number "The Gone Of You." Dave Marsh noted that listeners will find that, in The Deep End, "there are so many 'wow' moments." 
Highlights of Ohlman's live guest appearances include: the 1992 Bob Dylan's 30th anniversary at Madison Square Garden (with George Harrison, Chrissy Hynde, and the O'Jays); the 2003 Central
Park Summerstage Year of the Blues tribute to Janis Joplin, where Christine joined Phoebe Snow, Kate Pearson and others in fronting both Big Brother & The Holding Company and the Kozmic
Blues Band; the 2008's tribute to Bill Withers (with Jim James, Nona Hendryx and the Persuasions); and the 2009 Barack Obama Presidential Inaugural Gala.
Her numerous regular charitable appearances include participation in The Casey Cares Foundation (of Baltimore Maryland) and their Rock 'n Roll Bash (with cohorts Mark Rivera, Bruce Kulick,
Hugh MacDonald, Nils Lofgren, Jeff Carlisi, Steve Conte and Andy York). Her contributions to the post-Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans include her participation in the planned 2010
digital re-release of the compilation "Get You A Healin'" which will feature a track from The Deep End called "The Cradle Did Rock" to benefit the New Orleans Musicians Assistance
Foundation and the New Orleans Musicians Clinic.
She worked on a musical, "Welcome To The Club," with Cy Coleman and A. E. Hotchner.

==="Re-Hive" (2008 Release)===
In 2008, Christine Ohlman & Rebel Montez completed their compilation CD, "Re-Hive", containing previously released and unreleased tracks featuring Grammy Award winning performers [[Andy
York]], [[GE Smith]], and [[Shawn Pelton]]. The album is dedicated to the memory of its producer, Doc Cavalier, "in whom the renegade heart of rock n'roll burned true."<ref>Inside cover of
"Re-Hive" album, released 2008 by Horizon Music Group.</ref> 
 
'''Christine Ohlman''' - ''lead vocals, acoustic and electric rhythm guitars'' 
'''Michael Colbath''' - ''bass'' 
'''Larry Donahue''' - ''drums and percussion'' 
'''Cliff Goodwin''' - ''lead guitar (tracks 3 & 10)'' 
'''Eric Fletcher''' - ''lead electric guitar, acoustic guitar (except track 3 & 10)'' 
 
 
Track 1 - "Wicked Time" from ''Wicked Time'' released 2000 
Track 2 - "A Shot of You" from ''The Hard Way'' released 1995 
Track 3 - "Dimples" (previously unreleased) 2008 
Track 4 - "Sugar Melts" from ''The Hard Way'' released 1995 
Track 5 - "Turn" from ''Wicked Time'' released 2000 
Track 6 - "The Hard Way" from ''The Hard Way'' released 1995 
Track 7 - "When the Summer Goes" (alternate version) from ''Wicked Time'' released 2000 
Track 8 - "Bound" from ''Strip" released 2003 
Track 9 - "Then God Created Woman" (live recording 2003) from ''The Hard Way'' released 1995 
Track 10 - "The Storm" from ''The Strip'' released 2003 
Track 11 - "Circle 'Round the Sun" (alternate version) from ''Wicked Time'' released 2000 
Track 12 - "Edge of the World" from ''The Hard Way'' released 1995 
Track 13 - "One More Thrill" from ''Wicked Time'' released 2000 
Track 14 - "Charmaine" (previously unreleased) 1984 
Track 15 - "It Tears Me Up" (previously unreleased live demo) 1991

==="The Deep End" (2010 Release)===
Her most recent release is 2009-2010's "The Deep End" which includes duets
with [[Dion DiMucci]], [[Marshall Crenshaw]], and [[Ian Hunter (singer)|Ian Hunter]] along with guest
appearances by: Andy York (the record's producer), [[G. E. Smith]], [[Eric
"Roscoe" Ambel]], [[Levon Helm]], [[Big Al Anderson]], [[Vic Steffens]] (Executive
Producer) and [[Catherine Russell]].<ref>"Ronnie Spector, Christine Ohlman team for Haitian benefit" Newstimes.com, http://www.newstimes.com/entertainment/article/Ronnie-Spector-Christine-Ohlman-team-for-Haitian-428787.php</ref> ''The Rebel Montez'' appear on 9 of the CDs 15 cuts. The CD will be released on HMG Records. It is reported that Ohlman's ''The Cradle Did Rock'' will appear as a bonus cut to the digital reissue of "Get You A Healin'", which will benefit the New Orleans Musicians' Clinic.<ref>SNL's Christine Ohlman To Release New Album This Spring. The Insider, http://www.theinsider.com/news/3165329_SNL_s_Christine_Ohlman_To_Release_New_Album_This_Spring</ref>

==Early work==
On Big Sound Records, she appeared on The Scratch Band LPs "The Scratch Band" (a 6-song EP in the States, later released in Germany on KukKuk Records with 2 additional tracks and on EMI in
the UK with 10 tracks total) and "Rescue". She also appeared on a compilations called "Bionic Gold" released in the UK as "Big Sound For A Small Planet" with labelmates Mick Farren and
others. Ohlman's solo recording career began in 1995 with the release of "The Hard Way" on the Deluge label. The title track of this CD later appeared in the 2008n Lifetime Channel original film
"Sex And Lies In Sin City." "Musical treasures like this don't come along very often" wrote author/musician Cub Koda (1995)-3. Charles M. Young pithily observed "The first thing you notice is her tough, rousing, sexy voice" (1995)-4. 
Ohlman recorded a live version of "The Hard Way" (with additional cuts) at the studios of WPKN in Bridgeport, Connecticut (titled "Radio Queen").

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.christineohlman.com Official website)]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/31/nyregion/music-a-pop-music-lover-gets-to-belt-them-out.html?pagewanted=1 A Pop Music Lover Gets to Belt Them Out (The New York Times)]
*[http://www.newstimes.com/entertainment/article/Ronnie-Spector-Christine-Ohlman-team-for-Haitian-428787.php Ronnie Spector, Christine Ohlman team for Haitian benefit (News Times)]
*[http://www.theinsider.com/news/3165329_SNL_s_Christine_Ohlman_To_Release_New_Album_This_Spring SNL's Christine Ohlman To Release New Album This Spring (The Insider)]
*[http://articles.courant.com/2010-03-30/entertainment/hc-christine-ohlman-cd-reviewmar30_1_christine-ohlman-rebel-montez-rock-n-roll CD Review: "The Deep End" by Christine Ohlman and Rebel Montez (Hartford Courant)]
*[http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2009/11/13/entertainment/doc4afcd033f3bd4553510270.txt With a Rebel yell Christine Ohlman returns (New Haven Register)]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ohlman, Christine
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 9, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohlman, Christine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Saturday Night Live Band members]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Beehive (hairstyle)

2011-11-29T12:12:00Z

Tuttt: /* Later beehive usage */

{{about|the beehive hairstyle||Beehive}}
[[File:WinehouseLA.jpg|thumb|[[Amy Winehouse]] in her signature beehive]]
The '''Beehive''' is a woman's hairstyle that resembles a [[Beehive_(beekeeping)#Skeps|beehive]]; it is elegant and it is also known as the '''B-52''', for its similarity to the bulbous nose of the [[B-52 Stratofortress]] [[bomber]]. It originated as one of a variety of elaborately teased and lacquered versions of "[[big hair]]" that developed from earlier [[pageboy]] and [[bouffant]] styles. It was developed in 1960 by Margaret Vinci Heldt of [[Elmhurst, Illinois]], owner of the Margaret Vinci Coiffures in downtown [[Chicago]], who won the [[National Coiffure Championship]] in 1954, and who had been asked by the editors of ''Modern Beauty Salon'' magazine to design a new hairstyle that would reflect the coming decade.<ref>http://triblocal.com/elmhurst/2010/12/30/beehive-style-lands-elmhurst-woman-a-place-in-fashion-history/</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1343664/Oh-beehive-Meet-woman-created-buzz-inventing-Sixties-hairdo.html Daily Mail: Meet the woman who created a buzz by inventing Sixties hairdo, 03 January 2011]</ref> She originally modelled it on a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]-like hat that she owned. In recognition of her achievement, Cosmetologists Chicago, a trade association with 60,000 members, created a scholarship in Heldt’s name for creativity in hairdressing.<ref>http://triblocal.com/elmhurst/2010/12/30/beehive-style-lands-elmhurst-woman-a-place-in-fashion-history/</ref> The beehive style was popular throughout the 1960s, particularly in the [[United States]] and other Western countries, and remains an enduring symbol of 1960s [[kitsch]].

==The beehive in the 1960s==
*The popular "girl" group, [[The Ronettes]], helped popularize the hairdo. "We came from [[Spanish Harlem]]", recalls the group's veteran lead singer, Veronica "Ronnie" Spector, in a ''Village Voice'' interview. " 'We had high hair anyway.' So the Ronettes made their hair still higher—'We used a lot of [[Aqua Net]]' ".<ref>{{cite journal|date=2077, May 22|accessdate=2011, July 27|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/|title=Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes|work=Village Voice|author=Yaeger, Lynn}}</ref>
* [[Audrey Hepburn]]'s character in ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' (1961) sported a large then-fashionable beehive.
[[File:IBM 403 Accounting Machine.jpg|thumb|Woman with a beehive at work in 1960s.]]
* [[Yeoman]] [[Janice Rand]], from the original 1960s ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' TV series, wore a complex, "futuristic" version of a beehive.
* In the ''[[Flintstones]]'' episode "Fred's New Boss" (season three), Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble get their hair done in gigantic, elaborate beehives at a salon, and the pair drive their car very slowly to protect their hairdos. Unfortunately, their 'dos are destroyed after a fast-moving dinosaur vehicle passes by and blows them down.
* '60s singing icon, [[Dusty Springfield]], was known for her trademark beehive and panda eyes look.

==Later beehive usage==
* The 1976 American television show ''[[Alice (TV series)|Alice]]'' featured a flirtatious waitress named [[Florence Jean Castleberry]], played by [[Polly Holliday]] from Cowtown, Texas. Castleberry wore her red hair in a high beehive trimmed by a waitress visor.
* [[The B-52's]], a [[New Wave music|New Wave]] [[Rock music|rock]] [[Musical ensemble|band]] took their name from the hairstyle which was worn by members [[Cindy Wilson]] and [[Kate Pierson]]. Their music company also plays on the style with the name "Boo-Fant" Records (a parody of bouffant).
* [[Gary Larson]]'s "[[The Far Side]]" series features women who almost exclusively wear the beehive.
* Singer, songwriter, and guitarist [[Chrissie Hynde]] of [[The Pretenders]] portrays an archetypal waitress sporting a beehive in the music video for the group's signature song "[[Brass in Pocket]]".
* From the 1980s on, ''[[Coronation Street]]'' character [[Bet Lynch]] became known for her beehive.
* The 1985 [[Martin Scorsese]] movie ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' features a waitress named Julie who's noted for her beehive hairdo and general interest in other elements of 1960s pop culture.
* [[Marge Simpson]]'s usual hairdo is an extreme, {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}}, blue beehive.
* The hairdo and its later incarnations were featured in [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters']] 1988 [[cult film]], ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)|Hairspray]]''.
* [[Christina Applegate]] in her role as [[Kelly Bundy]] on the TV series [[Married... With Children]] wears her hair in a beehive after taking a job as a diner waitress on the season seven episode ''Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore''.
* British pop singer [[Harriet Wheeler]] of [[The Sundays]] is known for wearing a beehive.
* [[Christina Aguilera]] sported the look at the 2001 [[BET Awards]].
* Patsy ([[Joanna Lumley]]) from the cult British TV series ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' wears her hair almost exclusively in a beehive. In the episode "Fish Farm" she is shown styling her beehive with a fork.
* R&B/jazz singer [[Amy Winehouse]] was often seen sporting her signature beehive hairdo and wigs.
* Ms. Brinks from [[Angela Anaconda]] has a beehive wig and sometimes loses it in the show.
* Lead female characters in [[Saturday's Voyeur]], an ongoing Utah theatrical satire, often wear a beehive, a reference to the beehive on the Utah state seal.
* Performer and lead female vocalist for the [[Saturday Night Live]] Band, [[Christine Ohlman]], has used the beehive as her main trademark, with the stage name "The Beehive Queen."
* TV personality [[Nicole Polizzi|Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi]] of "[[Jersey Shore (TV series)|Jersey Shore]]" often wears a beehive, which she has referred to as a "poof".
* Video Game character [[Bayonetta]] has a beehive hairdo.

==See also==
*[[Bouffant]]
*[[Big hair]]
*[[Hairstyle]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hairstyles]]
[[Category:1960s fashion]]

[[de:Beehive-Frisur]]
[[es:Beehive]]

Daffy Duck Hunt

2011-11-12T08:47:26Z

Tuttt: /* Trivia */

{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon|
| cartoon_name = Daffy Duck Hunt
| series = [[Looney Tunes]]
| image = Daffy_Duck_Hunt_Title.jpg
| caption = Title card of ''Daffy Duck Hunt''
| director = [[Robert McKimson]]
| story_artist = [[Warren Foster]]
| animator = Phil DeLara John Carey Manny Gould Charles McKimson Pete Burness
| voice_actor = [[Mel Blanc]]
| musician = [[Carl Stalling]]
| producer = [[Edward Selzer]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| release_date = {{start date|1949|3|26}}
| color_process = [[Technicolor]]
| runtime = 7 minutes
| movie_language = English
}}
'''''Daffy Duck Hunt''''' is a 1949 [[animated]] [[Warner Bros.]] [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon, directed by [[Robert McKimson]], and starring [[Porky Pig]], [[Daffy Duck]] and [[Barnyard Dawg]]. Porky is hunting duck for dinner, and Daffy has too much fun toying with the pig and his dog.

This marks a rare occasion where Barnyard Dawg does not use his familiar voice and one of four occasions where Barnyard appears in a non-Foghorn Leghorn cartoon.

==Plot==
Porky and the [[Barnyard Dawg]] (from the [[Foghorn Leghorn]] cartoons) are hunting ducks. Daffy sneaks up behind them in a giant fake duck and empties the gunpowder from their shells, then walks off with a silly laugh and the phrase "Duck hunters is the ''cwaziest'' peoples!" (a reference to [[Lew Lehr]]'s [[Fox Movietone News]] catchphrase, "Monkeys is the cwaziest people."). Daffy taunts Porky into shooting at him ("Yoo-hoo, fat boy! Here's your target for tonight!") Porky shoots at Daffy and says, "I got him! I got him!" However, Daffy flies overhead with a banner that reads, "THAT'S WHAT YOU THINK".

Daffy again taunts Porky by breaking out into a [[can-can]] dance and bending over to reveal a [[Bullseye (target)|bulls-eye]] painted on his backside, accompanied with singing. Before bending, the singing ends with "Put down your old bareen and the wine away like water!". Porky shoots at Daffy again, whereupon Daffy pretends to have been shot, but leaves the scene:

:'''Daffy''': ''[Pretending to be hurt]'' Oh! You got me. I'm gone. ''I'm-a gone.'' ''[In high voice]'' Goodbye, now! ''[Runs into bushes]''

Porky sends his dog to get Daffy, and the dog decides to trick Daffy, crying loudly that Porky will torture him if he doesn't come back with a duck. Daffy agrees to let the dog "capture" him, plus pretend he's dead and carry him back to Porky.

Once they get back to Porky's house, Porky throws Daffy in the freezer and goes upstairs for a nap. Once out of sight, Daffy starts knocking on the freezer door to be let out. After a brief fight between his good and bad conscience, the dog lets Daffy out of the freezer. Daffy tries to leave the house---claiming, in a [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non sequitur]], "There's a guy waitin' for me!"---but is blocked by the dog. After making a bunch of noise, Daffy jumps into the dog's mouth just as Porky comes to see what all the noise is about. Upon coming down, Porky thinks the dog is trying to steal the duck for himself, and subsequently beats him. Porky then throws Daffy back in the freezer. The dog now wants to get revenge against Daffy, but Daffy continues to act silly around him (dressed like a [[Super Hero]], wearing mittens and a towel for a [[Cape]], screaming [[1925 serum run to Nome|"What a trip! What a trip! Blizzards all the way! Snow 20 feet deep, but we had to get that serum through! It was mush mush mush all night! Come on! Mush! Mush! Mush! Mush! Mush! Suddenly, the glacier cracks! There's a roar! ''Tons'' of ice! ''No'' escape! Aaaagh!"]], then [[Dry humor|dead-panning]], "How's things been with ''you''?"). When Porky appears, wondering what all the noise is about, Daffy once again jumps into the dog's mouth. A furious Porky once again thinks his dog is stealing Daffy, and pounds him once again. Porky then places Daffy back into the freezer.

Finally, the dog has had enough and grabs an axe to finish Daffy off. After a chase through the house, Porky, finally having enough of the dog's shenanigans, comes in and threatens the dog's life if Daffy isn't in the freezer. Porky opens the freezer, but both are shocked when Daffy, dressed as [[Santa Claus]], jumps out and starts singing "[[Jingle Bells]]". Both Porky and the dog start singing along, until Porky sees that the current month is [[April]]. Porky knocks Daffy down and is ready to use the axe until he sees a stamp on Daffy: "Do not open 'till Xmas." Daffy [[fourth wall|smiles at the camera]] and says, "Christmas—by then, I'll figure a way ''out'' of this mess!" The camera then irises out around Daffy's eye which then closes.

==Trivia==
*This cartoon has also appeared in the film ''[[The Island (2005 film)|The Island]]''.
*The calendar on the wall shows April as having 31 days.

==See also==
*[[List of cartoons featuring Daffy Duck]]
*[[1925 serum run to Nome]]

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041275 '''''Daffy Duck Hunt''''' at IMDb]

[[Category:1949 films|Daffy Duck Hunt]]
[[Category:Looney Tunes shorts|Daffy Duck Hunt]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert McKimson|Daffy Duck Hunt]]

Amy Winehouse

2011-11-09T21:30:44Z

Tuttt: /* Final projects */

{{Redirect|Winehouse|the first coffee house in London|Jamaica Wine House}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amy Winehouse
| image = Amy Winehouse f4962007 crop.jpg
| caption = Amy Winehouse at the [[Eurockéennes]] festival in France (2007)
| alt = Amy Winehouse at the Eurockéennes festival in France (2007)
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Amy Jade Winehouse
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Southgate, London|Southgate]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|7|23|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London, England
| genre = [[Soul music|Soul]], [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]]
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
| years_active = 1993–2011
| label = [[Island Records|Island]], [[Lioness Records|Lioness]], [[Universal Republic]] (U.S.)
| website = {{URL|http://www.amywinehouse.com/}}
}}
'''Amy Jade Winehouse''' (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an [[England|English]] singer-songwriter known for her powerful [[contralto|deep contralto]] vocals<ref name="tragic">[http://www.observer.com/2007/amy-winehouse-next-tragic-talent The New York Observer 14 December 2007: ''Amy Winehouse: The Next Tragic Talent?''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> and her eclectic mix of musical genres including [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]].<ref name="allmusic"/> Winehouse's 2003 debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was critically successful in the UK and was nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. Her 2006 follow-up album, ''[[Back to Black]]'', led to six [[Grammy Award]] nominations and five wins, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made Winehouse the first British female to win five Grammys,<ref name="msnbcGrammy">[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23100297/ns/today-entertainment/t/winehouse-dominates-grammys-wins/ Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins] Msnbc. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref><ref name="brother">Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3359759.ece "Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form"]. ''The Times''.</ref> including three of the "[[List of Grammy Award categories#General Field|Big Four]]": Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

On 14 February 2007, she won a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] for Best British Female Artist; she had also been nominated for Best British Album. She won the [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] three times, one in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (musically and lyrically) for "[[Stronger Than Me]]", one in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]", and one in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]", among other distinctions. The album is the biggest seller of the 2000s in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/24/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-record_n_935431.html |title=Back to Black Becomes UK's biggest seller of 21st century |publisher=Huffington Post |date=24 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse is credited as an influence in the rise in popularity of female musicians and soul music, and also for revitalising British music.

Winehouse was found dead on 23 July 2011, at her home in London.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|last=McKinley|first=James|coauthors=Ravi Somaiya and Julia Werdigier|date=24 July 2011|work=New York Times |accessdate=24 July 2011|location=New York }}</ref><ref name="obituary">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14263839 BBC News website 23 July 2011: ''Obituary: Amy Winehouse''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> On 26 October 2011 a coroner ruled that [[alcohol poisoning]] was the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/26/world/europe/uk-winehouse-inquest/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|title=Inquest: Singer Amy Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's family and friends attended her funeral on 26 July 2011. In August 2011 her album ''Back to Black'' became the UK's best selling album of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787|date=25 August 2011|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's final recording, a duet entitled "Body and Soul" with [[Tony Bennett]], was released on 14 September 2011 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Proceeds from the song will go to the Amy Winehouse Foundation "to support charitable activities in both the UK and abroad that provide help, support or care for young people, especially those who are in need by reason of ill health, disability, ﬁnancial disadvantage or addiction".

==Early life==
Winehouse was born in the [[Southgate, London|Southgate]] area of North London to a [[British Jews|Jewish]] family, with Russian ancestry on her mother's side,<ref>{{cite news|author=Niv Elis|url=http://www.momentmag.com/datetalk/dt_IsAJew.html|title=Surprise! They're Jewish!|work=Moment Magazine|year=2010|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1113763/1911-census-reveals-David-Beckhams-rag-bone-man-ancestor-----lived-house-WW1.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=1911 census reveals David Beckham's rag and bone man ancestor ... and who lived in your house before WW1 | date=13 January 2009 | first1=Fay | last1=Schlesinger | first2=Debra | last2=Killalea}}</ref> who influenced her interest in jazz.<ref name="observer2004">Mulholland, Garry. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/feb/01/popandrock.amywinehouse "Charmed and Dangerous."] ''[[The Observer]]''. 1 February 2004. Retrieved on 28 October 2006.</ref> Winehouse was the daughter of Mitchell "Mitch" Winehouse, a taxi driver, and Janis Winehouse (''née'' Seaton), a pharmacist.<ref name="G obit">{{cite news|author=Caroline Sullivan |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/23/amy-winehouse-obituary |title=obituary |publisher=Guardian |date=2011-07023 |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref> Her grandmother had once been engaged to [[Ronnie Scott]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturecritics/neilmccormick/8657146/Amy-Winehouse-had-talent-to-burn.-Instead-it-burned-her.html Amy Winehouse had talent to burn. Instead, it burned her]''Daily Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, 9:00PM BST 23 Jul 2011</ref> Her brother, Alex, is four years older.<ref name="demons">Eliscu, Jenny. (14 June 2007), [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-diva-and-her-demons-rolling-stones-2007-amy-winehouse-cover-story-20110723 "The Diva and Her Demons."] ''Rolling Stone''. (1028):58–69. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref> Mitch often sang [[Frank Sinatra]] songs to young Amy, who also took to a constant habit of singing to the point that teachers found it difficult keeping her quiet in class.<ref name="mailonline2007">Sanderson, Elizabeth. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-476254/EXCLUSIVE-Amy-Winehouses-mother-explains-feels-powerless-stop-troubled-daughter-s-descent-hell-addiction.html "Amy Winehouse's mother explains why she feels powerless to stop her troubled daughter’s descent into hell of addiction."] ''[[Daily Mail]]''. 18 August 2007. Retrieved on 1 July 2008.</ref> Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sturges|first=Fiona|title=Amy Winehouse: Singer who won the hearts of millions but was unable to overcome her dependency on drink and drugs|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/amy-winehouse-singer-who-won-the-hearts-of-millions-but-was-unable-to-overcome-her-dependency-on-drink-and-drugs-2319847.html|accessdate=28 July 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref>

When Winehouse was nine years old, her grandmother, Cynthia, suggested she attend the [[Susi Earnshaw Theatre School]] for further training.<ref name="RobertSandall">Sandall, Robert. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4383952.ece "Can Amy Winehouse be saved?"] ''The Times''. 27 July 2008.</ref> At age ten, Winehouse founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour with childhood friend Juliette Ashby.<ref name="AskMen">{{cite web |title=Singer of the Week – Amy Winehouse |publisher=AskMen.com |url=http://www.askmen.com/women/singer_300/367_amy_winehouse.html |accessdate=2 September 2008}}</ref> She stayed at the Earnshaw school for four years before seeking full-time training at [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]], but was allegedly expelled at 14 for "not applying herself" and for piercing her nose.<ref name=demons/><ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: The Q interview |first=Henrietta |last=Roussoulis | work=[[The Independent|The Independent on Sunday]] |date=18 January 2004 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/amy-winehouse-the-q-interview-573704.html |accessdate=3 September 2011 |location=London}}</ref> ([[Sylvia Young]] herself has denied this – "She changed schools at 15 – I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy.") <ref>Young, speaking to Adrian Goldberg on Radio 5 Live, 23 July 2011</ref> With other children from the Sylvia Young School, she appeared in an episode of ''[[The Fast Show]]'' in 1997.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0578178|title=The Fast Show Episode #3.2}}</ref> She later attended The Mount School, [[Mill Hill]], the [[BRIT School]] in [[Selhurst]], Croydon, [[Southgate School]] and [[Ashmole School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html|date=23 July 2011|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>Braddock, Kevin. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/fame-academy-the-brit-school-433652.html "Fame Academy: The Brit School."] [[The Independent]] 28 January 2007. Accessed: 17 May 2008.</ref><ref>[http://thegalas.org/content/view/92/46/ "Dan Gillespie "], The Gay & Lesbian Awards, Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Osidge | publisher=Hidden London | url =http://www.hidden-london.com/osidge.html | accessdate =27 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Music career==
===Early career===
After toying with her brother's guitar, Winehouse received her first guitar when she was 13, and began writing music a year later. She began working soon after, including as an entertainment journalist for the [[World Entertainment News Network]], in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.<ref name=demons/><ref name=couchAAA>{{cite web|last=Winehouse|first=Amy|title=On the couch with: Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.accessallareas.net.au/artists/Amy_Winehouse.php|publisher=Access All Areas|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July 2000, she became the featured female vocalist with the [[National Youth Jazz Orchestra]], where her influences included [[Sarah Vaughan]] and [[Dinah Washington]]. <ref>http://londonjazz.blogspot.com/2011/07/amy-winehouse-and-nyjo-photos-and.html</ref> Her boyfriend at the time, soul singer [[Tyler James (English musician)|Tyler James]], sent her demo tape to an [[A&R]] person.<ref name='observer2004'/> Winehouse signed to [[Simon Fuller]]'s 19 Management in 2002. While being developed by the management company, the artist was kept an industry secret.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Darcus_Beese_int.html |title=Interview with Darcus Beese |publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|date=23 Feb 2004 |accessdate=15 Nov 2010}}</ref> Her future A&R representative at Island/Universal, Darcus Beese, heard her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients on which Winehouse featured as vocalist. When he asked who the singer was the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. By this time Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI. Through the publishers she formed a working relationship with the producer [[Salaam Remi]].<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island/Universal as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build, with representatives at EMI and Virgin also starting to make moves. Beese told ''[[HitQuarters]]'' that he felt the reason behind the excitement over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows with audiences becoming starved for genuine young talent.<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s [[girl group]]s.<ref name=Sisario /> Her stylist Alex Foden borrowed her "instantly recognisable" [[Beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] hairdo (a [[hair weave|weave]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Topping, Alexandra|title=Amy Winehouse: private funeral held|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/26/amy-winehouse-private-funeral|date=26 July 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=28 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref name=Hoffman>{{cite news|author=Hoffman, Claire|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>) and she borrowed her [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] makeup from [[The Ronettes]].<ref name=Sisario>{{cite news|author=Sisario, Ben|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Her imitation was so successful, the ''Village Voice'' reports: "[[Ronnie Spector]]—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the ''New York Post'' that she exclaimed, "I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses."<ref>{{cite journal|date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/|title=Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes|work=Village Voice|author=Yaeger, Lynn}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style. Trebay notes: "her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look." Additionally, Trebay observes:
:She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer [[Mari Wilson]], less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god [[Johnny Thunders]]...; to the fierce [[Council house|council-house]] chicks... (see: [[Dior]] and [[Chanel]] runways, 2007 and 2008); to the rat-combed biker [[Gun moll|moll]]s photographed by the Swiss photographer Karlheinz Weinberger in the 1960s; to a lineage of bad girls extending from Cleopatra to [[Louise Brooks]]’s Lulu to [[Salt-n-Pepa]], irresistible man traps who always seem to come to the same unfortunate end.<ref>{{citejournal|date=2011, July 27 | accessdate=2011, July 28 | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Fashion & Style: A Bad Girl With a Touch of Genius |author=Trebay, Guy| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1}}</ref>

===Major label success and ''Frank''===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse 2.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at the [[Bowery Ballroom]], New York City in 2007]]
Winehouse's debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by [[Salaam Remi]], many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two [[cover versions|covers]], every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |title= ''Amy Winehouse: Frank'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071109003537/http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |archivedate=9 November 2007}}. Google.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006.</ref><ref>Lindon, Beccy. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/oct/17/jazz.shopping1 "Amy Winehouse, Frank."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 17 October 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics<ref name="allmusic">Bush, John. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r671986|pure_url=yes}} ''Amy Winehouse Frank Review'']. allmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> and brought comparisons of her voice to [[Sarah Vaughan]],<ref>Boraman, Greg. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/gh9x/ ''Urban Review: Amy Winehouse, Frank'']. BBC.co.uk. 27 November 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> [[Macy Gray]] and others.<ref name="allmusic" />

The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for [[BRIT Awards]] in the categories of "British Female Solo Artist" and "British Urban Act". It went on to achieve [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] sales.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/ |title=''Amy Winehouse (official site)'' |publisher=Amywinehouse.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Later in 2004, she won the [[Ivor Novello Award|Ivor Novello (songwriting) Award]] for Best Contemporary Song, alongside Salaam Remi, with her contribution to the first single, "[[Stronger Than Me]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=ASCAP Members Honored At The Ivors|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/ivors/2004/|work=ASCAP|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> The album also made the short list for the 2004 [[Mercury Music Prize]]. In the same year, she performed at the [[Glastonbury Festival]], the [[V Festival]], the [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]] (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda), and on the Jazzworld stage. After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was "only 80 percent behind [the] album" because of the inclusion by her record label of certain songs and mixes she disliked.<ref name="observer2004" /> Additional singles from the album were "[[Take the Box]]", "[[In My Bed (Amy Winehouse song)|In My Bed]]"/"[[You Sent Me Flying]]" and "[[Fuck Me Pumps|Pumps]]"/"[[Help Yourself (Amy Winehouse song)|Help Yourself]]".

===International success and ''Back to Black''===
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the [[girl groups]] of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer [[Sharon Jones (singer)|Sharon Jones]]'s longtime band, the [[Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings|Dap-Kings]] to back her up in the studio and on tour.<ref>Sisario, Ben. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/29/arts/music/29jone.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "She’s Not Anybody’s Backup Act."] ''New York Times''. 29 September 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> In May 2006, Winehouse's demonstration tracks such as "[[You Know I'm No Good]]" and "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]" appeared on [[Mark Ronson]]'s New York radio show on [[East Village Radio]]. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album was produced entirely by [[Salaam Remi]] and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.<ref>{{cite news|author=Alexandra Topping |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/08/mark-ronson-duran-duran |title=Mark Ronson gets all new romantic with Duran Duran |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 8 June 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref> Promotion of ''Back to Black'' soon began and, in early October 2006, Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.<ref name="official" /> ''[[Back to Black]]'' was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]] numerous times, and entered at number seven on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] in the US. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85 million copies over the course of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Winehouse and Lewis head charts|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm|accessdate=28 July 2011|date=31 December 2007, 14:03 GMT|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{listen
| filename = WinehouseRehab.ogg
| title = "Rehab"
| description = 21-second audio sample from Amy Winehouse's first hit
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Tears Dry on Their Own.ogg

| title2 = "Tears Dry on Their Own"
| description2 = 25-second audio sample from one of the standout tracks on "Back to Black" album
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
| filename3 = Amy Winehouse - Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow.ogg

| title3 = "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow"
| description3 = Originally performed by [[The Shirelles]] in the 1960s, this version slows the tempo down and features a jazz arrangement.
| format3 = [[Ogg]]}}

The album spawned a number of singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced "Rehab". The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.<ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/song/11232 ''Amy Winehouse – Rehab – Music Charts'']. acharts.us. 18 December 2007.</ref> ''Time'' magazine named "Rehab" the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."<ref>Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/top10/article/0,30583,1686204_1686244_1690616,00.html "Top 10 Songs – 50 Top 10 Lists of 2007."] Time.com.</ref> The album's second single and lead single in the US, "You Know I'm No Good", was released in January 2007 with a [[remix]] featuring [[rap]] vocals by [[Ghostface Killah]]. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, "[[Back to Black (song)|Back to Black]]", was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across [[Continental Europe|mainland Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Winehouse – Back To Black|url=http://acharts.us/song/12483|work=ACharts.us|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> "[[Tears Dry on Their Own]]", "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]" and "[[Just Friends (song)|Just Friends]]" were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/performer/amy_winehouse |title=Amy Winehouse |publisher=Acharts.us |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

A deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features [[B-sides]], rare, and live tracks, as well as "Valerie". Winehouse's debut DVD ''[[I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London]]'' was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's [[Shepherds Bush Empire]] and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.<ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071002006224&newsLang=en "Universal Republic Stars, Amy Winehouse and Mika, to Release Special Live DVDs in U.S. 13 November."] Universal Republic Records [[Press release]]. 2 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.<ref>Friskics-Warren, Bill. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/19/AR2007111901581.html "Amy Winehouse: A 'Frank' Assessment."] ''Washington Post'' 20 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Toombs, Mikel. [http://www.seattlepi.com/pop/340642_staycd23.html "Listen Up: Amy Winehouse's 'Frank'."] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.<ref>Harris, Chris. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575221/20071128/jordin_sparks.jhtml "'American Idol' Champ Jordin Sparks Fails To Ignite The Charts, Barely Cracking Billboard Top 10."] MTV.com. 28 November 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref>

In addition to her own album, she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song "[[Valerie (Amy Winehouse song)|Valerie]]" on Ronson's solo album ''[[Version (album)|Version]]''. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. The song was nominated for a 2008 [[Brit Awards|Brit Award]] for "Best British Single".<ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Mark_Ronson_feat_Amy_Winehouse_Valerie-4184 ''Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse – Valerie''.] ilikemusic.com Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.hiphop-elements.com/article/read/4/9792/1/ ''Leona Lewis Does The Chart Double Again'']. Hi-HopElements.com. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Amy_Winehouse_I_Told_You_I_Was_Trouble_Documentary-4205 ''Amy Winehouse – I Told You I Was Trouble – Documentary & Live Concert DVD'']. ilikemusic.com. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> Her work with ex-[[Sugababes|Sugababe]] [[Mutya Buena]], "[[B Boy Baby]]", was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's solo debut album, ''[[Real Girl]]''.<ref>[http://www.egigs.co.uk/index.php?a=12040 ''Brit Awards nominations go pop'']. egigs.co.uk, 14 January 2008.</ref>

===Continued success and acclaim===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse f5104871.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in 2007]]
By year's end, Winehouse had garnered numerous accolades and awards. The singer won [[2008 Grammy Awards]] in the categories of [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] for the single "Rehab", while her album ''Back to Black'' was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and won the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] award.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammys-list,0,430247.htmlstory "Grammy Scorecard."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livedaily.com/news/13646.html |title=The 50th Annual Grammy Awards winners |publisher=Livedaily.com |date=10 February 2008 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Producer Mark Ronson's work with her won the award in the [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]] category.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammy1nom5dec05,0,4331325.htmlstory "Production, Non-Classical; Surround Sound; Production, Classical; Classical; Music Video."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> The singer also earned a Grammy in the [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] category. This earned Winehouse an entry in the 2009 edition of the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/entertainment-catch-all/2008/09/15/now-that-s-entertaining-86908-20737280/ Now That's Entertaining Glasgow Daily Record 15 September 2008]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}.</ref> She performed "You Know I’m No Good" and "Rehab" at the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval came through too late for her to travel to the US. She said "This is for London because Camden town is burning down", in reference to the [[Camden Market]] fire.<ref>Gamboa, Glenn. {{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |title= Amy Winehouse takes home 5 Grammy Awards. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213213543/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |archivedate=13 February 2008}} ''Newsday''. 11 February 2008.</ref> After the Grammy Awards, the album's sales increased catapulting ''Back to Black'' to number two on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 after initially peaking at number seven.<ref>Martens, Todd. [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/extendedplay/2008/02/winehouse-hanco.html "Winehouse, Hancock see post-Grammy bump."] ''Los Angeles Times''. 20 February 2008.</ref> On 13 January 2008, ''Back to Black'' held the number one position on the ''Billboard'' Pan European charts for the third straight week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003696016 "Macdonald Bumps Radiohead From U.K. Album Chart."] Billboard.com. 14 January 2008.</ref> In January 2008, [[Universal Music International]] said it believed that there was a correlation between number of albums sold and the extensive media coverage the singer had received.<ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.gigwise.com/news/40444/amy-winehouses-label-thank-media-frenzy-for-record-sales "Amy Winehouse's Label Thank Media Frenzy For Record Sales."] Gigwise.com. 31 January 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy Winehouse Eurockeennes 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in [[Belfort]], Territoire de Belfort, France on 29 June 2007]] A special deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. The original edition of the album resided at the number 30 position, in its 68th week on the charts, while "Frank" charted at number 35.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/34822 ''Amy Winehouse back on top of UK album chart''.] NME.com. 2 March 2008.</ref> By 12 March, the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies, 318,350 of those in the previous 10 weeks, putting the album on the UK's top 10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35087 ''UK's Top Ten best-selling albums of the 21st century''.] NME.com. 12 March 2008.</ref> On 7 April, ''Back to Black'' was residing at the top position on the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003786425 R.E.M. Earns Eighth U.K. No. 1 Album Billboard.com 7 April 2008].</ref> ''Back to Black'' was the world's seventh biggest selling album for 2008.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/4640295/Coldplay-and-Duffy-among-British-acts-dominating-top-ten-global-albums-of-2008.html Coldplay and Duffy among British acts dominating top ten global albums of 2008 The Telegraph 16 February 2009].</ref> These sales helped keep [[Universal Music|Universal Music's]] recorded music division from dropping to levels experienced by the overall music market.<ref name="BusinessBigShot">[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/executive_movers/article4656420.ece "Business big shot: Amy Winehouse."] ''The Times'', 2 September 2008.</ref>

At the 2008 [[Ivor Novello Awards]], Winehouse became the first artist to receive two nominations for the top award, best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for "Love Is a Losing Game" and was nominated for "You Know I'm No Good".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3987686.ece "Amy Winehouse misses beat for Ivor Novello award."] ''The Times''. 23 May 2008.</ref> "Rehab", a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/22/amywinehouse.awardsandprizes "Novello first for Winehouse."] The Guardian. 22 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was nominated for a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Award]] in the ''Act of The Year'' category.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7640387.stm Beyonce to perform at UK MTV show BBC 28 September 2008].</ref> ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review'', a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, helped her gain success, jazz music experts, as well as music and pop culture specialists.<ref>[http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=18527&sectionId=54 ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good DVD Review'']{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. Underground Online.</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0015WJC2Y ''Amy Winehouse – the Girl Done Good'']. Amazon.co.uk.</ref> A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the "Roots and Influences" area that looked at connections between different artists at the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC]], which opened in December 2008. One thread started with [[Billie Holiday]] continued with [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Mary J. Blige]] and finished with Winehouse.<ref>[http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2008/12/annex_to_clevelands_rocknroll.html "Annex to Cleveland's rock'n'roll shrine opens in Manhattan"]. ''Newark Star Ledger''. 4 December 2008.</ref> In a poll of United States residents conducted for [[VisitBritain]] by Harris Interactive that was released in March 2009, one fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/03/13/Poll_Americans_embrace_UK_music/UPI-72521236999658/ "Poll: Americans embrace U.K. music."] ''United Press International''. 13 March 2009.</ref> Winehouse performed with [[Rhythms del Mundo]] on their cover of the [[Sam Cooke]] song "[[Cupid (Sam Cooke song)|Cupid]]" for an ''Artists Project Earth'' benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhythmsdelmundo.com/classics/ |title=Rhythms Del Mundo Classic |publisher=RhythmsDelmundo.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apeuk.org/ Artist Project Earth Website].</ref>

On the week of July 26, after Winehouse's death, ''Frank'', ''Back To Black'', and the ''Back To Black'' [[extended play|EP]] re-entered the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] at number 57, number 9, and number 152 respectively with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-s-back-to-black-re-enters-1005293782.story</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1668396/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-album-chart-eric-church.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse Back At #4 On Billboard 200 |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2011-08-03 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref> ''Back To Black'' also topped the ''Billboard'' Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best seller at iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Steve Knopper |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on-the-charts-amy-winehouses-sad-return-20110727 |title=On the Charts: Amy Winehouse's Sad Return Rolling Stone 27 July 2011 |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> "Rehab" re-entered and topped the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs|Digital Songs]] chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more [[Music download|digital downloads]].<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-returns-to-top-10-of-billboard-1005294102.story</ref> As of August 2011 "Back to Black" was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in the 21st Century.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787 Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record BBC 25 August 2011]</ref>

===Final projects===
Winehouse and Mark Ronson contributed a cover of [[Lesley Gore]]'s "[[It's My Party (song)|It's My Party]]" to the [[Quincy Jones]] tribute album ''[[Q Soul Bossa Nostra]]'' released 9 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1647392/20100908/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse To Appear On Quincy Jones Tribute Album|work=Mtv |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Winehouse and drummer {{nowraplinks}}[[?uestlove]]{{nowraplinks end}} of [[the Roots]] had agreed to form a group. Winehouse's problems obtaining a visa delayed the still unnamed group from working together. Producer [[Salaam Remi]] had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1642945/20100702/ahmir__uestlove_thompson.jhtml |title=The Roots' ?uestlove Teams Up With Amy Winehouse |work=Mtv |date=2 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> According to a newspaper report, [[Universal Music]] pressed her regarding new material in 2008. According to that same report Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio. It was noted that she had touring obligations during the summer and also that if an album was quickly recorded, it would be at least a year before an album could be released.<ref name="BusinessBigShot"/> In late October, Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.<ref name="3nov">[http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/entertainment/news/music/2008/11/03/amy_winehouses_hospital_leave "Amy Winehouse's hospital leave."] ''Virgin Media''. 3 November 2008.</ref>

During her 2009 stay in [[Saint Lucia]], Winehouse worked on new music with producer [[Salaam Remi]]. [[Universal Island|Island]] claimed that a new album would be due in 2010; Island co-president Darcus Beese said, "I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me".<ref>However the album is yet to be released.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8297718.stm "Amy Winehouse Album due in 2010"], 'BBC News'. 9 October 2009.</ref> In July 2010 Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying "It’s going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really." Mark Ronson said in July 2010 that he had not started to record the album.<ref name="Guardian100716">{{cite news|author=Sean Michaels |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/16/amy-winehouse-new-album-2011 |title=Amy Winehouse promises new album for January 2011 |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 16 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer [[Tony Bennett]] for his latest album, ''[[Duets II (Tony Bennett album)|Duets II]]'', which was released on September 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Lipshutz |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story#/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story |title=Tony Bennett Taps Amy Winehouse for 'Duets II', Due in September |work=Billboard |date=25 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Their single from the album, "Body and Soul," was released on September 14, 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched The Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organizations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from "Body and Soul" will benefit The Amy Winehouse Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/entertainment/la-et-quick-20110805 |title=Amy Winehouse, Tony Bennett duet will fund charity |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=2011-08-05 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref>

When interviewed by [[Jon Stewart]] on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on September 29, 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed Amy:
::was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realize at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end. . . . It was such a sad thing because . . . she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer. . . . She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-29-2011/tony-bennett|title=Tony Bennett on The Daily Show 29 September 2011| accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

Following her death Winehouse's spokesperson said the singer had left behind “plenty” of material but no discussions had taken place in regards to releasing it. It is uncertain how far along she had gotten in the recording process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110728/ENT/110728028/Amy-Winehouse-left-trove-unreleased-music?odyssey=nav%7Chead |title=Amy Winehouse left trove of unreleased music AP published by the Detroit Free Press 28 July 2011 |publisher=Freep.com |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>

On October 31, 2011, it was announced that an album of unreleased material, entitled ''[[Lioness: Hidden Treasures]]'', has been compiled for release on December 5, 2011. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2011/10/31/18901871.html |title=Winehouse's unheard album to be released |publisher=Canoe.ca |date=31 October 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>

==Artistry==
===Influence===
British singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] has credited Winehouse's success in the United States for making her and fellow British singer [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy's]] journey to the United States "a bit smoother".<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20263024,00.html "Adele Recoils from Botched Meeting with Justin."] ''People Magazine''. 5 March 2009.</ref> American singer [[Lady Gaga]] credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts. She appeared to be using a [[metaphor]]ical analogy to explain that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.<ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2009/03/16/lady-gaga-loves-strange-girls-like-amy-winehouse/ "Lady GaGa Loves 'Strange Girls' Like Amy Winehouse."] PopEater. 16 March 2009.</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]], [[Anthony Hamilton (musician)|Anthony Hamilton]], and [[John Legend]] said "Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect".<ref>[http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=OTk4Mzc1MTgx "The revival of soul, 50 years after Motown."] ''Kuwait Times''. 14 March 2009.</ref>

The release of ''[[Back to Black]]'' and the emergence of [[Lily Allen]] has been credited by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as directly creating the market for the media proclaimed "the year of the women" in 2009 which has seen five female artists nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. After the album was released, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by [[VV Brown]], [[Florence and the Machine]], [[La Roux]] and [[Little Boots]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6725104.ece The rise of a new wave of female singers The Sunday Times 26 July 2009].</ref> In February 2010, rapper [[Jay-Z]] credited Winehouse with revitalising British music, saying, "There's a strong push coming out of London right now, which is great. It's been coming ever since I guess Amy (Winehouse). I mean always, but I think Amy, this resurgence was ushered in by Amy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jamieson |first=Natalie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_10050000/newsid_10057900/10057920.stm |title=Jay-Z: 'Music labels must streamline to survive|publisher=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> In March 2011 the ''New York Daily News'' ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying "Amy Winehouse was the [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] moment for all these women," "They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion". According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for ''Billboard'', "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele and Duffy," "Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like [[Eliza Doolittle (singer)|Eliza Doolittle]], [[Rumer (musician)|Rumer]] and [[Ellie Goulding|Ellie]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber |first=Jim |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-03-29/entertainment/29378542_1_rumer-singers-brits |title=British music invasion triggered by Amy Winehouse now includes Eliza Doolittle, Adele, Rumer New York Daily News 29 March 2011 |publisher=Articles.nydailynews.com |date=29 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:AmyWinehouseBerlin2007.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse in Berlin in 2007|alt=Shoulder high portrait of woman in her twenties]]
Winehouse toured in conjunction with the ''Back to Black'' album's release. She performed headlining gigs in September and November 2006, including one of the ''[[Little Noise Sessions]]'' charity concerts at the [[Union Chapel, Islington|Union Chapel]], [[Islington]]. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on [[Jools Holland]]'s [[Hootenanny (UK TV series)|Annual Hootenanny]] and performed a cover of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" along with [[Paul Weller]] and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed [[Toots & the Maytals]]' "Monkey Man". She began a run of another 14 gigs beginning in February 2007. At his request, [[Bruce Willis]] introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 [[MTV Movie Awards]]. Winehouse made awards organizers nervous when she went on a [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] jaunt in the hours before the show.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1612222/20090527/story.jhtml Amy Winehouse Barely Made It To 2007 MTV Movie Awards Performance MTV 27 May 2009].</ref> During the summer of 2007, Winehouse performed at various festivals, including UK's [[Glastonbury Festival]],<ref>Wilkes, Neil. [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a62574/winehouse-camps-in-style-at-glastonbury.html "Winehouse camps in style at Glastonbury."] DigitalSpy 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 25 June 2007.</ref> Chicago's [[Lollapalooza]] festival, [[Rock Werchter]] and [[Baltimore]]'s [[Virgin Festival|Virgin Music Festival]].

Winehouse's tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007, the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the [[National Indoor Arena]] in Birmingham. A music critic for the ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience."<ref>Coleman, Andy. [http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/wow/music/archive/tm_method=full%26objectid=20110830%26siteid=50002-name_page.html "Amy Winehouse Birmingham Show ends in chaos."] ''Birmingham Mail''. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.</ref> Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her [[Hammersmith Apollo]] performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout",<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/32732 "Amy Winehouse fans revolt after shambolic gig."] ''New Musical Express''. 26 November 2007.</ref> until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of 2007, citing doctor advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter [[Live Nation]] blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7115689.stm "Amy Winehouse scraps all concerts."] ''BBC News''. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref>

On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 [[BRIT Awards]], performing "Valerie" with Mark Ronson, followed by "Love Is a Losing Game". She urged the crowd to "make some noise for my Blake."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5VlXm14MZ "Winehouse, McCartney Play at Brit Awards." Associated Press. 20 February 2008].</ref> In Paris, she performed what was described as a "well-executed 40 minute" set at the opening of a [[Fendi]] boutique.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/03/03/Amy_Winehouse_performs_at_Fendi_opening/UPI-79671204553055/ "Amy Winehouse performs at Fendi opening."] ''United Press International''. 3 March 2008.</ref> Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the [[Rock in Rio Lisboa]] festival in Portugal in May 2008.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two [[The Specials|Specials]] covers.<ref name="Rock in Rio">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7428887.stm "Winehouse performs gig in Lisbon."] BBC.co.uk. 31 May 2008.</ref> Winehouse performed at [[Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela's]] 90th Birthday Party concert at London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on the 27 June,<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/28/Winehouse_performs_at_Mandela_concert/UPI-33751214626476/ Winehouse performs at Mandela concert United Press International 28 June 2008].</ref> and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/06/29/bmglasto429.xml Glastonbury: Amy Winehouse seems to scuffle with fan The Telegraph 29 June 2008].</ref> On 12 July at the [[Oxegen Festival]] she performed a well-received 50 minute set<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0712/breaking38.htm "Flawless performance for troubled Winehouse."] ''Irish Times''. 12 July 2008.</ref> which was followed the next day by a 14 song set at [[T in the Park]].<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/38110 "Amy Winehouse makes Blake dedication at T In The Park."] NME.com. 13 July 2008.</ref> On 16 August she played at the [[Staffordshire]] leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the [[Chelmsford]] leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7567238.stm United front for The Verve at V BBC 18 August 2008].</ref> On 6 September she was the headliner at [[Bestival]]. She performed what was described as a polished set which ended with her storming off the stage. Her hour late arrival caused her set to be cut off at the halfway point due to a curfew.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article4698909.ece "Bestival on the Isle of Wight."] ''The Times''. 8 September 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy and zalon.jpg|thumb|left|Amy Winehouse with her band backstage, 16 March 2009]]
In May 2009, Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her hour long set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being "bored" and ended her set by walking off the stage in the middle of a song.<ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2507210.0.0.php Forgotten lyrics, abandoned songs ... Amy Winehouse’s comeback flops Sunday Herald].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8041586.stm Winehouse gig a washout, say fans BBC6 9 May 2009].</ref> To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with [[The Specials]] on their songs "You're Wondering Now" and "[[Ghost Town]]".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8216812.stm Amy Winehouse sings at V festival BBC 23 August 2009].</ref>

In July 2010, she performed "Valerie" with Mark Ronson at a movie premiere. She sang lead but forgot some of the song's lyrics.<ref name=Guardian100716/> In October Winehouse performed a four song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010 Winehouse played a 40 minute concert at a [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]'s party in Moscow. Guests included other Russian tycoons and Russian show business stars. The tycoon hand picked the songs she played.<ref>{{cite news|last=Osborn |first=Andrew |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8214548/Amy-Winehouse-plays-oligarchs-gig-in-Moscow.html |title=Amy Winehouse plays oligarch's gig in Moscow |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

During January 2011, she played five dates in [[Brazil]], with [[opening act]]s of [[Janelle Monáe]] and [[Mayer Hawthorne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/amy-winehouse-announces-oneoff-tour-in-brazil-2139247.html |title=Amy Winehouse announces one-off tour in Brazil The Independent 20 November 2010 |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=20 November 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/celebridades/amy-winehouse-encerra-turne-no-brasil-com-show-vacilante |title=Amy Winehouse encerra turnê no Brasil com show vacilante |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |language=Portuguese |date=16 January 2011 |accessdate=16 January 2011}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in [[Dubai]] following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and "tipsy" during the performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/amy-winehouse/news/257911-amy-winehouse-booed-off-stage |title=Amy Winehouse Booed Off Stage MTV UK 11 February 2011 |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=13 February 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her 12-leg 2011 European tour in [[Belgrade]]. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or – when trying to introduce them – the names of the members of her band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heatworld.com/Entertainment/Music/2011/06/This-Amy-Winehouse-footage-is-shocking |title=Amy Winehouse appears drunk and disoriented on start of her 2011 European tour |publisher=www.heatworld.com |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10733431 |title=Winehouse a staggering flop |work=New Zealand Herald |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref> The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who didn't allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/scena/amy-winehouse-zastitari-su-natjerali-da-izade-pozornicu-clanak-303549 |title=Amy Winehouse zaštitari su natjerali da izađe na pozornicu ||publisher=Večernji list (Croatia) |language=Croatian |date=23 June 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13833366 |title=Amy Winehouse cancels two dates of European tour |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> On 21 June it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her European tour and would be given "as long as it takes" to sort herself out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13859224 |title=Amy Winehouse tour pulled so she can 'sort herself out' |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise guest appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]], who was singing "Mama Said" with [[The Wanted]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bD_6oxyb4rc| title = Amy Winehouse final public appearance|accessdate =23 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

===Club nights===
On 10 July 2008, Winehouse launched her own club night, ''Snakehips at the Monarch'', in the Camden Monarch venue in London. Although billed as a DJ battle between her and another DJ, she stayed behind the decks swaying as another person actually played 1960s music.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/entertainment/newsid_7501000/7501125.stm | title = Amy Winehouse launches DJ night | accessdate =11 July 2008 |work=BBC News | date=11 July 2008 | first=Katy | last=Dartford}}</ref> She appeared at another ''Snakehips'' event at the Monarch on the night of 11 September. After reportedly arriving two hours late, she spun music and played a short acoustic set.<ref name="monarch911">[http://www.gigwise.com/news/46010/amy-winehouse-sparks-new-health-fears-after-wild-night-out Amy Winehouse Sparks New Health Fears After Wild Night Out Gigwise 12 September 2008].</ref>

==Other ventures==
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the [[George Tavern]], a famous London [[East End]] music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23435061-details/Inn+crowd+battle+for+pub/article.do "Inn crowd battle for pub."] ''Evening Standard''. 31 January 2008.</ref> As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of ''Easy Living'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35318 "Amy Winehouse poses for naked photos."] ''NME.com''. 20 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 ''[[Sunday Times]]'' listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7365541.stm ''Amy Winehouse joins rich list''.] BBC News. 24 April 2008.</ref> The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6157097.ece Music millionaires suffer huge losses in Sunday Times Rich List The Times 24 April 2009].</ref> Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 3 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during [[Paris Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4025186.ece|title=Why music stars are playing private parties|work=The Times |location=UK|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Lisa|last=Verrico|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch [[Roman Abramovich]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7452601.stm "Winehouse performs for Abramovich."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 13 June 2008.</ref> Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for "Tears Dry on Their Own" as well as a DVD to the [[British Music Experience]], a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7740078.stm Stars back British music museum BBC 21 November 2008].</ref> The museum, located in [[The O2 (London)|The O2]], opened on 9 March 2009.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/4299213/British-hall-of-fame-to-commemorate-British-talent-including-Beatles-and-The-Who.html "British 'hall of fame' to commemorate British talent including Beatles and The Who." ''The Telegraph''. 20 January 2008].</ref><ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Britain-still-rocking-60-years.5054124.jp Britain still rocking 60 years on as music museum opens The Scotsmen 10 March 2009].</ref>

In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her [[Lioness Records]] is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]]. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/47496 Amy Winehouse announces goddaughter's album details NME 24 September 2009].</ref> Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the television programme ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' on 10 October.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8287854.stm "Amy Winehouse to sing on Strictly".] BBC. 6 October 2009.</ref>

Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by [[Daphne Barak]] titled ''Saving Amy''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laudadio |first=Marisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279960,00.html |title=Amy Winehouse Documentary in the Works |work=People |date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with [[EMI]] to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album ''[[Back to Black]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/winehouse-launches-card-range_1107683 |title=Winehouse launches Card Range |publisher=Contact Music |date=25 June 2009}}</ref>

On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, ''My Daughter Amy'', aired on [[Channel 4]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 4 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

''Saving Amy'' was released as a paperback book in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9781847736703 |title=Saving Amy – Daphne Barak |publisher=Guardian bookshop |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director "We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,” and gave "crucial input on proportion, colour and fit”. The collection consists of "vintage-inspired looks including [[Capri pants]], a [[bowling]] dress, a [[trench coat]], [[pencil skirt]]s, a longline [[Argyle (pattern)|argyle]] sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/maria-pinto-plots-next-chapter-2542491?src=rss/recentstories/20100311#/article/fashion-news/amy-winehouse-teams-with-fred-perry-on-fashion-line-2542540?navSection=fashion-news |title=Amy Winehouse Teams With Fred Perry on Fashion Line |publisher=Wwd.com |date= 11 March 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/10/soul-clothes-amy-winehouse-inspires-a-collection-by-brit-brand-fred-perry.html |title=Soul clothes: Amy Winehouse inspires a collection by Brit brand Fred Perry |publisher=Los Angeles Times – Latimesblogs.latimes.com |date=27 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> At the behest her family three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/olivia-bergin/TMG8688463/The-show-will-go-on-Amy-Winehouse-for-Fred-Perry-range-to-be-released.html |title=The show will go on: Amy Winehouse for Fred Perry range to be released |publisher=Fashion.telegraph.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref>

==Personal life==
With the [[paparazzi]] taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an [[injunction]] against a leading paparazzi agency (Big Pictures) under the [[Protection from Harassment Act 1997]], the resultant court order banning them from following her.<ref name=paparazzi>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/may/01/amy-winehouse-big-pictures-paparazzi-privacy |title=Amy Winehouse wins court ban on paparazzi at her home |work=The Guardian |date=1 May 2009 | location=London | first1=Ben | last1=Dowell | first2=James | last2=Robinson|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the home of her friends and family. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.<ref name=paparazzi />

===Relationships===
Winehouse dated chef-musician [[Alex Clare]] (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on the outs with her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. Clare famously sold his story to the ''[[News of the World]]'', which published it under the headline “Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can’t Beehive in Bed”.<ref>{{cite news | work=The Telegraph |website=Telegraph.co.uk |title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2011, July 23 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work=Now Magazine|website=Nowmagazine.co.uk| title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2007, April 29 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/236914/amy-winehouse-cut-out-my-heart-and-stomped-on-it-says-ex/1/}}</ref>

She married Fielder-Civil (born August 1978), a former video production assistant,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |title= ''Singer Amy Winehouse weds in Miami Beach'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070522100627/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |archivedate=22 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|page=Page 2 of 3|date=2008, July 10|work=Rolling Stone|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723?page=2|author=Hoffman, Claire|accessdate=2011, July 23}}</ref> on 18 May 2007, in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]. Fielder-Civil was a "dropout" of [[Bourne Grammar School]], who moved to London at aged 16 from his native [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=RobertSandall/> In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she was sometimes [[domestic violence|violent]] towards him when she had been drinking, stating "if he says one thing I don't like then I'll chin him".<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? – CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/24/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Amy-Winehouse.php Amy Winehouse bloody, bruised after alleged fight with husband] ''Associated Press''. 24 August 2007.</ref> Equality campaigner [[Glenn Sacks]] criticised Winehouse for "bragging" about abusing her husband, noting how a male abuser would have been "locked up, stigmatised, and vilified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glennsacks.com/blog/?p=886 |title=Blog Archive |publisher=GlennSacks.com |date=9 July 2007 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, citing fears that the two might commit suicide, with Fielder-Civil's father encouraging fans to boycott her music.<ref name="boycott">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6966640.stm ''Fans Urged to boycott Winehouse'']. BBC News. 23 August 2007.</ref> Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced her to [[crack cocaine]] and heroin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20243428,00.html |title=Divorce Drama for Amy Winehouse? |work=People |date=1 December 2008}}</ref> During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that they would cut themselves to ease the pain of [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]].<ref name=RobertSandall/>

From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to [[pervert the course of justice]] as well as a charge of grievous bodily harm with intent.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jun/10/ukcrime.amywinehouse "Crime: Amy Winehouse's husband pleads guilty to GBH and cover-up."] ''The Guardian Unlimited''. 10 June 2008.</ref><ref name="husbandsentencing">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4372922.ece "Winehouse husband must stay in jail, judge rules."] ''The Times'' 21 July 2008.</ref><ref name="Blakereleased">[http://itn.co.uk/news/14444cc4581bc95ffe44348ff625240b.html "Is Winehouse heading back to UK?"]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''ITN''. 27 February 2009.</ref> The incident, in July 2007, involved an assault on a pub landlord that resulted in a broken cheek.<ref name="remanded">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7150811.stm "Winehouse is arrested by police."] BBC.co.uk. 18 December 2007.</ref> According to the prosecution the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to "effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up". The prosecution testified that the money used to pay off the landlord belonged to Winehouse,<ref name="GBH">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4107761.ece "Amy Winehouse husband Blake Fielder-Civil 'used her money to pay off victim'."] ''The Times''. 11 June 2008.</ref> but that Winehouse pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, because she had to attend an awards ceremony.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7448934.stm "Singer absent from 'plot' meeting."] ''BBC News''. 11 June 2008.</ref>

Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor [[Josh Bowman]] on holiday in Saint Lucia in early January 2009, saying she was "in love again, and I don't need drugs."<ref name="lucia">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/12/winehouse.divorce/index.html |title= Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |publisher=CNN |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref> She commented that the "whole marriage was based on doing drugs" and that "for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married."<ref name="lucia"/> On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that "papers have been received" for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amy Winehouse’s husband to file for divorce |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28623391/ |publisher=MSNBC |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE50B55K20090112 |agency=Reuters |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009 | first=Mike | last=Collett-White}}</ref> On 25 February, Blake Fielder-Civil was quoted as saying that he planned to continue divorce proceedings to give himself a drug-free fresh start.<ref name=Blakereleased/> In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, "I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me – that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=37419 "Winehouse 'Won't Let' Husband Divorce Her"], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 24 March 2009.</ref> Uncontested,<ref name="divorce"/> the divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.<ref name="divorce">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8153626.stm |title=Winehouse Divorces Fielder-Civil |publisher=BBC News |date=16 July 2009 |accessdate=16 July 2009}}</ref> Upon his request Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?entry_id=67347 |title=Blake Fielder-Civil received nothing in Amy Winehouse split |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle – Sfgate.com |date=7 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 |first=Laurie |last=Isola}}</ref> She is believed to have been dating director [[Reg Traviss]] shortly before her death.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-dead-Singer-heartbroken-split-Reg-Traviss.html Tragic Amy Winehouse 'heartbroken' over split from Reg Traviss as she dies aged 27] ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref>

===Substance abuse and mental health issues===
Winehouse's battles with [[substance abuse]] were the subject of much media attention. In various interviews, she admitted to having problems with [[self-harm]], depression and [[eating disorder]]s.<ref name=demons/><ref name="bbcprofile">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm "Profile: Amy Winehouse."] BBC.com.  29 August 2007.</ref> In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, violent mood swings and weight loss.<ref name=RobertSandall/> People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of ''Back to Black''.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.<ref name=RobertSandall/> In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an [[drug overdose|overdose]] of heroin, [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|ecstasy]], cocaine, [[ketamine]] and alcohol.<ref name="telegraph1">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/1937076/Amy-Winehouse-bailed-over-drugs-video.html "Amy Winehouse bailed over drugs video."] ''The Telegraph''. 8 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that "I really thought that it was over for me then."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/lat-rev_3_k6eyeonc20080924190121,0,3014589.photo Amy Winehouse was not hospitalized for 'exhaustion'] Los Angeles Times.</ref>
Soon after, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems, he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7296067.stm ''Who'd be a pop star's parent?''] BBC News. 17 March 2008.</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Album Chart Show]]'' on British television, Winehouse said she was [[bipolar disorder|manic depressive]] and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like "an alcoholic in denial".<ref>{{cite news|author=Salahi, Lara|title=Amy Winehouse: Career Shadowed by Addiction|date=25 July 2011|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/w_MindBodyNews/amy-winehouse-career-shadowed-addiction/story?id=14145112|work=ABC News|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> A U.S. reporter writes that Winehouse was a "victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sparber, Max|title=On the death of Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.minnpost.com/maxsparber/2011/07/25/30288/on_the_death_of_amy_winehouse|date=25 July 2011|work=MinnPost}} Her mental illness described also in {{cite news|author=Milloy, Courtland|title=Amy Winehouse another tragic victim of manic depression|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/amy-winehouse-another-tragic-victim-of-manic-depression/2011/07/24/gIQAW3FJXI_story.html|date=24 July 2011|work=The Washington Post}} and {{cite news|author=Satel, Sally|title=Amy Winehouse's Killers|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903999904576470080054135712.html|date=27 July 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref>

On 2 December 2007, images of the singer outside her home in the early morning hours, barefoot and wearing only a bra and jeans, appeared on the internet and in tabloid newspapers. In a statement, her spokesman blamed paparazzi harassment for the incident.<ref>Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3007057.ece "Amy Winehouse seeks help for drug problem after fresh pictures."] ''Times Online''. 6 December 2007.</ref> The spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.<ref>Rubin, Courtney. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20165333,00.html "Amy Winehouse 'Determined' to Attend Grammys."] ''People''. 10 December 2007.</ref> The British tabloid ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'' posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and [[valium]]. Winehouse's father moved in with her,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23101962-5001026,00.html "Amy Winehouse living with her father, under 24 hour watch."] ''The Daily Telegraph''. 24 January 2008.</ref> and [[Island Records]], her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.<ref name=jan24/> In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/International_Buzz/Amy_takes_the_rehab_route/articleshow/2736616.cms "Amy takes the rehab route."] ''Times of India''. 29 January 2008.</ref>

On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the [[Metropolitan Police]],<ref name="jan24">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article3237556.ece "Winehouse may be charged over drugs video."] ''The Times''. 24 January 2008.</ref> who questioned her on 5 February.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/arts/07arts-WINEHOUSEQUE_BRF.html?ref=arts "Winehouse Questioned About Drugs."] ''New York Times''. 7 February 2008.</ref> No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was "doing well" and denied a published report in a British tabloid that consideration was being given to having her return to rehab.<ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/rep_amy_winehouse_not_returning_to_rehab "Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab."] ''US Magazine''. 26 March 2008.</ref> Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.<ref name="novello">Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3788805.ece "Amy Winehouse nominated for three Ivor Novello awards."] ''Timesonline.co.uk.'' 21 March 2008.</ref> By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts have been unsuccessful,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/04/25/bmamycamden525.xml "Amy Winehouse cautioned for assault."] ''The Telegraph''. 26 April 2008.</ref> leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her [[Involuntary commitment#United Kingdom|sectioned]].<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/track/celebrity/view.bg?articleid=1090113&srvc=home&position=also "Papa Winehouse committed to Amy’s care."] ''Boston Herald'' Wire Services. 28 April 2008.</ref> Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.<ref name=monarch911/>

According to Winehouse's physician Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> In an October 2010 interview, Winehouse speaking of her decision to quit drugs said "I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don’t want to do this any more”.<ref name="drugfree">{{cite web|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/10/05/amy-winehouse-unveils-her-fred-perry-designs/?xid=rss-topheadlines |title=Amy Winehouse Unveils Her Fred Perry Designs |publisher=Stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> The physician said that Winehouse was treated with [[Librium]] for [[alcohol withdrawal]] and anxiety, and underwent psychologist and a psychiatrist reviews in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.<ref name=coronorGuardian/>

===Violence and legal difficulties===
In 2006, Winehouse admitted punching a fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? - CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>

In October 2007, Winehouse and her then-husband were arrested in [[Bergen]], Norway for possession of seven grams of [[marijuana]]. The couple were later released and fined 3850 [[Norwegian Krone|kroner]] (around £350).<ref name="summoned">[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article5425837.ece Amy Winehouse is summoned to court over drugs appeal 1 January 2009].</ref> Winehouse first appealed the fines, claiming she was "duped" into confessing,<ref name=summoned/><ref>White, Nicholas. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20168379,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn "Amy Winehouse summoned to appear in court in Norway for drug conviction."] ''People'' magazine. 27 December 2007.</ref> but later dropped the appeal.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/06/arts/AP-EU-Norway-People-Winehouse.html Amy Winehouse Drops Drug Case Appeal in Norway], ''The New York Times'', 6 January 2009.</ref>

On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was [[police caution|cautioned]] after she admitted to police she slapped a 38 year-old man in the face, a "[[common assault]]" offence. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was "in no fit state" to be interviewed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7368560.stm "Winehouse cautioned over assault."] BBC Entertainment. 26 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was arrested on 7 May 2008 on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23663753-10388,00.html Amy Winehouse bailed on drug charges]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. ''NEWS.com.au''. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.<ref name="telegraph1"/><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3892427.ece "Amy Winehouse released after arrest over 'drugs video'."] ''The Times''. 8 May 2008.</ref> The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her with possessing a [[controlled drug]] and allowing her premises to be used for the supply by others of a controlled drug, but she was cleared when the service could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.<ref>[http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/135_08.html "Crown Prosecution Service Press Release."] 14 May 2008.</ref> In reaction to the decision, former police commander John O’Connor said it is an "absolute scandal that nothing could be done" about Winehouse "cocking a snook at the law".<ref name="cocking">[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1164010.ece Amy will not face drug charges] ''The Sun'', 15 May 2008.</ref> Some members of [[British Parliament|Parliament]] also reacted negatively.<ref name="cocking" /><ref>[http://www.topnews.in/light/amy-winehouse-escapes-charges-over-drug-video-210864 "Amy Winehouse escapes charges over drug video."] Asian News International. 15 May 2008.</ref> Two London residents were subsequently charged with [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7482889.stm ''Winehouse drug accused in court.''] BBC News. 1 July 2008.</ref> One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7754095.stm "Jail for Winehouse drug plot man."] ''BBC''. 12 December 2008.</ref>

On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by a woman that Winehouse hit her in the eye at a September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.<ref>{{cite news|author=Compiled by DAVE ITZKOFF |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/music/07arts-WINEHOUSECHA_BRF.html?ref=arts |title="Winehouse Charged With Assaulting Fan." ''The New York Times''. 6 March 2009 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> At the same time, she was reported to have spat at the English socialite [[Pippa Middleton]] and to have headbutted a photographer.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/71993/Winehouse-charged-with-attack/ dailystar.co.uk] dated 7 March 2009 at dailystar.co.uk</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson announced the singer cancelled a scheduled United States [[Coachella Festival]] appearance in "light of current legal issues".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7932675.stm "Winehouse pulls out of Coachella."] BBC. 9 March 2009.</ref> Swearing in under her legal name of Amy Jade Civil, Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse denies assault charge |publisher=[[ITV]] |date=17 March 2009 |accessdate=17 March 2009 |url=http://www.itv.com/News/Articles/Winehouse-denies-assault-charge-618248604.html}}</ref> On 23 July her assault trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with "deliberate and unjustifiable violence" while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. The woman, Sharene Flash, testified that Winehouse "punched me forcefully in my right eye. She used a fist, her right one.” Winehouse testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push Flash away from her because she was scared of Flash. Winehouse cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's "rude" behaviour as reasons for her fear of Flash.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jul/23/amy-winehouse-punched-dancer Amy Winehouse 'punched dancer after photo request The Guardian 23 July 2009].</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6724868.ece "Amy Winehouse: I'm too short to have punched anyone"], ''The Times'', 23 July 2009].</ref> On the 24 July, District Judge [[Timothy Workman]] ruled that Winehouse was not guilty of the charge. Workman cited the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show "the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye".<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse not guilty of assault |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8167205.stm |publisher=BBC |date=24 July 2009 | accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref>

On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested again on charges of common assault, plus another charge of [[Public Order Act 1986|public order offence]]. Winehouse assaulted the front-of-house manager of the [[Milton Keynes Theatre]] after he asked her to move from her seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6966553.ece|title= Amy Winehouse charged over alleged Cinderella panto assault|work=The Times |location=UK|date= 23 December 2009|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Philippe|last=Naughton}}</ref> On 20 January 2010, she admitted common assault and disorderly behaviour. She was given a two-year [[Discharge (sentencing)|conditional discharge]] and ordered to pay [[£]]85 court costs and £100 [[Damages|compensation]] to the man she attacked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1244659/Amy-Winehouse-walks-free-court-admitting-panto-attack.html |title=The day five vodkas turned Amy Winehouse into a panto villain |work=Daily Mail |location=UK |date= 22 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2011 |first1=Paul |last1=Harris |first2=Daniel |last2=Bates}}</ref>

===Respiratory problems===
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage [[emphysema]], instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.<ref name="contra">{{cite news |title=Spokeswoman: Amy Winehouse doesn't have emphysema |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-06-23-amy-winehouse_N.htm |publisher=''[[USA Today]]'' |date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's [[Lung volumes|lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity]] and that she had an [[Cardiac arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]]. Mitch Winehouse said that these problems had been caused by her [[chain smoking]] and crack cocaine use. The singer’s father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking [[crack cocaine]], she would have to wear an [[oxygen mask]] and would eventually die.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/22/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Winehouse.php|title=Singer Amy Winehouse has lung damage and irregular heart beat, says her father|publisher=Associated Press via iht.com|date=22 June 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding "fabulously" to treatment, which included being covered with [[nicotine patches]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7469071.stm "Dad says Winehouse flourishing."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 23 June 2008.</ref> British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but "heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4197311.ece "Amy Winehouse diagnosed with emphysema."] ''The Times''. 23 June 2008.</ref> Norman H. Edelman of the [[American Lung Association]] explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589794/20080623/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title="Amy Winehouse's Father Clarifies Diagnosis, Sort Of: 'She Has A Small Amount Of Emphysema'." |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2008-06-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Photographs of the singer with a cigarette in her mouth, taken 23 June 2008, were widely published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/24/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-20631214325574/ |title=UPI NewsTrack Entertainment News |publisher=UPI.com |date=2008-06-24 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Winehouse was released from [[The London Clinic]] 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at [[Nelson Mandela]]'s 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an [[outpatient]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/01/Winehouse_leaves_London_clinic/UPI-75471214921764/ |title=Winehouse leaves London clinic |publisher=Upi.com |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July, 2008 Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with "some areas of emphysema" and said she is getting herself together by "eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anita |title=Amy Winehouse: I want five kids and to appear on Countdown |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2446305/Amy-Winehouse-I-want-five-kids-and-to-appear-on-Countdown.html |work=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> She also kept a vertical [[tanning bed]] in her apartment.<ref name=Hoffman /> Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008<ref name="OctoberHospital">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27402636/ "Winehouse back in the hospital for more tests."] ''MSNBC''. 27 October 2008.</ref> at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.<ref name=3nov/> She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/25/amy.winehouse.hospital/index.html |title=Amy Winehouse hospitalized for drug reaction |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Amy Winehouse Home 23-July-2011.jpg|thumb|right|Tributes outside Amy Winehouse's home at [[Camden Square]] on the evening of her death on 23 July 2011]]
Winehouse's bodyguard said that he arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she was somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her "laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2am the day of her death. According to the bodyguard at 10AM he observed her lying on her bed and tried to unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard shortly after 3pm he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before leading to a further check in which he concluded she was not breathing and had no pulse. He claimed he subsequently called emergency services <ref name=coronorGuardian/>. At 3:54pm [[British Summer Time|BST]] on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roberts, Randall|title=Soul singer Amy Winehouse found dead in her London home|date=23 July 2011|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/07/amy-winehouse-found-dead-in-her-london-home.html|publisher=Tribune Company|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse post-mortem takes place|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14272032|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Bull |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead-London-flat-drug-overdose.html |title=Amy Winehouse found dead at her London flat after 'drug overdose' | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date= 26 July 2011|accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police]] confirmed that she had died.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead--Found-dead-London-flat.html | title = Amy Winehouse, 27, found dead at her London flat|date=23 July 2011|author=Bull, Sarah|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Associated Newspapers|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14262237|title=Amy Winehouse found dead, aged 27|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |location=London|accessdate=23 July 2011|date=23 July 2011}}</ref> After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse’s residence to pay their respects. [[Forensic science|Forensic]] investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside.

Police recovered two large and one small bottles of vodka from her room<ref name=coronorGuardian/>.

A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of [[death by misadventure|misadventure]]. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's [[blood alcohol content]] was 416 [[milligramme|mg]] per [[decilitre]] at the time of her death, more than five times [[driving under the influence|the legal drink-drive limit]]. According to the coroner "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death."<ref name=coronorGuardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/oct/26/amy-winehouse-verdict-misadventure|title=Amy Winehouse inquest records verdict of misadventure|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15453517|date=26 October 2011|title=Amy Winehouse death: Coroner records misadventure verdict|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Winehouse's record label, [[Universal Republic]], released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/23/amy-winehouse-found-dead-115875-23292089/ |title=Amy Winehouse found dead |work=Daily Mirror |location=UK |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/amy-winehouse/324873-amy-winehouse-found-dead |title=Amy Winehouse Found Dead | Amy Winehouse | News | MTV UK |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including [[U2]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Mutya Buena]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Keisha Buchanan]], [[Rihanna]], [[George Michael]], [[Adele (singer)|Adele]], [[Kelly Clarkson]],<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1667901/amy-winehouse-funeral-in-london.jhtml Amy Winehouse Funeral Held In London] MTV. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> and [[Courtney Love]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Baltin, Steve|title=Courtney Love on Amy Winehouse: 'I'm Gutted'|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/courtney-love-on-amy-winehouse-im-gutted-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref>

Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at [[Jewish cemeteries in London|Edgwarebury Lane cemetery]] in north London.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Family plan private funeral for Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14285327|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend [[Kelly Osbourne]], producer Mark Ronson and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14289084 Singer Amy Winehouse bows out gracefully] BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Her father delivered the eulogy, saying
"Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much."<ref name="TimeFuneral">[http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/26/good-night-my-angel-friends-and-family-gather-for-amy-winehouses-funeral/ 'Good Night, My Angel': Friends and Family Gather for Amy Winehouse's Funeral] Time. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Carole King's "[[So Far Away (Carole King song)|So Far Away]]" closed the service with mourners singing along.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://b96.radio.com/2011/07/26/amy-winehouse-laid-to-rest/ |title=Amy Winehouse Laid To Rest|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=B96 Chicago|unused_data=News}}</ref> She was later [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref name=Marikar>{{cite news|author=Marikar, Sheila|title=Amy Winehouse to Be Cremated Following Emotional Funeral|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/amy-winehouse-funeral-singer-cremated-service/story?id=14154202|date=26 July 2011|work=ABC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> The family planned to sit a two-day [[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]].<ref name=Marikar /> Winehouse's parents intend to set up a foundation in her name, to help those affected by drug addiction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse foundation for addiction planned|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14306472|date=27 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref>

==Controversy==
{{Criticism section|date=July 2011}}
[[File:WinehouseLA.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Knee high portrait of woman in her twenties wearing a short gathered skirt, light gray dress and dark cardigan|Winehouse in 2007]]
Winehouse's [[dichotomous]] public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil proved to be controversial. ''[[The New Statesman]]'' called Winehouse "a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth [[diva]],"<ref name="NS">Rogers, Jude. "Year of the woman". ''New Statesman''. ''135'' (4822):36–38. 11 December 2006.</ref> while ''[[Newsweek]]'' called her "a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control."<ref>Alston, Joshua. "Soul on Ice, And a Twist". ''Newsweek''. '''149''' (11):60. 12 March 2007.</ref> Karen Heller with ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' summarised the maelstrom this way:

{{bquote|She's only 24 with six Grammy nods, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the [[paparazzi]] documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new [[Brigitte Bardot|Bardot]].<ref>Heller, Karen. {{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |title=The ruin of a talent, shrilly told by tabloids |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=12 December 2007 |accessdate=12 December 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080206083621/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |archivedate=6 February 2008}}</ref>}}

By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. Even as Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse "to deal with her problems", he remarked on her talent, saying, "It’s a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it’s her image they use."<ref name=jan24/> Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,<ref>Jones, Steve and Brian Mansfield. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2008-02-11-winehouse-west_N.htm "Winehouse and West: Big night".] ''USA Today''. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://media.www.hofstrachronicle.com/media/storage/paper222/news/2008/02/14/EditorialopEd/Winehouse.Wins.Big-3211858.shtml ''Winehouse wins big – Editorial/Op-Ed'']. Hofstra University Chronicle. 14 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0802/12/sbt.01.html ''Showbiz Tonight: Amy Winehouse Grammys: Rewarded for Bad Behavior?''] CNN.com. 12 February 2008.</ref> including [[Natalie Cole]], who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony. Cole (who battled her own substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975<ref name="cole"/>) remarked, "I think the girl is talented, gifted, but it's not right for her to be able to have her cake and eat it too. She needs to get herself together."<ref name="cole">Sundel, Jenny and Stephen M. Silverman. [http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20173658_20177511,00.html "Natalie Cole: Amy's Wins Send a 'Bad Message'."] ''People''. 11 February 2008.</ref> In an opinion newspaper commentary, [[Antonio Maria Costa]], executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities send a bad message "to others who are vulnerable to addiction" and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through Africa.<ref>Costa, Antonio Maria. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/09/drugstrade.unitednations "Every line of cocaine means a little part of Africa dies."] ''The Observer'' 9 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson called Costa a "ludicrous man" and noted that "Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/09/un.drugs/ |title=''Anti-drugs chief hits out at Winehouse, Moss'' |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=2008-03-09 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Following Winehouse's death [[William Bennett]] a former director of the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy criticised the Grammy Awards nominating committee along similar lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/07/27/bill_bennett_grammys |title=Grammy for Winehouse's 'Rehab' a mistake? by William Bennett for CNN 27 July 2011 |publisher=Salon.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Graeme Pearson, the former head of Scotland's drug enforcement agency, criticised Winehouse and [[Kate Moss]] for making going to rehab a badge of honour, thus giving the false impression that quitting drugs is easy, because many cannot afford to go to clinics.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article3953655.ece "Scots drugs chief says Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse make rehab chic."] ''The Times''. 18 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse became a staple in popularity polls due not to her musical contributions, but her lifestyle. The 2008 [[NME Awards]] nominated Winehouse in the categories of "Villain of the Year", "Best Solo Artist", and "Best Music DVD"; Winehouse won for "Worst Dressed Performer".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3269435.ece "Record seven NME nominations for Arctic Monkeys."] ''The Times''. 29 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34797 |title=Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Winners' list | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date=2008-02-29 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> In its third annual list, ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine named Winehouse the third worst dressed British Woman.<ref>[http://itn.co.uk/news/ed377d9e84536f5fc517dc7dff3101e3.html "Fashion queen Kate back on top."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ITN. 7 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was ranked number two on [[Richard Blackwell|Richard Blackwell's]] 48th annual "Ten Worst Dressed Women" list, behind [[Victoria Beckham]].<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/01/08/Beckham_Winehouse_top_worst-dressed_list/UPI-88931199843175/ "Beckham, Winehouse top worst-dressed list."] ''United Press International''. 8 January 2008.</ref> In an April 2008 poll conducted by [[Sky News]], Winehouse was named the second greatest "ultimate heroine" by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.<ref name="heroine"/> Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrate women like Winehouse who have "a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives” receive recognition.<ref name="heroine">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/42588/amy-winehouse-is-the-uks-ultimate-heroine |title=Amy Winehouse Is The UK's 'Ultimate Heroine' Amongst under 25s Gigwise |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-04-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Winehouse was voted the second most hated personality in the United Kingdom in a poll conducted one month later by ''[[Marketing (magazine)|Marketing]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/43213/heather-mills-voted-most-hated-personality-in-the-united-kingdom |title="Heather Mills Voted Most Hated Personality In The United Kingdom." |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Speaking at a discussion entitled ''Winehouse or White House?: Do we go too big on showbiz news?'' Jeff Zycinski, head of [[BBC Radio Scotland]], said the BBC and media in general were complicit in the destruction of celebrities like Winehouse. He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle does not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie editor of the BBC Radio One program ''[[Newsbeat]]'' replied that "If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young license fee payers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Shepherd |first=Robert |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2008/07/bbc_news_execs_clash_over_celebrity_coverage.html |title=''BBC news execs clash over celebrity coverage'' |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=2008-07-02 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> The British artist [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2007 as saying she found Winehouse "really interesting", saying "I once saw her in the street and she was really out of it, so I guess she is really living it out. I think Amy's thing is feeling really weird about what she does and dealing with that."<ref name="hcmia07">{{Cite news|author=Collins, Hattie |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/18/urban.mia |title=Hattie Collins meets rapper MIA |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=18 August 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011 }}</ref> British singer and songwriter [[Lily Allen]] was quoted in a Scottish newspaper as saying {{bquote|I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.<ref>[http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sos-review/Lily-Allen-interview-Rebuilding-the.4767452.jp Lily Allen interview: Rebuilding the Lily Scotland on Sunday 7 December 2008].</ref>}}

==Artistic impressions==
London's [[Mall Galleries]] opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, entitled ''Excess''. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer [[lying (position)|lying]] on top of a [[wikt:cracked|cracked]] champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.<ref name="Sculpture"/> Another piece, a print entitled "Celebrity 1" by artist Charlotte Suckling, was exhibited in the same exhibition.<ref name="Sculpture">{{cite news|last=Greenwood |first=Richard |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/05/14/bbwinehouse14.xml |title="Amy Winehouse sculpture to go on display." |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2008-05-14 |accessdate=2011-08-18 |location=London}}</ref> A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London [[Madame Tussauds]] on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7521104.stm |title="Winehouse parents reveal waxwork." |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-07-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> A sculpture by Marco Perego, entitled "The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star", that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and [[beat generation|beat]] poet [[William S. Burroughs]] (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife [[Joan Vollmer]]),<ref name="TimesArt">[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5114490.ece Amy Winehouse ‘shot down’ in name of art] The Times. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> was scheduled to go on display in New York’s Half Gallery on 14 November 2008. The sale price for the sculpture is listed at US $100,000. Perego said of the sculpture "Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society." Winehouse’s spokesperson said "It’s a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work."<ref name="TimesArt"/>

==Discography==
{{Main|Amy Winehouse discography}}
;'''Studio albums:'''
* ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Back to Black]]'' (2006)
;'''Compilation albums:'''
* ''[[Lioness: Hidden Treasures]]'' (2011)

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse}}

Among the awards and recognitions for ''Frank'', Winehouse earned an [[Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Contemporary Song ("[[Stronger Than Me]]"),<ref name=Profile>{{cite news|accessdate=1 February 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm|publisher=BBC News |date=29 July 2008|title=Profile: Amy Winehouse}}</ref> a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3497315.stm Brits 2004: The winners] BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''.<ref>Dimery, Robert (2006). ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing</ref> ''Back to Black'' produced numerous nominations, including two from the BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist and Best British Album), six from the [[Grammy Award]]s (including five wins),<ref name="msnbcGrammy"/> four from the Ivor Novello Awards, four from the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], three from the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], three from the [[World Music Awards]], and one each from the [[Mercury Prize]] (Album of the Year) and [[MOBO Awards]] (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations.

==See also==
* [[27 Club]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
;General
{{refbegin|2}}
*Lewis, Pete. [http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/245/amy_winehouse_a_bands_classic_intervie.../ "A Blues & Soul Classic Interview With Amy Winehouse Before 'Rehab'"] ''[[Blues & Soul]]''. April 2004 (reprinted February 2008).
*Anderman, Joan. [http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/12/15/of_course_she_should_go_to_rehab/ "Of course she should go to rehab."] ''[[Boston Globe]]''. 15 December 2007.
*Gould, Lara; Bull, Sarah; & Satherly, Jessica. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-bought-ecstasy-cocaine-ketamine-tragic-death.html#ixzz1T4aRmxl0 "Sordid final hours of a troubled star: Amy Winehouse had 'bought ecstasy, cocaine and ketamine' on the night before tragic death"]. ''Daily Mail''. 24 July 2011.
*Grimwood, Ben. {{cite web |url=http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |title= ''The Year of Amy Winehouse'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080130145159/http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |archivedate=30 January 2008}} CollegeNews.com. 29 November 2007.
*Gundersen, Edna. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-01-28-amy-winehouse_N.htm "Amy Winehouse's sobering transformation could hurt her musical credibility."] ''USA TODAY''. 28 January 2008.
*Hill, Emily. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/31/amywinehouse.popandrock "Amy Winehouse: her own woman."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 31 July 2008
*Pareles, Jon. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/arts/music/24wine.html?ref=music "In Real Time, Amy Winehouse’s Deeper Descent."] ''New York Times'' 24 January 2008.
*Rosen, Jody. [http://www.slate.com/id/2184209/ "Dark Star."] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''. 12 February 2008.
*Smith, Joan. [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/joan-smith-theres-nothing-poetic-about-amys-selfdestruction-854279.html "There's nothing poetic about Amy's self-destruction"] ''[[The Independent]]''. 26 June 2008.
*The Smoking Gun. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/backstage/divas/amy-winehouse-0 BACKSTAGE RIDER: Divas: Amy Winehouse] 12 May 2006.
*Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1706755,00.html "Trouble Woman."] ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]''. 24 January 2008.
*Vernon, Polly [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/amy-winehouse-interview-1110 Amy Winehouse: Unplugged] ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' October 2010
*{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Perry |coauthors=Stephen M. Silverman |title=Amy Winehouse Was at Death's Door, Says Dad |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20253618,00.html |work=People |date=20 January 2009}}
*[http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/07/30/amy-winehouse-s-dad-mitch-says-he-faked-a-heart-attack-to-try-and-get-his-daugher-off-heroin-115875-21557173/ July 2009 Mitch Winehouse interview with ''Daily Mirror'' covering a variety of her personal issues]
{{refend}}
;Books
{{refbegin}}
*[[Daphne Barak|Barak, Daphne]]. ''Saving Amy''. [[New Holland Publishers]], 25 January 2010. ISBN 9781847736703
*Johnstone, Nick. ''Amy Amy Amy: The Amy Winehouse Story''. [[Omnibus Press]], 1 April 2008. ISBN 9780825636028.
*[[Chas Newkey-Burden|Newkey-Burden, Chas]]. ''Amy Winehouse: The Biography''. [[John Blake Publishing]], 7 April 2008. ISBN 1844545636.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikiquote|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikinews|Singer Amy Winehouse dies at age 27}}
*{{Official website|http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/}}
* [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=amy-winehouse-p612371/biography|pure_url=yes}} Amy Winehouse] at the [[All Music Guide]]
*{{Guardiantopic|music/amywinehouse}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/amy_winehouse/index.html Amy Winehouse] collected news and commentary at ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html New York Times fashion retrospective]
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/amy-winehouse-remembered-20110723 Slide Show] at ''Rolling Stone''
* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%40islandrecords+%22amy+winehouse%22 Videos] at Island Records on YouTube
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbVp09E1LRg Official Video Of Amy Winehouse performing 'Back To Black' Live and Acoustic at SXSW]

{{Amy Winehouse}}
{{Grammy Award for Best New Artist}}
{{Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2000s}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1990–2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Winehouse, Amy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Winehouse, Amy Jade
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English singer and songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH = 23 July 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH = London, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Winehouse, Amy}}
[[Category:Amy Winehouse]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School]]
[[Category:Blue-eyed soul singers]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:British people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by alcohol poisoning]]
[[Category:English contraltos]]
[[Category:English female guitarists]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:English jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:English jazz singers]]
[[Category:English Jews]]
[[Category:English people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:English people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:English rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:English soul singers]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
[[Category:Jazz-blues musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
[[Category:Neo soul singers]]
[[Category:People educated at the BRIT School]]
[[Category:People from Camden (district)]]
[[Category:People from Southgate, London]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers]]
[[Category:Republic Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Torch singers]]
[[Category:Vocal jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Women in jazz]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]

[[af:Amy Winehouse]]
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Amy Winehouse

2011-11-09T21:28:49Z

Tuttt: /* Final projects */

{{Redirect|Winehouse|the first coffee house in London|Jamaica Wine House}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amy Winehouse
| image = Amy Winehouse f4962007 crop.jpg
| caption = Amy Winehouse at the [[Eurockéennes]] festival in France (2007)
| alt = Amy Winehouse at the Eurockéennes festival in France (2007)
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Amy Jade Winehouse
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Southgate, London|Southgate]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|7|23|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London, England
| genre = [[Soul music|Soul]], [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]]
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
| years_active = 1993–2011
| label = [[Island Records|Island]], [[Lioness Records|Lioness]], [[Universal Republic]] (U.S.)
| website = {{URL|http://www.amywinehouse.com/}}
}}
'''Amy Jade Winehouse''' (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an [[England|English]] singer-songwriter known for her powerful [[contralto|deep contralto]] vocals<ref name="tragic">[http://www.observer.com/2007/amy-winehouse-next-tragic-talent The New York Observer 14 December 2007: ''Amy Winehouse: The Next Tragic Talent?''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> and her eclectic mix of musical genres including [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]].<ref name="allmusic"/> Winehouse's 2003 debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was critically successful in the UK and was nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. Her 2006 follow-up album, ''[[Back to Black]]'', led to six [[Grammy Award]] nominations and five wins, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made Winehouse the first British female to win five Grammys,<ref name="msnbcGrammy">[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23100297/ns/today-entertainment/t/winehouse-dominates-grammys-wins/ Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins] Msnbc. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref><ref name="brother">Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3359759.ece "Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form"]. ''The Times''.</ref> including three of the "[[List of Grammy Award categories#General Field|Big Four]]": Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

On 14 February 2007, she won a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] for Best British Female Artist; she had also been nominated for Best British Album. She won the [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] three times, one in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (musically and lyrically) for "[[Stronger Than Me]]", one in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]", and one in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]", among other distinctions. The album is the biggest seller of the 2000s in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/24/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-record_n_935431.html |title=Back to Black Becomes UK's biggest seller of 21st century |publisher=Huffington Post |date=24 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse is credited as an influence in the rise in popularity of female musicians and soul music, and also for revitalising British music.

Winehouse was found dead on 23 July 2011, at her home in London.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|last=McKinley|first=James|coauthors=Ravi Somaiya and Julia Werdigier|date=24 July 2011|work=New York Times |accessdate=24 July 2011|location=New York }}</ref><ref name="obituary">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14263839 BBC News website 23 July 2011: ''Obituary: Amy Winehouse''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> On 26 October 2011 a coroner ruled that [[alcohol poisoning]] was the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/26/world/europe/uk-winehouse-inquest/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|title=Inquest: Singer Amy Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's family and friends attended her funeral on 26 July 2011. In August 2011 her album ''Back to Black'' became the UK's best selling album of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787|date=25 August 2011|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's final recording, a duet entitled "Body and Soul" with [[Tony Bennett]], was released on 14 September 2011 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Proceeds from the song will go to the Amy Winehouse Foundation "to support charitable activities in both the UK and abroad that provide help, support or care for young people, especially those who are in need by reason of ill health, disability, ﬁnancial disadvantage or addiction".

==Early life==
Winehouse was born in the [[Southgate, London|Southgate]] area of North London to a [[British Jews|Jewish]] family, with Russian ancestry on her mother's side,<ref>{{cite news|author=Niv Elis|url=http://www.momentmag.com/datetalk/dt_IsAJew.html|title=Surprise! They're Jewish!|work=Moment Magazine|year=2010|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1113763/1911-census-reveals-David-Beckhams-rag-bone-man-ancestor-----lived-house-WW1.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=1911 census reveals David Beckham's rag and bone man ancestor ... and who lived in your house before WW1 | date=13 January 2009 | first1=Fay | last1=Schlesinger | first2=Debra | last2=Killalea}}</ref> who influenced her interest in jazz.<ref name="observer2004">Mulholland, Garry. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/feb/01/popandrock.amywinehouse "Charmed and Dangerous."] ''[[The Observer]]''. 1 February 2004. Retrieved on 28 October 2006.</ref> Winehouse was the daughter of Mitchell "Mitch" Winehouse, a taxi driver, and Janis Winehouse (''née'' Seaton), a pharmacist.<ref name="G obit">{{cite news|author=Caroline Sullivan |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/23/amy-winehouse-obituary |title=obituary |publisher=Guardian |date=2011-07023 |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref> Her grandmother had once been engaged to [[Ronnie Scott]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturecritics/neilmccormick/8657146/Amy-Winehouse-had-talent-to-burn.-Instead-it-burned-her.html Amy Winehouse had talent to burn. Instead, it burned her]''Daily Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, 9:00PM BST 23 Jul 2011</ref> Her brother, Alex, is four years older.<ref name="demons">Eliscu, Jenny. (14 June 2007), [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-diva-and-her-demons-rolling-stones-2007-amy-winehouse-cover-story-20110723 "The Diva and Her Demons."] ''Rolling Stone''. (1028):58–69. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref> Mitch often sang [[Frank Sinatra]] songs to young Amy, who also took to a constant habit of singing to the point that teachers found it difficult keeping her quiet in class.<ref name="mailonline2007">Sanderson, Elizabeth. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-476254/EXCLUSIVE-Amy-Winehouses-mother-explains-feels-powerless-stop-troubled-daughter-s-descent-hell-addiction.html "Amy Winehouse's mother explains why she feels powerless to stop her troubled daughter’s descent into hell of addiction."] ''[[Daily Mail]]''. 18 August 2007. Retrieved on 1 July 2008.</ref> Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sturges|first=Fiona|title=Amy Winehouse: Singer who won the hearts of millions but was unable to overcome her dependency on drink and drugs|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/amy-winehouse-singer-who-won-the-hearts-of-millions-but-was-unable-to-overcome-her-dependency-on-drink-and-drugs-2319847.html|accessdate=28 July 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref>

When Winehouse was nine years old, her grandmother, Cynthia, suggested she attend the [[Susi Earnshaw Theatre School]] for further training.<ref name="RobertSandall">Sandall, Robert. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4383952.ece "Can Amy Winehouse be saved?"] ''The Times''. 27 July 2008.</ref> At age ten, Winehouse founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour with childhood friend Juliette Ashby.<ref name="AskMen">{{cite web |title=Singer of the Week – Amy Winehouse |publisher=AskMen.com |url=http://www.askmen.com/women/singer_300/367_amy_winehouse.html |accessdate=2 September 2008}}</ref> She stayed at the Earnshaw school for four years before seeking full-time training at [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]], but was allegedly expelled at 14 for "not applying herself" and for piercing her nose.<ref name=demons/><ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: The Q interview |first=Henrietta |last=Roussoulis | work=[[The Independent|The Independent on Sunday]] |date=18 January 2004 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/amy-winehouse-the-q-interview-573704.html |accessdate=3 September 2011 |location=London}}</ref> ([[Sylvia Young]] herself has denied this – "She changed schools at 15 – I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy.") <ref>Young, speaking to Adrian Goldberg on Radio 5 Live, 23 July 2011</ref> With other children from the Sylvia Young School, she appeared in an episode of ''[[The Fast Show]]'' in 1997.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0578178|title=The Fast Show Episode #3.2}}</ref> She later attended The Mount School, [[Mill Hill]], the [[BRIT School]] in [[Selhurst]], Croydon, [[Southgate School]] and [[Ashmole School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html|date=23 July 2011|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>Braddock, Kevin. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/fame-academy-the-brit-school-433652.html "Fame Academy: The Brit School."] [[The Independent]] 28 January 2007. Accessed: 17 May 2008.</ref><ref>[http://thegalas.org/content/view/92/46/ "Dan Gillespie "], The Gay & Lesbian Awards, Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Osidge | publisher=Hidden London | url =http://www.hidden-london.com/osidge.html | accessdate =27 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Music career==
===Early career===
After toying with her brother's guitar, Winehouse received her first guitar when she was 13, and began writing music a year later. She began working soon after, including as an entertainment journalist for the [[World Entertainment News Network]], in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.<ref name=demons/><ref name=couchAAA>{{cite web|last=Winehouse|first=Amy|title=On the couch with: Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.accessallareas.net.au/artists/Amy_Winehouse.php|publisher=Access All Areas|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July 2000, she became the featured female vocalist with the [[National Youth Jazz Orchestra]], where her influences included [[Sarah Vaughan]] and [[Dinah Washington]]. <ref>http://londonjazz.blogspot.com/2011/07/amy-winehouse-and-nyjo-photos-and.html</ref> Her boyfriend at the time, soul singer [[Tyler James (English musician)|Tyler James]], sent her demo tape to an [[A&R]] person.<ref name='observer2004'/> Winehouse signed to [[Simon Fuller]]'s 19 Management in 2002. While being developed by the management company, the artist was kept an industry secret.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Darcus_Beese_int.html |title=Interview with Darcus Beese |publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|date=23 Feb 2004 |accessdate=15 Nov 2010}}</ref> Her future A&R representative at Island/Universal, Darcus Beese, heard her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients on which Winehouse featured as vocalist. When he asked who the singer was the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. By this time Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI. Through the publishers she formed a working relationship with the producer [[Salaam Remi]].<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island/Universal as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build, with representatives at EMI and Virgin also starting to make moves. Beese told ''[[HitQuarters]]'' that he felt the reason behind the excitement over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows with audiences becoming starved for genuine young talent.<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s [[girl group]]s.<ref name=Sisario /> Her stylist Alex Foden borrowed her "instantly recognisable" [[Beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] hairdo (a [[hair weave|weave]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Topping, Alexandra|title=Amy Winehouse: private funeral held|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/26/amy-winehouse-private-funeral|date=26 July 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=28 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref name=Hoffman>{{cite news|author=Hoffman, Claire|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>) and she borrowed her [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] makeup from [[The Ronettes]].<ref name=Sisario>{{cite news|author=Sisario, Ben|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Her imitation was so successful, the ''Village Voice'' reports: "[[Ronnie Spector]]—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the ''New York Post'' that she exclaimed, "I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses."<ref>{{cite journal|date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/|title=Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes|work=Village Voice|author=Yaeger, Lynn}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style. Trebay notes: "her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look." Additionally, Trebay observes:
:She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer [[Mari Wilson]], less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god [[Johnny Thunders]]...; to the fierce [[Council house|council-house]] chicks... (see: [[Dior]] and [[Chanel]] runways, 2007 and 2008); to the rat-combed biker [[Gun moll|moll]]s photographed by the Swiss photographer Karlheinz Weinberger in the 1960s; to a lineage of bad girls extending from Cleopatra to [[Louise Brooks]]’s Lulu to [[Salt-n-Pepa]], irresistible man traps who always seem to come to the same unfortunate end.<ref>{{citejournal|date=2011, July 27 | accessdate=2011, July 28 | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Fashion & Style: A Bad Girl With a Touch of Genius |author=Trebay, Guy| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1}}</ref>

===Major label success and ''Frank''===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse 2.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at the [[Bowery Ballroom]], New York City in 2007]]
Winehouse's debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by [[Salaam Remi]], many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two [[cover versions|covers]], every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |title= ''Amy Winehouse: Frank'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071109003537/http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |archivedate=9 November 2007}}. Google.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006.</ref><ref>Lindon, Beccy. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/oct/17/jazz.shopping1 "Amy Winehouse, Frank."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 17 October 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics<ref name="allmusic">Bush, John. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r671986|pure_url=yes}} ''Amy Winehouse Frank Review'']. allmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> and brought comparisons of her voice to [[Sarah Vaughan]],<ref>Boraman, Greg. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/gh9x/ ''Urban Review: Amy Winehouse, Frank'']. BBC.co.uk. 27 November 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> [[Macy Gray]] and others.<ref name="allmusic" />

The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for [[BRIT Awards]] in the categories of "British Female Solo Artist" and "British Urban Act". It went on to achieve [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] sales.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/ |title=''Amy Winehouse (official site)'' |publisher=Amywinehouse.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Later in 2004, she won the [[Ivor Novello Award|Ivor Novello (songwriting) Award]] for Best Contemporary Song, alongside Salaam Remi, with her contribution to the first single, "[[Stronger Than Me]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=ASCAP Members Honored At The Ivors|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/ivors/2004/|work=ASCAP|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> The album also made the short list for the 2004 [[Mercury Music Prize]]. In the same year, she performed at the [[Glastonbury Festival]], the [[V Festival]], the [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]] (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda), and on the Jazzworld stage. After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was "only 80 percent behind [the] album" because of the inclusion by her record label of certain songs and mixes she disliked.<ref name="observer2004" /> Additional singles from the album were "[[Take the Box]]", "[[In My Bed (Amy Winehouse song)|In My Bed]]"/"[[You Sent Me Flying]]" and "[[Fuck Me Pumps|Pumps]]"/"[[Help Yourself (Amy Winehouse song)|Help Yourself]]".

===International success and ''Back to Black''===
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the [[girl groups]] of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer [[Sharon Jones (singer)|Sharon Jones]]'s longtime band, the [[Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings|Dap-Kings]] to back her up in the studio and on tour.<ref>Sisario, Ben. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/29/arts/music/29jone.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "She’s Not Anybody’s Backup Act."] ''New York Times''. 29 September 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> In May 2006, Winehouse's demonstration tracks such as "[[You Know I'm No Good]]" and "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]" appeared on [[Mark Ronson]]'s New York radio show on [[East Village Radio]]. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album was produced entirely by [[Salaam Remi]] and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.<ref>{{cite news|author=Alexandra Topping |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/08/mark-ronson-duran-duran |title=Mark Ronson gets all new romantic with Duran Duran |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 8 June 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref> Promotion of ''Back to Black'' soon began and, in early October 2006, Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.<ref name="official" /> ''[[Back to Black]]'' was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]] numerous times, and entered at number seven on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] in the US. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85 million copies over the course of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Winehouse and Lewis head charts|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm|accessdate=28 July 2011|date=31 December 2007, 14:03 GMT|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{listen
| filename = WinehouseRehab.ogg
| title = "Rehab"
| description = 21-second audio sample from Amy Winehouse's first hit
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Tears Dry on Their Own.ogg

| title2 = "Tears Dry on Their Own"
| description2 = 25-second audio sample from one of the standout tracks on "Back to Black" album
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
| filename3 = Amy Winehouse - Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow.ogg

| title3 = "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow"
| description3 = Originally performed by [[The Shirelles]] in the 1960s, this version slows the tempo down and features a jazz arrangement.
| format3 = [[Ogg]]}}

The album spawned a number of singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced "Rehab". The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.<ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/song/11232 ''Amy Winehouse – Rehab – Music Charts'']. acharts.us. 18 December 2007.</ref> ''Time'' magazine named "Rehab" the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."<ref>Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/top10/article/0,30583,1686204_1686244_1690616,00.html "Top 10 Songs – 50 Top 10 Lists of 2007."] Time.com.</ref> The album's second single and lead single in the US, "You Know I'm No Good", was released in January 2007 with a [[remix]] featuring [[rap]] vocals by [[Ghostface Killah]]. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, "[[Back to Black (song)|Back to Black]]", was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across [[Continental Europe|mainland Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Winehouse – Back To Black|url=http://acharts.us/song/12483|work=ACharts.us|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> "[[Tears Dry on Their Own]]", "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]" and "[[Just Friends (song)|Just Friends]]" were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/performer/amy_winehouse |title=Amy Winehouse |publisher=Acharts.us |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

A deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features [[B-sides]], rare, and live tracks, as well as "Valerie". Winehouse's debut DVD ''[[I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London]]'' was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's [[Shepherds Bush Empire]] and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.<ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071002006224&newsLang=en "Universal Republic Stars, Amy Winehouse and Mika, to Release Special Live DVDs in U.S. 13 November."] Universal Republic Records [[Press release]]. 2 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.<ref>Friskics-Warren, Bill. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/19/AR2007111901581.html "Amy Winehouse: A 'Frank' Assessment."] ''Washington Post'' 20 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Toombs, Mikel. [http://www.seattlepi.com/pop/340642_staycd23.html "Listen Up: Amy Winehouse's 'Frank'."] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.<ref>Harris, Chris. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575221/20071128/jordin_sparks.jhtml "'American Idol' Champ Jordin Sparks Fails To Ignite The Charts, Barely Cracking Billboard Top 10."] MTV.com. 28 November 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref>

In addition to her own album, she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song "[[Valerie (Amy Winehouse song)|Valerie]]" on Ronson's solo album ''[[Version (album)|Version]]''. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. The song was nominated for a 2008 [[Brit Awards|Brit Award]] for "Best British Single".<ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Mark_Ronson_feat_Amy_Winehouse_Valerie-4184 ''Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse – Valerie''.] ilikemusic.com Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.hiphop-elements.com/article/read/4/9792/1/ ''Leona Lewis Does The Chart Double Again'']. Hi-HopElements.com. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Amy_Winehouse_I_Told_You_I_Was_Trouble_Documentary-4205 ''Amy Winehouse – I Told You I Was Trouble – Documentary & Live Concert DVD'']. ilikemusic.com. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> Her work with ex-[[Sugababes|Sugababe]] [[Mutya Buena]], "[[B Boy Baby]]", was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's solo debut album, ''[[Real Girl]]''.<ref>[http://www.egigs.co.uk/index.php?a=12040 ''Brit Awards nominations go pop'']. egigs.co.uk, 14 January 2008.</ref>

===Continued success and acclaim===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse f5104871.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in 2007]]
By year's end, Winehouse had garnered numerous accolades and awards. The singer won [[2008 Grammy Awards]] in the categories of [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] for the single "Rehab", while her album ''Back to Black'' was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and won the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] award.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammys-list,0,430247.htmlstory "Grammy Scorecard."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livedaily.com/news/13646.html |title=The 50th Annual Grammy Awards winners |publisher=Livedaily.com |date=10 February 2008 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Producer Mark Ronson's work with her won the award in the [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]] category.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammy1nom5dec05,0,4331325.htmlstory "Production, Non-Classical; Surround Sound; Production, Classical; Classical; Music Video."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> The singer also earned a Grammy in the [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] category. This earned Winehouse an entry in the 2009 edition of the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/entertainment-catch-all/2008/09/15/now-that-s-entertaining-86908-20737280/ Now That's Entertaining Glasgow Daily Record 15 September 2008]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}.</ref> She performed "You Know I’m No Good" and "Rehab" at the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval came through too late for her to travel to the US. She said "This is for London because Camden town is burning down", in reference to the [[Camden Market]] fire.<ref>Gamboa, Glenn. {{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |title= Amy Winehouse takes home 5 Grammy Awards. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213213543/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |archivedate=13 February 2008}} ''Newsday''. 11 February 2008.</ref> After the Grammy Awards, the album's sales increased catapulting ''Back to Black'' to number two on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 after initially peaking at number seven.<ref>Martens, Todd. [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/extendedplay/2008/02/winehouse-hanco.html "Winehouse, Hancock see post-Grammy bump."] ''Los Angeles Times''. 20 February 2008.</ref> On 13 January 2008, ''Back to Black'' held the number one position on the ''Billboard'' Pan European charts for the third straight week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003696016 "Macdonald Bumps Radiohead From U.K. Album Chart."] Billboard.com. 14 January 2008.</ref> In January 2008, [[Universal Music International]] said it believed that there was a correlation between number of albums sold and the extensive media coverage the singer had received.<ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.gigwise.com/news/40444/amy-winehouses-label-thank-media-frenzy-for-record-sales "Amy Winehouse's Label Thank Media Frenzy For Record Sales."] Gigwise.com. 31 January 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy Winehouse Eurockeennes 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in [[Belfort]], Territoire de Belfort, France on 29 June 2007]] A special deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. The original edition of the album resided at the number 30 position, in its 68th week on the charts, while "Frank" charted at number 35.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/34822 ''Amy Winehouse back on top of UK album chart''.] NME.com. 2 March 2008.</ref> By 12 March, the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies, 318,350 of those in the previous 10 weeks, putting the album on the UK's top 10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35087 ''UK's Top Ten best-selling albums of the 21st century''.] NME.com. 12 March 2008.</ref> On 7 April, ''Back to Black'' was residing at the top position on the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003786425 R.E.M. Earns Eighth U.K. No. 1 Album Billboard.com 7 April 2008].</ref> ''Back to Black'' was the world's seventh biggest selling album for 2008.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/4640295/Coldplay-and-Duffy-among-British-acts-dominating-top-ten-global-albums-of-2008.html Coldplay and Duffy among British acts dominating top ten global albums of 2008 The Telegraph 16 February 2009].</ref> These sales helped keep [[Universal Music|Universal Music's]] recorded music division from dropping to levels experienced by the overall music market.<ref name="BusinessBigShot">[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/executive_movers/article4656420.ece "Business big shot: Amy Winehouse."] ''The Times'', 2 September 2008.</ref>

At the 2008 [[Ivor Novello Awards]], Winehouse became the first artist to receive two nominations for the top award, best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for "Love Is a Losing Game" and was nominated for "You Know I'm No Good".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3987686.ece "Amy Winehouse misses beat for Ivor Novello award."] ''The Times''. 23 May 2008.</ref> "Rehab", a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/22/amywinehouse.awardsandprizes "Novello first for Winehouse."] The Guardian. 22 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was nominated for a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Award]] in the ''Act of The Year'' category.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7640387.stm Beyonce to perform at UK MTV show BBC 28 September 2008].</ref> ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review'', a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, helped her gain success, jazz music experts, as well as music and pop culture specialists.<ref>[http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=18527&sectionId=54 ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good DVD Review'']{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. Underground Online.</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0015WJC2Y ''Amy Winehouse – the Girl Done Good'']. Amazon.co.uk.</ref> A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the "Roots and Influences" area that looked at connections between different artists at the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC]], which opened in December 2008. One thread started with [[Billie Holiday]] continued with [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Mary J. Blige]] and finished with Winehouse.<ref>[http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2008/12/annex_to_clevelands_rocknroll.html "Annex to Cleveland's rock'n'roll shrine opens in Manhattan"]. ''Newark Star Ledger''. 4 December 2008.</ref> In a poll of United States residents conducted for [[VisitBritain]] by Harris Interactive that was released in March 2009, one fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/03/13/Poll_Americans_embrace_UK_music/UPI-72521236999658/ "Poll: Americans embrace U.K. music."] ''United Press International''. 13 March 2009.</ref> Winehouse performed with [[Rhythms del Mundo]] on their cover of the [[Sam Cooke]] song "[[Cupid (Sam Cooke song)|Cupid]]" for an ''Artists Project Earth'' benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhythmsdelmundo.com/classics/ |title=Rhythms Del Mundo Classic |publisher=RhythmsDelmundo.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apeuk.org/ Artist Project Earth Website].</ref>

On the week of July 26, after Winehouse's death, ''Frank'', ''Back To Black'', and the ''Back To Black'' [[extended play|EP]] re-entered the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] at number 57, number 9, and number 152 respectively with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-s-back-to-black-re-enters-1005293782.story</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1668396/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-album-chart-eric-church.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse Back At #4 On Billboard 200 |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2011-08-03 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref> ''Back To Black'' also topped the ''Billboard'' Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best seller at iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Steve Knopper |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on-the-charts-amy-winehouses-sad-return-20110727 |title=On the Charts: Amy Winehouse's Sad Return Rolling Stone 27 July 2011 |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> "Rehab" re-entered and topped the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs|Digital Songs]] chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more [[Music download|digital downloads]].<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-returns-to-top-10-of-billboard-1005294102.story</ref> As of August 2011 "Back to Black" was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in the 21st Century.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787 Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record BBC 25 August 2011]</ref>

===Final projects===
Winehouse and Mark Ronson contributed a cover of [[Lesley Gore]]'s "[[It's My Party (song)|It's My Party]]" to the [[Quincy Jones]] tribute album ''[[Q Soul Bossa Nostra]]'' released 9 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1647392/20100908/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse To Appear On Quincy Jones Tribute Album|work=Mtv |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Winehouse and drummer {{nowraplinks}}[[?uestlove]]{{nowraplinks end}} of [[the Roots]] had agreed to form a group. Winehouse's problems obtaining a visa delayed the still unnamed group from working together. Producer [[Salaam Remi]] had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1642945/20100702/ahmir__uestlove_thompson.jhtml |title=The Roots' ?uestlove Teams Up With Amy Winehouse |work=Mtv |date=2 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> According to a newspaper report, [[Universal Music]] pressed her regarding new material in 2008. According to that same report Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio. It was noted that she had touring obligations during the summer and also that if an album was quickly recorded, it would be at least a year before an album could be released.<ref name="BusinessBigShot"/> In late October, Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.<ref name="3nov">[http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/entertainment/news/music/2008/11/03/amy_winehouses_hospital_leave "Amy Winehouse's hospital leave."] ''Virgin Media''. 3 November 2008.</ref>

During her 2009 stay in [[Saint Lucia]], Winehouse worked on new music with producer [[Salaam Remi]]. [[Universal Island|Island]] claimed that a new album would be due in 2010; Island co-president Darcus Beese said, "I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me".<ref>However the album is yet to be released.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8297718.stm "Amy Winehouse Album due in 2010"], 'BBC News'. 9 October 2009.</ref> In July 2010 Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying "It’s going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really." Mark Ronson said in July 2010 that he had not started to record the album.<ref name="Guardian100716">{{cite news|author=Sean Michaels |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/16/amy-winehouse-new-album-2011 |title=Amy Winehouse promises new album for January 2011 |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 16 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer [[Tony Bennett]] for his latest album, ''[[Duets II (Tony Bennett album)|Duets II]]'', which was released on September 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Lipshutz |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story#/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story |title=Tony Bennett Taps Amy Winehouse for 'Duets II', Due in September |work=Billboard |date=25 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Their single from the album, "Body and Soul," was released on September 14, 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched The Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organizations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from "Body and Soul" will benefit The Amy Winehouse Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/entertainment/la-et-quick-20110805 |title=Amy Winehouse, Tony Bennett duet will fund charity |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=2011-08-05 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref>

When interviewed by [[Jon Stewart]] on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on September 29, 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed Amy:
::was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realize at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end. . . . It was such a sad thing because . . . she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer. . . . She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-29-2011/tony-bennett|title=Tony Bennett on The Daily Show 29 September 2011| accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

Following her death Winehouse's spokesperson said the singer had left behind “plenty” of material but no discussions had taken place in regards to releasing it. It is uncertain how far along she had gotten in the recording process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110728/ENT/110728028/Amy-Winehouse-left-trove-unreleased-music?odyssey=nav%7Chead |title=Amy Winehouse left trove of unreleased music AP published by the Detroit Free Press 28 July 2011 |publisher=Freep.com |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>

On October 31, 2011, it was announced that an album of unreleased material, entitled ''[[Lioness, Hidden Treasures]]'', has been compiled for release on December 5, 2011. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2011/10/31/18901871.html |title=Winehouse's unheard album to be released |publisher=Canoe.ca |date=31 October 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>

==Artistry==
===Influence===
British singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] has credited Winehouse's success in the United States for making her and fellow British singer [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy's]] journey to the United States "a bit smoother".<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20263024,00.html "Adele Recoils from Botched Meeting with Justin."] ''People Magazine''. 5 March 2009.</ref> American singer [[Lady Gaga]] credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts. She appeared to be using a [[metaphor]]ical analogy to explain that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.<ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2009/03/16/lady-gaga-loves-strange-girls-like-amy-winehouse/ "Lady GaGa Loves 'Strange Girls' Like Amy Winehouse."] PopEater. 16 March 2009.</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]], [[Anthony Hamilton (musician)|Anthony Hamilton]], and [[John Legend]] said "Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect".<ref>[http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=OTk4Mzc1MTgx "The revival of soul, 50 years after Motown."] ''Kuwait Times''. 14 March 2009.</ref>

The release of ''[[Back to Black]]'' and the emergence of [[Lily Allen]] has been credited by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as directly creating the market for the media proclaimed "the year of the women" in 2009 which has seen five female artists nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. After the album was released, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by [[VV Brown]], [[Florence and the Machine]], [[La Roux]] and [[Little Boots]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6725104.ece The rise of a new wave of female singers The Sunday Times 26 July 2009].</ref> In February 2010, rapper [[Jay-Z]] credited Winehouse with revitalising British music, saying, "There's a strong push coming out of London right now, which is great. It's been coming ever since I guess Amy (Winehouse). I mean always, but I think Amy, this resurgence was ushered in by Amy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jamieson |first=Natalie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_10050000/newsid_10057900/10057920.stm |title=Jay-Z: 'Music labels must streamline to survive|publisher=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> In March 2011 the ''New York Daily News'' ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying "Amy Winehouse was the [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] moment for all these women," "They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion". According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for ''Billboard'', "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele and Duffy," "Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like [[Eliza Doolittle (singer)|Eliza Doolittle]], [[Rumer (musician)|Rumer]] and [[Ellie Goulding|Ellie]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber |first=Jim |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-03-29/entertainment/29378542_1_rumer-singers-brits |title=British music invasion triggered by Amy Winehouse now includes Eliza Doolittle, Adele, Rumer New York Daily News 29 March 2011 |publisher=Articles.nydailynews.com |date=29 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:AmyWinehouseBerlin2007.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse in Berlin in 2007|alt=Shoulder high portrait of woman in her twenties]]
Winehouse toured in conjunction with the ''Back to Black'' album's release. She performed headlining gigs in September and November 2006, including one of the ''[[Little Noise Sessions]]'' charity concerts at the [[Union Chapel, Islington|Union Chapel]], [[Islington]]. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on [[Jools Holland]]'s [[Hootenanny (UK TV series)|Annual Hootenanny]] and performed a cover of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" along with [[Paul Weller]] and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed [[Toots & the Maytals]]' "Monkey Man". She began a run of another 14 gigs beginning in February 2007. At his request, [[Bruce Willis]] introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 [[MTV Movie Awards]]. Winehouse made awards organizers nervous when she went on a [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] jaunt in the hours before the show.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1612222/20090527/story.jhtml Amy Winehouse Barely Made It To 2007 MTV Movie Awards Performance MTV 27 May 2009].</ref> During the summer of 2007, Winehouse performed at various festivals, including UK's [[Glastonbury Festival]],<ref>Wilkes, Neil. [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a62574/winehouse-camps-in-style-at-glastonbury.html "Winehouse camps in style at Glastonbury."] DigitalSpy 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 25 June 2007.</ref> Chicago's [[Lollapalooza]] festival, [[Rock Werchter]] and [[Baltimore]]'s [[Virgin Festival|Virgin Music Festival]].

Winehouse's tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007, the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the [[National Indoor Arena]] in Birmingham. A music critic for the ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience."<ref>Coleman, Andy. [http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/wow/music/archive/tm_method=full%26objectid=20110830%26siteid=50002-name_page.html "Amy Winehouse Birmingham Show ends in chaos."] ''Birmingham Mail''. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.</ref> Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her [[Hammersmith Apollo]] performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout",<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/32732 "Amy Winehouse fans revolt after shambolic gig."] ''New Musical Express''. 26 November 2007.</ref> until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of 2007, citing doctor advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter [[Live Nation]] blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7115689.stm "Amy Winehouse scraps all concerts."] ''BBC News''. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref>

On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 [[BRIT Awards]], performing "Valerie" with Mark Ronson, followed by "Love Is a Losing Game". She urged the crowd to "make some noise for my Blake."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5VlXm14MZ "Winehouse, McCartney Play at Brit Awards." Associated Press. 20 February 2008].</ref> In Paris, she performed what was described as a "well-executed 40 minute" set at the opening of a [[Fendi]] boutique.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/03/03/Amy_Winehouse_performs_at_Fendi_opening/UPI-79671204553055/ "Amy Winehouse performs at Fendi opening."] ''United Press International''. 3 March 2008.</ref> Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the [[Rock in Rio Lisboa]] festival in Portugal in May 2008.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two [[The Specials|Specials]] covers.<ref name="Rock in Rio">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7428887.stm "Winehouse performs gig in Lisbon."] BBC.co.uk. 31 May 2008.</ref> Winehouse performed at [[Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela's]] 90th Birthday Party concert at London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on the 27 June,<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/28/Winehouse_performs_at_Mandela_concert/UPI-33751214626476/ Winehouse performs at Mandela concert United Press International 28 June 2008].</ref> and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/06/29/bmglasto429.xml Glastonbury: Amy Winehouse seems to scuffle with fan The Telegraph 29 June 2008].</ref> On 12 July at the [[Oxegen Festival]] she performed a well-received 50 minute set<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0712/breaking38.htm "Flawless performance for troubled Winehouse."] ''Irish Times''. 12 July 2008.</ref> which was followed the next day by a 14 song set at [[T in the Park]].<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/38110 "Amy Winehouse makes Blake dedication at T In The Park."] NME.com. 13 July 2008.</ref> On 16 August she played at the [[Staffordshire]] leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the [[Chelmsford]] leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7567238.stm United front for The Verve at V BBC 18 August 2008].</ref> On 6 September she was the headliner at [[Bestival]]. She performed what was described as a polished set which ended with her storming off the stage. Her hour late arrival caused her set to be cut off at the halfway point due to a curfew.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article4698909.ece "Bestival on the Isle of Wight."] ''The Times''. 8 September 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy and zalon.jpg|thumb|left|Amy Winehouse with her band backstage, 16 March 2009]]
In May 2009, Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her hour long set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being "bored" and ended her set by walking off the stage in the middle of a song.<ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2507210.0.0.php Forgotten lyrics, abandoned songs ... Amy Winehouse’s comeback flops Sunday Herald].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8041586.stm Winehouse gig a washout, say fans BBC6 9 May 2009].</ref> To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with [[The Specials]] on their songs "You're Wondering Now" and "[[Ghost Town]]".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8216812.stm Amy Winehouse sings at V festival BBC 23 August 2009].</ref>

In July 2010, she performed "Valerie" with Mark Ronson at a movie premiere. She sang lead but forgot some of the song's lyrics.<ref name=Guardian100716/> In October Winehouse performed a four song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010 Winehouse played a 40 minute concert at a [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]'s party in Moscow. Guests included other Russian tycoons and Russian show business stars. The tycoon hand picked the songs she played.<ref>{{cite news|last=Osborn |first=Andrew |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8214548/Amy-Winehouse-plays-oligarchs-gig-in-Moscow.html |title=Amy Winehouse plays oligarch's gig in Moscow |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

During January 2011, she played five dates in [[Brazil]], with [[opening act]]s of [[Janelle Monáe]] and [[Mayer Hawthorne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/amy-winehouse-announces-oneoff-tour-in-brazil-2139247.html |title=Amy Winehouse announces one-off tour in Brazil The Independent 20 November 2010 |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=20 November 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/celebridades/amy-winehouse-encerra-turne-no-brasil-com-show-vacilante |title=Amy Winehouse encerra turnê no Brasil com show vacilante |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |language=Portuguese |date=16 January 2011 |accessdate=16 January 2011}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in [[Dubai]] following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and "tipsy" during the performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/amy-winehouse/news/257911-amy-winehouse-booed-off-stage |title=Amy Winehouse Booed Off Stage MTV UK 11 February 2011 |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=13 February 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her 12-leg 2011 European tour in [[Belgrade]]. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or – when trying to introduce them – the names of the members of her band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heatworld.com/Entertainment/Music/2011/06/This-Amy-Winehouse-footage-is-shocking |title=Amy Winehouse appears drunk and disoriented on start of her 2011 European tour |publisher=www.heatworld.com |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10733431 |title=Winehouse a staggering flop |work=New Zealand Herald |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref> The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who didn't allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/scena/amy-winehouse-zastitari-su-natjerali-da-izade-pozornicu-clanak-303549 |title=Amy Winehouse zaštitari su natjerali da izađe na pozornicu ||publisher=Večernji list (Croatia) |language=Croatian |date=23 June 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13833366 |title=Amy Winehouse cancels two dates of European tour |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> On 21 June it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her European tour and would be given "as long as it takes" to sort herself out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13859224 |title=Amy Winehouse tour pulled so she can 'sort herself out' |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise guest appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]], who was singing "Mama Said" with [[The Wanted]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bD_6oxyb4rc| title = Amy Winehouse final public appearance|accessdate =23 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

===Club nights===
On 10 July 2008, Winehouse launched her own club night, ''Snakehips at the Monarch'', in the Camden Monarch venue in London. Although billed as a DJ battle between her and another DJ, she stayed behind the decks swaying as another person actually played 1960s music.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/entertainment/newsid_7501000/7501125.stm | title = Amy Winehouse launches DJ night | accessdate =11 July 2008 |work=BBC News | date=11 July 2008 | first=Katy | last=Dartford}}</ref> She appeared at another ''Snakehips'' event at the Monarch on the night of 11 September. After reportedly arriving two hours late, she spun music and played a short acoustic set.<ref name="monarch911">[http://www.gigwise.com/news/46010/amy-winehouse-sparks-new-health-fears-after-wild-night-out Amy Winehouse Sparks New Health Fears After Wild Night Out Gigwise 12 September 2008].</ref>

==Other ventures==
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the [[George Tavern]], a famous London [[East End]] music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23435061-details/Inn+crowd+battle+for+pub/article.do "Inn crowd battle for pub."] ''Evening Standard''. 31 January 2008.</ref> As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of ''Easy Living'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35318 "Amy Winehouse poses for naked photos."] ''NME.com''. 20 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 ''[[Sunday Times]]'' listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7365541.stm ''Amy Winehouse joins rich list''.] BBC News. 24 April 2008.</ref> The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6157097.ece Music millionaires suffer huge losses in Sunday Times Rich List The Times 24 April 2009].</ref> Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 3 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during [[Paris Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4025186.ece|title=Why music stars are playing private parties|work=The Times |location=UK|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Lisa|last=Verrico|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch [[Roman Abramovich]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7452601.stm "Winehouse performs for Abramovich."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 13 June 2008.</ref> Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for "Tears Dry on Their Own" as well as a DVD to the [[British Music Experience]], a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7740078.stm Stars back British music museum BBC 21 November 2008].</ref> The museum, located in [[The O2 (London)|The O2]], opened on 9 March 2009.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/4299213/British-hall-of-fame-to-commemorate-British-talent-including-Beatles-and-The-Who.html "British 'hall of fame' to commemorate British talent including Beatles and The Who." ''The Telegraph''. 20 January 2008].</ref><ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Britain-still-rocking-60-years.5054124.jp Britain still rocking 60 years on as music museum opens The Scotsmen 10 March 2009].</ref>

In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her [[Lioness Records]] is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]]. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/47496 Amy Winehouse announces goddaughter's album details NME 24 September 2009].</ref> Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the television programme ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' on 10 October.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8287854.stm "Amy Winehouse to sing on Strictly".] BBC. 6 October 2009.</ref>

Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by [[Daphne Barak]] titled ''Saving Amy''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laudadio |first=Marisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279960,00.html |title=Amy Winehouse Documentary in the Works |work=People |date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with [[EMI]] to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album ''[[Back to Black]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/winehouse-launches-card-range_1107683 |title=Winehouse launches Card Range |publisher=Contact Music |date=25 June 2009}}</ref>

On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, ''My Daughter Amy'', aired on [[Channel 4]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 4 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

''Saving Amy'' was released as a paperback book in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9781847736703 |title=Saving Amy – Daphne Barak |publisher=Guardian bookshop |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director "We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,” and gave "crucial input on proportion, colour and fit”. The collection consists of "vintage-inspired looks including [[Capri pants]], a [[bowling]] dress, a [[trench coat]], [[pencil skirt]]s, a longline [[Argyle (pattern)|argyle]] sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/maria-pinto-plots-next-chapter-2542491?src=rss/recentstories/20100311#/article/fashion-news/amy-winehouse-teams-with-fred-perry-on-fashion-line-2542540?navSection=fashion-news |title=Amy Winehouse Teams With Fred Perry on Fashion Line |publisher=Wwd.com |date= 11 March 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/10/soul-clothes-amy-winehouse-inspires-a-collection-by-brit-brand-fred-perry.html |title=Soul clothes: Amy Winehouse inspires a collection by Brit brand Fred Perry |publisher=Los Angeles Times – Latimesblogs.latimes.com |date=27 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> At the behest her family three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/olivia-bergin/TMG8688463/The-show-will-go-on-Amy-Winehouse-for-Fred-Perry-range-to-be-released.html |title=The show will go on: Amy Winehouse for Fred Perry range to be released |publisher=Fashion.telegraph.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref>

==Personal life==
With the [[paparazzi]] taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an [[injunction]] against a leading paparazzi agency (Big Pictures) under the [[Protection from Harassment Act 1997]], the resultant court order banning them from following her.<ref name=paparazzi>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/may/01/amy-winehouse-big-pictures-paparazzi-privacy |title=Amy Winehouse wins court ban on paparazzi at her home |work=The Guardian |date=1 May 2009 | location=London | first1=Ben | last1=Dowell | first2=James | last2=Robinson|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the home of her friends and family. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.<ref name=paparazzi />

===Relationships===
Winehouse dated chef-musician [[Alex Clare]] (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on the outs with her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. Clare famously sold his story to the ''[[News of the World]]'', which published it under the headline “Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can’t Beehive in Bed”.<ref>{{cite news | work=The Telegraph |website=Telegraph.co.uk |title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2011, July 23 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work=Now Magazine|website=Nowmagazine.co.uk| title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2007, April 29 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/236914/amy-winehouse-cut-out-my-heart-and-stomped-on-it-says-ex/1/}}</ref>

She married Fielder-Civil (born August 1978), a former video production assistant,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |title= ''Singer Amy Winehouse weds in Miami Beach'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070522100627/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |archivedate=22 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|page=Page 2 of 3|date=2008, July 10|work=Rolling Stone|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723?page=2|author=Hoffman, Claire|accessdate=2011, July 23}}</ref> on 18 May 2007, in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]. Fielder-Civil was a "dropout" of [[Bourne Grammar School]], who moved to London at aged 16 from his native [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=RobertSandall/> In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she was sometimes [[domestic violence|violent]] towards him when she had been drinking, stating "if he says one thing I don't like then I'll chin him".<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? – CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/24/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Amy-Winehouse.php Amy Winehouse bloody, bruised after alleged fight with husband] ''Associated Press''. 24 August 2007.</ref> Equality campaigner [[Glenn Sacks]] criticised Winehouse for "bragging" about abusing her husband, noting how a male abuser would have been "locked up, stigmatised, and vilified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glennsacks.com/blog/?p=886 |title=Blog Archive |publisher=GlennSacks.com |date=9 July 2007 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, citing fears that the two might commit suicide, with Fielder-Civil's father encouraging fans to boycott her music.<ref name="boycott">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6966640.stm ''Fans Urged to boycott Winehouse'']. BBC News. 23 August 2007.</ref> Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced her to [[crack cocaine]] and heroin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20243428,00.html |title=Divorce Drama for Amy Winehouse? |work=People |date=1 December 2008}}</ref> During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that they would cut themselves to ease the pain of [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]].<ref name=RobertSandall/>

From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to [[pervert the course of justice]] as well as a charge of grievous bodily harm with intent.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jun/10/ukcrime.amywinehouse "Crime: Amy Winehouse's husband pleads guilty to GBH and cover-up."] ''The Guardian Unlimited''. 10 June 2008.</ref><ref name="husbandsentencing">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4372922.ece "Winehouse husband must stay in jail, judge rules."] ''The Times'' 21 July 2008.</ref><ref name="Blakereleased">[http://itn.co.uk/news/14444cc4581bc95ffe44348ff625240b.html "Is Winehouse heading back to UK?"]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''ITN''. 27 February 2009.</ref> The incident, in July 2007, involved an assault on a pub landlord that resulted in a broken cheek.<ref name="remanded">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7150811.stm "Winehouse is arrested by police."] BBC.co.uk. 18 December 2007.</ref> According to the prosecution the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to "effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up". The prosecution testified that the money used to pay off the landlord belonged to Winehouse,<ref name="GBH">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4107761.ece "Amy Winehouse husband Blake Fielder-Civil 'used her money to pay off victim'."] ''The Times''. 11 June 2008.</ref> but that Winehouse pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, because she had to attend an awards ceremony.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7448934.stm "Singer absent from 'plot' meeting."] ''BBC News''. 11 June 2008.</ref>

Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor [[Josh Bowman]] on holiday in Saint Lucia in early January 2009, saying she was "in love again, and I don't need drugs."<ref name="lucia">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/12/winehouse.divorce/index.html |title= Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |publisher=CNN |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref> She commented that the "whole marriage was based on doing drugs" and that "for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married."<ref name="lucia"/> On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that "papers have been received" for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amy Winehouse’s husband to file for divorce |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28623391/ |publisher=MSNBC |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE50B55K20090112 |agency=Reuters |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009 | first=Mike | last=Collett-White}}</ref> On 25 February, Blake Fielder-Civil was quoted as saying that he planned to continue divorce proceedings to give himself a drug-free fresh start.<ref name=Blakereleased/> In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, "I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me – that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=37419 "Winehouse 'Won't Let' Husband Divorce Her"], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 24 March 2009.</ref> Uncontested,<ref name="divorce"/> the divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.<ref name="divorce">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8153626.stm |title=Winehouse Divorces Fielder-Civil |publisher=BBC News |date=16 July 2009 |accessdate=16 July 2009}}</ref> Upon his request Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?entry_id=67347 |title=Blake Fielder-Civil received nothing in Amy Winehouse split |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle – Sfgate.com |date=7 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 |first=Laurie |last=Isola}}</ref> She is believed to have been dating director [[Reg Traviss]] shortly before her death.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-dead-Singer-heartbroken-split-Reg-Traviss.html Tragic Amy Winehouse 'heartbroken' over split from Reg Traviss as she dies aged 27] ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref>

===Substance abuse and mental health issues===
Winehouse's battles with [[substance abuse]] were the subject of much media attention. In various interviews, she admitted to having problems with [[self-harm]], depression and [[eating disorder]]s.<ref name=demons/><ref name="bbcprofile">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm "Profile: Amy Winehouse."] BBC.com.  29 August 2007.</ref> In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, violent mood swings and weight loss.<ref name=RobertSandall/> People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of ''Back to Black''.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.<ref name=RobertSandall/> In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an [[drug overdose|overdose]] of heroin, [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|ecstasy]], cocaine, [[ketamine]] and alcohol.<ref name="telegraph1">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/1937076/Amy-Winehouse-bailed-over-drugs-video.html "Amy Winehouse bailed over drugs video."] ''The Telegraph''. 8 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that "I really thought that it was over for me then."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/lat-rev_3_k6eyeonc20080924190121,0,3014589.photo Amy Winehouse was not hospitalized for 'exhaustion'] Los Angeles Times.</ref>
Soon after, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems, he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7296067.stm ''Who'd be a pop star's parent?''] BBC News. 17 March 2008.</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Album Chart Show]]'' on British television, Winehouse said she was [[bipolar disorder|manic depressive]] and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like "an alcoholic in denial".<ref>{{cite news|author=Salahi, Lara|title=Amy Winehouse: Career Shadowed by Addiction|date=25 July 2011|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/w_MindBodyNews/amy-winehouse-career-shadowed-addiction/story?id=14145112|work=ABC News|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> A U.S. reporter writes that Winehouse was a "victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sparber, Max|title=On the death of Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.minnpost.com/maxsparber/2011/07/25/30288/on_the_death_of_amy_winehouse|date=25 July 2011|work=MinnPost}} Her mental illness described also in {{cite news|author=Milloy, Courtland|title=Amy Winehouse another tragic victim of manic depression|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/amy-winehouse-another-tragic-victim-of-manic-depression/2011/07/24/gIQAW3FJXI_story.html|date=24 July 2011|work=The Washington Post}} and {{cite news|author=Satel, Sally|title=Amy Winehouse's Killers|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903999904576470080054135712.html|date=27 July 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref>

On 2 December 2007, images of the singer outside her home in the early morning hours, barefoot and wearing only a bra and jeans, appeared on the internet and in tabloid newspapers. In a statement, her spokesman blamed paparazzi harassment for the incident.<ref>Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3007057.ece "Amy Winehouse seeks help for drug problem after fresh pictures."] ''Times Online''. 6 December 2007.</ref> The spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.<ref>Rubin, Courtney. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20165333,00.html "Amy Winehouse 'Determined' to Attend Grammys."] ''People''. 10 December 2007.</ref> The British tabloid ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'' posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and [[valium]]. Winehouse's father moved in with her,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23101962-5001026,00.html "Amy Winehouse living with her father, under 24 hour watch."] ''The Daily Telegraph''. 24 January 2008.</ref> and [[Island Records]], her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.<ref name=jan24/> In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/International_Buzz/Amy_takes_the_rehab_route/articleshow/2736616.cms "Amy takes the rehab route."] ''Times of India''. 29 January 2008.</ref>

On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the [[Metropolitan Police]],<ref name="jan24">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article3237556.ece "Winehouse may be charged over drugs video."] ''The Times''. 24 January 2008.</ref> who questioned her on 5 February.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/arts/07arts-WINEHOUSEQUE_BRF.html?ref=arts "Winehouse Questioned About Drugs."] ''New York Times''. 7 February 2008.</ref> No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was "doing well" and denied a published report in a British tabloid that consideration was being given to having her return to rehab.<ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/rep_amy_winehouse_not_returning_to_rehab "Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab."] ''US Magazine''. 26 March 2008.</ref> Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.<ref name="novello">Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3788805.ece "Amy Winehouse nominated for three Ivor Novello awards."] ''Timesonline.co.uk.'' 21 March 2008.</ref> By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts have been unsuccessful,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/04/25/bmamycamden525.xml "Amy Winehouse cautioned for assault."] ''The Telegraph''. 26 April 2008.</ref> leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her [[Involuntary commitment#United Kingdom|sectioned]].<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/track/celebrity/view.bg?articleid=1090113&srvc=home&position=also "Papa Winehouse committed to Amy’s care."] ''Boston Herald'' Wire Services. 28 April 2008.</ref> Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.<ref name=monarch911/>

According to Winehouse's physician Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> In an October 2010 interview, Winehouse speaking of her decision to quit drugs said "I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don’t want to do this any more”.<ref name="drugfree">{{cite web|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/10/05/amy-winehouse-unveils-her-fred-perry-designs/?xid=rss-topheadlines |title=Amy Winehouse Unveils Her Fred Perry Designs |publisher=Stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> The physician said that Winehouse was treated with [[Librium]] for [[alcohol withdrawal]] and anxiety, and underwent psychologist and a psychiatrist reviews in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.<ref name=coronorGuardian/>

===Violence and legal difficulties===
In 2006, Winehouse admitted punching a fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? - CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>

In October 2007, Winehouse and her then-husband were arrested in [[Bergen]], Norway for possession of seven grams of [[marijuana]]. The couple were later released and fined 3850 [[Norwegian Krone|kroner]] (around £350).<ref name="summoned">[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article5425837.ece Amy Winehouse is summoned to court over drugs appeal 1 January 2009].</ref> Winehouse first appealed the fines, claiming she was "duped" into confessing,<ref name=summoned/><ref>White, Nicholas. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20168379,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn "Amy Winehouse summoned to appear in court in Norway for drug conviction."] ''People'' magazine. 27 December 2007.</ref> but later dropped the appeal.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/06/arts/AP-EU-Norway-People-Winehouse.html Amy Winehouse Drops Drug Case Appeal in Norway], ''The New York Times'', 6 January 2009.</ref>

On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was [[police caution|cautioned]] after she admitted to police she slapped a 38 year-old man in the face, a "[[common assault]]" offence. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was "in no fit state" to be interviewed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7368560.stm "Winehouse cautioned over assault."] BBC Entertainment. 26 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was arrested on 7 May 2008 on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23663753-10388,00.html Amy Winehouse bailed on drug charges]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. ''NEWS.com.au''. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.<ref name="telegraph1"/><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3892427.ece "Amy Winehouse released after arrest over 'drugs video'."] ''The Times''. 8 May 2008.</ref> The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her with possessing a [[controlled drug]] and allowing her premises to be used for the supply by others of a controlled drug, but she was cleared when the service could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.<ref>[http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/135_08.html "Crown Prosecution Service Press Release."] 14 May 2008.</ref> In reaction to the decision, former police commander John O’Connor said it is an "absolute scandal that nothing could be done" about Winehouse "cocking a snook at the law".<ref name="cocking">[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1164010.ece Amy will not face drug charges] ''The Sun'', 15 May 2008.</ref> Some members of [[British Parliament|Parliament]] also reacted negatively.<ref name="cocking" /><ref>[http://www.topnews.in/light/amy-winehouse-escapes-charges-over-drug-video-210864 "Amy Winehouse escapes charges over drug video."] Asian News International. 15 May 2008.</ref> Two London residents were subsequently charged with [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7482889.stm ''Winehouse drug accused in court.''] BBC News. 1 July 2008.</ref> One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7754095.stm "Jail for Winehouse drug plot man."] ''BBC''. 12 December 2008.</ref>

On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by a woman that Winehouse hit her in the eye at a September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.<ref>{{cite news|author=Compiled by DAVE ITZKOFF |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/music/07arts-WINEHOUSECHA_BRF.html?ref=arts |title="Winehouse Charged With Assaulting Fan." ''The New York Times''. 6 March 2009 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> At the same time, she was reported to have spat at the English socialite [[Pippa Middleton]] and to have headbutted a photographer.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/71993/Winehouse-charged-with-attack/ dailystar.co.uk] dated 7 March 2009 at dailystar.co.uk</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson announced the singer cancelled a scheduled United States [[Coachella Festival]] appearance in "light of current legal issues".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7932675.stm "Winehouse pulls out of Coachella."] BBC. 9 March 2009.</ref> Swearing in under her legal name of Amy Jade Civil, Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse denies assault charge |publisher=[[ITV]] |date=17 March 2009 |accessdate=17 March 2009 |url=http://www.itv.com/News/Articles/Winehouse-denies-assault-charge-618248604.html}}</ref> On 23 July her assault trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with "deliberate and unjustifiable violence" while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. The woman, Sharene Flash, testified that Winehouse "punched me forcefully in my right eye. She used a fist, her right one.” Winehouse testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push Flash away from her because she was scared of Flash. Winehouse cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's "rude" behaviour as reasons for her fear of Flash.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jul/23/amy-winehouse-punched-dancer Amy Winehouse 'punched dancer after photo request The Guardian 23 July 2009].</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6724868.ece "Amy Winehouse: I'm too short to have punched anyone"], ''The Times'', 23 July 2009].</ref> On the 24 July, District Judge [[Timothy Workman]] ruled that Winehouse was not guilty of the charge. Workman cited the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show "the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye".<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse not guilty of assault |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8167205.stm |publisher=BBC |date=24 July 2009 | accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref>

On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested again on charges of common assault, plus another charge of [[Public Order Act 1986|public order offence]]. Winehouse assaulted the front-of-house manager of the [[Milton Keynes Theatre]] after he asked her to move from her seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6966553.ece|title= Amy Winehouse charged over alleged Cinderella panto assault|work=The Times |location=UK|date= 23 December 2009|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Philippe|last=Naughton}}</ref> On 20 January 2010, she admitted common assault and disorderly behaviour. She was given a two-year [[Discharge (sentencing)|conditional discharge]] and ordered to pay [[£]]85 court costs and £100 [[Damages|compensation]] to the man she attacked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1244659/Amy-Winehouse-walks-free-court-admitting-panto-attack.html |title=The day five vodkas turned Amy Winehouse into a panto villain |work=Daily Mail |location=UK |date= 22 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2011 |first1=Paul |last1=Harris |first2=Daniel |last2=Bates}}</ref>

===Respiratory problems===
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage [[emphysema]], instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.<ref name="contra">{{cite news |title=Spokeswoman: Amy Winehouse doesn't have emphysema |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-06-23-amy-winehouse_N.htm |publisher=''[[USA Today]]'' |date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's [[Lung volumes|lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity]] and that she had an [[Cardiac arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]]. Mitch Winehouse said that these problems had been caused by her [[chain smoking]] and crack cocaine use. The singer’s father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking [[crack cocaine]], she would have to wear an [[oxygen mask]] and would eventually die.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/22/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Winehouse.php|title=Singer Amy Winehouse has lung damage and irregular heart beat, says her father|publisher=Associated Press via iht.com|date=22 June 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding "fabulously" to treatment, which included being covered with [[nicotine patches]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7469071.stm "Dad says Winehouse flourishing."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 23 June 2008.</ref> British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but "heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4197311.ece "Amy Winehouse diagnosed with emphysema."] ''The Times''. 23 June 2008.</ref> Norman H. Edelman of the [[American Lung Association]] explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589794/20080623/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title="Amy Winehouse's Father Clarifies Diagnosis, Sort Of: 'She Has A Small Amount Of Emphysema'." |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2008-06-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Photographs of the singer with a cigarette in her mouth, taken 23 June 2008, were widely published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/24/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-20631214325574/ |title=UPI NewsTrack Entertainment News |publisher=UPI.com |date=2008-06-24 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Winehouse was released from [[The London Clinic]] 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at [[Nelson Mandela]]'s 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an [[outpatient]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/01/Winehouse_leaves_London_clinic/UPI-75471214921764/ |title=Winehouse leaves London clinic |publisher=Upi.com |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July, 2008 Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with "some areas of emphysema" and said she is getting herself together by "eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anita |title=Amy Winehouse: I want five kids and to appear on Countdown |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2446305/Amy-Winehouse-I-want-five-kids-and-to-appear-on-Countdown.html |work=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> She also kept a vertical [[tanning bed]] in her apartment.<ref name=Hoffman /> Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008<ref name="OctoberHospital">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27402636/ "Winehouse back in the hospital for more tests."] ''MSNBC''. 27 October 2008.</ref> at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.<ref name=3nov/> She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/25/amy.winehouse.hospital/index.html |title=Amy Winehouse hospitalized for drug reaction |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Amy Winehouse Home 23-July-2011.jpg|thumb|right|Tributes outside Amy Winehouse's home at [[Camden Square]] on the evening of her death on 23 July 2011]]
Winehouse's bodyguard said that he arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she was somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her "laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2am the day of her death. According to the bodyguard at 10AM he observed her lying on her bed and tried to unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard shortly after 3pm he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before leading to a further check in which he concluded she was not breathing and had no pulse. He claimed he subsequently called emergency services <ref name=coronorGuardian/>. At 3:54pm [[British Summer Time|BST]] on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roberts, Randall|title=Soul singer Amy Winehouse found dead in her London home|date=23 July 2011|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/07/amy-winehouse-found-dead-in-her-london-home.html|publisher=Tribune Company|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse post-mortem takes place|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14272032|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Bull |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead-London-flat-drug-overdose.html |title=Amy Winehouse found dead at her London flat after 'drug overdose' | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date= 26 July 2011|accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police]] confirmed that she had died.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead--Found-dead-London-flat.html | title = Amy Winehouse, 27, found dead at her London flat|date=23 July 2011|author=Bull, Sarah|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Associated Newspapers|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14262237|title=Amy Winehouse found dead, aged 27|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |location=London|accessdate=23 July 2011|date=23 July 2011}}</ref> After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse’s residence to pay their respects. [[Forensic science|Forensic]] investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside.

Police recovered two large and one small bottles of vodka from her room<ref name=coronorGuardian/>.

A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of [[death by misadventure|misadventure]]. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's [[blood alcohol content]] was 416 [[milligramme|mg]] per [[decilitre]] at the time of her death, more than five times [[driving under the influence|the legal drink-drive limit]]. According to the coroner "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death."<ref name=coronorGuardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/oct/26/amy-winehouse-verdict-misadventure|title=Amy Winehouse inquest records verdict of misadventure|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15453517|date=26 October 2011|title=Amy Winehouse death: Coroner records misadventure verdict|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Winehouse's record label, [[Universal Republic]], released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/23/amy-winehouse-found-dead-115875-23292089/ |title=Amy Winehouse found dead |work=Daily Mirror |location=UK |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/amy-winehouse/324873-amy-winehouse-found-dead |title=Amy Winehouse Found Dead | Amy Winehouse | News | MTV UK |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including [[U2]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Mutya Buena]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Keisha Buchanan]], [[Rihanna]], [[George Michael]], [[Adele (singer)|Adele]], [[Kelly Clarkson]],<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1667901/amy-winehouse-funeral-in-london.jhtml Amy Winehouse Funeral Held In London] MTV. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> and [[Courtney Love]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Baltin, Steve|title=Courtney Love on Amy Winehouse: 'I'm Gutted'|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/courtney-love-on-amy-winehouse-im-gutted-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref>

Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at [[Jewish cemeteries in London|Edgwarebury Lane cemetery]] in north London.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Family plan private funeral for Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14285327|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend [[Kelly Osbourne]], producer Mark Ronson and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14289084 Singer Amy Winehouse bows out gracefully] BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Her father delivered the eulogy, saying
"Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much."<ref name="TimeFuneral">[http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/26/good-night-my-angel-friends-and-family-gather-for-amy-winehouses-funeral/ 'Good Night, My Angel': Friends and Family Gather for Amy Winehouse's Funeral] Time. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Carole King's "[[So Far Away (Carole King song)|So Far Away]]" closed the service with mourners singing along.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://b96.radio.com/2011/07/26/amy-winehouse-laid-to-rest/ |title=Amy Winehouse Laid To Rest|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=B96 Chicago|unused_data=News}}</ref> She was later [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref name=Marikar>{{cite news|author=Marikar, Sheila|title=Amy Winehouse to Be Cremated Following Emotional Funeral|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/amy-winehouse-funeral-singer-cremated-service/story?id=14154202|date=26 July 2011|work=ABC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> The family planned to sit a two-day [[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]].<ref name=Marikar /> Winehouse's parents intend to set up a foundation in her name, to help those affected by drug addiction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse foundation for addiction planned|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14306472|date=27 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref>

==Controversy==
{{Criticism section|date=July 2011}}
[[File:WinehouseLA.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Knee high portrait of woman in her twenties wearing a short gathered skirt, light gray dress and dark cardigan|Winehouse in 2007]]
Winehouse's [[dichotomous]] public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil proved to be controversial. ''[[The New Statesman]]'' called Winehouse "a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth [[diva]],"<ref name="NS">Rogers, Jude. "Year of the woman". ''New Statesman''. ''135'' (4822):36–38. 11 December 2006.</ref> while ''[[Newsweek]]'' called her "a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control."<ref>Alston, Joshua. "Soul on Ice, And a Twist". ''Newsweek''. '''149''' (11):60. 12 March 2007.</ref> Karen Heller with ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' summarised the maelstrom this way:

{{bquote|She's only 24 with six Grammy nods, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the [[paparazzi]] documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new [[Brigitte Bardot|Bardot]].<ref>Heller, Karen. {{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |title=The ruin of a talent, shrilly told by tabloids |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=12 December 2007 |accessdate=12 December 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080206083621/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |archivedate=6 February 2008}}</ref>}}

By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. Even as Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse "to deal with her problems", he remarked on her talent, saying, "It’s a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it’s her image they use."<ref name=jan24/> Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,<ref>Jones, Steve and Brian Mansfield. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2008-02-11-winehouse-west_N.htm "Winehouse and West: Big night".] ''USA Today''. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://media.www.hofstrachronicle.com/media/storage/paper222/news/2008/02/14/EditorialopEd/Winehouse.Wins.Big-3211858.shtml ''Winehouse wins big – Editorial/Op-Ed'']. Hofstra University Chronicle. 14 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0802/12/sbt.01.html ''Showbiz Tonight: Amy Winehouse Grammys: Rewarded for Bad Behavior?''] CNN.com. 12 February 2008.</ref> including [[Natalie Cole]], who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony. Cole (who battled her own substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975<ref name="cole"/>) remarked, "I think the girl is talented, gifted, but it's not right for her to be able to have her cake and eat it too. She needs to get herself together."<ref name="cole">Sundel, Jenny and Stephen M. Silverman. [http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20173658_20177511,00.html "Natalie Cole: Amy's Wins Send a 'Bad Message'."] ''People''. 11 February 2008.</ref> In an opinion newspaper commentary, [[Antonio Maria Costa]], executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities send a bad message "to others who are vulnerable to addiction" and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through Africa.<ref>Costa, Antonio Maria. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/09/drugstrade.unitednations "Every line of cocaine means a little part of Africa dies."] ''The Observer'' 9 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson called Costa a "ludicrous man" and noted that "Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/09/un.drugs/ |title=''Anti-drugs chief hits out at Winehouse, Moss'' |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=2008-03-09 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Following Winehouse's death [[William Bennett]] a former director of the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy criticised the Grammy Awards nominating committee along similar lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/07/27/bill_bennett_grammys |title=Grammy for Winehouse's 'Rehab' a mistake? by William Bennett for CNN 27 July 2011 |publisher=Salon.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Graeme Pearson, the former head of Scotland's drug enforcement agency, criticised Winehouse and [[Kate Moss]] for making going to rehab a badge of honour, thus giving the false impression that quitting drugs is easy, because many cannot afford to go to clinics.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article3953655.ece "Scots drugs chief says Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse make rehab chic."] ''The Times''. 18 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse became a staple in popularity polls due not to her musical contributions, but her lifestyle. The 2008 [[NME Awards]] nominated Winehouse in the categories of "Villain of the Year", "Best Solo Artist", and "Best Music DVD"; Winehouse won for "Worst Dressed Performer".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3269435.ece "Record seven NME nominations for Arctic Monkeys."] ''The Times''. 29 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34797 |title=Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Winners' list | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date=2008-02-29 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> In its third annual list, ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine named Winehouse the third worst dressed British Woman.<ref>[http://itn.co.uk/news/ed377d9e84536f5fc517dc7dff3101e3.html "Fashion queen Kate back on top."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ITN. 7 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was ranked number two on [[Richard Blackwell|Richard Blackwell's]] 48th annual "Ten Worst Dressed Women" list, behind [[Victoria Beckham]].<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/01/08/Beckham_Winehouse_top_worst-dressed_list/UPI-88931199843175/ "Beckham, Winehouse top worst-dressed list."] ''United Press International''. 8 January 2008.</ref> In an April 2008 poll conducted by [[Sky News]], Winehouse was named the second greatest "ultimate heroine" by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.<ref name="heroine"/> Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrate women like Winehouse who have "a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives” receive recognition.<ref name="heroine">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/42588/amy-winehouse-is-the-uks-ultimate-heroine |title=Amy Winehouse Is The UK's 'Ultimate Heroine' Amongst under 25s Gigwise |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-04-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Winehouse was voted the second most hated personality in the United Kingdom in a poll conducted one month later by ''[[Marketing (magazine)|Marketing]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/43213/heather-mills-voted-most-hated-personality-in-the-united-kingdom |title="Heather Mills Voted Most Hated Personality In The United Kingdom." |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Speaking at a discussion entitled ''Winehouse or White House?: Do we go too big on showbiz news?'' Jeff Zycinski, head of [[BBC Radio Scotland]], said the BBC and media in general were complicit in the destruction of celebrities like Winehouse. He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle does not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie editor of the BBC Radio One program ''[[Newsbeat]]'' replied that "If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young license fee payers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Shepherd |first=Robert |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2008/07/bbc_news_execs_clash_over_celebrity_coverage.html |title=''BBC news execs clash over celebrity coverage'' |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=2008-07-02 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> The British artist [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2007 as saying she found Winehouse "really interesting", saying "I once saw her in the street and she was really out of it, so I guess she is really living it out. I think Amy's thing is feeling really weird about what she does and dealing with that."<ref name="hcmia07">{{Cite news|author=Collins, Hattie |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/18/urban.mia |title=Hattie Collins meets rapper MIA |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=18 August 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011 }}</ref> British singer and songwriter [[Lily Allen]] was quoted in a Scottish newspaper as saying {{bquote|I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.<ref>[http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sos-review/Lily-Allen-interview-Rebuilding-the.4767452.jp Lily Allen interview: Rebuilding the Lily Scotland on Sunday 7 December 2008].</ref>}}

==Artistic impressions==
London's [[Mall Galleries]] opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, entitled ''Excess''. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer [[lying (position)|lying]] on top of a [[wikt:cracked|cracked]] champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.<ref name="Sculpture"/> Another piece, a print entitled "Celebrity 1" by artist Charlotte Suckling, was exhibited in the same exhibition.<ref name="Sculpture">{{cite news|last=Greenwood |first=Richard |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/05/14/bbwinehouse14.xml |title="Amy Winehouse sculpture to go on display." |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2008-05-14 |accessdate=2011-08-18 |location=London}}</ref> A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London [[Madame Tussauds]] on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7521104.stm |title="Winehouse parents reveal waxwork." |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-07-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> A sculpture by Marco Perego, entitled "The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star", that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and [[beat generation|beat]] poet [[William S. Burroughs]] (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife [[Joan Vollmer]]),<ref name="TimesArt">[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5114490.ece Amy Winehouse ‘shot down’ in name of art] The Times. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> was scheduled to go on display in New York’s Half Gallery on 14 November 2008. The sale price for the sculpture is listed at US $100,000. Perego said of the sculpture "Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society." Winehouse’s spokesperson said "It’s a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work."<ref name="TimesArt"/>

==Discography==
{{Main|Amy Winehouse discography}}
;'''Studio albums:'''
* ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Back to Black]]'' (2006)
;'''Compilation albums:'''
* ''[[Lioness: Hidden Treasures]]'' (2011)

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse}}

Among the awards and recognitions for ''Frank'', Winehouse earned an [[Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Contemporary Song ("[[Stronger Than Me]]"),<ref name=Profile>{{cite news|accessdate=1 February 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm|publisher=BBC News |date=29 July 2008|title=Profile: Amy Winehouse}}</ref> a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3497315.stm Brits 2004: The winners] BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''.<ref>Dimery, Robert (2006). ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing</ref> ''Back to Black'' produced numerous nominations, including two from the BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist and Best British Album), six from the [[Grammy Award]]s (including five wins),<ref name="msnbcGrammy"/> four from the Ivor Novello Awards, four from the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], three from the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], three from the [[World Music Awards]], and one each from the [[Mercury Prize]] (Album of the Year) and [[MOBO Awards]] (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations.

==See also==
* [[27 Club]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
;General
{{refbegin|2}}
*Lewis, Pete. [http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/245/amy_winehouse_a_bands_classic_intervie.../ "A Blues & Soul Classic Interview With Amy Winehouse Before 'Rehab'"] ''[[Blues & Soul]]''. April 2004 (reprinted February 2008).
*Anderman, Joan. [http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/12/15/of_course_she_should_go_to_rehab/ "Of course she should go to rehab."] ''[[Boston Globe]]''. 15 December 2007.
*Gould, Lara; Bull, Sarah; & Satherly, Jessica. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-bought-ecstasy-cocaine-ketamine-tragic-death.html#ixzz1T4aRmxl0 "Sordid final hours of a troubled star: Amy Winehouse had 'bought ecstasy, cocaine and ketamine' on the night before tragic death"]. ''Daily Mail''. 24 July 2011.
*Grimwood, Ben. {{cite web |url=http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |title= ''The Year of Amy Winehouse'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080130145159/http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |archivedate=30 January 2008}} CollegeNews.com. 29 November 2007.
*Gundersen, Edna. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-01-28-amy-winehouse_N.htm "Amy Winehouse's sobering transformation could hurt her musical credibility."] ''USA TODAY''. 28 January 2008.
*Hill, Emily. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/31/amywinehouse.popandrock "Amy Winehouse: her own woman."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 31 July 2008
*Pareles, Jon. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/arts/music/24wine.html?ref=music "In Real Time, Amy Winehouse’s Deeper Descent."] ''New York Times'' 24 January 2008.
*Rosen, Jody. [http://www.slate.com/id/2184209/ "Dark Star."] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''. 12 February 2008.
*Smith, Joan. [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/joan-smith-theres-nothing-poetic-about-amys-selfdestruction-854279.html "There's nothing poetic about Amy's self-destruction"] ''[[The Independent]]''. 26 June 2008.
*The Smoking Gun. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/backstage/divas/amy-winehouse-0 BACKSTAGE RIDER: Divas: Amy Winehouse] 12 May 2006.
*Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1706755,00.html "Trouble Woman."] ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]''. 24 January 2008.
*Vernon, Polly [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/amy-winehouse-interview-1110 Amy Winehouse: Unplugged] ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' October 2010
*{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Perry |coauthors=Stephen M. Silverman |title=Amy Winehouse Was at Death's Door, Says Dad |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20253618,00.html |work=People |date=20 January 2009}}
*[http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/07/30/amy-winehouse-s-dad-mitch-says-he-faked-a-heart-attack-to-try-and-get-his-daugher-off-heroin-115875-21557173/ July 2009 Mitch Winehouse interview with ''Daily Mirror'' covering a variety of her personal issues]
{{refend}}
;Books
{{refbegin}}
*[[Daphne Barak|Barak, Daphne]]. ''Saving Amy''. [[New Holland Publishers]], 25 January 2010. ISBN 9781847736703
*Johnstone, Nick. ''Amy Amy Amy: The Amy Winehouse Story''. [[Omnibus Press]], 1 April 2008. ISBN 9780825636028.
*[[Chas Newkey-Burden|Newkey-Burden, Chas]]. ''Amy Winehouse: The Biography''. [[John Blake Publishing]], 7 April 2008. ISBN 1844545636.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikiquote|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikinews|Singer Amy Winehouse dies at age 27}}
*{{Official website|http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/}}
* [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=amy-winehouse-p612371/biography|pure_url=yes}} Amy Winehouse] at the [[All Music Guide]]
*{{Guardiantopic|music/amywinehouse}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/amy_winehouse/index.html Amy Winehouse] collected news and commentary at ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html New York Times fashion retrospective]
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/amy-winehouse-remembered-20110723 Slide Show] at ''Rolling Stone''
* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%40islandrecords+%22amy+winehouse%22 Videos] at Island Records on YouTube
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbVp09E1LRg Official Video Of Amy Winehouse performing 'Back To Black' Live and Acoustic at SXSW]

{{Amy Winehouse}}
{{Grammy Award for Best New Artist}}
{{Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2000s}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1990–2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Winehouse, Amy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Winehouse, Amy Jade
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English singer and songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH = 23 July 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH = London, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Winehouse, Amy}}
[[Category:Amy Winehouse]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
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[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School]]
[[Category:Blue-eyed soul singers]]
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[[Category:British people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by alcohol poisoning]]
[[Category:English contraltos]]
[[Category:English female guitarists]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:English jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:English jazz singers]]
[[Category:English Jews]]
[[Category:English people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:English people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:English rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:English soul singers]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
[[Category:Jazz-blues musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
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[[Category:People educated at the BRIT School]]
[[Category:People from Camden (district)]]
[[Category:People from Southgate, London]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers]]
[[Category:Republic Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Torch singers]]
[[Category:Vocal jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Women in jazz]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]

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[[th:เอมี ไวน์เฮาส์]]
[[tr:Amy Winehouse]]
[[uk:Емі Вайнгауз]]
[[vi:Amy Winehouse]]
[[yi:עמי וויינהאוס]]
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[[zh:艾米·怀恩豪斯]]

Amy Winehouse

2011-11-08T12:16:47Z

Tuttt: /* Final projects */

{{Redirect|Winehouse|the first coffee house in London|Jamaica Wine House}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amy Winehouse
| image = Amy Winehouse f4962007 crop.jpg
| caption = Amy Winehouse at the [[Eurockéennes]] festival in France (2007)
| alt = Amy Winehouse at the Eurockéennes festival in France (2007)
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Amy Jade Winehouse
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Southgate, London|Southgate]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|7|23|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London, England
| genre = [[Soul music|Soul]], [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]]
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
| years_active = 1993–2011
| label = [[Island Records|Island]], [[Lioness Records|Lioness]], [[Universal Republic]] (U.S.)
| website = {{URL|http://www.amywinehouse.com/}}
}}
'''Amy Jade Winehouse''' (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an [[England|English]] singer-songwriter known for her powerful [[contralto|deep contralto]] vocals<ref name="tragic">[http://www.observer.com/2007/amy-winehouse-next-tragic-talent The New York Observer 14 December 2007: ''Amy Winehouse: The Next Tragic Talent?''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> and her eclectic mix of musical genres including [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]].<ref name="allmusic"/> Winehouse's 2003 debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was critically successful in the UK and was nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. Her 2006 follow-up album, ''[[Back to Black]]'', led to six [[Grammy Award]] nominations and five wins, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made Winehouse the first British female to win five Grammys,<ref name="msnbcGrammy">[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23100297/ns/today-entertainment/t/winehouse-dominates-grammys-wins/ Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins] Msnbc. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref><ref name="brother">Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3359759.ece "Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form"]. ''The Times''.</ref> including three of the "[[List of Grammy Award categories#General Field|Big Four]]": Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

On 14 February 2007, she won a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] for Best British Female Artist; she had also been nominated for Best British Album. She won the [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] three times, one in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (musically and lyrically) for "[[Stronger Than Me]]", one in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]", and one in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]", among other distinctions. The album is the biggest seller of the 2000s in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/24/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-record_n_935431.html |title=Back to Black Becomes UK's biggest seller of 21st century |publisher=Huffington Post |date=24 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse is credited as an influence in the rise in popularity of female musicians and soul music, and also for revitalising British music.

Winehouse was found dead on 23 July 2011, at her home in London.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|last=McKinley|first=James|coauthors=Ravi Somaiya and Julia Werdigier|date=24 July 2011|work=New York Times |accessdate=24 July 2011|location=New York }}</ref><ref name="obituary">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14263839 BBC News website 23 July 2011: ''Obituary: Amy Winehouse''] Retrieved 23 July 2011</ref> On 26 October 2011 a coroner ruled that [[alcohol poisoning]] was the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/26/world/europe/uk-winehouse-inquest/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|title=Inquest: Singer Amy Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's family and friends attended her funeral on 26 July 2011. In August 2011 her album ''Back to Black'' became the UK's best selling album of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787|date=25 August 2011|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> Winehouse's final recording, a duet entitled "Body and Soul" with [[Tony Bennett]], was released on 14 September 2011 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Proceeds from the song will go to the Amy Winehouse Foundation "to support charitable activities in both the UK and abroad that provide help, support or care for young people, especially those who are in need by reason of ill health, disability, ﬁnancial disadvantage or addiction".

==Early life==
Winehouse was born in the [[Southgate, London|Southgate]] area of North London to a [[British Jews|Jewish]] family, with Russian ancestry on her mother's side,<ref>{{cite news|author=Niv Elis|url=http://www.momentmag.com/datetalk/dt_IsAJew.html|title=Surprise! They're Jewish!|work=Moment Magazine|year=2010|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1113763/1911-census-reveals-David-Beckhams-rag-bone-man-ancestor-----lived-house-WW1.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=1911 census reveals David Beckham's rag and bone man ancestor ... and who lived in your house before WW1 | date=13 January 2009 | first1=Fay | last1=Schlesinger | first2=Debra | last2=Killalea}}</ref> who influenced her interest in jazz.<ref name="observer2004">Mulholland, Garry. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/feb/01/popandrock.amywinehouse "Charmed and Dangerous."] ''[[The Observer]]''. 1 February 2004. Retrieved on 28 October 2006.</ref> Winehouse was the daughter of Mitchell "Mitch" Winehouse, a taxi driver, and Janis Winehouse (''née'' Seaton), a pharmacist.<ref name="G obit">{{cite news|author=Caroline Sullivan |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/23/amy-winehouse-obituary |title=obituary |publisher=Guardian |date=2011-07023 |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref> Her grandmother had once been engaged to [[Ronnie Scott]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturecritics/neilmccormick/8657146/Amy-Winehouse-had-talent-to-burn.-Instead-it-burned-her.html Amy Winehouse had talent to burn. Instead, it burned her]''Daily Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, 9:00PM BST 23 Jul 2011</ref> Her brother, Alex, is four years older.<ref name="demons">Eliscu, Jenny. (14 June 2007), [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-diva-and-her-demons-rolling-stones-2007-amy-winehouse-cover-story-20110723 "The Diva and Her Demons."] ''Rolling Stone''. (1028):58–69. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref> Mitch often sang [[Frank Sinatra]] songs to young Amy, who also took to a constant habit of singing to the point that teachers found it difficult keeping her quiet in class.<ref name="mailonline2007">Sanderson, Elizabeth. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-476254/EXCLUSIVE-Amy-Winehouses-mother-explains-feels-powerless-stop-troubled-daughter-s-descent-hell-addiction.html "Amy Winehouse's mother explains why she feels powerless to stop her troubled daughter’s descent into hell of addiction."] ''[[Daily Mail]]''. 18 August 2007. Retrieved on 1 July 2008.</ref> Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sturges|first=Fiona|title=Amy Winehouse: Singer who won the hearts of millions but was unable to overcome her dependency on drink and drugs|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/amy-winehouse-singer-who-won-the-hearts-of-millions-but-was-unable-to-overcome-her-dependency-on-drink-and-drugs-2319847.html|accessdate=28 July 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref>

When Winehouse was nine years old, her grandmother, Cynthia, suggested she attend the [[Susi Earnshaw Theatre School]] for further training.<ref name="RobertSandall">Sandall, Robert. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4383952.ece "Can Amy Winehouse be saved?"] ''The Times''. 27 July 2008.</ref> At age ten, Winehouse founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour with childhood friend Juliette Ashby.<ref name="AskMen">{{cite web |title=Singer of the Week – Amy Winehouse |publisher=AskMen.com |url=http://www.askmen.com/women/singer_300/367_amy_winehouse.html |accessdate=2 September 2008}}</ref> She stayed at the Earnshaw school for four years before seeking full-time training at [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]], but was allegedly expelled at 14 for "not applying herself" and for piercing her nose.<ref name=demons/><ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: The Q interview |first=Henrietta |last=Roussoulis | work=[[The Independent|The Independent on Sunday]] |date=18 January 2004 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/amy-winehouse-the-q-interview-573704.html |accessdate=3 September 2011 |location=London}}</ref> ([[Sylvia Young]] herself has denied this – "She changed schools at 15 – I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy.") <ref>Young, speaking to Adrian Goldberg on Radio 5 Live, 23 July 2011</ref> With other children from the Sylvia Young School, she appeared in an episode of ''[[The Fast Show]]'' in 1997.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0578178|title=The Fast Show Episode #3.2}}</ref> She later attended The Mount School, [[Mill Hill]], the [[BRIT School]] in [[Selhurst]], Croydon, [[Southgate School]] and [[Ashmole School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html|date=23 July 2011|work=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=25 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>Braddock, Kevin. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/fame-academy-the-brit-school-433652.html "Fame Academy: The Brit School."] [[The Independent]] 28 January 2007. Accessed: 17 May 2008.</ref><ref>[http://thegalas.org/content/view/92/46/ "Dan Gillespie "], The Gay & Lesbian Awards, Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Osidge | publisher=Hidden London | url =http://www.hidden-london.com/osidge.html | accessdate =27 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Music career==
===Early career===
After toying with her brother's guitar, Winehouse received her first guitar when she was 13, and began writing music a year later. She began working soon after, including as an entertainment journalist for the [[World Entertainment News Network]], in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.<ref name=demons/><ref name=couchAAA>{{cite web|last=Winehouse|first=Amy|title=On the couch with: Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.accessallareas.net.au/artists/Amy_Winehouse.php|publisher=Access All Areas|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July 2000, she became the featured female vocalist with the [[National Youth Jazz Orchestra]], where her influences included [[Sarah Vaughan]] and [[Dinah Washington]]. <ref>http://londonjazz.blogspot.com/2011/07/amy-winehouse-and-nyjo-photos-and.html</ref> Her boyfriend at the time, soul singer [[Tyler James (English musician)|Tyler James]], sent her demo tape to an [[A&R]] person.<ref name='observer2004'/> Winehouse signed to [[Simon Fuller]]'s 19 Management in 2002. While being developed by the management company, the artist was kept an industry secret.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Darcus_Beese_int.html |title=Interview with Darcus Beese |publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|date=23 Feb 2004 |accessdate=15 Nov 2010}}</ref> Her future A&R representative at Island/Universal, Darcus Beese, heard her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients on which Winehouse featured as vocalist. When he asked who the singer was the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. By this time Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI. Through the publishers she formed a working relationship with the producer [[Salaam Remi]].<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island/Universal as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build, with representatives at EMI and Virgin also starting to make moves. Beese told ''[[HitQuarters]]'' that he felt the reason behind the excitement over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows with audiences becoming starved for genuine young talent.<ref name="hitquarters.com"/>

Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s [[girl group]]s.<ref name=Sisario /> Her stylist Alex Foden borrowed her "instantly recognisable" [[Beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] hairdo (a [[hair weave|weave]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Topping, Alexandra|title=Amy Winehouse: private funeral held|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/26/amy-winehouse-private-funeral|date=26 July 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=28 July 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref name=Hoffman>{{cite news|author=Hoffman, Claire|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>) and she borrowed her [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] makeup from [[The Ronettes]].<ref name=Sisario>{{cite news|author=Sisario, Ben|title=Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Her imitation was so successful, the ''Village Voice'' reports: "[[Ronnie Spector]]—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the ''New York Post'' that she exclaimed, "I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses."<ref>{{cite journal|date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/|title=Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes|work=Village Voice|author=Yaeger, Lynn}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style. Trebay notes: "her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look." Additionally, Trebay observes:
:She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer [[Mari Wilson]], less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god [[Johnny Thunders]]...; to the fierce [[Council house|council-house]] chicks... (see: [[Dior]] and [[Chanel]] runways, 2007 and 2008); to the rat-combed biker [[Gun moll|moll]]s photographed by the Swiss photographer Karlheinz Weinberger in the 1960s; to a lineage of bad girls extending from Cleopatra to [[Louise Brooks]]’s Lulu to [[Salt-n-Pepa]], irresistible man traps who always seem to come to the same unfortunate end.<ref>{{citejournal|date=2011, July 27 | accessdate=2011, July 28 | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Fashion & Style: A Bad Girl With a Touch of Genius |author=Trebay, Guy| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1}}</ref>

===Major label success and ''Frank''===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse 2.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at the [[Bowery Ballroom]], New York City in 2007]]
Winehouse's debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by [[Salaam Remi]], many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two [[cover versions|covers]], every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |title= ''Amy Winehouse: Frank'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071109003537/http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews |archivedate=9 November 2007}}. Google.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006.</ref><ref>Lindon, Beccy. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/oct/17/jazz.shopping1 "Amy Winehouse, Frank."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 17 October 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics<ref name="allmusic">Bush, John. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r671986|pure_url=yes}} ''Amy Winehouse Frank Review'']. allmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> and brought comparisons of her voice to [[Sarah Vaughan]],<ref>Boraman, Greg. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/gh9x/ ''Urban Review: Amy Winehouse, Frank'']. BBC.co.uk. 27 November 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.</ref> [[Macy Gray]] and others.<ref name="allmusic" />

The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for [[BRIT Awards]] in the categories of "British Female Solo Artist" and "British Urban Act". It went on to achieve [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] sales.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/ |title=''Amy Winehouse (official site)'' |publisher=Amywinehouse.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Later in 2004, she won the [[Ivor Novello Award|Ivor Novello (songwriting) Award]] for Best Contemporary Song, alongside Salaam Remi, with her contribution to the first single, "[[Stronger Than Me]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=ASCAP Members Honored At The Ivors|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/ivors/2004/|work=ASCAP|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> The album also made the short list for the 2004 [[Mercury Music Prize]]. In the same year, she performed at the [[Glastonbury Festival]], the [[V Festival]], the [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]] (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda), and on the Jazzworld stage. After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was "only 80 percent behind [the] album" because of the inclusion by her record label of certain songs and mixes she disliked.<ref name="observer2004" /> Additional singles from the album were "[[Take the Box]]", "[[In My Bed (Amy Winehouse song)|In My Bed]]"/"[[You Sent Me Flying]]" and "[[Fuck Me Pumps|Pumps]]"/"[[Help Yourself (Amy Winehouse song)|Help Yourself]]".

===International success and ''Back to Black''===
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the [[girl groups]] of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer [[Sharon Jones (singer)|Sharon Jones]]'s longtime band, the [[Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings|Dap-Kings]] to back her up in the studio and on tour.<ref>Sisario, Ben. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/29/arts/music/29jone.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "She’s Not Anybody’s Backup Act."] ''New York Times''. 29 September 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> In May 2006, Winehouse's demonstration tracks such as "[[You Know I'm No Good]]" and "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]" appeared on [[Mark Ronson]]'s New York radio show on [[East Village Radio]]. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album was produced entirely by [[Salaam Remi]] and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.<ref>{{cite news|author=Alexandra Topping |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/08/mark-ronson-duran-duran |title=Mark Ronson gets all new romantic with Duran Duran |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 8 June 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref> Promotion of ''Back to Black'' soon began and, in early October 2006, Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.<ref name="official" /> ''[[Back to Black]]'' was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]] numerous times, and entered at number seven on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] in the US. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85 million copies over the course of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Winehouse and Lewis head charts|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm|accessdate=28 July 2011|date=31 December 2007, 14:03 GMT|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{listen
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| title = "Rehab"
| description = 21-second audio sample from Amy Winehouse's first hit
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Tears Dry on Their Own.ogg

| title2 = "Tears Dry on Their Own"
| description2 = 25-second audio sample from one of the standout tracks on "Back to Black" album
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
| filename3 = Amy Winehouse - Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow.ogg

| title3 = "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow"
| description3 = Originally performed by [[The Shirelles]] in the 1960s, this version slows the tempo down and features a jazz arrangement.
| format3 = [[Ogg]]}}

The album spawned a number of singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced "Rehab". The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.<ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/song/11232 ''Amy Winehouse – Rehab – Music Charts'']. acharts.us. 18 December 2007.</ref> ''Time'' magazine named "Rehab" the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."<ref>Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/top10/article/0,30583,1686204_1686244_1690616,00.html "Top 10 Songs – 50 Top 10 Lists of 2007."] Time.com.</ref> The album's second single and lead single in the US, "You Know I'm No Good", was released in January 2007 with a [[remix]] featuring [[rap]] vocals by [[Ghostface Killah]]. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, "[[Back to Black (song)|Back to Black]]", was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across [[Continental Europe|mainland Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Winehouse – Back To Black|url=http://acharts.us/song/12483|work=ACharts.us|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref> "[[Tears Dry on Their Own]]", "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]" and "[[Just Friends (song)|Just Friends]]" were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/performer/amy_winehouse |title=Amy Winehouse |publisher=Acharts.us |date= |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

A deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features [[B-sides]], rare, and live tracks, as well as "Valerie". Winehouse's debut DVD ''[[I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London]]'' was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's [[Shepherds Bush Empire]] and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.<ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071002006224&newsLang=en "Universal Republic Stars, Amy Winehouse and Mika, to Release Special Live DVDs in U.S. 13 November."] Universal Republic Records [[Press release]]. 2 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.<ref>Friskics-Warren, Bill. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/19/AR2007111901581.html "Amy Winehouse: A 'Frank' Assessment."] ''Washington Post'' 20 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Toombs, Mikel. [http://www.seattlepi.com/pop/340642_staycd23.html "Listen Up: Amy Winehouse's 'Frank'."] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref> The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.<ref>Harris, Chris. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575221/20071128/jordin_sparks.jhtml "'American Idol' Champ Jordin Sparks Fails To Ignite The Charts, Barely Cracking Billboard Top 10."] MTV.com. 28 November 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref>

In addition to her own album, she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song "[[Valerie (Amy Winehouse song)|Valerie]]" on Ronson's solo album ''[[Version (album)|Version]]''. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. The song was nominated for a 2008 [[Brit Awards|Brit Award]] for "Best British Single".<ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Mark_Ronson_feat_Amy_Winehouse_Valerie-4184 ''Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse – Valerie''.] ilikemusic.com Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.hiphop-elements.com/article/read/4/9792/1/ ''Leona Lewis Does The Chart Double Again'']. Hi-HopElements.com. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.ilikemusic.com/urban/Amy_Winehouse_I_Told_You_I_Was_Trouble_Documentary-4205 ''Amy Winehouse – I Told You I Was Trouble – Documentary & Live Concert DVD'']. ilikemusic.com. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.</ref> Her work with ex-[[Sugababes|Sugababe]] [[Mutya Buena]], "[[B Boy Baby]]", was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's solo debut album, ''[[Real Girl]]''.<ref>[http://www.egigs.co.uk/index.php?a=12040 ''Brit Awards nominations go pop'']. egigs.co.uk, 14 January 2008.</ref>

===Continued success and acclaim===
[[Image:Amy Winehouse f5104871.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in 2007]]
By year's end, Winehouse had garnered numerous accolades and awards. The singer won [[2008 Grammy Awards]] in the categories of [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], and [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] for the single "Rehab", while her album ''Back to Black'' was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and won the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] award.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammys-list,0,430247.htmlstory "Grammy Scorecard."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livedaily.com/news/13646.html |title=The 50th Annual Grammy Awards winners |publisher=Livedaily.com |date=10 February 2008 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Producer Mark Ronson's work with her won the award in the [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical]] category.<ref>[http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-2007grammy1nom5dec05,0,4331325.htmlstory "Production, Non-Classical; Surround Sound; Production, Classical; Classical; Music Video."] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> The singer also earned a Grammy in the [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] category. This earned Winehouse an entry in the 2009 edition of the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/entertainment-catch-all/2008/09/15/now-that-s-entertaining-86908-20737280/ Now That's Entertaining Glasgow Daily Record 15 September 2008]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}.</ref> She performed "You Know I’m No Good" and "Rehab" at the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval came through too late for her to travel to the US. She said "This is for London because Camden town is burning down", in reference to the [[Camden Market]] fire.<ref>Gamboa, Glenn. {{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |title= Amy Winehouse takes home 5 Grammy Awards. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213213543/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story |archivedate=13 February 2008}} ''Newsday''. 11 February 2008.</ref> After the Grammy Awards, the album's sales increased catapulting ''Back to Black'' to number two on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 after initially peaking at number seven.<ref>Martens, Todd. [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/extendedplay/2008/02/winehouse-hanco.html "Winehouse, Hancock see post-Grammy bump."] ''Los Angeles Times''. 20 February 2008.</ref> On 13 January 2008, ''Back to Black'' held the number one position on the ''Billboard'' Pan European charts for the third straight week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003696016 "Macdonald Bumps Radiohead From U.K. Album Chart."] Billboard.com. 14 January 2008.</ref> In January 2008, [[Universal Music International]] said it believed that there was a correlation between number of albums sold and the extensive media coverage the singer had received.<ref>Colothan, Scott. [http://www.gigwise.com/news/40444/amy-winehouses-label-thank-media-frenzy-for-record-sales "Amy Winehouse's Label Thank Media Frenzy For Record Sales."] Gigwise.com. 31 January 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy Winehouse Eurockeennes 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Performing at [[Eurockéennes]] in [[Belfort]], Territoire de Belfort, France on 29 June 2007]] A special deluxe edition of ''Back to Black'' topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. The original edition of the album resided at the number 30 position, in its 68th week on the charts, while "Frank" charted at number 35.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/34822 ''Amy Winehouse back on top of UK album chart''.] NME.com. 2 March 2008.</ref> By 12 March, the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies, 318,350 of those in the previous 10 weeks, putting the album on the UK's top 10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35087 ''UK's Top Ten best-selling albums of the 21st century''.] NME.com. 12 March 2008.</ref> On 7 April, ''Back to Black'' was residing at the top position on the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003786425 R.E.M. Earns Eighth U.K. No. 1 Album Billboard.com 7 April 2008].</ref> ''Back to Black'' was the world's seventh biggest selling album for 2008.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/4640295/Coldplay-and-Duffy-among-British-acts-dominating-top-ten-global-albums-of-2008.html Coldplay and Duffy among British acts dominating top ten global albums of 2008 The Telegraph 16 February 2009].</ref> These sales helped keep [[Universal Music|Universal Music's]] recorded music division from dropping to levels experienced by the overall music market.<ref name="BusinessBigShot">[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/executive_movers/article4656420.ece "Business big shot: Amy Winehouse."] ''The Times'', 2 September 2008.</ref>

At the 2008 [[Ivor Novello Awards]], Winehouse became the first artist to receive two nominations for the top award, best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for "Love Is a Losing Game" and was nominated for "You Know I'm No Good".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3987686.ece "Amy Winehouse misses beat for Ivor Novello award."] ''The Times''. 23 May 2008.</ref> "Rehab", a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/22/amywinehouse.awardsandprizes "Novello first for Winehouse."] The Guardian. 22 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was nominated for a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Award]] in the ''Act of The Year'' category.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7640387.stm Beyonce to perform at UK MTV show BBC 28 September 2008].</ref> ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review'', a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, helped her gain success, jazz music experts, as well as music and pop culture specialists.<ref>[http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=18527&sectionId=54 ''Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good DVD Review'']{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. Underground Online.</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0015WJC2Y ''Amy Winehouse – the Girl Done Good'']. Amazon.co.uk.</ref> A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the "Roots and Influences" area that looked at connections between different artists at the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC]], which opened in December 2008. One thread started with [[Billie Holiday]] continued with [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Mary J. Blige]] and finished with Winehouse.<ref>[http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2008/12/annex_to_clevelands_rocknroll.html "Annex to Cleveland's rock'n'roll shrine opens in Manhattan"]. ''Newark Star Ledger''. 4 December 2008.</ref> In a poll of United States residents conducted for [[VisitBritain]] by Harris Interactive that was released in March 2009, one fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/03/13/Poll_Americans_embrace_UK_music/UPI-72521236999658/ "Poll: Americans embrace U.K. music."] ''United Press International''. 13 March 2009.</ref> Winehouse performed with [[Rhythms del Mundo]] on their cover of the [[Sam Cooke]] song "[[Cupid (Sam Cooke song)|Cupid]]" for an ''Artists Project Earth'' benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhythmsdelmundo.com/classics/ |title=Rhythms Del Mundo Classic |publisher=RhythmsDelmundo.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apeuk.org/ Artist Project Earth Website].</ref>

On the week of July 26, after Winehouse's death, ''Frank'', ''Back To Black'', and the ''Back To Black'' [[extended play|EP]] re-entered the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] at number 57, number 9, and number 152 respectively with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-s-back-to-black-re-enters-1005293782.story</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1668396/amy-winehouse-back-to-black-album-chart-eric-church.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse Back At #4 On Billboard 200 |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2011-08-03 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref> ''Back To Black'' also topped the ''Billboard'' Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best seller at iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Steve Knopper |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on-the-charts-amy-winehouses-sad-return-20110727 |title=On the Charts: Amy Winehouse's Sad Return Rolling Stone 27 July 2011 |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> "Rehab" re-entered and topped the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs|Digital Songs]] chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more [[Music download|digital downloads]].<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/amy-winehouse-returns-to-top-10-of-billboard-1005294102.story</ref> As of August 2011 "Back to Black" was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in the 21st Century.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787 Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record BBC 25 August 2011]</ref>

===Final projects===
Winehouse and Mark Ronson contributed a cover of [[Lesley Gore]]'s "[[It's My Party (song)|It's My Party]]" to the [[Quincy Jones]] tribute album ''[[Q Soul Bossa Nostra]]'' released 9 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1647392/20100908/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title=Amy Winehouse To Appear On Quincy Jones Tribute Album|work=Mtv |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Winehouse and drummer {{nowraplinks}}[[?uestlove]]{{nowraplinks end}} of [[the Roots]] had agreed to form a group. Winehouse's problems obtaining a visa delayed the still unnamed group from working together. Producer [[Salaam Remi]] had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1642945/20100702/ahmir__uestlove_thompson.jhtml |title=The Roots' ?uestlove Teams Up With Amy Winehouse |work=Mtv |date=2 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> According to a newspaper report, [[Universal Music]] pressed her regarding new material in 2008. According to that same report Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio. It was noted that she had touring obligations during the summer and also that if an album was quickly recorded, it would be at least a year before an album could be released.<ref name="BusinessBigShot"/> In late October, Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.<ref name="3nov">[http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/entertainment/news/music/2008/11/03/amy_winehouses_hospital_leave "Amy Winehouse's hospital leave."] ''Virgin Media''. 3 November 2008.</ref>

During her 2009 stay in [[Saint Lucia]], Winehouse worked on new music with producer [[Salaam Remi]]. [[Universal Island|Island]] claimed that a new album would be due in 2010; Island co-president Darcus Beese said, "I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me".<ref>However the album is yet to be released.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8297718.stm "Amy Winehouse Album due in 2010"], 'BBC News'. 9 October 2009.</ref> In July 2010 Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying "It’s going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really." Mark Ronson said in July 2010 that he had not started to record the album.<ref name="Guardian100716">{{cite news|author=Sean Michaels |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/16/amy-winehouse-new-album-2011 |title=Amy Winehouse promises new album for January 2011 |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 16 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer [[Tony Bennett]] for his latest album, ''[[Duets II (Tony Bennett album)|Duets II]]'', which was released on September 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Lipshutz |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story#/news/tony-bennett-taps-amy-winehouse-for-duets-1005093832.story |title=Tony Bennett Taps Amy Winehouse for 'Duets II', Due in September |work=Billboard |date=25 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Their single from the album, "Body and Soul," was released on September 14, 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched The Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organizations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from "Body and Soul" will benefit The Amy Winehouse Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/entertainment/la-et-quick-20110805 |title=Amy Winehouse, Tony Bennett duet will fund charity |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=2011-08-05 |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref>

When interviewed by [[Jon Stewart]] on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on September 29, 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed Amy:
::was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realize at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end. . . . It was such a sad thing because . . . she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer. . . . She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-29-2011/tony-bennett|title=Tony Bennett on The Daily Show 29 September 2011| accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

Following her death Winehouse's spokesperson said the singer had left behind “plenty” of material but no discussions had taken place in regards to releasing it. It is uncertain how far along she had gotten in the recording process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110728/ENT/110728028/Amy-Winehouse-left-trove-unreleased-music?odyssey=nav%7Chead |title=Amy Winehouse left trove of unreleased music AP published by the Detroit Free Press 28 July 2011 |publisher=Freep.com |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>

On October 31, 2011, it was announced that an album of unreleased material, entitled ''Lioness, Hidden Treasures'', has been compiled for release on December 5, 2011. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2011/10/31/18901871.html |title=Winehouse's unheard album to be released |publisher=Canoe.ca |date=31 October 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>

==Artistry==
===Influence===
British singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] has credited Winehouse's success in the United States for making her and fellow British singer [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy's]] journey to the United States "a bit smoother".<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20263024,00.html "Adele Recoils from Botched Meeting with Justin."] ''People Magazine''. 5 March 2009.</ref> American singer [[Lady Gaga]] credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts. She appeared to be using a [[metaphor]]ical analogy to explain that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.<ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2009/03/16/lady-gaga-loves-strange-girls-like-amy-winehouse/ "Lady GaGa Loves 'Strange Girls' Like Amy Winehouse."] PopEater. 16 March 2009.</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]], [[Anthony Hamilton (musician)|Anthony Hamilton]], and [[John Legend]] said "Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect".<ref>[http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=OTk4Mzc1MTgx "The revival of soul, 50 years after Motown."] ''Kuwait Times''. 14 March 2009.</ref>

The release of ''[[Back to Black]]'' and the emergence of [[Lily Allen]] has been credited by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as directly creating the market for the media proclaimed "the year of the women" in 2009 which has seen five female artists nominated for the [[Mercury Prize]]. After the album was released, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by [[VV Brown]], [[Florence and the Machine]], [[La Roux]] and [[Little Boots]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6725104.ece The rise of a new wave of female singers The Sunday Times 26 July 2009].</ref> In February 2010, rapper [[Jay-Z]] credited Winehouse with revitalising British music, saying, "There's a strong push coming out of London right now, which is great. It's been coming ever since I guess Amy (Winehouse). I mean always, but I think Amy, this resurgence was ushered in by Amy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jamieson |first=Natalie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_10050000/newsid_10057900/10057920.stm |title=Jay-Z: 'Music labels must streamline to survive|publisher=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> In March 2011 the ''New York Daily News'' ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying "Amy Winehouse was the [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] moment for all these women," "They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion". According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for ''Billboard'', "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele and Duffy," "Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like [[Eliza Doolittle (singer)|Eliza Doolittle]], [[Rumer (musician)|Rumer]] and [[Ellie Goulding|Ellie]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber |first=Jim |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-03-29/entertainment/29378542_1_rumer-singers-brits |title=British music invasion triggered by Amy Winehouse now includes Eliza Doolittle, Adele, Rumer New York Daily News 29 March 2011 |publisher=Articles.nydailynews.com |date=29 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:AmyWinehouseBerlin2007.jpg|thumb|right|Winehouse in Berlin in 2007|alt=Shoulder high portrait of woman in her twenties]]
Winehouse toured in conjunction with the ''Back to Black'' album's release. She performed headlining gigs in September and November 2006, including one of the ''[[Little Noise Sessions]]'' charity concerts at the [[Union Chapel, Islington|Union Chapel]], [[Islington]]. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on [[Jools Holland]]'s [[Hootenanny (UK TV series)|Annual Hootenanny]] and performed a cover of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" along with [[Paul Weller]] and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed [[Toots & the Maytals]]' "Monkey Man". She began a run of another 14 gigs beginning in February 2007. At his request, [[Bruce Willis]] introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 [[MTV Movie Awards]]. Winehouse made awards organizers nervous when she went on a [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] jaunt in the hours before the show.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1612222/20090527/story.jhtml Amy Winehouse Barely Made It To 2007 MTV Movie Awards Performance MTV 27 May 2009].</ref> During the summer of 2007, Winehouse performed at various festivals, including UK's [[Glastonbury Festival]],<ref>Wilkes, Neil. [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a62574/winehouse-camps-in-style-at-glastonbury.html "Winehouse camps in style at Glastonbury."] DigitalSpy 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 25 June 2007.</ref> Chicago's [[Lollapalooza]] festival, [[Rock Werchter]] and [[Baltimore]]'s [[Virgin Festival|Virgin Music Festival]].

Winehouse's tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007, the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the [[National Indoor Arena]] in Birmingham. A music critic for the ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience."<ref>Coleman, Andy. [http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/wow/music/archive/tm_method=full%26objectid=20110830%26siteid=50002-name_page.html "Amy Winehouse Birmingham Show ends in chaos."] ''Birmingham Mail''. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.</ref> Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her [[Hammersmith Apollo]] performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout",<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/32732 "Amy Winehouse fans revolt after shambolic gig."] ''New Musical Express''. 26 November 2007.</ref> until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of 2007, citing doctor advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter [[Live Nation]] blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7115689.stm "Amy Winehouse scraps all concerts."] ''BBC News''. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref>

On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 [[BRIT Awards]], performing "Valerie" with Mark Ronson, followed by "Love Is a Losing Game". She urged the crowd to "make some noise for my Blake."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5VlXm14MZ "Winehouse, McCartney Play at Brit Awards." Associated Press. 20 February 2008].</ref> In Paris, she performed what was described as a "well-executed 40 minute" set at the opening of a [[Fendi]] boutique.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/03/03/Amy_Winehouse_performs_at_Fendi_opening/UPI-79671204553055/ "Amy Winehouse performs at Fendi opening."] ''United Press International''. 3 March 2008.</ref> Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the [[Rock in Rio Lisboa]] festival in Portugal in May 2008.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two [[The Specials|Specials]] covers.<ref name="Rock in Rio">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7428887.stm "Winehouse performs gig in Lisbon."] BBC.co.uk. 31 May 2008.</ref> Winehouse performed at [[Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela's]] 90th Birthday Party concert at London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on the 27 June,<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/28/Winehouse_performs_at_Mandela_concert/UPI-33751214626476/ Winehouse performs at Mandela concert United Press International 28 June 2008].</ref> and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/06/29/bmglasto429.xml Glastonbury: Amy Winehouse seems to scuffle with fan The Telegraph 29 June 2008].</ref> On 12 July at the [[Oxegen Festival]] she performed a well-received 50 minute set<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0712/breaking38.htm "Flawless performance for troubled Winehouse."] ''Irish Times''. 12 July 2008.</ref> which was followed the next day by a 14 song set at [[T in the Park]].<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/38110 "Amy Winehouse makes Blake dedication at T In The Park."] NME.com. 13 July 2008.</ref> On 16 August she played at the [[Staffordshire]] leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the [[Chelmsford]] leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7567238.stm United front for The Verve at V BBC 18 August 2008].</ref> On 6 September she was the headliner at [[Bestival]]. She performed what was described as a polished set which ended with her storming off the stage. Her hour late arrival caused her set to be cut off at the halfway point due to a curfew.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article4698909.ece "Bestival on the Isle of Wight."] ''The Times''. 8 September 2008.</ref>

[[Image:Amy and zalon.jpg|thumb|left|Amy Winehouse with her band backstage, 16 March 2009]]
In May 2009, Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her hour long set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being "bored" and ended her set by walking off the stage in the middle of a song.<ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2507210.0.0.php Forgotten lyrics, abandoned songs ... Amy Winehouse’s comeback flops Sunday Herald].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8041586.stm Winehouse gig a washout, say fans BBC6 9 May 2009].</ref> To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with [[The Specials]] on their songs "You're Wondering Now" and "[[Ghost Town]]".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8216812.stm Amy Winehouse sings at V festival BBC 23 August 2009].</ref>

In July 2010, she performed "Valerie" with Mark Ronson at a movie premiere. She sang lead but forgot some of the song's lyrics.<ref name=Guardian100716/> In October Winehouse performed a four song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010 Winehouse played a 40 minute concert at a [[Russians|Russian]] [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]'s party in Moscow. Guests included other Russian tycoons and Russian show business stars. The tycoon hand picked the songs she played.<ref>{{cite news|last=Osborn |first=Andrew |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8214548/Amy-Winehouse-plays-oligarchs-gig-in-Moscow.html |title=Amy Winehouse plays oligarch's gig in Moscow |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

During January 2011, she played five dates in [[Brazil]], with [[opening act]]s of [[Janelle Monáe]] and [[Mayer Hawthorne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/amy-winehouse-announces-oneoff-tour-in-brazil-2139247.html |title=Amy Winehouse announces one-off tour in Brazil The Independent 20 November 2010 |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=20 November 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/celebridades/amy-winehouse-encerra-turne-no-brasil-com-show-vacilante |title=Amy Winehouse encerra turnê no Brasil com show vacilante |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |language=Portuguese |date=16 January 2011 |accessdate=16 January 2011}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in [[Dubai]] following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and "tipsy" during the performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/amy-winehouse/news/257911-amy-winehouse-booed-off-stage |title=Amy Winehouse Booed Off Stage MTV UK 11 February 2011 |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=13 February 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her 12-leg 2011 European tour in [[Belgrade]]. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or – when trying to introduce them – the names of the members of her band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heatworld.com/Entertainment/Music/2011/06/This-Amy-Winehouse-footage-is-shocking |title=Amy Winehouse appears drunk and disoriented on start of her 2011 European tour |publisher=www.heatworld.com |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10733431 |title=Winehouse a staggering flop |work=New Zealand Herald |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref> The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who didn't allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/scena/amy-winehouse-zastitari-su-natjerali-da-izade-pozornicu-clanak-303549 |title=Amy Winehouse zaštitari su natjerali da izađe na pozornicu ||publisher=Večernji list (Croatia) |language=Croatian |date=23 June 2011 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13833366 |title=Amy Winehouse cancels two dates of European tour |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=19 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> On 21 June it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her European tour and would be given "as long as it takes" to sort herself out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13859224 |title=Amy Winehouse tour pulled so she can 'sort herself out' |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date=21 June 2011 |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise guest appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]], who was singing "Mama Said" with [[The Wanted]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bD_6oxyb4rc| title = Amy Winehouse final public appearance|accessdate =23 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

===Club nights===
On 10 July 2008, Winehouse launched her own club night, ''Snakehips at the Monarch'', in the Camden Monarch venue in London. Although billed as a DJ battle between her and another DJ, she stayed behind the decks swaying as another person actually played 1960s music.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/entertainment/newsid_7501000/7501125.stm | title = Amy Winehouse launches DJ night | accessdate =11 July 2008 |work=BBC News | date=11 July 2008 | first=Katy | last=Dartford}}</ref> She appeared at another ''Snakehips'' event at the Monarch on the night of 11 September. After reportedly arriving two hours late, she spun music and played a short acoustic set.<ref name="monarch911">[http://www.gigwise.com/news/46010/amy-winehouse-sparks-new-health-fears-after-wild-night-out Amy Winehouse Sparks New Health Fears After Wild Night Out Gigwise 12 September 2008].</ref>

==Other ventures==
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the [[George Tavern]], a famous London [[East End]] music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23435061-details/Inn+crowd+battle+for+pub/article.do "Inn crowd battle for pub."] ''Evening Standard''. 31 January 2008.</ref> As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of ''Easy Living'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/35318 "Amy Winehouse poses for naked photos."] ''NME.com''. 20 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 ''[[Sunday Times]]'' listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7365541.stm ''Amy Winehouse joins rich list''.] BBC News. 24 April 2008.</ref> The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6157097.ece Music millionaires suffer huge losses in Sunday Times Rich List The Times 24 April 2009].</ref> Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 3 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during [[Paris Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4025186.ece|title=Why music stars are playing private parties|work=The Times |location=UK|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Lisa|last=Verrico|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch [[Roman Abramovich]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7452601.stm "Winehouse performs for Abramovich."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 13 June 2008.</ref> Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for "Tears Dry on Their Own" as well as a DVD to the [[British Music Experience]], a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7740078.stm Stars back British music museum BBC 21 November 2008].</ref> The museum, located in [[The O2 (London)|The O2]], opened on 9 March 2009.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/4299213/British-hall-of-fame-to-commemorate-British-talent-including-Beatles-and-The-Who.html "British 'hall of fame' to commemorate British talent including Beatles and The Who." ''The Telegraph''. 20 January 2008].</ref><ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Britain-still-rocking-60-years.5054124.jp Britain still rocking 60 years on as music museum opens The Scotsmen 10 March 2009].</ref>

In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her [[Lioness Records]] is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, [[Dionne Bromfield]]. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/amy-winehouse/47496 Amy Winehouse announces goddaughter's album details NME 24 September 2009].</ref> Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the television programme ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' on 10 October.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8287854.stm "Amy Winehouse to sing on Strictly".] BBC. 6 October 2009.</ref>

Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by [[Daphne Barak]] titled ''Saving Amy''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laudadio |first=Marisa |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279960,00.html |title=Amy Winehouse Documentary in the Works |work=People |date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with [[EMI]] to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album ''[[Back to Black]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/winehouse-launches-card-range_1107683 |title=Winehouse launches Card Range |publisher=Contact Music |date=25 June 2009}}</ref>

On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, ''My Daughter Amy'', aired on [[Channel 4]].<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6955820.ece Mitch Winehouse on the torment of Amy's self-destruction Page 4 The Times 19 December 2009]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

''Saving Amy'' was released as a paperback book in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9781847736703 |title=Saving Amy – Daphne Barak |publisher=Guardian bookshop |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director "We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,” and gave "crucial input on proportion, colour and fit”. The collection consists of "vintage-inspired looks including [[Capri pants]], a [[bowling]] dress, a [[trench coat]], [[pencil skirt]]s, a longline [[Argyle (pattern)|argyle]] sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/maria-pinto-plots-next-chapter-2542491?src=rss/recentstories/20100311#/article/fashion-news/amy-winehouse-teams-with-fred-perry-on-fashion-line-2542540?navSection=fashion-news |title=Amy Winehouse Teams With Fred Perry on Fashion Line |publisher=Wwd.com |date= 11 March 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/10/soul-clothes-amy-winehouse-inspires-a-collection-by-brit-brand-fred-perry.html |title=Soul clothes: Amy Winehouse inspires a collection by Brit brand Fred Perry |publisher=Los Angeles Times – Latimesblogs.latimes.com |date=27 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> At the behest her family three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/olivia-bergin/TMG8688463/The-show-will-go-on-Amy-Winehouse-for-Fred-Perry-range-to-be-released.html |title=The show will go on: Amy Winehouse for Fred Perry range to be released |publisher=Fashion.telegraph.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-17 |location=London}}</ref>

==Personal life==
With the [[paparazzi]] taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an [[injunction]] against a leading paparazzi agency (Big Pictures) under the [[Protection from Harassment Act 1997]], the resultant court order banning them from following her.<ref name=paparazzi>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/may/01/amy-winehouse-big-pictures-paparazzi-privacy |title=Amy Winehouse wins court ban on paparazzi at her home |work=The Guardian |date=1 May 2009 | location=London | first1=Ben | last1=Dowell | first2=James | last2=Robinson|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the home of her friends and family. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.<ref name=paparazzi />

===Relationships===
Winehouse dated chef-musician [[Alex Clare]] (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on the outs with her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. Clare famously sold his story to the ''[[News of the World]]'', which published it under the headline “Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can’t Beehive in Bed”.<ref>{{cite news | work=The Telegraph |website=Telegraph.co.uk |title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2011, July 23 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work=Now Magazine|website=Nowmagazine.co.uk| title=Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011 |date=2007, April 29 |accessdate=2011, July 29 |url= http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/236914/amy-winehouse-cut-out-my-heart-and-stomped-on-it-says-ex/1/}}</ref>

She married Fielder-Civil (born August 1978), a former video production assistant,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |title= ''Singer Amy Winehouse weds in Miami Beach'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070522100627/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070518/ap_en_ot/people_winehouse |archivedate=22 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story|page=Page 2 of 3|date=2008, July 10|work=Rolling Stone|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723?page=2|author=Hoffman, Claire|accessdate=2011, July 23}}</ref> on 18 May 2007, in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]. Fielder-Civil was a "dropout" of [[Bourne Grammar School]], who moved to London at aged 16 from his native [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=RobertSandall/> In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she was sometimes [[domestic violence|violent]] towards him when she had been drinking, stating "if he says one thing I don't like then I'll chin him".<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? – CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/24/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Amy-Winehouse.php Amy Winehouse bloody, bruised after alleged fight with husband] ''Associated Press''. 24 August 2007.</ref> Equality campaigner [[Glenn Sacks]] criticised Winehouse for "bragging" about abusing her husband, noting how a male abuser would have been "locked up, stigmatised, and vilified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glennsacks.com/blog/?p=886 |title=Blog Archive |publisher=GlennSacks.com |date=9 July 2007 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref>

Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, citing fears that the two might commit suicide, with Fielder-Civil's father encouraging fans to boycott her music.<ref name="boycott">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6966640.stm ''Fans Urged to boycott Winehouse'']. BBC News. 23 August 2007.</ref> Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced her to [[crack cocaine]] and heroin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20243428,00.html |title=Divorce Drama for Amy Winehouse? |work=People |date=1 December 2008}}</ref> During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that they would cut themselves to ease the pain of [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]].<ref name=RobertSandall/>

From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to [[pervert the course of justice]] as well as a charge of grievous bodily harm with intent.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jun/10/ukcrime.amywinehouse "Crime: Amy Winehouse's husband pleads guilty to GBH and cover-up."] ''The Guardian Unlimited''. 10 June 2008.</ref><ref name="husbandsentencing">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4372922.ece "Winehouse husband must stay in jail, judge rules."] ''The Times'' 21 July 2008.</ref><ref name="Blakereleased">[http://itn.co.uk/news/14444cc4581bc95ffe44348ff625240b.html "Is Winehouse heading back to UK?"]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''ITN''. 27 February 2009.</ref> The incident, in July 2007, involved an assault on a pub landlord that resulted in a broken cheek.<ref name="remanded">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7150811.stm "Winehouse is arrested by police."] BBC.co.uk. 18 December 2007.</ref> According to the prosecution the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to "effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up". The prosecution testified that the money used to pay off the landlord belonged to Winehouse,<ref name="GBH">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4107761.ece "Amy Winehouse husband Blake Fielder-Civil 'used her money to pay off victim'."] ''The Times''. 11 June 2008.</ref> but that Winehouse pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, because she had to attend an awards ceremony.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7448934.stm "Singer absent from 'plot' meeting."] ''BBC News''. 11 June 2008.</ref>

Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor [[Josh Bowman]] on holiday in Saint Lucia in early January 2009, saying she was "in love again, and I don't need drugs."<ref name="lucia">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/12/winehouse.divorce/index.html |title= Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |publisher=CNN |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref> She commented that the "whole marriage was based on doing drugs" and that "for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married."<ref name="lucia"/> On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that "papers have been received" for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amy Winehouse’s husband to file for divorce |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28623391/ |publisher=MSNBC |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE50B55K20090112 |agency=Reuters |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2009 | first=Mike | last=Collett-White}}</ref> On 25 February, Blake Fielder-Civil was quoted as saying that he planned to continue divorce proceedings to give himself a drug-free fresh start.<ref name=Blakereleased/> In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, "I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me – that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=37419 "Winehouse 'Won't Let' Husband Divorce Her"], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 24 March 2009.</ref> Uncontested,<ref name="divorce"/> the divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.<ref name="divorce">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8153626.stm |title=Winehouse Divorces Fielder-Civil |publisher=BBC News |date=16 July 2009 |accessdate=16 July 2009}}</ref> Upon his request Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?entry_id=67347 |title=Blake Fielder-Civil received nothing in Amy Winehouse split |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle – Sfgate.com |date=7 July 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011 |first=Laurie |last=Isola}}</ref> She is believed to have been dating director [[Reg Traviss]] shortly before her death.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-dead-Singer-heartbroken-split-Reg-Traviss.html Tragic Amy Winehouse 'heartbroken' over split from Reg Traviss as she dies aged 27] ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref>

===Substance abuse and mental health issues===
Winehouse's battles with [[substance abuse]] were the subject of much media attention. In various interviews, she admitted to having problems with [[self-harm]], depression and [[eating disorder]]s.<ref name=demons/><ref name="bbcprofile">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm "Profile: Amy Winehouse."] BBC.com.  29 August 2007.</ref> In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, violent mood swings and weight loss.<ref name=RobertSandall/> People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of ''Back to Black''.<ref name=RobertSandall/> Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.<ref name=RobertSandall/> In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an [[drug overdose|overdose]] of heroin, [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|ecstasy]], cocaine, [[ketamine]] and alcohol.<ref name="telegraph1">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/1937076/Amy-Winehouse-bailed-over-drugs-video.html "Amy Winehouse bailed over drugs video."] ''The Telegraph''. 8 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that "I really thought that it was over for me then."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/lat-rev_3_k6eyeonc20080924190121,0,3014589.photo Amy Winehouse was not hospitalized for 'exhaustion'] Los Angeles Times.</ref>
Soon after, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems, he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7296067.stm ''Who'd be a pop star's parent?''] BBC News. 17 March 2008.</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Album Chart Show]]'' on British television, Winehouse said she was [[bipolar disorder|manic depressive]] and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like "an alcoholic in denial".<ref>{{cite news|author=Salahi, Lara|title=Amy Winehouse: Career Shadowed by Addiction|date=25 July 2011|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/w_MindBodyNews/amy-winehouse-career-shadowed-addiction/story?id=14145112|work=ABC News|accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref> A U.S. reporter writes that Winehouse was a "victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sparber, Max|title=On the death of Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.minnpost.com/maxsparber/2011/07/25/30288/on_the_death_of_amy_winehouse|date=25 July 2011|work=MinnPost}} Her mental illness described also in {{cite news|author=Milloy, Courtland|title=Amy Winehouse another tragic victim of manic depression|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/amy-winehouse-another-tragic-victim-of-manic-depression/2011/07/24/gIQAW3FJXI_story.html|date=24 July 2011|work=The Washington Post}} and {{cite news|author=Satel, Sally|title=Amy Winehouse's Killers|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903999904576470080054135712.html|date=27 July 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref>

On 2 December 2007, images of the singer outside her home in the early morning hours, barefoot and wearing only a bra and jeans, appeared on the internet and in tabloid newspapers. In a statement, her spokesman blamed paparazzi harassment for the incident.<ref>Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3007057.ece "Amy Winehouse seeks help for drug problem after fresh pictures."] ''Times Online''. 6 December 2007.</ref> The spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.<ref>Rubin, Courtney. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20165333,00.html "Amy Winehouse 'Determined' to Attend Grammys."] ''People''. 10 December 2007.</ref> The British tabloid ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'' posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and [[valium]]. Winehouse's father moved in with her,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23101962-5001026,00.html "Amy Winehouse living with her father, under 24 hour watch."] ''The Daily Telegraph''. 24 January 2008.</ref> and [[Island Records]], her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.<ref name=jan24/> In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/International_Buzz/Amy_takes_the_rehab_route/articleshow/2736616.cms "Amy takes the rehab route."] ''Times of India''. 29 January 2008.</ref>

On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the [[Metropolitan Police]],<ref name="jan24">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article3237556.ece "Winehouse may be charged over drugs video."] ''The Times''. 24 January 2008.</ref> who questioned her on 5 February.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/arts/07arts-WINEHOUSEQUE_BRF.html?ref=arts "Winehouse Questioned About Drugs."] ''New York Times''. 7 February 2008.</ref> No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was "doing well" and denied a published report in a British tabloid that consideration was being given to having her return to rehab.<ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/rep_amy_winehouse_not_returning_to_rehab "Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab."] ''US Magazine''. 26 March 2008.</ref> Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.<ref name="novello">Sherwin, Adam. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3788805.ece "Amy Winehouse nominated for three Ivor Novello awards."] ''Timesonline.co.uk.'' 21 March 2008.</ref> By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts have been unsuccessful,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/04/25/bmamycamden525.xml "Amy Winehouse cautioned for assault."] ''The Telegraph''. 26 April 2008.</ref> leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her [[Involuntary commitment#United Kingdom|sectioned]].<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/track/celebrity/view.bg?articleid=1090113&srvc=home&position=also "Papa Winehouse committed to Amy’s care."] ''Boston Herald'' Wire Services. 28 April 2008.</ref> Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.<ref name=monarch911/>

According to Winehouse's physician Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> In an October 2010 interview, Winehouse speaking of her decision to quit drugs said "I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don’t want to do this any more”.<ref name="drugfree">{{cite web|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/10/05/amy-winehouse-unveils-her-fred-perry-designs/?xid=rss-topheadlines |title=Amy Winehouse Unveils Her Fred Perry Designs |publisher=Stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.<ref name=coronorGuardian/> The physician said that Winehouse was treated with [[Librium]] for [[alcohol withdrawal]] and anxiety, and underwent psychologist and a psychiatrist reviews in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.<ref name=coronorGuardian/>

===Violence and legal difficulties===
In 2006, Winehouse admitted punching a fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.<ref>{{cite news|author=By Lola Ogunnaike CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/comment.lola.winehouse/ |title=Commentary: Whither Winehouse? - CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= 1 July 2008|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>

In October 2007, Winehouse and her then-husband were arrested in [[Bergen]], Norway for possession of seven grams of [[marijuana]]. The couple were later released and fined 3850 [[Norwegian Krone|kroner]] (around £350).<ref name="summoned">[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article5425837.ece Amy Winehouse is summoned to court over drugs appeal 1 January 2009].</ref> Winehouse first appealed the fines, claiming she was "duped" into confessing,<ref name=summoned/><ref>White, Nicholas. [http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20168379,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn "Amy Winehouse summoned to appear in court in Norway for drug conviction."] ''People'' magazine. 27 December 2007.</ref> but later dropped the appeal.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/06/arts/AP-EU-Norway-People-Winehouse.html Amy Winehouse Drops Drug Case Appeal in Norway], ''The New York Times'', 6 January 2009.</ref>

On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was [[police caution|cautioned]] after she admitted to police she slapped a 38 year-old man in the face, a "[[common assault]]" offence. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was "in no fit state" to be interviewed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7368560.stm "Winehouse cautioned over assault."] BBC Entertainment. 26 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was arrested on 7 May 2008 on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23663753-10388,00.html Amy Winehouse bailed on drug charges]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}. ''NEWS.com.au''. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.<ref name="telegraph1"/><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3892427.ece "Amy Winehouse released after arrest over 'drugs video'."] ''The Times''. 8 May 2008.</ref> The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her with possessing a [[controlled drug]] and allowing her premises to be used for the supply by others of a controlled drug, but she was cleared when the service could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.<ref>[http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/135_08.html "Crown Prosecution Service Press Release."] 14 May 2008.</ref> In reaction to the decision, former police commander John O’Connor said it is an "absolute scandal that nothing could be done" about Winehouse "cocking a snook at the law".<ref name="cocking">[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1164010.ece Amy will not face drug charges] ''The Sun'', 15 May 2008.</ref> Some members of [[British Parliament|Parliament]] also reacted negatively.<ref name="cocking" /><ref>[http://www.topnews.in/light/amy-winehouse-escapes-charges-over-drug-video-210864 "Amy Winehouse escapes charges over drug video."] Asian News International. 15 May 2008.</ref> Two London residents were subsequently charged with [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7482889.stm ''Winehouse drug accused in court.''] BBC News. 1 July 2008.</ref> One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7754095.stm "Jail for Winehouse drug plot man."] ''BBC''. 12 December 2008.</ref>

On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by a woman that Winehouse hit her in the eye at a September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.<ref>{{cite news|author=Compiled by DAVE ITZKOFF |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/music/07arts-WINEHOUSECHA_BRF.html?ref=arts |title="Winehouse Charged With Assaulting Fan." ''The New York Times''. 6 March 2009 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> At the same time, she was reported to have spat at the English socialite [[Pippa Middleton]] and to have headbutted a photographer.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/71993/Winehouse-charged-with-attack/ dailystar.co.uk] dated 7 March 2009 at dailystar.co.uk</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson announced the singer cancelled a scheduled United States [[Coachella Festival]] appearance in "light of current legal issues".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7932675.stm "Winehouse pulls out of Coachella."] BBC. 9 March 2009.</ref> Swearing in under her legal name of Amy Jade Civil, Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse denies assault charge |publisher=[[ITV]] |date=17 March 2009 |accessdate=17 March 2009 |url=http://www.itv.com/News/Articles/Winehouse-denies-assault-charge-618248604.html}}</ref> On 23 July her assault trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with "deliberate and unjustifiable violence" while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. The woman, Sharene Flash, testified that Winehouse "punched me forcefully in my right eye. She used a fist, her right one.” Winehouse testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push Flash away from her because she was scared of Flash. Winehouse cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's "rude" behaviour as reasons for her fear of Flash.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jul/23/amy-winehouse-punched-dancer Amy Winehouse 'punched dancer after photo request The Guardian 23 July 2009].</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6724868.ece "Amy Winehouse: I'm too short to have punched anyone"], ''The Times'', 23 July 2009].</ref> On the 24 July, District Judge [[Timothy Workman]] ruled that Winehouse was not guilty of the charge. Workman cited the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show "the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye".<ref>{{cite news |title=Winehouse not guilty of assault |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8167205.stm |publisher=BBC |date=24 July 2009 | accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref>

On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested again on charges of common assault, plus another charge of [[Public Order Act 1986|public order offence]]. Winehouse assaulted the front-of-house manager of the [[Milton Keynes Theatre]] after he asked her to move from her seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6966553.ece|title= Amy Winehouse charged over alleged Cinderella panto assault|work=The Times |location=UK|date= 23 December 2009|accessdate=22 July 2011|first=Philippe|last=Naughton}}</ref> On 20 January 2010, she admitted common assault and disorderly behaviour. She was given a two-year [[Discharge (sentencing)|conditional discharge]] and ordered to pay [[£]]85 court costs and £100 [[Damages|compensation]] to the man she attacked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1244659/Amy-Winehouse-walks-free-court-admitting-panto-attack.html |title=The day five vodkas turned Amy Winehouse into a panto villain |work=Daily Mail |location=UK |date= 22 January 2010|accessdate=9 January 2011 |first1=Paul |last1=Harris |first2=Daniel |last2=Bates}}</ref>

===Respiratory problems===
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage [[emphysema]], instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.<ref name="contra">{{cite news |title=Spokeswoman: Amy Winehouse doesn't have emphysema |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-06-23-amy-winehouse_N.htm |publisher=''[[USA Today]]'' |date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's [[Lung volumes|lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity]] and that she had an [[Cardiac arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]]. Mitch Winehouse said that these problems had been caused by her [[chain smoking]] and crack cocaine use. The singer’s father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking [[crack cocaine]], she would have to wear an [[oxygen mask]] and would eventually die.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/22/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Winehouse.php|title=Singer Amy Winehouse has lung damage and irregular heart beat, says her father|publisher=Associated Press via iht.com|date=22 June 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding "fabulously" to treatment, which included being covered with [[nicotine patches]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7469071.stm "Dad says Winehouse flourishing."] ''BBC.co.uk''. 23 June 2008.</ref> British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but "heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4197311.ece "Amy Winehouse diagnosed with emphysema."] ''The Times''. 23 June 2008.</ref> Norman H. Edelman of the [[American Lung Association]] explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589794/20080623/winehouse_amy.jhtml |title="Amy Winehouse's Father Clarifies Diagnosis, Sort Of: 'She Has A Small Amount Of Emphysema'." |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2008-06-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Photographs of the singer with a cigarette in her mouth, taken 23 June 2008, were widely published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/24/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-20631214325574/ |title=UPI NewsTrack Entertainment News |publisher=UPI.com |date=2008-06-24 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Winehouse was released from [[The London Clinic]] 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at [[Nelson Mandela]]'s 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an [[outpatient]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/01/Winehouse_leaves_London_clinic/UPI-75471214921764/ |title=Winehouse leaves London clinic |publisher=Upi.com |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> In July, 2008 Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with "some areas of emphysema" and said she is getting herself together by "eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anita |title=Amy Winehouse: I want five kids and to appear on Countdown |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2446305/Amy-Winehouse-I-want-five-kids-and-to-appear-on-Countdown.html |work=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> She also kept a vertical [[tanning bed]] in her apartment.<ref name=Hoffman /> Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008<ref name="OctoberHospital">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27402636/ "Winehouse back in the hospital for more tests."] ''MSNBC''. 27 October 2008.</ref> at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.<ref name=3nov/> She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/25/amy.winehouse.hospital/index.html |title=Amy Winehouse hospitalized for drug reaction |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Amy Winehouse Home 23-July-2011.jpg|thumb|right|Tributes outside Amy Winehouse's home at [[Camden Square]] on the evening of her death on 23 July 2011]]
Winehouse's bodyguard said that he arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she was somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her "laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2am the day of her death. According to the bodyguard at 10AM he observed her lying on her bed and tried to unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard shortly after 3pm he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before leading to a further check in which he concluded she was not breathing and had no pulse. He claimed he subsequently called emergency services <ref name=coronorGuardian/>. At 3:54pm [[British Summer Time|BST]] on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roberts, Randall|title=Soul singer Amy Winehouse found dead in her London home|date=23 July 2011|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/07/amy-winehouse-found-dead-in-her-london-home.html|publisher=Tribune Company|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse post-mortem takes place|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14272032|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Bull |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead-London-flat-drug-overdose.html |title=Amy Winehouse found dead at her London flat after 'drug overdose' | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date= 26 July 2011|accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police]] confirmed that she had died.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead--Found-dead-London-flat.html | title = Amy Winehouse, 27, found dead at her London flat|date=23 July 2011|author=Bull, Sarah|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Associated Newspapers|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14262237|title=Amy Winehouse found dead, aged 27|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |location=London|accessdate=23 July 2011|date=23 July 2011}}</ref> After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse’s residence to pay their respects. [[Forensic science|Forensic]] investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside.

Police recovered two large and one small bottles of vodka from her room<ref name=coronorGuardian/>.

A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of [[death by misadventure|misadventure]]. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's [[blood alcohol content]] was 416 [[milligramme|mg]] per [[decilitre]] at the time of her death, more than five times [[driving under the influence|the legal drink-drive limit]]. According to the coroner "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death."<ref name=coronorGuardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/oct/26/amy-winehouse-verdict-misadventure|title=Amy Winehouse inquest records verdict of misadventure|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15453517|date=26 October 2011|title=Amy Winehouse death: Coroner records misadventure verdict|accessdate=26 October 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Winehouse's record label, [[Universal Republic]], released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/23/amy-winehouse-found-dead-115875-23292089/ |title=Amy Winehouse found dead |work=Daily Mirror |location=UK |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/amy-winehouse/324873-amy-winehouse-found-dead |title=Amy Winehouse Found Dead | Amy Winehouse | News | MTV UK |publisher=Mtv.co.uk |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including [[U2]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Mutya Buena]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Keisha Buchanan]], [[Rihanna]], [[George Michael]], [[Adele (singer)|Adele]], [[Kelly Clarkson]],<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1667901/amy-winehouse-funeral-in-london.jhtml Amy Winehouse Funeral Held In London] MTV. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> and [[Courtney Love]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Baltin, Steve|title=Courtney Love on Amy Winehouse: 'I'm Gutted'|date=23 July 2011|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/courtney-love-on-amy-winehouse-im-gutted-20110723|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref>

Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at [[Jewish cemeteries in London|Edgwarebury Lane cemetery]] in north London.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Family plan private funeral for Amy Winehouse|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14285327|date=25 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend [[Kelly Osbourne]], producer Mark Ronson and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.<ref name="TimeFuneral"/><ref name="BBCFuneral">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14289084 Singer Amy Winehouse bows out gracefully] BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Her father delivered the eulogy, saying
"Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much."<ref name="TimeFuneral">[http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/26/good-night-my-angel-friends-and-family-gather-for-amy-winehouses-funeral/ 'Good Night, My Angel': Friends and Family Gather for Amy Winehouse's Funeral] Time. Retrieved 26 July 2011</ref> Carole King's "[[So Far Away (Carole King song)|So Far Away]]" closed the service with mourners singing along.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://b96.radio.com/2011/07/26/amy-winehouse-laid-to-rest/ |title=Amy Winehouse Laid To Rest|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=B96 Chicago|unused_data=News}}</ref> She was later [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref name=Marikar>{{cite news|author=Marikar, Sheila|title=Amy Winehouse to Be Cremated Following Emotional Funeral|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/amy-winehouse-funeral-singer-cremated-service/story?id=14154202|date=26 July 2011|work=ABC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> The family planned to sit a two-day [[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]].<ref name=Marikar /> Winehouse's parents intend to set up a foundation in her name, to help those affected by drug addiction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse foundation for addiction planned|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14306472|date=27 July 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref>

==Controversy==
{{Criticism section|date=July 2011}}
[[File:WinehouseLA.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Knee high portrait of woman in her twenties wearing a short gathered skirt, light gray dress and dark cardigan|Winehouse in 2007]]
Winehouse's [[dichotomous]] public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil proved to be controversial. ''[[The New Statesman]]'' called Winehouse "a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth [[diva]],"<ref name="NS">Rogers, Jude. "Year of the woman". ''New Statesman''. ''135'' (4822):36–38. 11 December 2006.</ref> while ''[[Newsweek]]'' called her "a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control."<ref>Alston, Joshua. "Soul on Ice, And a Twist". ''Newsweek''. '''149''' (11):60. 12 March 2007.</ref> Karen Heller with ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' summarised the maelstrom this way:

{{bquote|She's only 24 with six Grammy nods, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the [[paparazzi]] documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new [[Brigitte Bardot|Bardot]].<ref>Heller, Karen. {{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |title=The ruin of a talent, shrilly told by tabloids |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=12 December 2007 |accessdate=12 December 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080206083621/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html |archivedate=6 February 2008}}</ref>}}

By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. Even as Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse "to deal with her problems", he remarked on her talent, saying, "It’s a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it’s her image they use."<ref name=jan24/> Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,<ref>Jones, Steve and Brian Mansfield. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2008-02-11-winehouse-west_N.htm "Winehouse and West: Big night".] ''USA Today''. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://media.www.hofstrachronicle.com/media/storage/paper222/news/2008/02/14/EditorialopEd/Winehouse.Wins.Big-3211858.shtml ''Winehouse wins big – Editorial/Op-Ed'']. Hofstra University Chronicle. 14 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0802/12/sbt.01.html ''Showbiz Tonight: Amy Winehouse Grammys: Rewarded for Bad Behavior?''] CNN.com. 12 February 2008.</ref> including [[Natalie Cole]], who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony. Cole (who battled her own substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975<ref name="cole"/>) remarked, "I think the girl is talented, gifted, but it's not right for her to be able to have her cake and eat it too. She needs to get herself together."<ref name="cole">Sundel, Jenny and Stephen M. Silverman. [http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20173658_20177511,00.html "Natalie Cole: Amy's Wins Send a 'Bad Message'."] ''People''. 11 February 2008.</ref> In an opinion newspaper commentary, [[Antonio Maria Costa]], executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities send a bad message "to others who are vulnerable to addiction" and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through Africa.<ref>Costa, Antonio Maria. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/09/drugstrade.unitednations "Every line of cocaine means a little part of Africa dies."] ''The Observer'' 9 March 2008.</ref> Winehouse's spokesperson called Costa a "ludicrous man" and noted that "Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/09/un.drugs/ |title=''Anti-drugs chief hits out at Winehouse, Moss'' |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=2008-03-09 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Following Winehouse's death [[William Bennett]] a former director of the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy criticised the Grammy Awards nominating committee along similar lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/07/27/bill_bennett_grammys |title=Grammy for Winehouse's 'Rehab' a mistake? by William Bennett for CNN 27 July 2011 |publisher=Salon.com |date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref> Graeme Pearson, the former head of Scotland's drug enforcement agency, criticised Winehouse and [[Kate Moss]] for making going to rehab a badge of honour, thus giving the false impression that quitting drugs is easy, because many cannot afford to go to clinics.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article3953655.ece "Scots drugs chief says Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse make rehab chic."] ''The Times''. 18 May 2008.</ref>

Winehouse became a staple in popularity polls due not to her musical contributions, but her lifestyle. The 2008 [[NME Awards]] nominated Winehouse in the categories of "Villain of the Year", "Best Solo Artist", and "Best Music DVD"; Winehouse won for "Worst Dressed Performer".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3269435.ece "Record seven NME nominations for Arctic Monkeys."] ''The Times''. 29 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34797 |title=Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Winners' list | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date=2008-02-29 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> In its third annual list, ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine named Winehouse the third worst dressed British Woman.<ref>[http://itn.co.uk/news/ed377d9e84536f5fc517dc7dff3101e3.html "Fashion queen Kate back on top."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ITN. 7 April 2008.</ref> Winehouse was ranked number two on [[Richard Blackwell|Richard Blackwell's]] 48th annual "Ten Worst Dressed Women" list, behind [[Victoria Beckham]].<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/01/08/Beckham_Winehouse_top_worst-dressed_list/UPI-88931199843175/ "Beckham, Winehouse top worst-dressed list."] ''United Press International''. 8 January 2008.</ref> In an April 2008 poll conducted by [[Sky News]], Winehouse was named the second greatest "ultimate heroine" by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.<ref name="heroine"/> Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrate women like Winehouse who have "a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives” receive recognition.<ref name="heroine">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/42588/amy-winehouse-is-the-uks-ultimate-heroine |title=Amy Winehouse Is The UK's 'Ultimate Heroine' Amongst under 25s Gigwise |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-04-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Winehouse was voted the second most hated personality in the United Kingdom in a poll conducted one month later by ''[[Marketing (magazine)|Marketing]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/43213/heather-mills-voted-most-hated-personality-in-the-united-kingdom |title="Heather Mills Voted Most Hated Personality In The United Kingdom." |publisher=Gigwise.com |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref>

Speaking at a discussion entitled ''Winehouse or White House?: Do we go too big on showbiz news?'' Jeff Zycinski, head of [[BBC Radio Scotland]], said the BBC and media in general were complicit in the destruction of celebrities like Winehouse. He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle does not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie editor of the BBC Radio One program ''[[Newsbeat]]'' replied that "If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young license fee payers."<ref>{{cite web|last=Shepherd |first=Robert |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2008/07/bbc_news_execs_clash_over_celebrity_coverage.html |title=''BBC news execs clash over celebrity coverage'' |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=2008-07-02 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> The British artist [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2007 as saying she found Winehouse "really interesting", saying "I once saw her in the street and she was really out of it, so I guess she is really living it out. I think Amy's thing is feeling really weird about what she does and dealing with that."<ref name="hcmia07">{{Cite news|author=Collins, Hattie |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/18/urban.mia |title=Hattie Collins meets rapper MIA |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=18 August 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2011 }}</ref> British singer and songwriter [[Lily Allen]] was quoted in a Scottish newspaper as saying {{bquote|I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.<ref>[http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sos-review/Lily-Allen-interview-Rebuilding-the.4767452.jp Lily Allen interview: Rebuilding the Lily Scotland on Sunday 7 December 2008].</ref>}}

==Artistic impressions==
London's [[Mall Galleries]] opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, entitled ''Excess''. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer [[lying (position)|lying]] on top of a [[wikt:cracked|cracked]] champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.<ref name="Sculpture"/> Another piece, a print entitled "Celebrity 1" by artist Charlotte Suckling, was exhibited in the same exhibition.<ref name="Sculpture">{{cite news|last=Greenwood |first=Richard |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/05/14/bbwinehouse14.xml |title="Amy Winehouse sculpture to go on display." |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2008-05-14 |accessdate=2011-08-18 |location=London}}</ref> A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London [[Madame Tussauds]] on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7521104.stm |title="Winehouse parents reveal waxwork." |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-07-23 |accessdate=2011-08-18}}</ref> A sculpture by Marco Perego, entitled "The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star", that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and [[beat generation|beat]] poet [[William S. Burroughs]] (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife [[Joan Vollmer]]),<ref name="TimesArt">[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5114490.ece Amy Winehouse ‘shot down’ in name of art] The Times. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> was scheduled to go on display in New York’s Half Gallery on 14 November 2008. The sale price for the sculpture is listed at US $100,000. Perego said of the sculpture "Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society." Winehouse’s spokesperson said "It’s a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work."<ref name="TimesArt"/>

==Discography==
{{Main|Amy Winehouse discography}}
;'''Studio albums:'''
* ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Back to Black]]'' (2006)
;'''Compilation albums:'''
* ''[[Lioness: Hidden Treasures]]'' (2011)

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse}}

Among the awards and recognitions for ''Frank'', Winehouse earned an [[Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Contemporary Song ("[[Stronger Than Me]]"),<ref name=Profile>{{cite news|accessdate=1 February 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm|publisher=BBC News |date=29 July 2008|title=Profile: Amy Winehouse}}</ref> a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3497315.stm Brits 2004: The winners] BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011</ref> and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''.<ref>Dimery, Robert (2006). ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing</ref> ''Back to Black'' produced numerous nominations, including two from the BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist and Best British Album), six from the [[Grammy Award]]s (including five wins),<ref name="msnbcGrammy"/> four from the Ivor Novello Awards, four from the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], three from the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], three from the [[World Music Awards]], and one each from the [[Mercury Prize]] (Album of the Year) and [[MOBO Awards]] (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations.

==See also==
* [[27 Club]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
;General
{{refbegin|2}}
*Lewis, Pete. [http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/245/amy_winehouse_a_bands_classic_intervie.../ "A Blues & Soul Classic Interview With Amy Winehouse Before 'Rehab'"] ''[[Blues & Soul]]''. April 2004 (reprinted February 2008).
*Anderman, Joan. [http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/12/15/of_course_she_should_go_to_rehab/ "Of course she should go to rehab."] ''[[Boston Globe]]''. 15 December 2007.
*Gould, Lara; Bull, Sarah; & Satherly, Jessica. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018126/Amy-Winehouse-bought-ecstasy-cocaine-ketamine-tragic-death.html#ixzz1T4aRmxl0 "Sordid final hours of a troubled star: Amy Winehouse had 'bought ecstasy, cocaine and ketamine' on the night before tragic death"]. ''Daily Mail''. 24 July 2011.
*Grimwood, Ben. {{cite web |url=http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |title= ''The Year of Amy Winehouse'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080130145159/http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513 |archivedate=30 January 2008}} CollegeNews.com. 29 November 2007.
*Gundersen, Edna. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-01-28-amy-winehouse_N.htm "Amy Winehouse's sobering transformation could hurt her musical credibility."] ''USA TODAY''. 28 January 2008.
*Hill, Emily. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/31/amywinehouse.popandrock "Amy Winehouse: her own woman."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 31 July 2008
*Pareles, Jon. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/arts/music/24wine.html?ref=music "In Real Time, Amy Winehouse’s Deeper Descent."] ''New York Times'' 24 January 2008.
*Rosen, Jody. [http://www.slate.com/id/2184209/ "Dark Star."] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''. 12 February 2008.
*Smith, Joan. [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/joan-smith-theres-nothing-poetic-about-amys-selfdestruction-854279.html "There's nothing poetic about Amy's self-destruction"] ''[[The Independent]]''. 26 June 2008.
*The Smoking Gun. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/backstage/divas/amy-winehouse-0 BACKSTAGE RIDER: Divas: Amy Winehouse] 12 May 2006.
*Tyrangiel, Josh. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1706755,00.html "Trouble Woman."] ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]''. 24 January 2008.
*Vernon, Polly [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/amy-winehouse-interview-1110 Amy Winehouse: Unplugged] ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' October 2010
*{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Perry |coauthors=Stephen M. Silverman |title=Amy Winehouse Was at Death's Door, Says Dad |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20253618,00.html |work=People |date=20 January 2009}}
*[http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/07/30/amy-winehouse-s-dad-mitch-says-he-faked-a-heart-attack-to-try-and-get-his-daugher-off-heroin-115875-21557173/ July 2009 Mitch Winehouse interview with ''Daily Mirror'' covering a variety of her personal issues]
{{refend}}
;Books
{{refbegin}}
*[[Daphne Barak|Barak, Daphne]]. ''Saving Amy''. [[New Holland Publishers]], 25 January 2010. ISBN 9781847736703
*Johnstone, Nick. ''Amy Amy Amy: The Amy Winehouse Story''. [[Omnibus Press]], 1 April 2008. ISBN 9780825636028.
*[[Chas Newkey-Burden|Newkey-Burden, Chas]]. ''Amy Winehouse: The Biography''. [[John Blake Publishing]], 7 April 2008. ISBN 1844545636.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikiquote|Amy Winehouse}}
{{Wikinews|Singer Amy Winehouse dies at age 27}}
*{{Official website|http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/}}
* [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=amy-winehouse-p612371/biography|pure_url=yes}} Amy Winehouse] at the [[All Music Guide]]
*{{Guardiantopic|music/amywinehouse}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/amy_winehouse/index.html Amy Winehouse] collected news and commentary at ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html New York Times fashion retrospective]
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/amy-winehouse-remembered-20110723 Slide Show] at ''Rolling Stone''
* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%40islandrecords+%22amy+winehouse%22 Videos] at Island Records on YouTube
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbVp09E1LRg Official Video Of Amy Winehouse performing 'Back To Black' Live and Acoustic at SXSW]

{{Amy Winehouse}}
{{Grammy Award for Best New Artist}}
{{Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2000s}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1990–2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Winehouse, Amy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Winehouse, Amy Jade
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English singer and songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH = 23 July 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH = London, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Winehouse, Amy}}
[[Category:Amy Winehouse]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School]]
[[Category:Blue-eyed soul singers]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:British people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by alcohol poisoning]]
[[Category:English contraltos]]
[[Category:English female guitarists]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:English jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:English jazz singers]]
[[Category:English Jews]]
[[Category:English people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:English people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:English rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:English soul singers]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
[[Category:Jazz-blues musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
[[Category:Neo soul singers]]
[[Category:People educated at the BRIT School]]
[[Category:People from Camden (district)]]
[[Category:People from Southgate, London]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics]]
[[Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers]]
[[Category:Republic Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Torch singers]]
[[Category:Vocal jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Women in jazz]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]

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Audrey Mestre

2011-10-15T22:59:40Z

Tuttt:

{{Infobox Person
|name = Audrey Mestre
|image =
|image_size = 150
|caption =
|birth_date = August 11, 1974
|birth_place = [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|10|12|1974|8|11}}
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|spouse = [[Francisco Ferreras (free-diver)|Francisco Rodriguez aka. Francisco "Pipin" Ferreras]] 1999-2002
|occupation = [[Marine biology|Marine Biologist]], Professional [[Free-diving|Freediver]]
|nationality = French
}}

'''Audrey Mestre''' (August 11, 1974 - October 12, 2002) was a French world record-setting [[Free-diving|freediver]].

== Early life ==

Born in [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], to a family of [[snorkeling]] and [[scuba diving]] enthusiasts, at age two she was already swimming and by age thirteen was a seasoned scuba diver. She was still in her teens when her family moved to [[Mexico City]] and, fluent in the [[Spanish language]], she eventually studied marine biology at a university in [[La Paz, Mexico]].

== Relationship with Francisco "Pipín" Ferreras ==

In 1996 her interest in underwater sports led to her meeting the renowned [[Free diving|free-diver]] [[Francisco Ferreras (free-diver)|Francisco "Pipín" Ferreras]]. They immediately developed a relationship and Mestre soon moved to [[Miami, Florida]] to live with Ferreras. There, she took up serious free-diving and with Ferreras as her instructor was soon reaching record depths. In 1999 the two diving aficionados married and the following year, off the coast of [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], Audrey Mestre broke the female world record by free diving to a depth of 125 meters (410 ft) on a single breath of air. A year later she broke her own record, by descending to 130 meters (427 ft).

== Death ==
On October 4, 2002, with a dive team under her husband's supervision, she made a practice dive off [[Bayahibe]] Beach in the [[Dominican Republic]] to the unheard of depth of 166 meters (545 ft). After more deep dive practices, eight days later she prepared to attempt a dive to 171 meters but at the bottom a problem developed with the lift balloon as she started her ascent.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itPPeroprQI&NR=1 |title=Audrey's last dive |year=2002 |accessdate=2008-09-18 }}</ref> A dive that should have been no more than three minutes resulted in her remaining underwater for more than eight and a half minutes. By the time her husband was able to bring her unconscious body to the surface it was too late and she was pronounced dead at a hospital on shore.

Her death shocked the diving world; many experts in the field were critical of her husband, alleging he pushed her too far, too fast and for a lack of proper safety procedures during the dive that took her life.{{Weasel-inline|date=March 2009}}

In 2006 Venezuelan-born US-citizen Carlos Serra, a former IAFD-partner of Ferreras' and co-organizer of Mestre's fatal record attempt, published a book '''The Last Attempt''' which received wide acclaim in and out of freediving circuits. In this book, Serra places the guilt for Mestre's death directly on Ferreras, practically accusing him of a crime. According to Serra's depiction, in October 2002 the Ferreras and Mestre marriage was on the brink of divorce after much abuse by Ferreras, possibly due to Ferreras being jealous about the attention Mestre was gaining at his expense. Serra argues that to punish his wife for wanting to leave him, Ferreras deliberately avoided filling the sled's air tank, a vital piece of equipment to ensure Mestre's return to the surface. Several circumstances leave Serra to conclude that Ferreras may not have intended to murder his wife, but that it was his direct irresponsible actions that led to her death.<ref>{{cite book|first=Carlos |last=Serra|title=The Last Attempt|isbn=1-4257-3840-0|year=2006|publisher=Xlibris Corp.|location=[Philadelphia, Pa.]|oclc=191696558}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
Audrey Mestre was cremated, her ashes scattered at sea. In 2002, she was inducted posthumously into the Women Divers Hall of Fame and in August 2004 a book that tells her story was written by her husband and published under the title ''The Dive: A Story of Love and Obsession'' (ISBN 0-06-056416-4). Bluegrass artist [http://www.louwamp.com/ Lou Wamp] released an [http://www.louwamp.com/mp3/lou_audreyslastdive.mp3 instrumental tribute] entitled ''Audrey's Last Dive'' in 2005.

== Popular culture ==
*''The Dive'' is a proposed movie based on the story of Ferreras and Mestre. It will be directed by [[James Cameron]] and has a tentative [[2012 in film|2012]] release.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377124/ |title=The Internet Movie Database - The Dive (2012) |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mestre, Audrey
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 11, 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
| DATE OF DEATH = October 12, 2002
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mestre, Audrey}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:French free-divers]]
[[Category:Underwater diving deaths]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:French emigrants to Mexico]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Mexico]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]

[[de:Audrey Mestre-Ferreras]]
[[es:Audrey Mestre]]
[[fr:Audrey Mestre]]
[[it:Audrey Mestre]]
[[ru:Местре, Одри]]

Audrey Mestre

2011-10-15T22:58:47Z

Tuttt:

{{Infobox Person
|name = Audrey Mestre
|image =
|image_size = 150
|caption =
|birth_date = August 11, 1974
|birth_place = [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|10|12|1974|8|11}}
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|spouse = [[Francisco Ferreras (free-diver)|Francisco Rodriguez aka. Francisco "Pipin" Ferreras]] 1999-2002
|occupation = [[Marine biology|Marine Biologist]], Professional [[Free-diving|Freediver]]
|nationality = French
}}

'''Audrey Mestre''' (August 11, 1974 - October 12, 2002) was a French world record-setting [[Free-diving|freediver]].

== Early life ==

Born in [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], to a family of [[snorkeling]] and [[scuba diving]] enthusiasts, at age two she was already swimming and by age thirteen was a seasoned scuba diver. She was still in her teens when her family moved to [[Mexico City]] and, fluent in the [[Spanish language]], she eventually studied marine biology at a university in [[La Paz, Mexico]].

== Relationship with Francisco "Pipín" Ferreras ==

In 1996 her interest in underwater sports led to her meeting the renowned [[Free diving|free-diver]] [[Francisco Ferreras (free-diver)|Francisco "Pipín" Ferreras]]. They immediately developed a relationship and Mestre soon moved to [[Miami, Florida]] to live with Ferreras. There, she took up serious free-diving and with Ferreras as her instructor was soon reaching record depths. In 1999 the two diving aficionados married and the following year, off the coast of [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], Audrey Mestre broke the female world record by free diving to a depth of 125 meters (410 ft) on a single breath of air. A year later she broke her own record, by descending to 130 meters (427 ft).

== Death ==
On October 4, 2002, with a dive team under her husband's supervision, she made a practice dive off [[Bayahibe]] Beach in the [[Dominican Republic]] to the unheard of depth of 166 meters (545 ft). After more deep dive practices, eight days later she prepared to attempt a dive to 171 meters but at the bottom a problem developed with the lift balloon as she started her ascent.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itPPeroprQI&NR=1 |title=Audrey's last dive |year=2002 |accessdate=2008-09-18 }}</ref> A dive that should have been no more than three minutes resulted in her remaining underwater for more than eight and a half minutes. By the time her husband was able to bring her unconscious body to the surface it was too late and she was pronounced dead at a hospital on shore.

Her death shocked the diving world; many experts in the field were critical of her husband, alleging he pushed her too far, too fast and for a lack of proper safety procedures during the dive that took her life.{{Weasel-inline|date=March 2009}}

In 2006 Venezuelan-born US-citizen Carlos Serra, a former IAFD-partner of Ferreras' and co-organizer of Mestre's fatal record attempt, published a book '''The Last Attempt''' which received wide acclaim in and out of freediving circuits. In this book, Serra places the guilt for Mestre's death directly on Ferreras, practically accusing him of a crime. According to Serra's depiction, in October 2002 the Ferreras and Mestre marriage was on the brink of divorce after much abuse by Ferreras, possibly due to Ferreras being jealous about the attention Mestre was gaining at his expense. Serra argues that to punish his wife for wanting to leave him, Ferreras deliberately avoided filling the sled's air tank, a vital piece of equipment to ensure Mestre's return to the surface. Several circumstances leave Serra to conclude that Ferreras may not have intended to murder his wife, but that it was his direct irresponsible actions that led to her death.<ref>{{cite book|first=Carlos |last=Serra|title=The Last Attempt|isbn=1-4257-3840-0|year=2006|publisher=Xlibris Corp.|location=[Philadelphia, Pa.]|oclc=191696558}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
Audrey Mestre was cremated, her ashes scattered at sea. In 2002, she was inducted posthumously into the Women Divers Hall of Fame and in August 2004 a book that tells her story was written by her husband and published under the title ''The Dive: A Story of Love and Obsession'' (ISBN 0-06-056416-4). Bluegrass artist [http://www.louwamp.com/ Lou Wamp] released an [http://www.louwamp.com/mp3/lou_audreyslastdive.mp3 instrumental tribute] entitled ''Audrey's Last Dive'' in 2005.

== Popular culture ==
*''The Dive'' is a proposed movie based on the story of Ferreras and Mestre. It will be directed by [[James Cameron]] and has a tentative [[2012 in film|2012]] release.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377124/ |title=The Internet Movie Database - The Dive (2012) |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mestre, Audrey
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 11, 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint-Denis]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
| DATE OF DEATH = October 12, 2002
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mestre, Audrey}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:French free-divers]]
[[Category:Underwater diving deaths]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:French emigrants to Mexico]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Mexico]]
[[Category:Deaths by Drowning]]

[[de:Audrey Mestre-Ferreras]]
[[es:Audrey Mestre]]
[[fr:Audrey Mestre]]
[[it:Audrey Mestre]]
[[ru:Местре, Одри]]

Going Under

2011-10-15T17:03:24Z

Tuttt: /* Music video */

{{Other uses|Going Under (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Going Under
| Cover = Ev going under.JPG
| Alt = A woman with black hair and black dress can be seen. Three men are surrounding here. The men are not very visible. In front of the woman the words "Evanescence" and "Going Under" are written with white letters.
| Artist = [[Evanescence]]
| Album = [[Fallen (Evanescence album)|Fallen]]
| Released = September 9, 2003
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 2003 (single)
| Genre = [[Alternative metal]], [[nu metal]]
| Length = 3:34
| Label = [[Wind-up Records|Wind-up]]
| Writer = [[Amy Lee]], [[David Hodges]], [[Ben Moody]]
| Producer = [[Dave Fortman]]
| Certification = Gold ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])<ref name="ariabringmetolife" />
| Last single = "[[Bring Me to Life]]" (2003)
| This single = "'''Going Under'''" (2003)
| Next single = "[[My Immortal]]" (2004)
| Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = Fallen
| Type = single
| Tracks = {{Fallen tracks}}
}} }}

"'''Going Under'''" is a song by American [[rock music|rock]] band [[Evanescence]]. It was released on September 9, 2003, as the second single from their debut album ''[[Fallen (Evanescence album)|Fallen]]''. It was written by [[Amy Lee]], [[David Hodges]] and [[Ben Moody]], while production was handled by [[Dave Fortman]]. Initially planned to be the first single from ''Fallen'', the release of the [[Daredevil: The Album|''Daredevil'' soundtrack]] eclipsed the decision, resulting in the release of "[[Bring Me to Life]]".

The song contains [[rock music|rock]] and [[heavy metal music|metal]] influences among others and its main instrumentation consists of drums and guitars built around Lee's [[soprano]] vocals. The song received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. While failing to chart on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], "Going Under" peaked at number 5 on the ''Billboard'' [[Alternative Songs]] chart. It charted in the top forty in every country and it was certified Platinum by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]].

The [[music video]] for the song was directed by Philipp Stölzl and it was filmed in May, 2003 in Germany. It shows Lee performing on a concert along with the band, while fans are turning into [[zombie]]s. She designed the both dresses she wears in the video. It ranked at number 12 on the list of "The 15 Scariest Music Videos Ever" published by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Evanescence additionally added the song to the set-list on their Fallen and [[The Open Door Tour]].

==Background and release==
[[File:Evanescence 2003 barcelona ben moody.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Ben Moody]] (''pictured'') co-wrote the song along with Amy Lee and David Hodges.<ref name="mtv1494824" /><ref name="windupbook" />]]
"Going Under" was written by [[Amy Lee]], [[David Hodges]] and [[Ben Moody]], while production for the song was handled by [[Dave Fortman]].<ref name="windupbook" /> It was the last song written for ''[[Fallen (Evanescence album)|Fallen]]'' although a demo version was recorded before the release of ''Fallen'', and it featured a slightly different sound in the music and Lee's vocals. An [[acoustic music|acoustic]] version was recorded shortly after the release of ''Fallen'', along with several other songs.<ref name="allmusic-review" /> According to [[Amy Lee]], "Going Under" is about recovering from an abusive relationship, which she has stated in a number of interviews. In an interview with [[MTV News]], Lee further explained the meaning and the inspiration behind the song,
<blockquote>
"The lyrics are about coming out of a bad relationship, and when you're at the end of your rope, when you're at the point where you realize something has to change, that you can't go on living in the situation that you're in. It's cool. It's a very strong song."<ref name="mtv2270" />
</blockquote>

The UK single of "Going Under" contains the album version of the song and a live version recorded at [[WNOR]] in [[Norfolk, Virginia]].<ref name="allmusic-review" /><ref name="goinguk" /> An acoustic radio version of "Going Under" and an acoustic version of [[Nirvana]]'s "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]," recorded at [[WXDX-FM]] in [[Pittsburgh]] are placed on the single as well. The fourth track is the music video for the song.<ref name="allmusic-review" /> Tim Sendra of Allmusic wasn't satisfied with the cover of Nirvana saying that Lee's vocals are "overly dramatic side here and serve to make the song into a bad joke."<ref name="allmusic-review" />

==Composition==
According to the sheet music published by [[Alfred Music Publishing]] on the website Musicnotes.com, "Going Under" is an [[rock music|rock]], [[alternative metal]], [[gothic rock]], [[hard rock]] and [[chamber pop]] song set in [[Time signature|common time]] and performed in slow and free [[tempo]] of 84 beats per minute.<ref name="sheetmusic" /> It is written in the key of [[D major]] and Lee's vocal range for the song runs from the musical note of [[E (musical note)|E3]] to [[D (musical note)|D{{music|sharp}}5]].<ref name="sheetmusic" /> Containing some [[nu-metal]] influences,<ref name="allcredits" /> the song features several guitars and drum machine as Lee sings the lines "fifty thousand tears I’ve cried".<ref name="popmatters" /> A writer for ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' said that the song is a "a mix of Lee's ethereal [[soprano]], piano interludes, and layers of serrated guitar crunch that conjure visions of [[Sarah McLachlan]] fronting [[Godsmack]]."<ref name="boston.com" />

Mikel Toombs of ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' found a [[Wagnerian rock|Wagnerian arrangement]] and metal and [[classic rock]] influences in the song.<ref name="seattlepi" /> Joe D'Angelo from MTV News wrote that the "toothy riffs" of songs like "Going Under" and "[[Bring Me to Life]]" might suggest that "[[Nobody's Home (Avril Lavigne song)|Nobody's Home]]" (2005) from [[Avril Lavigne]]'s second studio album ''[[Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)|Under My Skin]]'' will sound like "an Evanescence song with Avril, not Amy Lee, on vocals."<ref name="lavigne" /> It was also described as a "goth-meets pop" song by Michael D. Clark of ''The [[Houston Chronicle]]''.<ref name="chron" /> Tim Sendra of Allmusic said that the "tinkling pianos and [[hip-hop]]-inspired backing vocals, [are] making the song perfect for those who find the male histrionics of [[Limp Bizkit]] and their ilk too oppressive."<ref name="allmusic-review" /> Vik Bansal of [[MusicOMH]] compared the song with Evanescence's previous single, "Bring Me to Life" saying that it contained "Amy Lee's temptress vocals, pseudo-electronic beats à la [[Linkin Park]], understated but menacing metallic riffs in the background, and a ripping, radio-friendly rock chorus."<ref name="musicomh" />

==Reception==
Tim Sendra of [[Allmusic]] called the song "one of the harder tracks" on ''Fallen''.<ref name="allmusic-review" /> Sendra also praised the acoustic version of the song placed on UK single saying that Lee's vocals are "free rein to soar."<ref name="allmusic-review" /> Johnny Loftus of the same publication wrote that the song "surges nicely into its anthemic chorus, and when the guitars do show up (like on '[[Everybody's Fool]]'), Lee matches their power easily."<ref name="anyall" /> While reviewing Evanescence's second studio album, ''[[The Open Door]]'', Brendan Butler of [[Cinema Blend]] compared the song with "[[Sweet Sacrifice]]" (2007) calling it the most "radio-friendly" song.<ref name="cinema" /> Joe D'Angelo of MTV News wrote that the song "should be as omnipresent as '[[Bring Me to Life]]".<ref name="mtv1473" /> Vik Bansal of MusicOMH praised the song stating that the band "have poured bits of metal and goth into the cauldron, and by using a smattering of pop, produced a mix that makes those two musical genres more palatable to the general public."<ref name="musicomh" />

Although "Going Under" failed to chart on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], it peaked at number 4 and 5 on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]]<ref name="bbbubble" /> and on the [[Alternative Songs]] chart respectively.<ref name="alternative" /> The song debuted at number 14 on the [[ARIA charts|Australian Singles Chart]] on August 31, 2003 which later became the song's peak position on that chart.<ref name="aus" /> It was certified Gold by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) in 2003.<ref name="ariabringmetolife" /> In Italy, "Going Under" debuted at number 16 on October 16, 2003 and it later peaked at number 9 on January 1, 2004.<ref name="italy" /> On the year-end chart in the same country, "Going Under" was placed at number 56.<ref name="italy year" /> In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 8 on October 4, 2011 which later became its peak position.<ref name="chartstats" /> On November 8, the song charted at number 53 and it fell out of the chart the next week.<ref name="chartstats" />

== Music video ==
[[Image:Evanescence going under wiki.jpg|left|thumb|Amy Lee singing in the video with the red corset which cost [[United States dollar|US$]]2,500.<ref name="vh1523" />]]

The accompanying [[music video]] for "Going Under" was filmed in [[Berlin]], Germany, in May, 2003 and was directed by Philipp Stölzl, the same director of the video for "Bring Me to Life".<ref name="mtv2270" /> Lee designed both of the dresses she wears in the music video, and stitched the white dress used in the underwater scenes of the video, all while recovering from an illness in a hotel in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] which was the original filming location for the music video.<ref name="mtv2270" /> She described the white dress during an interview with MTV News, "It's white and has a lot of shreds. It reminds me of something someone who died would wear. It's a long dress, ripped up. Different shreds of different fabric, just flying around underwater."<ref name="mtv2270" /> The red corset that Lee designed was custom made by a designer, and cost [[United States dollar|US$]]2,500.<ref name="vh1523" /> Lee further explained the fashion and her style in the video, "I wear lots of funky stuff onstage. I like to mix it up. I like to use two basic elements for my clothing: rock — you know, metal and chains and stuff — mixed with fairies and drama and [[Victorian fashion|Victorian clothing]] — fantasy. Honestly I just wear what I like. You know why? 'Cause I can. I'm a rock star."<ref name="mtv2270" />

The video for the song starts with Lee in a room while preparing for a concert. Several blond women are shown behind her as she looks them in the [[mirror]]. Suddenly, as they start putting [[cosmetics]] on her face, their own faces start to change and their eyes are turning white. Meanwhile, guitarist Ben Moody is shown being overwhelmed by reporters in a press conference. Those scenes are followed by Lee walking to the stage where the band starts singing the song. As Lee looks at the people in the crowd, they transform back and forth into [[demon|demonic beings]]. However, she continues singing the song and during the bridge of the song, she [[stage diving | dives]] into the crowd, which appears to act as water, representing the song's lyrics, "I'm going under, drowning in you." Several shots show her under the water as glowing [[jellyfish]] are surrounding her. Moody [[crowd surfing | surfs the crowd ]] during his guitar solo, while from below he is seen floating in the water above Lee and the jellyfish. Lee surfaces at the end of Moody's solo and both are thrown back onto the stage by the crowd. At the end of the video, Lee looks again at the crowd but they don't look like demons anymore; instead, she shortly looks at Moody and he turns into a demon.<ref name="scary" />

The music video ranked at number 12 on the list of "The 15 Scariest Music Videos Ever" published by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref name="scary" /> It was added that "Evanescence compares the trappings of fame to being haunted by [[ghoul]]s in this clip for the band's 2003 single. Singer Amy Lee's makeup is applied by a gaggle of sinister old women, while the crowd at the band's show morphs into a ravenous pack of [[zombie]]s. Lee eventually overcomes the visions -- only to find that guitarist Ben Moody is a demon as well."<ref name="scary" /> According to Joe D'Angelo of MTV News, the shots of Lee drowning in the video, shows a "distressed and emotionally wrought heroine."<ref name="split3" />

==Live performances and covers==
Evanescence performed the song during the [[American Music Awards of 2003 (November)|2003 American Music Awards]]. During the performance, Lee was dressed in a colorful [[poodle skirt]], tank top and flower-shaped tattoos on her forehead and neck.<ref name="amas" /> Evanescence performed the song during the 2003 [[Teen Choice Awards]].<ref name="kutcher" /> On the 2006 Jingle Ball, Evanescence performed "Going Under" and "[[Call Me When You're Sober]]". Before starting to sing the song Lee announced, "We're going to do something completely different from everyone else tonight — and rock as hard as we can." According to Kelefa Sanneh during the performance, she was "bending over and pumping her fist".<ref name="jingle ball" /> The band played the song live at their secret [[New York]] gig which took place on November 4, 2009.<ref name="rstone091105" /><ref name="bmouth091105" /> On their concert at [[War Memorial Auditorium]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], on August 17, 2011, Evanescence performed "Going Under" in promotion of their new third self-titled album, ''[[Evanescence (Evanescence album)|Evanescence]]''.<ref name="blab162133" /> They also performed the song during the [[Rock in Rio|2011 Rock in Rio]] festival on October 2, 2011.<ref name="2011rockinrio" /> On October 15, 2011, Evanescence performed the song on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''.<ref name="kimmel" /> A live version of the song from [[Le Zénith]], [[Paris]] is featured on their first [[live album]], ''[[Anywhere but Home]]'' (2004).<ref name="anywhere" /><ref name="anyall" /> American rock band [[We Are the Fallen]], covered the song live in June, 2009 during a concert in Los Angeles.<ref name="watf" /><ref name="watf2" />

== Usage in media ==
The music of "Going Under" can be heard in the credits of the video game ''[[Enter the Matrix]]''<ref name="matrix" /> and also features in the movie and trailer of the 2006 film ''[[Tristan & Isolde (film)|Tristan & Isolde]]''. The song was also used in promotional advertisements for the television series ''[[Angel (TV series)|Angel]]'' and ''[[The Grid (TV series)|The Grid]]''. This song was also released as downloadable content for [[Rock Band Network]].<ref name="rock band" />

== Track listing ==
;CD single(Released September 9/8, 2003)<ref name="goingde2" /><ref name="goingde" />
# "Going Under" (Album version) - 3:34
# "Going Under" (Live acoustic version) - 3:12
# "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]" ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] cover, live acoustic version) - 2:47
# "Going Under" (Video version) - 4:00

== Charts and certifications ==
===Weekly charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"|Chart (2003)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|14|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011|refname=aus}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Flanders)|28|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Wallonia)|37|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
|align="left"|Canada ([[Canadian Singles Chart]])<ref name="allmusic" />
|align="center"|11
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|16|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|26|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Finland|19|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|16|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|15|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|18|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|year=2003|week=39|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Italy|9|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011|refname=italy}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|4|artist=Evanescence|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|8|artist=Evanescence|year=2003|date=2003-10-04|song=Going Under|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardalternativesongs|5|artist=Evanescence|artistid=510526|accessdate=September 1, 2011|refname=alternative}}
|-
|align="left"|US [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbbubble" />
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|US [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]] (''Billboard'')<ref name="allmusic" />
|align="center"|26
|-
|}

{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!scope="col"| Chart (2003)
!scope="col"| Position
|-
|align="left"|Australian Rock Chart<ref name="pan" />
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40<ref name="dutch40year2" />
| style="text-align:center;"|186
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref name="italy year" />
| style="text-align:center;"|56
|-
|Swedish Singles Chart<ref name="swedishyear" />
| style="text-align:center;"|58
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref name="yearswiss" />
| style="text-align:center;"|79
|-
|}

===Certifications===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region (provider)
! [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] [[List of music recording certifications|(sales thresholds)]]
|-
|Australia ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])
|Gold<ref name="ariabringmetolife" />
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="chartstats">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=30991|title=Chart Stats - Evanescence - Going Under|publisher=Chart Stats. The Official Charts Company|accessdate=September 18, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="mtv2270">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472270/evanescence-shoots-clip-new-single.jhtml |title=Evanescence Singer Pairs Metal Chains, Fairies For Upcoming Video |publisher=[[MTV News]]. [[MTV Networks]]|first=Joe|last=D'Angelo|date=June 4, 2003|accessdate=October 29, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="vh1523">{{cite news |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1472058/20030523/evanescence.jhtml |title=Evanescence: Fallen To the Top |publisher=[[VH1]]. [[Viacom]]|first=Gil |last=Kaufman|date=May 9, 2003|accessdate=October 29, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p554863/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Evanescence - Billboard Singles|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=February 2, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="bbbubble">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&cdi=8043473&cid=09%2F06%2F2003 |title=Bubbling Under Top 100 Singles|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=September 6, 2003|accessdate=August 18, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930012717/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&cdi=8043473&cid=09/06/2003 |archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="allmusic-review">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r657565|pure_url=yes}} |title=Going Under: Review |publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]] |first=Tim |last=Sendra |accessdate=May 28, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="ariabringmetolife">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2003.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="italy year">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yends/hpe2003.htm|title=Top Annuali Single: 2003|publisher=[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry]]. Hit Parade Italy |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="dutch40year2">{{cite web|url=http://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr2003.html|title=Dutch Top 40 Year End Chart - 2003|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name="sheetmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdVPE.asp?ppn=MN0047094|title=Evanescence - Going Under Sheet Music (Digital Download)|publisher=Musicnotes.com. [[Alfred Music Publishing]]|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="allcredits">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r627641|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Fallen > Overview )))|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|first=Johnny|last=Loftus|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="popmatters">{{cite news |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/evanescence-fallen|title=Evanescence: Fallen|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|first=Adrien|last=Begrand|date=23 May 2003|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="windupbook">{{Cite music release notes | Name=Fallen | Type=album | Artist=[[Evanescence]] | Year=2006 | Format=liner notes | Publisher=[[Wind-up Records]]}}</ref>
<ref name="blab162133">{{cite news|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=162133|title=Evanescence Plays First Show In Almost Two Years; Video Available|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]. [[Roadrunner Records]]|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=August 25, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="rstone091105">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/evanescence-return-to-the-stage-at-secret-new-york-gig-20091105 |title=Evanescence Return to the Stage at 'Secret' New York Gig |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |first=Chris |last=Harris |date=November 5, 2009 |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="bmouth091105">{{Cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=129880 |title=Evanescence Returns To Live Stage, Taps Finger Eleven Guitarist |publisher=Blabbermouth.net. Roadrunner Records |date=November 5, 2009|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name="watf2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dose.ca/music/story.html?id=edc4e084-ef17-4280-a33d-cde93c93d313|title=Want to Know What We Are the Fallen Sound Like? (Hint: Rhymes With Sevenescence)|work=[[Dose (magazine)|Dose]]|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]|date=June 23, 2009|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="boston.com">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.boston.com/2006-10-03/ae/29244648_1_shaun-morgan-ben-moody-terry-balsamo|title=For Evanescence, black is the new black|author=Globe Staff Writer|date=October 3, 2006|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="cinema">{{cite news|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/music/CD-Review-Evanescence-s-The-Open-Door-1184.html|title= CD Review: Evanescence's The Open Door|publisher=[[Cinema Blend]]|last=Butler|first=Brendan|date=October 3, 2006|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="mtv1473">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1473246/evanescence-catch-cold-tour.jhtml|title=Evanescence Catch Cold For Headlining Tour|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|first=Joe|last=D'Angelo|date=June 24, 2003|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="mtv1494824">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1494824/ben-moody-begins-work-on-solo-debut.jhtml|title=Former Evanescence Guitarist Ben Moody Begins Work On Solo Debut|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|date=December 14, 2004|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="seattlepi">{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/ae/music/article/Evanescence-is-at-its-best-when-powered-up-1256616.php|title=Evanescence is at its best when powered up|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|first=Mikel|last=Toombs|date=November 23, 2007|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="lavigne">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1485390/avril-show-fans-what-lies-beneath.jhtml|title=Avril Lavigne To Show Fans What Lies Beneath On New Album |publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|first=Joe|last=D'Angelo|date=February 27, 2004|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="amas">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1480441/50-cent-vandross-take-home-multiple-amas.jhtml|title=50 Cent, Luther Vandross Take Home Multiple AMAs; Many Artists Skip Out|date=November 17, 2003|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="pan">{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040107-0000/EndOfYear2003.pdf |title=Pandora Archive Year End Charts 2003 |format=PDF |publisher=[[ARIA Charts]]. [[Pandora Archive]]|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="chron">{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/2721284.html |title=Evanescence singer takes Christian band in new direction|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|first=Michael D.|last=Clark|date=August 11, 2004|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="kutcher">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1475354/teens-choose-ashton-kutcher.jhtml|title=Ashton Kutcher Punks The Competition At Teen Choice Awards|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|date=August 4, 2003|first=Corey|last=Moss|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="goingde2">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/Going-Under-Evanescence/dp/B0000C6JTV/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1315497906&sr=1-2|title=Going Under <nowiki>[Single]</nowiki>|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.de]]|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="goingde">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/Going-Under-Evanescence/dp/B0000C16OM/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1315497906&sr=1-1|title=Going Under <nowiki>[Single, Maxi]</nowiki>|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.de]]|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="goinguk">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B0000CC7G9/ref=s9_simh_gw_p15_d0_g15_i1?pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=0HJ7PTX7CY2G39J099WQ&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=467128533&pf_rd_i=468294|title=Going Under|publisher=Amazon.uk. Amazon Inc.|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="jingle ball">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/arts/music/18jing.html|title=Jingle Ball - Music - Review|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|first=Kelefa|last=Sanneh|date=December 18, 2006|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="matrix">{{Cite news |url=http://www.lasvegasmercury.com/2004/MERC-Feb-12-Thu-2004/23177407.html|title=Off the charts: Evanescence|work=[[Las Vegas Mercury]]|first=Newt|last=Briggs|date=February 12, 2004|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="anywhere">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amazon.de/Anywhere-But-Home-Live/dp/B002MMXLIW/ref=sr_shvl_album_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1309120026&sr=301-1 |title=Anywhere But Home (Live): Evanescence |publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.de]]|language=German|accessdate=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="anyall">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r718908|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Anywhere But Home > Overview )))|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|last=Loftus|first=Johnny|accessdate=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="musicomh">{{Cite news |url=http://www.musicomh.com/singles/evanescence.htm|title=Evanescence - Going Under - Track Reviews|pubilsher=[[MusicOMH]]|accessdate=September 20, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="rock band">{{Cite news |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/levelup/a302889/this-week-on-psn-plants-vs-zombies.html|title=This week on PSN… 'Plants Vs Zombies'!|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]. [[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]]|date=February 9, 2011|first=Matthew|last=Reynolds|accessdate=September 21, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="2011rockinrio">{{cite news|url=http://mtv.uol.com.br/musica/evanescence-toca-o-bom-basico-no-rock-in-rio|title=Evanescence toca o bom básico no Rock in Rio|language=Portuguese|publisher=[[MTV Brasil]]. MTV Networks|first=Guilherme|last=Ribeiro|date=October 2, 2011|accessdate=October 4, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="swedishyear">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20030001&newi=0&height=420&platform=Win32&browser=MSIE&navi=no&subframe=Mainframe |title=Årslista Singlar – År 2003 ||publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]] |accessdate=October 6, 2011 |language=Swedish}}</ref>
<ref name="kimmel">{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/articles/watch-evanescence-pummel-jimmy-kimmel-live|title=Watch Evanescence Pummel 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'|work=Spin|publisher=Spin Media LLC|first=Marc|last=Hogan|date=October 14, 2011|accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref>


}}

==External links==
{{Wikipedia books|Fallen}}
* [http://www.evanescence.com/ Evanescence's official website]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdhqVtpR2ts Official music video] at [[YouTube]]

{{Evanescence|collapse=off}}

[[Category:Evanescence songs]]
[[Category:2003 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by David Hodges]]
[[Category:Songs written by Ben Moody]]
[[Category:Songs written by Amy Lee]]
[[Category:Singles certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association]]

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[[uk:Going Under]]

Beehive (hairstyle)

2011-09-15T21:29:56Z

Tuttt:

{{about|the beehive hairstyle||Beehive}}
[[File:WinehouseLA.jpg|thumb|[[Amy Winehouse]] in her signature beehive]]
The '''Beehive''' is a woman's hairstyle that resembles a [[Beehive_(beekeeping)#Skeps|beehive]]; it is also known as the '''B-52''', for its similarity to the bulbous nose of the [[B-52 Stratofortress]] [[bomber]]. It originated as one of a variety of elaborately teased and lacquered versions of "[[big hair]]" that developed from earlier [[pageboy]] and [[bouffant]] styles. It was developed in 1960 by Margaret Vinci Heldt of [[Elmhurst, Illinois]], owner of the Margaret Vinci Coiffures in downtown [[Chicago]], who won the [[National Coiffure Championship]] in 1954, and who had been asked by the editors of ''Modern Beauty Salon'' magazine to design a new hairstyle that would reflect the coming decade.<ref>http://triblocal.com/elmhurst/2010/12/30/beehive-style-lands-elmhurst-woman-a-place-in-fashion-history/</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1343664/Oh-beehive-Meet-woman-created-buzz-inventing-Sixties-hairdo.html Daily Mail: Meet the woman who created a buzz by inventing Sixties hairdo, 03 January 2011]</ref> She originally modelled it on a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]-like hat that she owned. In recognition of her achievement, Cosmetologists Chicago, a trade association with 60,000 members, created a scholarship in Heldt’s name for creativity in hairdressing.<ref>http://triblocal.com/elmhurst/2010/12/30/beehive-style-lands-elmhurst-woman-a-place-in-fashion-history/</ref> The beehive style was popular throughout the 1960s, particularly in the [[United States]] and other Western countries, and remains an enduring symbol of 1960s [[kitsch]].

==The beehive in the 1960s==
*The popular "girl" group, [[The Ronettes]], helped popularize the hairdo. "We came from [[Spanish Harlem]]", recalls the group's veteran lead singer, Veronica "Ronnie" Spector, in a ''Village Voice'' interview. " 'We had high hair anyway.' So the Ronettes made their hair still higher—'We used a lot of [[Aqua Net]]' ".<ref>{{cite journal|date=2077, May 22|accessdate=2011, July 27|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/|title=Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes|work=Village Voice|author=Yaeger, Lynn}}</ref>
* [[Audrey Hepburn]]'s character in ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' (1961) sported a large then-fashionable beehive.
* [[Yeoman]] [[Janice Rand]], from the original 1960s ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' TV series, wore a complex, "futuristic" version of a beehive.
* In the ''[[Flintstones]]'' episode "Fred's New Boss" (season three), Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble get their hair done in gigantic, elaborate beehives at a salon, and the pair drive their car very slowly to protect their hairdos. Unfortunately, their 'dos are destroyed after a fast-moving dinosaur vehicle passes by and blows them down.
* '60s singing icon, [[Dusty Springfield]], was known for her trademark beehive and panda eyes look.

==Later beehive usage==
* The 1976 American television show ''[[Alice (TV series)|Alice]]'' featured a flirtatious waitress named [[Florence Jean Castleberry]], played by [[Polly Holliday]] from Cowtown, Texas. Castleberry wore her red hair a high beehive trimmed by a waitress visor.
* [[The B-52's]], a [[New Wave music|New Wave]] [[Rock music|rock]] [[Musical ensemble|band]] took their name from the hairstyle which was worn by members [[Cindy Wilson]] and [[Kate Pierson]]. Their music company also plays on the style with the name "Boo-Fant" Records (a parody of bouffant).
* [[Gary Larson]]'s "[[The Far Side]]" series features women who almost exclusively wear the beehive.
* Singer, songwriter, and guitarist [[Chrissie Hynde]] of [[The Pretenders]] portrays an archetypal waitress sporting a beehive in the music video for the group's signature song "[[Brass in Pocket]]".
* From the 1980s on, ''[[Coronation Street]]'' character [[Bet Lynch]] became known for her beehive.
* The 1985 [[Martin Scorsese]] movie ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' features a waitress named Julie who's noted for her beehive hairdo and general interest in other elements of 1960s pop culture.
* [[Marge Simpson]]'s usual hairdo is an extreme, {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}}, blue beehive.
* The hairdo and its later incarnations were featured in [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters']] 1988 [[cult film]], ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)|Hairspray]]''.
* [[Christina Applegate]] in her role as [[Kelly Bundy]] on the TV series [[Married... With Children]] wears her hair in a beehive after taking a job as a diner waitress on the season seven episode ''Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore''.
* British pop singer [[Harriet Wheeler]] of [[The Sundays]] is known for wearing a beehive.
* [[Christina Aguilera]] sported the look at the 2001 [[BET Awards]].
* Patsy ([[Joanna Lumley]]) from the cult British TV series ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' wears her hair almost exclusively in a beehive. In the episode "Fish Farm" she is shown styling her beehive with a fork.
* R&B/jazz singer [[Amy Winehouse]] was often seen sporting her signature beehive hairdo and wigs.
* Ms. Brinks from [[Angela Anaconda]] has a beehive wig and sometimes loses it in the show.
* Lead female characters in [[Saturday's Voyeur]], an ongoing Utah theatrical satire, often wear a beehive, a reference to the beehive on the Utah state seal.
* Performer and lead female vocalist for the [[Saturday Night Live]] Band, [[Christine Ohlman]], has used the beehive as her main trademark, with the stage name "The Beehive Queen."
* TV personality [[Nicole Polizzi|Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi]] of "[[Jersey Shore (TV series)|Jersey Shore]]" often wears a beehive, which she has referred to as a "poof".
* Video Game character [[Bayonetta]] has a beehive hairdo.

==See also==
*[[Bouffant]]
*[[Big hair]]
*[[Hairstyle]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hairstyles]]
[[Category:1960s fashion]]

[[de:Beehive-Frisur]]
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Ironside (1967 TV series)

2011-09-05T00:34:26Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox television|
| show_name = Ironside
| image = [[File:Ironside Title Screen.png|200px]]
| caption = Title screen
| format = Crime drama
| company = [[Harbour Productions Unlimited|Harbour]]-[[Universal Media Studios|UTV]]
| runtime = 60 to 90 minutes
| creator = [[Collier Young]]
| starring = [[Raymond Burr]] as Robert Ironside [[Don Galloway]] as Det. Sgt. Ed Brown [[Don Mitchell (actor)|Don Mitchell]] as Mark Sanger
| theme_music_composer = [[Quincy Jones]]
| country = United States
| network = [[NBC]]
| first_aired = September 14, 1967
| last_aired = January 16, 1975
| num_seasons = 8
| num_episodes = 199
|}}

'''''Ironside''''' is a [[Universal Studios|Universal]] television series which ran on [[NBC]] from September 14, 1967 to January 16, 1975. The show starred [[Raymond Burr]] as the [[wheelchair]]-using Chief of Detectives, Robert T. Ironside. The character's debut was in a TV-movie on March 28, 1967. The original title of the show in the United Kingdom was ''A Man Called Ironside''. The show earned Burr six [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and two [[Golden Globe]] nominations.<ref name= IMDB>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000994/awards Awards for Raymond Burr (IMDB)]</ref>

==Plot==
The show revolved around former [[San Francisco Police Department]] (SFPD) Chief of [[Detective]]s Robert T. Ironside ([[Raymond Burr]]), a veteran of more than twenty years of police service who was forced to retire from the department after a [[sniper]]'s bullet paralysed him from the waist down and forced him to use a [[wheelchair]]. In the pilot episode, Ironside shows his strength of character and gets himself appointed a "special department consultant" by his good friend, [[Police Commissioner]] Dennis Randall. He does this by calling a press conference and then tricking Commissioner Randall into meeting his terms. Ironside uses an attic floor room (for living and office space) at the SFPD headquarters and made use of a specially modified and equipped Ford police truck. This is replaced in the episode titled 'Poole's Paradise' after the van is destroyed by Sergeant Brown as part of a way to frame a corrupt sheriff. At the end of the episode, this is replaced by a modified day van to accommodate his wheelchair. In the pilot he requests that Ed Brown & Eve Whitfield are assigned to him. He later recruits the angst-filled Mark Sanger to be his personal assistant after Mark is brought in as a suspect who wanted to kill Ironside. The show became a success as Ironside depended on brains and initiative in handling cases.

[[File:Raymond burr ironside.JPG|thumb|170px|Raymond Burr as 'Ironside'|left]]Supporting characters on ''Ironside'' included Det. Sgt. Ed Brown ([[Don Galloway]]), and a young socialite-turned-plainclothes officer, Eve Whitfield ([[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara Anderson]]). (Eve's clothes were far from plain as she often changed stylish outfits from scene to scene.) There was also delinquent-turned-bodyguard/assistant Mark Sanger ([[Don Mitchell (actor)|Don Mitchell]]), who also opted to become a police officer and subsequently graduated from law school (night classes were mentioned from early on) and even married late in the run of the series. Commissioner Randall was played by [[Gene Lyons.]]

By the show's fourth season, Anderson left the show over a contract dispute (at the same time she was getting married) and was replaced by another young policewoman, Fran Belding ([[Elizabeth Baur]]), who filled much the same role for four more years.

The show enjoyed an eight-season run on NBC, drawing respectable, if not always high, ratings. As the eighth season began, Universal released a [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] rerun package of episodes from earlier seasons under the title ''The Raymond Burr Show,'' reflecting the practice of that time to differentiate original network episodes from syndicated reruns whenever possible. Upon NBC's mid-season cancellation, however, the syndicated episodes reverted to the ''Ironside'' title.

The show was filmed in a mixture of locations, sometimes out in San Francisco but also with a large amount of scenes filmed inside a studio including scenes involving conversations inside a moving vehicle where a traffic backdrop is used. The shows were also padded out with large amounts of stock footage over San Francisco, normally featuring panning shots of the [[Coit Tower]] or regular clips of general traffic scenes. The continuity on these shots is sometimes poor with repeated use of particular clips and details being missed. In several early episodes Sargent Brown drives a black Ford sedan which is normally a 1965 year [[Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] but the next clip shows him turning up in a 1968 model [[Ford Torino]] sedan.

==A roster of guest stars==
One of the longer-running police dramas of the day, the series featured appearances by a number of actors, familiar and unfamiliar, among whom were [[Lynn Borden]], [[Kim Darby]], [[Antonio Fargas]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]] (in the pilot TV-movie), [[Randolph Mantooth]], [[Cal Bellini]], [[Sharon Gless]], [[Dabbs Greer]], [[Bernie Kopell]], [[Frank Gorshin]], [[Jess Walton]], [[Pernell Roberts]], [[Alan Oppenheimer]], [[Dan Kemp]], [[E. G. Marshall]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[John Schuck]], [[Ingrid Pitt]], [[Susan Saint James]], [[Ivan Dixon]], [[Harry Townes]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Norman Alden]], [[Anne Francis]], [[David Carradine]], [[Charo]], [[Joseph Campanella]], [[Bill Quinn]], [[Bernard Fox (actor)|Bernard Fox]], [[Tyler McVey]], [[Robert Webber]], [[Alan Hale, Jr.]], [[Marion Ross]], [[Marcia Strassman]], [[Susan Sullivan]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]], [[Bo Hopkins]], [[James Hong]], [[Jeanne Cooper]], [[Paul Winfield]], [[Harold Gould]], [[James Farentino]], [[Robert Reed]], [[Bill Bixby]], [[David Cassidy]], [[David Hartman (TV personality)|David Hartman]], [[Dana Elcar]], [[Tina Louise]], [[Lincoln Kilpatrick]], [[Robert Karnes]], [[Tyler MacDuff]], [[Greg Mullavy]], [[Rod Serling]], [[Gene Raymond]], Francine York, [[Peter Mark Richman]], [[Jennifer Gan]], [[Clu Gulager]], [[Joel Grey]], [[Van Williams]], [[John Hoyt]], [[Scott Glenn]], [[William Windom (actor)|William Windom]], [[Joshua Bryant]], [[Dorothy Malone]], [[Robert Alda]], [[Barbara Rush]], [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]], [[Jason Wingreen]], [[George Takei]], [[George D. Wallace|George Wallace]], [[John Pickard (American actor)|John M. Pickard]], [[Diana Muldaur]], [[Jodie Foster]], [[William Katt]], [[Lee Grant]], [[Steve Forrest (actor)|Steve Forrest]], [[Susan Olsen]], [[Michael Lerner (actor)|Michael Lerner]], [[Edward Asner]], [[Eddie Garrett]], [[Darwin Joston]], [[John Rubinstein]], [[Jack Lord]], [[Scott Marlowe]], [[Norman Fell]], [[Gavin MacLeod]], [[Gary Collins (actor)|Gary Collins]], [[Johnny Seven (actor)|Johnny Seven]], [[William Shatner]], [[Bobby Darin]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Cheryl Ladd]], [[William Daniels]], [[William Schallert]], [[Burgess Meredith]], [[Vic Tayback]], Arch Johnson, [[James Drury]], [[Ed Flanders]] and [[Bruce Lee]] as well as Ellen Corby (Grandma Walton of TV fame).

Future ''[[Knots Landing]]'' stars [[Joan Van Ark]] and [[William Devane]] made cameo appearances. [[Kathleen Freeman]] and [[Kent McCord]] appeared in the premiere episode. Raymond Burr's ex-''[[Perry Mason]]'' co-star [[Barbara Hale]] guest-starred in one episode, as well as future ''[[Quincy, M.E.]]'' stars, [[Robert Ito]], Garry Walberg and [[Val Bisoglio]]. Future ''[[Hill Street Blues]]'' stars [[Michael Conrad]], [[James Sikking|James B. Sikking]] and [[George Wyner]] were major [[Universal Studios]] players who guest starred in separate episodes. [[Sorrell Booke]] better known as [[Boss Hogg]] in the [[Dukes of Hazzard]] TV series played a jewel thief matched against Ironside in the opening Season 2 episode 'Shell Game". [[Richard Anderson]] appeared in the last episode. Don Galloway's daughter, Tracy Galloway, made a few guest appearances as well. Future ''[[The Price Is Right (US game show)|The Price Is Right]]'' model [[Janice Pennington]] was in one episode. Music legend [[Quincy Jones]], who wrote the ''Ironside'' theme song, made a guest appearance, and screen legend [[Myrna Loy]] did, too. Future ''[[Lou Grant]]'' star [[Edward Asner]] guest starred in the episode "The Fourteenth Runner," for which the story was supplied by that series' developer Leon Tokatyan.

1971's fall TV season on NBC opened with a two-hour crossover between ''Ironside'' and a new series, ''[[Sarge (TV series)|Sarge]]'' starring [[George Kennedy]] as a cop-turned-priest. Kennedy's San Diego-based Father Samuel Cavanaugh came to San Francisco because of the death of a friend and fellow priest, and his investigation got him embroiled with Ironside and his staff. The special consolidated the two shows' consecutive time slots, and has been subsequently seen as a TV-movie, ''The Priest Killer''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067612/ IMDB entry for ''The Priest Killer'']</ref>

==Music==
The opening theme music was written by [[Quincy Jones]] and was the first synthesizer-based television theme song.<ref>http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/jon0bio-1</ref> A<ref>http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3356</ref> Much of the music score for the first few seasons of Ironside was by Oliver Nelson.

==TV reunion movie==
Burr and the main cast reunited for a made-for-TV movie in 1993 which aired not long before Burr's death. Burr was starring in an ongoing series of ''[[Perry Mason]]'' TV movies at the time, so in order to make himself look less like the other character, he dyed his hair and modified his full beard to a goatee for the ''Ironside'' movie. Unlike the original series, which took place in San Francisco, California, the reunion took place in [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] (with the excuse that Ed Brown had become the city's deputy chief of police and being a leading candidate to be appointed chief), which was also where most of Burr's ''Perry Mason'' films were produced. Galloway, Mitchell, Baur and Anderson all re-created their roles here.

==Parodies==
An episode of [[Get Smart]] which aired in March, 1969 was titled "Leadside" and featured a wheelchair-using master criminal by that name (and his assistants).

The December 1970 issue of [[Mad Magazine]] included a parody of ''Ironside'' titled "Ironride".

The 1980 television movie ''[[Murder Can Hurt You]]'' spoofs numerous TV detectives from the 1970s and 80s and includes [[Victor Buono]] playing the wheelchair-using detective "Ironbottom."

==Cultural references==

Tom T. Hall's country music classic "Old Dogs and Children and Watermelon Wine," about a nostalgic conversation in an almost deserted barroom, mentions the bartender passing the time by watching "Ironside" on television, although the song refers to it as "Ironsides."

In British sitcom [[Phoenix Nights]], Alan Johnson (one half of the resident musicians at the club) has wheelchair bound club owner [[Brian Potter]] saved into his mobile phone as 'Ironside'. This is made clear in the 1st episode of the 2nd series which shows a close up of Alan's phone ringing.

In the [[CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation|CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]] season 2 episode "Stalker", [[Nick Stokes]] was thrown out a window during an investigation. At the hospital, he is in a wheelchair and co-worker [[Warrick Brown]] refers to him as "Ironsides".

A fifteen second clip of the Quincy Jones theme tune is played in the [[Kill Bill]] movies whenever [[Uma Thurman]]'s character sees an enemy.

==DVD releases==
[[Shout! Factory]] has released the first 4 seasons of ''Ironside'' on DVD in Region 1.

In Region 2, [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]] released the first season on DVD in the UK on August 25, 2008.<ref>http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B0013URJUA</ref>

In Region 4, [[Madman Entertainment]] has released the first seven seasons on DVD. The eighth and final season will be released on October 19, 2011.<ref>http://www.madman.com.au/catalogue/view/13479/ironside-the-complete-eighth-season</ref>

Season 5 includes the 2 part crossover episode ''The Priest Killer'', a crossover with the series [[Sarge (TV series)|Sarge]] which was never aired as part of the series.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|DVD Name
! rowspan="2"|Ep#
! colspan="3"|Release dates
|-
! Region 1
! Region 4
|-
| Season 1
| align="center"|29 (includes 1967 pilot movie)
| April 24, 2007
| August 16, 2007
|-
| Season 2
| align="center"|26
| October 16, 2007
| November 8, 2007
|-
| Season 3
| align="center"|26
| January 19, 2010♦
| September 16, 2008
|-
| Season 4
| align="center"|26
| October 19, 2010♦
| June 24, 2009
|-
| Season 5
| align="center"|25
| TBA
| May 19, 2010
|-
| Season 6
| align="center"|24
| N/A
| August 11, 2010
|-
| Season 7
| align="center"|25
| N/A
| February 2, 2011
|-
| Season 8
| align="center"|20
| N/A
| October 19, 2011
|}

♦ - Shout! Factory select title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store

==See also==
* [[Hilton San Francisco Financial District]] – this hotel is on the site where Ironside's office was located (old San Francisco Hall of Justice Building)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gloubik.info/ironside/anglais/ironside.html Ironside's Page]
*{{imdb title|id=0061266|title=Ironside}}
*{{tv.com|974|Ironside}}
{{Bruce Lee}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ironside (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:1967 television series debuts]]
[[Category:1975 television series endings]]
[[Category:1960s American television series]]
[[Category:1970s American television series]]
[[Category:Crime television series]]
[[Category:NBC network shows]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department|Ironside, Robert T.]]
[[Category:Television series by NBC Universal Television]]
[[Category:Television shows set in San Francisco, California]]

[[ar:أيرون سايد (مسلسل)]]
[[de:Der Chef]]
[[es:Ironside (serie de TV)]]
[[fr:L'Homme de fer (série télévisée)]]
[[it:Ironside]]
[[nl:Ironside]]
[[ja:鬼警部アイアンサイド]]
[[no:Ironside]]
[[pl:Ironside]]
[[sh:Ironside (TV serija)]]
[[sv:Brottsplats: San Francisco]]

Bunches

2011-09-04T07:57:20Z

Tuttt:

{{Refimprove|July 2009|date=July 2009}}
[[Image:Pigtails.jpg|thumb|right|A young girl with her hair in ponytail bunches.]]

'''Bunches''' (also called '''angel wings''', '''dog ears''' or '''[[pigtail]]s''') are a [[hairstyle]] in which the hair is parted down the middle and gathered into two symmetrical bundles, like [[ponytail]]s, secured near the scalp. In some English-speaking regions, this hairstyle is referred to as "pigtails," but in others, the term "pigtails" applies only [[pigtails|if the hair is braided]].<ref name="Ambafrance">[http://ambafrance-do.org/beauty/544.php]</ref>

The style is often given to toddlers and young girls, and is sometimes also worn by teenagers and young women.

== International ==

* In [[Japan]], hair bunches are called '{{nihongo|twin tails'|ツインテール|tsuin teeru}}. A popular variation is the [[Odango (hairstyle)#Double bun|odango]] hairstyle, in which each ponytail is partially coiled around its base to form a small [[bun (hairstyle)|bun]] from which the remaining length hangs free.
* [[Tamil people|Tamil]] schoolgirls in [[India]] customarily wear their hair in a pair of long braids, with the end of each braid looped up and fastened to its base with red ribbon.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hairstyles]]

[[fr:Couette (coiffure)]]
[[ja:ツインテール]]
[[zh:雙馬尾]]

Ponytail

2011-09-04T07:52:50Z

Tuttt:

[[File:Katehudson Ponytail.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A woman's ponytail from the rear.]]
[[File:Child with a ponytail.jpg|thumb|Girl with ponytail]]
{{About|the hairstyle|the band|Ponytail (band)}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2010}}
A ''ponytail'' is a [[hairstyle]] in which most or all of the [[hair]] on the head is pulled away from the face, gathered and secured at the back of the head with a [[scrunchie|hair tie]], clip or similar device, and allowed to hang freely from that point. It gets its name from its resemblance to the [[tail (horse)|undocked tail]] of a [[horse]] or [[pony]]. Ponytails are most commonly gathered at the middle of the back of the head, or the base of the neck. Depending on fashions, they may also be worn at the side of the head (which is sometimes considered formal) which is worn over one ear, or on the very top of the head (allowing the hair to fall down the back or one side of the head).

If the hair is divided so that it hangs in two sections they are ''[[bunches]]'' or ''pigtails'' if left loose, or [[pigtail]]s or [[braids]] if plaited. Unbraided ponytails worn above each ear are sometimes called ''dog-ears''.

It is common for those who wear tight ponytails to experience [[traction alopecia]], a form of hair loss. Sometimes it will cause a headache.<ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.</ref>{{rp|761}}<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071380760.</ref>{{rp|645}}

==Ponytails on women and girls==
[[File:Girl with ponytail-Women at the Quern.jpg|thumb|Detail from an 18th-century engraving showing a girl (left) with a ponytail.]]

Women (as opposed to girls) complying with European fashion of the Georgian period and to the 20th century rarely were seen outside of the boudoir with their hair in such an informal style as a ponytail.

Today, women commonly wear their hair in ponytails in informal and office settings or when exercising; they are likely to choose more-elaborate styles (such as braids and those involving accessories) for formal occasions. It is a practical choice as it keeps hair out of the eyes. It will keep the hair off the neck as well. The ponytail is also popular with school-aged girls, partly because flowing hair is often associated with youth and because of its simplicity; a young girl is likely to be able to retie her own hair after a sports class, for example.

==As a man's hairstyle==

[[File:Hair_tie.jpg|thumb|A male ponytail.]]

In the late 1980s, a short ponytail was seen as an edgy, "in-your-face" look for men who wanted to stand out from the crowd, but keep their hair flat and functional (cf [[Mullet (haircut)|mullet]]). [[Steven Seagal]]'s ponytail in ''[[Marked for Death]]'' is an example of such. 

Men who wear their hair long, or sometimes in [[Mullet (haircut)|mullets]], frequently tie it back into a ponytail, but avoid the top- or side-of-the-head variants{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}, although these variants can be used for practical reasons for keeping it off the neck.

In the second half of the 18th century, most men in [[Europe]] wore their hair long and tied back into what we would now describe as a ponytail, although it was sometimes gathered into a silk bag rather than allowed to hang freely. At that time, it was commonly known by the [[French language|French]] word for "tail", ''queue''. It was a mandatory hairstyle for men in all European armies until the early 19th century, after most civilians had stopped wearing queues. The [[British Army]] was the first to dispense with it, and by the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] most armies had changed their regulations to make short hair compulsory.

"[[queue (hairstyle)|Queue]]" was also the word used to refer to the waist-length [[pigtail]] which the ruling [[Manchu]]s made [[Han Chinese]] men wear during the [[Qing Dynasty]] in [[China]].

==See also==
*[[List of hairstyles]]
*{{commonscat-inline|Ponytails}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hairstyles]]

[[cs:Culík]]
[[de:Pferdeschwanz]]
[[es:Cola de caballo (peinado)]]
[[fr:Queue-de-cheval]]
[[nl:Paardenstaart (haardracht)]]
[[ja:ポニーテール]]
[[pt:Rabo-de-cavalo]]
[[ru:Конский хвост (причёска)]]
[[sv:Hästsvans (frisyr)]]
[[zh:马尾辫]]

Richey Edwards

2011-08-07T20:36:01Z

Tuttt:

{{distinguish|Richie Edwards}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Richey Edwards
|image =Richey james edwards live.jpg
|caption =On stage, London 1992
|image_size = 200
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|birth_name = Richard James Edwards
|alias = Richey James, Richey Manic
|Born = {{Birth date|1967|12|22|df=yes}}
|Disappeared = Presumed deceased [[circa|c.]] {{death date and age|1995|2|1|1967|12|22|df=y}}<ref name="DD"/>
|genre = [[Alternative rock]]
|occupation = Lyricist, guitarist
|associated_acts = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
|Influences = [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]], [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Osamu Dazai]], [[Yukio Mishima]], [[William S. Burroughs]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Hubert Selby]], [[Ken Kesey]]
| notable_instruments = [[Fender Telecaster Thinline]]
|years_active = 1989–1995
|instrument = [[Guitar]]
|label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|website =
}}

'''Richard James Edwards''' (born 22 December 1967, disappeared [[circa|c.]] 1 February 1995, presumed dead 2008<ref name="DD">
On 24 November 2008, it was announced that Edwards' parents had obtained a court order, issued by the Probate Registry of Wales, naming them as executors and stating that he died "on or since" 1 February 1995. Evans, Catherine Mary "[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/11/24/missing-manic-street-preacher-richey-edwards-declared-legally-dead-13-years-on-91466-22323627/ Missing Manic Street Preacher Penis Edwards declared legally dead, 13 years on]", 24 Nov 2008, ''[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]]''. Accessed on 11 February 2009. [http://www.webcitation.org/5eVhKOdFs Archived] on 11 February 2009.</ref><ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3514147/Richey-Edwards.html |title=Richey Edwards |publisher=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |accessdate=2009-06-22 |date=23 March 2009 }}</ref>) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] musician who was rhythm guitarist and lyricist of the [[alternative rock]] band [[Manic Street Preachers]]. He was known for his politicized and intellectual songwriting which, combined with an enigmatic and eloquent character, has assured him cult status.<ref>Owen, Paul, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2008/nov/27/manic-street-preachers/ The Manics' Lyrics Were Something Special]",''[[The Guardian]]'', 27 Nov 2008</ref><ref>Clash Music, "[http://www.clashmusic.com/news/manics-member-officially-dead/ Manics Member Officially Dead]", ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash Music]]''</ref> Edwards vanished on 1 February 1995.<ref name="bbcwales">BBC Wales, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/genres_artists/rock_pop/manic_street_preachers_richey.shtml Manic Street Preachers - Richey Edwards]",''[[BBC Wales]]''</ref> He was declared presumed deceased in November 2008.<ref>Evans, "[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/11/24/missing-manic-street-preacher-richey-edwards-declared-legally-dead-13-years-on-91466-22323627/ Missing Manic Street Preacher]",''[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]]''</ref> The ninth album by the Manic Street Preachers, ''[[Journal for Plague Lovers]]'', which was released on 18 May 2009, is composed entirely of lyrics left behind by Edwards.<ref>Manics.co.uk, http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/news/2009/03/24/journal_for_plague_lovers?page=1 Journal for Plague Lovers"''</ref>

==Biography==
Richey Edwards (often referred to during his years with the Manics as ''Richey James'') grew up in [[Blackwood, Caerphilly]] in [[Wales]], where he attended [[Oakdale Comprehensive School]]. From 1986 to 1989, attended [[University of Wales, Swansea]] and graduated with a 2:1 [[academic degree|degree]] in political history. He has one sister named Rachel (born 1969 in [[Pontypool]]).

Edwards was initially a driver and roadie for Manic Street Preachers, but he soon became accepted as the band's main spokesman and fourth member. Edwards showed little musical talent - his real contribution to the Manic Street Preachers was in the words and design. More often than not he was [[mime artist|miming]] on the guitar during early live performances, but was, along with bassist [[Nicky Wire]], principal [[lyricist]]. Edwards is said to have written approximately 80% of the lyrics on ''[[The Holy Bible (album)|The Holy Bible]].''<ref>{{citation|last=Sullivan|first=Caroline|last2=Bellos | first2=Alex|date=26 January 1996| title=Sweet Exile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| publication-place=Manchester| pages=T.010}}</ref> Both are credited on all songs written before Edwards' disappearance, with Edwards receiving sole credit on three tracks from the 1996 album ''[[Everything Must Go (Manic Street Preachers album)|Everything Must Go]]'', and co-writing credits on another two. Despite Edwards' lack of musical input, he nevertheless contributed to their overall musical direction, and according to the rest of the band on the ''Everything Must Go'' DVD, he played a leading role in deciding the approach of the band's sound. It is possible that had he not disappeared, the album that would have followed ''The Holy Bible'' would have been dramatically different from the melodic, accessible rock heard on ''Everything Must Go'', Edwards having expressed a desire to create a concept album described as "[[Pantera]] meets [[Nine Inch Nails]] meets ''[[Screamadelica]]''".<ref>Bailie, Stuart. "The Art of Falling Apart". ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' (February 2002) .p.85.</ref> However, Bradfield has since expressed doubts over whether the band would have produced such an album: "... I was worried that as chief tune-smith in the band I wasn't actually going to be able to write things that he would have liked. There would have been an impasse in the band for the first time born out of taste..."<ref>{{cite news | first=Claire | last=Hill | page=7 | title=
Manics frontman talks of artistic differences with missing Richey | date=3 November 2006|publisher=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] ([[Cardiff]])}}</ref><ref>[[Stuart Maconie|Maconie, Stuart]] "Everything Must Grow Up" ''[[Q Magazine]]'' October 1998</ref><ref>{{cite video|people=O'Connor, Rob (Producer & Director), [[James Dean Bradfield|Bradfield, James Dean]] (interviewee), [[Sean Moore (musician)|Moore, Sean]] (interviewee), [[Nicky Wire|Wire, Nicky]] (interviewee)|title=The Making Of Everything Must Go|medium=[[DVD]]|publisher=[[Sony BMG]]|date=2006-11-06}}</ref>
[[Image:Richeyedwards1.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Edwards with 4 Real carved into his arm. The ''[[NME]]'' discussion as to whether to publish this image was a bonus track on "[[Suicide Is Painless]]".]] On 15 May 1991, he gained notoriety following an argument with ''[[NME]]'' journalist [[Steve Lamacq]], who questioned the band's authenticity and values, keen to ensure the punk ethic was not abused, after a gig at the [[Norwich Arts Centre]]. Lamacq asked of Edwards' seriousness towards his art, and Edwards responded by carving the words "4 Real" into his forearm with a razor blade he was carrying.<ref name="jinman7">{{cite news | first=Richard | last=Jinman | page=7 | title=Fans keep hopes alive for missing Manic | date=1 February 2005|publisher=The Guardian | url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1402938,00.html|accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> The injury required hospitalisation and eighteen stitches.

Edwards suffered severe bouts of depression in his adult life,<ref>Leonard, Marion. ''Gender in the Music Industry'' (2007), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.71. ISBN 0754638626</ref><ref>Young, Andrew & Constable, Nick. "[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1088585/After-13-years-parents-missing-rock-star-Richey-Edwards-admit-8217-s-dead.html After 13 years, the parents of missing rock star Richey Edwards admit he’s dead]". [[The Daily Mail]], 22 November 2008.</ref> and was open about it in interviews: "If you're hopelessly depressed like I was, then dressing up is just the ultimate escape. When I was young I just wanted to be noticed. Nothing could excite me except attention so I'd dress up as much as I could. Outrage and boredom just go hand in hand."<ref>Smith, Richard (1995) Seduced and Abandoned: Essays on Gay Men and Popular Music, London: Cassell.</ref>

"Gets to a point where you really can’t operate any more as a human being – you can’t get out of bed, you can’t...make yourself a cup of coffee without something going badly wrong or your body’s too weak to walk."<ref>Transcription from the final television interview before his disappearance; video available on YouTube.</ref>

He also [[Self harm|self-harm]]ed, mainly through stubbing cigarettes on his body, and cutting himself ("When I cut myself I feel so much better. All the little things that might have been annoying me suddenly seem so trivial because I'm concentrating on the pain. I'm not a person who can scream and shout so this is my only outlet. It's all done very logically."<ref name="bbcwales" />). His problems with drugs and alcohol were well documented. After the release of the band's third album ''[[The Holy Bible (album)|The Holy Bible]]'', he checked into [[The Priory]] psychiatric hospital, missing out on some of the promotional work for the album and forcing the band to appear as a three piece at the [[Reading and Leeds Festival|Reading Festival]] and [[T in the Park]].

Following release from the Priory, the Manic Street Preachers as a four-piece band toured Europe with [[Suede (band)|Suede]] and [[Therapy?]] for what was to be the last time. Edwards' final live appearance with the band was at the London Astoria, on the 21 December 1994. The concert ended with the band infamously smashing their equipment and damaging the lighting system, prompted by Edwards' violent destruction of his guitar towards the end of set-closer "[[You Love Us]]."<ref>{{Citation | last =Boden | first =Sarah | title =25 of the greatest gigs ever (part 2) | newspaper =[[The Observer]] | page =41 | date =21 January 2007 | url =http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/story/0,,1992240,00.html }}</ref>

==Disappearance==

Edwards disappeared on 1 February 1995, on the day when he and [[James Dean Bradfield]] were due to fly to the [[United States|US]] on a promotional tour.<ref name="Price 1999, pp. 177-178">Price (1999), pp. 177-178.</ref> In the two weeks before his disappearance, Edwards withdrew £200 a day from his bank account, which totalled £2800 by the day of the scheduled flight.<ref name="IOS">{{cite news | first=Andy | last=Beckett | pages= | title=Missing street preacher | date=2 March 1997 | publisher=The Independent on Sunday | url= }}</ref><ref>Price (1999), p. 178.</ref> He checked out of the Embassy Hotel in [[Bayswater Road]], [[London]] at seven in the morning, and then drove to his apartment in [[Cardiff]], Wales.<ref name="IOS"/><ref name="Price 1999, p. 179">Price (1999), p. 179.</ref> In the two weeks that followed he was apparently spotted in the [[Newport]] passport office,<ref>Price (1999), p. 183.</ref> and the [[Newport bus station]].<ref name="IOS"/><ref name="SP180">Price (1999), p. 180.</ref> On February 7, a taxi driver from Newport supposedly picked up Edwards from the King's Hotel in Newport, and drove him around the valleys, including Blackwood (Edwards’ home as a child). The passenger got off at the [[Severn View services|Severn View service station]] near [[Aust]] and paid the £68 fare in cash.<ref name="Price 1999, p. 179"/><ref>{{cite news | first=Alex | last=Bellos | pages=T.010 | title=Music: Desperately seeking Richey | date=26 January 1996|publisher=The Guardian | url= }}</ref>

On February 14, Edwards' [[Vauxhall Cavalier]] received a parking ticket at the Severn View service station and on February 17, the vehicle was reported as abandoned. Police discovered the battery to be flat, with evidence that the car had been lived in.<ref name="Price 1999, pp. 177-178"/><ref name="IOS"/><ref>{{cite news | author =BBC staff reporter | title=Ten-year tragedy of missing Manic | date=1 February 2005|publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4210451.stm|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Due to the [[Severn View services|service station]]'s proximity to the [[Severn Bridge]] (which has been a renowned [[suicide]] location in the past)<ref>Pidd, Helen. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/29/richey-edwards-manic-street-preachers Richey Edwards case closed: how 14 years of hope ended]", ''[[The Guardian]]''. 29 November 2008.</ref> it was widely believed that he took his own life by jumping from the bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14264609 |title=Amy Winehouse joins iconic stars who died aged 27|date=25 July 2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Many people who knew him, however, have said that he was never the type to contemplate [[suicide]] and he himself was quoted in 1994 as saying "In terms of the 'S' word, that does not enter my mind. And it never has done, in terms of an attempt. Because I am stronger than that. I might be a weak person, but I can take pain."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richeyedwards.net/index.html |title=The Last Of Richey Edwards? |publisher=Richeyedwards.net |date= |accessdate=2010-04-03}}</ref>

Since then he has reportedly been spotted in a [[hippie]] [[market]] in [[Goa, India]] and on the islands of [[Fuerteventura]] and [[Lanzarote]]. There have been other alleged sightings of Edwards, especially in the years immediately following his disappearance.<ref>{{cite news | first=Caroline | last=Sullivan | title=The lost boys | date=28 January 2000 | publisher=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/friday_review/story/0,,239956,00.html |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> However, none of these has proved conclusive<ref>{{cite news | first=Colin | last=Wills | page=62 | title=Is Richey the wild rebel of rock alive or dead? | date=2 June 1996 | publisher=[[The Sunday Mirror]] | url= }}</ref> and none has been confirmed by investigators.<ref name="SH">{{cite news | first=Stephen P. | last=Helan | page=10 | title=Living With Ghosts | date=30 January 2005|publisher=[[Sunday Herald]] }}</ref><ref>Price (1999), pp. 183-185.</ref>

The investigation itself has received criticism. In his 1999 book ''Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers)'', [[Simon Price]] states that aspects of the investigation were "far from satisfactory". He asserts the police may not have taken Edwards' mental state into account when prioritizing his disappearance. Price also records Edwards' sister Rachel as having "hit out at police handling" after [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage was analyzed two years after the disappearance.<ref>Price (1999), p. 186.</ref> Price records a member of the investigation team as stating "that the idea that you could identify somebody from that is arrant nonsense".<ref>Price (1999), p. 187.</ref> While his family had the option of declaring him [[death in absentia|legally dead]] from 2002, they had chosen not to for many years, and his status remained open as a missing person, until 23 November 2008,<ref name="jinman7"/><ref name="SH"/><ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20081123/tuk-fourth-manic-is-presumed-dead-45dbed5.html ]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> when he became officially "presumed dead".<ref>{{cite news | author =BBC staff reporter | title=Missing guitarist 'presumed dead' | date=24 November 2008|publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7745273.stm|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

===Fan identification===

Edwards' disappearance attracted a great deal of media attention, with some of it focusing on copycat actions by fans. [[Caitlin Moran]], writing in ''The Times'' newspaper, commented that Edwards became "a cause celebre among depressives, alcoholics, anorexics and self-mutilators, because he was the first person in the public eye to talk openly about these subjects, not with swaggering bravado and a subtext of "look how tortured and cool I am", but with humility, sense and, often, bleak humour."<ref name="moran">"Cries that won't go away" ''The Times'' (London); 21 April 1995; Caitlin Moran; p. 1</ref> Moran dismissed the news agenda of the mainstream media, which was geared towards the idea that Edwards inspired any copycat actions in fans. Pointing towards the 8 April 1995 edition of ''[[Melody Maker]]'', Moran wrote of her distaste of the mainstream media treatment: "Arms were flung aloft and tongues tutted two weeks back, when the first anniversary of Kurt Cobain's suicide coincided with the two-month anniversary of Manic Street Preacher Richey Edwards's disappearance, and Melody Maker instigated a debate on escalating teenage depression, self-mutilation and suicide."<ref name="moran" /> The magazine had received a number of letters from fans distressed at both the death of [[Kurt Cobain]] and the disappearance of Edwards. The 8 April edition saw the publication assemble a panel of readers to discuss the issues related to both cases. Moran argued "that Cobain's actions and, to a greater extent, Richey Edwards's actions, have legitimised debate on these subjects."<ref name="moran" />

The 8 April issue was released in conjunction with the [[Samaritans (charity)|Samaritans]],<ref>"Pop paper responds to fans' cry of grief;Melody Maker" ''The Times'' (London); 22 March 1995; Dalya Alberge; p. 1</ref> with the then editor Allan Jones placing the inspiration for the special nature of the issue firmly in the hands of the readers: "Every week the mailbag is just full of these letters. Richey's predicament seems to be emblematic of what a lot of people are going through."<ref name="G2">"Is this music to die for? When the postbag at Melody Maker is opened these days, out pours a bleak littany of angst and agony. Andrew Smith looks at the dangerous, unprecedented trend of young pop music fans identifying closely with the torment of their heroes" ''The Guardian'' (Manchester); 31 March 1995; ANDREW SMITH; p. T.002</ref> Jones saw the debate as focusing on the notion of whether "our rock stars [are] more vulnerable these days, and is that vulnerability a reflection of the vulnerability of their audience? And if so, why?"<ref name="G2" />

==Books about Edwards==

In 2009, Rob Jovanovic's book ''A Version of Reason: The Search for Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers'' was published.

A novel by [[Ben Myers]] entitled ''[[Richard: A Novel]]'' is due for publication 1 October 2010 through Picador. ''Richard'' purports to be a fictionalised account of Edwards' life "as he might have told it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__sfm4IhHV9s/S2lJ4P2lxOI/AAAAAAAAAYI/QnrFwqwpHsI/s1600-h/January+2010+032.jpg |title=January+2010+032.jpg (image) |publisher=1.bp.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-03}}</ref> In an interview in May 2010, Myers said, "I wrote this book for people who have never heard of Richey Edwards, and I thought his story was one that had not been told in a manner befitting his life...I wanted to get beyond that false perception and tell the story of an intelligent young academic from a good home with good friends around him who became the most engaging British rock star of his era. To do that I felt that fiction was the best medium. I don’t purport ''Richard'' to be the absolute truth, but rather a version of it." Myers also said that although he never met Edwards, he "shared many mutual friends or acquaintances with him...I hope the book is sensitively handled. I also spent months researching it too, so factually it’s pretty tight, I think."<ref>http://www.beatthedust.com/beat-the-dust.asp?bid=269</ref>

==Literature and other cultural influences==
As well as an interest in music, Edwards displayed a love for literature. He chose many of the quotes that appear on Manics records and would often refer to writers and poets during interviews. This interest in literature has remained as integral to the band's appeal as their music. [[Albert Camus]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article403174.ece |work=The Times |date=December 17, 2004 |title=Grow up, for Pete's sake |first=Caitlin |last=Moran |accessdate=August 10, 2010}}</ref> [[Philip Larkin]], [[Yukio Mishima]] and [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] are known to have been amongst his favourite authors.

Edwards often quoted [[Arthur Rimbaud]] in interviews as being one of his favourite writers. Edwards also wrote selected quotes of Rimbaud's on his clothing. A famous photograph of Edwards in Paris has the following quote from ''[[A Season in Hell]]'' written on his back; "Once, I remember well, my life was a feast where all hearts opened and all wines flowed. Alas, the gospel has gone by; suppose damnation were eternal! Then a man who would mutilate himself is well damned, isn't he?"

Edwards' lyrics have often been of a highly [[poetry|poetic]] nature, particularly on the band's third album ''The Holy Bible'', and at times they reflected his knowledge of [[politics|political]] history.

==See also==
*[[List of people who have mysteriously disappeared]]
*[[27 Club]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Price | first=Simon | authorlink=Simon Price | year=1999 | title=Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers) | edition=first | publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] | isbn=0-7535-0139-2 }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Richey James Edwards}}

* [http://www.richeyedwards.net The Last Of Richey Edwards?]
* [http://www.archives-of-pain.piczo.com Archives Of Pain Richey Edwards Fan site]

{{Manic Street Preachers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Edwards, Richey James
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 22 December 1967
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1 February 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Richey James}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Swansea University]]
[[Category:Manic Street Preachers members]]
[[Category:Missing people]]
[[Category:People declared dead in absentia]]
[[Category:People from Blackwood, Wales]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:Welsh atheists]]
[[Category:Welsh guitarists]]
[[Category:Welsh rock musicians]]
[[Category:Welsh songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:People educated at Oakdale Comprehensive School]]
[[Category:1990s missing person cases]]

[[ca:Richey James Edwards]]
[[cy:Richey Edwards]]
[[de:Richey James Edwards]]
[[es:Richey James Edwards]]
[[it:Richey Edwards]]
[[nl:Richey James Edwards]]
[[pl:Richey James Edwards]]
[[pt:Richey James Edwards]]
[[sk:Richey James Edwards]]
[[fi:Richey James Edwards]]
[[sv:Richey James Edwards]]
[[tr:Richey James Edwards]]
[[zh:理查德·詹姆斯·爱德华兹]]

Richey Edwards

2011-08-07T20:34:45Z

Tuttt:

{{distinguish|Richie Edwards}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Richey Edwards
|image =Richey james edwards live.jpg
|caption =On stage, London 1992
|image_size = 200
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|birth_name = Richard James Edwards
|alias = Richey James, Richey Manic
|Born = {{Birth date|1967|12|22|df=yes}}
|Disappeared = Presumed deceased [[circa|c.]] {{death date and age|1995|2|1|1967|12|22|df=y}}<ref name="DD"/>
|genre = [[Alternative rock]]
|occupation = Lyricist, guitarist
|associated_acts = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
|Influences = [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]], [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Osamu Dazai]], [[Yukio Mishima]], [[William S. Burroughs]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Hubert Selby]], [[Ken Kesey]]
| notable_instruments = [[Fender Telecaster Thinline]]
|years_active = 1989–1995
|instrument = [[Guitar]]
|label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|website =
}}

'''Richard James Edwards''' (born 22 December 1967, disappeared [[circa|c.]] 1 February 1999, presumed dead 2008<ref name="DD">
On 24 November 2008, it was announced that Edwards' parents had obtained a court order, issued by the Probate Registry of Wales, naming them as executors and stating that he died "on or since" 1 February 1995. Evans, Catherine Mary "[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/11/24/missing-manic-street-preacher-richey-edwards-declared-legally-dead-13-years-on-91466-22323627/ Missing Manic Street Preacher Penis Edwards declared legally dead, 13 years on]", 24 Nov 2008, ''[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]]''. Accessed on 11 February 2009. [http://www.webcitation.org/5eVhKOdFs Archived] on 11 February 2009.</ref><ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3514147/Richey-Edwards.html |title=Richey Edwards |publisher=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |accessdate=2009-06-22 |date=23 March 2009 }}</ref>) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] musician who was rhythm guitarist and lyricist of the [[alternative rock]] band [[Manic Street Preachers]]. He was known for his politicized and intellectual songwriting which, combined with an enigmatic and eloquent character, has assured him cult status.<ref>Owen, Paul, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2008/nov/27/manic-street-preachers/ The Manics' Lyrics Were Something Special]",''[[The Guardian]]'', 27 Nov 2008</ref><ref>Clash Music, "[http://www.clashmusic.com/news/manics-member-officially-dead/ Manics Member Officially Dead]", ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash Music]]''</ref> Edwards vanished on 1 February 1995.<ref name="bbcwales">BBC Wales, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/genres_artists/rock_pop/manic_street_preachers_richey.shtml Manic Street Preachers - Richey Edwards]",''[[BBC Wales]]''</ref> He was declared presumed deceased in November 2008.<ref>Evans, "[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/11/24/missing-manic-street-preacher-richey-edwards-declared-legally-dead-13-years-on-91466-22323627/ Missing Manic Street Preacher]",''[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]]''</ref> The ninth album by the Manic Street Preachers, ''[[Journal for Plague Lovers]]'', which was released on 18 May 2009, is composed entirely of lyrics left behind by Edwards.<ref>Manics.co.uk, http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/news/2009/03/24/journal_for_plague_lovers?page=1 Journal for Plague Lovers"''</ref>

==Biography==
Richey Edwards (often referred to during his years with the Manics as ''Richey James'') grew up in [[Blackwood, Caerphilly]] in [[Wales]], where he attended [[Oakdale Comprehensive School]]. From 1986 to 1989, attended [[University of Wales, Swansea]] and graduated with a 2:1 [[academic degree|degree]] in political history. He has one sister named Rachel (born 1969 in [[Pontypool]]).

Edwards was initially a driver and roadie for Manic Street Preachers, but he soon became accepted as the band's main spokesman and fourth member. Edwards showed little musical talent - his real contribution to the Manic Street Preachers was in the words and design. More often than not he was [[mime artist|miming]] on the guitar during early live performances, but was, along with bassist [[Nicky Wire]], principal [[lyricist]]. Edwards is said to have written approximately 80% of the lyrics on ''[[The Holy Bible (album)|The Holy Bible]].''<ref>{{citation|last=Sullivan|first=Caroline|last2=Bellos | first2=Alex|date=26 January 1996| title=Sweet Exile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| publication-place=Manchester| pages=T.010}}</ref> Both are credited on all songs written before Edwards' disappearance, with Edwards receiving sole credit on three tracks from the 1996 album ''[[Everything Must Go (Manic Street Preachers album)|Everything Must Go]]'', and co-writing credits on another two. Despite Edwards' lack of musical input, he nevertheless contributed to their overall musical direction, and according to the rest of the band on the ''Everything Must Go'' DVD, he played a leading role in deciding the approach of the band's sound. It is possible that had he not disappeared, the album that would have followed ''The Holy Bible'' would have been dramatically different from the melodic, accessible rock heard on ''Everything Must Go'', Edwards having expressed a desire to create a concept album described as "[[Pantera]] meets [[Nine Inch Nails]] meets ''[[Screamadelica]]''".<ref>Bailie, Stuart. "The Art of Falling Apart". ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' (February 2002) .p.85.</ref> However, Bradfield has since expressed doubts over whether the band would have produced such an album: "... I was worried that as chief tune-smith in the band I wasn't actually going to be able to write things that he would have liked. There would have been an impasse in the band for the first time born out of taste..."<ref>{{cite news | first=Claire | last=Hill | page=7 | title=
Manics frontman talks of artistic differences with missing Richey | date=3 November 2006|publisher=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] ([[Cardiff]])}}</ref><ref>[[Stuart Maconie|Maconie, Stuart]] "Everything Must Grow Up" ''[[Q Magazine]]'' October 1998</ref><ref>{{cite video|people=O'Connor, Rob (Producer & Director), [[James Dean Bradfield|Bradfield, James Dean]] (interviewee), [[Sean Moore (musician)|Moore, Sean]] (interviewee), [[Nicky Wire|Wire, Nicky]] (interviewee)|title=The Making Of Everything Must Go|medium=[[DVD]]|publisher=[[Sony BMG]]|date=2006-11-06}}</ref>
[[Image:Richeyedwards1.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Edwards with 4 Real carved into his arm. The ''[[NME]]'' discussion as to whether to publish this image was a bonus track on "[[Suicide Is Painless]]".]] On 15 May 1991, he gained notoriety following an argument with ''[[NME]]'' journalist [[Steve Lamacq]], who questioned the band's authenticity and values, keen to ensure the punk ethic was not abused, after a gig at the [[Norwich Arts Centre]]. Lamacq asked of Edwards' seriousness towards his art, and Edwards responded by carving the words "4 Real" into his forearm with a razor blade he was carrying.<ref name="jinman7">{{cite news | first=Richard | last=Jinman | page=7 | title=Fans keep hopes alive for missing Manic | date=1 February 2005|publisher=The Guardian | url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1402938,00.html|accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> The injury required hospitalisation and eighteen stitches.

Edwards suffered severe bouts of depression in his adult life,<ref>Leonard, Marion. ''Gender in the Music Industry'' (2007), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.71. ISBN 0754638626</ref><ref>Young, Andrew & Constable, Nick. "[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1088585/After-13-years-parents-missing-rock-star-Richey-Edwards-admit-8217-s-dead.html After 13 years, the parents of missing rock star Richey Edwards admit he’s dead]". [[The Daily Mail]], 22 November 2008.</ref> and was open about it in interviews: "If you're hopelessly depressed like I was, then dressing up is just the ultimate escape. When I was young I just wanted to be noticed. Nothing could excite me except attention so I'd dress up as much as I could. Outrage and boredom just go hand in hand."<ref>Smith, Richard (1995) Seduced and Abandoned: Essays on Gay Men and Popular Music, London: Cassell.</ref>

"Gets to a point where you really can’t operate any more as a human being – you can’t get out of bed, you can’t...make yourself a cup of coffee without something going badly wrong or your body’s too weak to walk."<ref>Transcription from the final television interview before his disappearance; video available on YouTube.</ref>

He also [[Self harm|self-harm]]ed, mainly through stubbing cigarettes on his body, and cutting himself ("When I cut myself I feel so much better. All the little things that might have been annoying me suddenly seem so trivial because I'm concentrating on the pain. I'm not a person who can scream and shout so this is my only outlet. It's all done very logically."<ref name="bbcwales" />). His problems with drugs and alcohol were well documented. After the release of the band's third album ''[[The Holy Bible (album)|The Holy Bible]]'', he checked into [[The Priory]] psychiatric hospital, missing out on some of the promotional work for the album and forcing the band to appear as a three piece at the [[Reading and Leeds Festival|Reading Festival]] and [[T in the Park]].

Following release from the Priory, the Manic Street Preachers as a four-piece band toured Europe with [[Suede (band)|Suede]] and [[Therapy?]] for what was to be the last time. Edwards' final live appearance with the band was at the London Astoria, on the 21 December 1994. The concert ended with the band infamously smashing their equipment and damaging the lighting system, prompted by Edwards' violent destruction of his guitar towards the end of set-closer "[[You Love Us]]."<ref>{{Citation | last =Boden | first =Sarah | title =25 of the greatest gigs ever (part 2) | newspaper =[[The Observer]] | page =41 | date =21 January 2007 | url =http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/story/0,,1992240,00.html }}</ref>

==Disappearance==

Edwards disappeared on 1 February 1995, on the day when he and [[James Dean Bradfield]] were due to fly to the [[United States|US]] on a promotional tour.<ref name="Price 1999, pp. 177-178">Price (1999), pp. 177-178.</ref> In the two weeks before his disappearance, Edwards withdrew £200 a day from his bank account, which totalled £2800 by the day of the scheduled flight.<ref name="IOS">{{cite news | first=Andy | last=Beckett | pages= | title=Missing street preacher | date=2 March 1997 | publisher=The Independent on Sunday | url= }}</ref><ref>Price (1999), p. 178.</ref> He checked out of the Embassy Hotel in [[Bayswater Road]], [[London]] at seven in the morning, and then drove to his apartment in [[Cardiff]], Wales.<ref name="IOS"/><ref name="Price 1999, p. 179">Price (1999), p. 179.</ref> In the two weeks that followed he was apparently spotted in the [[Newport]] passport office,<ref>Price (1999), p. 183.</ref> and the [[Newport bus station]].<ref name="IOS"/><ref name="SP180">Price (1999), p. 180.</ref> On February 7, a taxi driver from Newport supposedly picked up Edwards from the King's Hotel in Newport, and drove him around the valleys, including Blackwood (Edwards’ home as a child). The passenger got off at the [[Severn View services|Severn View service station]] near [[Aust]] and paid the £68 fare in cash.<ref name="Price 1999, p. 179"/><ref>{{cite news | first=Alex | last=Bellos | pages=T.010 | title=Music: Desperately seeking Richey | date=26 January 1996|publisher=The Guardian | url= }}</ref>

On February 14, Edwards' [[Vauxhall Cavalier]] received a parking ticket at the Severn View service station and on February 17, the vehicle was reported as abandoned. Police discovered the battery to be flat, with evidence that the car had been lived in.<ref name="Price 1999, pp. 177-178"/><ref name="IOS"/><ref>{{cite news | author =BBC staff reporter | title=Ten-year tragedy of missing Manic | date=1 February 2005|publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4210451.stm|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Due to the [[Severn View services|service station]]'s proximity to the [[Severn Bridge]] (which has been a renowned [[suicide]] location in the past)<ref>Pidd, Helen. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/29/richey-edwards-manic-street-preachers Richey Edwards case closed: how 14 years of hope ended]", ''[[The Guardian]]''. 29 November 2008.</ref> it was widely believed that he took his own life by jumping from the bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14264609 |title=Amy Winehouse joins iconic stars who died aged 27|date=25 July 2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> Many people who knew him, however, have said that he was never the type to contemplate [[suicide]] and he himself was quoted in 1994 as saying "In terms of the 'S' word, that does not enter my mind. And it never has done, in terms of an attempt. Because I am stronger than that. I might be a weak person, but I can take pain."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richeyedwards.net/index.html |title=The Last Of Richey Edwards? |publisher=Richeyedwards.net |date= |accessdate=2010-04-03}}</ref>

Since then he has reportedly been spotted in a [[hippie]] [[market]] in [[Goa, India]] and on the islands of [[Fuerteventura]] and [[Lanzarote]]. There have been other alleged sightings of Edwards, especially in the years immediately following his disappearance.<ref>{{cite news | first=Caroline | last=Sullivan | title=The lost boys | date=28 January 2000 | publisher=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/friday_review/story/0,,239956,00.html |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> However, none of these has proved conclusive<ref>{{cite news | first=Colin | last=Wills | page=62 | title=Is Richey the wild rebel of rock alive or dead? | date=2 June 1996 | publisher=[[The Sunday Mirror]] | url= }}</ref> and none has been confirmed by investigators.<ref name="SH">{{cite news | first=Stephen P. | last=Helan | page=10 | title=Living With Ghosts | date=30 January 2005|publisher=[[Sunday Herald]] }}</ref><ref>Price (1999), pp. 183-185.</ref>

The investigation itself has received criticism. In his 1999 book ''Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers)'', [[Simon Price]] states that aspects of the investigation were "far from satisfactory". He asserts the police may not have taken Edwards' mental state into account when prioritizing his disappearance. Price also records Edwards' sister Rachel as having "hit out at police handling" after [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage was analyzed two years after the disappearance.<ref>Price (1999), p. 186.</ref> Price records a member of the investigation team as stating "that the idea that you could identify somebody from that is arrant nonsense".<ref>Price (1999), p. 187.</ref> While his family had the option of declaring him [[death in absentia|legally dead]] from 2002, they had chosen not to for many years, and his status remained open as a missing person, until 23 November 2008,<ref name="jinman7"/><ref name="SH"/><ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20081123/tuk-fourth-manic-is-presumed-dead-45dbed5.html ]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> when he became officially "presumed dead".<ref>{{cite news | author =BBC staff reporter | title=Missing guitarist 'presumed dead' | date=24 November 2008|publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7745273.stm|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

===Fan identification===

Edwards' disappearance attracted a great deal of media attention, with some of it focusing on copycat actions by fans. [[Caitlin Moran]], writing in ''The Times'' newspaper, commented that Edwards became "a cause celebre among depressives, alcoholics, anorexics and self-mutilators, because he was the first person in the public eye to talk openly about these subjects, not with swaggering bravado and a subtext of "look how tortured and cool I am", but with humility, sense and, often, bleak humour."<ref name="moran">"Cries that won't go away" ''The Times'' (London); 21 April 1995; Caitlin Moran; p. 1</ref> Moran dismissed the news agenda of the mainstream media, which was geared towards the idea that Edwards inspired any copycat actions in fans. Pointing towards the 8 April 1995 edition of ''[[Melody Maker]]'', Moran wrote of her distaste of the mainstream media treatment: "Arms were flung aloft and tongues tutted two weeks back, when the first anniversary of Kurt Cobain's suicide coincided with the two-month anniversary of Manic Street Preacher Richey Edwards's disappearance, and Melody Maker instigated a debate on escalating teenage depression, self-mutilation and suicide."<ref name="moran" /> The magazine had received a number of letters from fans distressed at both the death of [[Kurt Cobain]] and the disappearance of Edwards. The 8 April edition saw the publication assemble a panel of readers to discuss the issues related to both cases. Moran argued "that Cobain's actions and, to a greater extent, Richey Edwards's actions, have legitimised debate on these subjects."<ref name="moran" />

The 8 April issue was released in conjunction with the [[Samaritans (charity)|Samaritans]],<ref>"Pop paper responds to fans' cry of grief;Melody Maker" ''The Times'' (London); 22 March 1995; Dalya Alberge; p. 1</ref> with the then editor Allan Jones placing the inspiration for the special nature of the issue firmly in the hands of the readers: "Every week the mailbag is just full of these letters. Richey's predicament seems to be emblematic of what a lot of people are going through."<ref name="G2">"Is this music to die for? When the postbag at Melody Maker is opened these days, out pours a bleak littany of angst and agony. Andrew Smith looks at the dangerous, unprecedented trend of young pop music fans identifying closely with the torment of their heroes" ''The Guardian'' (Manchester); 31 March 1995; ANDREW SMITH; p. T.002</ref> Jones saw the debate as focusing on the notion of whether "our rock stars [are] more vulnerable these days, and is that vulnerability a reflection of the vulnerability of their audience? And if so, why?"<ref name="G2" />

==Books about Edwards==

In 2009, Rob Jovanovic's book ''A Version of Reason: The Search for Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers'' was published.

A novel by [[Ben Myers]] entitled ''[[Richard: A Novel]]'' is due for publication 1 October 2010 through Picador. ''Richard'' purports to be a fictionalised account of Edwards' life "as he might have told it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__sfm4IhHV9s/S2lJ4P2lxOI/AAAAAAAAAYI/QnrFwqwpHsI/s1600-h/January+2010+032.jpg |title=January+2010+032.jpg (image) |publisher=1.bp.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-03}}</ref> In an interview in May 2010, Myers said, "I wrote this book for people who have never heard of Richey Edwards, and I thought his story was one that had not been told in a manner befitting his life...I wanted to get beyond that false perception and tell the story of an intelligent young academic from a good home with good friends around him who became the most engaging British rock star of his era. To do that I felt that fiction was the best medium. I don’t purport ''Richard'' to be the absolute truth, but rather a version of it." Myers also said that although he never met Edwards, he "shared many mutual friends or acquaintances with him...I hope the book is sensitively handled. I also spent months researching it too, so factually it’s pretty tight, I think."<ref>http://www.beatthedust.com/beat-the-dust.asp?bid=269</ref>

==Literature and other cultural influences==
As well as an interest in music, Edwards displayed a love for literature. He chose many of the quotes that appear on Manics records and would often refer to writers and poets during interviews. This interest in literature has remained as integral to the band's appeal as their music. [[Albert Camus]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article403174.ece |work=The Times |date=December 17, 2004 |title=Grow up, for Pete's sake |first=Caitlin |last=Moran |accessdate=August 10, 2010}}</ref> [[Philip Larkin]], [[Yukio Mishima]] and [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] are known to have been amongst his favourite authors.

Edwards often quoted [[Arthur Rimbaud]] in interviews as being one of his favourite writers. Edwards also wrote selected quotes of Rimbaud's on his clothing. A famous photograph of Edwards in Paris has the following quote from ''[[A Season in Hell]]'' written on his back; "Once, I remember well, my life was a feast where all hearts opened and all wines flowed. Alas, the gospel has gone by; suppose damnation were eternal! Then a man who would mutilate himself is well damned, isn't he?"

Edwards' lyrics have often been of a highly [[poetry|poetic]] nature, particularly on the band's third album ''The Holy Bible'', and at times they reflected his knowledge of [[politics|political]] history.

==See also==
*[[List of people who have mysteriously disappeared]]
*[[27 Club]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Price | first=Simon | authorlink=Simon Price | year=1999 | title=Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers) | edition=first | publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] | isbn=0-7535-0139-2 }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Richey James Edwards}}

* [http://www.richeyedwards.net The Last Of Richey Edwards?]
* [http://www.archives-of-pain.piczo.com Archives Of Pain Richey Edwards Fan site]

{{Manic Street Preachers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Edwards, Richey James
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 22 December 1967
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1 February 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Richey James}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Swansea University]]
[[Category:Manic Street Preachers members]]
[[Category:Missing people]]
[[Category:People declared dead in absentia]]
[[Category:People from Blackwood, Wales]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:Welsh atheists]]
[[Category:Welsh guitarists]]
[[Category:Welsh rock musicians]]
[[Category:Welsh songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:People educated at Oakdale Comprehensive School]]
[[Category:1990s missing person cases]]

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The Black Hole (1979 film)

2011-05-23T01:02:12Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{other uses2|Black hole}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Black Hole
| image = Black hole ver1.jpg
| caption =
| director = Gary Nelson
| producer = [[Ron W. Miller]]
| screenplay = Gerry Day Jeb Rosebrook
| story = Jeb Rosebrook Bob Barbash Richard Landau
| starring = [[Maximilian Schell]] [[Anthony Perkins]] [[Ernest Borgnine]] [[Robert Forster]] [[Joseph Bottoms]] [[Yvette Mimieux]] [[Roddy McDowall]] (voice;uncredited) [[Slim Pickens]] (voice;uncredited)
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| cinematography = [[Frank Phillips (cinematographer)|Frank Phillips]]
| editing = [[Gregg McLaughlin]]
| studio = [[Walt Disney Productions]]
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Distribution Company|Buena Vista Distribution Co. Inc.]]
| released = {{Start date|1979|12|21}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $20,000,000 (estimated)
| gross = $35,841,901 (Domestic only)
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Black Hole''''' is a 1979 American science fiction film directed by [[Gary Nelson (director)|Gary Nelson]] for [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. The film stars [[Maximilian Schell]], [[Robert Forster]], [[Joseph Bottoms]], [[Yvette Mimieux]], [[Anthony Perkins]], and [[Ernest Borgnine]], while the voices of the main robot characters are provided by [[Roddy McDowall]] and [[Slim Pickens]] (both unbilled). The music for the movie was composed by [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]. [[Alan Dean Foster]] novelized the screenplay.

==Plot==
In the year 2130, an exploratory spaceship, the USS ''Palomino'', is returning from a deep space exploration mission. The crew consists of: the ''Palomino's'' Captain, Dan Holland; his First Officer, Lieutenant Charlie Pizer; journalist Harry Booth; [[Extra-sensory perception|ESP]]-sensitive scientist Dr. Kate McCrae; the expedition's civilian leader, Dr. Alex Durant; and the [[robot]] V.I.N.CENT ("'''V'''ital '''I'''nformation '''N'''ecessary '''CENT'''ralized").

On its journey, the crew is alerted to the existence of a nearby [[black hole]] and find a derelict ship somehow defying the gravitational pull of the black hole. The ship is identified as the long-lost USS ''Cygnus'', a ship McCrae's father served aboard when it was reported missing. Deciding to investigate, the ''Palomino'' encounters a mysterious null gravity field surrounding the ''Cygnus'', but their ship is damaged when it drifts away from the ''Cygnus'' into the intense gravity field of the black hole. The ''Palomino'' manages to make it to the ''Cygnus'', which suddenly comes to life and allows the ''Palomino'' to dock.

The ''Palomino'' crew finds a crew of humanoid, faceless robots on board the ''Cygnus'', along with the ship's Commander, Doctor Hans Reinhardt, a prominent scientist, and his robot crew, including the hulking Maximilian. When asked about Kate's father, Reinhardt explains that the ship had encountered a field of meteoroids and was disabled. He ordered the crew to return to Earth, yet McRae's father chose to remain aboard with Reinhardt, but he has since died. Reinhardt reveals that he is working on a project to fly the ''Cygnus'' into the black hole and explore beyond. Most of the crew react with incredulity and skepticism upon this announcement; only Durant believes it is possible and asks if he can accompany Reinhardt on the planned trip.

The other ''Palomino'' crew grow suspicious of the faceless drones' humanlike behavior - Booth sees a robot limping, and Holland witnesses what appears to be a funeral. B.O.B. ('''B'''i'''O'''-sanitation '''B'''attalion), a robot similar to V.I.N.CENT, explains that the faceless drones are in fact the former crew, who mutinied when Reinhardt refused to return to Earth, and have since been lobotomized and "reprogrammed" to serve him. He also explains that McCrae's father was accused of leading the mutiny and was killed. V.I.N.CENT tells Kate via telepathy the truth about what happened. When Kate tells Durant, he removes the face plate of a robot, revealing the face of a crew member. Their secret out, Maximillian immediately kills Durant, and Reinhardt kidnaps Kate, ordering for her to be taken to the hospital to be brainwashed.

Just as Kate's brainwashing begins, Holland finds and rescues her in time, but Booth panics and attempts to escape alone in the ''Palomino''. Booth, being only a reporter, is unskilled at the controls and the ''Palomino'' is shortly out of control. Reinhardt attempts to shoot down the ''Palomino'', but the ship crashes into the ''Cygnus'' and destroys the portside antigravity forcefield generator. The ''Cygnus'' is further crippled by a meteor storm being pulled into the black hole, which eventually destroys the starboard side antigravity force field generator. Without the null-gravity bubble, the black hole's gravity begins to tear the ''Cygnus'' apart.

Reinhardt and the ''Palomino'' survivors separately plan to make their escape aboard a small probe ship used to study the black hole. Reinhardt orders Maximilian to prepare the probe ship, but before he can escape, he is pinned by a falling giant monitor screen. Maximilian confronts Holland and the others and shoots B.O.B., damaging him beyond repair, but is himself damaged by V.I.N.CENT and drifts out of the ship. Holland, Pizer, McCrae, and V.I.N.CENT escape the ''Cygnus'' in the probe ship, but they discover the controls unresponsive, as it has been programmed to fulfill Reinhardt's objective: a flight through the black hole. The probe makes a long arc and then plunges down into the black hole, crossing the event horizon.

In a long, dialogue-free final sequence, the travelers reach the bottom of the black hole and appear to enter [[Hell]] then [[Heaven]].<ref>[http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/movies/black_hole_retrospective_000602.html Does The Black Hole still suck?] Movie review by Joshua Moss, June 2, 2000.</ref> Reinhardt and Maximilian embrace in space, and then appear merged as one on a high rock overlooking a barren, burning Hell-like landscape populated by robed figures resembling the drones of the ''Cygnus''. Meanwhile, the surviving crew of the ''Palomino'' pass through a cathedral-like crystal tunnel, with their small craft eventually emerging safely from a [[white hole]] in the vicinity of a planet.

==Cast==
* [[Maximilian Schell]] as Dr. Hans Reinhardt
* [[Anthony Perkins]] as Dr. Alex Durant
* [[Robert Forster]] as Captain Dan Holland
* [[Joseph Bottoms]] as Lieutenant Charles Pizer
* [[Yvette Mimieux]] as Dr. Kate McCrae
* [[Ernest Borgnine]] as Harry Booth
* [[Tom McLoughlin]] as Captain S.T.A.R.
* [[Roddy McDowall]] as Voice of V.I.N.CENT ''(uncredited)''
* [[Slim Pickens]] as Voice of Old B.O.B. ''(uncredited)''

==Production==

Although ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' had popularized the use of computerized [[motion control photography|motion control]] miniature effects, ''The Black Hole'' was shot using a blend of traditional camera techniques and newly developed computer controlled camera technology. Disney had wanted to rent equipment from [[Industrial Light and Magic]] but when the price was too high and the timing of getting the equipment didn't match Disney's production schedule, they had their engineering department build their own equipment, resulting in the development of Disney's A.C.E.S. (Automated Camera Effects System), as well as the Mattescan system, which for the first time allowed the camera to move over a matte painting, and a computer-controlled modeling stand. At the time of its release, the movie's opening credits sequence featured the longest computer graphics shot that had ever appeared in a film. The film also had the world's first digitally recorded soundtrack.<ref>investigation at [http://www.moviemusic.com/mb/Forum1/HTML/010582.html MovieMusic.com], also see discussion page</ref>

''The Black Hole'' was also notable for being the first Disney film not to have a universal rating, due to mild language (being the first Disney film to include profanity of any type) and scenes of human death never seen in a Disney production before (e.g., a character is [[eviscerated]], albeit bloodlessly). This was [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s first [[MPAA film rating system|PG]]-rated production, and its second overall release with that rating. (The first was the sports drama ''[[Take Down (film)|Take Down]]'', an outside production Disney distributed in early 1979.) The version of the film televised on The Disney Channel has been edited for language, with all uses of the words "damn" and "hell" removed. Along with frequent subtexts, there were also metaphysical and religious themes expressed through the film. This film led the company towards experimenting with more adult-oriented films, which would eventually lead to the creation of its [[Touchstone Pictures]] and [[Hollywood Pictures]] arms to handle films considered too mature in nature to carry the Walt Disney label.<ref>[http://buzzcine.com/content/view/531/43/ Buzz Cinema - Touchstone Pictures]</ref>

==Reception==
At $20 million (plus another $6 million for its advertising budget)<ref>Cinefantastique Magazine, "Black Hole Special Issue", Spring 1980</ref> it was at the time the most expensive picture ever produced by the company.<ref name=remake/> The movie earned $36 million at the North American box office, making it the 13th highest grossing film of its year. It received mixed reviews from critics, though ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[Time Magazine]]'' and ''[[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']]'' all praised the film. The [[special effects]] were generally acclaimed by the press.<ref>Turner Classic Movie commentary</ref> The film received two [[Academy Award]] nominations: One for Best Visual Effects and one for Best Cinematography.

==Adaptations==

In [[Alan Dean Foster]]'s novelization of the film, as the probe ship crosses the event horizon, all matter ceases to exist. Kate's ESP links the minds of the ''Palomino's'' crew and allows them to survive (in a fashion) while the atoms of their bodies diffuse and are scattered throughout the Universe. (In one version of the book, the events depicted in the film start on Christmas Eve).

One comic book adaptation of the film (Whitman comics, published in 1980) bypasses the whole issue of what happens inside the black hole by having the crew enter the black hole on one page and emerge apparently unharmed on the next page into a parallel universe where they encounter alternate versions of Reinhardt, Old B.O.B. and Maximilian. Four issues were published. The first two issues adapted the film and the second two issues continued the story introducing a race of people called Virlights. The rare fourth issue concludes with the promise of a fifth issue which was planned but never published. Other comic adaptations released in [[Europe]] have the crew emerging into another galaxy, thus confirming Reinhardt's theories. While wondering if they will ever return to Earth, they decide to explore this new universe.

In the official [[Disney Read-Along]] recording and illustrated story book, the crew in the probe ship emerge safely on the other side of the black hole, while the Cygnus is "crushed like an eggshell". The story ends with Captain Holland saying "We've been trained to find new worlds. Let's go find one for ourselves." In this version, the characters of Booth and Durant are actually absent from the story, likely censored to avoid the explanation of the characters' deaths.

==''The Black Hole'' theatrical release history==
===US release dates===
*December 21, 1979 (original release)
*March 6, 1982
*August 16, 1985
*December 25, 1990 (11th Anniversary edition re-release)

===Video release history===
*1980 (VHS & laserdisc)
*May 10, 1981 (VHS (UK only))
*August 3, 1984 (VHS & laserdisc)
*April 20, 1985 (VHS & laserdisc)
*August 22, 1985 (laserdisc (Japanese version))
*1986 (VHS and laserdisc)
*1987 (videodisc (Chinese version))
*1989 (VHS and laserdisc)
*1990 (VHS and laserdisc (re-release))
*June 18, 1997 (laserdisc)
*May 27, 1999 (VHS & DVD)
*May 7, 2000 (DVD (Japanese version))
*May 17, 2000 (videodisc (Chinese/Japanese version))
*June 8, 2002 (DVD - Anchor Bay)
*August 3, 2004 (DVD - Disney)

==Soundtrack==
Highlights of the score, as conducted and composed by [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]], were released on an LP by [[Disneyland Records]] in 1979. It was the first-ever digitally recorded score for a film. The soundtrack has, to date, never been released on CD, though a remastered edition of the soundtrack is available from [[iTunes]].

;Track Listing<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/John-Barry-The-Black-Hole-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/release/594902 Discogs.com entry]</ref>:
*Side A:
# "Overture" (2:27)
# "Main Title" (1:46)
# "The Door Opens" (3:38)
# "Zero Gravity" (5:53)
# "Six Robots" (1:59)
*Side B:
# "Durant is Dead" (2:31)
# "Start the Countdown" (3:51)
# "Laser" (2:15)
# "Into the Hole" (5:00)
# "End Title" (2:34)

[http://www.silvascreenmusic.com Silva Screen Records] have released compilation albums remastering some of John Barry's works, which includes some of the music from ''The Black Hole''. Only one track is available and it apparently is [http://www.silvascreenmusic.com/ishop/299/City-of-Prague-Philharmonic-Orchestra/302682/The-Black-Hole.aspx?Guid=bfecb4c232024d2caee2003d73e8714a The Overture].

Along with ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', this was one of the last few mainstream Hollywood productions to have an [[overture]] - although most broadcast-syndication prints of the film would later omit it. The overture is included during some broadcasts on [[Turner Classic Movies]] and was also included on the DVD release.

==Remake==
In November 2009, it was reported that Disney has plans to remake the movie. Director [[Joseph Kosinski]] and producer [[Sean Bailey (producer)|Sean Bailey]] are attached to the production.<ref name=remake>[http://www.heatvisionblog.com/2009/11/black-hole-remake-by-tron-team.html "Tron: Legacy" Team Mount a "Black Hole" Remake], ''Hollywood Reporter'', November 30, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.cinemaspy.com/article.php?id=3994 New Details About Disney's "Black Hole" Remake], ''Cinema Spy'', February 9, 2010</ref>

In the Disney film ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'', a poster for ''The Black Hole'' can be seen in the bedroom of Sam Flynn in 1989. An action figure of the robot old B.O.B. can be seen next to the Tron action figures on his shelf.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|0078869|The Black Hole}}
* {{tcmdb title|68882|The Black Hole}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|1002497|The Black Hole}}
* {{mojo title|blackhole|The Black Hole}}
* {{amg movie|5884|The Black Hole}}



{{Gary Nelson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Hole, The}}
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Disney films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Robot films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:1970s action films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 22nd century]]

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[[fi:Musta aukko (elokuva)]]
[[sv:Det svarta hålet]]

Rollercoaster (1977 film)

2011-05-23T00:56:55Z

Tuttt: /* Plot */

{{Infobox Film |
name =Rollercoaster |
image =RollercoasterFilmPoster.jpg|
caption =Promotional poster of Rollercoaster|
writer =Tommy Cook|
starring =[[Timothy Bottoms]] [[George Segal]] [[Henry Fonda]] [[Richard Widmark]] [[Helen Hunt]] |
music =[[Lalo Schifrin]] |
director =James Goldstone |
producer =Jennings Lang|
distributor =[[Universal Studios|Universal]] |
released =June 10, 1977 |
runtime =119 min. (theatrical)|
language =English |
budget =|
}}
'''''Rollercoaster''''' is a 1977 [[disaster film|disaster]]-[[suspense film]] starring [[George Segal]], [[Richard Widmark]], [[Henry Fonda]] and [[Timothy Bottoms]]. It was directed by [[James Goldstone]]; the film's musical score was written by [[Lalo Schifrin]]. It was originally shown in [[Sensurround]] which caused audience seats to vibrate during certain periods during the "thrill scenes" on the rides.

==Plot==
{{copyedit|section|date=April 2011}}
A psychopathic bomber ([[Timothy Bottoms]], credited only as "Young Man" and never referred to by any other name in the film) sneaks into [[Ocean View Amusement Park]] and places a small radio-controlled bomb on the tracks of the park's wooden roller coaster, The Rocket. The bomb detonates, causing the ride to derail and kill several riders. Ride inspector Harry Calder ([[George Segal]]), who is trying to shrug off his smoking habit, is called over to the park, and determines that there was an unauthorized man on the track, eliminating structural problems as the cause of the crash. Meanwhile, the bomber flies to Pittsburgh and sets a "[[dark ride]]" at Wonder World on fire, although everyone escapes without injuries. Unable to discover any information from the parks, Calder heads to Chicago where the heads of the parks are having a meeting. During the meeting, the bomber, disguised as a bell boy, bugs the room. Calder unknowingly crosses paths with him on his way to the meeting. Calder demands to be let into the meeting. then play a tape the Young Man sent them, telling them he demands a sum of $1 million dollars to stop his bombing campaign.

When Calder returns home, he receives a call from the Young Man persuading him to go to Virginia, where the money is to be delivered to him. The FBI arrive, led by Agent Hoyt ([[Richard Widmark]]), who says the extortion money is to be delivered by Calder. Although he is reluctant, Calder flies out to [[Kings Dominion]] in Richmond. He is told to wait at a telephone in the park, and is called by the bomber who is secretly watching him from the Eiffel Tower replica in the park. He tells Calder that there is a bomb in the park. Calder is told to go on various rides in the park including [[Rebel Yell (roller coaster)|Rebel Yell]], the park's racing wooden coaster by a two-way radio given to him by the extortionist via a messenger's service employee.

When he gets on the Skyway, the Young Man tells Calder that the bomb is in his radio but he must not throw it away because it will explode on impact, and the paths below the Skyway are crowded with patrons. Calder is then ordered to signal that he has made the delivery once leaving the Skyway, distracting the FBI. The bomber tells Calder to leave the money on a bench for the Young Man in [[Hanna-Barbera]] Land. When the Young Man fails to respond to on the radio, Calder turns around to see the bag gone. After a heated argument with Hoyt and the discovery that Hoyt marked the money (against the Young Man's condition that he be paid with unmarked bills), Calder demands to be sent home leaving the bomb squad to take care of the radio-bomb.

Once home, Calder receives a call in the middle of the night from the Young Man. He blames Calder for having the money marked and threatens another attack. Calder highly suspects that the Young Man will strike [[Revolution_(roller_coaster)|The Great American Revolution]] at [[ Magic Mountain]]--one of the coasters that Calder personally inspected and cleared—as his next target. In this way, the Young Man gets revenge on both the FBI and Calder. Though Hoyt and the other agents struggle to believe him, they decide to go there anyway to investigate. The ride opens on July 4 as the world's first looping coaster. When inspecting the tracks in disguise as park maintenance men, the agents find a bomb attached to the tracks. They are able to cut the bomb's radio signal wire off just moments before the Young Man discovers that his bomb has been discovered and tries to detonate the explosives.

But the bomber returns to his car and gets a new bomb just as the [[Revolution (roller coaster)|Revolution]] is about to open. In order to get on board, he pays $100 for a first-ride "Gold Ticket" ticket. He places the new bomb under his seat in the back of Revolution's train. As the riders get off, Calder recognizes the Young Man's voice when he is interviewed by someone waiting outside the exit. He immediately chases after him, telling the other agents he might have placed something in train. However, it is too late to stop the train since it has already passed the chain lift on its second ride through.

Intrigued by Calder's intelligence, the cornered bomber threatens to blow up the car, holding the detonator in his hand, while the agents are trying to jam his signal. The Young Man demands a firearm, which Calder takes off an agent that tells the terrorist to "go to hell". Just as the Young Man demands that Calder hand him the gun, the FBI jam the signal. Calder shoots the Young Man, who then runs away. He hops a fence, running blindly around the field area below the Revolution, not knowing he is going in a circle that leads him right back to Calder. Just as he climbs onto the track of the Revolution and prepares to escape, he sees Calder and freezes. Distracted, he is hit by the coaster train and thrown to the ground, killing him. The film ends with Calder requesting a cigarette and a light from a stranger, but drops them on the ground deciding not to smoke it as the ride proudly re-opens.

==Cast==
*[[George Segal]] ... Harry Calder
*[[Richard Widmark]] ... Agent Hoyt
*[[Timothy Bottoms]] ... Young Man
*[[Henry Fonda]] ... Simon Davenport
*[[Harry Guardino]] ... Keefer
*[[Susan Strasberg]] ... Fran
*[[Helen Hunt]] ... Tracy Calder

==Production==
{{copyedit|section|date=April 2011}}
This was the third film to be presented in [[Sensurround]]. Special low-frequency bass speaker were used during the roller coaster sequences. "Sensurround" was employed in only three other films released by Universal: ''[[Midway (film)|Midway]]'', ''[[Earthquake (film)|Earthquake]]'', and the theatrical version of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (film)|Battlestar Galactica]]''.

The movie features an appearance by the band [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]] for the roller coaster's opening concert, playing the songs "Fill 'Er Up" and "Big Boy" from their 1975 album ''[[Big Beat (album)|Big Beat]]''. This role was rumored to have been offered to [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] who turned down the part. Sparks later cited their appearance in the movie in answer to a question about the biggest regret of their career.<ref name="Mojo2">{{cite journal | author=Black, Johnny | title=Sparks Interview | year=2006|month=September|journal=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|volume=154}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Helen Hunt]], in her first feature film role, has the supporting role as Tracy Calder, Harry's teenage daughter and a potential victim of the young man. [[Steve Guttenberg]], also in his first brief film role, plays a messenger at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] who brings the plans for the Revolution to Calder and Hoyt. [[Craig Wasson]] in his second movie appears as a [[hippie]] who sits in the car with the bombers second bomb at Magic Mountain.

Radio announcer [[Charlie Tuna]] also appears in the film as the MC for the concert and the Revolution coaster launch.

===Locations===
The film used several real [[amusement parks]] in order to film the scenes which take place in amusement parks. Ocean View Park was used for the first park in the film. Although it is on the Chesapeake, it became a West coast park.{{clarify|date=April 2011}} Goldstone chose the park because of its old fashioned feeling. The park's major wooden roller coaster, The Southern Belle, was renamed The Rocket for the film. The next park used was Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia. Some of the rides featured in the film, such as the Shenandoah Lumber Company and Rebel Yell wooden roller coaster, still exist today. The final park is Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California; then just known as Magic Mountain. It's Revolution roller coaster was featured prominently.

According to Goldstone, the three parks that appeared in the final film were chosen from over 20 candidates.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0076636|title=Rollercoaster}}

{{James Goldstone}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]
[[Category:American mystery films]]
[[Category:1970s crime films]]
[[Category:Mystery films]]
[[Category:Neo-noir]]
[[Category:Thriller films]]
[[Category:American disaster films]]
[[Category:1970s action films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]

[[de:Achterbahn (Film)]]
[[it:Rollercoaster - Il grande brivido]]

Talk:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station

2011-05-03T01:33:34Z

Tuttt: /* Title */

{{talk header}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Texas|class=Start|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Energy|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Confusion==
How does the [[:Template:Nuke-NRC4]] even appear on this page? It's not in the code anywhere that I can see, where did one template get embedded in another, or is that what happened. That shouldn't be done. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] ([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]]) 08:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

:Oh I got it now, it was the <nowiki>{{Nuke-NRC{{{Region}}}}}</nowiki> in the infobox. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] ([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]]) 08:04, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

[[Category:Nuclear power station articles with no picture]]

==Title==
Why does the title read "Nuclear Generating Station" when the first few words of the article are "Electric Generating Station"? --[[Special:Contributions/128.194.153.71|128.194.153.71]] ([[User talk:128.194.153.71|talk]]) 20:25, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

The proper name of the plant is in fact "South Texas Project Electric Generating Station" (STPEGS) and not "South Texas Nuclear Generating Station". How do we go about moving the article to one with that name and changing the latter to a redirect in order to reflect that? Thanks. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 01:01, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

:That seems reasonable. Do you have a reliable source for that? --[[User:John|John]] ([[User talk:John|talk]]) 05:27, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

:: From their own website: http://www.stpnoc.com/#/about-us "The '''South Texas Project Electric Generating Station''' is one of the newest and largest nuclear facilities in the nation...". [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 01:33, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Talk:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station

2011-05-01T01:01:50Z

Tuttt: /* Title */

{{talk header}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Texas|class=Start|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Energy|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Confusion==
How does the [[:Template:Nuke-NRC4]] even appear on this page? It's not in the code anywhere that I can see, where did one template get embedded in another, or is that what happened. That shouldn't be done. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] ([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]]) 08:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

:Oh I got it now, it was the <nowiki>{{Nuke-NRC{{{Region}}}}}</nowiki> in the infobox. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] ([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]]) 08:04, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

[[Category:Nuclear power station articles with no picture]]

==Title==
Why does the title read "Nuclear Generating Station" when the first few words of the article are "Electric Generating Station"? --[[Special:Contributions/128.194.153.71|128.194.153.71]] ([[User talk:128.194.153.71|talk]]) 20:25, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

The proper name of the plant is in fact "South Texas Project Electric Generating Station" and not "South Texas Nuclear Generating Station". How do we go about moving the article to one with that name and changing the latter to a redirect in order to reflect that? Thanks. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt|talk]]) 01:01, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

User talk:Tuttt

2011-05-01T01:00:32Z

Tuttt: /* South Texas Project Electric Generating Station */

{{talkheader}}
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on my talk page, or place <code><nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki></code> on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  [[User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] 17:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

==List of films with similar themes and release dates AfD==

Hi, you've expressed an opinion in the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of films with similar themes and release dates (second nomination)|deletion discussion]] of this article. I've recently suggested a [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of films with similar themes and release dates (second nomination)#Suggested compromise|compromise]] in hopes of improving the article while keeping both sides happy, and would appreciate if you could revisit the issue. Thanks. --[[User:Wafulz|Wafulz]] 18:29, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

==Non-free use disputed for Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg==

{| align="center" style="background-color: white; border:8px solid red; padding:5px; text-align: center; font-size: larger;"
|[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px|Warning sign]]
|This file may be '''deleted'''.
|}
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to [[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg|the image description page]] and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted after seven days according to our [[WP:CSD#Images/media|Criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 00:32, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 23:23, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 22:59, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 22:30, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

==Melba's Phone Militia==
[[Image:Circle-style-warning.svg|left|48px|]]
A '''[[Template:prod|proposed deletion]]''' template has been added to the article [[Melba's Phone Militia]], suggesting that it be deleted according to the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]] process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Criteria for inclusion|criteria for inclusion]], and the deletion notice explains why (see also "[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]]" and [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Wikipedia's deletion policy]]). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the <code><nowiki>{{dated prod}}</nowiki></code> notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on [[Talk:Melba's Phone Militia|its talk page]]. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the [[WP:PROD|proposed deletion process]], the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion criteria]] or it can be sent to [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for Deletion]], where it may be deleted if [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add {{tl|db-author}} to the top of the page.  [[User:Optigan13|Optigan13]] 07:33, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
==Image copyright problem with Image:QuinnMartin.jpg==
Thanks for uploading [[:Image:QuinnMartin.jpg]]. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate [[WP:ICT|copyright tag]], it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]]

This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 06:29, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Jack Brennan==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Jack Brennan]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jack Brennan]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:14, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Gil Hamilton==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Gil Hamilton]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gil Hamilton]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:15, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Plateau (Known space)==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Plateau (Known space)]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plateau (Known space)]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:17, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Organlegging==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Organlegging]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Organlegging (2nd nomination)]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:26, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

== File:Protector-Niven.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Protector-Niven.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2009 May 19#Protector-Niven.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Garion96|Garion96]] [[User talk:Garion96|(talk)]] 06:12, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

== Ganja Bridge ==

Hello. [[Ganja Bridge]] needs coordinates. The best that Google can offer is that it was around 30 miles from MoBay. Perhaps you can find it? http://wikimapia.org/#lat=18.4182238&lon=-78.2498699&z=18&l=0&m=s might be a good place to start. [[Special:Contributions/91.104.153.226|91.104.153.226]] ([[User talk:91.104.153.226|talk]]) 01:29, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

==Unreferenced BLPs==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]] Hello Tuttt! Thank you for your contributions. I am a [[WP:BOT|bot]] alerting you that '''1''' of the articles that you created is tagged as an[[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Sources| Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person]]. The [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]] policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure [[WP:VERRIFY|verifiability]], all biographies should be based on [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current ''[[:Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:All_unreferenced_BLPs}}]]'' article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the {{tl|unreferencedBLP}} tag. Here is the article:

# [[Richard J. Mackin]] - {{findsources|Richard J. Mackin}}
Thanks!--[[User:DASHBot|DASHBot]] ([[User talk:DASHBot|talk]]) 00:28, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Richard J. Mackin]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|48px|]]

The article [[Richard J. Mackin]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]. The proposed-deletion notice added to the article should explain why.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the <code>{{tl|dated prod}}</code> notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Richard J. Mackin|the article's talk page]].

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing <code>{{tl|dated prod}}</code> will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. The [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion process]] can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.
==[[:South Texas Project Electric Generating Station]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|40px|alt=|link=]]
This is an automated message from [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]]. I have performed a search with the contents of [[:South Texas Project Electric Generating Station]], and it appears to be very similar to another Wikipedia page: [[:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station]]. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page— you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case. If you are intentionally trying to rename an article, please see [[Help:Moving a page]] for instructions on how to do this without copying and pasting. If you are trying to move or copy content from one article to a different one, please see [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] and be sure you have acknowledged the duplication of material in an [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] to preserve attribution history.

It is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article. [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]] ([[User talk:CorenSearchBot|talk]]) 00:20, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

*I undid your copy-and-paste move. That isn't how you move articles. I suggest you start a discussion at the talk page and if there are no objections in a few days, I will move it for you. --[[User:John|John]] ([[User talk:John|talk]]) 00:26, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
*The proper name of the plant is in fact "South Texas Project Electric Generating Station" and not "South Texas Nuclear Generating Station". How do we go about moving the article to one with that name and changing the latter to a redirect in order to reflect that? Thanks. [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt#top|talk]]) 00:59, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

User talk:Tuttt

2011-05-01T00:59:42Z

Tuttt: /* South Texas Project Electric Generating Station */

{{talkheader}}
'''Welcome!'''

Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on my talk page, or place <code><nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki></code> on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  [[User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] 17:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

==List of films with similar themes and release dates AfD==

Hi, you've expressed an opinion in the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of films with similar themes and release dates (second nomination)|deletion discussion]] of this article. I've recently suggested a [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of films with similar themes and release dates (second nomination)#Suggested compromise|compromise]] in hopes of improving the article while keeping both sides happy, and would appreciate if you could revisit the issue. Thanks. --[[User:Wafulz|Wafulz]] 18:29, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

==Non-free use disputed for Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg==

{| align="center" style="background-color: white; border:8px solid red; padding:5px; text-align: center; font-size: larger;"
|[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px|Warning sign]]
|This file may be '''deleted'''.
|}
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to [[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg|the image description page]] and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted after seven days according to our [[WP:CSD#Images/media|Criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 00:32, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 23:23, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Protector-Niven-cropped.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 22:59, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

==Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Gil Hamilton.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 22:30, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

==Melba's Phone Militia==
[[Image:Circle-style-warning.svg|left|48px|]]
A '''[[Template:prod|proposed deletion]]''' template has been added to the article [[Melba's Phone Militia]], suggesting that it be deleted according to the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]] process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Criteria for inclusion|criteria for inclusion]], and the deletion notice explains why (see also "[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]]" and [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Wikipedia's deletion policy]]). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the <code><nowiki>{{dated prod}}</nowiki></code> notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on [[Talk:Melba's Phone Militia|its talk page]]. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the [[WP:PROD|proposed deletion process]], the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion criteria]] or it can be sent to [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for Deletion]], where it may be deleted if [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add {{tl|db-author}} to the top of the page.  [[User:Optigan13|Optigan13]] 07:33, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
==Image copyright problem with Image:QuinnMartin.jpg==
Thanks for uploading [[:Image:QuinnMartin.jpg]]. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate [[WP:ICT|copyright tag]], it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]]

This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 06:29, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Jack Brennan==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Jack Brennan]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jack Brennan]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:14, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Gil Hamilton==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Gil Hamilton]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gil Hamilton]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:15, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Plateau (Known space)==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Plateau (Known space)]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plateau (Known space)]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:17, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

==AfD nomination of Organlegging==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]]I have nominated [[Organlegging]], an article that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Organlegging (2nd nomination)]]. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.  [[User:TTN|TTN]] ([[User talk:TTN|talk]]) 17:26, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

== File:Protector-Niven.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Protector-Niven.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2009 May 19#Protector-Niven.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Garion96|Garion96]] [[User talk:Garion96|(talk)]] 06:12, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

== Ganja Bridge ==

Hello. [[Ganja Bridge]] needs coordinates. The best that Google can offer is that it was around 30 miles from MoBay. Perhaps you can find it? http://wikimapia.org/#lat=18.4182238&lon=-78.2498699&z=18&l=0&m=s might be a good place to start. [[Special:Contributions/91.104.153.226|91.104.153.226]] ([[User talk:91.104.153.226|talk]]) 01:29, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

==Unreferenced BLPs==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]] Hello Tuttt! Thank you for your contributions. I am a [[WP:BOT|bot]] alerting you that '''1''' of the articles that you created is tagged as an[[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Sources| Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person]]. The [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]] policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure [[WP:VERRIFY|verifiability]], all biographies should be based on [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current ''[[:Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:All_unreferenced_BLPs}}]]'' article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the {{tl|unreferencedBLP}} tag. Here is the article:

# [[Richard J. Mackin]] - {{findsources|Richard J. Mackin}}
Thanks!--[[User:DASHBot|DASHBot]] ([[User talk:DASHBot|talk]]) 00:28, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Richard J. Mackin]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|48px|]]

The article [[Richard J. Mackin]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]]. The proposed-deletion notice added to the article should explain why.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the <code>{{tl|dated prod}}</code> notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Richard J. Mackin|the article's talk page]].

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing <code>{{tl|dated prod}}</code> will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. The [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion process]] can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.
==[[:South Texas Project Electric Generating Station]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|40px|alt=|link=]]
This is an automated message from [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]]. I have performed a search with the contents of [[:South Texas Project Electric Generating Station]], and it appears to be very similar to another Wikipedia page: [[:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station]]. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page— you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case. If you are intentionally trying to rename an article, please see [[Help:Moving a page]] for instructions on how to do this without copying and pasting. If you are trying to move or copy content from one article to a different one, please see [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] and be sure you have acknowledged the duplication of material in an [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] to preserve attribution history.

It is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article. [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]] ([[User talk:CorenSearchBot|talk]]) 00:20, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

*I undid your copy-and-paste move. That isn't how you move articles. I suggest you start a discussion at the talk page and if there are no objections in a few days, I will move it for you. --[[User:John|John]] ([[User talk:John|talk]]) 00:26, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
The proper name of the plant is in fact "South Texas Project Electric Generating Station" and not "South Texas Nuclear Generating Station". How do we go about moving the article to one with that name and changing the latter to a redirect in order to reflect that? [[User:Tuttt|Tuttt]] ([[User talk:Tuttt#top|talk]]) 00:59, 1 May 2011 (UTC)