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Edward Curzon, 6th Earl Howe

2024-10-27T01:46:36Z

Unfriendnow: more info cressida.

{{Short description|British peer (1908–1984)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl Howe
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|CStJ|DL|JP|}}
| image = The Royal Navy during the Second World War A11744.jpg
| image_upright = 1.5
| alt =
| caption = Lieutenant Viscount Curzon (left) with his father Commodore The Earl Howe, on board HMS ''Howe''.
| office7 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status7 = Lord Temporal
| term_start7 = 1 September 1964
| term_end7 = 29 May 1984
| predecessor7 = [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe|The 5th Earl Howe]]
| successor7 = [[Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe|The 7th Earl Howe]]
| birth_name = Edward Richard Assheton Penn Curzon
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[St George Hanover Square]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|5|29|1908|8|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Amersham]], Buckinghamshire, England
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| residence = Penn House, Amersham
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Priscilla Crystal Frances Blundell Weigall|1935|1943|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Grace Lilian Barker Wakeling|1946}}
}}
| children = 4
| father = [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe]]
| mother = [[Mary Curzon, Lady Howe]]
| awards = Commander of the [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] Officer of the [[Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] Commander of the [[Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]]
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]]
| serviceyears = 1928–1946
| rank = [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|Lieutenant Commander]]
| unit = {{HMS|Cairo|D87|6}} {{HMS|Howe|32|6}}
| battles = [[World War II]]
}}
}}
'''Edward Richard Assheton Penn Curzon, 6th Earl Howe''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|CStJ|DL|JP|sep=yes}} (7 August 1908 – 29 May 1984), styled '''Viscount Curzon''' from 1929 to 1964, was a Royal Navy officer and [[hereditary peer]].<ref name="Burkes">{{cite book |editor-last=Mosley |editor-first=Charles |title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage |edition=107th |volume=2 |page=1987 |location=Wilmington, Delaware |publisher=Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. |year=2003 |url=http://thepeerage.com/p5006.htm |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Curzon was born in [[St George Hanover Square]], London, Middlesex,<ref name="unithistories">{{cite web |url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RNVR_officersC3.html |title=Royal Navy Officers 1939–1945 (Crabb to Cutteridge) |first1=Hans |last1=Houterman |first2=Jeroen |last2=Koppes |work=WWII Unit Histories & Officers |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> the eldest son of [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe]], and his wife and first cousin [[Mary Curzon, Lady Howe]].<ref name="Burkes"/>

He was educated at [[Eton College]], and graduated from [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]].<ref name="unithistories"/>

==Naval career==
Curzon joined the London Division of the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]] as a Probationary [[Midshipman]] on 18 September 1928, and was appointed an Acting Sub-Lieutenant on 21 July 1931,<ref name="unithistories"/> receiving promotion to [[Sub-Lieutenant]] on 7 November 1932, with seniority from 21 July 1932.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=11 November 1932 |issue=33882 |page=7177 |nolink=yes}}</ref> He left the RNVR in 1936 or 1937, but returned to RNVR service after the outbreak on the Second World War, being appointed a probationary temporary sub-lieutenant on 23 February 1940.<ref name="unithistories"/> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant]] on 20 May 1940,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=28 May 1940 |issue=34859 |page=3188 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and served aboard the [[cruiser]] {{HMS|Cairo|D87|6}} from June 1940 to December 1941, then the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Howe|32|6}} (named after his illustrious ancestor the first [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Earl Howe]]) from May 1942 to July 1945, serving in the rank of acting temporary [[Lieutenant Commander]] from December 1943 until April 1944. He left the [[Royal Navy|Navy]] in April 1946.<ref name="unithistories"/>

==Political career==
Curzon had an active career in public service. He was first elected Member of the [[London County Council]] for [[Battersea South (London County Council constituency)|Battersea South]] in 1937, serving until 1946.<ref name="unithistories"/> In November 1940 he was appointed a [[Sheriff]] for [[Buckinghamshire]] in the [[King's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=22 November 1940 |issue=34998 |pages=6688–6689 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

His career continued post-war. Curzon was appointed a [[Justice of the Peace]] in 1946, and was elected as an [[Alderman]] of Buckinghamshire in 1958, and was a [[County]] [[Councillor]] from 1973, serving as [[Vice Chairman]] of [[Buckinghamshire County Council]] from 1976.<ref name="unithistories"/> He was appointed a [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of Buckinghamshire on 1 February 1960,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=5 February 1960 |issue=41947 |page=908 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and was again appointed a Sheriff for Buckinghamshire in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in November 1963.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=15 November 1963 |issue=43158 |page=9319 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

Curzon succeeded to the title of Earl Howe on 1 September 1964,<ref name="Burkes"/> taking his seat in the [[House of Lords]], and making his [[maiden speech]] on 13 December 1965, during a debate on transport issues in [[Greater London]].<ref>{{cite Hansard |house=House of Lords |title=Greater London Transport |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1965/dec/13/greater-london-transport#S5LV0271P0_19651213_HOL_109 |date=13 December 1965 |column_start=525 |column_end=526}}</ref> He was a campaigner for road safety — which did not prevent him from suggesting that the speed limit on motorways should be raised from 70 to 100 mph.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1984/22/obituary |title=Obituary: Earl Howe, CBE |journal=[[Motor Sport (magazine)|Motor Sport]] |page=22 |date=July 1984 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

He also served as the President of the South Buckinghamshire [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Association]] from 1965 to 1972, then President of the Chesham and Amersham Conservative Association. In addition he served as Commissioner for the [[St John Ambulance Brigade]] for Buckinghamshire, 1953–1955, was a [[Trustee]] of the King William IV Naval Asylum in [[Penge]]. He also served as President of the [[British Automobile Racing Club]], the Institute of Road Safety Officers, and the Fiat Motor Club (Great Britain). He was a Steward and Vice-Chairman of the [[Royal Automobile Club]], a director of Automobile Proprietary Ltd. and Motoring Services Ltd., and a member of the RAC Public Policy Committee, the British Motor Sport Council, and the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] Committee of Management. He was an Honorary Fellow of the [[Institute of Road Transport Engineers]].<ref name="unithistories"/>

In 1973 Curzon and his wife second wife Grace appeared in [[Nick Broomfield]]'s short film ''Proud to Be British''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167353/fullcredits |title=Proud to Be British: Full Cast & Crew |work=[[IMDb]] |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
On 26 June 1953 Curzon was made an Officer of the [[Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=26 June 1953 |issue=39898 |pages=3540–3541 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and was promoted to Commander of the Order on 20 June 1956.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 June 1956 |issue=40818 |page=3804 |nolink=yes}}</ref> He was made a Commander of the [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] in the [[1961 Birthday Honours]] for "political and public services in Buckinghamshire".<ref>{{London Gazette |date=2 June 1961 |supp=y |issue=42370 |page=4153 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

==Marriages and issue==
[[File:Alice Oswald.jpg|thumb|Lord Howe's granddaughter [[Alice Oswald]] (pictured 2012)]]
[[File:Dafne Keen San Diego Comic Con 2019.jpg|thumb|Lord Howe's great-granddaughter, [[Dafne Keen]] (pictured 2019)]]
Lord Howe married firstly Priscilla Crystal Frances Blundell Weigall, only daughter of [[Archibald Weigall]] and his and wife Grace Emily Blundell Maple, on 23 July 1935 and they were divorced in 1943. They had two daughters:
* Lady Priscilla Mary Rose Curzon (12 February 1940) she married Charles William Lyle Keen, of The Old Rectory, [[Duntisbourne Rouse]], Gloucestershire, on 21 July 1962.<ref>Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 145th edition, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, 2008, p. 727</ref> They have four children:
** [[Laura Beatty]] (1 May 1963) she married The Hon. Nicholas Beatty (born 1961), son of [[David Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty]], and his fourth wife Diane Kirk Blundell, on 29 September 1990. They have one son.
** Eleanor Margaret Keen (4 April 1965)
** [[Alice Oswald]] ([[Reading, Berkshire]], 31 August 1966) she married [[Peter Oswald|Peter C. P. Oswald]] (born 1965) in 1994 and has three children
** [[Will Keen]] ([[Oxford]], Oxfordshire, 4 March 1970) he married María Fernández Ache on 10 August 2002. They have one daughter:
*** [[Dafne Keen]] ([[Madrid]], 4 January 2005)
* Lady Jennifer Jane Curzon (12 May 1941) she married Alan Joseph Ponté, son of Captain Leo Ponté, on 6 September 1962. They have five children:

He married secondly on 30 April 1946 Grace Lilian Barker Wakeling, daughter of Stephen Frederick Wakeling and wife Mary Anna Hartley Tarr, paternal granddaughter of [[Lieutenant|Lt]] Edward French Wakeling and wife Susannah Greygoose and maternal granddaughter of Cornelius John Tarr and wife Grace Hannah Davies, who were both born in South Africa. They had two daughters:
* [[Lady Mary-Gaye Curzon]] (21 February 1947) she married firstly Kevin Esmond Peter Cooper-Key on 18 December 1971 and they were divorced in 1976. They have one daughter. She married secondly [[John Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe]] on 27 May 1977 and they were divorced in 1986. They have three children. She married thirdly [[Harrow School|Old Harrovian]] entrepreneur Jeffrey Bonas, son of Harry George Bonas (b. [[Coventry]], West Midlands) and wife Winifred Hodgkins. They married in 1988 and they were divorced in 1994. They have one daughter. She married fourthly Christopher Shaw of [[Clan Shaw of Tordarroch]] on 17 December 1996 and they were divorced. They had no issue.
** Pandora Lorna Mary Cooper-Key (16 March 1973), she married Matthew Mervyn-Jones in 2006.
** Georgiana Moireach Gay Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (14 October 1978), she married Robert Butler.
** [[Isabella Calthorpe]] (3 March 1980), she married Sam Branson, son of Sir [[Richard Branson]] and first wife Kristen Tomassi, on 6 March 2013.
** Jacobi Richard Penn Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (10 May 1983)
** [[Cressida Bonas]] (18 February 1989), she was the onetime girlfriend of [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Prince Harry]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Prince Harry romances daughter of 60s cover girl Lady Mary-Gaye Curzon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-harry/9413821/Prince-Harry-romances-daughter-of-60s-cover-girl-Lady-Mary-Gaye-Curzon.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> the younger son of [[King Charles III]]. Bonas married Harry Wentworth-Stanley, son of Nicholas Wentworth-Stanley and [[Clare Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven]], on 25 July 2020.
* Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Anne Curzon (5 July 1948 – 11 January 2019). She married John Barry Dinan in 1988. They have one son:
** [[Richard Dinan]] (October 1986)

==Succession==
He was succeeded in the earldom by his second cousin, [[Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe]], who [https://members.parliament.uk/member/2000/career sits in the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-edward-curzon|the Earl Howe}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Howe, Edward Curzon, 6th Earl}}
[[Category:Curzon family|Edward]]
[[Category:Howe family|Edward]]
[[Category:Earls Howe (1821 creation)|6]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Members of London County Council]]
[[Category:Members of Buckinghamshire County Council]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of St John]]

John F. Kennedy

2024-10-26T03:42:40Z

Unfriendnow: /* Personal life, family, and reputation */ irrelevant. or we are going to have to add every nephew and niece that ran for office. not just the presidency.

{{Short description|President of the United States from 1961 to 1963}}
{{Redirect-several|John Kennedy|Jack Kennedy|JFK|John F. Kennedy}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef|Reason=Vandalism}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg
| caption = [[Oval Office]] portrait, 1963
| alt = President Kennedy smiling
| order = 35th
| office = President of the United States
| term_start = January 20, 1961
| term_end = November 22, 1963
| predecessor = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| successor = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| vicepresident = Lyndon B. Johnson
| jr/sr1 = United States Senator
| state1 = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start1 = January 3, 1953
| term_end1 = December 22, 1960
| predecessor1 = [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]
| successor1 = [[Benjamin A. Smith II]]
| state2 = Massachusetts
| district2 = {{ushr|MA|11|11th}}
| term_start2 = January 3, 1947
| term_end2 = January 3, 1953
| predecessor2 = [[James Michael Curley]]
| successor2 = [[Tip O'Neill]]
| birth_name = John Fitzgerald Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date |1917|5|29}}
| birth_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|11|22|1917|5|29}}
| death_cause = [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination]]
| death_place = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S.
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier]]|September 12, 1953|}}
| children = 4, including [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]], [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], and [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]]
* [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]
}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] [[Bouvier family]] (by marriage)
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])
| signature = John F Kennedy Signature 2.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance = [[United States]]
| branch = [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1941–1945
| rank = [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]
| unit = {{plainlist|
* Motor Torpedo Squadron 2
** [[Patrol Torpedo Boat 109]]
** [[Patrol Torpedo Boat 59]]
}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Solomon Islands campaign]]{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]
* [[Purple Heart]]
* [[American Defense Service Medal]]
* [[American Campaign Medal]]
* [[Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal]] (with 3 [[service star]]s)
* [[World War II Victory Medal]]<ref name="JFKlibrary.org misc">{{cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=February 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043852/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/John%2BF.%2BKennedy%2BMiscellaneous%2BInformation.htm |archive-date=August 31, 2009}}</ref>
}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=JFK Establishment of the Peace Corps.ogg|title=John F. Kennedy's voice|type=speech|description=Kennedy's speak on the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]] Recorded March 1, 1961}}
}}

'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as '''JFK''', was the 35th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1961 until [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|his assassination]] in 1963. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest]] person [[United States presidential election|elected]] president.{{efn|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901, in the wake of his predecessor's [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]], but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.<ref name=companionJFK>{{cite book| title=The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy| series=Cambridge Companions to American Studies| editor-last=Hoberek| editor-first=Andrew| date=2015| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=New York| isbn=978-1-107-66316-9| page=1}}</ref>}} Kennedy served at the height of the [[Cold War]], and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]]. A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts]] in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] prior to his presidency.

Born into the prominent [[Kennedy family]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], Kennedy graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1940, joining the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] the following year. During [[World War II]], he commanded [[PT boat]]s in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]]. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of [[PT-109]] and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]], but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|a working-class Boston district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the [[U.S. Senate]], serving as the junior [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|senator for Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', which won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]. Kennedy ran in the [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|1960 presidential election]]. His campaign gained momentum after [[1960 United States presidential debates|the first televised presidential debates]] in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]], the incumbent vice president.

Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of [[Military advisor#US advisors in Vietnam|American military advisers]] in [[South Vietnam]], and the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of [[Fidel Castro]] in the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] and [[Operation Mongoose]]. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], nearly resulted in [[nuclear war]]. In August 1961, after [[East Germany|East German]] troops erected the [[Berlin Wall]], Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered [[Ich bin ein Berliner|one of his most famous speeches]] in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|nuclear weapons treaty]]. He presided over the establishment of the [[Peace Corps]], [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, and the continuation of the [[Apollo program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]] before 1970. He supported the [[civil rights movement]] but was only somewhat successful in passing his [[New Frontier]] domestic policies.

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in [[Dallas]]. His vice president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|assumed the presidency]]. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by [[Jack Ruby]] two days later. The [[FBI]] and the [[Warren Commission]] both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories about the assassination]] persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Revenue Act of 1964]]. Kennedy ranks highly in [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|polls of U.S. presidents]] with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and [[extramarital affair]]s. Kennedy is the most recent [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|U.S. president to have died in office]].
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Early life and education==
[[File:John F. Kennedy home, Brookline, Massachusetts LCCN2011630152.tif|thumb|upright=1.1|Kennedy's birthplace in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]]]

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born outside [[Boston]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], on May 29, 1917,<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of 83 Beals Street, Brookline, Massachusetts: Birthplace of John Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm |website=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231206/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], a businessman and politician, and [[Rose Kennedy]] ([[née]] Fitzgerald), a philanthropist and socialite.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=20}} His paternal grandfather, [[P. J. Kennedy]], was an East Boston [[political boss|ward boss]] and [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state legislator]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Patrick Joseph Kennedy Personal Papers |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231207/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp |url-status=live }}</ref> Kennedy's maternal grandfather and namesake, [[John F. Fitzgerald]], was a U.S. congressman and two-term [[mayor of Boston]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=8−13}} All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org misc"/> Kennedy had an older brother, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]], and seven younger siblings: [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], [[Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish|Kathleen]], [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]], [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]], [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]], and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward]].<ref>{{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm|url-access=limited|first=Michael|last=Meagher|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm/page/n51 8]|year=2011|publisher=Greenwood}}</ref>

Kennedy's father amassed a private fortune and established [[trust funds]] for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> His business kept him away from home for long stretches, but Joe Sr. was a formidable presence in his children's lives. He encouraged them to be ambitious, emphasized political discussions at the dinner table, and demanded a high level of academic achievement. John's first exposure to politics was touring the [[Neighborhoods in Boston|Boston wards]] with his grandfather Fitzgerald during his [[1922 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1922]] failed gubernatorial campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacGregor Burns |first1=James |title=John Kennedy: A Political Profile |date=1960 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |pages=50–51}}</ref> With Joe Sr.'s business ventures concentrated on [[Wall Street]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and an outbreak of [[polio]] in [[Massachusetts]], the family decided to move from Boston to the [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] neighborhood of New York City in September 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2 |page=57}}</ref><ref name="John F. Kennedy: Early Years">{{cite web | title = John F. Kennedy: Early Years | access-date = April 17, 2017 | url = http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | archive-date = April 29, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429161744/http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml | url-status = live }}</ref> Several years later, his brother Robert told [[Look (American magazine)|''Look'']] magazine that his father left Boston because of job signs that read: "[[No Irish Need Apply]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Evan |title=Robert Kennedy: His Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=33}}</ref> The Kennedys spent summers and early autumns at [[Kennedy Compound|their home]] in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], a village on [[Cape Cod]],<ref name=Kennedy37>{{cite book|title=True Compass: A Memoir|first=Edward M.|last=Kennedy|page=[https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37 37]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-446-53925-8|publisher=Twelve|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37}}</ref> where they swam, sailed, and played touch football.<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|title=Life of John F. Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206235232/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their [[La Querida (mansion)|winter retreat]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=31}} In September 1930, Kennedy, 13 years old, was sent to the [[Canterbury School (Connecticut)|Canterbury School]] in [[New Milford, Connecticut]], for 8th grade. In April 1931, he had an [[appendectomy]], after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=34}}

In September 1931, Kennedy started attending [[Choate Rosemary Hall|Choate]], a preparatory boarding school in [[Wallingford, Connecticut]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=33}} Rose had wanted John and Joe Jr. to attend a [[Catholic school]], but Joe Sr. thought that if they were to compete in the political world, they needed to be with boys from prominent [[Protestantism|Protestant]] families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK - Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=81 |language=en}}</ref> John spent his first years at Choate in his older brother's shadow and compensated with rebellious behavior that attracted a clique. Their most notorious stunt was exploding a toilet seat with a firecracker. In the next chapel assembly, the headmaster, George St. John, brandished the toilet seat and spoke of "muckers" who would "spit in our sea," leading Kennedy to name his group "The Muckers Club," which included roommate and lifelong friend [[Lem Billings]].{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=112 |language=en}}</ref> Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935, finishing 64th of 112 students.<ref name="John F. Kennedy: Early Years"/> He had been the business manager of the school yearbook and was voted the "most likely to succeed."{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=11}}
[[File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The Kennedy family in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], with JFK at top left in the white shirt, {{circa|1931}}]]

Kennedy intended to study under [[Harold Laski]] at the [[London School of Economics]], as his older brother had done. Ill health forced his return to the U.S. in October 1935, when he enrolled late at [[Princeton University]], but had to leave after two months due to gastrointestinal illness.<ref>{{cite web|title=John F. Kennedy's Princeton University undergraduate alumni file|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2013/11/john-f-kennedys-princeton-university-undergraduate-alumni-file/|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|access-date=December 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801185334/https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2013/11/john-f-kennedys-princeton-university-undergraduate-alumni-file/|archive-date=August 1, 2016 |date=November 22, 2013}}</ref>

In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at [[Harvard College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref> He wrote occasionally for ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the [[Hasty Pudding Club]] and the [[Spee Club (Harvard)|Spee Club]], one of Harvard's elite "[[Harvard College social clubs#Origins|final clubs]]".{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=Chuck |title=Jack Kennedy: The Illustrated Life of a President |date=2009 |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |page=25}}</ref>

In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]], where his father was serving as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=54}} The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Balkans]], and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=93}} He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to [[Czechoslovakia]] before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day that [[Invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]]; the start of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref> Two days later, the family was in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of {{SS|Athenia|1922|6}} before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK - Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=58}}

While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in [[political philosophy]]. He made the [[dean's list]] in his junior year.<ref name="Harvard Presidents">{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ | title = Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees | work = Harvard Gazette | publisher = [[Harvard University]] | date = November 6, 2008 | access-date =February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801190338/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the [[Munich Agreement]]. The thesis was released on July 24, under the title ''[[Why England Slept]]''.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=61–66}} The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=269–270 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an [[Anglo-American alliance]] against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=15–17}}

In 1940, Kennedy graduated ''[[cum laude]]'' from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts in government, concentrating on [[international affairs]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=183}} That fall, he enrolled at the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] and audited classes,{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=18}} but he left after a semester to help his father complete his memoirs as an American ambassador. In early 1941, Kennedy toured South America.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=68}}{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=21}}

==U.S. Naval Reserve (1941–1945)==
Kennedy planned to attend [[Yale Law School]], but canceled when American entry into World War II seemed imminent.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=114, 117-118}} In 1940, Kennedy attempted to enter the army's [[Officer Candidate School (United States Army)|Officer Candidate School]]. Despite months of training, he was medically disqualified due to his chronic back problems. On September 24, 1941, Kennedy, with the help of the director of the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] (ONI) and the former naval [[attaché]] to Joe Sr., Alan Kirk, joined the [[United States Naval Reserve]]. He was commissioned an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] on October 26, 1941,<ref name="VT">{{cite web | url=http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=240 | title=John F. Kennedy, Jr. | publisher=Veteran Tributes | access-date=August 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801193040/http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=240|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> and joined the ONI staff in Washington, D.C.<ref name="maritimequest.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109_john_f_kennedy.htm | title=President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917–1963) | publisher=Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com | access-date=August 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801193146/http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109_john_f_kennedy.htm|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="history.navy.mil">{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-k/kennedy-john-f.html | title=John Fitzgerald Kennedy 29 May 1917 – 22 November 1963 | publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command | access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801194504/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-k/kennedy-john-f.html|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref>{{sfn|Ballard|2002|pp=12, 36}}

[[File:PT-109 crew.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Lieutenant (junior grade)]] Kennedy (standing at right) with his ''PT-109'' crew, 1943]]

In January 1942, Kennedy was assigned to the ONI field office at Headquarters, [[Sixth Naval District]], in [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="history.navy.mil"/> His hope was to be the commander of a [[PT boat|PT (patrol torpedo) boat]], but his health problems seemed almost certain to prevent active duty. Kennedy's father intervened by providing misleading medical records and convincing PT officers that his presence would bring publicity to the fleet.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=18}} Kennedy completed six months of training at the [[Naval Reserve Officer Training School]] in Chicago and at the [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center]] in [[Melville, Rhode Island]].<ref name="maritimequest.com"/>{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=19, 20}} His first command was ''PT-101'' from December 7, 1942, until February 23, 1943.<ref name="history.navy.mil"/> Unhappy to be assigned to the [[Panama Canal]], far from the fighting, Kennedy appealed to Massachusetts senator [[David I. Walsh|David Walsh]], who arranged for him to be assigned to the [[Pacific Theater (World War II)|South Pacific]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=18}}

===Commanding ''PT-109'' and ''PT-59''===
{{Main|Patrol torpedo boat PT-109}}

[[File:Lt. John F. Kennedy aboard the PT-109 - JFKPOF-132-012-p0113 (restored).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|''PT-109'']], 1943]]
In April 1943, Kennedy was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO,<ref name="maritimequest.com"/> and on April 24 he took command of ''[[Patrol torpedo boat PT-109|PT-109]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109.htm | title=USS PT 109| publisher=Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com | access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801200054/http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109.htm| archive-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> then based on [[Tulagi]] Island in the [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]].<ref name="history.navy.mil"/> On the night of August 1–2, in support of the [[New Georgia campaign]], ''PT-109'' and fourteen other PTs were ordered to block or repel four Japanese destroyers and floatplanes carrying food, supplies, and 900 Japanese soldiers to the Vila Plantation garrison on the southern tip of the Solomon's [[Kolombangara]] Island. Intelligence had been sent to Kennedy's Commander Thomas G. Warfield expecting the arrival of the large Japanese naval force that would pass on the evening of August 1. Of the 24 torpedoes fired that night by eight of the American PTs, not one hit the Japanese convoy.{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=99, 100}} On that moonless night, Kennedy spotted a Japanese destroyer heading north on its return from the base of Kolombangara around 2:00 a.m., and attempted to turn to attack, when ''PT-109'' was rammed suddenly at an angle and cut in half by the [[Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)|destroyer ''Amagiri'']], killing [[Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney|two ''PT-109'' crew]] members.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109_final_crew_list.htm | title=USS PT-109 Final Crew List | publisher=Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com | access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801201103/http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109_final_crew_list.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref>{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=106}}<ref name="history.navy.mil"/>{{efn|After the war, Kennedy contacted the captain of the ''Amagiri'', Kohei Hanami, and formed a friendship with him. Hanami later supported Kennedy's election campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=「きのうの敵は今日の友」― ケネディ大統領と日本人艦長の友情秘話|url=https://amview.japan.usembassy.gov/jfk-japanese-captain/|website=American View|date=April 5, 2015|access-date=July 26, 2020|language=ja|publisher=Embassy of the United States of America in Japan|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142334/https://amview.japan.usembassy.gov/jfk-japanese-captain/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Avoiding surrender, the remaining crew swam towards [[Plum Pudding Island]], 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of the remains of ''PT-109'', on August 2.<ref name="history.navy.mil"/>{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=106–107, 119}} Despite re-injuring his back in the collision, Kennedy towed a badly burned crewman to the island with a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth.{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=106–107, 124}} From there, Kennedy and his subordinate, Ensign George Ross, made forays through the coral islands, searching for help.{{sfn|Doyle|2015|pp=66–106, 134–139}} When they encountered an English-speaking native with a canoe, Kennedy carved his location on a [[coconut]] shell and requested a boat rescue. Seven days after the collision, with the coconut message delivered, the ''PT-109'' crew were rescued.{{sfn|Doyle|2015|pp=143–148}}{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=19}}

Almost immediately, the ''PT-109'' rescue became a highly publicized event. The story was chronicled by John Hersey in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 1944 (decades later it was the basis of a successful [[PT 109 (film)|film]]).{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=19}} It followed Kennedy into politics and provided a strong foundation for his appeal as a leader.<ref name="John F. Kennedy and PT 109">{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx?p=3 | title=John F. Kennedy and PT 109 | publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum | access-date=July 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801203240/http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx?p=3 | archive-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> Hersey portrayed Kennedy as a modest, self-deprecating hero.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hersey |first1=John |title=Survival |date=June 17, 1944 |magazine=The New Yorker |pages=31–44}}</ref> For his courage and leadership, Kennedy was awarded the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]], and the injuries he suffered during the incident qualified him for a [[Purple Heart]].<ref name="John F. Kennedy and PT 109"/>

After a month's recovery Kennedy returned to duty, commanding the ''[[PT-59]]''. On November 2, Kennedy's ''PT-59'' took part with two other PTs in the rescue of 40–50 marines. The ''59'' acted as a shield from shore fire as they escaped on two rescue landing craft at the base of the Warrior River at [[Raid on Choiseul|Choiseul Island]], taking ten marines aboard and delivering them to safety.{{sfn|Donovan|2001|pp=172–184, 189}} Under doctor's orders, Kennedy was relieved of his command on November 18, and sent to the hospital on Tulagi.{{sfn|Doyle|2015|pp=193}} By December 1943, with his health deteriorating, Kennedy left the Pacific front and arrived in San Francisco in early January 1944.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=20}} After receiving treatment for his back injury at the [[Chelsea Naval Hospital]] in Massachusetts from May to December 1944, he was released from active duty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-2.htm |title=Record of John F. Kennedy's Naval Service |work=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]] |date=June 18, 2002 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527184324/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-2.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="maritimequest.com"/> Beginning in January 1945, Kennedy spent three months recovering from his back injury at [[Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)|Castle Hot Springs]], a resort and temporary military hospital in Arizona.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=179, 180}}<ref name="peoriaaz.gov">{{cite web| title=Peoria Open Space Master Plan: Chapter 4 – Historic and Cultural Resources| url=http://www.peoriaaz.gov/uploadedFiles/NewPeoriaAZ/About_Peoria/Sonoran_Preservation_Program/Chapter4_HistoricCulturalResources.pdf| access-date=January 22, 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191814/http://www.peoriaaz.gov/uploadedFiles/NewPeoriaAZ/About_Peoria/Sonoran_Preservation_Program/Chapter4_HistoricCulturalResources.pdf| archive-date=February 1, 2014| df=mdy-all}}</ref> On March 1, 1945, Kennedy retired from the Navy Reserve on physical disability and was honorably discharged with the full rank of lieutenant.<ref name="sptimes.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/timeline.shtml | title=JFK: A Timeline of His Life 1917–1963 | publisher=St. Petersburg Times. | access-date=August 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801205613/http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/timeline.shtml | archive-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> When later asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It was easy. They cut my PT boat in half."{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=98}}

On August 12, 1944, Kennedy's older brother, [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.|Joe Jr.]], a navy pilot, was killed on an air mission. His body was never recovered.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=106–107}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph P. Kennedy Jr |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy-jr |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213012053/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy-jr |url-status=live }}</ref> The news reached the family's home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, a day later. Kennedy felt that Joe Jr.'s reckless flight was partly an effort to outdo him.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=175}}{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=21}} To console himself, Kennedy set out to assemble a privately published book of remembrances of his brother, ''As We Remember Joe''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=JFK – Volume One |publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-241-97201-4 |pages=379–380 |language=en}}</ref>

==Journalism (1945)==
In April 1945, Kennedy's father, who was a friend of [[William Randolph Hearst]], arranged a position for his son as a special correspondent for [[Hearst Communications|Hearst Newspapers]]; the assignment kept Kennedy's name in the public eye and "expose[d] him to journalism as a possible career."{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=180}} That May he went to Berlin as a correspondent,{{sfn|Daum|2008|page=127}} covering the [[Potsdam Conference]] and other events.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=104}}

==U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953)==
Kennedy's elder brother Joe Jr. had been the [[Kennedy family|family's political standard-bearer]] and had been tapped by their father to seek the presidency. After Joe's death, the assignment fell to JFK as the second eldest.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=118}} Boston mayor [[Maurice J. Tobin]] discussed the possibility of John becoming his running mate in [[1946 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1946]] as a candidate for [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts lieutenant governor]], but Joe Sr. preferred a congressional campaign that could send John to Washington, where he could have national visibility.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=122}}

[[File:Portrait of congressional freshman class of 1947.jpg|thumb|Kennedy (back row, second from right) and Richard Nixon (far right) participate in a radio broadcast as 1947 freshmen House members.]]
At the urging of Kennedy's father, U.S. Representative [[James Michael Curley]] vacated his seat in the strongly Democratic [[11th congressional district of Massachusetts]] to become mayor of Boston in 1946. Kennedy established legal residency at 122 Bowdoin Street across from the [[Massachusetts State House]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysorerich|url-access=registration|first=Ted|last=Sorensen|page=[https://archive.org/details/kennedysorerich/page/21 21]|year=1965|isbn= 978-1-56852-035-3|publisher=Harper & Row}}</ref> Kennedy won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote, defeating nine other candidates.<ref>{{cite book|title=Massachusetts Secretary of Commonwealth: Election Statistics 1946|url=https://archive.org/details/electionstatisti19461948mass/page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref> According to Fredrik Logevall, Joe Sr. <blockquote>spent hours on the phone with reporters and editors, seeking information, trading confidences, and cajoling them into publishing puff pieces on John, ones that invariably played up his war record in the Pacific. He oversaw a professional advertising campaign that ensured ads went up in just the right places the campaign had a virtual monopoly on [[MBTA subway|[Boston] subway]] space, and on window stickers ("Kennedy for Congress") for cars and homes and was the force behind the mass mailing of Hersey's ''PT-109'' article.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |page=424}}</ref></blockquote> Though Republicans took control of the House in the [[1946 United States House of Representatives elections|1946 elections]], Kennedy defeated his Republican opponent in the general election, taking 73 percent of the vote.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=24–26}}

As a congressman, Kennedy had a reputation for not taking much interest in the running of his office or his constituents' concerns, with one of the highest absenteeism rates in the House, although much was explained by illness.<ref name="CaroPassage2">{{cite book |last1=Caro |first1=Robert |title=[[The Years of Lyndon Johnson|The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]] |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |chapter=2. The Rich Man's Son}}</ref> [[George Smathers]], one of his few political friends at the time, claimed that he was more interested in being a writer than a politician, and at that time he suffered from extreme shyness.<ref name="CaroPassage2" /> Kennedy found "most of his fellow congressmen boring, preoccupied as they all seemed to be with their narrow political concerns." The arcane House rules and customs, which slowed legislation, exasperated him.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=136–137}}

Kennedy served in the House for six years, joining the influential [[Education and Labor Committee]] and the [[Veterans' Affairs Committee]]. He concentrated his attention on international affairs, supporting the [[Truman Doctrine]] as the appropriate response to the emerging [[Cold War]]. He also supported [[public housing]] and opposed the [[Labor Management Relations Act of 1947]], which restricted the power of labor unions. Though not as vocally anti-communist as [[Joseph McCarthy]], Kennedy supported the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]], which required communists to register with the government, and he deplored the "[[loss of China]]."{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=26–29}} During a speech in [[Salem, Massachusetts]] on January 30, 1949, Kennedy denounced Truman and the State Department for contributing to the "tragic story of China whose freedom we once fought to preserve. What our young men had saved [in World War II], our diplomats and our President have frittered away."{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=160}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks Of Representative John F. Kennedy At The Philip J. Durkin Testimonial Dinner, Salem, Massachusetts, January 30, 1949 |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/salem-ma-19490130 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601210904/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/salem-ma-19490130 |url-status=live }}</ref> Having served as a [[Scouts BSA|boy scout]] during his childhood, Kennedy was active in the [[Scouting in Massachusetts|Boston Council]] from 1946 to 1955 as district vice chairman, member of the executive board, vice-president, and National Council Representative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy|title=Fast Facts about John F. Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-date=July 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730085947/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyjfk.com/boy-scouts/|title=JFK John F. Kennedy boy scouts|date=January 2, 1961|access-date=April 14, 2018|archive-date=April 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092128/http://www.dailyjfk.com/boy-scouts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

To appeal to the large [[Italian-American]] voting bloc in Massachusetts, Kennedy delivered a speech in November 1947 supporting a $227 million aid package to Italy. He maintained that Italy was in danger from an "onslaught of the communist minority" and that the country was the "initial battleground in the communist drive to capture Western Europe."<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks Of Representative John F. Kennedy In The House Of Representatives, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1947 |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-states-house-of-representatives-19471120 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060711/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-states-house-of-representatives-19471120 |url-status=live }}</ref> To combat Soviet efforts to take control in Middle Eastern and Asian countries like [[French Indochina|Indochina]], Kennedy wanted the United States to develop nonmilitary techniques of resistance that would not create suspicions of [[neoimperialism]] or add to the country's financial burden. The problem, as he saw it, was not simply to be anti-communist but to stand for something that these emerging nations would find appealing.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=159–165}}

Almost every weekend that Congress was in session, Kennedy would fly back to Massachusetts to give speeches to veteran, fraternal, and civic groups, while maintaining an index card file on individuals who might be helpful for a campaign for statewide office.<ref>{{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm|url-access=limited|first=Michael|last=Meagher|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm/page/n51 35]|year=2011|publisher=Greenwood}}</ref> Contemplating whether to run for [[governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts governor]] or the [[U.S. Senate]], Kennedy abandoned interest in the former, believing that the governor "sat in an office, handing out sewer contracts."{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=168}}

==U.S. Senate (1953–1960)==
{{See also|1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts}}
[[File:JFK 52MA Senate.png|thumb|400px|Campaign slogan for Kennedy's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts]]

As early as 1949, Kennedy began preparing to run for the Senate in [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]] against Republican three-term incumbent [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] with the campaign slogan "KENNEDY WILL DO ''MORE'' FOR MASSACHUSETTS".{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=254}} Joe Sr. again financed his son's candidacy (persuading the ''[[The Boston Post|Boston Post]]'' to switch its support to Kennedy by promising the publisher a $500,000 loan),{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=9}} while John's younger brother [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]] emerged as campaign manager.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=29–31}} Kennedy's mother and sisters contributed as highly effective canvassers by hosting a series of "[[tea parties|teas]]" at hotels and parlors across Massachusetts to reach out to women voters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/41/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date=October 15, 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=41 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Robert F. Jr.|title=American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family |date= 2018 |publisher=Harper |isbn=978-0-06-084834-7 |page=142}}</ref> In the presidential election, Republican [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes, but Kennedy narrowly defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat.<ref name="John F. Kennedy">{{cite encyclopedia |title=John F. Kennedy |access-date=January 16, 2017 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he married [[Jacqueline Bouvier]].{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=29}}

Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic [[last rites]]. During his convalescence in 1956, he published ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, for which he won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography]] in 1957.<ref name="Jean3" /> Rumors that this work was [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by his close adviser and [[speechwriter]], [[Ted Sorensen]], were confirmed in Sorensen's 2008 autobiography.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tofel |first=Richard J. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |title=In His Own Words |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=March 28, 2010 |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223071017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121029817046479539 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the start of his first term, Kennedy focused on fulfilling the promise of his campaign to do "more for Massachusetts" than his predecessor. Although Kennedy's and Lodge's legislative records were similarly liberal, Lodge voted for the [[Taft-Hartley Act of 1947]] and Kennedy voted against it. On [[NBC]]'s ''[[Meet the Press]]'', Kennedy excoriated Lodge for not doing enough to prevent the increasing migration of manufacturing jobs from Massachusetts to the South, and blamed the [[Right-to-work law|right-to-work]] provision for giving the South an unfair advantage over Massachusetts in labor costs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Savage |first1=Sean J. |title=JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party |date=2004 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=11}}</ref> In May 1953, Kennedy introduced "The Economic Problems of New England",<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Problems Of New England, May 1953: 18–20 |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKSEN/0893/JFKSEN-0893-013 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618052357/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKSEN/0893/JFKSEN-0893-013 |url-status=live }}</ref> a 36-point program{{sfn|Bryant|2006b|p=45}} to help Massachusetts industries such as [[Fishing industry|fishing]], [[textile manufacturing]], [[watchmaking]], and [[shipbuilding]], as well as the Boston seaport.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=181–182}} Kennedy's policy agenda included [[protective tariffs]], preventing excessive [[speculation]] in raw wool, stronger efforts to research and market American fish products, an increase in the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|Fish and Wildlife Service]] budget, modernizing [[Reserve fleet|reserve-fleet vessels]], [[tax incentives]] to prevent further business relocations, and the development of [[Hydroelectric power in the United States|hydroelectric]] and [[Nuclear power in the United States|nuclear power]] in Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Savage |first1=Sean J. |title=The Senator from New England: The Rise of JFK |date=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MacGregor Burns |first1=James |title=John Kennedy: A Political Profile |date=1960 |pages=120–121}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPPP-64.aspx|title=The U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy Story|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=August 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802120837/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPPP-64.aspx |archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> Kennedy's suggestions for stimulating the region's economy appealed to both parties by offering benefits to business and labor, and promising to serve national defense. Congress would eventually enact most of the program.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=181–182}} Kennedy, a [[Massachusetts Audubon Society]] supporter, wanted to make sure that the shorelines of [[Cape Cod]] remained unsullied by industrialization. On September 3, 1959, Kennedy co-sponsored the [[Cape Cod National Seashore]] bill with his Republican colleague Senator [[Leverett Saltonstall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2012/rachel-carson-and-jfk-environmental-tag-team|title=Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team|date=May 8, 2012|website=Audubon|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=January 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107203923/https://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2012/rachel-carson-and-jfk-environmental-tag-team|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Savage |first1=Sean J. |title=The Senator from New England: The Rise of JFK |date=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=71}}</ref>
[[File:John F. Kennedy nominates Adlai Stevenson 1956.JPG|thumb|left|Kennedy endorsing [[Adlai Stevenson II]] for the presidential nomination at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention]]]]

As a senator, Kennedy quickly won a reputation for responsiveness to requests from constituents (i.e., co-sponsoring legislation to provide federal loans to help rebuild communities damaged by the [[1953 Worcester tornado]]), except on certain occasions when the national interest was at stake.<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy/Congressman-and-senator |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605051832/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy/Congressman-and-senator |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Savage |first1=Sean J. |title=The Senator from New England: The Rise of JFK |date=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=48, 54–55}}</ref> In 1954, Kennedy voted in favor of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] which would connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, despite opposition from Massachusetts politicians who argued that the project would hurt the [[Port of Boston]] economically.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=182–183}}

In 1954, when the Senate voted to condemn [[Joseph McCarthy]] for breaking Senate rules and abusing an Army general, Kennedy was the only Democrat not to cast a vote against him.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=189}} Kennedy drafted a speech supporting the censure. However, it was not delivered because Kennedy was hospitalized for back surgery in Boston.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallek |first1=Robert |title=Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960 |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=458}}</ref> Although Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted, the episode damaged his support among members of the [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] community in the 1956 and 1960 elections.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=274–279, 394–399}}

In 1956, Kennedy gained control of the [[Massachusetts Democratic Party]],{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=201}} and delivered the state delegation to the party's presidential nominee, [[Adlai Stevenson II]], at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in August.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=34–35}} Stevenson let the convention [[1956 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|select the vice presidential nominee]]. Kennedy finished second in the balloting, losing to Senator [[Estes Kefauver]] of Tennessee, but receiving national exposure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.macmillan.com/jfkinthesenatepathwaytothepresidency/johntshaw |title=JFK in the Senate: Pathway to the Presidency |publisher=Macmillan |access-date=August 3, 2016 |author=Shaw, John T. }}{{dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 1957, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management|Select Committee on Labor Rackets]] (also known as the McClellan Committee) with his brother Robert, who was chief counsel, to investigate [[racketeering]] in labor-management relations.<ref name="pophistorydig.com">{{Cite web|url=https://pophistorydig.com/topics/jfks-1957-campaign/|title="JFK's Early Campaign"1957 | The Pop History Dig|website=pophistorydig.com|access-date=December 28, 2022|archive-date=December 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228043518/https://pophistorydig.com/topics/jfks-1957-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref> The hearings attracted extensive radio and television coverage where the Kennedy brothers engaged in dramatic arguments with controversial labor leaders, including [[Jimmy Hoffa]], of the [[Teamsters Union]]. The following year, Kennedy introduced a bill to prevent the expenditure of union dues for improper purposes or private gain; to forbid loans from union funds for illicit transactions; and to compel audits of unions, which would ensure against false financial reports.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=219}} It was the first major labor relations bill to pass either house since the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947 and dealt largely with the control of union abuses exposed by the McClellan Committee but did not incorporate tough Taft–Hartley amendments requested by President Eisenhower. It survived Senate floor attempts to include Taft-Hartley amendments and passed but was rejected by the House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues-page2|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 2 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=January 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118001726/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues-page2|url-status=live}}</ref> "Honest union members and the general public can only regard it as a tragedy that politics has prevented the recommendations of the McClellan committee from being carried out this year," Kennedy announced.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=220}}

That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's [[Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/183/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=183 |url-access=registration}}</ref> There he supported [[Algerian War|Algeria's effort to gain independence]] from France and sponsored an amendment to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the [[National Defense Education Act]] in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|title=John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205181944/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/voting-record-and-stands-on-issues|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=370}} Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|pp=370, 371}} Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=372}} A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=374}} As a senator from Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."{{sfn|Bryant|2006b|pp=23–24}}
[[File:1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Results of the [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]] U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipality]]. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|title=John F. Kennedy – Presidential candidate and president|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=37}}]]

Most historians and political scientists who have written about Kennedy refer to his U.S. Senate years as an interlude.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/191/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date=2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=191 |url-access=registration}}</ref> According to [[Robert Dallek]], Kennedy called being a senator "the most corrupting job in the world." He complained that they were all too quick to cut deals and please campaign contributors to ensure their political futures. Kennedy, with the luxury of a rich father who could finance his campaigns, could remain independent of any special interest, except for those in his home state of Massachusetts that could align against his reelection.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallek |first1=Robert |title=How Did We Get Here?: From Theodore Roosevelt to Donald Trump |date=2020 |publisher=Harper |pages=112–113}}</ref> According to [[Robert Caro]], Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson viewed Kennedy as a "[[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]]", describing his performance in the Senate and the House as "pathetic" on another occasion, saying that he was "smart enough, but he doesn't like the grunt work".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caro |first1=Robert |title=[[The Years of Lyndon Johnson|The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]] |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |page=33}}</ref> Author John T. Shaw acknowledges that while his Senate career is not associated with acts of "historic statesmanship" or "novel political thought," Kennedy made modest contributions as a legislator, drafting more than 300 bills to assist Massachusetts and the New England region (some of which became law).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkinsenatepathw0000shaw_y7x0/page/193/mode/2up |title=JFK in the Senate |date= 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=193 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In [[1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1958]], Kennedy was re-elected to the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, with 73.6 percent of the vote, the largest winning margin in the history of Massachusetts politics.<ref name="John F. Kennedy" /> In the aftermath of his re-election, Kennedy began preparing to run for president by traveling throughout the U.S. with the aim of building his candidacy for 1960.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=35–36}}<ref name="pophistorydig.com" />

==1960 presidential election==
{{main|John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign}}
{{see also|1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1960 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Leadership for the 60s - John Fitzgerald Kennedy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1960 presidential campaign poster]]
On January 2, 1960, Kennedy announced his candidacy for the [[1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic presidential nomination]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45981265/progress-bulletin/ |title=Sen. John Kennedy Formally Enters Presidential Race |date=January 2, 1960 |work=Progress-Bulletin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200302155308/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45981265/progress-bulletin/ |archive-date=March 2, 2020 |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Though some questioned Kennedy's age and experience, his charisma and eloquence earned him numerous supporters. Kennedy faced several potential challengers, including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, [[Adlai Stevenson II]], and Senator [[Hubert Humphrey]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=38–45}}

Kennedy traveled extensively to build his support. His campaign strategy was to win several primaries to demonstrate his electability to the [[party boss]]es, who controlled most of the delegates, and to prove to his detractors that a Catholic could win popular support.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilty |first1=James |title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector |date=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=135–136}}</ref> Victories over Senator Humphrey in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries gave Kennedy momentum as he moved on to the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=38–45}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience}}</ref>

When Kennedy entered the convention, he had the most delegates, but not enough to ensure that he would win the nomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1960 Democratic Presidential Race |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204758/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/1960-democratic-presidential-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stevenson—the 1952 and 1956 presidential nominee—remained very popular, while Johnson also hoped to win the nomination with support from party leaders. Kennedy's candidacy also faced opposition from former President [[Harry S. Truman]], who was concerned about Kennedy's lack of experience. Kennedy knew that a second ballot could give the nomination to Johnson or someone else, and his well-organized campaign was able to earn the support of just enough delegates to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=45–47}}

Kennedy ignored the opposition of his brother Robert, who wanted him to choose labor leader [[Walter Reuther]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114201919/http://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2014|title=Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960|last=Cosgrave|first=Ben|date=May 24, 2014|website=Time Magazine|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> and other liberal supporters when he [[Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1960|chose Johnson]] as his vice-presidential nominee. He believed that the Texas senator could help him win support from the [[Southern United States|South]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/campaigns-and-elections |website=Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> In accepting the presidential nomination, Kennedy gave his well-known "[[New Frontier]]" speech: <blockquote>For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier. ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org Accepting Dem Nom Pres">{{cite web | title = Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | date = July 15, 1960 | first = John F. | last = Kennedy | publisher = [[John F. Kennedy Library|John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] | access-date = August 2, 2016 | archive-date = September 19, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919103436/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/50-Years-Ago--Senator-John-F-Kennedy-of-Massachusetts-Wins-Presidential-Nomination-at-Democratic-Nat.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref></blockquote>

At the start of the fall general election campaign, the Republican nominee and incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon held a six-point lead in the polls.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=49}} Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Catholicism, the [[Cuban Revolution]], and whether the space and missile programs of the Soviet Union had [[missile gap|surpassed]] those of the U.S. To address fears that his being Catholic would impact his decision-making, he told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12: "I am not the Catholic candidate for president. I am the Democratic Party candidate for president who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters—and the Church does not speak for me."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkhoustonministers.html | title = Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association | access-date =September 17, 2007 | last = Kennedy | first = John F. | date = June 18, 2002 | work = American Rhetoric | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802122054/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkhoustonministers.html | archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> He promised to respect the [[separation of church and state]], and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casey |first1=Shaun A. |title=The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960 |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lacroix |first1=Patrick |title=John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Faith |date=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence |pages=21–44}}</ref>
[[File:Kennedy Nixon Debat (1960).jpg|thumb|Kennedy and Richard Nixon participate in the nation's second televised [[United States presidential election debates#1960 Kennedy–Nixon debates|presidential debate]], {{Circa|October 7, 1960}}.]]

The Kennedy and Nixon campaigns agreed to a series of [[1960 United States presidential debates|televised debates]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Campaign of 1960 |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/campaign-of-1960 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017205150/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/campaign-of-1960 |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 70 million Americans, about two-thirds of the electorate, watched the first debate on September 26.<ref name="museum.tv">{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=kennedy-nixon |title=THE KENNEDY-NIXON PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES, 1960 – The Museum of Broadcast Communications |publisher=[[The Museum of Broadcast Communications]] (MBC) |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821064309/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=kennedy-nixon |archive-date=August 21, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kennedy had met the day before with the producer to discuss the set design and camera placement. Nixon, just out of the hospital after a painful knee injury, did not take advantage of this opportunity and during the debate looked at the reporters asking questions and not at the camera. Kennedy wore a blue suit and shirt to cut down on glare and appeared sharply focused against the gray studio background. Nixon wore a light-colored suit that blended into the gray background; in combination with the harsh studio lighting that left Nixon perspiring, he offered a less-than-commanding presence. By contrast, Kennedy appeared relaxed, tanned, and telegenic, looking into the camera whilst answering questions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Selverstone |first1=Marc J. |title=The Campaign and Election of 1960 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/campaigns-and-elections |website=University of Virginia: Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429092444/https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/campaigns-and-elections |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> It is often claimed that television viewers overwhelmingly believed Kennedy, appearing to be the more attractive of the two, had won, while radio listeners (a smaller audience) thought Nixon had defeated him.<ref name="museum.tv"/><ref>{{cite episode|title=Nixon|series=American Experience|series-link=American Experience|network=[[PBS]]|station=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]|date=October 15, 1990|season=3|number=2|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/nixon/|access-date=June 15, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615213326/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/nixon/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=JFK (Part 1)|series=American Experience|network=PBS|station=WGBH|date=November 11, 2013|season=25|number=7|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/jfk/|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925003921/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/jfk/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, only one poll split TV and radio voters like this and the methodology was poor.<ref name="dbk1">{{cite journal | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0362331916300556 | title = Debunking Nixon's radio victory in the 1960 election: Re-analyzing the historical record and considering currently unexamined polling data | last1 = Bruschke | first1 = John | last2 = Laura | first2 = Divine | date = March 2017 | journal = The Social Science Journal | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.soscij.2016.09.007 | s2cid = 151390817 | access-date = October 22, 2022 | archive-date = October 22, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221022224031/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0362331916300556 | url-status = live | issn = 0362-3319 }}</ref> Pollster [[Elmo Roper]] concluded that the debates raised interest, boosted turnout, and gave Kennedy an extra two million votes, mostly as a result of the first debate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Theodore H. |title=The Making of the President, 1960 |date=1961 |page=294}}</ref> The debates are now considered a milestone in American political history—the point at which the medium of television began to play a dominant role.<ref name="Jean3">{{cite web | url = http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1967/mar-apr/smith.html | title = Kennedy and Defense The formative years | access-date = September 18, 2007 | last = Edward Smith | first = Jean | date = March 1967 | work = Air University Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212113925/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1967/mar-apr/smith.html | archive-date = December 12, 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg|thumb|1960 presidential election results]]
Kennedy's campaign gained momentum after the first debate, and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. In the national popular vote, [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote#1960 Alabama results ambiguity|by most accounts]], Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win).{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Fourteen electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the [[civil rights movement]]; they voted for Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]] of Virginia, as did an elector from Oklahoma.{{sfn|Dudley|Shiraev|2008|p=83}} Forty-three years old, Kennedy was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|youngest person]] ever elected to the presidency (though [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was a year younger when he succeeded to the presidency after the [[assassination of William McKinley]] in 1901).{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=21}}

==Presidency (1961–1963)==
{{Main|Presidency of John F. Kennedy}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency}}
[[File:Jfk inauguration.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Earl Warren]] administers the [[oath of office of the President of the United States|presidential oath of office]] to Kennedy at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 1961.]]

Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In [[Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy|his inaugural address]], he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens: "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country." He asked the nations of the world to join to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself."<ref name="JFKlibrary.org Inaugural Address">{{cite web|title=Inaugural Address |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx |date=January 20, 1961 |first=John F. |last=Kennedy |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library|John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] |access-date=February 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111193541/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx |archive-date=January 11, 2012 }}</ref> He added:

<blockquote>All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin." In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism: "Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org Inaugural Address"/></blockquote>

The address reflected Kennedy's confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. The contrast between this optimistic vision and the pressures of managing daily political realities would be one of the main tensions of the early years of his administration.{{sfn|Kempe|2011|p=52}}

Kennedy scrapped the decision-making structure of Eisenhower,{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=22}} preferring an organizational structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president; he was willing to make the increased number of quick decisions required in such an environment.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=23, 25}} Though the cabinet remained important, Kennedy generally relied more on his staffers within the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office]].{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=31–32, 35}} In spite of concerns over [[nepotism]], Kennedy's father insisted that Robert Kennedy become [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]], and the younger Kennedy became the "assistant president" who advised on all major issues.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bobby Kennedy: Is He the 'Assistant President'?|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/05/bobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=February 19, 1962|access-date=January 25, 2024|archive-date=September 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915234045/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/05/bobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
{{main|Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration}}
[[File:US President John Kennedy Presidential Trips.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Foreign trips of Kennedy during his presidency]]

====Cold War and flexible response====
Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests in the global state of tension known as the [[Cold War]]. Like his predecessors, Kennedy adopted the policy of [[containment]] to stop the spread of communism.{{Sfn|Herring|2008|pp=704–705}} Fearful of the possibility of [[nuclear war]], Kennedy implemented a defense strategy known as [[flexible response]]. This strategy relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged [[massive retaliation]], and encouraged [[mutual deterrence]].{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=76–77}}<ref>{{cite web |title=1961–1968: The Presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/foreword |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216105026/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/foreword |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast to Eisenhower's warning about the perils of the [[military-industrial complex]], Kennedy focused on rearmament. From 1961 to 1964 the number of [[nuclear weapons]] increased by 50 percent, as did the number of [[B-52]] bombers to deliver them.<ref>Stephen G Rabe, "John F. Kennedy" in Timothy J Lynch, ed., "The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History" (2013) 1:610–615.</ref>

In January 1961, [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] declared his support for [[wars of national liberation]]. Kennedy interpreted this step as a direct threat to the "free world."<ref>{{cite book | last = Larres| first = Klaus|author2=Ann Lane|title =The Cold War: the essential readings| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|year = 2001| page = 103| isbn = 978-0-631-20706-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schlight |first1=John |title=A War Too Long: The USAF in Southeast Asia 1961–1975 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/25/2001330271/-1/-1/0/a_war_too_long.pdf |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154428/https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/25/2001330271/-1/-1/0/a_war_too_long.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Decolonization and the Congo Crisis====
[[File:President John F. Kennedy Greets Prime Minister Cyrille Adoula of the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|President Kennedy with Congolese Prime Minister [[Cyrille Adoula]] in 1962]]
Between 1960 and 1963, [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|twenty-four countries]] gained independence as the process of [[decolonization]] continued. Kennedy set out to woo the leaders and people of the "[[Third World]]," expanding economic aid and appointing knowledgeable ambassadors.{{Sfn|Herring|2008|pp=711–712}} His administration established the [[Food for Peace]] program and the [[Peace Corps]] to provide aid to [[developing countries]]. The Food for Peace program became a central element in American foreign policy, and eventually helped many countries to develop their economies and become commercial import customers.<ref>Robert G. Lewis, "What Food Crisis?: Global Hunger and Farmers' Woes." ''World Policy Journal'' 25.1 (2008): 29–35. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210191 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109103541/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210191 |date=January 9, 2020 }}</ref>

During the election campaign, Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower administration for losing ground on the African continent,<ref>Michael O'Brien, ''John F. Kennedy: A biography'' (2005) pp. 867–68.</ref> and stressed that the U.S. should be on the side of anti-colonialism and self-determination.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and African Independence |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-african-independence |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112061214/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-african-independence |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Kennedy considered the [[Congo Crisis]] to be among the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency, and he supported a [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN operation]] that prevented the secession of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]].{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=239–242}} [[Moïse Tshombe]], leader of Katanga, declared its independence from the Congo and the Soviet Union responded by sending weapons and technicians to underwrite their struggle.<ref name="auto1"/> On October 2, 1962, Kennedy signed United Nations bond issue bill to ensure U.S. assistance in financing UN peacekeeping operations in the Congo and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks on signing U.N. Loan Bill, 2 October 1962 |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/040/JFKPOF-040-031 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119222114/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/040/JFKPOF-040-031 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Peace Corps====
{{main|Peace Corps}}
[[File:Kennedy greeting Peace Corps volunteers, 1961.jpg|thumb| Kennedy greets [[Peace Corps]] volunteers on August 28, 1961]]
In one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy signed [[Executive Order]] 10924 that officially started the [[Peace Corps]]. He named his brother-in-law, [[Sargent Shriver]], as its first director.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=338–339}} Through this program, Americans volunteered to help developing countries in fields like education, farming, health care, and construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Peace Corps: Traveling The World To Live, Work, And Learn |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/education/teachers/curricular-resources/the-peace-corps-traveling-the-world-to-live-work-and-learn |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131223635/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/education/teachers/curricular-resources/the-peace-corps-traveling-the-world-to-live-work-and-learn |url-status=live }}</ref> Kennedy believed that countries that received Peace Corps volunteers were less likely to succumb to a communist revolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy's Global Challenges |url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/56c.asp |website=U.S. History: From Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium. |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119222120/https://www.ushistory.org/us/56c.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] (present-day [[Tanzania]]) and [[Ghana]] were the first countries to participate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace Corps |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/peace-corps |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202085121/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/peace-corps |url-status=live }}</ref> The organization grew to 5,000 members by March 1963 and 10,000 the year after.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|pp=606–607}} Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, representing 139 countries.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Meisler | first1 = Stanley | title = When the World Calls: The Inside Story of the Peace Corps and Its First Fifty Years | publisher = Beacon Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8070-5049-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807050491 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/fast-facts/| title = Peace Corps, Fast Facts | access-date = August 2, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802133017/https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/fast-facts/ | archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref>

====Vienna Summit and the Berlin Wall====
{{see also|Vienna summit|Berlin Crisis of 1961}}
Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Nikita Khrushchev. The proceedings for the summit got off to a problematic start when Kennedy reacted aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was intended for domestic audiences in the Soviet Union, but Kennedy interpreted it as a personal challenge. His mistake helped raise tensions going into the [[Vienna summit]].{{sfn|Kempe|2011|pp=76–78}} The summit would cover several topics, but both leaders knew that the most contentious issue would be [[Berlin]], which had been divided in two with the start of the Cold War. The enclave of [[West Berlin]] lay within Soviet-allied [[East Germany]], but was supported by the U.S. and other Western powers. The Soviets wanted to reunify Berlin under the control of East Germany, partly due to the large number of East Germans who had fled to West Berlin.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=74, 77–78}}
[[File:John Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev 1961.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy meeting with [[Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in [[Vienna]] in June 1961]]

On June 4, 1961, Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna and left the meeting angry and disappointed that he had allowed the premier to bully him, despite the warnings he had received. Khrushchev, for his part, was impressed with the president's intelligence but thought him weak. Kennedy did succeed in conveying the bottom line to Khrushchev on the most sensitive issue before them, a proposed treaty between Moscow and [[East Berlin]]. He made it clear that any treaty interfering with U.S. access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=161–171}} Shortly after Kennedy returned home, the Soviet Union announced its plan to sign a treaty with East Berlin, abrogating any third-party occupation rights in either sector of the city. Kennedy assumed that his only option was to prepare the country for nuclear war, which he thought had a one-in-five chance of occurring.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=175}}

In the weeks immediately following the summit, more than 20,000 people [[Republikflucht|fled from East Berlin]] to the western sector, reacting to statements from the Soviet Union. Kennedy began intensive meetings on the Berlin issue, where [[Dean Acheson]] took the lead in recommending a military buildup alongside NATO allies.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=185}} In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his decision to add $3.25 billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|3.25|1961|r=2}} billion in {{Inflation-year|US}}) to the defense budget, along with over 200,000 additional troops, stating that an attack on West Berlin would be taken as an attack on the U.S. The speech received an 85% approval rating.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=201}}

A month later, both the Soviet Union and East Berlin began blocking any further passage of East Germans into West Berlin and erected [[barbed-wire]] fences, which were quickly upgraded to the [[Berlin Wall]]. Kennedy acquiesced to the wall, though he sent Vice President Johnson to West Berlin to reaffirm U.S. commitment to the enclave's defense. In the following months, in a sign of rising Cold War tensions, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended a moratorium on nuclear weapon testing.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=85–86}} A brief stand-off between U.S. and Soviet tanks occurred at [[Checkpoint Charlie]] in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel. The [[Berlin Crisis of 1961|crisis]] was defused largely through a backchannel communication the Kennedy administration had set up with Soviet spy [[Georgi Bolshakov]].{{sfn|Kempe|2011|pp=[https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/478 478–479]}} In remarks to his aides on the Berlin Wall, Kennedy noted that "it's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Updegrove |first1=Mark K. |title=Incomparable Grace: JFK in the Presidency |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |page=118}}</ref>

====Bay of Pigs Invasion====
{{main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}} {{See also|Kennedy's betrayal}}
[[File:JFK Brigade 2506 meeting.jpg|thumb|President Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy greet members of the [[Brigade 2506|2506 Cuban Invasion Brigade]] at Miami's [[Miami Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]]; {{circa|December 29, 1962}}.]]
The Eisenhower administration had created a plan to overthrow [[Fidel Castro]]'s regime though an invasion of Cuba by a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of U.S.-trained, anti-Castro [[Cuban exile]]s{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|pp=233, 238}}{{sfn|Gleijeses|1995}} led by [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] paramilitary officers.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=69–73}} Kennedy had campaigned on a hardline stance against Castro, and when presented with the plan that had been developed under the Eisenhower administration, he enthusiastically adopted it regardless of the risk of inflaming tensions with the Soviet Union.<ref name="fiftyyearslater">{{cite news|title=50 Years Later: Learning From The Bay Of Pigs|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/04/17/135444482/50-years-later-learning-from-the-bay-of-pigs|access-date=September 1, 2016|publisher=NPR|date=April 17, 2011|archive-date=November 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101111423/https://www.npr.org/2011/04/17/135444482/50-years-later-learning-from-the-bay-of-pigs|url-status=live}}</ref> Kennedy approved the final invasion plan on April 4, 1961.<ref>Quesada, Alejandro de (2009). ''The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961''. Elite series #166. Illustrated by Stephen Walsh. Osprey Publishing. p. 17.</ref>

On April 15, 1961, eight CIA-supplied [[Douglas A-26 Invader|B-26]] bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields. The bombers missed many of their targets, leaving most of Castro's air force intact.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bay of Pigs |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223162426/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> On April 17, the 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exile invasion force, known as [[Brigade 2506]], landed at beaches along the [[Bay of Pigs]] and immediately came under heavy fire.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=71, 673}} The goal was to spark a widespread popular uprising against Castro, but no such uprising occurred.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=68–69}} No U.S. air support was provided.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Voss |first1=Michael |title=Bay of Pigs: The 'perfect failure' of Cuba invasion |work=BBC News |date=April 14, 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13066561 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218143923/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13066561 |url-status=live }}</ref> The invading force was defeated within two days by the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]];<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs#:~:text=Launched%20from%20Guatemala%2C%20the%20attack,the%20direct%20command%20of%20Castro. |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823123217/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs#:~:text=Launched%20from%20Guatemala%2C%20the%20attack,the%20direct%20command%20of%20Castro. |url-status=live }}</ref> 114 were killed and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Echo Park Many Local Cubans Celebrate Death Of Former President Fidel Castro |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/in-echo-park-many-local-cubans-celebrate-death-of-former-president-fidel-castro/ |website=CBS News |date=November 26, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126173920/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/in-echo-park-many-local-cubans-celebrate-death-of-former-president-fidel-castro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for a ransom of $53 million worth of food and medicine.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|pp=268–294, 838–839}} The incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would take place.<ref>[[Jean Edward Smith]], "Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions", ''The Nation'', April 13, 1964.</ref>

Biographer [[Richard Reeves (American writer)|Richard Reeves]] said that Kennedy focused primarily on the political repercussions of the plan rather than military considerations. When it proved unsuccessful, he was convinced that the plan was a setup to make him look bad.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=95–97}} He took responsibility for the failure, saying, "We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it."{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|pp=290, 295}} Kennedy's approval ratings climbed afterwards, helped in part by the vocal support given to him by Nixon and Eisenhower.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=370–371}} He appointed Robert Kennedy to help lead a committee to examine the causes of the failure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayes|first=Matthew A.|date=2019|title=Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis|journal=History|language=en|volume=104|issue=361|pages=473–503|doi=10.1111/1468-229X.12815|s2cid=164907501|issn=1468-229X|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10075581/1/Hayes_%20Robert%20Kennedy%20and%20the%20Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis%20Final%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227173632/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10075581/1/Hayes_%20Robert%20Kennedy%20and%20the%20Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis%20Final%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kennedy administration [[United States embargo against Cuba|banned all Cuban imports]] and convinced the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) to expel Cuba.{{Sfn|Herring|2008|pp=707–708}}

====Operation Mongoose====
In late 1961, the White House formed the Special Group (Augmented), headed by Robert Kennedy and including [[Edward Lansdale]], Secretary [[Robert McNamara]], and others. The group's objective—to overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other covert tactics—was never pursued.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=264}} In November 1961, he authorized [[Operation Mongoose]].<ref name="eu.usatoday.com">{{cite web |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/10/30/u-s-planned-261-000-troop-invasion-force-cuba-newly-released-documents-show/813376001/ |title=U.S. planned massive Cuba invasion force, the kidnapping of Cuban officials |work=USA Today |date=October 30, 2017 |access-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004346/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/10/30/u-s-planned-261-000-troop-invasion-force-cuba-newly-released-documents-show/813376001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 1962, Kennedy rejected [[Operation Northwoods]], proposals for [[false flag]] attacks against American military and civilian targets,<ref name="1962USJCOS">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/1962USJointChiefsOfStaffOperationNorthwoodsUnclassifiedDocument/page/n11|title=1962 US Joint Chiefs Of Staff Operation Northwoods Unclassified Document Bolsheviks NWO|date=1962|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> and blaming them on the Cuban government to gain approval for a war against Cuba. However, the administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962.<ref name="eu.usatoday.com"/>

====Cuban Missile Crisis====
{{main|Cuban Missile Crisis}}
[[File:President Kennedy - signing Cuba Quarantine Proclamation.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Kennedy signs the [[Cuban Missile Crisis|Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba]] in the Oval Office; {{circa|October 23, 1962}}.]]

In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Khrushchev increased economic and military assistance to Cuba.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=203–205}} The Soviet Union planned to allocate in Cuba 49 [[medium-range ballistic missile]]s, 32 [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]]s, 49 light [[Ilyushin Il-28|Il-28]] bombers and about 100 [[tactical nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Giglio| first =James|author2=Stephen G. Rabe|title =Debating the Kennedy presidency| url = https://archive.org/details/debatingkennedyp00gigl_480| url-access = limited| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|year = 2003| page = [https://archive.org/details/debatingkennedyp00gigl_480/page/n45 39]| isbn = 978-0-7425-0834-7}}</ref> The Kennedy administration viewed the growing [[Cuba–Soviet Union relations|Cuba-Soviet alliance]] with alarm, fearing that it could eventually pose a threat to the U.S.{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=113–114}} On October 14, 1962, CIA [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spy planes [[Aerial reconnaissance#Cold War|took photographs]] of the Soviets' construction of intermediate-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16; a consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive in nature and posed an immediate nuclear threat.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=345}}

Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the Soviet Union, but if the U.S. did nothing, it would be faced with the increased threat from close-range nuclear weapons (positioned approximately 90 mi (140 km) away from the Florida coast).<ref>{{cite web |title=President John F. Kennedy - Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=26#:~:text=On%20October%2016%2C%201962%2C%20President,come%20on%20very%20short%20notice. |website=National Archives |access-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928100637/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=26#:~:text=On%20October%2016%2C%201962%2C%20President,come%20on%20very%20short%20notice. |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. would also appear to the world as less committed to the defense of the Western Hemisphere. On a personal level, Kennedy needed to show resolve in reaction to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna summit.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=245}} To deal with the crisis, he formed an ad-hoc body of key advisers, later known as [[EXCOMM]], that met secretly between October 16 and 28.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=207–208}}

More than a third of [[U.S. National Security Council]] (NSC) members favored an unannounced air assault on the missile sites, but some saw this as "[[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] in reverse."{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=387}} There was some concern from the international community (asked in confidence) that the assault plan was an overreaction given that Eisenhower had placed [[PGM-19 Jupiter]] missiles in Italy and Turkey in 1958. It also could not be assured that the assault would be 100% effective.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=388}} In concurrence with a majority vote of the NSC, Kennedy decided on a [[naval blockade]] (or "quarantine"). On October 22, after privately informing the cabinet and leading members of Congress about the situation, Kennedy announced the naval blockade on national television and warned that U.S. forces would seize "offensive weapons and associated materiel" that Soviet vessels might attempt to deliver to Cuba.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=389}}

[[File:President confers with Attorney General. Attorney General Kennedy, President Kennedy. White House, West Wing Collonade. - NARA - 194239.jpg|thumb|Kennedy confers with Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]]; {{circa|October 1962}}.]]
The U.S. Navy would stop and inspect all Soviet ships arriving off Cuba, beginning October 24. Several Soviet ships approached the blockade line, but they stopped or reversed course.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=220}} The OAS gave unanimous support to the removal of the missiles. Kennedy exchanged two sets of letters with Khrushchev, to no avail.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=390}} UN Secretary General [[U Thant]] requested both parties to reverse their decisions and enter a cooling-off period. Khrushchev agreed, but Kennedy did not.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=403}} Kennedy managed to preserve restraint when a Soviet missile unauthorizedly downed a U.S. Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Cuba, killing pilot [[Rudolf Anderson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/ |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124154618/https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the president's direction, Robert Kennedy privately informed Soviet Ambassador [[Anatoly Dobrynin]] that the U.S. would remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey "within a short time after this crisis was over."{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=225–226}} On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile sites, subject to UN inspections.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=426}} The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey, which were by then obsolete and had been supplanted by submarines equipped with [[UGM-27 Polaris]] missiles.{{sfn|Kenney|2000|pp=184–186}}

In the aftermath, a [[Moscow–Washington hotline]] was established to ensure clear communications between the leaders of the two countries.{{Sfn|Herring|2008|p=723}} This crisis brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or after, but "the humanity" of Khrushchev and Kennedy prevailed.{{sfn|Kenney|2000|p=189}} The crisis improved the image of American willpower and the president's credibility. Kennedy's approval rating increased from 66% to 77% immediately thereafter.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=425}}

====Latin America and communism====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Latin America}}
{{see also|Alliance for Progress}}
[[File:Alliance for Progress in Venezuela 1961.jpg|thumb|Kennedy in December 1961 promoting the [[Alliance for Progress]] with Venezuelan President [[Rómulo Betancourt]]]]

Believing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, will make violent revolution inevitable,"<ref>JFK's "Address on the First Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress", White House reception for diplomatic cors of the Latin American republics, March 13, 1962. ''Public Papers of the Presidents'' – John F. Kennedy (1962), p. 223.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/4730892.1962.001|title=John F. Kennedy: 1962 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 20 to December 31, 1962.|last=Kennedy|first=John F. (John Fitzgerald)|date=2005|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-date=March 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040145/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ppotpus;idno=4730892.1962.001|url-status=live}}</ref> Kennedy sought to contain the perceived threat of communism in Latin America by establishing the [[Alliance for Progress]], which sent aid to some countries and sought greater [[human rights]] standards in the region.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|pp=788–789}} In response to Kennedy's plea, Congress voted for an initial grant of $500 million in May 1961.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=JFK proposes an Alliance for Progress for Latin America, March 13, 1961 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/13/jfk-proposes-an-alliance-for-progress-for-latin-america-march-13-1961-1214880 |newspaper=Politico |date=March 13, 2019 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126175004/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/13/jfk-proposes-an-alliance-for-progress-for-latin-america-march-13-1961-1214880 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Alliance for Progress supported the construction of housing, schools, airports, hospitals, clinics and water-purification projects as well as the distribution of free textbooks to students.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Alliance for Progress |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/alliance-for-progress |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112173320/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/alliance-for-progress |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> However, the program did not meet many of its goals. Massive land reform was not achieved; populations more than kept pace with gains in health and welfare; and according to one study, only 2 percent of economic growth in 1960s Latin America directly benefited the poor.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Alliance for Progress |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alliance-for-Progress |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118175215/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alliance-for-Progress |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps, 1961–1969 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/alliance-for-progress |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118180616/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/alliance-for-progress |url-status=live }}</ref> U.S. presidents after Kennedy were less supportive of the program and by 1973, the permanent committee established to implement the Alliance was disbanded by the OAS.<ref name="auto"/>

The Eisenhower administration, through the CIA, had begun formulating plans to assassinate Castro in Cuba and [[Rafael Trujillo]] in the [[Dominican Republic]]. When Kennedy took office, he privately instructed the CIA that any plan must include [[plausible deniability]] by the U.S. His public position was in opposition.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=140–142}} In June 1961, the Dominican Republic's leader was assassinated; in the days following, Undersecretary of State [[Chester Bowles]] led a cautious reaction by the nation. Robert Kennedy, who saw an opportunity for the U.S., called Bowles "a gutless bastard" to his face.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=152}}

====Laos====
{{see also|Laotian Civil War}}

After the election, Eisenhower emphasized to Kennedy that the communist threat in Southeast Asia required priority; Eisenhower considered [[Laos]] to be "the cork in the bottle" in regards to the regional threat.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=75}} In March 1961, Kennedy voiced a change in policy from supporting a "free" Laos to a "neutral" Laos, indicating privately that [[Vietnam]] should be deemed America's tripwire for communism's spread in the area.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=75}} Though he was unwilling to commit U.S. forces to a major military intervention in Laos, Kennedy did approve [[CIA activities in Laos|CIA activities]] designed to defeat Communist insurgents through bombing raids and the recruitment of the [[Hmong people]].{{sfn|Patterson|1996|p=498}}

====Vietnam====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Vietnam}}
{{see also|Vietnam War}}
[[File:Press Conference, State Department Auditorium, JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg|thumb|Kennedy speaking in a televised press conference on the situation in Southeast Asia, {{circa|March 23, 1961}}]]
[[File:CBS News Anchor, Walter Cronkite, Interviews President John F. Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Walter Cronkite]] of [[CBS News]] interviewing Kennedy on September 2, 1963, about U.S. involvement in Vietnam]]

During his presidency, Kennedy continued policies that provided political, economic, and military support to the [[South Vietnam]]ese government.{{sfn|Dunnigan|Nofi|1999|p=257}} Vietnam had been divided into a communist North Vietnam and a non-communist South Vietnam after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]], but Kennedy escalated American involvement in Vietnam in 1961 by financing the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnam army]], increasing the number of U.S. [[military advisors]] above the levels of the Eisenhower administration, and authorizing U.S. helicopter units to provide support to South Vietnamese forces.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=256–261}} On January 18, 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) – "Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)."{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=281}} [[Operation Ranch Hand]], a large-scale aerial defoliation effort using the herbicide [[Agent Orange]], began on the roadsides of South Vietnam to combat [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla defendants]].{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=259}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/07/agent-orange-cambodia-laos-vietnam/591412/ | title=The U.S.'s Toxic Agent Orange Legacy | publisher=The Atlantic | date=July 20, 2019 | access-date=May 13, 2023 | first=Charles | last=Dunst | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014202833/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/07/agent-orange-cambodia-laos-vietnam/591412/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Though Kennedy provided support for South Vietnam throughout his tenure, Vietnam remained a secondary issue for the Kennedy administration until 1963.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=256–257}} On September 2, Kennedy declared in an interview with [[Walter Cronkite]] of [[CBS News|CBS]]:

<blockquote>In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, the people of Vietnam, against the Communists... But I don't agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake... [The United States] made this effort to defend Europe. Now Europe is quite secure. We also have to participate—we may not like it—in the defense of Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=50. Interview With the President |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d50 |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112050354/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d50 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Walter Cronkite, Inaugurating a CBS TV News Program, 2 September 1963|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwha-212-002|access-date=May 7, 2024}}</ref></blockquote>

Kennedy increasingly soured on the president of South Vietnam, [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], whose violent [[Buddhist crisis|crackdown on Buddhist practices]] galvanized opposition to his leadership. In August 1963, [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] replaced [[Frederick Nolting]] as the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. Days after his arrival in South Vietnam, Lodge reported that several South Vietnamese generals sought the assent of the U.S. government to their plan of removing Diem from power. The Kennedy administration was split regarding not just the removal of Diem, but also their assessment of the military situation and the proper U.S. role in the country. After the State Department sent a [[Cable 243|diplomatic cable]] to Lodge that ordered him to pressure Diem to remove military authority from his brother, [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], or face potential withdrawal of U.S. support and removal from power,{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=562–563}} Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer covert assistance to a coup d'état, excluding assassination.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=617}} On November 1, 1963, a junta of senior military officers executed the [[1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état|coup]] which led to the [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|arrest and assassinations of Diem and Nhu]] on November 2.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=262–268}}

By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |title=Vietnam War |publisher=Swarthmore College Peace Collection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124531/http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref> more than one hundred Americans had been killed in action and no final policy decision was made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics|title=Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives|access-date=January 30, 2024|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526173917/https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Track the rapid escalation of the Vietnam War under Pres. John F. Kennedy's administration |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/78017/John-F-Kennedy-number-Vietnam-Perspective-military |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130021951/https://www.britannica.com/video/78017/John-F-Kennedy-number-Vietnam-Perspective-military |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Matthews|2011|pp=393–394}} In the aftermath of the aborted coup in September 1963, the Kennedy administration reevaluated its policies in South Vietnam. Kennedy rejected the full-scale deployment of ground soldiers but also the total withdrawal of U.S. forces.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=265–266}} Historians disagree on whether the U.S. military presence in Vietnam would have escalated had Kennedy survived and been re-elected in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Joseph J. | last = Ellis | title = Making Vietnam History | journal = Reviews in American History | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | year = 2000 | pages = 625–629 | doi = 10.1353/rah.2000.0068 | s2cid = 144881388 }}</ref> Fueling the debate are statements made by Secretary of Defense McNamara in the 2003 documentary film ''[[The Fog of War]]'' that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling out of Vietnam after the 1964 election,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1635958_1635999_1634954-5,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628213900/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1635958_1635999_1634954-5,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 28, 2007 | work=Time Magazine | title=Warrior For Peace | date=June 21, 2007 | access-date=March 1, 2012 | first1=David | last1=Talbot}}</ref> and comments made by Kennedy administration [[White House Counsel]] and speechwriter [[Ted Sorensen]] in a 2008 memoir suggesting that Kennedy was undecided about what policy direction to take.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sorensen|first=Ted|year=2008|title=Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History|place=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|page=359|isbn=978-0060798710}}</ref>{{sfn|Matthews|2011|pp=393–394}}

On October 11, 1963, Kennedy signed [[National Security Action Memorandum 263|NSAM 263]] ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following the third recommendation of the [[McNamara–Taylor mission]] report, which concluded that the training program for the South Vietnamese military had sufficiently progressed to justify the withdrawal.<ref name="NSAM 263">{{cite web |url = http://www.jfklancer.com/NSAM263.html |work = JFK Lancer |last = Bundy |first = McGeorge| author-link=McGeorge Bundy |title = National Security Action Memorandum # 263 |date = October 11, 1963 |access-date =February 19, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124810/http://www.jfklancer.com/NSAM263.html | archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=680}}<ref name="McNamara-Taylor">{{cite report|title=McNamara–Taylor Report on Vietnam |website=[[Central Intelligence Agency|cia.gov]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R000100120009-1.pdf|access-date=May 6, 2024}}</ref> However, NSAM 263 also approved the first recommendation of the report to continue providing support to South Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism and until the [[Viet Cong]] was suppressed, while the third recommendation suggested that even if the majority of the U.S. military objective was completed by the end of 1965 that continued presence of U.S. training personnel in more limited numbers could be necessary if the insurgency was not suppressed.<ref>Logevall, Frederick (1998), "Vietnam and the Question of What Might Have Been," in Mark J. White, ed. ''Kennedy: The New Frontier Revisited'', New York: New York University Press, pp. 25, 27, 34–53</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 263, South Vietnam|publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfknsf-342-007#?image_identifier=JFKNSF-342-007-p0001|access-date=May 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="McNamara-Taylor" />

====West Berlin speech====
[[File:JFKBerlinSpeech.jpg|thumb|Kennedy delivering his speech in [[West Berlin]]]]

In 1963, Germany was enduring a time of particular vulnerability due to Soviet aggression to the east as well as the impending retirement of West German Chancellor [[Adenauer]].{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=534}} At the same time, French President Charles de Gaulle was trying to build a Franco-West German counterweight to the American and Soviet spheres of influence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skWRAgAAQBAJ&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Band%2Bgermany%2Beuropean%2Bcounterweight&pg=PA96|title=Christian Democracy in Europe Since 19455|isbn=978-1-135-75385-6|last1=Gehler|first1=Michael|last2=Kaiser|first2=Professor of European Studies Wolfram|last3=Kaiser|first3=Wolfram|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232650/https://books.google.com/books?id=skWRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Band%2Bgermany%2Beuropean%2Bcounterweight|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4U6yAAAAQBAJ&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Band%2Bgermany%2Beuropean%2Bcounterweight&pg=PA204|title=The Militant Face of Democracy|isbn=978-1-107-03740-3|last1=Geis|first1=Anna|last2=Müller|first2=Harald|last3=Schörnig|first3=Niklas|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4U6yAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Band%2Bgermany%2Beuropean%2Bcounterweight|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/degaulleworld00kuls|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/degaulleworld00kuls/page/29 29]|quote=de gaulle and germany european counterweight.|title=De Gaulle and the World|publisher=Syracuse University Press|last1=Kulski|first1=W. W|year=1966}}</ref> To Kennedy's eyes, this Franco-German cooperation seemed directed against [[NATO]]'s influence in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY3EAo4Tz1wC&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Bgermany%2Bcounterweight%2Bkennedy&pg=PA264|title=Modernity and Power|isbn=978-0-226-58650-2|last1=Ninkovich|first1=Frank|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232651/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY3EAo4Tz1wC&pg=PA264&q=de+gaulle+germany+counterweight+kennedy|url-status=live}}</ref>

To reinforce the U.S. alliance with West Germany, Kennedy travelled to West Germany and West Berlin in June 1963. On June 26, Kennedy toured West Berlin, culminating in a public speech at the city hall in front of hundreds of thousands of enthusiastic Berliners.{{sfn|Daum|2008|pages=125–163}} He reiterated the American commitment to Germany and criticized communism and was met with an ecstatic response from the massive audience.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=624}} Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us." The speech is known for its famous phrase ''"[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]"'' ("I am a Berliner").{{sfn|Daum|2008|pages=147–156}}

====Middle East====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Middle East}}
[[File:Kennedy with Shah of Iran, 1961.jpg|thumb|left|Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] of Iran, Kennedy, and U.S. Defense Secretary [[Robert McNamara]] in the [[Cabinet Room (White House)|White House Cabinet Room]] on April 13, 1962]]

Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Truman and Eisenhower administrations had enforced on [[Israel]] in favor of increased security ties, becoming the founder of the [[Israel–United States military relations|U.S.-Israeli military alliance]]. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' between the U.S. and Israel.<ref>{{cite book | title=Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict | publisher=Ashgate Publishing | author=Shannon, Vaughn P. | year=2003 | location=Aldershot | page=55 | isbn=0754635910}}</ref> In 1962, the Kennedy administration sold Israel a major weapon system, the [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk antiaircraft missile]]. Historians differ as to whether Kennedy pursued security ties with Israel primarily to shore up support with Jewish-American voters, or because of his admiration of the Jewish state.<ref>Zachary K. Goldman, "Ties that bind: John F. Kennedy and the foundations of the American–Israeli alliance: The Cold War and Israel." ''Cold War History'' 9.1 (2009): 23–58, quoting Ben-Zvi on p 25.</ref>

In December 1961, [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]'s Iraqi government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the partially American-controlled [[Iraq Petroleum Company]] (IPC)'s [[concessionary holding]] to those areas in which oil was actually being produced (namely, the fields at [[Az Zubair]] and [[Kirkuk]]), effectively expropriating 99.5% of the IPC concession. British and U.S. officials demanded that the Kennedy administration place pressure on the Qasim regime.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Douglas|title=American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945|publisher=The [[University of North Carolina Press]]|page=62}}</ref> In April 1962, the State Department issued new guidelines on Iraq that were intended to increase American influence. Meanwhile, Kennedy instructed the CIA—under the direction of [[Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.]]—to begin making preparations for a military coup against Qasim.{{sfn|Gibson|2015|pp=43–45}}

The anti-imperialist and anti-communist [[Iraqi Ba'ath Party]] overthrew and executed Qasim in [[Ramadan Revolution|a violent coup]] on February 8, 1963. Despite persistent rumors that the CIA orchestrated the coup, declassified documents and the testimony of former CIA officers indicate that there was no direct American involvement.{{sfn|Gibson|2015|pp=45, 57–58}} The Kennedy administration was pleased with the outcome and ultimately approved a $55-million arms deal for Iraq.{{sfn|Gibson|2015|pp=60–61, 80}}

====Ireland====
[[File:President's Trip to Europe- Motorcade in Cork. President Kennedy, motorcade, spectators. Cork, Ireland - NARA - 194227.jpg|thumb|Kennedy's motorcade through [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland on June 28, 1963]]

During his four-day visit to his ancestral home of Ireland beginning on June 26, 1963,<ref>{{cite web |title=President John F. Kennedy on His Historic Trip to Ireland |url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?kennedy-ireland-trip |work=Shapell Manuscript Collection |publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation |access-date=November 13, 2013 |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517120227/https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/kennedy-ireland-trip/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kennedy accepted a grant of [[Achievement (heraldry)|armorial bearings]] from the [[Chief Herald of Ireland]], received honorary degrees from the [[National University of Ireland]] and [[Trinity College Dublin]], attended a State Dinner in Dublin, and was conferred with the freedom of the towns and cities of Wexford, Cork, Dublin, Galway, and Limerick.{{sfn|Sorensen|1966|p=656}}<ref name="homecoming">{{cite web |url=http://jfkhomecoming.com/timeline/introduction/ |title=Timeline |website=JFKhomecoming |date=2013 |access-date=March 31, 2024 |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111192717/http://jfkhomecoming.com/timeline/introduction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He visited the cottage at Dunganstown, near [[New Ross]], County Wexford, where his ancestors had lived before emigrating to America.<ref name="BBC 1963">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm |title=1963: Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland |access-date=February 23, 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] | date=June 27, 1963 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803125829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>

Kennedy was the first foreign leader to address the [[Oireachtas|Houses of the Oireachtas]], the Irish parliament.<ref name="homecoming" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/lPAi7jx2s0i7kePPdJnUXA.aspx |title=Address Before the Irish Parliament in Dublin, June 28, 1963 (Text and audio) |website=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] |date=June 28, 1963 |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828040037/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/lPAi7jx2s0i7kePPdJnUXA.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1722-john-f-kennedy/ |title=President Kennedy in Ireland (Text and video) |work=[[RTÉ]] Archives |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920094442/https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1722-john-f-kennedy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kennedy later told aides that the trip was the best four days of his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20234703.html |title=The best four days of JFK's life |first=Ray |last=Ryan |date=June 21, 2013 |newspaper=[[Irish Examiner]] |issn=1393-9564 |location=Cork |language=en-ie |access-date=February 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230759/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20234703.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====American University speech====
{{Listen
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| description = Speech from [[American University]] by John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963 (duration 26:47)
| format = Ogg
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On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high point of his rhetorical powers,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mufson|first1=Steve|title=Obama will echo Kennedy's American University nuclear speech from 1963|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/obama-will-echo-kennedys-american-university-nuclear-speech-from-1963/2015/08/04/b037d0fe-3ab8-11e5-b3ac-8a79bc44e5e2_story.html|access-date=August 6, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=August 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805040413/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/obama-will-echo-kennedys-american-university-nuclear-speech-from-1963/2015/08/04/b037d0fe-3ab8-11e5-b3ac-8a79bc44e5e2_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> delivered the [[American University speech|commencement address at American University]]. Also known as "A Strategy of Peace", not only did Kennedy outline a plan to curb nuclear arms, but he also "laid out a hopeful, yet realistic route for world peace at a time when the U.S. and Soviet Union faced the potential for an escalating [[nuclear arms race]]."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Joy Y.|title=Obama to follow in John F. Kennedy's historic footsteps|url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-follow-john-f-kennedy-historic-footsteps|agency=MSNBC|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 4, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803125334/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-follow-john-f-kennedy-historic-footsteps | archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> Kennedy also announced that the Soviets had expressed a desire to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, and that the U.S. had postponed planned atmospheric tests.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=514}}

====Nuclear Test Ban Treaty====
{{main|Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty}}
[[File:President Kennedy signs Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 07 October 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy signs the [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]], a major milestone in early [[nuclear disarmament]], on October 7, 1963.]]

Troubled by the long-term dangers of [[radioactive contamination]] and [[nuclear proliferation]], Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, originally conceived in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=552}} In their Vienna summit meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, but the Soviet Union began testing nuclear weapons that September. In response, the United States conducted tests five days later.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=227}} Shortly afterwards, new U.S. satellites began delivering images that made it clear that the Soviets were substantially behind the U.S. in the arms race.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=229}} Nevertheless, the greater nuclear strength of the U.S. was of little value as long as the Soviet Union perceived itself to be at parity.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=243}}

In July 1963, Kennedy sent [[W. Averell Harriman]] to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=542}} The introductory sessions included Khrushchev, who later delegated Soviet representation to [[Andrei Gromyko]]. It quickly became clear that a comprehensive test ban would not be implemented, due largely to the reluctance of the Soviets to allow inspections to verify compliance.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=548}}

Ultimately, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to a limited treaty, which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but not underground. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, and Kennedy signed it on October 7, 1963.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Test Ban Treaty |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719110611/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> France was quick to declare that it was free to continue developing and testing its nuclear defenses.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=550}}

===Domestic policy===
====New Frontier====
{{main|New Frontier}}
[[File:Bill Signing- Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962. President Kennedy, Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg... - NARA - 194205.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Kennedy signing the [[New Frontier#Unemployment|Manpower Development and Training Act]], March 15, 1962]]

Kennedy called his domestic proposals the "[[New Frontier]]".{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|pp=63–65}} However, Kennedy's small margin of victory in the 1960 election, his lack of deep connections to influential members of Congress, and his administration's focus on foreign policy hindered the passage of New Frontier policies.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=40–41, 100}}

In 1961, Kennedy prioritized passing five bills: federal assistance for education, medical insurance for the elderly, housing legislation, federal aid to struggling areas, and an increase in the federal minimum wage.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=99}} Kennedy's bill to increase the [[minimum wage in the United States|federal minimum wage]] to $1.25 an hour passed in early 1961, but an amendment inserted by conservative leader from Georgia, [[Carl Vinson]], exempted laundry workers from the law.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=102–103}} Kennedy also won passage of the [[Area Redevelopment Administration|Area Redevelopment Act]] and the Housing Act of 1961. The Area Redevelopment Act, a $394 million program, provided federal funding to economically struggling regions (primarily in [[Appalachia]]), while the Housing Act of 1961 provided funds for [[urban renewal]] and [[public housing]] and authorized federal [[mortgage loans]] to those who did not qualify for public housing.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=105–106}} Kennedy proposed a bill providing for $2.3 billion in federal educational aid to the states, with more money going to states with lower [[per capita income]]. Though the Senate passed the education bill, it was defeated in the House by a coalition of Republicans, Southern Democrats, and Catholics.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=103–104}} Kennedy's health insurance bill, which would have paid for hospitalization and nursing costs for the elderly, failed to pass either house of Congress.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=104–105}} A bill that would have established the [[Department of Housing and Urban Development|Department of Urban Affairs and Housing]] was also defeated.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=106–107}}

In 1962, Kennedy won approval of the [[Manpower Development and Training Act]], a three-year program aimed at retraining workers displaced by new technology. Its impact on [[structural unemployment]], however, was minimal.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=105–106}} At the urging of his sister [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]], Kennedy made [[intellectual disabilities]] a priority for his administration. In 1963, Congress passed the [[Community Mental Health Act]], which provided funding to local mental health community centers and research facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and People with Intellectual Disabilities |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-people-with-intellectual-disabilities |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121030950/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-people-with-intellectual-disabilities |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Trade policy included both domestic and foreign policy. The 1962 [[Trade Expansion Act]] passed Congress by wide majorities. It authorized the president to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50 percent with the [[European Common Market]].{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=107–109}} The legislation paved the way for the [[Kennedy Round]] of [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] negotiations, concluding on June 30, 1967, the last day before expiration of the Act.<ref>{{cite journal|first=John B.|last=Rehm|jstor=2196880|title=Developments in the law and institutions of international economic relations: the Kennedy Round of Trade Negotiations|journal=[[The American Journal of International Law]]|publisher=[[American Society of International Law]]|volume=62|issue=2|date=April 1968|pages=403–434|doi=10.2307/2196880}}</ref>

====Taxes====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Taxes and the Treasury}}
[[Walter Heller]], who served as the chairman of the CEA, advocated for a [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]]-style tax cut designed to help spur economic growth, and Kennedy adopted this policy.{{sfn|Patterson|1996|pp=464–465}} The idea was that a tax cut would stimulate consumer demand, which in turn would lead to higher economic growth, lower unemployment, and increased federal revenues.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=125}} To the disappointment of liberals like [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], Kennedy's embrace of the tax cut shifted his administration's focus away from the proposed old-age health insurance program and other domestic expenditures.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=136–137}} In January 1963, Kennedy proposed a tax cut that would reduce the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 65 percent, and lower the corporate tax rate from 52 to 47 percent. The predictions according to the Keynesian model indicated the cuts would decrease income taxes by about $10 billion and corporate taxes by about $3.5 billion. The plan included reforms designed to reduce the impact of [[itemized deduction]]s, as well as provisions to help the elderly and handicapped. Republicans and many Southern Democrats opposed the bill, calling for simultaneous reductions in expenditures, but debate continued throughout 1963.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=139–141}} Three months after Kennedy died, Johnson pushed the plan through Congress. The [[Revenue Act of 1964]] lowered the top individual rate to 70 percent, and the top corporate rate to 48 percent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Why Budgets Matter: Budget Policy and American Politics |last=Ippolito |first=Dennis |year=2004 |publisher=Penn State Press |pages=173–175|isbn=0-271-02260-4}}</ref>

====Economy====
{{See also|Recession of 1960–1961|Kennedy Slide of 1962}}
[[File:JFK delivers State of the Union Address, 14 January 1963.jpg|thumb|President Kennedy delivers his State of the Union Address; {{circa|January 14, 1963}}.]]
Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep [[interest rate]]s down and to encourage growth of the economy.{{sfn|Frum|2000|p=293}} He presided over the first government budget to top the $100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 resulted in the nation's first non-war, non-recession [[Government budget deficit|deficit]].{{sfn|Frum|2000|p=324}} The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably throughout his administration. Despite low [[inflation]] and interest rates, the [[GDP]] had grown by an average of only 2.2% per annum during the Eisenhower administration (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and it had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office.<ref name="Bureau of Economic Analysis">{{cite web | url = https://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=6&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=1953&LastYear=1964&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no | title = BEA: Quarterly GDP figures by sector, 1953–1964 | publisher = United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis | access-date = February 23, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070717/http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=6&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=1953&LastYear=1964&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no | archive-date = March 6, 2012 | url-status=dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The economy turned around and prospered during Kennedy's presidency. The GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963,<ref name="Bureau of Economic Analysis" /> while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased.<ref name="GDP 1913 to 2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-36.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511134314/http://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-36.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2005 |title=Consumer and Gross Domestic Price Indices: 1913 to 2002 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |year=2003 |access-date=February 23, 2012 }}</ref> Industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales increased by 40%.<ref name="Statistical Abstract 1964">{{cite web | url = http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1964-01.pdf | title = Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1964 | publisher = U.S. Department of Commerce | date = July 1964 | access-date = March 28, 2010 | archive-date = May 17, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200517120228/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1964-01.pdf?sec_ak_reference=18.1860fea5.1589716948.d31603e | url-status = live }}</ref> This sustained rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around 1969.<ref name="Bureau of Economic Analysis" />

Kennedy was proud that his Labor Department helped keep wages steady in the steel industry, but was outraged in April 1962 when [[Roger Blough]], the president of [[U.S. Steel]], quietly informed Kennedy that his company would raise prices.{{sfn|Parmet|1983|p=238}} In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy began a [[price-fixing]] investigation against U.S. Steel, and President Kennedy convinced other steel companies to rescind their price increases until finally even U.S. Steel, isolated and in danger of being undersold, agreed to rescind its own price increase.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=130–134}} An editorial in ''The New York Times'' praised Kennedy's actions and stated that the steel industry's price increase "imperil[ed] the economic welfare of the country by inviting a tidal wave of inflation."<ref name="NY Times 1962">{{cite news | title = Inflation in Steel | date = April 12, 1962 | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00615FD3F5C117B93C0A8178FD85F468685F9 | access-date = February 24, 2012 | archive-date = March 31, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040143/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/12/archives/inflation-in-steel.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the administration's Bureau of Budget reported the price increase would have caused a net gain for the GDP as well as a net budget surplus.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=300}} The stock market, which had steadily declined since Kennedy's election in 1960, dropped 10% shortly after the administration's action on the steel industry took place.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=318–320}}

====Civil rights movement====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Civil rights}}
{{see also|Civil rights movement}}
[[File:Thurgood Marshall 1957-09-17.jpg|thumb|upright|In May 1961, Kennedy appointed [[Thurgood Marshall]] to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals]].]]

Kennedy verbally supported [[civil rights]] during his 1960 presidential campaign; he telephoned [[Coretta Scott King]], wife of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], who had been jailed while trying to integrate a department store lunch counter. Robert Kennedy called Georgia Governor [[Ernest Vandiver]] and obtained King's release from prison, which drew additional Black support to his brother's candidacy.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=292–293}} Recognizing that conservative Southern Democrats could block legislation, Kennedy did not introduce civil rights legislation on taking office.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=487}} He needed their support to pass his economic and foreign policy agendas, and to support his reelection in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624125056/http://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kennedy did appoint many Blacks to office, including civil rights attorney [[Thurgood Marshall]] to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals]].{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}}

Kennedy believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern Whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, and he distanced himself from it.{{sfn|Bryant|2006a|pp=60, 66}} As articulated by Robert Kennedy, the administration's early priority was to "keep the president out of this civil rights mess."{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=126}} Civil rights movement participants, mainly those on the front line in the South, viewed Kennedy as lukewarm,{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}} especially concerning the [[Freedom Riders]]. In May 1961, the [[Congress of Racial Equality]], led by [[James Farmer]], organized integrated Freedom Rides to test a Supreme Court case ruling that declared segregation on interstate transportation illegal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Modern Civil Rights Movement and The Kennedy Administration |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement#:~:text=Kennedy%20defined%20the%20civil%20rights,of%20the%20right%20to%20vote. |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123155/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement#:~:text=Kennedy%20defined%20the%20civil%20rights,of%20the%20right%20to%20vote. |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The Riders were repeatedly met with mob violence, including by federal and state law enforcement officers.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}} Kennedy assigned [[federal marshal]]s to protect the Riders rather than using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}} Kennedy feared sending federal troops would stir up "hated memories of [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]]" among conservative Southern whites.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}} The Justice Department then petitioned the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] (ICC) to adhere to federal law. By September 1961, the ICC ruled in favor of the petition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilty |first1=James |title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector |date=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press |page=329}}</ref>

On March 6, 1961, Kennedy signed [[Executive Order 10925]], which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."<ref>[[s:Executive Order 10925|wikisource – Executive Order No. 10925]]</ref> It established the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission#Background|President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity]].{{sfn|Patterson|1996|pp=473–475}}

In September 1962, [[James Meredith]] enrolled at the all-White [[University of Mississippi]] but was prevented from entering. In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2012/093012.htm|title=U.S. Marshals Mark 50th Anniversary of the Integration of 'Ole Miss'|website=www.usmarshals.gov|access-date=April 25, 2020|archive-date=May 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031013/https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2012/093012.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ole Miss riot of 1962]] left two dead and dozens injured, prompting Kennedy to send in 3,000 troops to quell the riot.{{sfn|Bryant|2006a|p=71}} Meredith did finally enroll in class. Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier and he began to doubt whether the "evils of Reconstruction" he had been taught or believed were true.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=490}} On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed [[Executive Order 11063]], which prohibited racial discrimination in federally supported housing.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=580}}

[[File:President Kennedy addresses nation on Civil Rights, 11 June 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy's [[Report to the American People on Civil Rights]], {{circa|June 11, 1963}}]]

On June 11, 1963, Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]] blocked the [[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door|doorway]] to the [[University of Alabama]] to stop two Black students, [[Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]], from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and the [[Alabama National Guard]], which had just been federalized by order of the president. That evening Kennedy gave his famous [[Report to the American People on Civil Rights]] speech on national television and radio, launching his initiative for civil rights legislation—to provide equal access to public schools and other facilities, and greater protection of voting rights.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=521–523}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcivilrights.htm | title = Civil Rights Address | access-date = September 20, 2007 | last = Kennedy | first = John F. | work = AmericanRhetoric.com | archive-date = May 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513121702/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcivilrights.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

His proposals became part of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The day ended with the murder of an NAACP leader, [[Medgar Evers]], in Mississippi.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2002|p=966}} As Kennedy had predicted, the day after his TV speech, and in reaction to it, House Majority leader [[Carl Albert]] called to advise him that his two-year signature effort in Congress to combat poverty in Appalachia had been defeated, primarily by the votes of Southern Democrats and Republicans.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=524}} When Arthur Schlesinger Jr. complimented Kennedy on his remarks, Kennedy bitterly replied, "Yes, and look at what happened to area development the very next day in the House." He then added, "But of course, I had to give that speech, and I'm glad that I did."{{sfn|Cohen|2016|p=357}} On June 16, ''The New York Times'' published an editorial which argued that while Kennedy had initially "moved too slowly and with little evidence of deep moral commitment" in regards to civil rights he "now demonstrate[d] a genuine sense of urgency about eradicating racial discrimination from our national life."{{sfn|Goduti|2012|p=206}}

[[File:John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson Meet with Organizers of "March on Washington".jpg|thumb|Kennedy meetings with leaders of the [[March on Washington]] in the Oval Office, {{circa|August 28, 1963}}]]

A crowd of over 250,000, predominantly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the civil rights [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] on August 28, 1963. Kennedy initially opposed the march, fearing it would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills pending in Congress. These fears were heightened just prior to the march when FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] presented Kennedy with reports that some of King's close advisers, specifically [[Jack O'Dell]] and [[Stanley Levison]], were communists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/07/the-fbi-and-martin-luther-king/302537/|title=The FBI and Martin Luther King|last=Garrow|first=David J.|work=The Atlantic|access-date=April 25, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425204832/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/07/the-fbi-and-martin-luther-king/302537/|url-status=live}}</ref> When King ignored the administration's warning, Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI to [[wiretap]] King and other leaders of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/federal-bureau-investigation-fbi | title=Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) | date=May 2, 2017 | publisher=Stanford University | access-date=December 3, 2019 | archive-date=April 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415070003/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/federal-bureau-investigation-fbi | url-status=live }}</ref> Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so,"{{sfn|Herst|2007|p=372}} Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.{{sfn|Herst|2007|pp=372–374}}

The Department of Justice was assigned to coordinate the federal government's involvement in the March on Washington on August 28; several hundred thousand dollars to were channeled to the six sponsors of the March.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=580–584}} To ensure a peaceful demonstration, the organizers and the president personally edited speeches that were inflammatory and collaborated on all aspects related to times and venues. Thousands of troops were placed on standby. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest," and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Afterwards, the March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with Kennedy and photos were taken. Kennedy felt that the March was a victory for him as well and bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=580–584}}

Three weeks later on Sunday, September 15, [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|a bomb exploded]] at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham; by the end of the day, four Black children had died in the explosion, and two others were shot to death in the aftermath.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=599–600}} Due to this resurgent violence, the civil rights legislation underwent some drastic amendments that critically endangered any prospects for passage of the bill, to the outrage of Kennedy. He called the congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=628–631}} Gaining Republican support, Senator [[Everett Dirksen]] promised the legislation would be brought to a vote preventing a [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|Senate filibuster]].{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=492}} On July 2, 1964, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=492}}

====Status of women====
[[File:American Association of University Women members with President John F. Kennedy as he signs the Equal Pay Act into law.jpg|thumb|Kennedy signing the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] into law]]

During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy endorsed the concept of [[equal pay for equal work]].{{sfn|Giglio|2006|p=142}} In December 1961, Kennedy signed an executive order creating the [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women]] to advise him on issues concerning the status of women.<ref>{{cite web | last = Kennedy | first = John F. | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58918/ | title = Executive Order 10980 – Establishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women | date = December 14, 1961 | access-date = January 25, 2011 | others = Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project | archive-date = May 11, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190703/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58918/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt led the commission. The commission's final report was issued in October 1963; it documented the legal and cultural discrimination women in America faced and made several policy recommendations to bring about change.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=433}} On June 10, 1963, Kennedy signed the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which amended the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] and abolished wage disparity based on sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eeoc.gov/epa/anniversary/epa-40.html |title=The Equal Pay Act Turns 40|publisher=Archive.eeoc.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626131413/http://archive.eeoc.gov/epa/anniversary/epa-40.html|archive-date=June 26, 2012}}</ref>

====Crime====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Crime}}
Under the leadership of the attorney general, the Kennedy administration shifted the focus of the Justice Department, the FBI, and the IRS to [[organized crime]]. Kennedy won congressional approval for five bills (i.e., [[Federal Wire Act]] of 1961) designed to crack down on interstate [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]], gambling, and the transportation of firearms.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Schwartz | first=David | date=September 2010 | title=Not Undertaking the Almost-Impossible Task: The 1961 Wire Act's Development, Initial Applications, and Ultimate Purpose | journal=Gaming Law Review and Economics | volume=14 | issue=7 | pages=533–540 | doi=10.1089/glre.2010.14708 | url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=lib_articles | access-date=November 19, 2023 | archive-date=October 1, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001033310/https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=lib_articles | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rothchild |first1=John A. |title=Research Handbook on Electronic Commerce Law |date=2016 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. |page=453 |isbn=9781783479924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_MCDQAAQBAJ&dq=Robert+Kennedy+Wire+Act,+Travel+Act,+and+Interstate+Transportation+of+Paraphernalia+Act&pg=PA453 |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163351/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_MCDQAAQBAJ&dq=Robert%20Kennedy%20Wire%20Act%2C%20Travel%20Act%2C%20and%20Interstate%20Transportation%20of%20Paraphernalia%20Act&pg=PA453 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 22, 1962, Kennedy signed into law a bill abolishing the mandatory death penalty for [[First degree murder in the United States|first degree murder]] in the District of Columbia, the only remaining jurisdiction in the United States with such a penalty.<ref name="JFKlibrary.org leg">{{cite web | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Legislative-Summary-Main-Page/District-of-Columbia.aspx | title = Legislative Summary: District of Columbia | access-date = June 8, 2015 | publisher = [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] | archive-date = May 29, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529072333/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Legislative-Summary-Main-Page/District-of-Columbia.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref> The death penalty has not been applied in D.C. since 1957 and has now been abolished.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.norton.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=478 | title = Norton Letter to U.S. Attorney Says Death Penalty Trial That Begins Today Part of Troubling and Futile Pattern | date = January 8, 2007 | access-date = February 23, 2012 | publisher = Office of Congresswoman [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]] | archive-date = March 3, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111530/http://www.norton.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=478 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

====Agriculture====
Kennedy had relatively little interest in agricultural issues, but he sought to remedy the issue of overproduction, boost the income of farmers, and lower federal expenditures on agriculture. Under the direction of Secretary of Agriculture [[Orville Freeman]], the administration sought to limit the production of farmers, but these proposals were generally defeated in Congress. To increase demand for domestic agricultural products and help the impoverished, Kennedy launched a pilot [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|Food Stamp program]] and expanded the [[National School Lunch Act|federal school lunch program]].{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=109–118}}

====Native American relations====
{{further|Kinzua Dam#Native Americans|Seneca nation#Kinzua Dam}}

Construction of the [[Kinzua Dam]] flooded {{convert|10000|acre|sigfig=1|abbr=off}} of [[Seneca nation]] land that they had occupied under the [[Treaty of Canandaigua|Treaty of 1794]], and forced 600 Seneca to relocate to [[Salamanca (town), New York|Salamanca, New York]]. Kennedy was asked by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] to halt the project, but he declined, citing a critical need for flood control. He expressed concern about the plight of the Seneca and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to mitigate their displacement.{{sfn|Bilharz|2002|p=55}}<ref name="Kennedy letter 1961">{{cite web | last = Kennedy | first = John F. | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8279 | title = 320 – Letter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River | publisher = The American Presidency Project | date = August 11, 1961 | access-date = February 25, 2012 | archive-date = January 12, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112105747/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8279 | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Space policy====
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Space policy}}
{{see also|Space Race|Space policy of the United States}}
[[File:Werner Von Braun and President John F. Kennedy at Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex - 1963 - 63PC-0095.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wernher von Braun]] explains the Saturn system to President Kennedy during his tour at the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex]] on November 16, 1963]]

In the aftermath of the Soviet launch of ''[[Sputnik 1]]'', the first artificial Earth satellite, [[NASA]] proposed a crewed [[moon landing|lunar landing]] by the early 1970s.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=150–151}} Funding for the program, known as the [[Apollo program]], was far from certain as Eisenhower held an ambivalent attitude.<ref>{{cite book| title=Apollo: The Race to the Moon| last1=Murray| first1=Charles| last2=Cox| first2=Catherine Bly| date=1989| publisher=Simon & Schuster| isbn=0671611011| page=60}}</ref> Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle the crewed space program, but he postponed any decision out of deference to Vice President Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the program in the Senate.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=138}} With [[Jerome Wiesner]], Johnson was given a major role in overseeing the administration's space policy, and at Johnson's recommendation Kennedy appointed [[James E. Webb]] to head NASA.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=151–152}}

In Kennedy's [[State of the Union]] address in 1961, he suggested international cooperation in space. Khrushchev declined, as the Soviets did not wish to reveal the status of their rocketry and space capabilities.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=502}} In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind by the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=393}} Less than a month later, [[Alan Shepard]] became the first American to travel into space, strengthening Kennedy's confidence in NASA.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=152–153}} The following year, [[John Glenn]], aboard the [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] craft ''[[Friendship 7]]'', became the first American to orbit the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Program |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/space-program#:~:text=In%201961%2C%20President%20John%20F,the%20space%20race%20was%20on. |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121011242/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/space-program#:~:text=In%201961%2C%20President%20John%20F,the%20space%20race%20was%20on. |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the aftermath of Gagarin's flight, as well as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy felt pressured to respond to the perceived erosion of American prestige. He asked Johnson to explore the feasibility of beating the Soviets to the [[Moon]]. Though he was concerned about the program's costs, Kennedy agreed to Johnson's recommendation that the U.S. commit to a crewed lunar landing as the major objective of the space program. In a May 25 speech to Congress, Kennedy declared,{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=152–153}}
{{Blockquote|... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.<ref name="Kennedy at Congress 1961">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=John F. |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-2-1.html |title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 2 |work=history.nasa.gov |year=1961 |access-date=February 26, 2012 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121530/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-2-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Cws |title=Full text |link=Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs|nobullet=yes}}}}
[[File:John F. Kennedy speaks at Rice University.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy speaks at [[Rice University]] on September 12, 1962]]

Though Gallup polling showed that many in the public were skeptical of the necessity of the Apollo program,<ref>Young, Hugo; Silcock, Bryan; Dunn, Peter M. (1969). ''Journey to Tranquility''. London: Jonathon Cape. pp. 109–112</ref> members of Congress were strongly supportive in 1961 and approved a major increase in NASA's funding. Webb began reorganizing NASA, increasing its staffing level, and building two new centers: a [[Kennedy Space Center|Launch Operations Center]] for the [[Saturn V|large Moon rocket]] northwest of [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], and a [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]] in Houston. Kennedy took the latter occasion as an opportunity to deliver another [[We choose to go to the Moon|speech]] promoting the space effort on September 12, 1962, in which he said:

<blockquote> No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.<ref name="Kennedy at Rice 1961">{{cite web|url=http://webcast.rice.edu/speeches/19620912kennedy.html|title=President John F. Kennedy: The Space Effort|last=Kennedy|first=John F.|date=September 12, 1962|publisher=[[Rice University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708190606/http://webcast.rice.edu/speeches/19620912kennedy.html|archive-date=July 8, 2006}}</ref> {{Cws |title=Full text |link=We choose to go to the moon |nobullet=yes}}</blockquote>

On November 21, 1962, in a cabinet meeting with Webb and other officials, Kennedy explained that the Moon shot was important for reasons of international prestige, and that the expense was justified.<ref>{{cite news |year=2011 |title=JFK and the Space Race |last=Selverstone |first=Marc |publisher=White House Tapes–Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-race |access-date=February 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205812/http://whitehousetapes.net/exhibit/jfk-and-space-race |archive-date=March 5, 2012 }}</ref> On July 20, 1969, almost six years after Kennedy's death, [[Apollo 11]] landed the first crewed spacecraft on the Moon.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=153–155}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{main|John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates|List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy}}

In 1962, Kennedy appointed justices [[Byron White]] and [[Arthur Goldberg]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Supreme Court Nominations (1789–Present)| url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm| publisher=United States Senate| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=February 16, 2022| archive-date=October 7, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007075720/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, Kennedy appointed 21 judges to the [[United States Courts of Appeals]], and 102 judges to the [[United States district court]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy Nominees Still Serving Country |url=https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/feature2-july11-pdf-1.pdf |website=Federal Bar Association |access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213013042/https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/feature2-july11-pdf-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Assassination==
{{main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination}}

Kennedy was assassinated in [[Dallas]] at 12:30 p.m. [[Central Standard Time]] on November 22, 1963.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wicker |first1=Tom |title=Kennedy Is Killed By Sniper As He Rides In Car In Dallas; Johnson Sworn In On Plane |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/04/12/specials/johnson-kennedy.html?scp=6&sq=johnson%20sworn%20in&st=cse |website=The New York Times |date=November 23, 1963}}</ref> He was in Texas on a political trip to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals [[Ralph Yarborough]] and [[Don Yarborough]] (no relation) and conservative [[John Connally]].<ref>{{cite web |first1= |title=Why was U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy in Texas on November 22, 1963? |url=https://www.britannica.com/question/Why-was-U-S-Pres-John-F-Kennedy-in-Texas-on-November-22-1963 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> Traveling in a presidential [[motorcade]] through [[Dealey Plaza]], he was shot once in the back, the bullet exiting via his throat, and once in the head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/press.htm|title=Doctors attending to Kennedy reported.|access-date=May 15, 2018|date=November 1963|archive-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528043725/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/press.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=694}}
[[File:JFK limousine.png|thumb|The Kennedys and the Connallys in the presidential limousine moments before the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] in Dallas]]

Kennedy was taken to [[Parkland Hospital]], where he was pronounced dead 30 minutes later, at 1:00 p.m.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=November 22, 1963: Death of the President |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/november-22-1963-death-of-the-president |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=February 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228190351/http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> He was 46 years old. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was arrested for the murder of police officer [[J. D. Tippit]] and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lee Harvey Oswald |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Harvey-Oswald |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 29, 2024 }}</ref> He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a [[wikt:patsy|patsy]],<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg Lee Oswald claiming innocence (film)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326151132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg&feature=related |date=March 26, 2014 }}, YouTube</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm Kantor Exhibit No. 3 – Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231214/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm |date=March 28, 2019 }}</ref> and was shot dead by [[Jack Ruby]] on November 24, before he could be prosecuted.<ref name="auto3"/> Ruby was arrested and convicted for the murder of Oswald. Ruby successfully appealed his conviction but died of cancer on January 3, 1967, while the date for his new trial was being set.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Ruby |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Ruby |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

President Johnson quickly issued an [[executive order]] to create the [[Warren Commission]]—chaired by Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]]—to investigate the assassination. The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy.{{sfn|Brauer|2002|p=497}}{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=698}} These conclusions are disputed by many.<ref name="Russo">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/did-castro-ok-kennedy-assassination Gus Russo and Stephen Molton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119014218/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/did-castro-ok-kennedy-assassination |date=November 19, 2018 }} "Did Castro OK the Kennedy Assassination?," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2009.</ref> A [[Gallup Poll]] in November 2013 showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought that Oswald did it alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/165893/majority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx |title=Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |date=November 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801184321/http://www.gallup.com/poll/165893/majority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx |archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> In 1979, the [[U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded, with one third of the committee dissenting, "that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy]]." The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy. This conclusion was based largely on audio recordings of the shooting.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ "Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report |date=April 3, 2020 }}. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 11, 2013.</ref> Subsequently, investigative reports from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and a specially appointed [[National Academy of Sciences]] Committee determined that "reliable acoustic data do not support a conclusion that there was a second gunman."<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10264/report-of-the-committee-on-ballistic-acoustics |doi=10.17226/10264 |first=National Research |last=Council |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-309-25372-7 |access-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314144159/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10264/report-of-the-committee-on-ballistic-acoustics |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy".<ref>{{cite web |title=PDF Justice Department of JFK-King Reinvestigation |url=http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Justice%20Department%20of/Justice%20Department%20of%20JFK-King%20Reinvestigation/Item%2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109192941/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Justice%20Department%20of/Justice%20Department%20of%20JFK-King%20Reinvestigation/Item%2014.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=The Harold Weisberg Archive |page=5}}</ref>

===Funeral===
{{main|State funeral of John F. Kennedy|List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy}}
[[File:JFK's family leaves Capitol after his funeral, 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy's family leaving his [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|funeral]] at the [[U.S. Capitol Building]]]]
Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington. On November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the [[East Room|East Room of the White House]], where he lay in repose for 24 hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=36–37, 56–57, 68}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The New York Times|2003|pp=197–201}}</ref> Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn [[Limbers and caissons|caisson]] to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,<ref name="WhitePage16">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=16}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134}}</ref> with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.<ref name="WhitePage16"/>

Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)|St. Matthew's Cathedral]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="WhitePage17">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=17}}</ref> The [[Requiem|Requiem Mass]] was led by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Richard Cushing]], then the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston|Archbishop of Boston]].<ref name="WhitePage17"/> It was attended by approximately 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|p=93}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=126}}</ref> After the service, Kennedy was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|p=18}}</ref>

==Personal life, family, and reputation==
{{further|Kennedy family}}
[[File:ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg|thumb|The Kennedy brothers: Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Senator [[Ted Kennedy]], and President John F. Kennedy in 1963]]
The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a president, three senators, three ambassadors, and multiple other representatives and politicians. While a congressman, Kennedy embarked on a seven-week trip to India, Japan, Vietnam, and Israel in 1951, at which point he became close with his then 25-year-old brother Robert, as well as his 27-year-old sister Patricia. Because they were several years apart in age, the brothers had previously seen little of each other. This {{convert|25000|mi|km|-3|adj=on}} trip was the first extended time they had spent together and resulted in their becoming best friends.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=29}} Robert would eventually serve as his brother's [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]] and closest presidential advisor;{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=29}} he would later run for president in [[Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign|1968]] before his [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|assassination]], while another Kennedy brother, Ted, ran for president in [[Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign|1980]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kennedys in Politics |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedys-politics/ |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

===Wife and children===
Kennedy met his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier]], when he was a congressman. [[Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)|Charles L. Bartlett]], a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party.<ref>Cover story, ''Time magazine'', January 20, 1961</ref> They were married on September 12, 1953, at [[St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Specious allegations in 1997 by UK journalist Terry O'Hanlon {{cite web |title=JFK The Bigamist. ... . The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... . |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |work=Sunday Mirror |access-date=October 31, 2010 |author=Golden, Andrew |date=July 27, 1997 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210243/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564 |url-status=live }} and by author Seymour Hersh {{cite news |last=Reingold |first=Joyce |title=JFK 'Secret Marriage' A Story With Legs |url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News |access-date=October 31, 2010 |date=March 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510034800/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }} that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that [[Ben Bradlee]], then at ''[[Newsweek]]'', inspected FBI files on it, and confirmed the falsehood. {{harvnb|Reeves|1993|p=348}}; for further refutation, see {{harvnb|O'Brien|2005|p=706}}.</ref> The newlyweds honeymooned in Mexico, before settling in their new home, [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] in [[McLean, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, Sally Bedell |title=Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House| url = https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit | url-access = registration |year=2004 |publisher=Random House | isbn = 978-0-375-50449-5 |author-link= Sally Bedell Smith}}</ref> In 1956, they sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, and bought a townhouse in [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]].<ref>O'Brien, p. 291.</ref>{{sfn|Brinkley|2012|p=36}} The Kennedys also resided at an apartment in [[Boston]], their legal residence during John's congressional career,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House |pages=443–444}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=John T. |title=JFK in the Senate |date=2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34183-8 |page=15}}</ref> and a summer home in [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts]].<ref>O'Brien, p. 292.</ref>

After a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] was born in 1957. [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]], nicknamed "John-John" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr. died in 1999 when the [[John F. Kennedy, Jr. plane crash|small plane he was piloting crashed]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | title = Kennedy Plane Found to Be Fully Functional | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = July 31, 1999 | access-date = January 2, 2010 | archive-date = May 25, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100525100145/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In August 1963, Jackie gave birth to a son, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]. However, he died after two days due to complications from birth.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blair|first1=William M.|title=Kennedys Mourn Death of Infant – Kennedys Mourning Baby Son; Funeral Today Will Be Private|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|work=The New York Times|date=August 10, 1963|page=1|access-date=December 13, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020170113/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822324.html?pageNumber=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Popular image===
[[File:JFK and family in Hyannis Port, 04 August 1962.jpg|thumb|The First Family in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], 1962]]
Kennedy and his wife were younger than the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the [[media culture]] in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast [[Live television|live]] and made good use of the medium.<ref name="american chronicle">{{cite news|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883|publisher=American Chronicle|date=March 15, 2006|title=Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young!|first=Robert|last=Rouse|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913094418/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883|archive-date=September 13, 2008}}</ref> In 1961, the [[Radio Television Digital News Association|Radio-Television News Directors Association]] presented Kennedy with its highest honor, the [[Paul White (journalist)|Paul White]] Award, in recognition of his open relationship with the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtdna.org/article/rtdna_s_kennedy_connections |title=RTDNA's Kennedy connections |publisher=[[Radio Television Digital News Association]], November 26, 2013 |access-date=May 27, 2014 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819191945/http://www.rtdna.org/article/rtdna_s_kennedy_connections |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Kennedys invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. On the White House lawn, they established a swimming pool and tree house, while Caroline attended a preschool with 10 other children inside the home.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-jacqueline-b-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218061208/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-jacqueline-b-kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The White House Restoration |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-white-house-restoration |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213012052/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-white-house-restoration |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vaughn Meader]]'s ''First Family'' comedy album, which parodied the president, the first lady, their family, and the administration, sold about four million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title="The First Family" (1962) |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/first%20family.pdf |website=Library of Congress |access-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117172643/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/first%20family.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Health===
Despite a privileged youth, Kennedy was plagued by childhood diseases, including [[whooping cough]], [[chicken pox]], [[measles]], and ear infections. These ailments compelled him to spend a considerable amount of time [[convalescing]]. Three months prior to his third birthday, in 1920, Kennedy came down with [[scarlet fever]], a highly contagious and life-threatening disease, and was admitted to [[Boston City Hospital]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=32}}<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>
[[File:John F. Kennedy after spinal surgery cph.3c33052.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kennedy and Jackie leaving the hospital following his spinal surgery, December 1954]]

During his years at Choate, Kennedy was beset by health problems that culminated with his emergency hospitalization in 1934 at [[Yale New Haven Hospital]], where doctors suspected leukemia.<ref name = "Dallek">{{cite journal|last1=Dallek|first1=Robert|title=The Medical Ordeals of JFK|journal=The Atlantic|date=December 2002|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/the-medical-ordeals-of-jfk/305572/?single_page=true|access-date=March 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801185019/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/the-medical-ordeals-of-jfk/305572/?single_page=true|archive-date=August 1, 2016 }}</ref> While sick, he became a passionate reader and also a [[Fatalism|fatalist]].{{sfn|Matthews|2011|p=15}} In June 1934, he was admitted to the [[Mayo Clinic]] in Minnesota; the ultimate diagnosis was [[colitis]].<ref name = "Dallek"/> After withdrawing from Princeton University, Kennedy was hospitalized for observation at [[Brigham and Women's Hospital|Peter Bent Brigham Hospital]] in Boston. He then spent the spring of 1936 working as a ranch hand outside [[Benson, Arizona]] under [[Jack Speiden]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=42}}

Years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, when he was 30 and in his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at [[The London Clinic]] with [[Addison's disease]]. Davis estimated that Kennedy would not live for another year, while Kennedy hoped he could live for ten.<ref>{{cite episode|title=JFK (Part 1)|series=American Experience|series-link=American Experience|network=[[PBS]]|station=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]|date=November 11, 2013|season=25|number=7|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/jfk/|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925003921/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/jfk/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1966, White House physician [[Janet Travell]] revealed that Kennedy also had [[hypothyroidism]]. The presence of two [[endocrine disease]]s raises the possibility that Kennedy had [[autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2]].<ref name="Mandel, Lee R. 2009 350–354">{{cite journal | author = Mandel, Lee R. | title = Endocrine and Autoimmune Aspects of the Health History of John F. Kennedy | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | year = 2009 | issue = 5 | pages = 350–354 | pmid = 19721023 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00011 | volume = 151 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Kennedy suffered from chronic severe back pain, for which he had surgery. His condition may have had diplomatic repercussions, as he appears to have been taking a combination of drugs to treat back pain during the 1961 [[Vienna Summit]]. The combination included hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and possible side effects included hyperactivity, [[hypertension]], impaired judgment, nervousness, and mood swings.{{sfn|Kempe|2011|p=213}} Kennedy at one time was regularly seen by three doctors, one of whom, [[Max Jacobson]], at first was unknown to the other two, as his mode of treatment was controversial<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/out-and-about/dr-feelgood/20251/ New York Sun September 20, 2005: "Dr. Feelgood"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410040218/https://www.nysun.com/out-and-about/dr-feelgood/20251/ |date=April 10, 2019 }} Retrieved July 11, 2011</ref> and used for the most severe bouts of back pain.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=42, 158–159}}

Into late 1961, disagreements existed among Kennedy's doctors concerning the balance of medication and exercise. Kennedy preferred the former because he was short on time and desired immediate relief.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=243}} The president's primary White House physician, [[George G. Burkley]], set up gym equipment in the White House basement, where Kennedy did stretching exercises thrice weekly.{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=244}} Details of these and other medical problems were not publicly disclosed during Kennedy's lifetime.<ref>Online NewsHour with Senior Correspondent [[Ray Suarez]] and physician Jeffrey Kelman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20021122141641/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec02/jfk_11-18.html "Pres. Kennedy's Health Secrets"], ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]'' transcript, November 18, 2002</ref> Burkley realized that treatments by Jacobson and Travell, including excessive use of steroids and amphetamines, were medically inappropriate, and took action to remove Kennedy from their care.<ref name="jfkwhmd">{{cite web|last1=Ghaemi M.D., M.P.H.|first1=Nassir|title=What Jackie Kennedy Didn't Say—and Didn't Know|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mood-swings/201109/what-jackie-kennedy-didnt-say-and-didnt-know|website=Psychology Today|access-date=August 22, 2016|date=September 14, 2011|archive-date=March 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040111/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/mood-swings/201109/what-jackie-kennedy-didnt-say-and-didnt-know|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?176034-1/an-unfinished-life-john-f-kennedy-1917-1963 Presentation by Robert Dallek on ''An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963'', May 20, 2003], [[C-SPAN]]}}
In 2002, [[Robert Dallek]] wrote an extensive history of Kennedy's health based on a collection of Kennedy-associated papers from 1955 to 1963, including X-rays and prescription records from Travell. According to Travell's records, during his presidential years Kennedy suffered from high fevers; stomach, colon, and prostate issues; abscesses; high cholesterol; and adrenal problems. Travell kept a "Medicine Administration Record", cataloging Kennedy's medications: <blockquote>injected and ingested corticosteroids for his adrenal insufficiency; procaine shots and ultrasound treatments and hot packs for his back; Lomotil, Metamucil, paregoric, phenobarbital, testosterone, and trasentine to control his diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss; penicillin and other antibiotics for his urinary-tract infections and an abscess; and [[Tuinal]] to help him sleep.<ref name = "Dallek"/></blockquote>

===Affairs and friendships===
[[File:JFK and Marilyn Monroe 1962.jpg|thumb|Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], and John F. Kennedy talk during the president's May 19, 1962, early birthday party, where Monroe publicly serenaded Kennedy with "[[Happy Birthday, Mr. President]]"]]

Kennedy was single in the 1940s while having relationships with Danish journalist [[Inga Arvad]]{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=83–85}} and actress [[Gene Tierney]].{{sfn|Osborne|2006|p=195}} During his time as a senator, he had an affair with [[Gunilla von Post]], who later wrote that the future president tried to end his marriage to be with her before having any children with his wife.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/jfk-love-letters-to-swedish-mistress-to-be-sold-at-auction/7ZN6EXIJSFDWFITDSABHEAO5L4/|title=JFK love letters to Swedish mistress to be sold at auction|first=William J.|last=Kole|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=May 5, 2021|access-date=May 8, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507111147/https://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/jfk-love-letters-to-swedish-mistress-to-be-sold-at-auction/7ZN6EXIJSFDWFITDSABHEAO5L4/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kennedy was also reported to have had affairs with [[Marilyn Monroe]],{{sfn|Reeves|1993|pp=315–316}} [[Judith Exner|Judith Campbell]],{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=289}} [[Mary Pinchot Meyer]],{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=475}} [[Marlene Dietrich]],{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=58}} White House intern [[Mimi Alford]],<ref name=nytimes_garrow>{{cite news|last=Garrow|first=David J.|title=Substance Over Sex In Kennedy Biography|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/28/books/books-of-the-times-substance-over-sex-in-kennedy-biography.html|access-date=January 20, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 28, 2003|archive-date=January 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103102155/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/28/books/books-of-the-times-substance-over-sex-in-kennedy-biography.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and his wife's [[press secretary]], [[Pamela Turnure]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|pp=475, 476}} There have been several conspiracy theories surrounding the deaths of Monroe and Meyer, alleging that Kennedy may have had a part in their deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Meet JFK's Alleged Mistresses – and How Some Met Mysterious Ends |url=https://people.com/politics/john-f-kennedys-mistresses/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=[[Peoplemag]] |language=en}}</ref>

The full extent of Kennedy's relationship with Monroe (who in 1962 famously sang "[[Happy Birthday, Mr. President]]" at Kennedy's birthday celebration at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]]) is not known, though it has been reported that they spent a weekend together in March 1962 while he was staying at [[Bing Crosby]]'s house.{{sfn|Leaming|2006|pp=379–380}} Furthermore, people at the White House switchboard noted that Monroe had called Kennedy during 1962.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=581}} J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director, received reports about Kennedy's indiscretions.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=376}} These included an alleged tryst with an [[East Germany|East German]] spy, [[Ellen Rometsch]]. According to historian [[Michael Beschloss]], in July 1963, Hoover reportedly informed Robert Kennedy about the affair with a woman "suspected as a Soviet intelligence agent, someone linked to East German intelligence." Robert reportedly took the matter sufficiently seriously to raise it with leading Democratic and Republican figures in Congress.<ref>''Booknotes'' interview with historian Michael Beschloss on ''[https://www.c-span.org/video/?19109-1/the-crisis-years-kennedy-khrushchev The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102210203/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19109-1/the-crisis-years-kennedy-khrushchev |date=November 2, 2021 }}'' (C-SPAN: June 21, 1991)</ref><ref>Taylor Branch, "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-18-vw-756-story.html Kennedys and Hoover: How Their Battles Affected King] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102210202/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-18-vw-756-story.html |date=November 2, 2021 }}" ''Los Angeles Times'' (December 18, 1988)</ref> Former Secret Service agent Larry Newman recalled "morale problems" that the president's indiscretions engendered within the Secret Service.<ref>Larry Sabato, "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/10/16/john-f-kennedys-final-days-reveal-a-man-who-craved-excitement/?sh=7c58c16e71a9 John F. Kennedy's Final Days Reveal A Man Who Craved Excitement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102210202/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/10/16/john-f-kennedys-final-days-reveal-a-man-who-craved-excitement/?sh=7c58c16e71a9 |date=November 2, 2021 }}" ''Forbes'' (October 16, 2013)</ref>

Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters.{{sfn|Barnes|2007|p=116}} According to Reeves, this included "the logistics of Kennedy's liaisons ... [which] required secrecy and devotion rare in the annals of the energetic service demanded by successful politicians."{{sfn|Reeves|1993|p=291}} Kennedy believed that his friendly relationship with members of the press would help protect him from public revelations about his sex life.{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=478}}

=== Sports ===
[[File:President John F. Kennedy with the Boston Celtics (01) (A).jpg|thumb|President John F. Kennedy with the [[Boston Celtics]], January 1963]]

Kennedy was a fan of [[Major League Baseball]]'s [[Boston Red Sox]] and the [[National Basketball Association]]'s [[Boston Celtics]].<ref name="Shaping Up America: JFK, Sports and">{{cite web |title=Shaping Up America: JFK, Sports and the Call to Physical Fitness |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/past-exhibits/shaping-up-america-jfk-sports-and-the-call-to-physical-fitness |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213033135/https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/past-exhibits/shaping-up-america-jfk-sports-and-the-call-to-physical-fitness |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Prince |first1=DeAntae |title=Satch Sanders Q&A: The NBA And the White House |url=https://www.si.com/nba/2017/01/20/nba-white-house-visit-satch-sanders-celtics-jfk-donald-trump |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319212136/https://www.si.com/nba/2017/01/20/nba-white-house-visit-satch-sanders-celtics-jfk-donald-trump |url-status=live }}</ref> Growing up on Cape Cod, Kennedy and his siblings developed a lifelong passion for [[sailing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Summertime Sailing |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfkl-from-home/jfkl-from-home-puzzles/summertime-sailing |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319224056/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfkl-from-home/jfkl-from-home-puzzles/summertime-sailing |url-status=live }}</ref> He also took up [[golf]]; playing regularly at the [[Hyannisport Club]] in Massachusetts and the Palm Beach Country Club in Florida.<ref name="Shaping Up America: JFK, Sports and"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Buccellato |first1=Robert |title=Images of America: Presidential Vacations in Florida |date=2021 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=98}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{see also|John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign#Religion}}
Kennedy was the first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] elected to the presidency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life of John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy#:~:text=In%20the%20general%20election%20on,John%20Jr.%2C%20was%20born. |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321000448/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy#:~:text=In%20the%20general%20election%20on,John%20Jr.%2C%20was%20born. |url-status=live }}</ref> During his childhood, he attended [[St. Aidan's Church (Brookline, Massachusetts)|St. Aidan's Church]] in Brookline, Massachusetts, where he was [[Baptism|baptized]] on June 19, 1917.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Aidan's Church |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/saint-aidans-church.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=March 20, 2024 |archive-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321000447/https://www.nps.gov/places/saint-aidans-church.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Historical evaluations and legacy==
[[File:JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], in [[Boston]] ]]

===Presidency===
{{further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Historical reputation}}

Historians and political scientists tend to [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#Scholar survey summary|rank]] Kennedy as an above-average president, and he is usually the highest-ranking president who served less than one full term.{{sfn|Giglio|2006|pp=308–309}} A 2014 survey from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' of 162 members of the [[American Political Science Association]]'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Kennedy 14th highest overall among the 43 persons who have been president, including then-president [[Barack Obama]]. The survey found Kennedy to be the most overrated U.S. president.<ref>{{cite news| title=New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated| last1=Rottinghaus| first1=Brandon| last2=Vaughn| first2=Justin| date=February 16, 2015| newspaper=The Washington Post| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/16/new-ranking-of-u-s-presidents-puts-lincoln-1-obama-18-kennedy-judged-most-over-rated/| access-date=April 28, 2017| archive-date=December 19, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195823/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/16/new-ranking-of-u-s-presidents-puts-lincoln-1-obama-18-kennedy-judged-most-over-rated/| url-status=live}}</ref> A 2017 [[C-SPAN]] survey has Kennedy ranked among the top ten presidents.<ref>{{cite web| title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017| publisher=C-SPAN| url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?personid=2419| date=2017| access-date=April 28, 2017| archive-date=April 27, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427194630/https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?personid=2419| url-status=live}}</ref> A 2023 [[Gallup, Inc.]] survey showed Kennedy with a retrospective approval rating of 90 percent, the highest of all U.S. presidents in recent history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |title=Retrospective Approval of JFK Rises to 90%; Trump at 46% |date=July 17, 2023 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/508625/retrospective-approval-jfk-rises-trump.aspx#:~:text=Kennedy%20remains%20the%20most%20highly,second%2Dplace%20Ronald%20Reagan%27s%20rating. |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |access-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107191323/https://news.gallup.com/poll/508625/retrospective-approval-jfk-rises-trump.aspx#:~:text=Kennedy%20remains%20the%20most%20highly,second%2Dplace%20Ronald%20Reagan%27s%20rating. |url-status=live }}</ref> Assessments of his policies are mixed.<ref name="JFK-IL">{{cite web| url= https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/impact-and-legacy| title= John F. Kennedy: Impact and Legacy| date= October 4, 2016| publisher= Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date= April 28, 2017| archive-date= March 18, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170318043025/https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/impact-and-legacy| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="abrinkley1">{{cite magazine|last=Brinkley|first=Alan|title=The Legacy of John F. Kennedy|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/08/the-legacy-of-john-f-kennedy/309499/|access-date=September 1, 2016|magazine=The Atlantic|archive-date=August 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829200547/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/08/the-legacy-of-john-f-kennedy/309499/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Kennedy's legislative proposals were passed after his death, during the [[presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]], and Kennedy's death gave those proposals a powerful moral component.<ref name="tgillman">{{cite news| last=Gillman| first=Todd J.| title=JFK's legacy: Kennedy fell short of greatness, yet inspired a generation| url=http://ece.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/reflect/20131116-jfks-legacy-kennedy-fell-short-of-greatness-yet-inspired-a-generation.ece| date=November 16, 2013| publisher=Dallas Morning News| access-date=April 28, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Kennedy came in third (behind Martin Luther King Jr. and [[Mother Teresa]]) in [[Gallup's List of Widely Admired People]] of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Gallup Poll 1999 | url = https://archive.org/details/galluppollcumula0000gall | url-access = registration | publisher = Scholarly Resources Inc. | year = 1999 | location = Wilmington, DE | pages = [https://archive.org/details/galluppollcumula0000gall/page/248 248–249] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Greatest of the Century | date = December 20–21, 1999 | publisher = Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll | url = http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm | access-date = January 5, 2007 | archive-date = January 5, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070105022914/http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1961, he was awarded the [[Laetare Medal]] by the [[University of Notre Dame]], considered the most prestigious award for [[American Catholics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Recipients|url=https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1961|website=The Laetare Medal|publisher=University of Notre Dame|access-date=July 31, 2020|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204061838/https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1961|url-status=live}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the [[Pacem in Terris Award|''Pacem in Terris'' Award]] ([[Latin]]: Peace on Earth) and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wetterau |first1=Bruce |title=The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements |date=1996 |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Inc. |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=1-56802-128-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0/page/58 58] |url=https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref>

====Camelot====
[[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Official White House portrait of Kennedy, by [[Aaron Shikler]]]]

The term "Camelot" is often used to describe his presidency, reflecting both the mythic grandeur accorded Kennedy in death and powerful nostalgia for that era of American history.<ref>Linda Czuba Brigance, "For One Brief Shining Moment: Choosing to Remember Camelot." ''Studies in Popular Culture'' 25.3 (2003): 1–12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414940 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210242/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414940 |date=September 6, 2023 }}</ref> According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, the most popular theme surrounding Kennedy's legacy is its replay of the legend of [[King Arthur]] and [[Camelot]] from [[Arthurian Literature]].<ref>Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, ''Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 75–76.</ref> In an interview following Kennedy's death, his widow Jacqueline mentioned his affection for the Broadway musical ''[[Camelot (musical)|Camelot]]'' and quoted its closing lines: "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot."<ref name="JFKlibrary.org White. Series 11. Camelot Documents">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060906065903/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Archives%2Band%2BManuscripts/fa_white_theodore.htm The Personal Papers of Theodore H. White (1915–1986): Series 11. Camelot Documents], ''John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum'' quotation:{{blockquote|The 1963 LIFE article represented the first use of the term "Camelot" in print and is attributed with having played a major role in establishing and fixing this image of the Kennedy Administration and period in the popular mind.}}</ref><ref>[{{GBurl|id=T1IEAAAAMBAJ|p=158}} ''An Epilogue''], in ''LIFE'', December 6, 1963, pp. 158–159</ref> Critics, especially historians, have mocked the Camelot myth as a distortion of Kennedy's actions, beliefs, and policies. However, in the public memory, the years of Kennedy's presidency are still seen as a brief, brilliant, and shining moment.<ref>Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, ''Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy–Johnson Era'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 75–76.</ref><ref>Jon Goodman, et al., ''The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot'' (National Geographic Books, 2006).</ref>

===Memorials and eponyms===
{{main|List of things named after John F. Kennedy}}
Examples of the extensive list include:
* Idlewild Airport in [[Queens]], New York City, renamed [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] on December 24, 1963
* NASA Launch Operations Center in [[Merritt Island, Florida]] named the [[John F. Kennedy Space Center]] on November 29, 1963.
* {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67}}, U.S. Navy aircraft carrier ordered in April 1964, launched May 1967, decommissioned August 2007; nicknamed "Big John"
* [[Kennedy half dollar]], first minted in 1964
* [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], part of [[Harvard University]], renamed in 1966
* [[John F. Kennedy Federal Building]] in the [[Government Center, Boston|Government Center]] section of [[Boston]], opened in 1966
* [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial]], opened in 1970 in [[Dallas]]
* National cultural center was named [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in 1964, opened in 1971 in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] on [[Columbia Point, Boston|Columbia Point]] in [[Boston]]; opened in 1979
* [[Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)|Statue of John F. Kennedy]] by Isabel McIlvain on the grounds of the [[Massachusetts State House]] in Boston; dedicated on May 29, 1990.

==Works==
===Books===
* {{cite book
| first = John F.
| last = Kennedy
| title = [[Why England Slept]]
| publisher = W. Funk
| isbn= 978-1-44-084990-9
| date = 1940
| ref = none}}
* {{cite book
| first = John F.
| last = Kennedy
| title = [[Profiles in Courage]]
| publisher = Harper & Brothers
| isbn= 978-0-06-095544-1
| date = 1956
| ref = none}}
* {{cite book
| last=Kennedy
| first= John F.
| title=[[A Nation of Immigrants]]
| publisher=Anti-Defamation League
| date=1958
| isbn=978-0-06-144754-9
| ref = none}}

===Select speeches===
{{listen
| filename = JFK ColdWarsOrigin.ogg
| title = Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War
| description = President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War
| format = [[Vorbis]]
|pos=left
| filename2 = JFKennedy November1963.ogg
| title2 = Kennedy's message to Turkey
| description2 = Kennedy's message to Turkish President [[Cemal Gursel]] and The Turkish People on the Anniversary of the Death of [[Kemal Atatürk]], November 10, 1963 ([[:File:JFKennedy on Ataturk 1963.pdf|accompanying text]])
| format2 = [[Vorbis]]
}}
{{listen
|pos=right
| filename = Discurso de Kennedy.ogg
| title = Announcement to go to the Moon
| description = Announcement by John F. Kennedy to go to the Moon (duration 00:11)
| format = [[Vorbis]]
| filename2 = Secret_Societies_speech.flac
| title2 = Secret Societies speech
| description2 = JFK Secret Societies speech
| format2 = [[FLAC]]
}}
{{Clear left}}

==See also==
* [[Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy]]
* [[Electoral history of John F. Kennedy]]
* [[History of the United States (1945–1964)]]
* [[Kennedy Doctrine]]
* [[Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend]]
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots]]
* [[Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy]]
* [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]]
* "[[Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy]]" retort by Senator Lloyd Bentsen, 1988 VP debate

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|last=Ballard|first=Robert D.|author-link=Robert Ballard|year=2002|title=Collision With History: The Search for John F. Kennedy's PT 109|publisher=National Geographic|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-7922-6876-5|url=https://archive.org/details/collisionwithhis0000ball}}
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|year=2007|title=John F. Kennedy on Leadership|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=978-0-8144-7455-6|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedyonle00barn}}
* {{cite book|last=Bilharz|first=Joy Ann|year=2002|orig-year=1998|title=The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-1282-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blight|first1=James G.|last2=Lang|first2=Janet M.|year=2005|title=The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7425-4221-1}}
* {{cite book
|last=Brauer
|first=Carl M.
|chapter=John F. Kennedy
|editor-last=Graff
|editor-first=Henry
|title=The Presidents: A Reference History
|edition=2nd
|year=2002
|pages=481–498
|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference USA
|isbn=0-684-80551-0
}}
* {{cite book|last=Brinkley|first=Alan|author1-link=Alan Brinkley|title=John F. Kennedy|publisher=Times Books|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8050-8349-1|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bryant|first=Nick|date=Autumn 2006a|title=Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Ole Miss|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073538|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|issue=53|pages=31, 60–71|jstor=25073538|access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084459/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073538|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Nick |title=The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and the Struggle for Black Equality |date=2006b |publisher=Basic Books }}
* {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Andrew|title=Two Days in June: John F. Kennedy and the 48 Hours That Changed History|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|edition=illustrated, reprint|location=Toronto|orig-year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtIpDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7710-2389-7|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=March 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040228/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtIpDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Dallek|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Dallek|year=2003|title=An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963|publisher=Little, Brown and Co|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-316-17238-7|title-link=An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963}}
* {{cite book|last=Daum|first=Andreas|author-link=Andreas Daum|year=2008|title=Kennedy in Berlin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-85824-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Donovan|first=Robert J.|author-link=Robert J. Donovan|year=2001|orig-year=1961|title=PT-109: John F. Kennedy in WW II|edition=40th Anniversary|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-137643-3|url=https://archive.org/details/pt109johnfkenned00dono_0}}
* {{cite book|last=Doyle|first=William|year=2015|title=PT-109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy|publisher=Harper-Collins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-234658-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dudley|first1=Robert L.|last2=Shiraev|first2=Eric|year=2008|title=Counting Every Vote: The Most Contentious Elections in American History|url=https://archive.org/details/countingeveryvot0000dudl|url-access=registration|publisher=Potomac Books|location=Dulles, VA|isbn=978-1-59797-224-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dunnigan|first1=James|author-link1=Jim Dunnigan|last2=Nofi|first2=Albert|author-link2=Albert Nofi|year=1999|title=Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War|publisher=St. Martin's|isbn=978-0-312-19857-2|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|author-link=David Frum|year=2000|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|url-access=registration|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-04196-1|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Gibson|first=Bryan R.|title=Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2015|isbn=978-1-137-48711-7|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last1=Giglio|first1=James N.|title=The Presidency of John F. Kennedy|date=2006|publisher=University Press of Kansas|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gleijeses|first=Piero|title=Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs|journal=Journal of Latin American Studies|date=February 1995|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–42|issn=0022-216X|doi=10.1017/S0022216X00010154|s2cid=146390097}}
* {{cite book|last=Goduti|first=Philip A. Jr.|title=Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960–1964|publisher=McFarland|url=|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7864-4943-9|location=Jefferson, NC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Herring|first1=George C.|title=From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr}}
* {{cite book|last=Herst|first=Burton|year=2007|title=Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-1982-2|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers}}
* {{cite book|last=Kempe|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Kempe|year=2011|title=Berlin 1961|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-399-15729-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp}}
* {{cite book|last=Kenney|first=Charles|year=2000|title=John F. Kennedy: The Presidential Portfolio|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-891620-36-2|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedypre00kenn}}
* {{cite book|last=Leaming|first=Barbara|year=2006|title=Jack Kennedy: The Education of a Statesman|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393051-61-2|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/jackkennedy00barb}}
* {{cite book|last=Matthews|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Matthews|year=2011|title=Jack Kennedy: Elusive Hero|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-3508-9|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/jackkennedyelusi00matt}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Michael|year=2005|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|publisher=Thomas Dunne|isbn=978-0-312-28129-8|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00obri}}
* {{cite book|last=Osborne|first=Robert|year=2006|title=Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-8118-5248-7|location=San Francisco}}
* {{cite book | last = Parmet | first = Herbert S. | year = 1983 | title = JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy | publisher = Dial Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-140-07054-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/jfkpresidencyofj00parm }}
* {{cite book |last1=Patterson |first1=James |author-link=James T. Patterson (historian) |title=Grand Expectations: The United States 19451974 |url=https://archive.org/details/grandexpectation00patt |url-access=registration |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195117974 }}
* {{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Reeves (American writer)|year=1993|title=President Kennedy: Profile of Power|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-64879-4|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentkennedy00reev_0}}
* {{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|title=A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House|orig-year=1965|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-21927-8|title-link=A Thousand Days (book)}}
* {{cite book|last=Sorensen|first=Theodore|author-link=Ted Sorensen|title=Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/kennedys00sore|url-access=registration|publisher=Bantam|location=New York|type=paperback|orig-year=1965|year=1966|oclc=2746832}}
* {{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=Hanes Jr.|last2=Smith|first2=Robert C.|title=American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom|publisher=Addison, Wesley, Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-321-07038-8|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|title=The Torch is Passed: The Associated Press Story of the Death of a President|publisher=Associated Press|location=New York|year=1963|isbn=978-0861015689|ref={{SfnRef|Associated Press|1963}}}}
* {{cite book|author=NBC News|title=There Was a President|location=New York|publisher=Random House|year=1966|author-link=NBC News}}
* {{cite book|title=The Making of the President, 1964|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden00whit|url-access=registration|last=White|first=Theodore Harold|location=New York|publisher=Atheneum|year=1965|author-link=Theodore H. White}}
* {{cite book|author=The New York Times|title=Four days in November|year=2003|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|authorlink=The New York Times|editor1-first=Robert B. Jr.|editor1-last=Semple|editor1-link=Robert B. Semple Jr.}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of John F. Kennedy}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Kennedy |b=no |n=no |s=Author:John F. Kennedy |v=no}}
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/ John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]
* [http://www.nps.gov/jofi/index.htm John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site]
* {{C-SPAN|2419}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/kennedy/index.html John F. Kennedy: A Resource Guide] – the Library of Congress
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811134522/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/kennedy Extensive Essays on JFK] with shorter essays on his cabinet and First Lady – [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]
* [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/kennedy Kennedy Administration] from [[Office of the Historian]], [[United States Government Printing Office]]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Fitzgerald Kennedy |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2572}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=1666}}
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/128 Kennedy Convocation Collection] at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections, documenting one of his last visits before his assassination
{{CongBio|K000107}}

{{John F. Kennedy}}
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Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington

2024-10-25T18:06:20Z

Unfriendnow: too repetitive about the schools since they were already mentioned in the paragraph above us.

{{Short description|American socialite, sister of John F. Kennedy (1920–1948)}}
{{hatnote|"Kick Kennedy" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy, daughter of [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]}}
{{Other people|Kathleen Kennedy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Marchioness of Hartington
| image = Lady_Hartington.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1944, when she was a member of the [[American Red Cross]] stationed in England
| birth_name = Kathleen Agnes Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|02|20|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|5|13|1920|02|20|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche]], France
| death_cause = Airplane crash
| resting_place = [[St Peter's Church, Edensor]], Derbyshire, England
| education = [[Riverdale Country School]] Noroton Convent of the Sacred Heart Holy Child Convent
| alma_mater = [[Queen's College, London]] [[Finch College|Finch School]] Florida Commercial College
| spouse = {{marriage|[[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington]]|6 May 1944|9 September 1944|end=died}}
| parents = [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (by birth) [[Cavendish family]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Kathleen Agnes Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington''' ({{nee|'''Kennedy'''}}; February 20, 1920 – May 13, 1948), also known as "'''Kick'''" '''Kennedy''',<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McAfee|first1=Tierney|last2=McNeil|first2=Liz|title=The Untold Story of Kathleen 'Kick' Kennedy, Who Defied Her Parents and Died in a Tragic Plane Crash with Her Married Lover|url=http://www.people.com/article/kick-kennedy-died-plane-crash-married-lover|access-date=September 13, 2016|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=April 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Heil|first1=Emily|title=New Kick Kennedy bio recounts her father's affairs with Hollywood actresses|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/07/11/new-kick-kennedy-bio-recounts-her-fathers-affairs-with-hollywood-actresses/|access-date=13 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 July 2016}}</ref> was an American [[socialite]]. She was the second daughter of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]], a sister of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Senators [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ted Kennedy]], and the wife of the [[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington|Marquess of Hartington]], heir apparent to the [[10th Duke of Devonshire]].

When her father was serving as [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom]], Kathleen made many friends in London and was the "[[debutante]] of 1938".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siracusa |first=Joseph M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Kennedys: The People and Events That Shaped America |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-539-6 |pages=423 |language=en}}</ref> Working with the [[Red Cross]], she began a romantic relationship with Lord Hartington, whom she married in May 1944. He was killed on active service in Belgium only four months later. Kathleen died in a plane crash in 1948, flying to the south of France while on vacation with her new partner, the [[Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam|8th Earl Fitzwilliam]].

==Early life and education==
Kennedy was born on February 20, 1920, [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|at home]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], the fourth child and second daughter of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]. She was nicknamed "Kick" because of her "irrepressible nature". Kennedy was especially close to her older brother, [[John F. Kennedy]], known as "Jack". Her other siblings were [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]], [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]], [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]], [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] and [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]].

Kennedy was educated at [[Riverdale Country School]] in the [[Riverdale, The Bronx|Riverdale]] section of [[the Bronx]], New York City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Bill |title=Northwest Bronx |last2=Casey |first2=Thomas X. |date=2011 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-7466-0 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> She also attended [[Noroton, Connecticut|the]] [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (Connecticut)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], and the Holy Child Convent in [[Neuilly]], France.<ref name=jfklibrary>{{cite web|title=Kathleen Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Kathleen-Kennedy.aspx|publisher=jfklibrary.org}}</ref> While the Kennedy daughters were not raised to have political ambitions like their brothers, they were nonetheless provided with many of the same educational and social opportunities, owing to their father's powerful financial and political connections and influence. This was particularly the case when President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] appointed Joseph as [[United States ambassador to the United Kingdom]] in 1938.

As a child, Kennedy was very athletic and played [[American football|football]] with her brothers. An account cited that this stemmed from the ethos of competition that her father instilled on the young children. They were split into teams and would compete in sports at the [[Kennedy Compound|family compound]] in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |title=After Camelot: A Personal History of the Kennedy Family--1968 to the Present |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-446-58443-2 |language=en}}</ref> Her optimism and high spirits attracted many suitors, some of whom were Jack's closest friends. Eventually Kennedy started to date and had her first serious relationship with [[W. R. Grace and Company]] heir [[J. Peter Grace]].

== Britain ==
[[File:Kathleenkennedy.webp|left|thumb|Kennedy in 1938, prior to meeting [[George VI|King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]]]]
Kathleen's time in Britain during her father's term as Ambassador dramatically influenced the remainder of her life. While living in England, she was educated in London at [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] and quickly cultivated a wide circle of friends, both male and female, in British [[high society (social class)|high society]]. She dated [[David Rockefeller]] and was declared the "[[debutante]] of 1938" by the English media when she made her debut at the [[Queen Charlotte's Ball]].

Following the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[invasion of Poland]] and the outbreak of [[World War II]] in September 1939, Kick, who was staying at the family home in the south of France, had to rush to England with her friend Janey Kenyon Slaney. The Kennedy family, to save Joseph and daughter [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], returned to the United States. Kathleen, having become very fond of England and the many friends she had made during her two years there, petitioned her parents to remain in London in spite of the coming danger. However, she was overruled by her father, and sailed back home in the early fall of 1939.

After returning to the U.S., Kennedy enrolled at the [[Finch College|Finch School]] for a time, and then attended Florida Commercial College. In addition to her studies, she also began volunteering work for the [[American Red Cross]]. In 1941, she decided to leave school, and began working as a research assistant for Frank Waldrop, the executive editor for the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]''. She later teamed with [[Inga Arvad]], who wrote the "Did You Happen to See....." column, and was eventually given her own column where she reviewed films and plays.<ref name=jfklibrary/>

== Marriage ==
In 1943, seeking a way to return to England, Kathleen signed up to work in a center for servicemen set up by the Red Cross. During her time in England, both before and particularly during the war, she grew increasingly more independent from her family and the [[Catholic Church]] to which they belonged. During this time, Kennedy began a romantic relationship with politician [[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington]] (usually known to his family and friends as Billy Hartington). He was the eldest son and [[heir apparent]] of the [[Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire|10th Duke of Devonshire]].

The two had met and begun a friendship when she moved to England when her father was appointed American Ambassador. Despite objections from her mother, Kennedy and Lord Hartington reunited upon her return to England.<ref name=buck>{{cite news|last=Buck|first=Pearl S.|title=Kathleen put love before religion|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19700804&id=p4o0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=vaAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1385,847764|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=August 4, 1970|page=15}}</ref> Rose especially rejected their relationship because she saw that their marriage would break the laws of the Catholic Church by allowing Kathleen's children to be raised in the [[Church of England]] ([[Anglican Communion]]) rather than the Catholic Church. Rose even tried to manipulate their relationship by keeping Kathleen away from Hartington and postponing a possible wedding. Regardless, Kathleen married Hartington on May 6, 1944, in a civil ceremony at the [[Caxton Hall]] [[Register office|Register Office]].<ref name=pittsburgh>{{cite news|title=Kathleen Kennedy Loses Husband in Action|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19440918&id=TTIgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nUwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5419,6383565|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=September 18, 1944|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kathleen Kennedy Flies From London|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19440817&id=ypggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kGgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4483,3009624|newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun|date=August 17, 1944|page=1}}</ref> Kathleen's eldest brother [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], an officer in the [[United States Navy]], to whom she had grown close during the last year of his life, as he was serving in Britain, was the only member of the family to attend the ceremony. Her second eldest brother, John, was still hospitalized due to a back injury incurred on the motor torpedo patrol boat [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|''PT-109'']] in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific Ocean]], while her younger brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], was in naval training. On August 12, 1944, Joe Jr. was killed when his plane exploded over the [[English Channel]] during a top-secret bombing mission in Europe.<ref name=pittsburgh/>

==Widowhood==
Kathleen, now [[Marchioness]] of Hartington, and Lord Hartington spent less than five weeks together before he went off to fight in France. Four months after their marriage, and less than a month after Joe Jr. was killed, Hartington was killed by a sniper during a battle with the Germans in [[Belgium]]. With his family's blessing, he was buried close to where he fell. His younger brother [[Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire|Lord Andrew Cavendish]], who was married to [[Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Deborah Mitford]], youngest of the [[Mitford family|Mitford sisters]], thus became the [[heir apparent]] to the dukedom, as Billy Hartington had left no heir. From then on she was styled as Kathleen, Dowager Marchioness of Hartington.

Popular on the London social circuit and admired by many for her high spirits and wit, Lady Hartington eventually became romantically involved with the [[Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam|8th Earl Fitzwilliam]],<ref>Bailey, C. (2007). ''Black Diamonds: The Rise and Fall of an English Dynasty'', pp. 406–419. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-670-91542-2}}.</ref> who was in the process of divorcing his wife. Once again, Rose Kennedy expressed her disapproval of her daughter's suitor and warned Kathleen that she would be disowned and cut off financially if she married Lord Fitzwilliam. In May 1948, Kathleen learned that her father would be traveling to Paris. In an effort to gain his consent for her upcoming plans to marry Fitzwilliam, she decided to fly to Paris to meet with her father.<ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=52}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor - grave of Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (née Kennedy, 1920–1948).JPG|thumb|Cavendish's gravesite in [[St Peter's Church, Edensor|St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor]], which is marked with a headstone and a plaque in the ground commemorating the visit of 35th U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the gravesite; her gravestone reads, "Joy she gave joy she has found".]]
On May 13, 1948, Lady Hartington and Lord Fitzwilliam were flying from Paris to the [[French Riviera]] for a vacation<ref>Schenectady Gazette May 15, 1948.</ref> aboard a [[de Havilland DH.104 Dove]].<ref>[https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-de-havilland-dh104-dove-1-saint-bauzile-4-killed Crash of a De Havilland DH.104 Dove 1 in Saint-Bauzile: 4 killed, www.baaa-acro.com] Retrieved 18 February 2019</ref> At 3:30 in the afternoon, their plane took off, reaching an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Approximately one hour into the flight, radio contact was lost with the plane when it entered the region near Vienne,{{clarify |reason=Which 'Vienne' is this talking about? |date=March 2024}} which was also close to the center of a storm. The plane's four occupants endured twenty minutes of severe turbulence which bounced their small plane up and down as much as several thousand feet at a time.

When they finally cleared the clouds, they instantly discovered the plane was in a dive and moments away from impact, and they attempted to pull up. The stress of the turbulence, coupled with the sudden change of direction, tore loose one of the wings, followed by both engines, and finally the tail. The plane's [[fuselage]] then spun into the ground seconds later, coming to rest nose-down in a ravine, after striking terrain at Plateau du Coiron, near [[Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche]], France. Lady Hartington was instantly killed, along with Fitzwilliam, the pilot Peter Townshend and the navigator Arthur Freeman.

She was buried on the Cavendish family burial grounds at [[St Peter's Church, Edensor|St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor]] outside of [[Chatsworth, Derbyshire]], England. Her father was the only family member to attend the funeral, arranged by the Devonshires. Rose Kennedy had refused to attend her daughter's funeral, instead entering a hospital for medical reasons.<ref name=hilty/>

==Popular culture==
''The Kennedy Debutante'', a novelization of Kennedy's life, was published by [[Berkley Books]] in 2018. Written by Kerri Maher, it was well received, including being named a "Best Book of the Week" by the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-451-49204-3 |title=The Kennedy Debutante |author= |date=October 2018 |website=Publishersweekly.com |publisher=Publishers Weekly |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2018/09/29/the-best-books-of-the-week-3/ |title=The best books of the week |last=Dawson |first=Mackenzie |date=2018-09-28 |website=nypost.com |publisher=The New York Post |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rhule |first=Patty |date=2018-10-09 |title=JFK's spirited sis 'Kick' Kennedy grabs the spotlight in a new historical novel |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2018/10/09/jfks-sister-kick-kennedy-grabs-spotlight-new-historical-novel-kennedy-debutante-kerri-maher/1457815002/ |work=USA Today |location=McClean, VA |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref>

Kathleen Kennedy is portrayed by [[Darleen Carr]] in the 1977 TV movie ''[[Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy]]'', by [[Tracy Pollan]] in the 1990 TV miniseries ''[[The Kennedys of Massachusetts]]'', and by [[Robin Tunney]] in the 1993 TV miniseries ''[[JFK: Reckless Youth]]''.

==Legacy==
* The gymnasium at [[Manhattanville College]] in [[Purchase, New York]] is named in Kathleen Kennedy's honor.
* [[Robert F. Kennedy]] named his [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|eldest daughter]] in honor of his sister.

==See also==
* [[Chatsworth House]]
* [[Duke of Devonshire]]

* [[Kennedy curse]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Kick: The True Story of Kick Kennedy, JFK's Forgotten Sister, and the Heir to Chatsworth |first=Paula|last=Byrne|year=2016|publisher=Dial Press |isbn=978-0-385-27415-9 }}
* {{Citation|title=Kathleen Kennedy: Her Life and Times|first=Lynne|last=McTaggart|year=1983|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited |isbn=978-0007548125 }}
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy Women: The Saga of an American Family''. New York: Villard Books, 1994. Print.
* {{Citation|title=Kick Kennedy: The Charmed Life and Tragic Death of the Favorite Kennedy Daughter |first=Barbara |last=Leaming|year=2016|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-07131-6 }}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Kathleen-Kennedy.aspx |title=Kathleen Kennedy biography |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum }}
* Secrets of The Manor House, first shown of Channel 4, later on [[Yesterday (TV channel)|Yesterday]], Series 1, Episode 3.

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}
{{Portalbar|Biography|United States|United Kingdom}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartington, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:American debutantes]]
[[Category:American emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:British courtesy marchionesses]]
[[Category:Burials in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Cavendish family|Kathleen]]
[[Category:Finch College alumni]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:People educated at Queen's College, London]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in France]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1948]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Riverdale Country School alumni]]

Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington

2024-10-25T04:00:35Z

Unfriendnow: cleaning some things up.

{{Short description|American socialite, sister of John F. Kennedy (1920–1948)}}
{{hatnote|"Kick Kennedy" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy, daughter of [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]}}
{{Other people|Kathleen Kennedy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Marchioness of Hartington
| image = Lady_Hartington.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1944, when she was a member of the [[American Red Cross]] stationed in England
| birth_name = Kathleen Agnes Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|02|20|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|5|13|1920|02|20|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche]], France
| death_cause = Airplane crash
| resting_place = [[St Peter's Church, Edensor]], Derbyshire, England
| education = [[Riverdale Country School]] Noroton Convent of the Sacred Heart Holy Child Convent
| alma_mater = [[Queen's College, London]] [[Finch College|Finch School]] Florida Commercial College
| spouse = {{marriage|[[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington]]|6 May 1944|9 September 1944|end=died}}
| parents = [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (by birth) [[Cavendish family]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Kathleen Agnes Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington''' ({{nee|'''Kennedy'''}}; February 20, 1920 – May 13, 1948), also known as "'''Kick'''" '''Kennedy''',<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McAfee|first1=Tierney|last2=McNeil|first2=Liz|title=The Untold Story of Kathleen 'Kick' Kennedy, Who Defied Her Parents and Died in a Tragic Plane Crash with Her Married Lover|url=http://www.people.com/article/kick-kennedy-died-plane-crash-married-lover|access-date=September 13, 2016|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=April 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Heil|first1=Emily|title=New Kick Kennedy bio recounts her father's affairs with Hollywood actresses|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/07/11/new-kick-kennedy-bio-recounts-her-fathers-affairs-with-hollywood-actresses/|access-date=13 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 July 2016}}</ref> was an American [[socialite]]. She was the second daughter of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]], a sister of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Senators [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ted Kennedy]], and the wife of the [[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington|Marquess of Hartington]], heir apparent to the [[10th Duke of Devonshire]].

When her father was serving as [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom]], Kathleen made many friends in London and was the "[[debutante]] of 1938".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siracusa |first=Joseph M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Kennedys: The People and Events That Shaped America |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-539-6 |pages=423 |language=en}}</ref> Working with the [[Red Cross]], she began a romantic relationship with Lord Hartington, whom she married in May 1944. He was killed on active service in Belgium only four months later. Kathleen died in a plane crash in 1948, flying to the south of France while on vacation with her new partner, the [[Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam|8th Earl Fitzwilliam]].

==Early life and education==
Kennedy was born on February 20, 1920, [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|at home]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], the fourth child and second daughter of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]. She was nicknamed "Kick" because of her "irrepressible nature". Kennedy was especially close to her older brother, [[John F. Kennedy]], known as "Jack". Her other siblings were [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]], [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]], [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]], [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] and [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]].

Kennedy was educated at [[Riverdale Country School]] in the [[Riverdale, The Bronx|Riverdale]] section of [[the Bronx]], New York City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Bill |title=Northwest Bronx |last2=Casey |first2=Thomas X. |date=2011 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-7466-0 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> She also attended [[Noroton, Connecticut|the]] [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (Connecticut)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], and the Holy Child Convent in [[Neuilly]], France.<ref name=jfklibrary>{{cite web|title=Kathleen Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Kathleen-Kennedy.aspx|publisher=jfklibrary.org}}</ref> While the Kennedy daughters were not raised to have political ambitions like their brothers, they were nonetheless provided with many of the same educational and social opportunities, owing to their father's powerful financial and political connections and influence. This was particularly the case when President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] appointed Joseph as [[United States ambassador to the United Kingdom]] in 1938.

As a child, Kennedy was very athletic and played [[American football|football]] with her brothers. An account cited that this stemmed from the ethos of competition that her father instilled on the young children. They were split into teams and would compete in sports at the [[Kennedy Compound|family compound]] in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |title=After Camelot: A Personal History of the Kennedy Family--1968 to the Present |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-446-58443-2 |language=en}}</ref> Her optimism and high spirits attracted many suitors, some of whom were Jack's closest friends. When Kennedy attended the [[Riverdale Country School]], her mother did not approve of the male attention she attracted, and sent her to the all-girls [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (Connecticut)|Noroton Convent of the Sacred Heart]]. Eventually Kennedy started to date and had her first serious relationship with [[W. R. Grace and Company]] heir [[J. Peter Grace]].

== Britain ==
[[File:Kathleenkennedy.webp|left|thumb|Kennedy in 1938, prior to meeting [[George VI|King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]]]]
Kathleen's time in Britain during her father's term as Ambassador dramatically influenced the remainder of her life. While living in England, she was educated in London at [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] and quickly cultivated a wide circle of friends, both male and female, in British [[high society (social class)|high society]]. She dated [[David Rockefeller]] and was declared the "[[debutante]] of 1938" by the English media when she made her debut at the [[Queen Charlotte's Ball]].

Following the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[invasion of Poland]] and the outbreak of [[World War II]] in September 1939, Kick, who was staying at the family home in the south of France, had to rush to England with her friend Janey Kenyon Slaney. The Kennedy family, to save Joseph and daughter [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rosemary]], returned to the United States. Kathleen, having become very fond of England and the many friends she had made during her two years there, petitioned her parents to remain in London in spite of the coming danger. However, she was overruled by her father, and sailed back home in the early fall of 1939.

After returning to the U.S., Kennedy enrolled at the [[Finch College|Finch School]] for a time, and then attended Florida Commercial College. In addition to her studies, she also began volunteering work for the [[American Red Cross]]. In 1941, she decided to leave school, and began working as a research assistant for Frank Waldrop, the executive editor for the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]''. She later teamed with [[Inga Arvad]], who wrote the "Did You Happen to See....." column, and was eventually given her own column where she reviewed films and plays.<ref name=jfklibrary/>

== Marriage ==
In 1943, seeking a way to return to England, Kathleen signed up to work in a center for servicemen set up by the Red Cross. During her time in England, both before and particularly during the war, she grew increasingly more independent from her family and the [[Catholic Church]] to which they belonged. During this time, Kennedy began a romantic relationship with politician [[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington]] (usually known to his family and friends as Billy Hartington). He was the eldest son and [[heir apparent]] of the [[Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire|10th Duke of Devonshire]].

The two had met and begun a friendship when she moved to England when her father was appointed American Ambassador. Despite objections from her mother, Kennedy and Lord Hartington reunited upon her return to England.<ref name=buck>{{cite news|last=Buck|first=Pearl S.|title=Kathleen put love before religion|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19700804&id=p4o0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=vaAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1385,847764|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=August 4, 1970|page=15}}</ref> Rose especially rejected their relationship because she saw that their marriage would break the laws of the Catholic Church by allowing Kathleen's children to be raised in the [[Church of England]] ([[Anglican Communion]]) rather than the Catholic Church. Rose even tried to manipulate their relationship by keeping Kathleen away from Hartington and postponing a possible wedding. Regardless, Kathleen married Hartington on May 6, 1944, in a civil ceremony at the [[Caxton Hall]] [[Register office|Register Office]].<ref name=pittsburgh>{{cite news|title=Kathleen Kennedy Loses Husband in Action|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19440918&id=TTIgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nUwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5419,6383565|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=September 18, 1944|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kathleen Kennedy Flies From London|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19440817&id=ypggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kGgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4483,3009624|newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun|date=August 17, 1944|page=1}}</ref> Kathleen's eldest brother [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], an officer in the [[United States Navy]], to whom she had grown close during the last year of his life, as he was serving in Britain, was the only member of the family to attend the ceremony. Her second eldest brother, John, was still hospitalized due to a back injury incurred on the motor torpedo patrol boat [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|''PT-109'']] in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific Ocean]], while her younger brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], was in naval training. On August 12, 1944, Joe Jr. was killed when his plane exploded over the [[English Channel]] during a top-secret bombing mission in Europe.<ref name=pittsburgh/>

==Widowhood==
Kathleen, now [[Marchioness]] of Hartington, and Lord Hartington spent less than five weeks together before he went off to fight in France. Four months after their marriage, and less than a month after Joe Jr. was killed, Hartington was killed by a sniper during a battle with the Germans in [[Belgium]]. With his family's blessing, he was buried close to where he fell. His younger brother [[Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire|Lord Andrew Cavendish]], who was married to [[Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Deborah Mitford]], youngest of the [[Mitford family|Mitford sisters]], thus became the [[heir apparent]] to the dukedom, as Billy Hartington had left no heir. From then on she was styled as Kathleen, Dowager Marchioness of Hartington.

Popular on the London social circuit and admired by many for her high spirits and wit, Lady Hartington eventually became romantically involved with the [[Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam|8th Earl Fitzwilliam]],<ref>Bailey, C. (2007). ''Black Diamonds: The Rise and Fall of an English Dynasty'', pp. 406–419. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-670-91542-2}}.</ref> who was in the process of divorcing his wife. Once again, Rose Kennedy expressed her disapproval of her daughter's suitor and warned Kathleen that she would be disowned and cut off financially if she married Lord Fitzwilliam. In May 1948, Kathleen learned that her father would be traveling to Paris. In an effort to gain his consent for her upcoming plans to marry Fitzwilliam, she decided to fly to Paris to meet with her father.<ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=52}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor - grave of Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (née Kennedy, 1920–1948).JPG|thumb|Cavendish's gravesite in [[St Peter's Church, Edensor|St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor]], which is marked with a headstone and a plaque in the ground commemorating the visit of 35th U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the gravesite; her gravestone reads, "Joy she gave joy she has found".]]
On May 13, 1948, Lady Hartington and Lord Fitzwilliam were flying from Paris to the [[French Riviera]] for a vacation<ref>Schenectady Gazette May 15, 1948.</ref> aboard a [[de Havilland DH.104 Dove]].<ref>[https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-de-havilland-dh104-dove-1-saint-bauzile-4-killed Crash of a De Havilland DH.104 Dove 1 in Saint-Bauzile: 4 killed, www.baaa-acro.com] Retrieved 18 February 2019</ref> At 3:30 in the afternoon, their plane took off, reaching an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Approximately one hour into the flight, radio contact was lost with the plane when it entered the region near Vienne,{{clarify |reason=Which 'Vienne' is this talking about? |date=March 2024}} which was also close to the center of a storm. The plane's four occupants endured twenty minutes of severe turbulence which bounced their small plane up and down as much as several thousand feet at a time.

When they finally cleared the clouds, they instantly discovered the plane was in a dive and moments away from impact, and they attempted to pull up. The stress of the turbulence, coupled with the sudden change of direction, tore loose one of the wings, followed by both engines, and finally the tail. The plane's [[fuselage]] then spun into the ground seconds later, coming to rest nose-down in a ravine, after striking terrain at Plateau du Coiron, near [[Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche]], France. Lady Hartington was instantly killed, along with Fitzwilliam, the pilot Peter Townshend and the navigator Arthur Freeman.

She was buried on the Cavendish family burial grounds at [[St Peter's Church, Edensor|St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor]] outside of [[Chatsworth, Derbyshire]], England. Her father was the only family member to attend the funeral, arranged by the Devonshires. Rose Kennedy had refused to attend her daughter's funeral, instead entering a hospital for medical reasons.<ref name=hilty/>

==Popular culture==
''The Kennedy Debutante'', a novelization of Kennedy's life, was published by [[Berkley Books]] in 2018. Written by Kerri Maher, it was well received, including being named a "Best Book of the Week" by the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-451-49204-3 |title=The Kennedy Debutante |author= |date=October 2018 |website=Publishersweekly.com |publisher=Publishers Weekly |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2018/09/29/the-best-books-of-the-week-3/ |title=The best books of the week |last=Dawson |first=Mackenzie |date=2018-09-28 |website=nypost.com |publisher=The New York Post |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rhule |first=Patty |date=2018-10-09 |title=JFK's spirited sis 'Kick' Kennedy grabs the spotlight in a new historical novel |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2018/10/09/jfks-sister-kick-kennedy-grabs-spotlight-new-historical-novel-kennedy-debutante-kerri-maher/1457815002/ |work=USA Today |location=McClean, VA |access-date=2018-10-11 }}</ref>

Kathleen Kennedy is portrayed by [[Darleen Carr]] in the 1977 TV movie ''[[Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy]]'', by [[Tracy Pollan]] in the 1990 TV miniseries ''[[The Kennedys of Massachusetts]]'', and by [[Robin Tunney]] in the 1993 TV miniseries ''[[JFK: Reckless Youth]]''.

==Legacy==
* The gymnasium at [[Manhattanville College]] in [[Purchase, New York]] is named in Kathleen Kennedy's honor.
* [[Robert F. Kennedy]] named his [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|eldest daughter]] in honor of his sister.

==See also==
* [[Chatsworth House]]
* [[Duke of Devonshire]]

* [[Kennedy curse]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Kick: The True Story of Kick Kennedy, JFK's Forgotten Sister, and the Heir to Chatsworth |first=Paula|last=Byrne|year=2016|publisher=Dial Press |isbn=978-0-385-27415-9 }}
* {{Citation|title=Kathleen Kennedy: Her Life and Times|first=Lynne|last=McTaggart|year=1983|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited |isbn=978-0007548125 }}
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy Women: The Saga of an American Family''. New York: Villard Books, 1994. Print.
* {{Citation|title=Kick Kennedy: The Charmed Life and Tragic Death of the Favorite Kennedy Daughter |first=Barbara |last=Leaming|year=2016|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-07131-6 }}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Kathleen-Kennedy.aspx |title=Kathleen Kennedy biography |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum }}
* Secrets of The Manor House, first shown of Channel 4, later on [[Yesterday (TV channel)|Yesterday]], Series 1, Episode 3.

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}
{{Portalbar|Biography|United States|United Kingdom}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartington, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:American debutantes]]
[[Category:American emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:British courtesy marchionesses]]
[[Category:Burials in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Cavendish family|Kathleen]]
[[Category:Finch College alumni]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:People educated at Queen's College, London]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in France]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1948]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Riverdale Country School alumni]]

Maria Shriver

2024-10-24T00:17:35Z

Unfriendnow: weird to add this apparent second marriage with no credible source.

{{short description|American journalist and author (born 1955)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Maria Shriver by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Shriver in 2018
| office = 35th [[First Lady of California]]
| governor = [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
| term_label = In role
| term_start = November 17, 2003
| term_end = January 3, 2011
| predecessor = [[Sharon Davis]]
| successor = [[Anne Gust Brown]]
| birth_name = Maria Owings Shriver
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|11|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| nationality =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2011–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marinucci |first1=Carla |title=California Republicans hit rock bottom |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/30/california-republicans-third-party-status-613568 |website=POLITICO |date=May 30, 2018 |quote=But Shriver, a descendent of the Kennedy family who announced her move to become an independent voter years ago... |access-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103213501/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/30/california-republicans-third-party-status-613568 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| otherparty = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (until 2011)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]|1986|2021|end=divorced}}
| children = 4, including [[Katherine Schwarzenegger|Katherine]] and [[Patrick Schwarzenegger]]
| father = [[Sargent Shriver]]
| mother = [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice Kennedy]]
| relatives = [[Shriver family]] [[Kennedy family]] [[Chris Pratt]] (son-in-law)
| residence = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles|Brentwood, Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| education = [[Georgetown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| profession = {{hlist|Journalist|author}}
| signature = Maria Shriver signature 2003.png
}}

'''Maria Owings Shriver''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ʃ|r|aɪ|v|ər}} {{respell|SHRY|vər}}; born November 6, 1955)<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/world/shriver-known-for-her-political-bloodlines-20031009-gdhjy5.html Shriver known for her political bloodlines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163532/https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/08/1065601914303.html |date=June 12, 2018 }} (October 9, 2003) ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved December 29, 2021.</ref>
is an American journalist, author, a member of the prominent [[Shriver family|Shriver]] and [[Kennedy family|Kennedy families]], former [[First Lady of California]], and the founder of the nonprofit organization The Women's Alzheimer's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Yaffe tells Senate committee continued NIH funding is 'critical' for Alzheimer's research |url=https://psych.ucsf.edu/news/yaffe-tells-senate-committee-continued-nih-funding-critical-alzheimers-research |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewomensalzheimersmovement.org/research-3/research-3-2/|title=About Us|website=The Women's Alzheimer's Movement|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=May 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513220838/https://thewomensalzheimersmovement.org/research-3/research-3-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was married to former [[governor of California]] and actor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], from whom she filed for divorce in 2011; it was finalized in 2021.

Shriver began her journalism career at [[CBS]] station [[KYW-TV]] and briefly anchored the ''[[CBS Morning News]]'' before joining [[NBC News]] in 1986. After anchoring weekend editions of the ''[[Weekend Today|Today]]'' show and the ''[[NBC Nightly News]]'', she became a correspondent for ''[[Dateline NBC]]'', also covering politics. After leaving NBC News in 2004 to focus on her role as First Lady of California, she returned in 2013 as a special anchor. For her reporting at NBC, Shriver received a [[Peabody Award]] in 1998 and was co-anchor for NBC's Emmy-winning coverage of the [[1988 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3949468 | title=Maria Shriver | website=[[NBC News]] | date=January 13, 2004 }}</ref>

As executive producer of ''The Alzheimer's Project'', Shriver earned two [[Emmy Awards]] and an [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] award for developing a "television show with a conscience."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/05/glee-cory-monteith-kevin-mchale-chris-colfer-mark-salling-maria-shriver-al-gore-television-academy-h.html |title=TV academy honors 'television with a conscience' |access-date=October 8, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 6, 2010 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024040733/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/05/glee-cory-monteith-kevin-mchale-chris-colfer-mark-salling-maria-shriver-al-gore-television-academy-h.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Shriver was born in [[Chicago]], Illinois, on November 6, 1955, the second child of politician [[Sargent Shriver]] and activist [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice Kennedy]]. She is a niece of the late U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], [[U.S. attorney general]] and [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], U.S. senator [[Ted Kennedy]], and six other [[Kennedy family|siblings]]. A Roman Catholic,<ref>{{cite web |last=Winfrey |first=Oprah |url=https://www.oprah.com/spirit/oprah-interviews-maria-shriver/2 |title=Oprah Talks to Maria Shriver |work=[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]] |date=May 30, 2008 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-date=May 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531070619/http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Oprah-Interviews-Maria-Shriver/2 |url-status=live }}</ref> she is of mostly [[Irish American|Irish]] and [[German American|German]] descent.

Shriver spent her middle school years living in [[Paris]]<ref>{{cite web |last=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/r-sargent-shriver |title=R. Sargent Shriver |work=[[R. Sargent Shriver JFK Library]] |access-date=May 3, 2021 }}</ref> save for a brief period when Shriver's family moved temporarily to [[Chicago]] in the summer of 1968 following [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]]'s work with the [[Special Olympics]].<ref name="sargent">{{cite web |last=Sargent Shriver Peace Institute. |url=http://www.sargentshriver.org/article/us-ambassador-to-france |title=US Ambassador to France |work=[[Sargent Shriver Peace Institute – US Ambassador to France]] |access-date=May 3, 2021 }}</ref>

Shriver returned permanently from France to [[Bethesda, Maryland]], in 1970,<ref name="sargent"/> where she attended [[Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart]] high school and graduated in 1973,<ref>{{cite tweet | user=mariashriver |number=234776562074001410 |title=Shout out to Olympian @katieledecky who attends Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Bethesda, MD. My alma mater!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumnae Spotlights {{!}} Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart|url=https://www.stoneridgeschool.org/alumnae/alumnae-spotlights|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.stoneridgeschool.org}}</ref> later attending [[Manhattanville College]] in [[Purchase, New York]], for two years, then transferring into a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[American studies]] at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C., graduating in June 1977.<ref>[http://www.shriverreport.com/awn/contributors.php About the Contributors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504134055/http://www.shriverreport.com/awn/contributors.php |date=May 4, 2011 }} ''[[The Shriver Report]]''. Accessed May 23, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=740&PageTemplateID=52 Well-known Georgetown Alumni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613025811/http://explore.georgetown.edu/documents/?DocumentID=740&PageTemplateID=52 |date=June 13, 2011 }}. Accessed May 23, 2011.</ref>

Shriver is a fourth cousin of tennis player [[Pam Shriver]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-04-la-sp-dwyre-us-open-20100905-story.html|title=ESPN's Pam Shriver talks as good a game as she played|last=Dwyre|first=Bill|date=September 4, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 6, 2019|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706210927/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-04-la-sp-dwyre-us-open-20100905-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shriver is also a cousin of [[Caroline Kennedy]].

==Career==

===Media career and advocacy===
In her book ''[[Ten Things I Wish I'd Known Before I Went Out Into The Real World]]'' (2000), Shriver says that she became passionate about [[broadcast journalism]] after being sent to the back of the campaign plane with the [[press corps]] while volunteering for her father's [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 U.S. vice presidential race]], calling these orders "the best thing that ever happened to me". After her journalism career began with [[KYW-TV]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, she co-anchored ''[[The Early Show|The CBS Morning News]]'' with [[Forrest Sawyer]] from August 1985 until August 1986, co-anchored [[NBC News]]'s ''[[Weekend Today|Sunday Today]]'' from 1987 until 1990. Shriver also served as Saturday anchor 1989 & Sunday 1990 of ''[[NBC Nightly News]]''. She was a contributing anchor on ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' from 1992 until 2004. In August 2003, Shriver took an unpaid leave of absence from NBC News when her husband became a candidate in the [[California gubernatorial recall election, 2003|2003 California gubernatorial recall election]].

Following her husband's November 17, 2003, inauguration as the 38th Governor of California, she became the First Lady of California. She then returned to reporting, making two more appearances for ''Dateline NBC''.

On February 3, 2004, Shriver asked to be "relieved of [her] duties at NBC News," citing concerns the network had over the conflict of interest between her role as a journalist and her status as the First Lady of California and her increasing role as an advocate of her husband's administration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/article/2004/02/04/maria-shriver-leaves-nbc-news/ |title=Maria Shriver leaves NBC News
|publisher=Entertainment Weekly |date=February 4, 2004 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |author=Susman, Gary |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073801/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,587213,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

She appeared as herself in the film ''[[Last Action Hero]]'' (1993). She also played a minor role as herself in "Be Prepared", a 2006 episode of the television series ''[[That's So Raven]]'' promoting a "Preparedness Plan". On March 23, 2007, Shriver returned to television news as substitute host of panel-discussion talk show ''[[Larry King Live]]'' on CNN with musician [[Sheryl Crow]] and other guests.

Shriver announced that she would not return to the news media after the excessive media coverage of the death of [[Anna Nicole Smith]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2007-10-24-shriver-NBC_N.htm?csp=34 |title=Maria Shriver won't return to NBC News |date=October 24, 2007 |work=USA Today |access-date=April 28, 2008 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419020730/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2007-10-24-shriver-NBC_N.htm?csp=34 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Tanner |date=May 16, 2007 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN1546390720070516 |title=Shriver says Anna Nicole frenzy ended her TV return |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107185701/http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN1546390720070516 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shriver subsequently returned to the news media.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |title=Maria Shriver heading back to NBC as special anchor |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/04/30/maria-shriver-heading-back-to-nbc-as-special-anchor/2123191/ |work=USA Today |access-date=April 30, 2013 |date=April 30, 2013 |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228022654/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/04/30/maria-shriver-heading-back-to-nbc-as-special-anchor/2123191/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mediabistro">{{cite web |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/maria-shriver-returns-to-today_b200471 |title=Maria Shriver Returns to 'Today' – TVNewser |publisher=Mediabistro.com |date=October 18, 2013 |access-date=August 19, 2014 |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018190355/https://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/maria-shriver-returns-to-today_b200471 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Maria Shriver speaking about the California Alzheimer's Task Force.ogg|thumb|Shriver, in 2019, talking about the inaugural meeting of the California Alzheimer's Task Force, which she chairs.]]
In 2003, Shriver's father [[Sargent Shriver]] was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and she became an advocate and fundraiser for Alzheimer's patient care and [[biomedical research]].<ref name="AlzOrgProfile">{{cite web |title=Maria Shriver Highlights Alzheimer's Disease |url=http://alz.org/mariashriver/mariashriver.asp |publisher=[[Alzheimer's Association]] |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> Shriver was the executive producer of ''The Alzheimer's Project'', a four-part documentary series that premiered on [[HBO]] in May 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbo.com/alzheimers/ |title=HBO Documentaries: The Alzheimer's Project |author=HBO |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012183320/http://www.hbo.com/alzheimers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and later earned two [[Emmy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emmys.com/articles/hbo-tops-2009-creative-arts-emmys-nbc-leads-nets |title=Tina Fey, Justin Timberlake Among Big Creative Arts Winners |publisher=Emmys.com |date=September 12, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=May 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065731/http://www.emmys.com/articles/hbo-tops-2009-creative-arts-emmys-nbc-leads-nets |url-status=live }}</ref> It was described by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' as "ambitious, disturbing, emotionally fraught and carefully optimistic".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-08-et-alzheimers8-story.html |title=Grace and pain in 'Alzheimer's' |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=December 29, 2021|first=Mary |last=McNamara |date=May 8, 2009 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024042804/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/08/entertainment/et-alzheimers8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series took a close look at cutting-edge research being done in the country's leading Alzheimer's laboratories. The documentary also examined the effects of this disease on patients and families. One of the Emmy Award-winning films, ''Grandpa, Do you Know Who I Am?'' is based on Shriver's best-selling children's book dealing with Alzheimer's.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103953870 |title=Maria Shriver Turns Spotlight On Alzheimer's |date=May 10, 2009 |work=NPR.org |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014023446/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103953870 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Shriver published the coloring book ''Color Your Mind'', a coloring book for people with Alzheimer's.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/maria-shrivers-coloring-book-for-alzheimers-patients-and-their-families/2017/05/26/11e3c70a-3fc0-11e7-8c25-44d09ff5a4a8_story.html|title=Maria Shriver's coloring book for Alzheimer's patients and their families|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130063701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/maria-shrivers-coloring-book-for-alzheimers-patients-and-their-families/2017/05/26/11e3c70a-3fc0-11e7-8c25-44d09ff5a4a8_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shriver has been a lifelong advocate for people with intellectual disabilities. She is a member of the International Board of [[Special Olympics]], the organization her mother founded in 1968.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/14/shriver.funeral/index.html |title=Special Olympics Torch Lights Eunice Kennedy Shriver's Funeral |access-date=October 8, 2014 |work=CNN |date=August 15, 2009 |archive-date=October 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013233129/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/14/shriver.funeral/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also on the advisory board of [[Best Buddies]], a one-to-one friendship and jobs program for people with intellectual disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbuddies.org/in-the-news/257-sportsillustrated092109 |title=Shriver's legacy lives on through Best Buddies |access-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026170148/http://www.bestbuddies.org/in-the-news/257-sportsillustrated092109 |archive-date=October 26, 2010 }}</ref> In addition, Shriver serves as Chair of the Audi Best Buddies Challenge: Hearst Castle, a bike ride that raises millions of dollars for programs supporting people with intellectual disabilities. As First Lady, Shriver has been instrumental in the hiring of individuals with intellectual disabilities in the capitol and in various state offices through her WE Include program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weinclude.ca.gov/ |title=We Include |publisher=State of California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117061032/http://weinclude.ca.gov/ |archive-date=November 17, 2010}}</ref> In February 2008, Shriver launched an ice cream company called [[Lovin' Scoopful]] with her brother, [[Tim Shriver]]. Twenty-five percent of the proceeds from Lovin' Scoopful benefits the [[Special Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/using-ice-cream-for-good_b_556240 |title=Using Ice Cream for Good: How Lovin' Scoopful is Working for the Special Olympics |date=April 29, 2010 |work=HuffPost |access-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015193721/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-samson/using-ice-cream-for-good_b_556240.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Shriver executive-produced ''American Idealist: The Story of Sargent Shriver''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/criticscorner/2008-01-20-critics-corner_N.htm?csp=34 |work=USA Today |title=Critic's Corner Monday |first=Robert |last=Bianco |date=January 21, 2008}}</ref> The documentary originally aired on PBS on January 21, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanidealistmovie.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124063922/http://www.americanidealistmovie.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2008 |title=American Idealist |publisher=Americanidealistmovie.org |date=January 21, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2011 }}</ref> The film chronicled the life, accomplishments and vision of her father, [[Sargent Shriver]]. Shriver also serves on the advisory board of the Sargent Shriver Peace Institute, which raises public awareness of her father's legacy as a peacebuilder and offers educational and training programs grounded in the principles of public service that motivate the many programs he created, including the [[Peace Corps]], [[Job Corps]], [[Head Start (program)|Head Start]], and [[Legal Services Corporation|Legal Services for the Poor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womensconference.org/maria-shriver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223085726/http://www.womensconference.org/maria-shriver/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 23, 2009 |title=California First Lady Maria Shriver |publisher=Womensconference.org |date=November 17, 2003 |access-date=March 23, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2018, she published ''I've Been Thinking...: Reflections Prayers and Meditations for a Meaningful Life'', which became an instant No. 1 ''New York Times'' bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-0525522607|title = I've Been Thinking ...: Reflections, Prayers, and Meditations for a Meaningful Life|last1 = Shriver|first1 = Maria|year = 2018| publisher=Penguin }}</ref> Shriver released a companion journal, ''I've Been Thinking...The Journal: Reflections, Prayers and Inspirations for Your Meaningful Life'', in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/parents/hoda-jenna-shared-their-mother-s-day-wish-list-t152343|title=Hoda and Jenna revealed their Mother's Day wish lists — and we want everything|website=TODAY.com|date=May 7, 2019 |access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604022521/https://www.today.com/parents/hoda-jenna-shared-their-mother-s-day-wish-list-t152343|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shriver and her daughter, Christina Schwarzenegger, were co-executive producers of ''[[Take Your Pills]]'' (2018), an hour-long documentary on [[psychostimulant]] medications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2018/films/122686|title=SXSW 2018 Schedule|website=sxsw.com|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103338/https://schedule.sxsw.com/2018/films/122686|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== The Shriver Report ====
In October 2009, Shriver launched "The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything", a national study and comprehensive report conducted in partnership with the [[Center for American Progress]], USC's Annenberg Center on Communication, Leadership and Policy, and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. The Shriver Report revealed that American women, for the first time, make up half of the United States workforce and studied how that fact is impacting major institutions like family, business, government and faith organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33247001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017235153/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33247001/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2009 |title=Special report: Women today |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=March 23, 2011}}</ref> The report was released in 2013 in partnership with ''TIME''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1930506,00.html |title=The American Woman |date=October 26, 2009 |work=TIME.com |access-date=October 8, 2014 |first=Richard |last=Stengel |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826135938/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1930506,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[NBC News]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/womans_nation.html|title=A Woman's Nation – Center for American Progress|date=April 15, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-date=October 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014133247/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/womans_nation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', the report "was modeled on [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women|a study undertaken almost 50 years ago]] during the administration of [[John F. Kennedy]], Shriver's uncle, and led by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/business/media/29nbc.html|title=NBC Plans a Week of Coverage on Evolving Role of Women|first=Bill|last=Carter|date=September 28, 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-date=December 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232036/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/business/media/29nbc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The report features, among other things, writings by public figures including [[Suze Orman]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Tammy Duckworth]], [[Billie Jean King]], [[Heidi Hartmann]], [[Susan J. Douglas]], [[Stephanie Coontz]], [[Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner]], [[John Podesta]], and [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY6-O9P532sC&q=shriver+report&pg=PT1 |title=The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything |access-date=October 8, 2014 |isbn=9781439187630 |last1=Shriver |first1=Maria |date=October 20, 2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154132/https://books.google.com/books?id=nY6-O9P532sC&q=shriver+report&pg=PT1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010 ''The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Takes on Alzheimer's'' was published.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=woman%27s+nation+alzheimer%27s+launched&pg=PT99 |title=The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Takes On Alzheimer's |access-date=October 8, 2014 |isbn=9781451628999 |last1=Shriver |first1=Maria |date=October 19, 2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154133/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=woman%27s+nation+alzheimer%27s+launched&pg=PT99 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a study by Maria Shriver and the [[Alzheimer's Association]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=shriver+report |title=The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Takes On Alzheimer's |access-date=October 8, 2014 |isbn=9781451628999 |last1=Shriver |first1=Maria |date=October 19, 2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=shriver+report |url-status=live }}</ref> It features, among other things, writings by public figures including [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Laura Bush]], [[Patti Davis]], [[Soleil Moon Frye]], [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[Susan Collins]], [[Kathleen Sebelius]], [[Barbara Mikulski]], and [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=shriver+alzheimer%27s |title=The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Takes On Alzheimer's |access-date=October 8, 2014 |isbn=9781451628999 |last1=Shriver |first1=Maria |date=October 19, 2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154128/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhNGy-9utp0C&q=shriver+alzheimer%27s |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, ''The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Pushes Back from the Brink'' was published; it is about women and their children in poverty.<ref name="amazon.com">{{Cite book|title=The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Pushes Back from the Brink: Maria Shriver, Olivia Morgan, Karen Skelton|isbn=9781137279743|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=March 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shriverreport.org/a-special-message-from-maria-shriver-the-shriver-report-team/|title=A Special Message from Maria Shriver & the Shriver Report Team|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006154931/http://shriverreport.org/a-special-message-from-maria-shriver-the-shriver-report-team/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is by Maria Shriver, with editors Olivia Morgan, and Karen Skelton, and features, among other things, writings by public figures including [[Carol Gilligan]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Joan Chittister]], [[Ai-Jen Poo]], [[Eva Longoria]], [[Stephanie Coontz]], [[Jennifer Garner]], [[Kathleen Sebelius]], [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], [[Anne-Marie Slaughter]], [[Tory Burch]], [[Sheryl Sandberg]], [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], [[Barbara Ehrenreich]], [[LeBron James]], and [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name="amazon.com" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ooXngEACAAJ&q=shriver+report+brink |title=The Shriver Report |access-date=October 8, 2014 |isbn=9781137279743 |last1=Shriver |first1=Maria |last2=Progress |first2=Center for American |date=March 11, 2014 |publisher=Macmillan |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ooXngEACAAJ&q=shriver+report+brink |url-status=live }}</ref>

===First Lady of California===
After Arnold took office, Shriver took on several key initiatives as First Lady, which included raising awareness of the contributions of women to the state, working on practical solutions to end [[Cycle of poverty|cycles of poverty]], and encouraging all Californians to engage in acts of service to their communities. Once Schwarzenegger was elected, Shriver had to cut back on her news reporting to avoid conflicts of interest.<ref name="parade">{{cite news|title=In Step With: Maria Shriver |publisher=Parade Magazine |date=April 10, 2005 |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_04-10-2005/in_step_with_1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605162809/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_04-10-2005/in_step_with_1 |archive-date=June 5, 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver-mod.jpg|thumb|right|Shriver with her husband [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] at the 2007 [[Special Olympics]] in Shanghai, China]]
Shriver began leading the [[California Governor & First Lady's Conference on Women]] when Schwarzenegger took office in 2003. Under her leadership, The Women's Conference event grew into the nation's premier forum for women and, in 2010, attracted more than 30,000 attendees and 150 world opinion leaders over three full days. Each year, the event is held at the [[Long Beach Convention Center]] in October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presstelegram.com/breakingnews/ci_13661549 |title=Women's Conference's future in Long Beach uncertain after 2010 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613195911/http://www.presstelegram.com/breakingnews/ci_13661549 |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Luminaries have spoken at the conference including [[Oprah Winfrey]], Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], U.S. Secretaries of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] and [[Madeleine Albright]], [[Barbara Walters]], [[Warren Buffett]], Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, former British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], [[Richard Branson]], [[Bono]], [[Billie Jean King]], [[Gloria Steinem]], and the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/07/maria-shriver-announces-her-womens-conference-lineup.html |title=Maria Shriver Announces Her Women's Conference Lineup |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=July 14, 2008 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614141914/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/07/maria-shriver-announces-her-womens-conference-lineup.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wowowow.com/post/maria-shriver-announces-star-studded-womens-conference-64914 |title=Maria Shriver Announces Star-Studded Women's Conference |date=July 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103173509/http://www.wowowow.com/post/maria-shriver-announces-star-studded-womens-conference-64914 |archive-date=November 3, 2009}}</ref>

In 2004, Shriver created The Minerva Awards to honor and reward "remarkable California women" who have changed their communities, their state, their country and the world with their courage, wisdom and strength.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presstelegram.com/news/ci_13656556 |title='Remarkable California women' honored with Minerva Awards |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024856/http://www.presstelegram.com/news/ci_13656556 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Minerva Awards are named after [[Minerva]], the [[Roman goddess]] who adorns the [[Great Seal of California|California State Seal]] and "who symbolizes the dual nature of women as warriors and peacemakers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_10792605 |title=Betty Chinn accepts Minerva Award, wins over crowd |work=times-standard.com |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014155218/http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_10792605 |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Minerva Awards are presented annually at [[The Women's Conference]] in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] during a special ceremony. Recipients of the award also receive a grant to continue their work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_14997778 |title='A tsunami of hope': Maria Shriver cuts ribbon on Eureka's first public shower facility |work=times-standard.com |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014155122/http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_14997778 |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Past Minerva Awards recipients include former first lady [[Betty Ford]], [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Gloria Steinem]], [[Billie Jean King]], [[astronaut]] [[Sally Ride]] and the late [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], Shriver's mother. The achievements of The Minerva Award winners are chronicled in a permanent exhibit at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]] in [[Sacramento]] and have become part of California's official state archive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.californiamuseum.org/exhibits/minerva-awards |title=Minerva Award Exhibit |publisher=California Museum |access-date=March 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212220632/http://californiamuseum.org/exhibits/minerva-awards |archive-date=December 12, 2010 }}</ref>

In 2004, Shriver was in attendance at both [[2004 Democratic National Convention|the Democratic National Convention]] and [[2004 Republican National Convention|the Republican National Convention]], attending the first to watch her uncle Ted Kennedy speak, and the latter to watch her husband speak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maria Shriver to Attend Democratic Convention |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jul-16-me-shriver16-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |agency= Associated Press |access-date=March 3, 2021 |date=July 16, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=California First Lady Gets a GOP Cameo |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-aug-30-na-maria30-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |agency= Associated Press |access-date=March 3, 2021 |date=August 30, 2004}}</ref>

In 2005, Shriver launched her WE Connect Program, which connects working families in need with money-saving programs and support services. WE Connect brings together community organizations and businesses, government agencies and state leaders, congregations and schools as partners in responding to the needs of the millions of individuals and families who are struggling to make ends meet. Through a partnership with ''[[La Opinión]]'', the nation's largest Spanish-language newspaper, WE Connect has developed three editions of a 24-page, full-color, bilingual supplement that has been circulated to over 20 million Californians in need. In December 2009, Shriver, in partnership with The Women's Conference, created the WE Connect–Million Meals Initiative.<ref>[http://www.ebcf.org/press-room/217-one-million-meals-for-families-in-need One Million Meals for Families in Need] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514104431/http://www.ebcf.org/press-room/217-one-million-meals-for-families-in-need |date=May 14, 2010 }}</ref> Through this initiative, The Women's Conference made a donation to The California Association of Food Banks to provide more than one million meals to California families in need.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thadeus Greenson |url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_13975658 |title=California first family hosts Betty Chinn, encourages outreach |publisher=Times-Standard Online |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506001817/http://www.times-standard.com/ci_13975658 |archive-date=May 6, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The donation was allocated to the food bank's 44 member organizations who then distributed the food to California families through its more than 5,000 community-based organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc7news.com/archive/7164016/ |title=Gov. visits Bay Area in effort to feed the hungry |work=ABC7 San Francisco |access-date=December 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311150009/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Feast_bay&id=7164016 |archive-date=March 11, 2014 }}</ref> In March 2010, Shriver held a three-day Community Resources Fair in Fresno and Los Angeles through WE Connect. The fairs provided vital programs and free support services such as tax preparation, housing and home foreclosure assistance, job assistance, flu shots, healthy food distribution and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmph-kfre.com/Global/story.asp?S=12179884 |title=Maria Shriver At "We Connect Weekend" In Fresno |date=March 21, 2010 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014150243/http://www.kmph-kfre.com/Global/story.asp?S=12179884 |archive-date=October 14, 2014 }}</ref> Event organizers estimated that over 40,000 individuals took advantage of free services during the course of the two weekends, and hundreds of thousands pounds of food were distributed.<ref>[http://www.knx1070.com/pages/6669173.php? Maria Shriver Talks About 'We Connect Weekend'] {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>

As First Lady, Shriver worked to promote service and volunteerism. As Honorary Chair of [[CaliforniaVolunteers]], Shriver conceived of and launched the largest statewide volunteer matching network at CaliforniaVolunteers.org. Shriver was instrumental in inspiring Governor Schwarzenegger to establish the nation's first state cabinet-level Department of Service and Volunteering.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/26/us/26calif.html|title=California Creates Cabinet Post to Manage Volunteers|first=Jennifer|last=Steinhauer|date=February 26, 2008|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003827/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/26/us/26calif.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She also pioneered and promoted a statewide disaster preparedness program called WE Prepare that encourages and educates Californians to be ready for an emergency or natural disaster. In addition, Shriver established WE Build and WE Garden, a children's playground and community garden-building initiative. "Try growing Tomatoes, I' beans don't grow," she exclaimed. Through CaliforniaVolunteers, Shriver has built 31 playgrounds with gardens in lower-income communities around the state in partnership with [[KaBOOM! (non-profit organization)|KaBOOM!]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/06/68367527/1Michelle#.Ycy1BGjMLIV|title=Obama and Maria Shriver: Making space for play – for all generations |work=USA Today |access-date=December 29, 2021 |date=June 22, 2009 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008030206/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/06/68367527/1Michelle |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Shriver launched her WE Invest Program, which provides training, mentoring, support networks, microloans and other resources to help women launch or grow their businesses. In June 2009, she expanded WE Invest nationally through a partnership with [[Kiva (organization)|Kiva]], creating the first-ever online peer-to-peer microlending program in the U.S.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/smallbusiness/columnist/abrams/2009-06-12-microlending-maria-shriver_N.htm |title=Strategies: Shriver's big on small loans, for good reason |access-date=October 8, 2014 |work=USA Today |first=Rhonda |last=Abrams |date=June 12, 2009 |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125063559/http://www.usatoday.com/money/smallbusiness/columnist/abrams/2009-06-12-microlending-maria-shriver_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shriver is credited with coming up with the idea to bring Kiva's international [[micro-lending]] model to the United States.<ref name="usatoday.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/06/10/kiva-brings-microlending-home-to-us-entrepreneurs-in-need/ |title=Kiva Brings Microlending Home To U.S. Entrepreneurs In Need |date=June 10, 2009 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=October 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004092440/http://techcrunch.com/2009/06/10/kiva-brings-microlending-home-to-us-entrepreneurs-in-need/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shriver is co-chair of The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.californiamuseum.org/ |title=Home Page | California Museum |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009010253/http://www.californiamuseum.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and she has been credited with revitalizing the state museum during her tenure. Shriver created the [[California Hall of Fame]] in 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.californiamuseum.org/exhibits/halloffame/history |title=History |publisher=California Museum |access-date=March 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212213234/http://californiamuseum.org/exhibits/halloffame/history |archive-date=December 12, 2010 }}</ref> at the Museum to honor legendary Californians such as [[Cesar Chavez]], [[Clint Eastwood]], [[Walt Disney]], [[Amelia Earhart]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[John Steinbeck]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Earl Warren]], [[Julia Morgan]], [[Leland Stanford]], [[Dorothea Lange]] and others.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-nov-26-la-me-cap26-2009nov26-story.html |work=The Los Angeles Times |title=California Hall of Fame inductees range from excellent to just OK |first=George |last=Skelton |date=November 26, 2009 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103015946/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/26/local/la-me-cap26-2009nov26 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2008, Shriver launched the California Legacy Trails, a first-of-its-kind web-based multimedia learning tool designed to help students learn California history.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200811/111708CaliforniaMuseum.html | title=California Museum and Maria Shriver Unveil 'A Museum without Walls' | publisher=Adobe | date=November 17, 2008 | access-date=July 23, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803130810/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200811/111708CaliforniaMuseum.html | archive-date=August 3, 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/videos/maria-shriver-touts-new-online-learning-tool/ |title=Maria Shriver Touts New Online Learning Tool |work=CNET |access-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006045023/http://cnettv.cnet.com/maria-shriver-touts-new-online-learning-tool/9742-1_53-50004507.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On February 3, 2008, Shriver endorsed Senator [[Barack Obama]] for the [[2008 Democratic party presidential primaries|2008 Democratic presidential nomination]]. The endorsement was given at a [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] rally featuring [[Caroline Kennedy]] (Shriver's cousin), [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Stevie Wonder]], and Obama's wife [[Michelle Obama]].<ref name="thecaucus.blogs.nytimes">{{cite web|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/maria-shriver-backs-obama/|title=Maria Shriver Backs Obama|first=Adam|last=Nagourney|date=February 3, 2008|access-date=February 3, 2008|archive-date=February 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205192601/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/maria-shriver-backs-obama/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CPcT |title=Breaking: California First Lady Maria Shriver Endorses Barack Obama |work=Organizing for Action |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814020119/https://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CPcT |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Governor Schwarzenegger had endorsed Senator [[John McCain]] for the [[2008 Republican Presidential Primaries|Republican presidential nomination]] a few days earlier on January 31, 2008.<ref name="thecaucus.blogs.nytimes" /> Later that year, as in 2004, Shriver was in attendance at [[2008 Democratic National Convention|the Democratic National Convention]] when her uncle Ted Kennedy spoke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |title=TED GETS PARTY STARTED |url=https://nypost.com/2008/08/26/ted-gets-party-started/ |website=New York Post |access-date=March 3, 2021 |date=August 26, 2008}}</ref>

In May 2009, Shriver planted the first edible garden at a state capitol in what once was a flower bed. She teamed up with [[Alice Waters]] on the project.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/nov05election/detail?blogid=14&entry_id=40501 |title=Capitol edible garden arrives with star power |date=May 21, 2009 |work=Politics Blog |access-date=October 8, 2014 |first=Wyatt |last=Buchanan |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528035500/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/nov05election/detail?blogid=14&entry_id=40501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The food grown in the organic garden is distributed to local food banks.<ref>[http://www.sacramentopress.com/headline/7952 Shriver Gets Her Hands Dirty] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080309/http://www.sacramentopress.com/headline/7952 |date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> Shriver has been an advocate for edible gardens and chairs the California School Garden Network that has doubled the number of gardens in state schools from 3,000 to 6,000 since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-27-me-garden27-story.html |title=Maria Shriver says edible garden will be planted in Capitol Park flower bed |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=December 29, 2021 |first=Mary |last=MacVean |date=March 27, 2009 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024042843/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/27/local/me-garden27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Return to NBC News===
On April 30, 2013, NBC announced that Shriver would join the network again as a special [[News presenter|anchor]] working on issues surrounding the shifting roles of women in American life.<ref name="USA Today"/>

On October 18, 2013, Shriver returned to the anchor desk on ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]'', filling-in for [[Savannah Guthrie]] for the first time since 1998 as co-anchor with [[Matt Lauer]].<ref name="Mediabistro"/>

==Career timeline==
* 1978–1985: [[KYW-TV]] anchor
* 1985–1986: ''[[The CBS Morning News]]'' co-anchor
* 1986–2004: [[NBC News]]
** 1987–1990: ''[[Weekend Today|Sunday Today]]'' co-anchor
** 1989 ''[[NBC Nightly News]]'' Saturday anchor–1990: Sunday anchor
** 1992–2004: ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' contributing anchor & correspondent
* 2003–2011: [[First Lady of California]]
* 2013–2021: NBC News
** 2013–2021: Special Anchor
** 2013–2015: Dateline NBC correspondent
** 2013–2021: ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'' substitute co-anchor
** 2019–2021: [[Today with Hoda and Jenna|Hoda & Jenna]] substitute co-anchor

==Personal life==
[[File:MariaShriverApr2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Shriver in April 2013]]
[[File:DIG135625-018.jpg|thumb|(L-R) [[Lynda Johnson Robb]], Shriver, and [[Luci Baines Johnson]] at the Civil Rights Exhibit at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014]]
In 1977, [[Tom Brokaw]] introduced Maria to [[Austrians|Austrian]] bodybuilder and actor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] at a charity tennis tournament being held at her mother's home. She married Schwarzenegger on April 26, 1986, in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]], at St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/27/style/maria-owings-shriver-wed-to-arnold-schwarzenegger.html|title=Maria Owings Shriver Wed To Arnold Schwarzenegger|date=April 27, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 29, 2018|archive-date=May 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528091553/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DF103DF934A15757C0A960948260|url-status=live}}</ref> They have four children; two boys and two girls, including [[Katherine Schwarzenegger|Katherine]] and [[Patrick Schwarzenegger|Patrick]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/style/chronicle-482791.html |title=Chronicle |work=The New York Times |date=July 24, 1991 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |first=Eric |last=Pace |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154155/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/style/chronicle-482791.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/21/style/chronicle-924193.html |title=Chronicle |work=The New York Times |date=September 21, 1993 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |first=Nadine |last=Brozan |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154133/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/21/style/chronicle-924193.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/30/nyregion/chronicle-367451.html |title=Chronicle |work=The New York Times |date=September 30, 1997 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |first=Nadine |last=Brozan |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118154133/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/30/nyregion/chronicle-367451.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 9, 2011, Schwarzenegger and Shriver announced their separation after 25 years of marriage, and Shriver moved out of the couple's [[Brentwood, Los Angeles|Brentwood]] mansion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-mew-arnold-maria-separate-20010510,0,2542211.story?track=rss |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver announce separation |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 9, 2011 |author=Mark Z. Barabak |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513224218/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-mew-arnold-maria-separate-20010510,0,2542211.story?track=rss |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/arnold-schwarzenegger-and-wife-of-25-years-maria-shriver-say-theyre-separating/2011/05/10/AF16qwdG_story.html |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger and wife of 25 years, Maria Shriver, say they're separating |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 10, 2011 |agency=Associated Press |first=Carolyn |last=Hax |access-date=September 4, 2017 |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715143420/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/arnold-schwarzenegger-and-wife-of-25-years-maria-shriver-say-theyre-separating/2011/05/10/AF16qwdG_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-schwarzenegger-idUSTRE7490PP20110510 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger, wife Maria Shriver separate |work=Reuters |date=May 10, 2011 |author=Dan Whitcomb |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152934/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/10/us-schwarzenegger-idUSTRE7490PP20110510 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a message for her Twitter followers posted on May 13, 2011, Shriver said: "Thank you all for the kindness, support and compassion. I am humbled by the love. Thank you."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0517-arnold-20110517,0,1994592.story |title=Schwarzenegger fathered a child with longtime member of household staff May 17, 2011 |date=May 17, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 8, 2014 |first1=Mark Z. |last1=Barabak |first2=Victoria |last2=Kim |archive-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214031924/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0517-arnold-20110517,0,1994592.story |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 17, 2011, Schwarzenegger publicly admitted to fathering [[Joseph Baena]] with longtime household staff member Mildred "Patty" Baena. Baena became pregnant in 1997, before his election as [[Governor of California]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/arnold-schwarzenegger-fat_n_862866 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Fathered A Child With Member Of Household Staff |work=Huffington Post |location=USA |date=May 17, 2011 |first=Ashley |last=Reich |access-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310094054/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/17/arnold-schwarzenegger-fathered_n_862867.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He confessed to Shriver only after she confronted him with the information, and after Shriver had confirmed her long-held suspicions in a conversation with Patty Baena.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/how-maria-found-out-arnies-wife-reportedly-confronted-lover-about-child-20110520-1evji.html?from=smh_sb |title=How Maria found out: Arnie's wife reportedly confronted lover about child |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=May 20, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819012529/http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/how-maria-found-out-arnies-wife-reportedly-confronted-lover-about-child-20110520-1evji.html?from=smh_sb |url-status=live }}</ref> Shriver described Schwarzenegger's admission as "painful and heartbreaking". She declined to speak further on the issue, saying: "As a mother, my concern is for the children. I ask for compassion, respect and privacy as my children and I try to rebuild our lives and heal."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/maria-shriver-speaks-is-a-189081 | title=Maria Shriver Speaks Out: 'This Is a Painful and Heartbreaking Time' | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 17, 2011 | first=Lindsay | last=Powers | access-date=February 20, 2020 | archive-date=February 20, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220015033/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/maria-shriver-speaks-is-a-189081 | url-status=live }}</ref> Shriver filed for divorce on July 1, 2011, citing "irreconcilable differences".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Medina |first1=Jennifer |title=Shriver Files for Divorce From Schwarzenegger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/us/02divorce.html |website=The New York Times |date=July 1, 2011 |access-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005173929/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/us/02divorce.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The divorce was finalized in December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Serjeant |first1=Jill |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver are finally divorced |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/arnold-schwarzenegger-maria-shriver-are-finally-divorced-2021-12-29/ |website=Reuters |access-date=December 29, 2021 |date=December 29, 2021}}</ref>

In an interview with the [[Commonwealth Club of California]] in 2018, Shriver revealed that she had changed her registration from [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to [[Independent voter|independent]], stating that there are good people and bad people in both parties.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3lOpBFmdxqk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180322230415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lOpBFmdxqk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lOpBFmdxqk|title=Maria Shriver: Best and Worst of Being First Lady of California (Clip 1)|date=March 14, 2018|type=video|publisher=Commonwealth Club of California|time=01:09}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Honors==
As executive producer of ''The Alzheimer's Project'', Shriver earned two Emmy Awards and an Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for developing a "television show with a conscience".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/shriver-gore-honored-tv-academy-wbna36997744|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509082437/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/36997744/ns/today-entertainment/ |url-status=live |archive-date=May 9, 2010 |title=Shriver, Gore honored by TV academy |work=TODAY.com |date=May 6, 2010 |access-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> She has additionally won [[Peabody Awards]] for her television journalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3949468 |title=Maria Shriver – Dateline NBC |publisher=NBC News |date=January 13, 2004 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=March 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324234640/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3949468/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, Shriver was honored with the Shinnyo-en Foundation's 2009 Pathfinders to Peace Award, which is bestowed annually to a person who exemplifies the ideals of compassion, harmony, and peace.<ref>[http://cio.chance.berkeley.edu/chancellor/Birgeneau/remarks/6-23-09-Pathfinders_to_Peace.htm Shinnyo-en Foundation names UC Berkeley chancellor and Maria Shriver its 2009 'Pathfinders to Peace'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609071220/http://cio.chance.berkeley.edu/chancellor/Birgeneau/remarks/6-23-09-Pathfinders_to_Peace.htm |date=June 9, 2010 }}</ref> At the presentation ceremony honoring Shriver, the foundation's chief executive said, "Maria Shriver sees the best in other people – their innate goodness – and inspires them to become their own 'Architects of Change'. In a world that glorifies ambition at any cost, Maria instead teaches character. She is a woman of quiet strength who role-models kindness and charity, and has used her celebrity to help create peace in the world."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKeu8Jmj2cw |title=Maria Shriver receiving Shinnyo-en Foundation's Award at 2009 NCVS |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-date=July 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709054112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKeu8Jmj2cw |url-status=live }}</ref>
On October 19, 2024, Shriver married interior designer David Phoenix.

The [[Saint John's Health Center]] has a nursery named after Shriver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://california.providence.org/saint-johns/services/obstetrics/nursery/ |title=The Maria Shriver Nursery |publisher=Saint John's Health Center |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-date=November 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124194648/http://california.providence.org/saint-johns/services/obstetrics/nursery/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] rose was named after Shriver in October 2004. The Maria Shriver rose contains starchy-white blooms and a powerful citrus fragrance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041017/news_1hs17maria.html |title=Rose named in honor of Maria Shriver |access-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118230110/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041017/news_1hs17maria.html |archive-date=November 18, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2017, the [[Alzheimer's Association]] awarded Shriver with its first-ever Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alz.org/forum/highlight-tuesday-pm.asp|title=Forum Highlight {{!}} Forum 2017 {{!}} Alzheimer's Association|date=March 18, 2016|website=Alzheimer's Association {{!}} Advocacy Forum 2017f|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803192730/https://www.alz.org/forum/highlight-tuesday-pm.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |author2=Sandra Speidel |title=What's Heaven? |date= February 1999 |publisher=[[Golden Books]] Adult Publishing |isbn=978-0-312-38241-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |title=Ten Things I Wish I'd Known Before I Went Out Into The Real World |date=April 4, 2000 |publisher=[[Hachette Book Group USA#Grand Central Publishing|Grand Central Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-446-52612-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |author2=Sandra Speidel |title=What's Wrong With Timmy? |date=October 16, 2001 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-316-23337-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatswrongwithti00shri }}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |author2=Sandra Speidel |title=What's Happening to Grandpa? |date=April 28, 2004 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-316-00101-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatshappeningto00shri }}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |title=And One More Thing Before You Go... |date=April 5, 2005 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-7432-8101-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/andonemorethingb00shri }}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |title=Just Who Will You Be? |date=April 15, 2008 |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-9550-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/justwhowillyoube00shri }}
* {{cite book |author=Maria Shriver |title=I've Been Thinking...: Reflections, Prayers, and Meditations for a Meaningful Life |date=February 27, 2018 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin Publishing Group]] |isbn=9780525559917}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
* [[Kennedy family]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Maria Shriver}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mariashriver.com/}}
* [http://awomansnation.org/ A Woman's Nation]
* [http://shriverreport.org/ The Shriver Report]
* {{IMDb name|5425}}
* {{C-SPAN|23446}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sharon Davis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of California]] | years=2003–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anne Gust Brown]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{NBC News Personalities}}
{{Arnold Schwarzenegger}}
{{Spouses of California Governors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shriver, Maria}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Activists from California]]
[[Category:Activists from Illinois]]
[[Category:Alzheimer's disease activists]]
[[Category:American disability rights activists]]
[[Category:American health activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:American self-help writers]]
[[Category:American television news anchors]]
[[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:American women children's writers]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American women television journalists]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:Catholic feminists]]
[[Category:Catholics from California]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Maryland]]
[[Category:CBS News people]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of California]]
[[Category:Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Journalists from Illinois]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:NBC News people]]
[[Category:News & Documentary Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Brentwood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Potomac, Maryland]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Schwarzenegger family]]
[[Category:Shriver family]]
[[Category:Westland Middle School alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bethesda, Maryland]]
[[Category:Writers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Writers from Los Angeles]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-23T17:35:38Z

Unfriendnow: No need to add the children who don't have Wikipedia pages in the infobox. They are already mentioned in another section.

{{Short description|American human rights advocate (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. She was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of businessman [[George Skakel]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school at the University of Virginia, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy in 2000]]

During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:President Joe Biden pauses after delivering the eulogy at a memorial service for Ethel Kennedy (54072625570).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] with Kennedy's coffin at her funeral, October 2024]]

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in Washington, D.C., with eulogies given by President [[Joe Biden]] and former presidents Barack Obama and [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=October 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=April 13, 2017|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Climate Emergency Fund

2024-10-23T03:20:52Z

Unfriendnow: added some info to the lead.

{{Short description|Los Angeles based nonprofit organization}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Climate Emergency Fund
| formation = {{start date and age|2019}}
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]
| website = {{URL|www.climateemergencyfund.org}}
}}

The '''Climate Emergency Fund''' ('''CEF''') is a Los Angeles-based nonprofit organization that supports climate change activist groups involved in civil disobedience. It was founded in 2019 by filmmaker [[Rory Kennedy|Rory Kennedy,]] a member of the prominent political [[Kennedy family]], and [[Getty family]] heiress [[Aileen Getty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-25 |title=Meet the Money Behind Disruptive Climate Protests |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-04-25/the-climate-emergency-fund-is-quietly-financing-a-new-era-of-activism |access-date=2023-07-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Buckley |first=Cara |date=2022-08-10 |title=These Groups Want Disruptive Climate Protests. Oil Heirs Are Funding Them. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/climate/climate-protesters-paid-activists.html |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The CEF often supports groups that use [[civil disobedience]] tactics,<ref name=":0" /> including [[Just Stop Oil]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gayle |first=Damien |date=2022-04-29 |title=Just Stop Oil’s ‘spring uprising’ protests funded by US philanthropists |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/29/just-stop-oils-protests-funded-by-us-philanthropists |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and [[Climate Defiance]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |title=New breed of climate protesters vows to take fight to ‘cowards’ of US politics |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2023-12-26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/dec/26/climate-defiance-change-protesters-confrontation}}</ref>

The CEF funded actions supporting the [[Inflation Reduction Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahn |first=Debra |date=2023-04-26 |title=The funder backing this weekend's WHCD protests |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/the-long-game/2023/04/26/the-funder-backing-this-weekends-whcd-protests-00093828 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==
{{As of|2022|August}}, Getty has donated $1 million to the fund.<ref name=":1" /> When he joined the board of directors in September 2022, film director [[Adam McKay]] pledged $4 million to the fund.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chuba |first=Kirsten |date=2022-09-20 |title=Adam McKay Pledges $4M Donation to Climate Emergency Fund |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/adam-mckay-pledges-4-million-climate-emergency-fund-1235223711/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/2022/10/15/1129322429/just-stop-oil-climate-activists-protest-van-gogh Who is Just Stop Oil, the group that threw soup on Van Gogh's painting?], NPR, October 15, 2022, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110113838/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/15/1129322429/just-stop-oil-climate-activists-protest-van-gogh Archive]</ref>

The ''[[Washington Examiner]]'' reported in May 2023 that the CEF funded groups "deploying unorthodox and extremist methods across the world to protest fossil fuels."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Hollywood and left-wing foundations behind climate charity quietly bankrolling extremist protest groups |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/climate-emergency-fund-extremist-protest-groups-hollywood-biden |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
[[Margaret Klein Salamon]] is the executive director.<ref name=":1" />

=== Board of directors ===
* [[Adam McKay]], film director (September 2022–present)<ref name=":2" />
* Rose Abramoff, climate scientist (June 2023–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |date=2023-06-27 |title=Climate Emergency Fund adds noteworthy scientist to its ranks |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/27/climate-emergency-fund-abromoff |access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref>
* [[Jeremy Strong]], actor (December 2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Exclusive: "Succession" star Jeremy Strong joins board of Climate Emergency Fund |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/12/04/jeremy-strong-climate-fund |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref>
* [[Chris Packham]] [[CBE]], [[natural history|naturalist]], nature photographer, television presenter and author (October 2024-present)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/oct/04/chris-packham-appointed-to-board-of-climate-emergency-fund|title=Chris Packham urges protesters to stop blocking roads as he takes climate role|last=Gayle|first=Damien|date=4 October 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 October 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Just Stop Oil]]
* [[Climate Defiance]]
* [[Margaret Klein Salamon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.climateemergencyfund.org/}}

[[Category:2019 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Climate change organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2019]]

Kerry Kennedy

2024-10-21T22:29:36Z

Unfriendnow: this is in WP: Too much detail territory. Keep the basics.

{{Short description|American human rights activist (born 1959)}}
{{For|the Colorado State Treasurer|Cary Kennedy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kerry Kennedy at a press conference for the Latinos for Harris-Walz and Arizona for Harris-Walz at President campaign event at Teamsters Union Local 104 in Phoenix, Arizona on 28 August 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 2024
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Mary Kerry Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| education = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Boston College]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Lawyer
* author
* human rights activist}}
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Andrew Cuomo]] |1990|2005|end=divorced}}
| children = 3
| parents = {{ubl|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|[[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel]]}}
| relatives =
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]]
| known_for = [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]] (President)
}}

'''Mary Kerry Kennedy''' (born September 8, 1959) is an American lawyer, author and human rights activist. She is a daughter of former United States Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ethel Kennedy]], and a niece of former U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and former U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].

She is the president of [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]], a non-profit [[human rights]] advocacy organization.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |date=February 18, 2015 }}).</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Caroline Kennedy and Kerry Kennedy inside the Resolute Desk in the White House Oval Office on 22 June 1963 (cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] and Kerry Kennedy above the [[Resolute Desk]], June 1963]]
Mary Kerry Kennedy was born on September 8, 1959, in [[Washington, D.C.]] to parents Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. Three days after her birth, her father resigned as chief counsel of the [[Senate Rackets Committee]] to run his [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|brother's campaign]] for presidency.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 259.</ref> Kennedy spent her childhood between the family's homes in [[McLean, Virginia]] and [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Robert E. |title=Robert F. Kennedy: The Brother Within |publisher=Phocion Publishing |page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eidell |first1=Lynsey |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 10 Siblings: All About His Brothers and Sisters |url=https://people.com/all-about-robert-f-kennedy-jr-siblings-8601220 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> She appeared at age 3 in the 1963 [[Robert Drew]] documentary ''[[Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment]]'' saying hello to [[U.S. Justice Department]] official [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] by phone from the office of her father, who was [[U.S. Attorney General]] at the time.<ref>Drew Associates, [https://drewassociates.com/films/crisis-behind-a-presidential-commitment/ ''Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment'' (1963)]</ref> Her father was [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|assassinated]] in 1968.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 447.</ref> She is a graduate of [[The Putney School]] in Vermont<ref>{{cite web |title=Notable Alumni |url=https://www.putneyschool.org/notable-alumni/ |website=The Putney School |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> and [[Brown University]]. She later received her [[Juris Doctor]] from [[Boston College Law School]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taraborrelli |first1=J. Randy |title=The Kennedy Heirs: John, Caroline, and the New Generation – A Legacy of Tragedy and Triumph |date=2019 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |page=275}}</ref>

==Career==
===Human rights work===
[[File:L-15-11-13-A.005 (22801814690).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Kennedy in 2015 at the [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]] Compass Conference ]]
Kennedy's life has been devoted to equal justice, to the promotion and protection of basic rights, and to the preservation of the rule of law.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/> Kennedy is the president of [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]].<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/> She started working in the field of human rights in 1981 as an intern with [[Amnesty International]], where she investigated abuses committed by U.S. immigration officials against refugees from the [[Salvadoran Civil War]] in [[El Salvador]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fcas.nova.edu/arts/distinguished_speakers_series/kerry_kennedy/index.cfm |title=College Welcomed Social Justice Activist Kerry Kennedy to Speak on "Truth and Power"|access-date=January 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204011948/http://www.fcas.nova.edu/arts/distinguished_speakers_series/kerry_kennedy/index.cfm |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

For over thirty years, she has worked on diverse human rights issues such as [[children's rights]], [[child labor]], [[Forced disappearance|disappearances]], [[indigenous land rights]], [[judicial independence]], [[freedom of expression]], [[ethnic violence]], [[impunity]], and the environment. She has concentrated specifically on [[women's rights]], particularly [[honor killings]], [[sexual slavery]], [[domestic violence]], [[Workplace discrimination#Gender discrimination and the workplace|workplace discrimination]], and [[sexual assault]]. She has worked in over 60 countries and led hundreds of human rights delegations.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/>

Kennedy established the RFK Center Partners for Human Rights in 1986 to ensure the protection of rights codified under the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights. RFK Partners provides support to human rights defenders around the world. The Center uncovers human rights abuses such as torture, repression of free speech and child labor; urges Congress and the U.S. administration to highlight human rights in foreign policy; and supplies activists with the resources they need to advance their work. Kennedy also founded RFK Compass, which works on sustainable investing with leaders in the financial community. She started the RFK Training Institute in [[Florence]], Italy, which offers courses of study to leading human rights defenders across the globe.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/>

Kennedy is Chair of the Amnesty International USA Leadership Council. Nominated by President [[George W. Bush]] and confirmed by the U.S. Senate, she is on the board of directors of the [[United States Institute of Peace]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usip.org/experts/kerry-kennedy |title=Kerry Kennedy — Member of the Board of Directors |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |access-date=October 16, 2012}}</ref> as well as [[Human Rights First]], and [[Inter Press Service]] in Rome, Italy. She is a patron of the Bloody Sunday Trust ([[Northern Ireland]]) and serves on the Editorial Board of Advisors of the [[Buffalo Human Rights Law Review]]. She is on the Advisory Committee for the [[International Campaign for Tibet]], the [[Committee on the Administration of Justice]] of Northern Ireland, the [[Global Youth Action Network]], Studies without Borders and several other organizations. She serves on the leadership council of the Amnesty International Campaign to [[Stop Violence Against Women]] and on the Advisory Board of the [[Albert Schweitzer Institute]] and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center's National Advisory Council.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/>

Lawyers for Ecuadorean plaintiffs in the long-running lawsuit against [[Chevron Corporation]] for environmental and human health damages at the [[Lago Agrio oil field]] hired Kennedy to conduct public relations for their cause. She traveled to Ecuador in 2009, after which she blasted Chevron in an article for the ''[[Huffington Post]]''.<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/business/rfk-s-daughter-backs-ecuadoreans-in-chevron-suit-1.1512577 "RFK's daughter backs Ecuadoreans in Chevron suit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021230/http://www.newsday.com/business/rfk-s-daughter-backs-ecuadoreans-in-chevron-suit-1.1512577 |date=February 25, 2021 }}, Newsday, October 9, 2009. Associated Press.</ref><ref>Kerry Kennedy, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kerry-kennedy/chevron-and-cultural-geno_b_346257.html "Chevron and cultural genocide in Ecuador"], Huffington Post, November 4, 2009.</ref> Neither her ''Huffington Post'' piece nor the news coverage of her advocacy disclosed that she was being paid by the plaintiffs, a fact not made public until 2012. The plaintiffs' lead American lawyer reportedly paid Kennedy $50,000 in February 2010, and the plaintiffs' law firm budgeted $10,000 per month for her services, plus $40,000 in expenses in June 2010. Kennedy was also reportedly given a 0.25 percent share of any money collected from Chevron, worth $40 million if the full amount were to be collected.<ref>[https://nypost.com/2012/01/15/cuomos-ex-kennedy-stands-to-make-40m-in-secret-anti-oil-deal/ Cuomo's ex Kennedy stands to make $40M in secret anti-oil deal], January 15, 2012. ''New York Post''.</ref> Kennedy responded that she was "paid a modest fee for the time I spent on the case," but denied that she had any financial interest in the outcome.<ref>Kerry Kennedy, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kerry-kennedy/chevron-equador-amazon_b_1209408.html "Chevron blames victims of Its Deliberate Contamination of Ecuadorian Rainforest"], Huffington Post, January 16, 2012.</ref>

===Bail reform===

Kennedy has criticized the treatment of New York teenager [[Kalief Browder]] during his extended time in pretrial detention at Rikers Island.<ref name="Kennedy">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/justice-delayed-justice-denied-article-1.3253763|title=Justice delayed is truly justice denied  - NY Daily News|last=Kennedy|first=Kerry|work=nydailynews.com|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> This included video recordings of guards beating Browder, withholding food, and denying medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2015/4/24/watch_explosive_footage_from_inside_rikers|title=Watch: Explosive Footage from Inside Rikers Jail Shows Guard Beating Teen Accused of Backpack Theft|work=Democracy Now!|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> In 2016, Kennedy campaigned for adoption of S 5998-A/A 8296-A, referred to as "Kalief's Law," in the [New York State Legislature], which would have guaranteed speedy trials to defendants being held in pretrial detention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.katalcenter.org/saratogian_kerry_kennedy_calls_on_passage_of_bill_for_speedy_trials|title=Saratogian: Kerry Kennedy calls on passage of bill for speedy trials|work=Katal Center for Health, Equity, and Justice|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035234/https://www.katalcenter.org/saratogian_kerry_kennedy_calls_on_passage_of_bill_for_speedy_trials|url-status=dead}}</ref> On June 9, 2016, the [[New York State Assembly]] passed Kalief's Law by a 138-2 margin.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2016/jun/09/state-assembly-passes-kaliefs-law-reform-pretrial-/|title=State Assembly passes 'Kalief's Law' to reform pretrial detention|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> The law was not voted on by the [[New York State Senate]] in 2016, and has been reintroduced by State Senator Daniel L. Squadron during the 2017-2018 legislative session as S 1998-A.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2017/S1998|title=NY State Senate Bill S1998A|date=January 27, 2017|work=NY State Senate|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>

Kennedy remains a major voice in the campaign for speedy trial reform in New York, writing in a 2017 ''[[New York Daily News]]'' editorial that "we make a mockery out of the promise" of a speedy trial.<ref name="Kennedy"/> Kennedy has also worked closely with the Katal Center for Health, Equity and Justice to campaign for passage of speedy trial reform and criminal justice reform before the New York Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.katalcenter.org/lobby_day_and_press_conference_to_demand_passage_of_speedy_trial_reform|title=Lobby Day and Press Conference to Demand Passage of Speedy Trial Reform|work=Katal Center for Health, Equity, and Justice|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>

On June 21, 2017, Kennedy, through her organization, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, posted the $100,000 bail for Pedro Hernandez, a 17-year-old who had spent over a year in pretrial detention at Rikers Island in connection with a shooting investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pix11.com/2017/07/26/honors-student-jailed-at-rikers-makes-bail-with-the-help-of-kennedy-organization/|title=Honors student jailed at Rikers makes bail with the help of Kennedy organization|date=July 26, 2017|work=WPIX 11 New York|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/news/robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-to-post-100-000-bail-for-pedro-hernandez-1|title=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights to post $100,000 bail for Pedro Hernandez|website=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=July 26, 2017 |access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Hernandez had become the face of bail reform following extensive reporting on his incarceration by ''Daily News'' columnist [[Shaun King]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/blacklivesmatter/soul-snatchers-how-the-nypds-42nd-precinct-the-bronx-da-s-office-and-the-city-of-new-york-7454a5a43924|title=Soul Snatchers: How the NYPD's 42nd Precinct, the Bronx DA's Office, and the City of New York…|last=King |first=Shaun|date=August 21, 2017|website=Medium|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/king-pedro-hernandez-rikers-island-new-kalief-browder-article-1.3342107|title=KING: Pedro Hernandez is Rikers Island's new Kalief Browder |last=King|first=Shaun|work=nydailynews.com|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/nyregion/bronx-shooting-police-pedro-hernandez.html|title=Teenager Who Says Police Coerced Witnesses Faces Trial|date=September 5, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>

Hernandez's bail had initially been set at over $250,000, but that sum was lowered to $100,000 after Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights argued such a high sum was disproportional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/charges-dismissed-bronx-teen-pedro-hernandez-article-1.3473832|title=Charges dismissed against Pedro Hernandez, Bronx teen jailed following 2015 shooting|first1=Molly|last1= Crane-Newman|first2=Graham|last2=Rayman|first3=Rich|last3=Schapiro|work=New York Daily News|date=September 6, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Less than a week after his release from Rikers Island, Bronx District Attorney Darcel D. Clark announced she would no longer pursue a case against Hernandez.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/pedro-hernandez-bronx.html|work=The New York Times|title=Case Against Bronx Teenager Who Says He Was Framed by Police Is Dismissed|date=September 6, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> On October 9, 2018, all remaining charges against Hernandez were dropped on the condition he attend college.

===Break Bread, Not Families campaign===
On June 21, 2018, in response to President [[Donald Trump]]'s decision to enact a [[Trump administration family separation policy|'zero-tolerance' policy of family separation]] on immigrants entering the United States illegally, Kennedy joined organizations including the Dolores Huerta Foundation, the [[Texas Civil Rights Project]] and La Union Del Pueblo Entero to launch the 'Break Bread Not Families Immigration Fast and Prayer Chain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/news/kerry-kennedy-to-kick-off-immigration-fast-and-prayer-chain|title=Kerry Kennedy To Kick-Off Immigration Fast and Prayer Chain|website=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=June 21, 2018 |language=en-us|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/texasregion/2018/06/23/john-f-kennedys-daughter-lead-hunger-strike-separation-families/727906002/|title=Celebrities, activist challenge America to fasting chain to protest 'zero tolerance'|work=Corpus Christi Caller-Times|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> The campaign, which raised funds to support the reunification of immigrant families, argued Trump administration policy was "not only immoral, it is also illegal under U.S. and international law."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/|title=Break Bread Not Families|website=Break Bread Not Families|language=en-US|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>

On June 23, 2018, the Break Bread Not Families campaign held a prayer vigil in the American border town of [[McAllen, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/kennedy-family-immigration-hunger-strike|title=The Kennedy Family Is Protesting Trump's Immigration Policy With a 24-Hour Hunger Strike|last=Cusumano|first=Katherine|work=W Magazine|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> The vigil marked the start of the campaign that encouraged activists, political figures and celebrities to fast for 24 hours before passing the fast to another public figure. Participants included former [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] [[Julian Castro]], United States Senator [[Ed Markey]], Congresswomen [[Rosa DeLauro]], [[Barbara Lee]] and [[Ann McLane Kuster|Annie McLane Kuster]], Congressman [[Joe Kennedy III|Joseph P. Kennedy III]], and actors such as [[Aisha Tyler]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/24-day-hunger-strike-against-trump-border-policies/|title=Celebs, Rights Groups Join 24-Day Hunger Strike Against Trump Border Policy|website=Global Citizen|date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> [[Alfre Woodard]], [[Julia Roberts]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/a22059985/julia-roberts-kennedys-hyannisport-july-4th-2018/|title=Julia Roberts Spent Her 4th of July Week with the Kennedys in Hyannisport|date=July 5, 2018|work=Town & Country|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> [[Lena Dunham]], and [[Evan Rachel Wood]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/protestors/|title=Fasters|website=Break Bread Not Families|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>

Kennedy joined protestors outside the [[Ursula (detention center)|Ursula Detention Center]], where they temporarily blocked a bus of immigrant children from departing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/texas-border-patrol-protesters-block-bus-of-immigrants-2018-6-2|title=Protesters temporarily blocked a bus carrying immigrants from a Border Patrol facility in Texas |work=Business Insider|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> Kennedy was threatened with arrest by U.S. [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]] agents after repeatedly attempting to speak with officials inside Ursula about the use of chain-link cages to house children separated from their families.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The next day, Kennedy and [[Dolores Huerta]] led a march and rally outside the federal immigration camp in [[Tornillo, Texas]] in solidarity with the then-2,400 child immigrants in facilities similar to Tornillo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/immigration/2018/06/24/protesters-separation-children-detention-families-tornillo-trump-zero-tolerance-policy-immigration/728948002/|title=Hundreds protest in Tornillo against separation of immigrant children, family detention|work=El Paso Times|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>

===''Being Catholic Now''===
[[File:Kerry Kennedy (by Eric Silva).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Kennedy in 2008 at [[Harvard Book Store]]]]
In 2008, Kennedy was the editor of ''Being Catholic Now, Prominent Americans talk about Change in the Church and the Quest for Meaning''. The book included essays from prominent Catholics, including [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Cokie Roberts]], now-former [[Cardinal McCarrick]], [[Sister Joan Chittister]], [[Tom Monaghan]], [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], [[Doug Brinkley]] and others.

===''Robert F. Kennedy: Ripples of Hope''===
In 2018, Kennedy published ''Robert F. Kennedy: Ripples of Hope: Kerry Kennedy in Conversation with Heads of State, Business Leaders, Influencers, and Activists about Her Father's Impact on Their Lives''. The book contains interviews from prominent individuals whose lives and careers were influenced by the legacy of Robert F. Kennedy, and explores how Kennedy's legacy touched the fields of entertainment, politics, faith, and activism. Interviewees include [[Tony Bennett]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Bono]], [[Barack Obama]], [[John Lewis]] and activists including [[Gloria Steinem]] and [[Marian Wright Edelman]].

==Honors==
Kennedy holds honorary doctorates of law from [[Le Moyne College]] and [[University of San Francisco]] Law School, and of Humane Letters from [[Bay Path College]] and the [[Albany College of Pharmacy]].<ref name="rfkcenter.org">{{Cite web |url=http://rfkcenter.org/kerry-kennedy-2 |title=Biography|access-date=January 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208114913/http://rfkcenter.org/kerry-kennedy-2 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is also a member of the Massachusetts and District of Columbia [[bar associations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerry Kennedy |access-date=November 16, 2017|work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/kerry-kennedy}}</ref>

Kennedy was named Woman of the Year 2001 by Save the Children,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Kerry Kennedy to Speak at Scarsdale League of Women Voters Spring Luncheon |url=https://patch.com/new-york/scarsdale/kerry-kennedy-speak-scarsdale-league-women-voters-spring-luncheon-0 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Scarsdale, NY Patch |language=en}}</ref> Humanitarian of the Year Award from the South Asian Media Awards Foundation, and the Prima Donna Award from Montalcino Vineyards. In 2008, she received the Eleanor Roosevelt Medal of Honor and the Thomas More Award from Boston College Law School. World Vision and International AIDS Trust gave her the 2009 Human Rights Award.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/>

She has received awards from the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (for leadership in abolishing the death penalty), the American Jewish Congress of the Metropolitan Region, and the Institute for the Italian American experience three I's award for outstanding efforts and achievements for human rights.<ref name="rfkcenter.org"/>

In 2017, Kennedy received the Medal for Social Activism from the [[World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates]] in [[Bogota]], Colombia for "her impactful efforts on communities throughout the world as a result of her life-long devotion to the pursuit of equal justice."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nobelpeacesummit.com/kerry-kennedy-received-the-medal-for-social-activism-from-nobel-peace-laureates/|title=Kerry Kennedy Received The Medal for Social Activism from Nobel Peace Laureates|website=www.nobelpeacesummit.com |access-date=October 15, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:President Bill Clinton at a movie screening outside the Family Theatre of the White House (09).jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[Bill Clinton]] alongside Kerry Kennedy and Andrew Cuomo at the White House, June 2000]]
On June 9, 1990, she married [[Andrew Cuomo]] at age 30 in the [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)|Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="Kennedy-Cuomo Wedding Draws Celebrities, Sightseers">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-10-mn-502-story.html "Kennedy-Cuomo Wedding Draws Celebrities, Sightseers"], Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1990. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</ref> They have three daughters: twins Cara Ethel Kennedy-Cuomo and Mariah Matilda Kennedy-Cuomo (b. 1995), and Michaela Andrea Kennedy-Cuomo (b. 1997). During her 15-year marriage to Cuomo, from 1990 to 2005, she was known as ''Kerry Kennedy-Cuomo''. Kennedy and Cuomo divorced in 2005.

In July 2012, Kennedy allegedly sideswiped a tractor trailer on [[Interstate 684]] in [[Westchester County]]. On the morning of July 13, 2012, Kennedy was found in her white [[Lexus]]. A police report said Kennedy had trouble speaking, was swaying and told an officer that she may have accidentally taken a sleeping pill earlier that day. In a court appearance on July 17, 2012, Kennedy said local hospital tests found no traces of drugs and that her doctor believed she had suffered a seizure. Kennedy pleaded not guilty to driving while impaired. Kennedy was charged by state police with leaving the scene of an accident. A toxicology report filed on July 25, 2012, said [[zolpidem]] was found in a sample of her blood taken when Kennedy was arrested,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/07/25/sleeping-aid-in-kerry-kennedys-blood-after-crash-report/|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=July 25, 2012|title=Sleeping aid in Kerry Kennedy's blood after crash — report|first=Jonathan|last=Allen}}</ref> at which point Kennedy released a statement saying in part, "The results we received today from the Westchester County lab showed trace amounts of a sleep aid in my system, so it now appears that my first instinct was correct. I am deeply sorry to all those I endangered that day, and am enormously grateful for the support I have received over the past two weeks." Kennedy said she did not remember anything after entering a highway to go to a gym and before she found herself at a traffic light with a police officer at her door.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/07/17/kerry-kennedy-says-seizure-not-drugs-caused-driving-accident/|title=Kerry Kennedy says seizure, not drugs, caused driving accident|date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=Lily|last=Kuo}}</ref> On January 23, 2014, Judge Robert Neary ruled that the drugged-driving case against Kennedy would move forward.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/01/judge-rules-on-whether-to-dismiss-dwi-charge-against-kerry-kennedy/|title=Judge Rules on Whether to Dismiss DWI Charge Against Kerry Kennedy|publisher=ABC News|date=January 23, 2014|first=Linsey |last=Davis}}</ref>On February 20, 2014, jury selection for her trial began. Kennedy was not present, and was instead in Brussels and the [[Western Sahara]] conducting human rights advocacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/jury-selection-begins-kerry-kennedy-trial-article-1.1621360|first=Larry|last=McShane |title=Jury selection begins in drugged-driving trial of Kerry Kennedy, daughter of RFK|date=February 20, 2014|newspaper=New York Daily News}}</ref> Sixty-two people were interviewed for the six-person panel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://westchester.news12.com/news/jury-selection-beings-in-kerry-kennedy-drugged-driving-trial-1.7146135|title=Jury selection beings in Kerry Kennedy drugged-driving trial|publisher=News 12 Westchester|date=February 20, 2014|access-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226203527/http://westchester.news12.com/news/jury-selection-beings-in-kerry-kennedy-drugged-driving-trial-1.7146135|archive-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kennedy admitted to having been in a car wreck 18 months before the incident, as well as suffering a head injury that required medication.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/kerry-kennedy-testifies-daddy-dwi-trial-article-1.1702237|title=Kerry Kennedy: 'No memory' of moments before hit-and-run, a blank between leaving home and cop 'knocking at my door'|date=February 26, 2014 |newspaper=New York Daily News}}</ref> Kennedy was acquitted of the charges on February 28, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonnews.net/index.php/sid/220274121/scat/b8de8e630faf3631/ht/Niece-of-former-president-acquitted-in-drugged-driving-case|title=Niece of former president acquitted in drugged-driving case|date=February 28, 2014|publisher=Boston News.Net}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0447881}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1287801 Kerry Kennedy talks with NPR's Tavis Smiley] about her father's legacy on the 35th anniversary of his death
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090901001942/http://listindiario.com/app/article.aspx?id=106680 Requests for her designation as a non-grata persona]
* {{C-SPAN|23725}}

{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Andrew Cuomo|state=collapsed}}
{{Kennedy family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Kerry}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Boston College Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Cuomo family]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Kerry]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:American women human rights activists]]
[[Category:The Putney School alumni]]

Max Kennedy

2024-10-21T22:22:04Z

Unfriendnow: added his endorsement of Kamala Harris.

{{short description|American lawyer and author}}
{{about|the American lawyer and author|his son and the whistleblower|Max Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|1|11}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Virginia]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation = Lawyer
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Victoria Anne Strauss|1991}}
| children = 3, including [[Max Kennedy Jr.|Max Jr.]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|[[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel]]}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]]
}}

'''Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy''' (born January 11, 1965) is an American lawyer and author. He is the ninth child of [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel Kennedy]].

==Early life and education ==
Max Kennedy was born in New York City on January 11, 1965,<ref name=PBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html|work=[[American Experience]]|title=Kennedy Family Tree |publisher=PBS |date=January 21, 2011 |access-date=January 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8_GDAAAQBAJ&dq=Max+Kennedy+born+at+new+york+hospital&pg=PA218 |title=Making Waves: A Beach Lane Novel |date=2017-04-25 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-425-28483-4 |language=en}}</ref> the ninth child of the eleven children of [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ethel Skakel Kennedy]].<ref name=Weil>Martin Weil, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/01/29/ethel-kennedys-son-13-hurt-in-elevator-mishap/ca526bba-3c89-4618-86ad-a75d51dd8a5c/ Ethel Kennedy's Son, 13, Hurt in Elevator Mishap], ''The Washington Post'' (January 29, 1978).</ref> Kennedy was baptized as a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] by [[William Jerome McCormack]] at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in front of a crowd of 200 people. He is named after General [[Maxwell D. Taylor]], then [[U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839161,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303005412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839161,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |title=Baptism |magazine=Time |date=January 29, 1965}}</ref> Kennedy was hospitalized at age 12 after he suffered an injury in an elevator accident at the [[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]] home of his uncle and aunt, [[Sargent Shriver|Sargent]] and [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]].<ref name=Weil/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/29/archives/around-the-nation-robert-kennedy-son-12-injured-at-shriver-home.html Around the Nation], Associated Press (January 29, 1978).</ref>

Described as "wild in his youth,"<ref name=Bai>{{cite web|author=Matt Bai|url=https://www.newsweek.com/prepping-new-kennedy-161739 | title=Prepping a New Kennedy | work=Newsweek |date=July 23, 2000}}</ref> Kennedy was expelled from [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]].<ref name=BBush>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9MdnjGMQB0C&q=andover+%22max+kennedy%22&pg=PA236 | title=Reflections: Life After the White House | publisher=Scribner | date=October 12, 2004 | author=Bush, Barbara | isbn=9780743255820|page=236}}</ref> He graduated from [[Moses Brown School]], a preparatory school in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], in 1983;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/43361ff1d596ed159d84fb96545f7bb8/Uncle-Sen-Edward-M-Kennedy-attends-graduation-of-his-newphew-Matthew-Max-Kennedy/ | title=Uncle Sen. Edward M. Kennedy attends graduation of nephew Matthew "Max" Kennedy | publisher=UPI | access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> and achieved sobriety in 1985.<ref name=Bai/>

Kennedy attended Georgetown University in Fall of 1983. He graduated from [[Harvard College]].<ref name=Wedding>{{cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9D0CEED6173BF937A25753C1A966958260.html|title=Wedding Announcement |work=The New York Times |date=October 14, 1990}}</ref> He then graduated from the [[University of Virginia School of Law]].<ref name=LeftCoast>Susan Salter Reynolds, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-14-tm-17000-story.html A Left Coast Kennedy], ''Los Angeles Times'' (March 14, 1999).</ref> In 1991, he married Victoria Anne Strauss, the granddaughter of [[Maurice "Moe" Strauss]].<ref name=Wedding/>

==Career==
Kennedy was formerly an [[assistant district attorney]] in the [[District Attorney of Philadelphia|Philadelphia DA's Office]],<ref name=Sontag>Deborah Sontag, [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/15/us/struggling-to-please-the-father-who-died.html Struggling to Please the Father Who Died], ''The New York Times'' (June 15, 2001).</ref> where he prosecuted felonies<ref name=Bai/><ref name=LeftCoast/> and worked in the juvenile crime unit.<ref name=LeftCoast/> After three years in the prosecutor's office,<ref name=LeftCoast/> he moved to [[Los Angeles]],<ref name=Bai/> where he lived in [[Brentwood, Los Angeles|Brentwood]],<ref name=LeftCoast/> and interrupted his legal career to compile a book on his father.<ref name=Sontag/><ref name=Bai/> The work, ''Make Gentle the Life of This World: The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy and the Words That Inspired Him'', was published by [[Harcourt Brace]] in 1998.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Make_Gentle_the_Life_of_this_World.html Make Gentle the Life of this World: The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy]'' (Harcourt Brace, 1998).</ref> Kennedy later returned to the East Coast to lead the Watershed Institute at [[Boston College]],<ref name=Bai/> an environmental nonprofit group,<ref name=Goldberg>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/us/max-kennedy-citing-family-pulls-out-of-race-for-house.html|title=Max Kennedy, Citing Family, Pulls Out of Race for House|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2001|first=Carey |last=Goldberg}}</ref> and was chairman of the re-election campaign of his uncle, [[U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]], in 2000.<ref name=Bai/> Kennedy also taught English at Boston College for a time.<ref name=BBush/>

In 2001, Kennedy explored a campaign for the Democratic nomination for the [[Massachusetts's 9th congressional district]], a seat vacated by Democrat [[Joe Moakley]], and moved from [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] to the 9th district in preparation for a possible run.<ref>Pamela Ferdin, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/06/01/a-kennedy-mulls-run-to-succeed-moakley/03b306cb-9685-4d7c-8322-bdb08dd62123/ A Kennedy Mulls Run To Succeed Moakley], ''The Washington Post'' (June 1, 2001).</ref> Kennedy never declared his candidacy, citing his desire to spend time with his family, including his three children under the age of 10.<ref name=Goldberg/> Kennedy later moved to California.<ref name=2009Senate>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2009/10/09/robert-f-kennedys-son-tosses-senate-support-behind-unseasoned-alan-khazei/|title=Robert F. Kennedy's son tosses Senate support behind unseasoned Alan Khazei|newspaper=Boston Herald|date=October 9, 2009}}</ref>

Kennedy wrote ''Danger's Hour: The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her'', which was released by [[Simon & Schuster]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite book|title=Danger's Hour: The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=2008}}</ref> The book examines the story of the [[Essex-class aircraft carrier|''Essex''-class aircraft carrier]] [[USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)|USS ''Bunker Hill'']] during the [[Operation Ten-Go|Japanese naval assault of May 1945]], in the final chapters of the [[Second World War]]. ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' said of the book that Kennedy "describes that attack and its aftermath in scarifying detail that is not for the squeamish" and assessed it as "useful to students of the last months of the [[Pacific War]], though less so than" preceding works on the [[kamikaze]] by [[Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney]] and David Sears.<ref>[https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/maxwell-taylor-kennedy/dangers-hour/ Kirkus Review: Danger's Hour: The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her], ''Kirkus Reviews'' (November 4, 2008).</ref>

Kennedy endorsed Senator [[Barack Obama]] in the [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2008 Democratic presidential primaries]], and campaigned for him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/20/AR2008042002272.html?nav=rss_print/style |title=Kennedy Campaigns for Obama in Scranton |newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Kevin |last1=Merida |date=April 21, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockthevote.com/about/press-room/press-releases/statement-by-max-kennedy.html |title=Rock the Vote Bus Tour |publisher=Rockthevote.com |access-date=January 12, 2012}}</ref> In June 2008, Kennedy introduced Obama at a dinner at [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]], the [[McLean, Virginia]], homestead of his mother, Ethel Kennedy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Calderone |first=Michael |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/michaelcalderone/0608/Trapped_in_the_Pool_House.html|title=Max Kennedy introduces Obama |work=Politico|date=June 19, 2008}}</ref>

In October 2009, Kennedy endorsed [[Alan Khazei]] in the [[United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010|January 2010 special election to fill the U.S. Senate seat]] of his late uncle, Ted Kennedy.<ref name=2009Senate/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lowellsun.com/2009/10/08/rfks-son-max-endorses-alan-khazeis-us-senate-bid/|agency=Associated Press|date=October 8, 2009|title=RFK's son Max endorses Alan Khazei's U.S. Senate bid}}</ref>

Kennedy was nominated by President Obama to serve as a member of the Board of the Directors of the [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] (OPIC), and the Senate confirmed him by [[voice vote]] in October 2011.<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/nomination/112th-congress/119 N119 — Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy — Overseas Private Investment Corporation], 112th Congress (2011-2012).</ref> He served as a board member from 2011<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.opic.gov/press-releases/2011/opic-swears-five-new-board-members| title=OPIC Swears in Five New Board Members | publisher=Overseas Private Investment Corporation|date=November 21, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016225114/https://www.opic.gov/press-releases/2011/opic-swears-five-new-board-members | archive-date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> until January 2018.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 2004, along with his mother and siblings, Kennedy supported the demolition of the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles (the site of his father's 1968 murder) in order to make way for a [[Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools|new public school complex]]. Kennedy said that a school was "a fitting memorial" for his father and that no part of the hotel site should be retained as a memorial, writing, "The Ambassador Hotel has nothing to do with who my father was or what he tried to do with his life."<ref>Jean Merl, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-01-me-ambassador1-story.html Kennedys Call for Knocking Down Ambassador Hotel], ''Los Angeles Times'' (October 1, 2004).</ref> In 2021, after his father's assassin, [[Sirhan Sirhan]], was recommended for parole, Kennedy was one of six surviving Kennedy children to oppose the proposed release;<ref name=Vakil>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/569852-children-of-rfk-divided-over-ruling-to-grant-fathers-assassin|title=Children of RFK divided over ruling on assassin's parole|author= Vakil, Caroline|date=August 28, 2021|work=The Hill}}</ref> two other surviving children supported parole for Sirhan.<ref name="WBZCBS-Boston2021-08-27">{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Julie |last2=Melley |first2=Brian |last3=Associated Press |date=2021-08-27 |title=RFK Assassin Sirhan Wins Parole With Support of 2 Kennedys |url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2021/08/27/rfks-son-favors-parole-sirhan-sirhan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828064738/https://boston.cbslocal.com/2021/08/27/rfks-son-favors-parole-sirhan-sirhan/ |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2021-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kennedy married Victoria Anne Strauss on July 13, 1991, at the [[Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/children-of-camelot/|title=Children of Camelot|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=March 19, 2004 }}</ref> They have one son, [[Max Kennedy Jr.|Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy Jr.]] (b. 1993), and two daughters, Caroline Summer Rose Kennedy (b. 1994), and Noah Isabella Rose Kennedy (b. 1998).

When Max and Edward Kennedy Jr. were children, grandmother [[Rose Kennedy|Rose]] would tell them the story of how their uncle, President [[John F. Kennedy]], saved a member of his [[PT boat]] crew in World War II by towing him to an island.<ref name=Wojtas>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/nyregion/uncovering-pt-109-and-family-history.html|title=Uncovering PT-109 and Family History |work=The New York Times |date=December 1, 2002|first=Joe |last=Wojtas}}</ref> Max visited the [[Solomon Islands]] in 2002 with [[Robert Ballard]] to revisit the scene of the story of John F. Kennedy's ''[[Patrol torpedo boat PT-109|PT-109]]''; they met [[Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana]], the native [[coastwatcher]] scouts who found the missing Kennedy and his crew.<ref name=Wojtas/>

Kennedy has endorsed incumbent Democrat [[Joe Biden]]'s [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|reelection campaign]] in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] over [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign|a third-party/independent challenge]] by his brother Robert.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Kelly |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Megan |last3=Richards |first3=Zoë |title=Kennedy family members endorse Biden over RFK Jr. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/kennedy-family-members-endorse-biden-rfk-jr-rcna148303 |website=NBC News |access-date=22 April 2024 |language=en |date=18 April 2024}}</ref> On August 25, 2024, Kennedy has endorsed Democrat Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]'s [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|campaign]] in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sainato |first=Michael |date=2024-08-25 |title=Robert F Kennedy Jr’s brother ‘heartbroken’ over Trump endorsement |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/25/rfk-jr-brother-heartbroken-trump-endorsement |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Make Gentle the Life of This World: The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998)
* ''Danger's Hour: The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her'' (Simon and Schuster, 2008), {{ISBN|978-0-7432-6080-0}}
* Sea Change: A man, a boat, a journey home (Islandport Press, 2018), {{ISBN|978-1-944762-40-7}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1766608}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303023044/http://www.observer.com/2008/o2/books/kennedy-kamikaze A Kennedy on Kamikaze]
* [http://dangershour.blip.tv/#1292398 Danger's Hour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830075052/http://dangershour.blip.tv/#1292398 |date=August 30, 2009 }}
* [http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/01561599.htm Team Kennedy]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/excavations_techniques/marine_wreck_04.shtml Maritime Excavations]
* [http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/whats_on/pritzker-military-presents/maxwell-taylor-kennedy-dangers-hour/ Interview] on ''Danger's Hour'' at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
* {{C-SPAN|1030899}}

{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{PT-109}}
{{Kennedy family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Matthew Maxwell Taylor}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Boston College faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Max]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania lawyers]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:People from Hyannis, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Moses Brown School alumni]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]

Union Mills Homestead Historic District

2024-10-21T22:18:13Z

Unfriendnow: →history

{{short description|Historic district in Maryland, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Union Mills Homestead Historic District
| nrhp_type = hd
| nocat = yes
| image = UNION MILLS HOMESTEAD HISTORIC DISTRICT.jpg
| caption = in 1971
| location = Jct. of U.S. 140 and Deep Run Rd., [[Westminster, Maryland]]
| coordinates = {{coord|39|40|14|N|77|0|58|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Maryland#USA
| builder = Shriver, Andrew; Schriver, David
| added = January 25, 1971
| area = {{convert|279|acre}}
| refnum = 71000371<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}
'''Union Mills Homestead Historic District''' is a national [[Historic district (United States)|historic district]] at [[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Carroll County, Maryland|Carroll County]], [[Maryland]], [[United States]].

==Description==

The homestead comprises a dwelling house, a brick [[grist mill]], a surviving bark shed from the 19th century tannery complex, a reconstructed tannery barn, and a Bollman-design bridge.

==History==

The [[Union Mills Homestead|Shriver Homestead]] was built in 1797 by Andrew and [[David Shriver]] and has been continually occupied by the family. The mill, also built 1797, is a large brick structure, built of locally manufactured brick laid in both [[Flemish bond]] and common bond. On June 30, 1863, General [[J.E.B. Stuart]] of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia camped at Union Mills and was hosted by part of the Shriver family. On the following day, General [[James Barnes (General)|James Barnes]] of the 5th Corps of the [[Army of the Potomac]] arrived on the site and welcomed and entertained by other members of the family.<ref name="mht_ihp">{{cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-46.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Union Mills Homestead Historic District|date=November 1970 |access-date=2016-01-01 |author=Mrs. Preston Parish |publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref>

Union Mills was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1971.<ref name="nris"/>

The '''Union Mills Homestead''' was home to the [[Shriver family]] for 6 generations. It is currently a historic landmark located near [[Westminster, Maryland]], about 17 miles south of [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]]. The Homestead is now a museum of American culture, operated by the Union Mills Homestead Foundation, a non-profit foundation with all proceeds dedicated to the preservation and restoration of the Union Mills Homestead Complex.

=== The building of the Shriver homestead ===
The following passage is excerpted from "Union Mills: The Shriver Homestead Since 1797" by Frederic Shriver Klein:
<blockquote style="font-size:85%"> The Shriver brothers bought a large tract of land along Big Pipe Creek, about seven miles north of [[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]] and along early roads leading into [[Littlestown]] and Pennsylvania's roads toward the west. The junction of Pipe Creek and Deep Run furnished a strong flow of water for a mill in the wide valley, and gentle slopes on either side provided land for grazing, farming or settlement. Heavy stands of black oak would furnish tanbark for a tannery, and the Shrivers knew a good bit about tanning leather. At this time, Andrew Shriver was operating a store and tavern in [[Littlestown, Pennsylvania]], and David was practicing as a civil engineer in Maryland. The original mill contract shows that on January 25, 1797, the two brothers completed arrangements with John Mong, a [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick County]] millwright to construct "a set of mills," a [[grist mill]] and a [[saw mill]]. On March 13, Jacob Keefer and John Eckert contracted "to mould and burn a kiln of brick" for the mill, "providing 100,000 brick or more, to be paid for at the rate of one French crown for every thousand brick." The brick kiln was constructed near the creek, known in previous years as Pipeclay Creek. The house had its origin on January 26 of the same year, when a contract was made with Henry Kohlstock of [[York County, Pennsylvania]], for building a small double house as a residence for the two brothers. Kohlstock, a joiner, agreed "to finish two small houses 14 by 17 feet each, to be connected by a porch and passage about 10 feet wide." Each house had one upper and one lower room, with a connecting center hallway and a small porch in front, twelve by eight feet. The carpenter's bill for labor gives an interesting idea of costs in 1797:
* Lower floors for small house 5 dols.
* Upper floor, rough 3 dols.
* Windows, casing, frames and sash 2 dols. each
* Doors, casings, etc. 2 dols.each
* Weatherboarding, stairs, porch, cornice seats, washboards 3 dols.
* Painting 6 dols.
The total labor costs for the house came to eighty-six dollars!" <ref>
{{cite journal
| title = Union Mills: The Shriver Homestead Since 1797
| author = Frederic Shriver Klein
| journal = The Maryland Historical Magazine
| publisher = Union Mills Homestead Foundation
| date = December 1957}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{MHT url|id=48|title=Union Mills Homestead Historic District, Carroll County}}, including photo from 2002, at Maryland Historical Trust
*[http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/map/nrb48.jpg Boundary Map of the Union Mills Homestead Historic District, Carroll County], at Maryland Historical Trust
*[http://www.unionmills.org/ Union Mills Homestead]
*{{HAER |survey=md-170 |id=md1859 |title=Bollman Truss Bridge, Union Mills Homestead Park, 3311 Littlestown Pike, Westminster, Carroll County, MD |photos=1 |cap=1}}

{{National Register of Historic Places in Maryland}}

[[Category:Historic districts in Carroll County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland]]
[[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland]]
[[Category:Houses in Carroll County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Shriver family]]
[[Category:Museums in Carroll County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Maryland]]
[[Category:Mill museums in Maryland]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland]]
[[Category:Westminster, Maryland]]
[[Category:Union Mills, Maryland]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-21T17:00:46Z

Unfriendnow: added a blue link.

{{Short description|American human rights advocate (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. She was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of businessman [[George Skakel]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school at the University of Virginia, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy in 2000]]

During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:President Joe Biden pauses after delivering the eulogy at a memorial service for Ethel Kennedy (54072625570).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] with Kennedy's coffin at her funeral, October 2024]]

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in Washington, D.C., with eulogies given by President [[Joe Biden]] and former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=October 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=April 13, 2017|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-20T02:14:14Z

Unfriendnow: the church is important.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. She was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy in 2000]]

During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:President Joe Biden pauses after delivering the eulogy at a memorial service for Ethel Kennedy (54072625570).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] with Kennedy's coffin at her funeral, October 2024]]

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=October 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=April 13, 2017|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-18T18:20:44Z

Unfriendnow: small fix in photo.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. She was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
[[File:President Joe Biden pauses after delivering the eulogy at a memorial service for Ethel Kennedy (54072625570).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] with Kennedy's coffin on her funeral, October 2024]]

During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]], and former House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]. In attendance were [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]], and [[Martin Luther King III]]. [[Kenny Chesney]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], and [[Stevie Wonder]] also performed at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=October 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=April 13, 2017|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-17T19:32:52Z

Unfriendnow: small fix in lead.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. She was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]], and former House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]. In attendance were [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]], and [[Martin Luther King III]]. [[Kenny Chesney]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], and [[Stevie Wonder]] also performed at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=October 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=April 13, 2017|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-16T21:17:38Z

Unfriendnow: again small fix for the memorial.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]], and former House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi|Nancy Pelosi.]] In attendance were [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]], and [[Martin Luther King III]]. [[Kenny Chesney]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], and [[Stevie Wonder]] also performed at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=2017-04-13|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-16T21:14:29Z

Unfriendnow: a little fix.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]], and former House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi|Nancy Pelosi.]] In attendance were [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], politician [[John Kerry]], and [[Martin Luther King III]]. [[Kenny Chesney]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], and [[Stevie Wonder]] also performed at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=2017-04-13|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-16T20:21:07Z

Unfriendnow: memorial service

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|access-date = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=[[WCVB-TV]]}}</ref> On October 16, a memorial service was held at the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in Washington, D.C., with eulogies given by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]], former presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Bill Clinton]], and former House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi|Nancy Pelosi.]] In attendance were [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]], politician [[John Kerry]], and [[Martin Luther King III]]. [[Kenny Chesney]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], and [[Stevie Wonder]] also performed at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baratz |first=David |title=Ethel Kennedy honored at memorial service by Presidents Biden, Obama and Clinton |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2024/10/16/ethel-kennedy-honored-at-service-by-biden-obama-and-clinton/75704456007/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=2017-04-13|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

740 Park Avenue

2024-10-15T00:24:04Z

Unfriendnow: →history

{{Short description|Apartment building in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Redirect|740 Park|the book by Michael Gross|740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox building
|name = 740 Park Avenue
|image = 740 Park Avenue, 71st Street, Lenox Hill, Upper East Side, Manhattan, Apr 21 2024.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = 740 Park in 2024
|location = 740 Park Avenue
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|40.7708|-73.9647|format=dms|display=inline,title|dim:200_region:US-NY}}
|status = Completed
|start_date = 1929
|completion_date =
|opening = 1930
|building_type = Cooperative apartment building
|architectural_style= [[Art Deco]]
|height = {{convert|78.03|m|abbr=on}}
|roof =
|top_floor =
|floor_count = 19
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect = [[Rosario Candela]] and [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]]
|structural_engineer=
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner =
|management =
|references =
}}

'''740 Park Avenue''' is a [[Luxury real estate|luxury]] cooperative apartment building on the west side of [[Park Avenue]] between [[71st Street (Manhattan)|East 71st]] and [[72nd Street (Manhattan)|72nd]] Streets in the [[Lenox Hill]] section of the [[Upper East Side]] of [[Manhattan]], New York City, United States. It was described in ''[[Business Insider]]'' in 2011 as "a legendary address" that was "at one time considered (and still thought to be by some) the most luxurious and powerful residential building in New York City".<ref name="Julie">{{cite web|author1=Zeveloff, Julie|title=740 Park Avenue: Inside The Most Powerful Apartment Building In New York|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/740-park-avenue-new-york-residents-history-2011-12?op=1|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=June 19, 2014|date=December 29, 2011}}</ref> The [[Pre-war architecture|"pre-war"]] building's side entrance address is 71 East 71st Street.<ref name=NYT2005>Gross, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/11/garden/where-the-boldface-bunk.html "Where the Boldface Bunk"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 11, 2004). Accessed October 8, 2007.</ref>

The 19-story building was designed in an [[Art Deco]] architectural style and consists of 31 units, including [[Duplex (building)|duplexes]] and triplexes.<ref name="Julie" /> The architectural height of the building is {{convert|256.0|ft|m}}.

==History==
[[File:740 Park Avenue (Detail).jpg|thumb|The three-storey penthouse at 740 Park Avenue]]
The building was constructed in 1929 by [[James T. Lee]], the grandfather of [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] – who lived there as a child as Jacqueline Bouvier – and was designed by [[Rosario Candela]] and [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]]; Harmon became a partner of the newly named [[Shreve, Lamb and Harmon]] during the year of construction. The building was officially opened in October 1930, a year after the [[Great Depression]] began, and the poor timing was devastating. Even though the New York elite had moved in, the building had failed financially by 1933. It remained in the red for 50 years.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Doran|first1=James|title=Richest apartment block in US becomes a house of horrors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/18/740-park-avenue-blackstone-schwarzman|access-date=July 13, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=January 17, 2009}}</ref> It was not until the 1980s that the building's apartments sold for incredibly high prices.<ref name="Julie" /><ref>[[Paul Goldberger|Goldberger, Paul]] [http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/09/centralparkwest200809 "The King of Central Park West"] ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' (September 2008)</ref>

In 1937, one of the first well-known residents was [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], who moved into 15/16B, a duplex that many still consider New York's crown jewel apartment. According to New York City real estate lore, "whoever inherits the biggest penthouse at 740 inherits the throne of New York society itself."<ref name="guardian"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/realestate/09parkave.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |title=Peeking Behind the Gilded Walls of 740 Park Ave.|date=October 9, 2005}}</ref> In 1971, [[Saul P. Steinberg|Saul Steinberg]] bought that triplex for $285,000 ({{Inflation|US|285000 |1971|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}) and after two divorces sold it to [[Stephen Schwarzman]] for "slightly above or below $30 million" in 2000. This was the highest price ever paid on Park Avenue<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/realestate/29Deal1.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Candidate as Landlord|author=Barbenel, Josh|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 29, 2006|access-date=April 10, 2007}}</ref> until May 2012, when [[Howard Marks (investor)|Howard Marks]] paid $52.5 million for two adjoining two-story duplexes (totaling 30 rooms), which set a short-lived record as the highest price ever paid for a co-op apartment.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zeveloff|first1=Julie|last2=Galante|first2=Meredith|title=House of the Day: Legendary Investor Howard Marks Officially Bought New York's Most Expensive Co-Op For $52.5 Million|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/courtney-sale-ross-apartment-at-740-park-avenue-sells-for-60-million-2012-5|access-date=July 13, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=May 14, 2012|language=en}}</ref>

In 1979, the French government purchased an 18-room duplex for $600,000 to be used as their [[United Nations]] ambassador's residence.<ref name=Hana>{{cite web|author1=Alberts, Hana R.|title=France's Palatial 740 Park Pad Sells for $70M, Way Over Ask|url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/06/17/frances_palatial_740_park_pad_sells_for_70m_way_over_ask.php|website=[[Curbed]] New York|access-date=June 19, 2014|date=June 17, 2014}}</ref> The French government's duplex unit was sold in June 2014 for $70 million, reportedly $22 million over the asking price – a bidding war involving three prospective buyers escalated the eventual selling price. The buyer was hedge fund billionaire [[Israel Englander]], who already lived in the unit directly above, and surpassed a record set just days earlier by Egypt's richest man, [[Nassef Sawiris]], for a penthouse unit on nearby [[Fifth Avenue]].<ref name=Hana/>

[[File:740park.jpg|thumb|Undergoing renovation in 2008]]
In 2005, author [[Michael Gross (American writer)|Michael Gross]] published a detailed book on the building and its history, ''[[740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building]]''. According to Gross, builder Lee's daughter, [[Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss Morris|Janet Lee Bouvier]], and son-in-law [[John Vernou Bouvier III|Jack Bouvier]], attained the final open lease; according to one account, they did not pay for the lease.<ref>Rogers, Teri Karush. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/realestate/09parkave.html?ex=1286510400&en=025e950d114ec68a&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "Peeking Behind the Gilded Walls of 740 Park Ave."], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (October 9, 2005). Accessed August 15, 2007.</ref> Hedge fund manager David Ganek paid $19 million for the childhood duplex home of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 2005.<ref name="therealdeal.com">{{cite web|url=https://therealdeal.com/2014/08/09/a-look-at-the-billionaire-residents-of-740-park/|title=A look at the billionaire residents of 740 Park|date=August 9, 2014|website=The Real Deal New York}}</ref>

The residents of 740 Park were heavily affected by the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]], as many of the residents are hedge fund billionaires as opposed to the titans of industry like Rockefeller who moved in during the 1930s.<ref name="guardian"/> The building was once home to one of the world's largest private collections of [[Mark Rothko]] works.<ref name="therealdeal.com"/> The former owner—alleged [[Bernie Madoff]] middleman and ex-financier J. Ezra Merkin—still lives there, but the paintings were sold during the [[Madoff investment scandal|Madoff scandal]].

Hedge fund billionaire Charles Stevenson paid $9 million for an apartment in the building and was the head of the 740 Park Avenue cooperative in December 2011.<ref name="Julie" />

In 2012, the [[Alex Gibney]] documentary ''[[Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream]],'' based on the [[Michael Gross (American writer)|Michael Gross]] book, aired on the "Independent Lens" series of the [[PBS]] TV network. The film details that the building was home to the highest concentration of billionaires in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Park Avenue: Money, Power & the American Dream|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/park-avenue/film.html|website=PBS|publisher=Independent Television Service (ITVS)|access-date=June 19, 2014|year=2012}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
* [[Rand Araskog]] – former CEO of [[ITT Corporation]]
* [[Thelma Chrysler Foy]] – heiress to the [[Chrysler]] fortune
* [[Woody Johnson]] – heir to the [[Johnson & Johnson]] fortune, owner of the [[New York Jets]] and [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom]].
* [[David H. Koch]] and [[Julia Koch]] – businesspeople, co-owner and board member of [[Koch Industries]], occupied an 18-room [[Condominium (living space)|duplex]] on the fourth and fifth floors said to have been purchased in 2004 for $17 million<ref name=NYT2005/>
* [[Israel Englander]] - hedge fund manager, founder of [[Millennium Management]] purchased apartment 12/13D for $71.3 million in 2014 from the [[French Republic]], which used it as its Consul’s residence
* William H. Harkness – Standard Oil heir, businessman and philanthropist, lived from 1933 to 1947 in 12/13D.<ref name=NYT2005/>
* [[Jerzy Kosinski]] – novelist
* [[Howard Marks (investor)|Howard Marks]] – chairman of [[Oaktree Capital Management]]
* [[J. Ezra Merkin]] – [[hedge fund]] manager, son of late businessman [[Hermann Merkin]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Van Voris|first=Bob|date=June 16, 2020|title=Madoff Backer Merkin Claims $41 Million in 740 Park Fire Losses|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-16/madoff-backer-merkin-claims-41-million-in-740-park-fire-losses|url-status=live|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702042915/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-16/madoff-backer-merkin-claims-41-million-in-740-park-fire-losses |archive-date=July 2, 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Steven Mnuchin]] – investment banker, film producer, and former [[Secretary of the Treasury]] of the United States<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2020/08/18/steven-mnuchins-park-ave-apartment-returns-with-massive-discount/|title=Steven Mnuchin's 740 Park co-op returns with massive discount|author=Gould, Jennifer|publisher=[[New York Post]]|date=August 18, 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] – childhood home<ref name=NYT2005/>
* [[Ronald Perelman]] – businessman<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gross|first1=Michael|title=740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building|url=http://mgross.com/writing/books/740-park/cast-of-characters/|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref>
* [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] – businessman and philanthropist, lived from 1937 to 1960 in a 24-room, 12-bath duplex.<ref name=NYT2005/>
* [[Steve Ross (Time Warner CEO)|Steve Ross]] – late CEO of [[Time Warner]]
* [[Julio Mario Santo Domingo]] – Colombian businessman lived in the building from the 1980s until his death in 2011
* [[Stephen A. Schwarzman]] – CEO of the [[Blackstone Group]]; bought the former Rockefeller apartment for just over $35 million<ref name=NYT2005/>
*Jonathan Sobel – former partner at [[Goldman Sachs]], director of [[Hilltop Holdings Inc.]], and business associate of billionaire [[Gerald J. Ford]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-03|title=In Deed! Goldman Guru Jonathan Sobel Dropped $19 M. On 740 Park Spread|url=https://observer.com/2012/10/indeed-jonathan-sobel-dropped-19-m-on-740-park-spread/|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Observer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bruner|first=Raisa|date=May 2, 2016|title=Meet the billionaires of 740 Park Avenue, one of New York's historic 'Towers of Power'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-billionaires-of-740-park-avenue-2016-5|url-status=live|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503122115/http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-billionaires-of-740-park-avenue-2016-5 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Saul Steinberg (business)|Saul Steinberg]] – financier; owned the Rockefeller apartment until selling to Schwarzman.
* [[Allene Tew]] – American socialite in the [[Gilded Age]]. Occupied two different units in the building.
* [[John Thain]] – CEO of [[CIT Group]], last chairman and CEO of [[Merrill Lynch]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/28793892|title=Merrill Lynch CEO Thain Spent $1.22 Million On Office|publisher=[[CNBC.com]]|date=January 22, 2009|access-date=January 22, 2009}}</ref>

Applicants who have sought to purchase units in the building but have been refused include [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Neil Sedaka]] and Russian billionaire [[Leonard Blavatnik]].<ref name="Julie" />

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
* Alpern, Andrew. ''[[The New York Apartment Houses of Rosario Candela and James Carpenter]]'', Acanthus Press, 2001
* [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/21/realestate/streetscapes-740-park-avenue-repairs-for-a-29-luxury-co-op.html "Streetscapes: 740 Park Avenue; Repairs for a '29 Luxury Co-op"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (October 21, 1990)
* [[Michael Gross (American writer)|Gross, Michael]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/11/garden/where-the-boldface-bunk-738450.html "Where the Boldfaced Bunk"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 11, 2004)
* Gross, Michael. ''[[740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building]]'', Broadway Books, 2005
* Horsley, Carter B. [http://www.thecityreview.com/ues/parkave/park740.htm "740 Park Avenue"] in ''The Upper East Side Book'' – gives references to articles about Candela's design for the building

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://mgross.com/740blog/ Michael Gross's "740Blog"] with near complete list of residents.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503013215/http://newyorksocialdiary.com/node/752 "The Root of All Evil and Home Sweet Home" (2005)]
* [http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2005/10/18/peering_deep_inside_740_park_avenue.php ''Curbed'']
* [http://brickandcornice.com/tag/740-park-avenue/ ''Brick And Cornice: 740 Park Avenue'']

{{Upper East Side}}
{{Park Avenue}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1930 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Apartment buildings in New York City]]
[[Category:Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Park Avenue]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1930]]
[[Category:Residential buildings in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Rosario Candela buildings]]
[[Category:Upper East Side]]

525 Lexington Avenue

2024-10-15T00:19:37Z

Unfriendnow: added a link.

{{Short description|Building in Manhattan, New York}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = 525 Lexington Avenue
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = FOUND_Study_Turtle_Bay_at_525_Lex.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_alt = 525 Lexington Avenue, a tall brick building, as seen from ground level
| image_caption = The building with FOUND branding in 2023
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| map_dot_mark =
| relief =
| alternate_names = FOUND Study Turtle Bay
| former_names = New York Marriott East Side Shelton Hotel Shelton Towers Hotel Halloran House
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Romanesque Revival]], other
| classification =
| location =
| address = 525 Lexington Avenue
| location_city = [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| location_country =
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|45|20|N|73|58|22|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| chain =
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date = 1922
| stop_date =
| completion_date = 1923
| opened_date = January 1924
| closing_date = March 2020 (as hotel)
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| cost =
| height = {{cvt|387|ft|m}}
| material =
| size =
| floor_count = 35
| architect = [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]]
| architecture_firm =
| developer = James T. Lee
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards = Gold Medal of Honor, Architectural League of New York (1925) Gold Medal, New York Chapter of the [[American Institute of Architects]] (1925)
| designations =
| rooms = 655
| website = 
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site
|embed = yes
|designation1 = NYCL
|designation1_date = November 22, 2016
|designation1_number = [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2557.pdf 2557]
}}
}}

'''525 Lexington Avenue''' (also '''FOUND Study Turtle Bay'''; formerly the '''Shelton Hotel''', '''Shelton Towers Hotel''', '''Halloran House''', and the '''New York Marriott East Side''') is a student dormitory and former hotel building at 525 [[Lexington Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], New York City. The 34-story, {{cvt|387|ft|adj=on}} building was designed by [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]] in a classical style and was developed by [[James T. Lee]], grandfather of [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]]. It was constructed between 1922 and 1923 as the Shelton Hotel, an [[apartment hotel]]. The Marriott East Side, one of several large hotels developed around [[Grand Central Terminal]] as part of [[Terminal City (Grand Central Terminal)|Terminal City]], became a [[New York City designated landmark]] in 2016.

The building contains [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]]; at the time of its construction, the Shelton was quoted as the world's tallest hotel. The first two stories of the [[facade]] are clad with limestone, while the upper stories are faced with grayish-brown brick, interspersed with terracotta and limestone trim. When it opened, the hotel featured numerous amenities similar to those in a clubhouse, such as a gymnasium, a bowling alley, [[Victorian Turkish baths|Victorian-style Turkish baths]], a swimming pool, a barber, [[Squash (sport)|squash]] courts, and [[Cue sports|billiard]] tables. The upper stories originally contained 1,200 rooms, which was decreased to about 650 rooms in the late 1970s, as well as outdoor terraces on the 15th and 31st floors. The Shelton Hotel was widely praised by architectural critics upon its completion. Its design has been cited as an influence for that of other structures, such as the [[Empire State Building]].

Lee acquired the site in 1922 from the International Sporting Club, which had unsuccessfully attempted to build a clubhouse there. The hotel was completed in January 1924 as a men-only hostelry and opened to women later that year; it attracted tenants such as [[Alfred Stieglitz]] and [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]. The [[New York Life Insurance Company]] acquired the hotel in 1935, and the [[Knott Management Corporation]] took over the hotel's operation, buying it in 1946. The hotel was sold multiple times in the 1950s. [[Sol Goldman]] and [[Alex DiLorenzo Jr.]] bought the hotel in the 1960s and leased it to [[Stanley Stahl]], who closed the hotel in May 1971. [[Tishman (company)|Tishman Realty & Construction]] planned to build a skyscraper on the site in the 1970s but canceled its plans after several [[Holdout (real estate)|holdout]] tenants refused to relocate. The contractor Edward Halloran acquired the hotel in 1976 and renovated it into the Halloran House, a [[Howard Johnson's]] hotel. [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts]] took over the hotel in 1990 and operated it until 2020, when the hotel closed as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Hawkins Way Capital and [[Värde Partners]] bought the building in early 2023 and renovated it into a [[student housing]] facility, FOUND Study Turtle Bay, which opened that September.

==Site==
525 Lexington Avenue is on the eastern side of [[Lexington Avenue]], on the southeast corner with 49th Street, in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]].<ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|page=}}</ref> It sits on the western portion of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 49th Street to the north, [[Third Avenue]] to the east, and 48th Street to the south.<ref name="NYCityMap">{{Cite web |title=NYCityMap |url=http://maps.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219214900/http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=NYC.gov |publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]]}}</ref> The hotel occupies an irregular [[land lot]] with an area of {{Cvt|22,422|ft2}}; the eastern portion of the lot extends southward to 48th Street.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=525 Lexington Avenue, 10017 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1303/53 |access-date=September 8, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]] |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202225647/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1303/53 |url-status=live}}</ref> The site has a [[frontage]] of {{Cvt|140.42|ft}} on Lexington Avenue, {{Cvt|145|ft}} on 49th Street, and {{cvt|40|ft}} wide on 48th Street.<ref name="p1267912214">{{cite news |date=March 17, 1946 |title=Knott Interests Have Acquired Hotel Shelton: Bought From New York Life $3,000,000 Mortgage Is Reported Arranged Shelton Hotel |page=C8 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1267912214}}}}</ref><ref name="p107447664">{{cite news |date=March 17, 1946 |title=Knott Interests Buy the Shelton on Lexington Av |page=R1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|107447664}}}}</ref>

525 Lexington Avenue wraps around another building at the northeast corner of 48th Street and Lexington Avenue (which was completed around 2009), and it abuts a public plaza to the southeast.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> When the Shelton was constructed, the corner lot contained a three-story brick building, which was destroyed in 1939.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 1939 |title=Fire, Blast Wreck Midtown Building; 3-Story Brick Structure on Lexington Avenue Shattered |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/10/archives/fire-blast-wreck-midtown-building-3story-brick-structure-on.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182905/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/10/archives/fire-blast-wreck-midtown-building-3story-brick-structure-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel is across from [[277 Park Avenue]] to the southwest, the [[InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel]] and [[299 Park Avenue]] to the west, the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]] to the northwest, and [[the Lexington Hotel NYC]] to the south.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> The Shelton was part of "Hotel Row", a collection of hotels developed along Lexington Avenue in the early 20th century.<ref name="nyt-2009-12-17">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=December 17, 2009 |title=The Sleeping Beauties of Hotel Alley |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/realestate/20scape.html |access-date=December 11, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211235221/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/realestate/20scape.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The surrounding section of Lexington Avenue from 42nd to 52nd Street did not experience significant development until the late 19th century, when [[Terraced house|row houses]] and [[tenement]]s, made of brick and brownstone, were developed in the area.<ref name="NYCL-2559">{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2559.pdf |title=Hotel Lexington |last1=Percival |first1=Marianne S. |last2=Postal |first2=Matthew A. |date=November 22, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |page=5 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717193543/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2559.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
525 Lexington Avenue was designed by [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]],<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> who went on to design the [[Empire State Building]] and [[500 Fifth Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=8}}</ref> The hotel was originally known as the Shelton, an [[apartment hotel]],<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=208}}</ref> and was developed by James T. Lee, grandfather of [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].<ref name="nyclpc">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2016 |title=SHELTON HOTEL (LATER HALLORAN HOUSE) |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/announcements/Shelton%20Hotel%20Final_160509.pdf |access-date=January 1, 2018 |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301003655/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/announcements/Shelton%20Hotel%20Final_160509.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel contains elements of the [[Lombard architecture|Lombard Revival]] style,<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> although Harmon wanted to avoid clear allusion to any specific architectural style, saying that "the masses of such modern buildings have no architectural precedence".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Arch pp. 104, 108">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|pp=104, 108}}</ref> [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] of ''The New York Times'' wrote that Harmon "covered the mass with irregular yellowy-tan brick, roughened as if centuries old, and for details, drew from Romanesque, [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]], early Christian, [[Lombard architecture|Lombard]] and other styles."<ref name="Gray">{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Mr. Houdini, Your Box Is Ready |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/realestate/29scapes.html |access-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015032850/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/realestate/29scapes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's developer described the building as being designed in a "North Italian Romanesque or Early Christian" style.<ref name="Arch pp. 104, 108" /><ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" />

=== Form ===
[[File:Lexington Av Dec 2021 33.jpg|thumb|The building viewed from Lexington Avenue and 49th Street]]
The hotel building contains [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]]; it was one of the first major hotels in New York City to be developed after the resolution was enacted.<ref name="NYCL p. 1" /><ref name="Gray" /> At the time of its construction, the Shelton was also quoted as the world's tallest hotel;<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> modern sources cite the hotel as being 387 feet (118 m) tall,<ref name="Hoak">{{cite book |last1=Hoak |first1=Edward Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VayjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT229 |title=Masterpieces of American Architecture |last2=Church |first2=Willis Humphrey |date=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-14727-7 |page=N/A |language=en |access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH 2020">{{cite web |date=August 24, 2020 |title=New York Marriott East Side - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/new-york-marriott-east-side/16228 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175133/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/new-york-marriott-east-side/16228 |url-status=live}}</ref> although a source from 1932 gave an alternate height of {{cvt|412|ft}}.<ref name="Chase1932">{{cite book |last=Chase |first=W. Parker |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000525067&view=1up&seq=135 |title=New York, the Wonder City |publisher=New York Bound |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-9608788-2-6 |location=New York |page=131 |oclc=9946323 |access-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418221856/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000525067&view=1up&seq=139 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |url-status=live |orig-year=1932}}</ref> The building is variously cited as being 31,<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="nyt-1951-04-15">{{Cite news |date=April 15, 1951 |title=Knott Chain Sells the Hotel Shelton: Louis Schleifer Buys 31-Story Building on Lexington Ave. Assessed at $4,000,000 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/15/archives/knott-chain-sells-the-hotel-shelton-louis-schleifer-buys-31story.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/15/archives/knott-chain-sells-the-hotel-shelton-louis-schleifer-buys-31story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 32,<ref name="p112617610">{{cite news |date=February 15, 1953 |title=Operator Resells the Shelton Hotel: Louis Schleifer Disposes of Big Lexington Ave. Property I to Wien Syndicate |page=1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|112617610}}}}</ref><ref name="p1313690061">{{cite news |date=February 15, 1953 |title=Wien Acquires Hotel Shelton in Investing Deal: Lexington Ave. Property Conveyed by Schleifer; 79th St. Suites Bought |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1313690061}}}}</ref><ref name="p1113169042">{{cite news |date=September 29, 1924 |title=Hotel Shelton to Admit Women on Equality With Men: Bachelors Find Eveless Retreat Wearisome and Prevail on the Management to Amend its Rules |page=10 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113169042}}}}</ref> 34,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> or 35 stories tall.<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> This discrepancy arises from the fact that the hotel's [[floor numbering]] system does not have a [[thirteenth floor]], as well as the fact that there is a three-story mechanical penthouse above the primary 31-story roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 15">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=15}}</ref> Including the penthouse, the hotel has a total of 34 floors.<ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH 2020" />

According to art historian [[Anna C. Chave]], Harmon preferred that the hotel's setbacks "be boldly articulated in architectural form, not camouflaged by ornamentation".<ref name="Chave p. 95">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=95}}</ref> To maximize the size of the public amenity space, the lowest two stories of 525 Lexington Avenue occupy the entire site.<ref name="Arch p. 103">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|p=103}}</ref> On the first 15 stories of the hotel, a {{cvt|40|ft|4=-wide|adj=mid}} wing runs south to 48th Street from the center of the main structure's southern elevation.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The wing on 48th Street contains a setback on its rear above the first story, as well as on its front above the second story.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> At the 3rd story, the eastern elevation sets back into an elongated [[light court]], giving the building a roughly U-shaped plan.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The northern elevation on 49th Street and the western elevation on Lexington Avenue also have light courts, which are shallower and are flanked by projecting pavilions.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> Another light court exists on the eastern elevation.<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=5}}</ref>

The hotel has further setbacks at the 15th and 21st floors; the main roof is above the 31st floor.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> To comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution, the top stories of the hotel only occupy one-quarter of the entire lot.<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The hotel is topped by a set-back [[Penthouse apartment|penthouse]] with a pyramidal [[hip roof]].<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="nyt-1923-10-28">{{Cite news |last=Kimball |first=Fiske |date=October 28, 1923 |title=The New Towers of New York; Architects' Work Upon the Mountainous Sculptured Masses of the Narrow City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/28/archives/the-new-towers-of-new-york-architects-work-upon-the-mountainous.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233811/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/28/archives/the-new-towers-of-new-york-architects-work-upon-the-mountainous.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Facade ===
All four elevations of the hotel's facade are visible from the street and are accordingly decorated.<ref name="nyt-1923-10-28" /> The first two stories of the [[facade]] are clad with limestone.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="p476884543">{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1924 |title=The 'Zoning Law' in New York: Novel Ties in Skyscrapers |page=7 |work=Manchester Guardian |id={{ProQuest|476884543}}}}</ref><ref name="Bragdon p. 3">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> The upper stories are faced with grayish-brown brick, interspersed with terracotta and limestone trim.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Hoak" /> The third through 14th stories, and the 16th to 30th stories, have windows that illuminate guestrooms inside. The 15th and 31st stories are designed in a different manner because these stories originally contained amenity areas.<ref name="Bragdon p. 3" />

The facade is divided vertically into multiple [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], which alternately project from the facade or are recessed from it.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> On the upper stories, projecting bricks were arranged both in vertical lines and in random patterns.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> Harmon, seeking to emphasize the hotel's height, avoided including horizontal lines in the hotel's design where possible.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> The facade's design followed the principle of [[entasis]], bulging slightly outward so as to not give the impression that the hotel was sagging,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Arch p. 104">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|p=104}}</ref> The lower stories were sloped slightly inward, further emphasizing the building's height.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> The original design was modified significantly in 1935. The modern-day facade, which dates to a 1977–1978 renovation, is similar to the original design but has additional doorways and windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" />

==== Base ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Lexington Av Jan 2023 47.jpg
| caption1 = Arcade at the center of the Lexington Avenue facade
| alt1 = The hotel's main entrance, a set of five arches, with a metal-and-glass canopy above them
| image2 = Lexington Av Dec 2021 50.jpg
| caption2 = Arched windows on the second floor of the Lexington Avenue facade's outer pavilions
| alt2 = An arched window on the second floor of the Lexington Avenue facade. The arch is flanked by two rectangular windows.
}}
The 49th Street and Lexington Avenue elevations of the facade have double-height arcades at the base.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The Lexington Avenue facade contains a loggia of five arches in the center of the facade, as well as a glass-and-metal canopy that curves outward. The arches are flanked by [[pedestal]]s with lion heads, which support [[Corinthian column]]s. Above the columns are [[Impost (architecture)|impost]] blocks, which contain depictions of readers and athletes carved in relief, as well as molded [[archivolt]]s and [[gargoyle]]s. In addition, a [[cornice]] with [[corbel]]s runs horizontally above the second floor, topped by a [[parapet]] that contains reliefs of masks. The three center archways lead into the lobby and are surrounded by doorways with [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance]]-style [[arabesque]]s. There are arched niches in between each of the center doorways. On the second story, each of the five center bays contains a pair of arched windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=3}}</ref>

The Lexington Avenue entrance is flanked by three-bay-wide projecting pavilions. The first story originally had rectangular window openings, though one window in each pavilion has since been replaced by a doorway. The southernmost bay of the south pavilion contains an entrance with a projecting granite doorway. At the second floor, the center bay of each pavilion contains a pair of arched windows and a balcony supported by [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] (these bays originally contained French windows).<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The other bays have simple rectangular windows on the second floor, above which are relief panels with scrolls and wreaths, which are inset into the facade. A cornice, with corbels shaped like masks and flowers, runs above the second story of each pavilion. Over the years, objects such as air-conditioner openings, storage cabinet, a security camera, and flagpoles have been added at the base.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" />

The 49th Street facade is similar in arrangement to that along Lexington Avenue, with a recessed arcade flanked by pavilions. The arcade is six bays wide; the westernmost bay of the arcade contains an entrance. There are awnings above the first-story windows in each bay of the arcade, and a low iron railing runs in front of the arcade's first-floor windows. Above the first story, the arcade contains are [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron patterns]] consisting of light and dark stone. The eastern pavilion contains square-headed windows on its mezzanine level, while the windows on the first and second story have been sealed. A stone balustrade runs above the arcade's second story and is decorated with [[quatrefoil]] tracery.<ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=4}}</ref>

On the 48th Street wing, the southern elevation is clad with limestone in multiple hues.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> At the first and second stories, the facade of the wing is divided into three bays; the center bay is divided into four windows, while the side bays have two windows each. On the first story, the center window is topped by a lunette, and there is a door in the westernmost bay; all of the windows have tracery and stone mullions. The wing's second story contains a terrace recessed behind the windows on that story.<ref name="NYCL pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The main section of the building, closer to 49th Street, contains arched windows on its southern elevation at the second story; these windows originally illuminated the hotel's library. A concrete-clad annex, consisting of the first story and mezzanine, extends into the courtyard at the hotel's southeast corner; this annex contains ventilation grates and HVAC equipment on its roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" />

==== Upper stories ====
[[File:Lexington_Av_Dec_2021_47.jpg|alt=Upper stories of the Lexington Avenue facade. The facade contains alternating bays of projecting and recessed windows.|thumb|Upper stories of the Lexington Avenue facade]]
On the upper stories, some of the brickwork and the majority of the windows have been replaced, and the facade also contains openings for air-conditioning units.<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=3–4}}</ref> Along 49th Street and Lexington Avenue, on the 3rd through 14th floors, the facade contains random projecting bricks scattered amid the windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The projecting brick patterns were arranged so as to "avoid any effect of a pattern", according to ''Architecture'' magazine, although they repeat at three-story intervals.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The center bays alternately project from or are recessed into the facade;<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" /> these bays vary in depth by {{cvt|10|ft}}.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> On the 15th story, the outer bays contain arched [[corbel table]]s, as well as parapets with inlaid rhombuses, above which are [[pergola]]s and brick-and-glass structures. On that story recessed center bays contain arched corbel tables, and the projecting center bays contain round balconies; above the 15th story windows, there are rosettes made of terracotta.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> There is a parapet at the 21st story with arched corbel tables, corbels, and chevrons; this parapet has been repaired over the years.<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" />

On the 21st to 30th stories, the bays alternately project from or are recessed into the facade. The recessed center bays contain smaller windows than the projecting bays and are topped by arched corbel tables.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The corners of the building contain [[colonette]]s with fiberglass griffins, which are intended to resemble the original griffins. The 31st story is a double-height space with both projecting and recessed bays; the recessed bays contain double-height arched windows, while the projecting bays contain projecting bricks. At the 31st story, the center bays also contain projecting gargoyles, while the outer bays contain small attic windows. In addition, the roofline of the 31st story contains grotesques of bears, which appear to be holding [[amphorae]].<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" />

The upper stories of the 48th Street wing's southern elevation are designed very similarly to the corner pavilions on Lexington Avenue and 49th Street. The wing's eastern elevation and part of the western elevation are also visible; these elevations consist of plain brick walls with windows. At the 15th-story setback is a brick parapet with limestone [[Coping (architecture)|coping]], as well as a brick pavilion with a hip roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> The eastern and southern elevations of the main building also contain plain walls, which are visible from 48th Street and from Third Avenue. As with the other elevations, some of the brickwork and windows have been replaced; in addition, some windows on these elevations have been sealed.<ref name="NYCL pp. 4–5" /> Several steel trusses span the light court on the eastern elevation, and the 15th story also contains a bridge across the light court, connecting the northern and southern wings.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" />

=== Interior ===
When it opened, the hotel featured numerous "club" amenities, such as a gymnasium, a bowling alley, a Victorian-style Turkish bath, a swimming pool, a barber, [[squash (sport)|squash]] courts, and [[Cue sports|billiard]] tables.<ref name="Hoak" /><ref name="NYCL p. 13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=13}}</ref> The hotel contained six passenger and two freight elevators.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> In contrast to the Shelton's exterior, which was distinctive for its time, the interior was similar to that of other contemporary large hotels.<ref name="Gray" /> As of 2016, the hotel had a gross floor area of {{cvt|391318|ft2}}.<ref name="realdeal">{{cite web |date=September 30, 2016 |title=Ashkenazy, Deka put Marriott East Side on the market |url=https://therealdeal.com/2016/09/30/ashkenazy-deka-put-marriott-east-side-on-the-market/ |access-date=January 1, 2018 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=January 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123094038/https://therealdeal.com/2016/09/30/ashkenazy-deka-put-marriott-east-side-on-the-market/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schram 2016">{{cite web |last=Schram |first=Lauren Elkies |date=September 29, 2016 |title=Deka Immobilien, Ashkenazy Put New York Marriott East Side Up for Sale |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2016/09/deka-immobilien-ashkenazy-put-new-york-marriott-east-side-up-for-sale/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202195224/https://commercialobserver.com/2016/09/deka-immobilien-ashkenazy-put-new-york-marriott-east-side-up-for-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's amenities included a fitness center measuring {{cvt|1000|ft2}}; meeting space totaling {{cvt|16000|ft2}}; and the 525LEX Restaurant and Lounge.<ref name="Schram 2016" />

==== Public rooms and amenities ====
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 1000
| header = Original floor plans for lower floors
| image1 = Shelton Hotel sub-basement floor plan.png
| alt1 = Floor plan of the sub-basement
| caption1 = Sub-basement
| image2 = Shelton_Hotel_basement floor plan.png
| alt2 = Floor plan of the basement
| caption2 = Basement
| image3 = Shelton_Hotel_first_floor_plan.png
| alt3 = Floor plan of the first story
| caption3 = First floor
| image4 = Shelton Hotel second floor plan.png
| alt4 = Floor plan of the second story
| caption4 = Second floor
}}
The Shelton's public rooms were largely designed with early Italian Renaissance elements, except the wood-paneled rooms, which were influenced more by English architecture.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The sub-basement contained the pool, clothing-storage, and boiler rooms. The basement contained a mezzanine surrounding the pool, as well as a Turkish bath, bowling alley, barber shop, and servant's rooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The pool's mezzanine was decorated with multicolored tile. By the 2000s, the original swimming pool had been drained and divided into three sections, although a ladder remained in place at one corner.<ref name="Gray" />

At ground level was the kitchen, grill, and dining room.<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The entrance lobby on Lexington Avenue connected with an office to the south, a baggage entrance and women's lounge to the north, and a lounge to the east. The restaurant was originally located in the 48th Street wing, while the grill was placed behind the elevators to the east. The kitchen was at the far east end of the hotel, behind the grill.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> A grill and café was added on the 49th Street side of the ground level in 1935. The grill and café contained entrances from 49th Street and Lexington Avenue; the grill was designed in a 17th-century style, while the café had a semicircular mahogany bar. In addition, there was a dining room accessed from Lexington Avenue.<ref name="p101350391">{{cite news |date=September 15, 1935 |title=Hotel Being Altered: Owner of the Shelton Spending $65,000 for Improvements. |page=RE4 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|101350391}}}}</ref> Most of the original interior has been heavily modified over the years, but some remnants of the original design remained in the late 2000s, including a stair hall next to the lobby.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Oyster.com 2009">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2009 |title=New York Marriott East Side |url=https://www.oyster.com/new-york-city/hotels/marriott-new-york-east-side/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Oyster.com |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207180642/https://www.oyster.com/new-york-city/hotels/marriott-new-york-east-side/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the second story was a suite of three rooms facing Lexington Avenue: the reading room to the north, the lounge in the center, and the game room to the south. The billiard room was on the north end of the elevator lobby, and two west–east corridors ran across the second floor, The corridor on the north side of the second floor led to various card rooms and dining rooms, while the corridor on the south side connected to the library and dining rooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The hotel's library reportedly contained over 12,000 volumes.<ref name="p107447664" /> By the 2000s, the hotel also had 19 meeting rooms.<ref name="Free Online Library 2015" />

The hotel contained a [[Terrace (building)|solarium]] and open terrace on the 15th floor.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31">{{Cite news |date=August 31, 1954 |title=Fink Hotel Group Gets the Shelton; Plans $500,000 Alterations on Building at Lexington Avenue and 49th Street |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/31/archives/fink-hotel-group-gets-the-shelton-plans-500000-alterations-on.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215647/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/31/archives/fink-hotel-group-gets-the-shelton-plans-500000-alterations-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The solarium was placed above the rooftop terrace on the southern wing. The center of the 15th story contained two "baronial suites", with paneled living rooms that contained fireplaces, as well as private porches and sunroofs.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The 15th-floor setback also contained open-air terraces for tenants.<ref name="Bragdon p. 3" /><ref name="p90626592">{{Cite news |date=September 12, 1925 |title=The Romance of Steel |volume=115 |page=293 |work=The Independent |issue=3928 |id={{ProQuest|90626592}}}}</ref> The top story, was devoted to a gymnasium and three squash courts; there was also a gallery for exhibition matches.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> By the 2000s, the squash courts had been replaced by the hotel's fitness center.<ref name="Gray" /> The roof contained a penthouse for tanks, elevator machinery, and other equipment.<ref name="Arch p. 104" />

==== Guestrooms ====
The hotel originally had either 1,100<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> or 1,200 bedrooms,<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> approximately two-thirds of which had their own bathrooms.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The third to 14th floors largely consisted of single rooms, but the corners of these stories had two-bedroom suites. Above the 15th floor, the Shelton had ten floors of bedrooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> A ''New York Times'' article from 1928 cited the hotel as having 1,169 guestrooms and 600 bathrooms.<ref name="nyt-1928-05-03">{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1928 |title=Shelton Hotel Refinanced By $4,000,000 Loan at 5% |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/03/archives/shelton-hotel-refinanced-by-4000000-loan-at-5.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233814/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/03/archives/shelton-hotel-refinanced-by-4000000-loan-at-5.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1954, three of the hotel's stories (comprising a total of 180 rooms) were used as offices.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" />

By the 2000s, the hotel included 646 rooms,<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> which were composed of 629 standard rooms and 17 suites.<ref name="Free Online Library 2015" /> After the 2007 renovation, Oyster.com wrote that the average room was {{cvt|175|ft2}}, enough to accommodate a [[king size bed]], chair, desk, and side table. In addition, the guestrooms were decorated in a yellow, mustard, or scarlet palette, similar to other Marriott hotels, while the bathrooms had granite alcoves for toiletries.<ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> By 2016, the hotel had 655 guestrooms.<ref name="realdeal" />

==History==
The [[construction of Grand Central Terminal]] began in 1903 on the site of [[Grand Central Depot]],<ref name="NYCL-1099">{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1099.pdf |title=Grand Central Terminal Interior |date=September 23, 1980 |publisher=Landmarks Preservation Commission |page=5 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122401/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1099.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> following a fatal crash in the [[Park Avenue main line|Park Avenue Tunnel]], the only approach to the depot, the preceding year.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 1902 |title=WGBH American Experience . Grand Central |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grandcentral-parkave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023113600/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grandcentral-parkave/ |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=November 8, 2015 |publisher=PBS |postscript=;}} {{cite news |date=January 9, 1902 |title=Fifteen Killed in Rear End Collision; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/09/archives/fifteen-killed-in-rear-end-collision-trains-crash-in-darkness-of.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202815/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/09/archives/fifteen-killed-in-rear-end-collision-trains-crash-in-darkness-of.html |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=;}} {{cite news |date=January 9, 1902 |title=Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt |page=1 |work=New-York Tribune |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26110515/fifteen_killed_thirtysix_hurt/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202754/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26110515/fifteen_killed_thirtysix_hurt/ |archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> [[Grand Central Terminal]] opened on February 2, 1913.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 2006 |title=Grand Central Terminal opens |magazine=Railway Age |page=78 |issn=0033-8826}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 1913 |title=Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9D04EEDD133BE633A25751C0A9649C946296D6CF |url-status=live |access-date=February 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424164513/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/02/100252911.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the years following the terminal's completion.<ref>{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|ps=.|pp=188}}</ref> The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in [[Terminal City (Manhattan)|Terminal City]], a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1930 |title=Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422193931/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite NY1900|pages=353-354}}</ref><ref name="Gray 2010" /> Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district.<ref name="FW6">{{Cite book |last1=Fitch |first1=James Marston |url=https://archive.org/stream/grandcentralterm00fitc |title=Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance |last2=Waite |first2=Diana S. |date=1974 |publisher=The Division |location=Albany, New York |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> A 1920 ''New York Times'' article said, "With its hotels, office buildings, apartments and underground Streets it not only is a wonderful railroad terminal, but also a great civic centre."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1920 |title=Another Building for Terminal Zone; 12-Story Commercial Structure to be Erected Opposite the Commodore Hotel |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/14/archives/another-building-for-terminal-zone-12story-commercial-structure-to.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017022805/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/14/archives/another-building-for-terminal-zone-12story-commercial-structure-to.html |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Shelton was one of several hotels developed in Terminal City,<ref name="NYCL pp. 6–7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=6–7}}</ref> along with other hostelries such as the Barclay, [[Hyatt Grand Central New York|Commodore]], [[The Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)|Roosevelt]], and [[New York Biltmore Hotel|Biltmore]].<ref name="Gray 2010">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=August 19, 2010 |title=Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017000715/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Meanwhile, during the early 19th century, apartment developments in the city were generally associated with the working class. By the late 19th century, apartments were also becoming desirable among the middle and upper classes.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=206}}</ref> Between 1880 and 1885, more than ninety apartment buildings were developed in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=February 7, 1885 |title=How the Great Apartment Houses Have Paid |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_001&page=ldpd_7031138_001_00000152&no=10 |url-status=live |journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=35 |issue=882 |pages=127–128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506014424/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_001&page=ldpd_7031138_001_00000152&no=10 |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> Apartment hotels in New York City became more popular after World War I, particularly among wealthy people who wanted to live luxuriously but also wanted to do some of their own housework, such as cooking.<ref name="NYCL p. 92">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|pp=206–207}}</ref> Developers of apartment hotels sometimes constructed developments to bypass the Tenement House Law, which prevented new apartment buildings from being taller than 150 percent of the width of the adjacent street. Apartment hotels had less stringent regulations on sunlight, ventilation, and emergency stairs but had to contain communal spaces like dining rooms.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 207">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=207}}</ref>

===Development===
[[File:Lexington_Av_Jan_2023_65.jpg|alt=An arched window on 48th Street, divided into four sections. There are windows above and to the right of the arch, as well as a door to the left.|thumb|Window on 48th Street wing]]

The International Sporting Club (ISC) had announced plans in December 1919 for a sporting arena and clubhouse at the southeast corner of 49th Street and Lexington Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="nyt-1919-12-14">{{Cite news |date=December 14, 1919 |title=Will Raise Level of Boxing Bouts: International Sporting Club |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/14/archives/will-raise-level-of-boxing-bouts-international-sporting-club.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/14/archives/will-raise-level-of-boxing-bouts-international-sporting-club.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The existing buildings on the site had been demolished by 1921, when the ISC's founder disappeared with a large proportion of the club's assets.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> Subsequently, in January 1922, a judge scheduled an auction for the site,<ref name="nyt-1922-01-06">{{Cite news |date=January 6, 1922 |title=I.S.C. Site Goes on Block Today; Property to Be Auctioned on Court Order, but Club Itself May Bid It In |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/06/archives/isc-site-goes-on-block-today-property-to-be-auctioned-on-court.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003744/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/06/archives/isc-site-goes-on-block-today-property-to-be-auctioned-on-court.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and James T. Lee acquired the plot the same month.<ref name="nyt-1922-01-15">{{Cite news |date=January 15, 1922 |title=International Sporting Club Buyer |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/international-sporting-club-buyer.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003743/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/international-sporting-club-buyer.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Lee initially planned to develop a 15-story [[apartment hotel]] for men on the ISC site.<ref name="NYCL pp. 8–9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=8–9}}</ref><ref name="p576587999">{{cite news |date=March 28, 1922 |title=Plans Skyscraper Hotel on Proposed Internat. S. C. Site: James T. Lee to Erect Building of 30 or 31 Stories for Plot at Lexington Avenue and 38th Street |page=19 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|576587999}}}}</ref>

The Shelton Holding Corporation, headed by Lee, announced in March 1922 that it would build a 30-story apartment hotel instead.<ref name="p576587999" /> The hotel was to be known as the Shelton Club<ref name="p576645573">{{cite news |date=May 16, 1922 |title=Plans Filed for Skyscraper Bachelors' Apartment Hotel |page=17 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|576645573}}}}</ref> and was one of several hotels in New York City being developed at the time with a combined 6,000 rooms.<ref name="nyt-1922-08-13">{{Cite news |date=August 13, 1922 |title=Housing Operations Show Big Increase Many New Apartments for Fall Occupancy; Great Building Activity on Upper Broadway and Two Tall Bachelor Hotels in Lexington Avenue Are Important East Side, Improvements--Work Started on $2,000,000 Structure as Additioan to Grand Central Palace |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/13/archives/housing-operations-show-big-increase-many-new-apartments-for-fall.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003741/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/13/archives/housing-operations-show-big-increase-many-new-apartments-for-fall.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p510847839">{{cite news |date=August 28, 1923 |title=New York Adds to Hotel Space: 12 New Hostelries, Costing $35,000,000, Contain 6041 Rooms |page=6 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|510847839}}}}</ref> Lee intended for the Shelton to be a high-end apartment hotel, describing it as "equal in appointments to the Yale Club" building at [[50 Vanderbilt Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="p103222721">{{cite news |date=March 11, 1923 |title=Expansion of Trade on Lex1ngton Avenue: Thoroughfare Witnessing a Transformation Similar to Madison Avenue. |page=REA2 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103222721}}}}</ref> Residents would rent the apartments monthly, rather than staying overnight or signing long-term leases.<ref name="p103222721" /> Work on clearing the site had started by May 1922, after S. W. Straus & Co. placed a $4 million bond issue on the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1922-05-05">{{Cite news |date=May 5, 1922 |title=Thirty-story Hotel for Lexington Av.: Will Occupy the Site Formerly Owned by International Sporting Club. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/05/archives/thirtystory-hotel-for-lexington-av-will-occupy-the-site-formerly.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233814/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/05/archives/thirtystory-hotel-for-lexington-av-will-occupy-the-site-formerly.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p510618412">{{cite news |date=May 5, 1922 |title=New York to Build 'Skyscraper' for Men |page=9 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|510618412}}}}</ref> Harmon filed plans for a 31-story hotel on the site later the same month at an estimated cost of $3 million to $5 million.<ref name="p576645573" /><ref name="nyt-1922-05-16">{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1922 |title=Plans for Big Hotel Filed. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/16/archives/plans-for-big-hotel-filed.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233810/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/16/archives/plans-for-big-hotel-filed.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lee wanted to offset the hotel's relatively high construction costs by increasing the building's height, which in turn would allow him to rent the apartments to more people.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /> Furthermore, the higher construction costs of the top stories would be counterbalanced by the high rents that the upper-floor apartments would attract.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="Arch p. 103" /> According to [[Architecture (magazine, 1900–1936)|''Architecture'']] magazine, the utility costs for a 1,200-room hotel were only slightly higher than those for a 600-room hotel, and the various public rooms were also supposed to attract guests,<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> Construction of the hotel itself commenced in August 1922. The Shelton was partially open by late 1923 and had been completed by March 1924.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /> Following the Shelton's completion, other hotels in the area, such as the Lexington and Waldorf Astoria, were also constructed.<ref name="nyt-1929-10-20">{{Cite news |date=October 20, 1929 |title=Lexington Avenue as Hotel Centre: New Hostelries There Likely to Ease Traffic Congestion in Old Section |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/20/archives/lexington-avenue-as-hotel-centre-new-hostelries-there-likely-to.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205015903/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/20/archives/lexington-avenue-as-hotel-centre-new-hostelries-there-likely-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early operation ===

==== 1920s to 1940s ====
As a bachelor hotel, the Shelton originally catered solely to men.<ref name="nyclpc" /><ref name="Hoak" /> In September 1924, the hotel announced that it would admit women after the vast majority of the hotel's tenants voted in favor of it.<ref name="p1113169042" /><ref name="p149444840">{{cite news |date=September 24, 1924 |title=U.s. Order Forbids Rum for Philippines: Consuls Must Not Clear Wet Cargoes; Gen. Wood Holds Dry Law Not in Force. |page=1 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|149444840}}}}</ref> According to [[New York Herald Tribune|''The'' ''New York Herald, New York Tribune'']], although many of the residents favored retaining men-only clubrooms, "when it came to the hotel dining rooms, salons and the library and card rooms they missed the dash of color".<ref name="p1113169042" /> The first female guests checked into the Shelton that October,<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="nyt-1924-10-12">{{Cite news |date=October 12, 1924 |title=Hotel for the Bachelor Opens Its Doors to Women |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/10/12/archives/hotel-for-the-bachelor-opens-its-doors-to-women.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235112/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/10/12/archives/hotel-for-the-bachelor-opens-its-doors-to-women.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the hotel's 75-foot-long swimming pool opened the next month.<ref name="p1113066692">{{cite news |date=November 20, 1924 |title=Miss Hertle Stars In Backstroke in Hotel Shelton Pool |page=18 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113066692}}}}</ref> The swimming pool hosted the Hotel Shelton Dolphins, a women's swim team, and it was also used for meets by the AAU Women's Swimming Association.<ref name="NYCL p. 14">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=14}}</ref> After five companies established the Continental-Leland Corporation in 1925, the Shelton became the flagship hotel of the corporation; James T. Lee was the president of the corporation.<ref name="nyt-1925-11-07">{{Cite news |date=November 7, 1925 |title=Five Firms Form Great Hotel Chain; Shelton Is Keystone of New Continental-Leland Corporation's $20,000,000 Project |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/11/07/archives/five-firms-form-great-hotel-chain-shelton-is-keystone-of-new.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204223638/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/11/07/archives/five-firms-form-great-hotel-chain-shelton-is-keystone-of-new.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1112854199">{{cite news |date=November 7, 1925 |title=Five Companies Form New Hotel Corporation: Continental-Leland Will Take Over Large Chain, With Shelton as the Keystone |page=21 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1112854199}}}}</ref> Hughes & Hammond placed a $4 million, ten-year mortgage loan on the hotel in 1928; this mortgage loan replaced a $4.25 million bond issue that was placed circa 1924.<ref name="nyt-1928-05-03" /><ref name="p1113428445">{{cite news |date=May 3, 1928 |title=4-Million Loan Is Placed on Shelton Hotel: Real Estate Transactions and Projects Reported From the City and Suburban Fields 10-Year Mortgage at 5% to Hughes & Hammond: $2,500,000 Leasehold Loan |page=45 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113428445}}}}</ref>

The [[Knott Management Corporation]] took over the Shelton Hotel's operation in March 1935.<ref name="nyt-1935-03-09">{{Cite news |date=March 9, 1935 |title=Knott Operating Shelton Hotel. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/09/archives/knott-operating-shelton-hotel.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182906/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/09/archives/knott-operating-shelton-hotel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1242873535">{{cite news |date=March 9, 1935 |title=Shelton Hotel Acquired By Knott Organization |page=28 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1242873535}}}}</ref> That September, the Knotts announced a $65,000 renovation of the hotel,<ref name="p1221749584">{{cite news |date=September 15, 1935 |title=Knott Hotels Company Will Remodel Shelton |page=I1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221749584}}}}</ref> which would be designed by Charles F. Winkleman.<ref name="p101350391" /> As part of the project, the Pompeiian room (which had been the hotel's café) was converted into a lounge, and the lounges on 49th Street were converted into a grill and cocktail room.<ref name="p101350391" /> In October 1935, the [[New York Life Insurance Company]] took over the Shelton at a foreclosure auction, bidding $300,000 and assuming the hotel's $3.64 million mortgage.<ref name="nyt-1935-10-10">{{Cite news |date=October 10, 1935 |title=Hotel Taken Over at Auction Sale; The Shelton, at Lexington Av. and 49th St., Is Bid In by Insurance Company. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/10/archives/hotel-taken-over-at-auction-sale-the-shelton-at-lexington-av-and.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/10/archives/hotel-taken-over-at-auction-sale-the-shelton-at-lexington-av-and.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1222088713">{{cite news |date=October 10, 1935 |title=Hotel Shelton Taken Over by New York Life: Insurance Company Get Structure for $300,000 Over $3,640,000 Lie |page=38 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1222088713}}}}</ref> The Knott Corporation managed the hotel on behalf of New York Life,<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> and it operated an entertainment venue at the hotel, the Shelton Corner.<ref name="p1032181786">{{cite magazine |last=Richman |first=Daniel |date=February 18, 1939 |title=Night clubs-vaudeville: Shelton Corner, Hotel Shelton, New York |magazine=The Billboard |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=20 |id={{ProQuest|1032181786}}}}</ref>

The Shelton remained popular in the 1940s, when it hosted civic meetings and other events. The hotel's advertisements praised its amenities, the affordable prices of the restaurant's meals, the live music at the Shelton Corner, and the proximity to Grand Central Terminal. Guests could pay nightly or weekly fees to use the rooms, or they could sign long-term leases.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /> The [[American Contract Bridge League]] also hosted tournaments at the Shelton, where a [[contract bridge]] club had leased a 15th-story lounge.<ref name="NYCL p. 18">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=18}}</ref> In March 1946, the Knott Corporation bought the building from New York Life through the Charles F. Noyes Company for $3.35 million.<ref name="p1284521958">{{cite news |date=May 10, 1946 |title=Hotel Shelton Cost Knott $3,350,000 |page=39 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1284521958}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1946-05-10">{{Cite news |date=May 10, 1946 |title=East Side Deals Filed; Hotel Shelton and Third Avenue Suites Are Transferred |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/10/archives/east-side-deals-filed-hotel-shelton-and-third-avenue-suites-are.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182904/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/10/archives/east-side-deals-filed-hotel-shelton-and-third-avenue-suites-are.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Noyes Company then arranged a $3 million mortgage for the hotel.<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> Knott converted some space on the 15th floor to offices in the late 1940s, renting the space to tenants such as a wedding planner, the publisher [[Public Relations Society of America]], and a photography company.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

==== 1950s and 1960s ====
The Knott Corporation sold the hotel in April 1951 to Louis Schleifer, at which point the hotel was assessed at $4 million.<ref name="nyt-1951-04-15" /> Schleifer took title to the building in August 1951, with plans to keep it as an investment,<ref name="nyt-1951-08-07">{{Cite news |date=August 7, 1951 |title=Title is Closed on Shelton Hotel: Schleifer Plans to Hold It as Investment--kenmore Hall is Leased by Detroit Group |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/07/archives/title-is-closed-on-shelton-hotel-schleifer-plans-to-hold-it-as.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/07/archives/title-is-closed-on-shelton-hotel-schleifer-plans-to-hold-it-as.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Joseph Wolf became the hotel's manager.<ref name="nyt-1951-08-17">{{Cite news |date=August 17, 1951 |title=Named Manager at Shelton |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/17/archives/named-manager-at-shelton.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215649/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/17/archives/named-manager-at-shelton.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Schleifer leased the hotel in March 1952 to Herbert R. Weissberg of 523-527 Lexington Inc. for 21 years at $500,000 per year.<ref name="p112407959">{{cite news |date=March 5, 1952 |title=Leasehold is Sold on Hotel Shelton: Louis Schleifer in 21-year Deal Involving $10,500,000 Housing Transactions Reported |page=49 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|112407959}}}}</ref><ref name="p1319926214">{{cite news |date=March 5, 1952 |title=Hotel Shelton Leasehold Sold |page=39 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1319926214}}}}</ref> Less than a year later, in February 1953, [[Lawrence Wien|Lawrence A. Wien]] bought the hotel from Schleifer.<ref name="p112617610" /><ref name="p1313690061" /> The Fink brothers acquired all of the stock in the Hotel Equities Company, which had a long-term lease on the building in August 1954. The Finks planned to spend $500,000 on renovating the hotel, including the pool, baths, gymnasium, lobby, dining rooms, assembly rooms, and guestrooms.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" /> By then, [[Buster Crabbe]] operated the hotel's swimming pool and health club, and about three stories of the hotel had been converted to office space.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" /><ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> The ballroom was closed in December 1956 and turned into a laboratory for color-film processing company Authenticolor.<ref name="nyt-1956-12-30">{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1956 |title=Shelton's Ballroom To Be a Darkroom |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/30/archives/sheltons-ballroom-to-be-a-darkroom-hotel-ballroom-to-be-darkened.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215647/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/30/archives/sheltons-ballroom-to-be-a-darkroom-hotel-ballroom-to-be-darkened.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jay and Arthur Wells, representing Wells Television Inc.,<ref name="nyt-1957-04-29">{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1957 |title=Hotel Deal Slated; Contract to Buy Lease on the Shelton Is Negotiated |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/29/archives/hotel-deal-slated-contract-to-buy-lease-on-the-shelton-is.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215650/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/29/archives/hotel-deal-slated-contract-to-buy-lease-on-the-shelton-is.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1324037498">{{cite news |date=May 12, 1957 |title=Syndicate Takes Shelton Lease |page=C1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324037498}}}}</ref> signed a contract to buy the hotel's lease in April 1957.<ref name="nyt-1957-04-29" /><ref name="p1327357035">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1957 |title=Buys Shelton Lease |page=A6 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327357035}}}}</ref> The next month, they hired a syndicate led by Sidney Bressler to operate the hotel, which was renamed the Shelton Towers.<ref name="p1324037498" /> [[Vic Tanny]] leased the hotel's pool in early 1958.<ref name="p1342305368">{{cite news |date=March 16, 1958 |title=Coast Firm Rents Pool In Shelton: Tanny Co. Plans First N. Y. Salon |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1342305368}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1958-05-27">{{Cite news |date=May 27, 1958 |title=Chain Site Hunt is Intricate Job: Problems of Finding Right Spots and Realty Cited in Tanny Expansion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/27/archives/chain-site-hunt-is-intricate-job-problems-of-finding-right-spots.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025617/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/27/archives/chain-site-hunt-is-intricate-job-problems-of-finding-right-spots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] judge George A. Brenner, one of the investors who had leased the hotel, spent large sums of money on renovating the Shelton Towers but was unable to obtain more funding.<ref name="p1326286402">{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Milton |date=January 21, 1959 |title=Former Judge Indicted In $318,000 Loan Fraud |page=1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326286402}}}}</ref> New York County district attorney [[Frank Hogan]] indicted Brenner on charges of forgery in January 1959.<ref name="p1326286402" /><ref name="nyt-1959-01-21" /> Hogan claimed that Brenner had leased the hotel for 14 years with plans to renovate it, obtain a 75-year lease, and resell it to a large hotel chain.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-21">{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Jack |date=January 21, 1959 |title=Ex-Judge Is Indicted in Larceny Of $318,000 to Finance a Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/21/archives/exjudge-is-indicted-in-larceny-of-318000-to-finance-a-hotel-exjudge.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020503/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/21/archives/exjudge-is-indicted-in-larceny-of-318000-to-finance-a-hotel-exjudge.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The district attorney's office accused Brenner of trying to submit a falsified certificate, worth $250,000, at a Westchester bank in an attempt to receive a loan for the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-20">{{Cite news |last=Folsom |first=Merrill |date=January 20, 1959 |title=Mystery Shrouds Bank Fraud Case; Shelton Towers Involved in Westchester Loan Puzzle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/20/archives/mystery-shrouds-bank-fraud-case-shelton-towers-involved-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025616/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/20/archives/mystery-shrouds-bank-fraud-case-shelton-towers-involved-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Shelton Towers' manager, convicted forger William M. Singer, was detained in connection with the case.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-24">{{Cite news |last=Esterow |first=Milton |date=January 24, 1959 |title=Ex-convict Held in Swindle Case; Manager of Shelton Towers Surrenders as Witness in Brenner Loan Inquiry |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/24/archives/exconvict-held-in-swindle-case-manager-of-shelton-towers-surrenders.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025616/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/24/archives/exconvict-held-in-swindle-case-manager-of-shelton-towers-surrenders.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=January 24, 1959 |title=Ex-Convict Is Held As Aid of Brenner: Was Hired To Manage Hotel |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1337786797}}}}</ref> Brenner, Singer, and their former secretary Norma M. Bucher all pleaded guilty to conspiracy and fraud charges in early 1960;<ref name="nyt-1960-01-14a">{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Adam F. |date=January 14, 1960 |title=Brenner Guilty Plea Halts Fraud Trial |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/01/14/archives/brenner-guilty-plea-halts-fraud-trial-brenner-pleads-guilty-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172456/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/01/14/archives/brenner-guilty-plea-halts-fraud-trial-brenner-pleads-guilty-in.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |last=Crist |first=Judith |date=January 14, 1960 |title=Ex-Judge Brenner, 2 Aids Plead Guilty in Fraud Case |page=13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327149538}}}}</ref> Singer and Bucher were sentenced to between 18 and 24 months in prison,<ref name="nyt-1960-04-23">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 1960 |title=2 in Hotel Swindle Sentenced Anew |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/23/archives/2-in-hotel-swindle-sentenced-anew.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/23/archives/2-in-hotel-swindle-sentenced-anew.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=April 23, 1960 |title=2 Brenner Aids Are Sentenced In Westchester |page=4 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327176947}}}}</ref> while Brenner was sentenced to between four and seven years.<ref name="nyt-1960-02-25">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1960 |title=Brenner is Given 4-to-7-year Term; Secretary Gets 18 Months for Her Part in Forgery and Grand Larceny |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/25/archives/brenner-is-given-4to7year-term-secretary-gets-18-months-for-her.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172500/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/25/archives/brenner-is-given-4to7year-term-secretary-gets-18-months-for-her.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=February 25, 1960 |title=Brenner Gets 4 to 7 Years In Fraudulent Stock Deal |page=5 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326074779}}}}</ref>

The S. T. Hotel Corporation (which held the Shelton Towers' lease) decided to sublet the hotel in December 1959 to Max Klein's Shelton East Corporation, which planned to renovate the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1959-12-08">{{Cite news |date=December 8, 1959 |title=Shelton Towers Is Sub-Leased |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/08/archives/shelton-towers-is-subleased.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/08/archives/shelton-towers-is-subleased.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1960s, according to the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC), the hotel "was increasingly regarded as passé".<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Wellington Associates, led by [[Sol Goldman]] and [[Alex DiLorenzo Jr.]], bought the hotel in the 1960s.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Wellington Associates received a $2.3 million first mortgage loan for the hotel in 1965<ref name="nyt-1965-02-10">{{Cite news |date=February 10, 1965 |title=Loan is Arranged for L.I. Building; $3.5 Million Lent on Office Structure in Hempstead |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/10/archives/loan-is-arranged-for-li-building-35-million-lent-on-office.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172455/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/10/archives/loan-is-arranged-for-li-building-35-million-lent-on-office.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and a $1.5 million second mortgage the following year.<ref name="nyt-1966-07-29">{{Cite news |last=Robbins |first=William |date=July 29, 1966 |title=News of Realty: Broadway Deal; Corner Parcel at 62d St. Is Sold to Investing Group |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/29/archives/news-of-realty-broadway-deal-corner-parcel-at-62d-st-is-sold-to.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190223/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/29/archives/news-of-realty-broadway-deal-corner-parcel-at-62d-st-is-sold-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Goldman and DiLorenzo received a $12.5 million, five-year mortgage loan for the Shelton and two nearby plots in 1968.<ref name="nyt-1968-02-06">{{Cite news |last=Robbins |first=William |date=February 6, 1968 |title=News of Realty: 63 Wall St. Sold; Goldman and DiLorenzo Buy 35-Story Office Building |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/06/archives/news-of-realty-63-wall-st-sold-goldman-and-dilorenzo-buy-35story-of.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/06/archives/news-of-realty-63-wall-st-sold-goldman-and-dilorenzo-buy-35story-of.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's swimming pool and gym, operated by Shelton Health Clubs, saw 2,000 customers per day by the late 1960s.<ref name="n118083344">{{Cite news |last=Lardine |first=Bob |date=March 24, 1968 |title=Exercise - or die |pages=256, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083373/health-clubs/ 257], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083469/health-clubs/ 258], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083501/health-clubs/ 259] |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083344/exercise-or-diebob-lardine/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083344/exercise-or-diebob-lardine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the hotel's ground level contained a nightclub until 1967; originally known as La Vie en Rose, the club was renamed Casa Cugat in 1958 and [[Basin Street East]] in 1959.<ref name=nyt-1967-10-25>{{Cite news|date=October 25, 1967|title=Basin Street East Plans Conversion Into a Restaurant|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/10/25/archives/basin-street-east-plans-conversion-into-a-restaurant.html|access-date=March 20, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Proposed redevelopment ===

==== Skyscraper plan ====
[[File:Lexington_Av_Jan_2023_55.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|View of the Lexington Avenue facade from ground level]]
By October 1965, Goldman and DiLorenzo had acquired five smaller structures and a parking lot on the same block, with plans to redevelop the site.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-28">{{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=October 28, 1965 |title=News of Realty: 2 Lose Licenses; ' Untrustworthiness' Laid to Men Linked to Mafia |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/news-of-realty-2-lose-licenses-untrustworthiness-laid-to-men-linked.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/news-of-realty-2-lose-licenses-untrustworthiness-laid-to-men-linked.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Goldman and DiLorenzo eventually acquired the entire block, covering {{cvt|64,000|ft2}}.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> The partners had initially leased {{cvt|44000|ft2}} on the west side of the block, including the Shelton's site, to [[Stanley Stahl]].<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Stahl planned to replace all buildings on the block with a skyscraper occupied by a large corporation.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="nyt-1977-07-03">{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |date=July 3, 1977 |title=Architecture View |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/03/archives/architecture-view-a-dramatic-example-of-architectural-recycling.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/03/archives/architecture-view-a-dramatic-example-of-architectural-recycling.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Telephone company [[GTE]] initially agreed to lease space in the new skyscraper, but it ultimately opted to move to Connecticut instead.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> [[Tishman (company)|Tishman Realty and Construction]] took over the lease, with plans to develop to build a {{cvt|1.5|e6ft2|adj=on}} structure.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Tishman, [[Arlen Properties]], and Bahamian fund Gramco International created a joint venture in 1970 to construct the Third Avenue skyscraper, as well as a 44-story building at [[1166 Avenue of the Americas]], for a combined $200 million.<ref name="nyt-1970-06-09">{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=June 9, 1970 |title=Foreign Fund to Aid Building in Midtown Of Two Skyscrapers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/09/archives/foreign-fund-to-aid-building-in-midtown-of-two-skyscrapers-2.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/09/archives/foreign-fund-to-aid-building-in-midtown-of-two-skyscrapers-2.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Citadel Management Co. took over as the hotel's landlord in 1971.<ref name="n118091448">{{Cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=July 9, 1974 |title=These Elderly Tenants Would Like to Be in Hot Water |pages=109 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118091448/these-elderly-tenants-would-like-to-be/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190223/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118091448/these-elderly-tenants-would-like-to-be/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Stahl announced in May 1971 that the hotel would no longer accept overnight guests because it was "losing a lot of money", although long-term guests would be allowed to stay for at least six months.<ref name="p119312026">{{cite news |date=May 16, 1971 |title=Arlen Realty Moves Into Dallas Project |page=R10 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119312026}}}}</ref> At the time, room-occupancy rates in New York City's hotels were declining.<ref name="p119317785">{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=January 10, 1971 |title=Hotel Occupancy in City Continues Slide |page=R1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119317785}}}}</ref> Tishman razed the buildings on Third Avenue, but could not proceed further until existing tenants had been relocated.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=October 6, 1974 |title=Tishman Selling Part Of Midtown Assemblage |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/tishman-selling-part-of-midtown-assemblage-robert-tishman-laments.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202195201/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/tishman-selling-part-of-midtown-assemblage-robert-tishman-laments.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New York Telephone Company]] agreed to lease {{cvt|500000|ft2}} in the proposed building on the condition that all of the hotel's existing residents be relocated, but Tishman was unable to relocate the remaining tenants.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07">{{Cite news |last=Oser |first=Alan S. |date=April 7, 1976 |title=About Real Estate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/07/archives/about-real-estate-how-holdouts-thwarted-construction-plan-on.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172457/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/07/archives/about-real-estate-how-holdouts-thwarted-construction-plan-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Tishman then proposed constructing two smaller buildings, one each on Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, separated by a park; this plan was also controversial.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Concurrently, the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] considered developing a terminal for the [[Long Island Rail Road]] on the site as part of its [[Program for Action]].<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06" /> The city government rejected Tishman's plan for a 52-story skyscraper in June 1974.<ref name="n118091448" />

By the mid-1970s, the Shelton had 26 tenants, all of whom lived in rent-controlled units. Some of the residents agreed to relocate and were each paid between $15,000 and $17,000.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> The 11 remaining tenants sued Tishman in July 1974, accusing Citadel of neglecting the building by failing to replace a broken boiler in the basement.<ref name="n118091448" /> Tishman sold the eastern quarter of the site to New York Telephone in October 1974.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-27">{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1974 |title=News of the Realty Trade |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/27/archives/tishman-completes2-midtown-transactionss-news-of-the-realty-trade.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/27/archives/tishman-completes2-midtown-transactionss-news-of-the-realty-trade.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's tenants remained in place, and the other buildings on the block contained about 100 tenants in total.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06" />

==== Cancellation ====
In December 1975, Tishman officially canceled its plans for the tower and relinquished the site to Avon Associates, a firm operated by Goldman and the DiLorenzo estate. According to Tishman's president [[Robert Tishman]], the project was no longer financially viable due to the [[1975 New York City fiscal crisis]] and the presence of the holdout tenants.<ref name="n118082896">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=December 26, 1975 |title=Project Poops Out, So 8 Languish in Hotel Limbo |pages=49 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118082896/project-poops-out-so-8-languish-in/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172456/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118082896/project-poops-out-so-8-languish-in/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p133951066">{{cite news |date=December 10, 1975 |title=Tishman Realty Drops Project and Expects To Report a Deficit |page=33 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133951066}}}}</ref> The company had spent $3 million to maintain the Shelton Towers during fiscal year 1975; some of this money was used to pay the salaries of 11 staff members and a 24-hour security detail for the remaining tenants.<ref name="n118082896" /> Except for a middle-aged secretary, all of the remaining tenants were elderly; six of the eight holdouts were women.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30">{{Cite news |last=Klemesrud |first=Judy |date=July 30, 1976 |title=8 Holdout Tenants at Closed Shelton Towers Win 5-Year Fight |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/30/archives/new-jersey-pages-8-holdout-tenants-at-closed-shelton-towers-win.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190225/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/30/archives/new-jersey-pages-8-holdout-tenants-at-closed-shelton-towers-win.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tishman paid Goldman and the DiLorenzo estate $1.8 million, and Goldman and DiLorenzo transferred the hotel's title to the [[Dollar Savings Bank]]. The bank, in turn, would cover the hotel's expenses, which included $225,000 in annual taxes and up to $5,000 in monthly heating costs.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Tishman had sold all of the remaining buildings on the block by October 1976.<ref name="nyt-1976-10-17">{{Cite news |date=October 17, 1976 |title=News of the Realty Trade |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/17/archives/news-of-the-realty-trade-assemblage-broken-up.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192137/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/17/archives/news-of-the-realty-trade-assemblage-broken-up.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Dollar Savings Bank reacquired the hotel, it hired the firm of Stephen B. Jacobs and Associates to study the feasibility of converting the Shelton to residential apartments.<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" />

=== Halloran House ===

Contractor Edward "Biff" Halloran bought a purchase option for the hotel in July 1976; the option allowed Halloran to pay $11 million for the Shelton if he could relocate the eight holdouts and sign an agreement with a "Class A hotel" by the beginning of September. At the time, Halloran was negotiating to operate the hotel as a franchise of [[Holiday Inn]].<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30" /> The Shelton's remaining tenants quickly agreed to relocate after Halloran offered to give them free rent for the rest of their lives.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30" /> The ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported in October 1976 that a "West Coast-based syndicate" was in the process of buying the hotel.<ref name="n118094005">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=October 14, 1976 |title=Hotel Boom Shapes Up Along Lex |pages=513 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094005/hotel-boom-shapes-up-along-lexowen/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192134/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094005/hotel-boom-shapes-up-along-lexowen/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Industrial and Commercial Incentive Board approved a tax abatement for the project, which was expected to cost $21 million, in February 1977.<ref name="nyt-1977-02-25">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1977 |title=Industrial Incentive Board Gives Some Exemptions on Realty Tax |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/25/archives/industrial-incentive-board-gives-some-exemptions-on-realty-tax.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192135/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/25/archives/industrial-incentive-board-gives-some-exemptions-on-realty-tax.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="n118094598">{{Cite news |last=Geline |first=Robert |date=February 23, 1977 |title=Hotel, Boro Tool Plant Get Tax Incentives |pages=514 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094598/hotel-boro-tool-plant-get-tax/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192133/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094598/hotel-boro-tool-plant-get-tax/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That April, the [[Starrett Corporation]] received a $6.4 million contract to renovate the hotel into a 650-room [[Howard Johnson's]].<ref name="p134175369">{{cite news |date=April 12, 1977 |title=Starrett Housing Contract |page=3 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|134175369}}}}</ref><ref name="n118092242">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=April 12, 1977 |title=Shelton Conversion to Begin |pages=14 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118092242/shelton-conversion-to-beginowen-moritz/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118092242/shelton-conversion-to-beginowen-moritz/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Halloran renovated the hotel in collaboration with Norman Groh, who had received a franchise from Howard Johnson's.<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /><ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Jacobs was hired as the restoration architect, while George Clarkson was employed as the interior designer.<ref name="nyt-1979-10-25">{{Cite news |date=October 25, 1979 |title=Design Notebook |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/25/archives/design-notebook-in-renovating-three-old-hotels-details-make-the.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021231729/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/25/archives/design-notebook-in-renovating-three-old-hotels-details-make-the.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Shelton's renovation occurred amid an increase in occupancy rates at New York City's hotels, which had an occupancy rate of 90 percent by 1978.<ref name="nyt-1978-11-14">{{Cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=November 14, 1978 |title=Occupancy in Hotels. Is Running at 90% |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/14/archives/occupancy-in-hotels-is-running-at-90-situation-in-other-cities.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225524/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/14/archives/occupancy-in-hotels-is-running-at-90-situation-in-other-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the project, the hotel's facade was restored, while its interiors were updated to meet modern building codes.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> According to Jacobs, the Shelton cost less than $30,000 per room to renovate, while a new hotel of similar size would have cost over $100,000 per room.<ref name="nyt-1977-12-04">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=December 4, 1977 |title=Interest in Hotel Projects Stirs As Luxury Market Booms |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809213255/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel reopened in November 1978, shortly after [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]],<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="New York Magazine p.">{{cite magazine |last=Diem |first=Mary |date=March 19, 1979 |title={{as written|Hot| l}} Halloran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uACAAAAMBAJ |magazine=New York Magazine |publisher=New York Media, LLC |page=10 |issn=0028-7369 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225524/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uACAAAAMBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Mary Diem was appointed as the hotel's manager in January 1979.<ref name="p1401346327">{{cite magazine |date=January 31, 1979 |title=Personal Appearances: Mary Diem To Manage Halloran House, N.Y. |magazine=Variety |volume=293 |issue=13 |page=87 |id={{ProQuest|1401346327}}}}</ref>

The [[Attorney General of New York]] filed an [[antitrust]] lawsuit against several of Halloran's companies in 1984, including the companies that operated the Halloran House.<ref name="p397882133">{{cite news |date=June 15, 1984 |title=New York Marketer Of Concrete Accused Of Having Monopoly |page=1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|397882133}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1984-06-14">{{Cite news |last=Raab |first=Selwyn |date=June 14, 1984 |title=Monopoly is Seen in Concrete Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/monopoly-is-seen-in-concrete-sales.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225525/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/monopoly-is-seen-in-concrete-sales.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the attorney general's office, the hotel's operators had acted as guarantors for Halloran's other companies, which allegedly held a monopoly on [[ready mixed concrete]] in New York City.<ref name="p397882133" /> At the end of December 1984, Halloran sold the hotel to 525 Lexington Avenue Associates, which was partly controlled by Morris Bailey. 525 Lexington Ave. Associates planned to rename the hotel, renovate the rooms, and add a health club, although they continued to operate the Halloran House as a Howard Johnson franchise.<ref name="nyt-1984-12-30">{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Joan |date=December 30, 1984 |title=Postings; Hotel is Sold |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/realestate/postings-hotel-is-sold.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225523/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/realestate/postings-hotel-is-sold.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Halloran used the proceeds from the hotel's sale to pay back one of his lenders, the [[Marine Midland Bank]], in what the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan District Attorney]]'s office later described as a [[check kiting]] scheme.<ref name="p397959461">{{cite news |last1=Cony |first1=Ed |last2=Penn |first2=Stanley |date=August 11, 1986 |title=Tale of A Kite: How 2 Depositors Ran A Giant Check Scheme At 2 New York Banks |page=1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|397959461}}}}</ref> 525 Lexington Ave. Associates renovated the hotel again between 1988 and 1989, adding air-conditioners in each room, as well as replacing many windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> The renovation overran its budget by 12 percent.<ref name="p219130891">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=October 29, 1990 |title=Once-Prized Hotels Find Buyers Elusive |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=6 |issue=44 |page=44 |id={{ProQuest|219130891}}}}</ref>

=== Marriott operation ===

==== 1990s ====
After the late-1980s renovation, Bailey had wanted to sell the hotel for about $300,000 per room, although few potential buyers were willing to pay that price.<ref name="p219130891" /> By then, little remained of the hotel's original interior.<ref name="Gray" /> [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts]], which wanted to operate a hotel on the [[East Side (Manhattan)|East Side]] of Manhattan, agreed to pay Bailey $13 million, allowing Bailey and his partners to cover the cost overruns of the project.<ref name="p219130891" /> The Halloran House became the '''New York Marriott East Side''',<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="p219130891" /> the second Marriott-branded hotel in Manhattan, after the [[New York Marriott Marquis]] near [[Times Square]].<ref name="nyt-1991-06-30">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=June 30, 1991 |title=Commercial Property: Downtown Hotels; Bond, Vista, Marriott -- Now, Comes the Millenium |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/30/realestate/commercial-property-downtown-hotels-bond-vista-marriott-now-comes-the-millenium.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/30/realestate/commercial-property-downtown-hotels-bond-vista-marriott-now-comes-the-millenium.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Marriott operated the hotel under lease for several years.<ref name="nyt-1997-05-22">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=May 22, 1997 |title=Marriott Set Out to Prove Itself In New York; Now It Dominates |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/22/nyregion/marriott-set-out-to-prove-itself-in-new-york-now-it-dominates.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231442/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/22/nyregion/marriott-set-out-to-prove-itself-in-new-york-now-it-dominates.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

525 Lexington Avenue Associates filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection in 1994,<ref name="NYCL p. 15" /> and Marriott's parent company [[Host Marriott]], in conjunction with Morris Bailey, bought the hotel the same year.<ref name="nyt-1997-05-22" /> Host Marriott and Bailey paid $55 million for the hotel, which amounted to $82,800 per room.<ref name="nyt-1995-03-26">{{Cite news |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |date=March 26, 1995 |title=Commercial Property/Hotels; At New York Hotels, Things Are Looking Grand |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/realestate/commercial-property-hotels-at-new-york-hotels-things-are-looking-grand.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526145539/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/realestate/commercial-property-hotels-at-new-york-hotels-things-are-looking-grand.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1996, Marriott was planning to spend $45 million refurbishing the Marriott East Side.<ref name="p219127408">{{cite magazine |last=DeNitto |first=Emily |date=August 12, 1996 |title=More room at inn |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=12 |issue=33 |page=3 |id={{ProQuest|219127408}}}}</ref> Host Marriott sold the hotel to Strategic Hotel Capital Inc. in April 1998 for $191.3 million;<ref name="p453479020">{{cite press release |title=Host Marriott Corporation Sells the New York East Side Marriott For $191.3 Million |publisher=PR Newswire |date=April 21, 1998 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|453479020}}}}</ref> the Marriott East Side was Strategic Hotel Capital's first hotel in New York City.<ref name="nyt-2000-09-28">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 28, 2000 |title=Hotel Group Wins Bidding To Purchase Rihga Royal |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/nyregion/hotel-group-wins-bidding-to-purchase-rihga-royal.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004806/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/nyregion/hotel-group-wins-bidding-to-purchase-rihga-royal.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p446729323">{{Cite press release |title=Strategic Hotel Capital Inc. Signs Agreement to Buy New York Landmark Essex House Hotel |publisher=Business Wire |date=March 10, 1999 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|446729323}}}}</ref> The new owner subsequently renovated the Marriott East Side extensively.<ref name="p446729323" /><ref name="p2398471311">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 2001 |title=loosening up a landmark |magazine=Hospitality Design |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=26 |id={{ProQuest|2398471311}}}}</ref> [[Perkins Eastman]] designed a steel canopy for the hotel's entrance, which was completed in 2000.<ref name="nyt-2009-12-17" />

==== 2000s and 2010s ====
[[File:New_York_Marriott_East_Side_2019.jpg|alt=View of the Marriott East Side from the Lexington Avenue sidewalk. The hotel is to the left, and there is a sign with the name "Marriott" on the hotel's facade.|thumb|The Lexington Avenue side of the hotel in 2019]]
The Prime Property Fund, managed by [[Morgan Stanley]], acquired the hotel building in 2005 for $287 million.<ref name="Johnson 2005">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Richard L. |date=November 14, 2005 |title=Morgan Stanley's Prime Property Fund Acquires New York Marriott East Side for $287 Million / November 2005 |url=https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2005_4th/Nov05_NYMarriottEastSide.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Hotel-Online |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2005_4th/Nov05_NYMarriottEastSide.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Free Online Library 2015">{{cite web |last=Razzano |first=Tiffany |date=November 23, 2005 |title=East Side Marriot sold to fund for $287m |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/East+Side+Marriot+sold+to+fund+for+%24287m.-a0139681508 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Real Estate Weekly |via=Free Online Library |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235336/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/East+Side+Marriot+sold+to+fund+for+$287m.-a0139681508 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2006">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2006 |title=Morgan Stanley acquires Marriott East Side |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20051114/FREE/511140741/morgan-stanley-acquires-marriott-east-side |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207000841/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20051114/FREE/511140741/morgan-stanley-acquires-marriott-east-side |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, the hotel had 646 rooms.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2006" /> The building underwent significant interior renovations in 2007 and exterior refurbishments in 2009.<ref name="Gray" /> The Marriott chain's first [[teleconference]] suite opened at the Marriott East Side in late 2009.<ref name="nyt-2009-11-09">{{Cite news |last=Stellin |first=Susan |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Hotels Find Keeping Travelers at Home Can Be Good Business |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/business/10telepresence.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175137/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/business/10telepresence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Prime Property Fund was looking to sell the hotel for $350 million by March 2012, having spent $26 million renovating the hostelry.<ref name="WSJ 2012">{{cite web |date=September 10, 2012 |title=What's The Deal: A Marriott on the Block |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/09/10/whats-the-deal-a-marriott-on-the-block/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708133409/http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/09/10/whats-the-deal-a-marriott-on-the-block/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] proposed [[Zoning|rezoning]] East Midtown in 2012, preservationists began advocating for several structures in the neighborhood to be designated as official landmarks, including the former Shelton.<ref name="Dunlap 2012">{{cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=December 7, 2012 |title=Midtown Zoning Plan May Imperil Historic Buildings |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/midtown-zoning-plan-may-imperil-historical-buildings/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=City Room |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/midtown-zoning-plan-may-imperil-historical-buildings/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bortolot 2012">{{cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Lana |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Preservationists Fret Over Midtown Rezoning |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578103350912984168.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128214326/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578103350912984168.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The LPC hosted public hearings in 2013 to determine whether the New York Marriott East Side and four other structures in East Midtown should be designated as New York City landmarks.<ref name="Feiden 2013">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Landmark Process Begins for Five Buildings in Midtown East |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323981304579081162239821896.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924145605/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323981304579081162239821896.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sederstrom 2013">{{cite web |last=Sederstrom |first=Jotham |date=October 2, 2013 |title=Five Midtown East Buildings That Could be Landmarked |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2013/10/five-midtown-east-buildings-that-could-be-landmarked/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001823/https://commercialobserver.com/2013/10/five-midtown-east-buildings-that-could-be-landmarked/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-2016, the LPC proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the New York Marriott East Side, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.<ref name="Hurowitz 2016">{{cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |date=May 10, 2016 |title=12 Midtown East Buildings Are Up for Landmark Consideration, City Says |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185138/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref><ref name="Kaszuba 2016">{{cite web |last=Kaszuba |first=Brian |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Hearings Held on Five Potential Landmarks as Part of Greater East Midtown Plan |url=https://www.citylandnyc.org/hearings-held-five-potential-landmarks-part-greater-east-midtown-plan/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=CityLand |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202182108/https://www.citylandnyc.org/hearings-held-five-potential-landmarks-part-greater-east-midtown-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 22, 2016, the LPC designated the New York Marriott East Side and ten other nearby buildings as city landmarks.<ref name="Warerkar 2016">{{cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=November 22, 2016 |title=11 historic Midtown East buildings landmarked in one fell swoop |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/22/13716490/midtown-east-landmark-pershing-square-rezoning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018142622/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/22/13716490/midtown-east-landmark-pershing-square-rezoning |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |access-date=October 18, 2019 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="Wachs 2016">{{cite web |last=Wachs |first=Audrey |date=November 22, 2016 |title=Preservationists rejoice as 11 new Midtown East landmarks are created |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2016/11/11-new-midtown-east-landmarks/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202182113/https://www.archpaper.com/2016/11/11-new-midtown-east-landmarks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ashkenazy Acquisitions offered to buy the hotel for $290 million in December 2014.<ref name="trd-2014-12-05">{{Cite web |last=Moses |first=Claire |date=December 5, 2014 |title=Ashkenazy to purchase Marriott East Side for $290M |url=https://therealdeal.com/2014/12/05/ashkenazy-to-buy-marriott-east-side-for-290m/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175137/https://therealdeal.com/2014/12/05/ashkenazy-to-buy-marriott-east-side-for-290m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Morgan Stanley sold the building in 2015 to Lexington Avenue Hotel, a limited partnership between Ashkenazy Acquisition and Deka Immobilien, a subsidiary of [[DekaBank]], for $270 million.<ref name="realdeal" /> Deka Immobilien owned an 85 percent stake in the hotel, while Ashkenazy owned the remaining 15 percent.<ref name="Rebong 2021">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Orion |date=February 12, 2021 |title=German Lender Forecloses on East Side Marriott hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2021/02/12/german-lender-forecloses-on-east-side-marriott-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003742/https://therealdeal.com/2021/02/12/german-lender-forecloses-on-east-side-marriott-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ashkenazy and Deka placed the hotel for sale in September 2016<ref name="Schram 2016" /><ref name="realdeal" /> but were unable to find a buyer for the hotel.<ref name="Rebong 2020">{{cite web |last=Matsuda |first=Akiko |date=October 12, 2020 |title=Marriott Hotels Sued by NYC Landlord for Misappropriation |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/10/12/lawsuit-accuses-marriott-of-misappropriating-funds-at-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003740/https://therealdeal.com/2020/10/12/lawsuit-accuses-marriott-of-misappropriating-funds-at-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ashkenazy signed a contract in March 2019 to purchase the New York Marriott East Side for $174 million, placing $2 million in an escrow account managed by the [[Chicago Title Insurance Company]].<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019" /> Although [[tourism in New York City]] was increasing at the time, Deka would have recorded a nearly $100 million loss if the sale had been completed.<ref name="p2288856285">{{cite magazine |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Lost in translation: Foreign investors suffer big setbacks in shifting real estate market |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=35 |issue=36 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|2288856285}}}}</ref> Ashkenazy twice postponed the purchase date and ultimately failed to buy the hotel before the July 2019 deadline.<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019" /> This prompted Deka to sue Ashkenazy for breach of contract.<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019">{{cite web |last=Baird-Remba |first=Rebecca |date=August 12, 2019 |title=German Fund Sues Ashkenazy Over Botched Midtown Marriott Sale |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2019/08/german-investment-fund-sues-ashkenazy-over-botched-midtown-marriott-sale/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/08/german-investment-fund-sues-ashkenazy-over-botched-midtown-marriott-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p2288856285" />

==== Conversion to dormitories ====
The New York Marriott East Side closed in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref name=":1" /> and laid off 316 employees that May.<ref name="p2402551035">{{cite magazine |last=Beltran |first=Lizeth |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Marriott East Side, ViacomCBS making major cuts |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=20 |id={{ProQuest|2402551035}}}}</ref> The Lexington Avenue Hotel partnership subsequently failed to make payments on its $53 million mortgage, which was to have been paid in July 2020.<ref name="Rebong 2021" /><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2021">{{cite web |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Ashkenazy could lose stake in notorious Midtown hotel |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/ashkenazy-could-lose-stake-notorious-midtown-hotel |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204010743/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/ashkenazy-could-lose-stake-notorious-midtown-hotel |url-status=live}}</ref> The closure was intended to be temporary, but in October 2020, it was reported that the hotel had permanently closed.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Stolz |first1=Ken |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Marriott East Side, Once One of the City's Tallest Hotels, Won't Be Reopening |url=https://www.frequentbusinesstraveler.com/2020/10/marriott-east-side-once-one-of-the-citys-tallest-hotels-wont-be-reopening/ |work=Frequent Business Traveler |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128123644/https://www.frequentbusinesstraveler.com/2020/10/marriott-east-side-once-one-of-the-citys-tallest-hotels-wont-be-reopening/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p2455589705">{{cite magazine |last=Sachmechi |first=Natalie |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Breathing New Life Into Dying Hotels: With the Industry on the Ropes, Investors Are Brainstorming Ways to Repurpose the Now-empty Buildings |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=36 |issue=36 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|2455589705}}}}</ref> Ashkenazy sued Marriott the same month, accusing Marriott of breach of contract and saying that the hotel misappropriated $12 million to bolster its own [[balance sheet]].<ref name="Rebong 2020" /> Ashkenazy subsequently withdrew its complaint.<ref name="Rebong 2020" /> In February 2021, DekaBank foreclosed on the unpaid mortgage of $63 million.<ref name="Rebong 2021" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Rizzi |first=Nicholas |date=February 10, 2021 |title=DekaBank Forecloses on Shuttered NY Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2021/02/dekabank-forecloses-on-shuttered-ny-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |work=Commercial Observer |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020215402/https://commercialobserver.com/2021/02/dekabank-forecloses-on-shuttered-ny-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Deka Immobilien ultimately paid back the full loan. This allowed Deka to also take back all the capital that it had invested in Lexington Avenue Hotel; as such, Ashkenazy could potentially lose all the money it had invested in the hotel.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2021" /> That July, a New York state court ruled that Ashkenazy was required to pay its share of the $136 million lien that had been placed on the hotel.<ref name="Rizzi 20212">{{cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Nicholas |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Ashkenazy Must Pay Its Share of $136M Default at Marriott Hotel: Judge |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2021/07/ashkenazy-must-pay-its-share-of-136m-default-at-marriott-hotel-judge/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://commercialobserver.com/2021/07/ashkenazy-must-pay-its-share-of-136m-default-at-marriott-hotel-judge/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Deka sold the hotel in January 2023 to a joint venture of Beverly Hills-based Hawkins Way Capital and Minneapolis-based [[Värde Partners]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beverly Hills-Based Hawkins Way Capital Buys 655 Room Former Marriott Hotel in Midtown, Manhattan |url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article124667.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=www.hotelnewsresource.com |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202161626/https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article124667.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dilakian 2023">{{cite web |last=Dilakian |first=Steven |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Hawkins Way, Värde Buy Former Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015852/https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dilakian 20232">{{cite web |last=Dilakian |first=Steven |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Hawkins Way, Värde Buy Former Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015852/https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, ''[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]]'' magazine reported that Hawkins Way and Värde might convert the hotel building to housing.<ref name="Dilakian 20232" /> The sale was completed the next month for $153.4 million, a loss of almost $117 million from its previous sale price.<ref name="Hallum 2023">{{cite web |last=Hallum |first=Mark |date=February 7, 2023 |title=Former New York Marriott East Side Sells at Massive Loss for $153.4M |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2023/02/former-new-york-marriott-east-side-sells-at-massive-loss-for-153-4m/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207174131/https://commercialobserver.com/2023/02/former-new-york-marriott-east-side-sells-at-massive-loss-for-153-4m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The building was renovated into [[student housing]] and opened in September 2023 as '''FOUND Study Turtle Bay''',<ref name="found1" /><ref name="Sloan 2023 s131"/> with 1,355 beds for students from nearby colleges.<ref name="Bunescu 2024 y525">{{cite web | last=Bunescu | first=Olivia | title=From Check-Ins to Move-Ins: Exploring Hotel-to-Student Housing Conversions | website=Multi-Housing News | date=April 3, 2024 | url=https://www.multihousingnews.com/from-check-ins-to-move-ins-exploring-hotel-to-student-housing-conversions/ | access-date=June 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NY-YIMBY">{{cite web |title=1,355-Bed Student Housing Building to Debut at 525 Lexington Avenue in Turtle Bay, Manhattan |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2023/09/1355-bed-student-housing-building-to-debut-at-525-lexington-avenue-in-turtle-bay-manhattan.html |website=New York YIMBY |date=September 21, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref> The renovated building includes {{Convert|30,000|ft2}} of amenities.<ref name="found1">{{cite press release |title=FOUND Study brings innovative student living to historic 525 Lexington Avenue |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/found-study-brings-innovative-student-living-to-historic-525-lexington-avenue-301923652.html |website=PR Newswire |publisher=FOUND places |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sloan 2023 s131">{{cite web | last=Sloan | first=Katie | title=Hawkins Way Capital Completes 1,355-Bed Student Housing Redevelopment Project in Manhattan | website=Student Housing Business | date=September 27, 2023 | url=https://studenthousingbusiness.com/hawkins-way-capital-completes-1355-bed-student-housing-redevelopment-project-in-manhattan/ | access-date=December 10, 2023}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Residents ===
In late 1925, artist couple [[Alfred Stieglitz]] and [[Georgia O'Keeffe]] moved into a two-room apartment on the 28th floor; they moved to the 30th floor in 1927.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> O'Keeffe [[New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe)|painted several works]] of the Shelton or of the view from her room;<ref name="Chave p. 95" /><ref name="Benke">{{cite book |last1=Benke |first1=Britta |title=Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887–1986: Flowers in the Desert |date=2000 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=978-3-8228-5861-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/georgiaokeeffe180000benk |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgiaokeeffe180000benk/page/40 40] |access-date=January 1, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="p1034976058">{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Louise |date=November 25, 1987 |title=O'Keeffe and the pull of the Southwest |page= |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|1034976058}}}}</ref> according to Chave, the Shelton was O'Keeffe's "favorite architectural subject—which exemplified a vital turning point in skyscraper design".<ref name="Chave p. 92">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=92}}</ref> O'Keeffe later said: "I had never lived up so high before and was so excited that I began talking about trying to paint New York".<ref name="Chave p. 97">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=97}}</ref> Additionally, Steiglitz took photographs from the Shelton or from his gallery at [[An American Place]], creating about 90 cityscapes from 1925 to 1937.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> Among the buildings he photographed from the Shelton were the RCA Building at [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] and the GE Building at [[General Electric Building|570 Lexington Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref name="Connor Stieglitz 2001 p.">{{cite book |last=Connor |first=Celeste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwlDQAAQBAJ |title=Democratic Visions: Art and Theory of the Stieglitz Circle, 1924-1934 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-21354-8 |page=159 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182904/https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwlDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

O'Keeffe and Steiglitz's friend [[Claude Fayette Bragdon]] also lived at the hotel,<ref name="p1291290124">{{cite news |date=September 18, 1946 |title=Claude F. Bragdon Dies at 80; Architect Author and Lecturer: Designed Rochester Rail Station, Wrote 16 Books; Aid to Walter Hampden |page=10 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1291290124}}}}</ref> and other artists, such as [[Miguel Covarrubias]], [[Dorothy Brett]], and [[Harold Clurman]], also lived there for periods.<ref name="NYCL pp. 12–13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=12–13}}</ref> The publisher [[Mitchell Kennerley]] moved into the hotel in 1948 and lived there for the last two years of his life.<ref name="nyt-1950-02-23">{{Cite news |date=February 23, 1950 |title=Kennerley, Expert on Art, Found Dead; Former Head of the Anderson Galleries Apparently Hanged Himself in His Hotel Room |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/23/archives/bennerleyexpert-on-artfound-dead-former-head-of-the-anderson.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020505/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/23/archives/bennerleyexpert-on-artfound-dead-former-head-of-the-anderson.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The playwright [[Tennessee Williams]] also lived at the hotel temporarily in 1945, when one of his plays was being rehearsed on Broadway.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref name="Lahr 2014 p.">{{cite book |last=Lahr |first=John |title=[[Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4088-4365-9 |publication-place=London |page=100 |oclc=892062486}}</ref>

=== Other visitors ===
In 1926, escape artist [[Harry Houdini]] escaped from an airtight case at the bottom of the hotel pool in 91 minutes.<ref name="nyt-1926-08-06">{{Cite news |date=August 6, 1926 |title=Houdini Wins Test in a Sealed Casket; Stays Under Water in Airtight Case an Hour and a Half With No III Effects |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/06/archives/houdini-wins-test-in-a-sealed-casket-stays-under-water-in-airtight.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182902/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/06/archives/houdini-wins-test-in-a-sealed-casket-stays-under-water-in-airtight.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1862412556">{{cite magazine |last=Howell |first=Chauncey |date=November 3, 1972 |title=Sideshows: It's Still Sro For Houdini After 46 Years |magazine=Women's Wear Daily |volume=125 |issue=85 |pages=56 |id={{ProQuest|1862412556}}}}</ref> Canadian magician [[James Randi]], recreating Houdini's escape at the hotel's pool in 1956,<ref name="nyt-2014-11-07">{{Cite news |last=Higginbotham |first=Adam |date=November 7, 2014 |title=The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/magazine/the-unbelievable-skepticism-of-the-amazing-randi.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413022555/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/magazine/the-unbelievable-skepticism-of-the-amazing-randi.html |url-status=live}}</ref> escaped in 93 minutes, two minutes slower than Houdini's record.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

New York governor [[W. Averell Harriman]] and New York County district attorney [[Frank S. Hogan]] both had offices at the Shelton Hotel during the late 1950s.<ref name="nyt-1958-09-11">{{Cite news |date=September 11, 1958 |title=Harriman, Hogan Open Offices Today In Shelton Hotel, Apart From State Unit |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/11/archives/harriman-hogan-open-offices-today-in-shelton-hotel-apart-from-state.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020504/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/11/archives/harriman-hogan-open-offices-today-in-shelton-hotel-apart-from-state.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Particularly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, numerous politicians held campaign events at the Halloran House.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> For example, the [[New York State Democratic Committee]] selected delegates for the [[Democratic National Convention]] at the Halloran House during the [[1980 United States presidential election]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lynn |first=Frank |date=June 9, 1980 |title=Kennedy People Chosen to Head State Delegation; Ohrenstein Co-Chairman With Mrs. Chisholm 'A State in Trouble' Agreement on Agenda |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/09/archives/kennedy-people-chosen-to-head-state-delegation-ohrenstein.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235336/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/09/archives/kennedy-people-chosen-to-head-state-delegation-ohrenstein.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Mario Cuomo]] announced his campaign for the [[1982 New York gubernatorial election]] at the hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lynn |first=Frank |date=March 17, 1982 |title=Cuomo Enters Gubernatorial Race Against Koch |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/nyregion/cuomo-enters-gubernatorial-race-against-koch.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/nyregion/cuomo-enters-gubernatorial-race-against-koch.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Controversial American-Israeli rabbi [[Assassination of Meir Kahane|Meir Kahane was assassinated]] in the hotel's second-floor conference room on November 5, 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCallister |first1=Jared |last2=Kates |first2=Brian |title=Rabbi Meir Kahane is shot and killed after speech in 1990 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rabbi-meir-kahane-shot-killed-speech-1990-article-1.2418049 |access-date=January 1, 2018 |work=NY Daily News |date=November 6, 1990 |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107003231/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rabbi-meir-kahane-shot-killed-speech-1990-article-1.2418049 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1990-11-06">{{Cite news |last=McQuiston |first=John T. |date=November 6, 1990 |title=Kahane is Killed After Giving Talk in New York Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/nyregion/kahane-is-killed-after-giving-talk-in-new-york-hotel.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004814/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/nyregion/kahane-is-killed-after-giving-talk-in-new-york-hotel.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an Egyptian-born American citizen, was subsequently charged with and acquitted of Kahane's murder,<ref name="nyt-1991-12-22">{{Cite news |last=Raab |first=Selwyn |date=December 22, 1991 |title=Jury Acquits Defendant in Kahane Trial |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/nyregion/jury-acquits-defendant-in-kahane-trial.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004807/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/nyregion/jury-acquits-defendant-in-kahane-trial.html |url-status=live}}</ref> although Nosair admitted to killing Kahane in 1998.<ref name="sternshefler">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=Gil |last2=Shefler |first2=Stern |date=August 15, 2010 |title='Sharon was Kahane killer's target' |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Sharon-was-Kahane-killers-target |access-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050048/https://www.jpost.com/International/Sharon-was-Kahane-killers-target |url-status=live}}</ref> News sources retrospectively cited Nosair's actions as one of the earliest examples of [[Islamic terrorism in the United States]].<ref name="ebrahim19">{{cite magazine |last1=Ebrahim |first1=Zak |last2=Giles |first2=Jeff |date=September 4, 2014 |title=I Grew Up the Son of an Islamic Jihadist |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/3268803/i-grew-up-the-son-of-an-islamic-jihadist/ |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107011803/https://time.com/3268803/i-grew-up-the-son-of-an-islamic-jihadist/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="an19">{{cite news |date=May 2013 |title=An early Islamic terrorist in the U.S. |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-sc-dc-0515-first-terrorist-pictures-photogallery.html |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210191750/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-sc-dc-0515-first-terrorist-pictures-photogallery.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==

=== Critical reception ===

==== Architectural commentary ====
[[File:Shelton Towers.jpg|alt=The Marriott East Side as seen from Lexington Avenue and 48th Street. The hotel is in the center of the image, on the right side of the street. To the right, there is a pedestrian traffic signal in the foreground and a glass structure in the background. To the left is the Barclay Hotel.|thumb|The hotel as seen from Lexington Avenue and 48th Street]]
[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] wrote that the completed hotel "attracted near-rave reviews from serious critics, who praised its intelligent treatment of the 1916 setback requirements of the zoning law."<ref name="nyt-1995-03-12">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=March 12, 1995 |title=Streetscapes/Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's Grandfather; Quality Developer With a Legacy of Fine Buildings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/realestate/streetscapes-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-s-grandfather-quality-developer-with.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235338/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/realestate/streetscapes-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-s-grandfather-quality-developer-with.html |url-status=live}}</ref> When the hotel was being constructed, [[Fiske Kimball]] wrote for ''The New York Times'', "We may admire the masterly way in which [Harmon] has built up his receding masses into the vast central tower."<ref name="nyt-1923-10-28" /> [[Hugh Ferriss]], comparing the Shelton to a mountain,<ref name="Chave p. 95" /> observed that Harmon "accepted the [1916 Zoning Resolution] not as a limitation, but as a basis" in designing the Shelton.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 210">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ferriss |first=Hugh |date=August 27, 1923 |title=A New Type of Building |page=7 |work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> According to Ferriss, the building's design "evokes that undefinable sense of satisfaction which man ever finds on the slope of the pyramid or the mountainside".<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /> George Harold Edgall said the design of the Shelton's facade was like "some titanic result of the force of nature rather than a building by the hand of man".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Edgell 1970 p.">{{cite book |last=Edgell |first=George Harold |title=The American architecture of to-day |publisher=AMS Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-404-02245-6 |publication-place=New York |page=338 |oclc=92920 |orig-year=1928}}</ref> [[Leon Solon]] wrote in 1926: "We doubt that any design has exerted so prompt and beneficial an influence, both as regards silhouette in structural mass and textural quality."<ref name="AR 1926-04">{{cite magazine |last=Solon |first=Leon V. |date=Apr 1926 |title=The Evolution of an Architectural Design: The Shelton Hotel |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1926-04.pdf |magazine=Architectural Record |volume=59 |issue=331 |page=367 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175140/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1926-04.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Critics also praised the ideals represented in the hotel building. A correspondent for the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' stated that "this audacious and impressive structure is to be a bachelor hotel for more than a thousand men [...] One feels here implicit a new theory of form", although the correspondent also believed that "the Shelton is uninteresting in {{As written|col|our}}".<ref name="p476884543" /> Bragdon praised the hotel for its "success of {{As written|''conception''|}}, the power to imagine and dramatize a building to the city-dweller the most successful escape from the dirt, ugliness, noise, promiscuity of the city."<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 210" /><ref name="Bragdon p. 18">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=18}}</ref> However, Bragdon felt that the interior "fails somehow to convey the sense of fresh and powerful ideation inspired by the exterior."<ref name="Bragdon p. 9">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=9}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s architectural critic [[George S. Chappell]] said of the hotel: "Its details are simple, its lines graceful, its ornament interesting. It is a building designed for modern New York."<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chappell |first=George S. (T-Square) |date=May 2, 1925 |title=The Sky Line |url=https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1925-05-02 |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=1 |pages=28 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175135/https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1925-05-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two ''New York Times'' writers called the Shelton "a stately, breath-taking building", while [[Lewis Mumford]] characterized the hotel as "buoyant, mobile, serene, like a Zeppelin under a clear sky".<ref name="Gray" /> In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, four ranked the Shelton as the United States' best building.<ref name="p1125430573">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1932 |title=Empire State Building Ranked Second in U. S.: Fifty Architects Put Lincoln Memorial First in Vote |page=13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1125430573}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1932-04-29">{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1932 |title=Architects Pick 'Finest' Buildings; Lincoln Memorial Placed First, Empire State Building Second, Nebraska Capitol Third |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |access-date=December 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226231328/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Architectural historian [[Ada Louise Huxtable]] wrote that, by the 1960s, the hotel's architecture had largely been forgotten and that only architectural historians and real-estate developers were interested in it. Huxtable, in a retrospective review of the hotel, called the style "rather indeterminate, ranging from simple traditional with fine marble and ironwork, to early Schrafft's."<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /> In the 1970s. ''The New York Times'' described the gargoyles on the facade as "benevolent beasts".<ref name="nyt-1976-03-28">{{Cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=March 28, 1976 |title=Gargoyle Family Dying Out |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/gargoyle-family-dying-out-last-of-a-fierce-line-are-wholly-tame.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192134/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/gargoyle-family-dying-out-last-of-a-fierce-line-are-wholly-tame.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the late-1970s renovation, [[Paul Goldberger]] said the Shelton's "loss would have inflicted not only visual blow to the city's skyline but scholarly blow to the history of architecture", although he said the redesigned interiors, while "well-intended", were "no match for the original building".<ref name="nyt-1979-10-25" />

==== Hotel commentary ====
After the guestrooms were renovated in 2007, Oyster.com wrote: "These days, the original Shelton is only apparent in fragments, an original staircase here, an old stained-glass window there. [...] The 646 guest rooms above, however, are all modern."<ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> The ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' wrote: "Some recent visitors said this Midtown East Marriott, just about a mile walk from Central Park, gets the proverbial job done – it's a pleasant place to hang your hat, but it doesn't offer anything too exciting."<ref name=USNews>{{Cite web |title=New York Marriott East Side |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://travel.usnews.com/Hotels/review-New_York_Marriott_East_Side-New_York_City-New_York-23081/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207183239/https://travel.usnews.com/Hotels/review-New_York_Marriott_East_Side-New_York_City-New_York-23081/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Influence ===
According to architect and writer [[Robert A. M. Stern]], the hotel's design "unleashed a trend toward skyscraper apartments and hotels as intense as the passion for skyscraper offices".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 212">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=212}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=11}}</ref> The facade and massing of the [[Barbizon 63]] hotel, on 63rd Street, was directly influenced by that of the Shelton.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> Architectural historians have described the Shelton's design as having influenced various 20th-century skyscrapers such as the [[Barclay–Vesey Building]], [[26 Broadway]], and the lower stories of the [[Empire State Building]].<ref name="NYCL pp. 11–12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=11–12}}</ref> Architectural historian [[Carol Willis (architectural historian)|Carol Willis]] wrote that the Shelton, along with the Barclay–Vesey Building, "helped to popularize an aesthetic of simple, sculptural mass that became the benchmark of progressive design" by the mid-1920s.<ref name="NYCL p. 12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=12}}</ref><ref name="Willis 1995 p.">{{cite book |last=Willis |first=Carol |title=Form follows finance : skyscrapers and skylines in New York and Chicago |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=1-56898-070-1 |publication-place=New York, New York |pages=77–79 |oclc=32737656}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[List of former hotels in Manhattan]]
*[[List of hotels in New York City]]
*[[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Bragdon |first=Claude |date=July 1925 |title=The Shelton Hotel, New York; Arthur Loomis Harmon, Architect |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1925-07.pdf |magazine=Architectural Record |volume=58 |issue=1}}
*{{Cite magazine |last=Chave |first=Anna C. |date=Winter–Spring 1991 |title='Who Will Paint New York?': 'The World's New Art Center' and the Skyscraper Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe |url=http://annachave.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Paint-New-York.pdf |magazine=American Art |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=86–107}}
*{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2557.pdf |title=Hotel Shelton |last1=Percival |first1=Marianne S. |last2=Postal |first2=Matthew A. |date=November 22, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Schlichting |first=Kurt C. |title=Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8018-6510-7 |location=Baltimore |author-link=Kurt C. Schlichting}}
*{{cite magazine |date=April 1924 |title=The Shelton; Arthur Loomis Harmon, Architect |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789132&view=1up&seq=223 |magazine=Architecture |volume=49 |ref={{harvid|Architecture|1924}} |number=4}} {{PD-notice}}
*{{Cite New York 1930}}

{{Midtown North, Manhattan}}
{{Midtown East, Manhattan}}
{{Hotels in New York City}}
{{List of Marriott hotels}}

[[Category:1924 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Assassination sites]]
[[Category:Defunct hotels in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1924]]
[[Category:Hotels disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 1924]]
[[Category:Hotels in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Lexington Avenue]]
[[Category:Midtown Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Turtle Bay, Manhattan]]

525 Lexington Avenue

2024-10-15T00:17:31Z

Unfriendnow: fixed the lead.

{{Short description|Building in Manhattan, New York}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = 525 Lexington Avenue
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = FOUND_Study_Turtle_Bay_at_525_Lex.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_alt = 525 Lexington Avenue, a tall brick building, as seen from ground level
| image_caption = The building with FOUND branding in 2023
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| map_dot_mark =
| relief =
| alternate_names = FOUND Study Turtle Bay
| former_names = New York Marriott East Side Shelton Hotel Shelton Towers Hotel Halloran House
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Romanesque Revival]], other
| classification =
| location =
| address = 525 Lexington Avenue
| location_city = [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| location_country =
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|45|20|N|73|58|22|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| chain =
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date = 1922
| stop_date =
| completion_date = 1923
| opened_date = January 1924
| closing_date = March 2020 (as hotel)
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| cost =
| height = {{cvt|387|ft|m}}
| material =
| size =
| floor_count = 35
| architect = [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]]
| architecture_firm =
| developer = James T. Lee
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards = Gold Medal of Honor, Architectural League of New York (1925) Gold Medal, New York Chapter of the [[American Institute of Architects]] (1925)
| designations =
| rooms = 655
| website = 
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site
|embed = yes
|designation1 = NYCL
|designation1_date = November 22, 2016
|designation1_number = [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2557.pdf 2557]
}}
}}

'''525 Lexington Avenue''' (also '''FOUND Study Turtle Bay'''; formerly the '''Shelton Hotel''', '''Shelton Towers Hotel''', '''Halloran House''', and the '''New York Marriott East Side''') is a student dormitory and former hotel building at 525 [[Lexington Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], New York City. The 34-story, {{cvt|387|ft|adj=on}} building was designed by [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]] in a classical style and was developed by James T. Lee, grandfather of [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]]. It was constructed between 1922 and 1923 as the Shelton Hotel, an [[apartment hotel]]. The Marriott East Side, one of several large hotels developed around [[Grand Central Terminal]] as part of [[Terminal City (Grand Central Terminal)|Terminal City]], became a [[New York City designated landmark]] in 2016.

The building contains [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]]; at the time of its construction, the Shelton was quoted as the world's tallest hotel. The first two stories of the [[facade]] are clad with limestone, while the upper stories are faced with grayish-brown brick, interspersed with terracotta and limestone trim. When it opened, the hotel featured numerous amenities similar to those in a clubhouse, such as a gymnasium, a bowling alley, [[Victorian Turkish baths|Victorian-style Turkish baths]], a swimming pool, a barber, [[Squash (sport)|squash]] courts, and [[Cue sports|billiard]] tables. The upper stories originally contained 1,200 rooms, which was decreased to about 650 rooms in the late 1970s, as well as outdoor terraces on the 15th and 31st floors. The Shelton Hotel was widely praised by architectural critics upon its completion. Its design has been cited as an influence for that of other structures, such as the [[Empire State Building]].

Lee acquired the site in 1922 from the International Sporting Club, which had unsuccessfully attempted to build a clubhouse there. The hotel was completed in January 1924 as a men-only hostelry and opened to women later that year; it attracted tenants such as [[Alfred Stieglitz]] and [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]. The [[New York Life Insurance Company]] acquired the hotel in 1935, and the [[Knott Management Corporation]] took over the hotel's operation, buying it in 1946. The hotel was sold multiple times in the 1950s. [[Sol Goldman]] and [[Alex DiLorenzo Jr.]] bought the hotel in the 1960s and leased it to [[Stanley Stahl]], who closed the hotel in May 1971. [[Tishman (company)|Tishman Realty & Construction]] planned to build a skyscraper on the site in the 1970s but canceled its plans after several [[Holdout (real estate)|holdout]] tenants refused to relocate. The contractor Edward Halloran acquired the hotel in 1976 and renovated it into the Halloran House, a [[Howard Johnson's]] hotel. [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts]] took over the hotel in 1990 and operated it until 2020, when the hotel closed as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Hawkins Way Capital and [[Värde Partners]] bought the building in early 2023 and renovated it into a [[student housing]] facility, FOUND Study Turtle Bay, which opened that September.

==Site==
525 Lexington Avenue is on the eastern side of [[Lexington Avenue]], on the southeast corner with 49th Street, in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]].<ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|page=}}</ref> It sits on the western portion of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 49th Street to the north, [[Third Avenue]] to the east, and 48th Street to the south.<ref name="NYCityMap">{{Cite web |title=NYCityMap |url=http://maps.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219214900/http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=NYC.gov |publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]]}}</ref> The hotel occupies an irregular [[land lot]] with an area of {{Cvt|22,422|ft2}}; the eastern portion of the lot extends southward to 48th Street.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=525 Lexington Avenue, 10017 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1303/53 |access-date=September 8, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]] |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202225647/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1303/53 |url-status=live}}</ref> The site has a [[frontage]] of {{Cvt|140.42|ft}} on Lexington Avenue, {{Cvt|145|ft}} on 49th Street, and {{cvt|40|ft}} wide on 48th Street.<ref name="p1267912214">{{cite news |date=March 17, 1946 |title=Knott Interests Have Acquired Hotel Shelton: Bought From New York Life $3,000,000 Mortgage Is Reported Arranged Shelton Hotel |page=C8 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1267912214}}}}</ref><ref name="p107447664">{{cite news |date=March 17, 1946 |title=Knott Interests Buy the Shelton on Lexington Av |page=R1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|107447664}}}}</ref>

525 Lexington Avenue wraps around another building at the northeast corner of 48th Street and Lexington Avenue (which was completed around 2009), and it abuts a public plaza to the southeast.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> When the Shelton was constructed, the corner lot contained a three-story brick building, which was destroyed in 1939.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 1939 |title=Fire, Blast Wreck Midtown Building; 3-Story Brick Structure on Lexington Avenue Shattered |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/10/archives/fire-blast-wreck-midtown-building-3story-brick-structure-on.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182905/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/10/archives/fire-blast-wreck-midtown-building-3story-brick-structure-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel is across from [[277 Park Avenue]] to the southwest, the [[InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel]] and [[299 Park Avenue]] to the west, the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]] to the northwest, and [[the Lexington Hotel NYC]] to the south.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> The Shelton was part of "Hotel Row", a collection of hotels developed along Lexington Avenue in the early 20th century.<ref name="nyt-2009-12-17">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=December 17, 2009 |title=The Sleeping Beauties of Hotel Alley |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/realestate/20scape.html |access-date=December 11, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211235221/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/realestate/20scape.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The surrounding section of Lexington Avenue from 42nd to 52nd Street did not experience significant development until the late 19th century, when [[Terraced house|row houses]] and [[tenement]]s, made of brick and brownstone, were developed in the area.<ref name="NYCL-2559">{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2559.pdf |title=Hotel Lexington |last1=Percival |first1=Marianne S. |last2=Postal |first2=Matthew A. |date=November 22, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |page=5 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717193543/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2559.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
525 Lexington Avenue was designed by [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]],<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> who went on to design the [[Empire State Building]] and [[500 Fifth Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=8}}</ref> The hotel was originally known as the Shelton, an [[apartment hotel]],<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=208}}</ref> and was developed by James T. Lee, grandfather of [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].<ref name="nyclpc">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2016 |title=SHELTON HOTEL (LATER HALLORAN HOUSE) |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/announcements/Shelton%20Hotel%20Final_160509.pdf |access-date=January 1, 2018 |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301003655/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/announcements/Shelton%20Hotel%20Final_160509.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel contains elements of the [[Lombard architecture|Lombard Revival]] style,<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> although Harmon wanted to avoid clear allusion to any specific architectural style, saying that "the masses of such modern buildings have no architectural precedence".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Arch pp. 104, 108">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|pp=104, 108}}</ref> [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] of ''The New York Times'' wrote that Harmon "covered the mass with irregular yellowy-tan brick, roughened as if centuries old, and for details, drew from Romanesque, [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]], early Christian, [[Lombard architecture|Lombard]] and other styles."<ref name="Gray">{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Mr. Houdini, Your Box Is Ready |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/realestate/29scapes.html |access-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015032850/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/realestate/29scapes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's developer described the building as being designed in a "North Italian Romanesque or Early Christian" style.<ref name="Arch pp. 104, 108" /><ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" />

=== Form ===
[[File:Lexington Av Dec 2021 33.jpg|thumb|The building viewed from Lexington Avenue and 49th Street]]
The hotel building contains [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]]; it was one of the first major hotels in New York City to be developed after the resolution was enacted.<ref name="NYCL p. 1" /><ref name="Gray" /> At the time of its construction, the Shelton was also quoted as the world's tallest hotel;<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> modern sources cite the hotel as being 387 feet (118 m) tall,<ref name="Hoak">{{cite book |last1=Hoak |first1=Edward Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VayjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT229 |title=Masterpieces of American Architecture |last2=Church |first2=Willis Humphrey |date=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-14727-7 |page=N/A |language=en |access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH 2020">{{cite web |date=August 24, 2020 |title=New York Marriott East Side - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/new-york-marriott-east-side/16228 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175133/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/new-york-marriott-east-side/16228 |url-status=live}}</ref> although a source from 1932 gave an alternate height of {{cvt|412|ft}}.<ref name="Chase1932">{{cite book |last=Chase |first=W. Parker |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000525067&view=1up&seq=135 |title=New York, the Wonder City |publisher=New York Bound |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-9608788-2-6 |location=New York |page=131 |oclc=9946323 |access-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418221856/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000525067&view=1up&seq=139 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |url-status=live |orig-year=1932}}</ref> The building is variously cited as being 31,<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="nyt-1951-04-15">{{Cite news |date=April 15, 1951 |title=Knott Chain Sells the Hotel Shelton: Louis Schleifer Buys 31-Story Building on Lexington Ave. Assessed at $4,000,000 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/15/archives/knott-chain-sells-the-hotel-shelton-louis-schleifer-buys-31story.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/15/archives/knott-chain-sells-the-hotel-shelton-louis-schleifer-buys-31story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 32,<ref name="p112617610">{{cite news |date=February 15, 1953 |title=Operator Resells the Shelton Hotel: Louis Schleifer Disposes of Big Lexington Ave. Property I to Wien Syndicate |page=1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|112617610}}}}</ref><ref name="p1313690061">{{cite news |date=February 15, 1953 |title=Wien Acquires Hotel Shelton in Investing Deal: Lexington Ave. Property Conveyed by Schleifer; 79th St. Suites Bought |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1313690061}}}}</ref><ref name="p1113169042">{{cite news |date=September 29, 1924 |title=Hotel Shelton to Admit Women on Equality With Men: Bachelors Find Eveless Retreat Wearisome and Prevail on the Management to Amend its Rules |page=10 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113169042}}}}</ref> 34,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> or 35 stories tall.<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> This discrepancy arises from the fact that the hotel's [[floor numbering]] system does not have a [[thirteenth floor]], as well as the fact that there is a three-story mechanical penthouse above the primary 31-story roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 15">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=15}}</ref> Including the penthouse, the hotel has a total of 34 floors.<ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH 2020" />

According to art historian [[Anna C. Chave]], Harmon preferred that the hotel's setbacks "be boldly articulated in architectural form, not camouflaged by ornamentation".<ref name="Chave p. 95">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=95}}</ref> To maximize the size of the public amenity space, the lowest two stories of 525 Lexington Avenue occupy the entire site.<ref name="Arch p. 103">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|p=103}}</ref> On the first 15 stories of the hotel, a {{cvt|40|ft|4=-wide|adj=mid}} wing runs south to 48th Street from the center of the main structure's southern elevation.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The wing on 48th Street contains a setback on its rear above the first story, as well as on its front above the second story.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> At the 3rd story, the eastern elevation sets back into an elongated [[light court]], giving the building a roughly U-shaped plan.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The northern elevation on 49th Street and the western elevation on Lexington Avenue also have light courts, which are shallower and are flanked by projecting pavilions.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> Another light court exists on the eastern elevation.<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=5}}</ref>

The hotel has further setbacks at the 15th and 21st floors; the main roof is above the 31st floor.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> To comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution, the top stories of the hotel only occupy one-quarter of the entire lot.<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The hotel is topped by a set-back [[Penthouse apartment|penthouse]] with a pyramidal [[hip roof]].<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="nyt-1923-10-28">{{Cite news |last=Kimball |first=Fiske |date=October 28, 1923 |title=The New Towers of New York; Architects' Work Upon the Mountainous Sculptured Masses of the Narrow City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/28/archives/the-new-towers-of-new-york-architects-work-upon-the-mountainous.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233811/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/28/archives/the-new-towers-of-new-york-architects-work-upon-the-mountainous.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Facade ===
All four elevations of the hotel's facade are visible from the street and are accordingly decorated.<ref name="nyt-1923-10-28" /> The first two stories of the [[facade]] are clad with limestone.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="p476884543">{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1924 |title=The 'Zoning Law' in New York: Novel Ties in Skyscrapers |page=7 |work=Manchester Guardian |id={{ProQuest|476884543}}}}</ref><ref name="Bragdon p. 3">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> The upper stories are faced with grayish-brown brick, interspersed with terracotta and limestone trim.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Hoak" /> The third through 14th stories, and the 16th to 30th stories, have windows that illuminate guestrooms inside. The 15th and 31st stories are designed in a different manner because these stories originally contained amenity areas.<ref name="Bragdon p. 3" />

The facade is divided vertically into multiple [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], which alternately project from the facade or are recessed from it.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> On the upper stories, projecting bricks were arranged both in vertical lines and in random patterns.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> Harmon, seeking to emphasize the hotel's height, avoided including horizontal lines in the hotel's design where possible.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> The facade's design followed the principle of [[entasis]], bulging slightly outward so as to not give the impression that the hotel was sagging,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Arch p. 104">{{harvnb|Architecture|1924|ps=.|p=104}}</ref> The lower stories were sloped slightly inward, further emphasizing the building's height.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /> The original design was modified significantly in 1935. The modern-day facade, which dates to a 1977–1978 renovation, is similar to the original design but has additional doorways and windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" />

==== Base ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Lexington Av Jan 2023 47.jpg
| caption1 = Arcade at the center of the Lexington Avenue facade
| alt1 = The hotel's main entrance, a set of five arches, with a metal-and-glass canopy above them
| image2 = Lexington Av Dec 2021 50.jpg
| caption2 = Arched windows on the second floor of the Lexington Avenue facade's outer pavilions
| alt2 = An arched window on the second floor of the Lexington Avenue facade. The arch is flanked by two rectangular windows.
}}
The 49th Street and Lexington Avenue elevations of the facade have double-height arcades at the base.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The Lexington Avenue facade contains a loggia of five arches in the center of the facade, as well as a glass-and-metal canopy that curves outward. The arches are flanked by [[pedestal]]s with lion heads, which support [[Corinthian column]]s. Above the columns are [[Impost (architecture)|impost]] blocks, which contain depictions of readers and athletes carved in relief, as well as molded [[archivolt]]s and [[gargoyle]]s. In addition, a [[cornice]] with [[corbel]]s runs horizontally above the second floor, topped by a [[parapet]] that contains reliefs of masks. The three center archways lead into the lobby and are surrounded by doorways with [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance]]-style [[arabesque]]s. There are arched niches in between each of the center doorways. On the second story, each of the five center bays contains a pair of arched windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=3}}</ref>

The Lexington Avenue entrance is flanked by three-bay-wide projecting pavilions. The first story originally had rectangular window openings, though one window in each pavilion has since been replaced by a doorway. The southernmost bay of the south pavilion contains an entrance with a projecting granite doorway. At the second floor, the center bay of each pavilion contains a pair of arched windows and a balcony supported by [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] (these bays originally contained French windows).<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The other bays have simple rectangular windows on the second floor, above which are relief panels with scrolls and wreaths, which are inset into the facade. A cornice, with corbels shaped like masks and flowers, runs above the second story of each pavilion. Over the years, objects such as air-conditioner openings, storage cabinet, a security camera, and flagpoles have been added at the base.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" />

The 49th Street facade is similar in arrangement to that along Lexington Avenue, with a recessed arcade flanked by pavilions. The arcade is six bays wide; the westernmost bay of the arcade contains an entrance. There are awnings above the first-story windows in each bay of the arcade, and a low iron railing runs in front of the arcade's first-floor windows. Above the first story, the arcade contains are [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron patterns]] consisting of light and dark stone. The eastern pavilion contains square-headed windows on its mezzanine level, while the windows on the first and second story have been sealed. A stone balustrade runs above the arcade's second story and is decorated with [[quatrefoil]] tracery.<ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=4}}</ref>

On the 48th Street wing, the southern elevation is clad with limestone in multiple hues.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> At the first and second stories, the facade of the wing is divided into three bays; the center bay is divided into four windows, while the side bays have two windows each. On the first story, the center window is topped by a lunette, and there is a door in the westernmost bay; all of the windows have tracery and stone mullions. The wing's second story contains a terrace recessed behind the windows on that story.<ref name="NYCL pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The main section of the building, closer to 49th Street, contains arched windows on its southern elevation at the second story; these windows originally illuminated the hotel's library. A concrete-clad annex, consisting of the first story and mezzanine, extends into the courtyard at the hotel's southeast corner; this annex contains ventilation grates and HVAC equipment on its roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" />

==== Upper stories ====
[[File:Lexington_Av_Dec_2021_47.jpg|alt=Upper stories of the Lexington Avenue facade. The facade contains alternating bays of projecting and recessed windows.|thumb|Upper stories of the Lexington Avenue facade]]
On the upper stories, some of the brickwork and the majority of the windows have been replaced, and the facade also contains openings for air-conditioning units.<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=3–4}}</ref> Along 49th Street and Lexington Avenue, on the 3rd through 14th floors, the facade contains random projecting bricks scattered amid the windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The projecting brick patterns were arranged so as to "avoid any effect of a pattern", according to ''Architecture'' magazine, although they repeat at three-story intervals.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The center bays alternately project from or are recessed into the facade;<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" /> these bays vary in depth by {{cvt|10|ft}}.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> On the 15th story, the outer bays contain arched [[corbel table]]s, as well as parapets with inlaid rhombuses, above which are [[pergola]]s and brick-and-glass structures. On that story recessed center bays contain arched corbel tables, and the projecting center bays contain round balconies; above the 15th story windows, there are rosettes made of terracotta.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> There is a parapet at the 21st story with arched corbel tables, corbels, and chevrons; this parapet has been repaired over the years.<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" />

On the 21st to 30th stories, the bays alternately project from or are recessed into the facade. The recessed center bays contain smaller windows than the projecting bays and are topped by arched corbel tables.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /> The corners of the building contain [[colonette]]s with fiberglass griffins, which are intended to resemble the original griffins. The 31st story is a double-height space with both projecting and recessed bays; the recessed bays contain double-height arched windows, while the projecting bays contain projecting bricks. At the 31st story, the center bays also contain projecting gargoyles, while the outer bays contain small attic windows. In addition, the roofline of the 31st story contains grotesques of bears, which appear to be holding [[amphorae]].<ref name="NYCL pp. 3–4" />

The upper stories of the 48th Street wing's southern elevation are designed very similarly to the corner pavilions on Lexington Avenue and 49th Street. The wing's eastern elevation and part of the western elevation are also visible; these elevations consist of plain brick walls with windows. At the 15th-story setback is a brick parapet with limestone [[Coping (architecture)|coping]], as well as a brick pavilion with a hip roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> The eastern and southern elevations of the main building also contain plain walls, which are visible from 48th Street and from Third Avenue. As with the other elevations, some of the brickwork and windows have been replaced; in addition, some windows on these elevations have been sealed.<ref name="NYCL pp. 4–5" /> Several steel trusses span the light court on the eastern elevation, and the 15th story also contains a bridge across the light court, connecting the northern and southern wings.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" />

=== Interior ===
When it opened, the hotel featured numerous "club" amenities, such as a gymnasium, a bowling alley, a Victorian-style Turkish bath, a swimming pool, a barber, [[squash (sport)|squash]] courts, and [[Cue sports|billiard]] tables.<ref name="Hoak" /><ref name="NYCL p. 13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=13}}</ref> The hotel contained six passenger and two freight elevators.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> In contrast to the Shelton's exterior, which was distinctive for its time, the interior was similar to that of other contemporary large hotels.<ref name="Gray" /> As of 2016, the hotel had a gross floor area of {{cvt|391318|ft2}}.<ref name="realdeal">{{cite web |date=September 30, 2016 |title=Ashkenazy, Deka put Marriott East Side on the market |url=https://therealdeal.com/2016/09/30/ashkenazy-deka-put-marriott-east-side-on-the-market/ |access-date=January 1, 2018 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=January 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123094038/https://therealdeal.com/2016/09/30/ashkenazy-deka-put-marriott-east-side-on-the-market/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schram 2016">{{cite web |last=Schram |first=Lauren Elkies |date=September 29, 2016 |title=Deka Immobilien, Ashkenazy Put New York Marriott East Side Up for Sale |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2016/09/deka-immobilien-ashkenazy-put-new-york-marriott-east-side-up-for-sale/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202195224/https://commercialobserver.com/2016/09/deka-immobilien-ashkenazy-put-new-york-marriott-east-side-up-for-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's amenities included a fitness center measuring {{cvt|1000|ft2}}; meeting space totaling {{cvt|16000|ft2}}; and the 525LEX Restaurant and Lounge.<ref name="Schram 2016" />

==== Public rooms and amenities ====
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 1000
| header = Original floor plans for lower floors
| image1 = Shelton Hotel sub-basement floor plan.png
| alt1 = Floor plan of the sub-basement
| caption1 = Sub-basement
| image2 = Shelton_Hotel_basement floor plan.png
| alt2 = Floor plan of the basement
| caption2 = Basement
| image3 = Shelton_Hotel_first_floor_plan.png
| alt3 = Floor plan of the first story
| caption3 = First floor
| image4 = Shelton Hotel second floor plan.png
| alt4 = Floor plan of the second story
| caption4 = Second floor
}}
The Shelton's public rooms were largely designed with early Italian Renaissance elements, except the wood-paneled rooms, which were influenced more by English architecture.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The sub-basement contained the pool, clothing-storage, and boiler rooms. The basement contained a mezzanine surrounding the pool, as well as a Turkish bath, bowling alley, barber shop, and servant's rooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The pool's mezzanine was decorated with multicolored tile. By the 2000s, the original swimming pool had been drained and divided into three sections, although a ladder remained in place at one corner.<ref name="Gray" />

At ground level was the kitchen, grill, and dining room.<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> The entrance lobby on Lexington Avenue connected with an office to the south, a baggage entrance and women's lounge to the north, and a lounge to the east. The restaurant was originally located in the 48th Street wing, while the grill was placed behind the elevators to the east. The kitchen was at the far east end of the hotel, behind the grill.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> A grill and café was added on the 49th Street side of the ground level in 1935. The grill and café contained entrances from 49th Street and Lexington Avenue; the grill was designed in a 17th-century style, while the café had a semicircular mahogany bar. In addition, there was a dining room accessed from Lexington Avenue.<ref name="p101350391">{{cite news |date=September 15, 1935 |title=Hotel Being Altered: Owner of the Shelton Spending $65,000 for Improvements. |page=RE4 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|101350391}}}}</ref> Most of the original interior has been heavily modified over the years, but some remnants of the original design remained in the late 2000s, including a stair hall next to the lobby.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Oyster.com 2009">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2009 |title=New York Marriott East Side |url=https://www.oyster.com/new-york-city/hotels/marriott-new-york-east-side/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Oyster.com |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207180642/https://www.oyster.com/new-york-city/hotels/marriott-new-york-east-side/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the second story was a suite of three rooms facing Lexington Avenue: the reading room to the north, the lounge in the center, and the game room to the south. The billiard room was on the north end of the elevator lobby, and two west–east corridors ran across the second floor, The corridor on the north side of the second floor led to various card rooms and dining rooms, while the corridor on the south side connected to the library and dining rooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The hotel's library reportedly contained over 12,000 volumes.<ref name="p107447664" /> By the 2000s, the hotel also had 19 meeting rooms.<ref name="Free Online Library 2015" />

The hotel contained a [[Terrace (building)|solarium]] and open terrace on the 15th floor.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31">{{Cite news |date=August 31, 1954 |title=Fink Hotel Group Gets the Shelton; Plans $500,000 Alterations on Building at Lexington Avenue and 49th Street |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/31/archives/fink-hotel-group-gets-the-shelton-plans-500000-alterations-on.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215647/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/31/archives/fink-hotel-group-gets-the-shelton-plans-500000-alterations-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The solarium was placed above the rooftop terrace on the southern wing. The center of the 15th story contained two "baronial suites", with paneled living rooms that contained fireplaces, as well as private porches and sunroofs.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The 15th-floor setback also contained open-air terraces for tenants.<ref name="Bragdon p. 3" /><ref name="p90626592">{{Cite news |date=September 12, 1925 |title=The Romance of Steel |volume=115 |page=293 |work=The Independent |issue=3928 |id={{ProQuest|90626592}}}}</ref> The top story, was devoted to a gymnasium and three squash courts; there was also a gallery for exhibition matches.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> By the 2000s, the squash courts had been replaced by the hotel's fitness center.<ref name="Gray" /> The roof contained a penthouse for tanks, elevator machinery, and other equipment.<ref name="Arch p. 104" />

==== Guestrooms ====
The hotel originally had either 1,100<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> or 1,200 bedrooms,<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> approximately two-thirds of which had their own bathrooms.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Arch p. 104" /> The third to 14th floors largely consisted of single rooms, but the corners of these stories had two-bedroom suites. Above the 15th floor, the Shelton had ten floors of bedrooms.<ref name="Arch p. 104" /> A ''New York Times'' article from 1928 cited the hotel as having 1,169 guestrooms and 600 bathrooms.<ref name="nyt-1928-05-03">{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1928 |title=Shelton Hotel Refinanced By $4,000,000 Loan at 5% |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/03/archives/shelton-hotel-refinanced-by-4000000-loan-at-5.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233814/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/03/archives/shelton-hotel-refinanced-by-4000000-loan-at-5.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1954, three of the hotel's stories (comprising a total of 180 rooms) were used as offices.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" />

By the 2000s, the hotel included 646 rooms,<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> which were composed of 629 standard rooms and 17 suites.<ref name="Free Online Library 2015" /> After the 2007 renovation, Oyster.com wrote that the average room was {{cvt|175|ft2}}, enough to accommodate a [[king size bed]], chair, desk, and side table. In addition, the guestrooms were decorated in a yellow, mustard, or scarlet palette, similar to other Marriott hotels, while the bathrooms had granite alcoves for toiletries.<ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> By 2016, the hotel had 655 guestrooms.<ref name="realdeal" />

==History==
The [[construction of Grand Central Terminal]] began in 1903 on the site of [[Grand Central Depot]],<ref name="NYCL-1099">{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1099.pdf |title=Grand Central Terminal Interior |date=September 23, 1980 |publisher=Landmarks Preservation Commission |page=5 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122401/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1099.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> following a fatal crash in the [[Park Avenue main line|Park Avenue Tunnel]], the only approach to the depot, the preceding year.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 1902 |title=WGBH American Experience . Grand Central |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grandcentral-parkave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023113600/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grandcentral-parkave/ |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=November 8, 2015 |publisher=PBS |postscript=;}} {{cite news |date=January 9, 1902 |title=Fifteen Killed in Rear End Collision; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/09/archives/fifteen-killed-in-rear-end-collision-trains-crash-in-darkness-of.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202815/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/09/archives/fifteen-killed-in-rear-end-collision-trains-crash-in-darkness-of.html |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=;}} {{cite news |date=January 9, 1902 |title=Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt |page=1 |work=New-York Tribune |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26110515/fifteen_killed_thirtysix_hurt/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202754/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26110515/fifteen_killed_thirtysix_hurt/ |archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> [[Grand Central Terminal]] opened on February 2, 1913.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 2006 |title=Grand Central Terminal opens |magazine=Railway Age |page=78 |issn=0033-8826}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 1913 |title=Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9D04EEDD133BE633A25751C0A9649C946296D6CF |url-status=live |access-date=February 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424164513/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/02/100252911.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the years following the terminal's completion.<ref>{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|ps=.|pp=188}}</ref> The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in [[Terminal City (Manhattan)|Terminal City]], a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1930 |title=Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422193931/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite NY1900|pages=353-354}}</ref><ref name="Gray 2010" /> Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district.<ref name="FW6">{{Cite book |last1=Fitch |first1=James Marston |url=https://archive.org/stream/grandcentralterm00fitc |title=Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance |last2=Waite |first2=Diana S. |date=1974 |publisher=The Division |location=Albany, New York |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> A 1920 ''New York Times'' article said, "With its hotels, office buildings, apartments and underground Streets it not only is a wonderful railroad terminal, but also a great civic centre."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1920 |title=Another Building for Terminal Zone; 12-Story Commercial Structure to be Erected Opposite the Commodore Hotel |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/14/archives/another-building-for-terminal-zone-12story-commercial-structure-to.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017022805/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/14/archives/another-building-for-terminal-zone-12story-commercial-structure-to.html |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Shelton was one of several hotels developed in Terminal City,<ref name="NYCL pp. 6–7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=6–7}}</ref> along with other hostelries such as the Barclay, [[Hyatt Grand Central New York|Commodore]], [[The Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)|Roosevelt]], and [[New York Biltmore Hotel|Biltmore]].<ref name="Gray 2010">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=August 19, 2010 |title=Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017000715/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Meanwhile, during the early 19th century, apartment developments in the city were generally associated with the working class. By the late 19th century, apartments were also becoming desirable among the middle and upper classes.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=206}}</ref> Between 1880 and 1885, more than ninety apartment buildings were developed in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=February 7, 1885 |title=How the Great Apartment Houses Have Paid |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_001&page=ldpd_7031138_001_00000152&no=10 |url-status=live |journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=35 |issue=882 |pages=127–128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506014424/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_001&page=ldpd_7031138_001_00000152&no=10 |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> Apartment hotels in New York City became more popular after World War I, particularly among wealthy people who wanted to live luxuriously but also wanted to do some of their own housework, such as cooking.<ref name="NYCL p. 92">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|pp=206–207}}</ref> Developers of apartment hotels sometimes constructed developments to bypass the Tenement House Law, which prevented new apartment buildings from being taller than 150 percent of the width of the adjacent street. Apartment hotels had less stringent regulations on sunlight, ventilation, and emergency stairs but had to contain communal spaces like dining rooms.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 207">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=207}}</ref>

===Development===
[[File:Lexington_Av_Jan_2023_65.jpg|alt=An arched window on 48th Street, divided into four sections. There are windows above and to the right of the arch, as well as a door to the left.|thumb|Window on 48th Street wing]]

The International Sporting Club (ISC) had announced plans in December 1919 for a sporting arena and clubhouse at the southeast corner of 49th Street and Lexington Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="nyt-1919-12-14">{{Cite news |date=December 14, 1919 |title=Will Raise Level of Boxing Bouts: International Sporting Club |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/14/archives/will-raise-level-of-boxing-bouts-international-sporting-club.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/14/archives/will-raise-level-of-boxing-bouts-international-sporting-club.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The existing buildings on the site had been demolished by 1921, when the ISC's founder disappeared with a large proportion of the club's assets.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> Subsequently, in January 1922, a judge scheduled an auction for the site,<ref name="nyt-1922-01-06">{{Cite news |date=January 6, 1922 |title=I.S.C. Site Goes on Block Today; Property to Be Auctioned on Court Order, but Club Itself May Bid It In |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/06/archives/isc-site-goes-on-block-today-property-to-be-auctioned-on-court.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003744/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/06/archives/isc-site-goes-on-block-today-property-to-be-auctioned-on-court.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and James T. Lee acquired the plot the same month.<ref name="nyt-1922-01-15">{{Cite news |date=January 15, 1922 |title=International Sporting Club Buyer |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/international-sporting-club-buyer.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003743/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/international-sporting-club-buyer.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Lee initially planned to develop a 15-story [[apartment hotel]] for men on the ISC site.<ref name="NYCL pp. 8–9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=8–9}}</ref><ref name="p576587999">{{cite news |date=March 28, 1922 |title=Plans Skyscraper Hotel on Proposed Internat. S. C. Site: James T. Lee to Erect Building of 30 or 31 Stories for Plot at Lexington Avenue and 38th Street |page=19 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|576587999}}}}</ref>

The Shelton Holding Corporation, headed by Lee, announced in March 1922 that it would build a 30-story apartment hotel instead.<ref name="p576587999" /> The hotel was to be known as the Shelton Club<ref name="p576645573">{{cite news |date=May 16, 1922 |title=Plans Filed for Skyscraper Bachelors' Apartment Hotel |page=17 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|576645573}}}}</ref> and was one of several hotels in New York City being developed at the time with a combined 6,000 rooms.<ref name="nyt-1922-08-13">{{Cite news |date=August 13, 1922 |title=Housing Operations Show Big Increase Many New Apartments for Fall Occupancy; Great Building Activity on Upper Broadway and Two Tall Bachelor Hotels in Lexington Avenue Are Important East Side, Improvements--Work Started on $2,000,000 Structure as Additioan to Grand Central Palace |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/13/archives/housing-operations-show-big-increase-many-new-apartments-for-fall.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003741/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/13/archives/housing-operations-show-big-increase-many-new-apartments-for-fall.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p510847839">{{cite news |date=August 28, 1923 |title=New York Adds to Hotel Space: 12 New Hostelries, Costing $35,000,000, Contain 6041 Rooms |page=6 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|510847839}}}}</ref> Lee intended for the Shelton to be a high-end apartment hotel, describing it as "equal in appointments to the Yale Club" building at [[50 Vanderbilt Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="p103222721">{{cite news |date=March 11, 1923 |title=Expansion of Trade on Lex1ngton Avenue: Thoroughfare Witnessing a Transformation Similar to Madison Avenue. |page=REA2 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103222721}}}}</ref> Residents would rent the apartments monthly, rather than staying overnight or signing long-term leases.<ref name="p103222721" /> Work on clearing the site had started by May 1922, after S. W. Straus & Co. placed a $4 million bond issue on the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1922-05-05">{{Cite news |date=May 5, 1922 |title=Thirty-story Hotel for Lexington Av.: Will Occupy the Site Formerly Owned by International Sporting Club. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/05/archives/thirtystory-hotel-for-lexington-av-will-occupy-the-site-formerly.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233814/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/05/archives/thirtystory-hotel-for-lexington-av-will-occupy-the-site-formerly.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p510618412">{{cite news |date=May 5, 1922 |title=New York to Build 'Skyscraper' for Men |page=9 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|510618412}}}}</ref> Harmon filed plans for a 31-story hotel on the site later the same month at an estimated cost of $3 million to $5 million.<ref name="p576645573" /><ref name="nyt-1922-05-16">{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1922 |title=Plans for Big Hotel Filed. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/16/archives/plans-for-big-hotel-filed.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233810/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/16/archives/plans-for-big-hotel-filed.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lee wanted to offset the hotel's relatively high construction costs by increasing the building's height, which in turn would allow him to rent the apartments to more people.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /> Furthermore, the higher construction costs of the top stories would be counterbalanced by the high rents that the upper-floor apartments would attract.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="Arch p. 103" /> According to [[Architecture (magazine, 1900–1936)|''Architecture'']] magazine, the utility costs for a 1,200-room hotel were only slightly higher than those for a 600-room hotel, and the various public rooms were also supposed to attract guests,<ref name="Arch p. 103" /> Construction of the hotel itself commenced in August 1922. The Shelton was partially open by late 1923 and had been completed by March 1924.<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /> Following the Shelton's completion, other hotels in the area, such as the Lexington and Waldorf Astoria, were also constructed.<ref name="nyt-1929-10-20">{{Cite news |date=October 20, 1929 |title=Lexington Avenue as Hotel Centre: New Hostelries There Likely to Ease Traffic Congestion in Old Section |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/20/archives/lexington-avenue-as-hotel-centre-new-hostelries-there-likely-to.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205015903/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/20/archives/lexington-avenue-as-hotel-centre-new-hostelries-there-likely-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early operation ===

==== 1920s to 1940s ====
As a bachelor hotel, the Shelton originally catered solely to men.<ref name="nyclpc" /><ref name="Hoak" /> In September 1924, the hotel announced that it would admit women after the vast majority of the hotel's tenants voted in favor of it.<ref name="p1113169042" /><ref name="p149444840">{{cite news |date=September 24, 1924 |title=U.s. Order Forbids Rum for Philippines: Consuls Must Not Clear Wet Cargoes; Gen. Wood Holds Dry Law Not in Force. |page=1 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|149444840}}}}</ref> According to [[New York Herald Tribune|''The'' ''New York Herald, New York Tribune'']], although many of the residents favored retaining men-only clubrooms, "when it came to the hotel dining rooms, salons and the library and card rooms they missed the dash of color".<ref name="p1113169042" /> The first female guests checked into the Shelton that October,<ref name="NYCL p. 92" /><ref name="nyt-1924-10-12">{{Cite news |date=October 12, 1924 |title=Hotel for the Bachelor Opens Its Doors to Women |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/10/12/archives/hotel-for-the-bachelor-opens-its-doors-to-women.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235112/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/10/12/archives/hotel-for-the-bachelor-opens-its-doors-to-women.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the hotel's 75-foot-long swimming pool opened the next month.<ref name="p1113066692">{{cite news |date=November 20, 1924 |title=Miss Hertle Stars In Backstroke in Hotel Shelton Pool |page=18 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113066692}}}}</ref> The swimming pool hosted the Hotel Shelton Dolphins, a women's swim team, and it was also used for meets by the AAU Women's Swimming Association.<ref name="NYCL p. 14">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=14}}</ref> After five companies established the Continental-Leland Corporation in 1925, the Shelton became the flagship hotel of the corporation; James T. Lee was the president of the corporation.<ref name="nyt-1925-11-07">{{Cite news |date=November 7, 1925 |title=Five Firms Form Great Hotel Chain; Shelton Is Keystone of New Continental-Leland Corporation's $20,000,000 Project |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/11/07/archives/five-firms-form-great-hotel-chain-shelton-is-keystone-of-new.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204223638/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/11/07/archives/five-firms-form-great-hotel-chain-shelton-is-keystone-of-new.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1112854199">{{cite news |date=November 7, 1925 |title=Five Companies Form New Hotel Corporation: Continental-Leland Will Take Over Large Chain, With Shelton as the Keystone |page=21 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1112854199}}}}</ref> Hughes & Hammond placed a $4 million, ten-year mortgage loan on the hotel in 1928; this mortgage loan replaced a $4.25 million bond issue that was placed circa 1924.<ref name="nyt-1928-05-03" /><ref name="p1113428445">{{cite news |date=May 3, 1928 |title=4-Million Loan Is Placed on Shelton Hotel: Real Estate Transactions and Projects Reported From the City and Suburban Fields 10-Year Mortgage at 5% to Hughes & Hammond: $2,500,000 Leasehold Loan |page=45 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113428445}}}}</ref>

The [[Knott Management Corporation]] took over the Shelton Hotel's operation in March 1935.<ref name="nyt-1935-03-09">{{Cite news |date=March 9, 1935 |title=Knott Operating Shelton Hotel. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/09/archives/knott-operating-shelton-hotel.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182906/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/09/archives/knott-operating-shelton-hotel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1242873535">{{cite news |date=March 9, 1935 |title=Shelton Hotel Acquired By Knott Organization |page=28 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1242873535}}}}</ref> That September, the Knotts announced a $65,000 renovation of the hotel,<ref name="p1221749584">{{cite news |date=September 15, 1935 |title=Knott Hotels Company Will Remodel Shelton |page=I1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221749584}}}}</ref> which would be designed by Charles F. Winkleman.<ref name="p101350391" /> As part of the project, the Pompeiian room (which had been the hotel's café) was converted into a lounge, and the lounges on 49th Street were converted into a grill and cocktail room.<ref name="p101350391" /> In October 1935, the [[New York Life Insurance Company]] took over the Shelton at a foreclosure auction, bidding $300,000 and assuming the hotel's $3.64 million mortgage.<ref name="nyt-1935-10-10">{{Cite news |date=October 10, 1935 |title=Hotel Taken Over at Auction Sale; The Shelton, at Lexington Av. and 49th St., Is Bid In by Insurance Company. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/10/archives/hotel-taken-over-at-auction-sale-the-shelton-at-lexington-av-and.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/10/archives/hotel-taken-over-at-auction-sale-the-shelton-at-lexington-av-and.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1222088713">{{cite news |date=October 10, 1935 |title=Hotel Shelton Taken Over by New York Life: Insurance Company Get Structure for $300,000 Over $3,640,000 Lie |page=38 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1222088713}}}}</ref> The Knott Corporation managed the hotel on behalf of New York Life,<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> and it operated an entertainment venue at the hotel, the Shelton Corner.<ref name="p1032181786">{{cite magazine |last=Richman |first=Daniel |date=February 18, 1939 |title=Night clubs-vaudeville: Shelton Corner, Hotel Shelton, New York |magazine=The Billboard |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=20 |id={{ProQuest|1032181786}}}}</ref>

The Shelton remained popular in the 1940s, when it hosted civic meetings and other events. The hotel's advertisements praised its amenities, the affordable prices of the restaurant's meals, the live music at the Shelton Corner, and the proximity to Grand Central Terminal. Guests could pay nightly or weekly fees to use the rooms, or they could sign long-term leases.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /> The [[American Contract Bridge League]] also hosted tournaments at the Shelton, where a [[contract bridge]] club had leased a 15th-story lounge.<ref name="NYCL p. 18">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=18}}</ref> In March 1946, the Knott Corporation bought the building from New York Life through the Charles F. Noyes Company for $3.35 million.<ref name="p1284521958">{{cite news |date=May 10, 1946 |title=Hotel Shelton Cost Knott $3,350,000 |page=39 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1284521958}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1946-05-10">{{Cite news |date=May 10, 1946 |title=East Side Deals Filed; Hotel Shelton and Third Avenue Suites Are Transferred |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/10/archives/east-side-deals-filed-hotel-shelton-and-third-avenue-suites-are.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182904/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/10/archives/east-side-deals-filed-hotel-shelton-and-third-avenue-suites-are.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Noyes Company then arranged a $3 million mortgage for the hotel.<ref name="p1267912214" /><ref name="p107447664" /> Knott converted some space on the 15th floor to offices in the late 1940s, renting the space to tenants such as a wedding planner, the publisher [[Public Relations Society of America]], and a photography company.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

==== 1950s and 1960s ====
The Knott Corporation sold the hotel in April 1951 to Louis Schleifer, at which point the hotel was assessed at $4 million.<ref name="nyt-1951-04-15" /> Schleifer took title to the building in August 1951, with plans to keep it as an investment,<ref name="nyt-1951-08-07">{{Cite news |date=August 7, 1951 |title=Title is Closed on Shelton Hotel: Schleifer Plans to Hold It as Investment--kenmore Hall is Leased by Detroit Group |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/07/archives/title-is-closed-on-shelton-hotel-schleifer-plans-to-hold-it-as.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/07/archives/title-is-closed-on-shelton-hotel-schleifer-plans-to-hold-it-as.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Joseph Wolf became the hotel's manager.<ref name="nyt-1951-08-17">{{Cite news |date=August 17, 1951 |title=Named Manager at Shelton |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/17/archives/named-manager-at-shelton.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215649/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/17/archives/named-manager-at-shelton.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Schleifer leased the hotel in March 1952 to Herbert R. Weissberg of 523-527 Lexington Inc. for 21 years at $500,000 per year.<ref name="p112407959">{{cite news |date=March 5, 1952 |title=Leasehold is Sold on Hotel Shelton: Louis Schleifer in 21-year Deal Involving $10,500,000 Housing Transactions Reported |page=49 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|112407959}}}}</ref><ref name="p1319926214">{{cite news |date=March 5, 1952 |title=Hotel Shelton Leasehold Sold |page=39 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1319926214}}}}</ref> Less than a year later, in February 1953, [[Lawrence Wien|Lawrence A. Wien]] bought the hotel from Schleifer.<ref name="p112617610" /><ref name="p1313690061" /> The Fink brothers acquired all of the stock in the Hotel Equities Company, which had a long-term lease on the building in August 1954. The Finks planned to spend $500,000 on renovating the hotel, including the pool, baths, gymnasium, lobby, dining rooms, assembly rooms, and guestrooms.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" /> By then, [[Buster Crabbe]] operated the hotel's swimming pool and health club, and about three stories of the hotel had been converted to office space.<ref name="nyt-1954-08-31" /><ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> The ballroom was closed in December 1956 and turned into a laboratory for color-film processing company Authenticolor.<ref name="nyt-1956-12-30">{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1956 |title=Shelton's Ballroom To Be a Darkroom |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/30/archives/sheltons-ballroom-to-be-a-darkroom-hotel-ballroom-to-be-darkened.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215647/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/30/archives/sheltons-ballroom-to-be-a-darkroom-hotel-ballroom-to-be-darkened.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jay and Arthur Wells, representing Wells Television Inc.,<ref name="nyt-1957-04-29">{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1957 |title=Hotel Deal Slated; Contract to Buy Lease on the Shelton Is Negotiated |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/29/archives/hotel-deal-slated-contract-to-buy-lease-on-the-shelton-is.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215650/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/29/archives/hotel-deal-slated-contract-to-buy-lease-on-the-shelton-is.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1324037498">{{cite news |date=May 12, 1957 |title=Syndicate Takes Shelton Lease |page=C1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324037498}}}}</ref> signed a contract to buy the hotel's lease in April 1957.<ref name="nyt-1957-04-29" /><ref name="p1327357035">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1957 |title=Buys Shelton Lease |page=A6 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327357035}}}}</ref> The next month, they hired a syndicate led by Sidney Bressler to operate the hotel, which was renamed the Shelton Towers.<ref name="p1324037498" /> [[Vic Tanny]] leased the hotel's pool in early 1958.<ref name="p1342305368">{{cite news |date=March 16, 1958 |title=Coast Firm Rents Pool In Shelton: Tanny Co. Plans First N. Y. Salon |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1342305368}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1958-05-27">{{Cite news |date=May 27, 1958 |title=Chain Site Hunt is Intricate Job: Problems of Finding Right Spots and Realty Cited in Tanny Expansion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/27/archives/chain-site-hunt-is-intricate-job-problems-of-finding-right-spots.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025617/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/27/archives/chain-site-hunt-is-intricate-job-problems-of-finding-right-spots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] judge George A. Brenner, one of the investors who had leased the hotel, spent large sums of money on renovating the Shelton Towers but was unable to obtain more funding.<ref name="p1326286402">{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Milton |date=January 21, 1959 |title=Former Judge Indicted In $318,000 Loan Fraud |page=1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326286402}}}}</ref> New York County district attorney [[Frank Hogan]] indicted Brenner on charges of forgery in January 1959.<ref name="p1326286402" /><ref name="nyt-1959-01-21" /> Hogan claimed that Brenner had leased the hotel for 14 years with plans to renovate it, obtain a 75-year lease, and resell it to a large hotel chain.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-21">{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Jack |date=January 21, 1959 |title=Ex-Judge Is Indicted in Larceny Of $318,000 to Finance a Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/21/archives/exjudge-is-indicted-in-larceny-of-318000-to-finance-a-hotel-exjudge.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020503/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/21/archives/exjudge-is-indicted-in-larceny-of-318000-to-finance-a-hotel-exjudge.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The district attorney's office accused Brenner of trying to submit a falsified certificate, worth $250,000, at a Westchester bank in an attempt to receive a loan for the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-20">{{Cite news |last=Folsom |first=Merrill |date=January 20, 1959 |title=Mystery Shrouds Bank Fraud Case; Shelton Towers Involved in Westchester Loan Puzzle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/20/archives/mystery-shrouds-bank-fraud-case-shelton-towers-involved-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025616/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/20/archives/mystery-shrouds-bank-fraud-case-shelton-towers-involved-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Shelton Towers' manager, convicted forger William M. Singer, was detained in connection with the case.<ref name="nyt-1959-01-24">{{Cite news |last=Esterow |first=Milton |date=January 24, 1959 |title=Ex-convict Held in Swindle Case; Manager of Shelton Towers Surrenders as Witness in Brenner Loan Inquiry |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/24/archives/exconvict-held-in-swindle-case-manager-of-shelton-towers-surrenders.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025616/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/24/archives/exconvict-held-in-swindle-case-manager-of-shelton-towers-surrenders.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=January 24, 1959 |title=Ex-Convict Is Held As Aid of Brenner: Was Hired To Manage Hotel |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1337786797}}}}</ref> Brenner, Singer, and their former secretary Norma M. Bucher all pleaded guilty to conspiracy and fraud charges in early 1960;<ref name="nyt-1960-01-14a">{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Adam F. |date=January 14, 1960 |title=Brenner Guilty Plea Halts Fraud Trial |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/01/14/archives/brenner-guilty-plea-halts-fraud-trial-brenner-pleads-guilty-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172456/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/01/14/archives/brenner-guilty-plea-halts-fraud-trial-brenner-pleads-guilty-in.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |last=Crist |first=Judith |date=January 14, 1960 |title=Ex-Judge Brenner, 2 Aids Plead Guilty in Fraud Case |page=13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327149538}}}}</ref> Singer and Bucher were sentenced to between 18 and 24 months in prison,<ref name="nyt-1960-04-23">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 1960 |title=2 in Hotel Swindle Sentenced Anew |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/23/archives/2-in-hotel-swindle-sentenced-anew.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/23/archives/2-in-hotel-swindle-sentenced-anew.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=April 23, 1960 |title=2 Brenner Aids Are Sentenced In Westchester |page=4 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327176947}}}}</ref> while Brenner was sentenced to between four and seven years.<ref name="nyt-1960-02-25">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1960 |title=Brenner is Given 4-to-7-year Term; Secretary Gets 18 Months for Her Part in Forgery and Grand Larceny |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/25/archives/brenner-is-given-4to7year-term-secretary-gets-18-months-for-her.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172500/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/25/archives/brenner-is-given-4to7year-term-secretary-gets-18-months-for-her.html |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=February 25, 1960 |title=Brenner Gets 4 to 7 Years In Fraudulent Stock Deal |page=5 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326074779}}}}</ref>

The S. T. Hotel Corporation (which held the Shelton Towers' lease) decided to sublet the hotel in December 1959 to Max Klein's Shelton East Corporation, which planned to renovate the hotel.<ref name="nyt-1959-12-08">{{Cite news |date=December 8, 1959 |title=Shelton Towers Is Sub-Leased |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/08/archives/shelton-towers-is-subleased.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215648/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/08/archives/shelton-towers-is-subleased.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1960s, according to the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC), the hotel "was increasingly regarded as passé".<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Wellington Associates, led by [[Sol Goldman]] and [[Alex DiLorenzo Jr.]], bought the hotel in the 1960s.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Wellington Associates received a $2.3 million first mortgage loan for the hotel in 1965<ref name="nyt-1965-02-10">{{Cite news |date=February 10, 1965 |title=Loan is Arranged for L.I. Building; $3.5 Million Lent on Office Structure in Hempstead |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/10/archives/loan-is-arranged-for-li-building-35-million-lent-on-office.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172455/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/10/archives/loan-is-arranged-for-li-building-35-million-lent-on-office.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and a $1.5 million second mortgage the following year.<ref name="nyt-1966-07-29">{{Cite news |last=Robbins |first=William |date=July 29, 1966 |title=News of Realty: Broadway Deal; Corner Parcel at 62d St. Is Sold to Investing Group |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/29/archives/news-of-realty-broadway-deal-corner-parcel-at-62d-st-is-sold-to.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190223/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/29/archives/news-of-realty-broadway-deal-corner-parcel-at-62d-st-is-sold-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Goldman and DiLorenzo received a $12.5 million, five-year mortgage loan for the Shelton and two nearby plots in 1968.<ref name="nyt-1968-02-06">{{Cite news |last=Robbins |first=William |date=February 6, 1968 |title=News of Realty: 63 Wall St. Sold; Goldman and DiLorenzo Buy 35-Story Office Building |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/06/archives/news-of-realty-63-wall-st-sold-goldman-and-dilorenzo-buy-35story-of.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/06/archives/news-of-realty-63-wall-st-sold-goldman-and-dilorenzo-buy-35story-of.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's swimming pool and gym, operated by Shelton Health Clubs, saw 2,000 customers per day by the late 1960s.<ref name="n118083344">{{Cite news |last=Lardine |first=Bob |date=March 24, 1968 |title=Exercise - or die |pages=256, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083373/health-clubs/ 257], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083469/health-clubs/ 258], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083501/health-clubs/ 259] |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083344/exercise-or-diebob-lardine/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118083344/exercise-or-diebob-lardine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the hotel's ground level contained a nightclub until 1967; originally known as La Vie en Rose, the club was renamed Casa Cugat in 1958 and [[Basin Street East]] in 1959.<ref name=nyt-1967-10-25>{{Cite news|date=October 25, 1967|title=Basin Street East Plans Conversion Into a Restaurant|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/10/25/archives/basin-street-east-plans-conversion-into-a-restaurant.html|access-date=March 20, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Proposed redevelopment ===

==== Skyscraper plan ====
[[File:Lexington_Av_Jan_2023_55.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|View of the Lexington Avenue facade from ground level]]
By October 1965, Goldman and DiLorenzo had acquired five smaller structures and a parking lot on the same block, with plans to redevelop the site.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-28">{{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=October 28, 1965 |title=News of Realty: 2 Lose Licenses; ' Untrustworthiness' Laid to Men Linked to Mafia |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/news-of-realty-2-lose-licenses-untrustworthiness-laid-to-men-linked.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/news-of-realty-2-lose-licenses-untrustworthiness-laid-to-men-linked.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Goldman and DiLorenzo eventually acquired the entire block, covering {{cvt|64,000|ft2}}.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> The partners had initially leased {{cvt|44000|ft2}} on the west side of the block, including the Shelton's site, to [[Stanley Stahl]].<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Stahl planned to replace all buildings on the block with a skyscraper occupied by a large corporation.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="nyt-1977-07-03">{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |date=July 3, 1977 |title=Architecture View |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/03/archives/architecture-view-a-dramatic-example-of-architectural-recycling.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/03/archives/architecture-view-a-dramatic-example-of-architectural-recycling.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Telephone company [[GTE]] initially agreed to lease space in the new skyscraper, but it ultimately opted to move to Connecticut instead.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> [[Tishman (company)|Tishman Realty and Construction]] took over the lease, with plans to develop to build a {{cvt|1.5|e6ft2|adj=on}} structure.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Tishman, [[Arlen Properties]], and Bahamian fund Gramco International created a joint venture in 1970 to construct the Third Avenue skyscraper, as well as a 44-story building at [[1166 Avenue of the Americas]], for a combined $200 million.<ref name="nyt-1970-06-09">{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=June 9, 1970 |title=Foreign Fund to Aid Building in Midtown Of Two Skyscrapers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/09/archives/foreign-fund-to-aid-building-in-midtown-of-two-skyscrapers-2.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/09/archives/foreign-fund-to-aid-building-in-midtown-of-two-skyscrapers-2.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Citadel Management Co. took over as the hotel's landlord in 1971.<ref name="n118091448">{{Cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=July 9, 1974 |title=These Elderly Tenants Would Like to Be in Hot Water |pages=109 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118091448/these-elderly-tenants-would-like-to-be/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190223/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118091448/these-elderly-tenants-would-like-to-be/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Stahl announced in May 1971 that the hotel would no longer accept overnight guests because it was "losing a lot of money", although long-term guests would be allowed to stay for at least six months.<ref name="p119312026">{{cite news |date=May 16, 1971 |title=Arlen Realty Moves Into Dallas Project |page=R10 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119312026}}}}</ref> At the time, room-occupancy rates in New York City's hotels were declining.<ref name="p119317785">{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=January 10, 1971 |title=Hotel Occupancy in City Continues Slide |page=R1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119317785}}}}</ref> Tishman razed the buildings on Third Avenue, but could not proceed further until existing tenants had been relocated.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=October 6, 1974 |title=Tishman Selling Part Of Midtown Assemblage |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/tishman-selling-part-of-midtown-assemblage-robert-tishman-laments.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202195201/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/tishman-selling-part-of-midtown-assemblage-robert-tishman-laments.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New York Telephone Company]] agreed to lease {{cvt|500000|ft2}} in the proposed building on the condition that all of the hotel's existing residents be relocated, but Tishman was unable to relocate the remaining tenants.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07">{{Cite news |last=Oser |first=Alan S. |date=April 7, 1976 |title=About Real Estate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/07/archives/about-real-estate-how-holdouts-thwarted-construction-plan-on.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172457/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/07/archives/about-real-estate-how-holdouts-thwarted-construction-plan-on.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Tishman then proposed constructing two smaller buildings, one each on Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, separated by a park; this plan was also controversial.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Concurrently, the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] considered developing a terminal for the [[Long Island Rail Road]] on the site as part of its [[Program for Action]].<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06" /> The city government rejected Tishman's plan for a 52-story skyscraper in June 1974.<ref name="n118091448" />

By the mid-1970s, the Shelton had 26 tenants, all of whom lived in rent-controlled units. Some of the residents agreed to relocate and were each paid between $15,000 and $17,000.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> The 11 remaining tenants sued Tishman in July 1974, accusing Citadel of neglecting the building by failing to replace a broken boiler in the basement.<ref name="n118091448" /> Tishman sold the eastern quarter of the site to New York Telephone in October 1974.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-27">{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1974 |title=News of the Realty Trade |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/27/archives/tishman-completes2-midtown-transactionss-news-of-the-realty-trade.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/27/archives/tishman-completes2-midtown-transactionss-news-of-the-realty-trade.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel's tenants remained in place, and the other buildings on the block contained about 100 tenants in total.<ref name="nyt-1974-10-06" />

==== Cancellation ====
In December 1975, Tishman officially canceled its plans for the tower and relinquished the site to Avon Associates, a firm operated by Goldman and the DiLorenzo estate. According to Tishman's president [[Robert Tishman]], the project was no longer financially viable due to the [[1975 New York City fiscal crisis]] and the presence of the holdout tenants.<ref name="n118082896">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=December 26, 1975 |title=Project Poops Out, So 8 Languish in Hotel Limbo |pages=49 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118082896/project-poops-out-so-8-languish-in/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172456/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118082896/project-poops-out-so-8-languish-in/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p133951066">{{cite news |date=December 10, 1975 |title=Tishman Realty Drops Project and Expects To Report a Deficit |page=33 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133951066}}}}</ref> The company had spent $3 million to maintain the Shelton Towers during fiscal year 1975; some of this money was used to pay the salaries of 11 staff members and a 24-hour security detail for the remaining tenants.<ref name="n118082896" /> Except for a middle-aged secretary, all of the remaining tenants were elderly; six of the eight holdouts were women.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30">{{Cite news |last=Klemesrud |first=Judy |date=July 30, 1976 |title=8 Holdout Tenants at Closed Shelton Towers Win 5-Year Fight |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/30/archives/new-jersey-pages-8-holdout-tenants-at-closed-shelton-towers-win.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190225/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/30/archives/new-jersey-pages-8-holdout-tenants-at-closed-shelton-towers-win.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tishman paid Goldman and the DiLorenzo estate $1.8 million, and Goldman and DiLorenzo transferred the hotel's title to the [[Dollar Savings Bank]]. The bank, in turn, would cover the hotel's expenses, which included $225,000 in annual taxes and up to $5,000 in monthly heating costs.<ref name="nyt-1976-04-07" /> Tishman had sold all of the remaining buildings on the block by October 1976.<ref name="nyt-1976-10-17">{{Cite news |date=October 17, 1976 |title=News of the Realty Trade |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/17/archives/news-of-the-realty-trade-assemblage-broken-up.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192137/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/17/archives/news-of-the-realty-trade-assemblage-broken-up.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Dollar Savings Bank reacquired the hotel, it hired the firm of Stephen B. Jacobs and Associates to study the feasibility of converting the Shelton to residential apartments.<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" />

=== Halloran House ===

Contractor Edward "Biff" Halloran bought a purchase option for the hotel in July 1976; the option allowed Halloran to pay $11 million for the Shelton if he could relocate the eight holdouts and sign an agreement with a "Class A hotel" by the beginning of September. At the time, Halloran was negotiating to operate the hotel as a franchise of [[Holiday Inn]].<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30" /> The Shelton's remaining tenants quickly agreed to relocate after Halloran offered to give them free rent for the rest of their lives.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-30" /> The ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported in October 1976 that a "West Coast-based syndicate" was in the process of buying the hotel.<ref name="n118094005">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=October 14, 1976 |title=Hotel Boom Shapes Up Along Lex |pages=513 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094005/hotel-boom-shapes-up-along-lexowen/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192134/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094005/hotel-boom-shapes-up-along-lexowen/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Industrial and Commercial Incentive Board approved a tax abatement for the project, which was expected to cost $21 million, in February 1977.<ref name="nyt-1977-02-25">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1977 |title=Industrial Incentive Board Gives Some Exemptions on Realty Tax |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/25/archives/industrial-incentive-board-gives-some-exemptions-on-realty-tax.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192135/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/25/archives/industrial-incentive-board-gives-some-exemptions-on-realty-tax.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="n118094598">{{Cite news |last=Geline |first=Robert |date=February 23, 1977 |title=Hotel, Boro Tool Plant Get Tax Incentives |pages=514 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094598/hotel-boro-tool-plant-get-tax/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192133/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118094598/hotel-boro-tool-plant-get-tax/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That April, the [[Starrett Corporation]] received a $6.4 million contract to renovate the hotel into a 650-room [[Howard Johnson's]].<ref name="p134175369">{{cite news |date=April 12, 1977 |title=Starrett Housing Contract |page=3 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|134175369}}}}</ref><ref name="n118092242">{{Cite news |last=Moritz |first=Owen |date=April 12, 1977 |title=Shelton Conversion to Begin |pages=14 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118092242/shelton-conversion-to-beginowen-moritz/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206190222/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118092242/shelton-conversion-to-beginowen-moritz/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Halloran renovated the hotel in collaboration with Norman Groh, who had received a franchise from Howard Johnson's.<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /><ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> Jacobs was hired as the restoration architect, while George Clarkson was employed as the interior designer.<ref name="nyt-1979-10-25">{{Cite news |date=October 25, 1979 |title=Design Notebook |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/25/archives/design-notebook-in-renovating-three-old-hotels-details-make-the.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021231729/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/25/archives/design-notebook-in-renovating-three-old-hotels-details-make-the.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Shelton's renovation occurred amid an increase in occupancy rates at New York City's hotels, which had an occupancy rate of 90 percent by 1978.<ref name="nyt-1978-11-14">{{Cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=November 14, 1978 |title=Occupancy in Hotels. Is Running at 90% |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/14/archives/occupancy-in-hotels-is-running-at-90-situation-in-other-cities.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225524/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/14/archives/occupancy-in-hotels-is-running-at-90-situation-in-other-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the project, the hotel's facade was restored, while its interiors were updated to meet modern building codes.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> According to Jacobs, the Shelton cost less than $30,000 per room to renovate, while a new hotel of similar size would have cost over $100,000 per room.<ref name="nyt-1977-12-04">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=December 4, 1977 |title=Interest in Hotel Projects Stirs As Luxury Market Booms |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809213255/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel reopened in November 1978, shortly after [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]],<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="New York Magazine p.">{{cite magazine |last=Diem |first=Mary |date=March 19, 1979 |title={{as written|Hot| l}} Halloran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uACAAAAMBAJ |magazine=New York Magazine |publisher=New York Media, LLC |page=10 |issn=0028-7369 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225524/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uACAAAAMBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Mary Diem was appointed as the hotel's manager in January 1979.<ref name="p1401346327">{{cite magazine |date=January 31, 1979 |title=Personal Appearances: Mary Diem To Manage Halloran House, N.Y. |magazine=Variety |volume=293 |issue=13 |page=87 |id={{ProQuest|1401346327}}}}</ref>

The [[Attorney General of New York]] filed an [[antitrust]] lawsuit against several of Halloran's companies in 1984, including the companies that operated the Halloran House.<ref name="p397882133">{{cite news |date=June 15, 1984 |title=New York Marketer Of Concrete Accused Of Having Monopoly |page=1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|397882133}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1984-06-14">{{Cite news |last=Raab |first=Selwyn |date=June 14, 1984 |title=Monopoly is Seen in Concrete Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/monopoly-is-seen-in-concrete-sales.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225525/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/monopoly-is-seen-in-concrete-sales.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the attorney general's office, the hotel's operators had acted as guarantors for Halloran's other companies, which allegedly held a monopoly on [[ready mixed concrete]] in New York City.<ref name="p397882133" /> At the end of December 1984, Halloran sold the hotel to 525 Lexington Avenue Associates, which was partly controlled by Morris Bailey. 525 Lexington Ave. Associates planned to rename the hotel, renovate the rooms, and add a health club, although they continued to operate the Halloran House as a Howard Johnson franchise.<ref name="nyt-1984-12-30">{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Joan |date=December 30, 1984 |title=Postings; Hotel is Sold |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/realestate/postings-hotel-is-sold.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225523/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/realestate/postings-hotel-is-sold.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Halloran used the proceeds from the hotel's sale to pay back one of his lenders, the [[Marine Midland Bank]], in what the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan District Attorney]]'s office later described as a [[check kiting]] scheme.<ref name="p397959461">{{cite news |last1=Cony |first1=Ed |last2=Penn |first2=Stanley |date=August 11, 1986 |title=Tale of A Kite: How 2 Depositors Ran A Giant Check Scheme At 2 New York Banks |page=1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|397959461}}}}</ref> 525 Lexington Ave. Associates renovated the hotel again between 1988 and 1989, adding air-conditioners in each room, as well as replacing many windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> The renovation overran its budget by 12 percent.<ref name="p219130891">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=October 29, 1990 |title=Once-Prized Hotels Find Buyers Elusive |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=6 |issue=44 |page=44 |id={{ProQuest|219130891}}}}</ref>

=== Marriott operation ===

==== 1990s ====
After the late-1980s renovation, Bailey had wanted to sell the hotel for about $300,000 per room, although few potential buyers were willing to pay that price.<ref name="p219130891" /> By then, little remained of the hotel's original interior.<ref name="Gray" /> [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts]], which wanted to operate a hotel on the [[East Side (Manhattan)|East Side]] of Manhattan, agreed to pay Bailey $13 million, allowing Bailey and his partners to cover the cost overruns of the project.<ref name="p219130891" /> The Halloran House became the '''New York Marriott East Side''',<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="p219130891" /> the second Marriott-branded hotel in Manhattan, after the [[New York Marriott Marquis]] near [[Times Square]].<ref name="nyt-1991-06-30">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=June 30, 1991 |title=Commercial Property: Downtown Hotels; Bond, Vista, Marriott -- Now, Comes the Millenium |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/30/realestate/commercial-property-downtown-hotels-bond-vista-marriott-now-comes-the-millenium.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/30/realestate/commercial-property-downtown-hotels-bond-vista-marriott-now-comes-the-millenium.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Marriott operated the hotel under lease for several years.<ref name="nyt-1997-05-22">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=May 22, 1997 |title=Marriott Set Out to Prove Itself In New York; Now It Dominates |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/22/nyregion/marriott-set-out-to-prove-itself-in-new-york-now-it-dominates.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231442/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/22/nyregion/marriott-set-out-to-prove-itself-in-new-york-now-it-dominates.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

525 Lexington Avenue Associates filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection in 1994,<ref name="NYCL p. 15" /> and Marriott's parent company [[Host Marriott]], in conjunction with Morris Bailey, bought the hotel the same year.<ref name="nyt-1997-05-22" /> Host Marriott and Bailey paid $55 million for the hotel, which amounted to $82,800 per room.<ref name="nyt-1995-03-26">{{Cite news |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |date=March 26, 1995 |title=Commercial Property/Hotels; At New York Hotels, Things Are Looking Grand |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/realestate/commercial-property-hotels-at-new-york-hotels-things-are-looking-grand.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526145539/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/realestate/commercial-property-hotels-at-new-york-hotels-things-are-looking-grand.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1996, Marriott was planning to spend $45 million refurbishing the Marriott East Side.<ref name="p219127408">{{cite magazine |last=DeNitto |first=Emily |date=August 12, 1996 |title=More room at inn |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=12 |issue=33 |page=3 |id={{ProQuest|219127408}}}}</ref> Host Marriott sold the hotel to Strategic Hotel Capital Inc. in April 1998 for $191.3 million;<ref name="p453479020">{{cite press release |title=Host Marriott Corporation Sells the New York East Side Marriott For $191.3 Million |publisher=PR Newswire |date=April 21, 1998 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|453479020}}}}</ref> the Marriott East Side was Strategic Hotel Capital's first hotel in New York City.<ref name="nyt-2000-09-28">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 28, 2000 |title=Hotel Group Wins Bidding To Purchase Rihga Royal |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/nyregion/hotel-group-wins-bidding-to-purchase-rihga-royal.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004806/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/nyregion/hotel-group-wins-bidding-to-purchase-rihga-royal.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p446729323">{{Cite press release |title=Strategic Hotel Capital Inc. Signs Agreement to Buy New York Landmark Essex House Hotel |publisher=Business Wire |date=March 10, 1999 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|446729323}}}}</ref> The new owner subsequently renovated the Marriott East Side extensively.<ref name="p446729323" /><ref name="p2398471311">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 2001 |title=loosening up a landmark |magazine=Hospitality Design |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=26 |id={{ProQuest|2398471311}}}}</ref> [[Perkins Eastman]] designed a steel canopy for the hotel's entrance, which was completed in 2000.<ref name="nyt-2009-12-17" />

==== 2000s and 2010s ====
[[File:New_York_Marriott_East_Side_2019.jpg|alt=View of the Marriott East Side from the Lexington Avenue sidewalk. The hotel is to the left, and there is a sign with the name "Marriott" on the hotel's facade.|thumb|The Lexington Avenue side of the hotel in 2019]]
The Prime Property Fund, managed by [[Morgan Stanley]], acquired the hotel building in 2005 for $287 million.<ref name="Johnson 2005">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Richard L. |date=November 14, 2005 |title=Morgan Stanley's Prime Property Fund Acquires New York Marriott East Side for $287 Million / November 2005 |url=https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2005_4th/Nov05_NYMarriottEastSide.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Hotel-Online |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2005_4th/Nov05_NYMarriottEastSide.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Free Online Library 2015">{{cite web |last=Razzano |first=Tiffany |date=November 23, 2005 |title=East Side Marriot sold to fund for $287m |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/East+Side+Marriot+sold+to+fund+for+%24287m.-a0139681508 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Real Estate Weekly |via=Free Online Library |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235336/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/East+Side+Marriot+sold+to+fund+for+$287m.-a0139681508 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2006">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2006 |title=Morgan Stanley acquires Marriott East Side |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20051114/FREE/511140741/morgan-stanley-acquires-marriott-east-side |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207000841/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20051114/FREE/511140741/morgan-stanley-acquires-marriott-east-side |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, the hotel had 646 rooms.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2006" /> The building underwent significant interior renovations in 2007 and exterior refurbishments in 2009.<ref name="Gray" /> The Marriott chain's first [[teleconference]] suite opened at the Marriott East Side in late 2009.<ref name="nyt-2009-11-09">{{Cite news |last=Stellin |first=Susan |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Hotels Find Keeping Travelers at Home Can Be Good Business |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/business/10telepresence.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175137/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/business/10telepresence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Prime Property Fund was looking to sell the hotel for $350 million by March 2012, having spent $26 million renovating the hostelry.<ref name="WSJ 2012">{{cite web |date=September 10, 2012 |title=What's The Deal: A Marriott on the Block |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/09/10/whats-the-deal-a-marriott-on-the-block/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708133409/http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/09/10/whats-the-deal-a-marriott-on-the-block/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] proposed [[Zoning|rezoning]] East Midtown in 2012, preservationists began advocating for several structures in the neighborhood to be designated as official landmarks, including the former Shelton.<ref name="Dunlap 2012">{{cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=December 7, 2012 |title=Midtown Zoning Plan May Imperil Historic Buildings |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/midtown-zoning-plan-may-imperil-historical-buildings/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=City Room |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/midtown-zoning-plan-may-imperil-historical-buildings/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bortolot 2012">{{cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Lana |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Preservationists Fret Over Midtown Rezoning |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578103350912984168.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128214326/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578103350912984168.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The LPC hosted public hearings in 2013 to determine whether the New York Marriott East Side and four other structures in East Midtown should be designated as New York City landmarks.<ref name="Feiden 2013">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Landmark Process Begins for Five Buildings in Midtown East |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323981304579081162239821896.html |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924145605/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323981304579081162239821896.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sederstrom 2013">{{cite web |last=Sederstrom |first=Jotham |date=October 2, 2013 |title=Five Midtown East Buildings That Could be Landmarked |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2013/10/five-midtown-east-buildings-that-could-be-landmarked/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001823/https://commercialobserver.com/2013/10/five-midtown-east-buildings-that-could-be-landmarked/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-2016, the LPC proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the New York Marriott East Side, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.<ref name="Hurowitz 2016">{{cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |date=May 10, 2016 |title=12 Midtown East Buildings Are Up for Landmark Consideration, City Says |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185138/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref><ref name="Kaszuba 2016">{{cite web |last=Kaszuba |first=Brian |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Hearings Held on Five Potential Landmarks as Part of Greater East Midtown Plan |url=https://www.citylandnyc.org/hearings-held-five-potential-landmarks-part-greater-east-midtown-plan/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=CityLand |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202182108/https://www.citylandnyc.org/hearings-held-five-potential-landmarks-part-greater-east-midtown-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 22, 2016, the LPC designated the New York Marriott East Side and ten other nearby buildings as city landmarks.<ref name="Warerkar 2016">{{cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=November 22, 2016 |title=11 historic Midtown East buildings landmarked in one fell swoop |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/22/13716490/midtown-east-landmark-pershing-square-rezoning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018142622/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/22/13716490/midtown-east-landmark-pershing-square-rezoning |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |access-date=October 18, 2019 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="Wachs 2016">{{cite web |last=Wachs |first=Audrey |date=November 22, 2016 |title=Preservationists rejoice as 11 new Midtown East landmarks are created |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2016/11/11-new-midtown-east-landmarks/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202182113/https://www.archpaper.com/2016/11/11-new-midtown-east-landmarks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ashkenazy Acquisitions offered to buy the hotel for $290 million in December 2014.<ref name="trd-2014-12-05">{{Cite web |last=Moses |first=Claire |date=December 5, 2014 |title=Ashkenazy to purchase Marriott East Side for $290M |url=https://therealdeal.com/2014/12/05/ashkenazy-to-buy-marriott-east-side-for-290m/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175137/https://therealdeal.com/2014/12/05/ashkenazy-to-buy-marriott-east-side-for-290m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Morgan Stanley sold the building in 2015 to Lexington Avenue Hotel, a limited partnership between Ashkenazy Acquisition and Deka Immobilien, a subsidiary of [[DekaBank]], for $270 million.<ref name="realdeal" /> Deka Immobilien owned an 85 percent stake in the hotel, while Ashkenazy owned the remaining 15 percent.<ref name="Rebong 2021">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Orion |date=February 12, 2021 |title=German Lender Forecloses on East Side Marriott hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2021/02/12/german-lender-forecloses-on-east-side-marriott-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003742/https://therealdeal.com/2021/02/12/german-lender-forecloses-on-east-side-marriott-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ashkenazy and Deka placed the hotel for sale in September 2016<ref name="Schram 2016" /><ref name="realdeal" /> but were unable to find a buyer for the hotel.<ref name="Rebong 2020">{{cite web |last=Matsuda |first=Akiko |date=October 12, 2020 |title=Marriott Hotels Sued by NYC Landlord for Misappropriation |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/10/12/lawsuit-accuses-marriott-of-misappropriating-funds-at-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003740/https://therealdeal.com/2020/10/12/lawsuit-accuses-marriott-of-misappropriating-funds-at-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ashkenazy signed a contract in March 2019 to purchase the New York Marriott East Side for $174 million, placing $2 million in an escrow account managed by the [[Chicago Title Insurance Company]].<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019" /> Although [[tourism in New York City]] was increasing at the time, Deka would have recorded a nearly $100 million loss if the sale had been completed.<ref name="p2288856285">{{cite magazine |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Lost in translation: Foreign investors suffer big setbacks in shifting real estate market |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=35 |issue=36 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|2288856285}}}}</ref> Ashkenazy twice postponed the purchase date and ultimately failed to buy the hotel before the July 2019 deadline.<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019" /> This prompted Deka to sue Ashkenazy for breach of contract.<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019">{{cite web |last=Baird-Remba |first=Rebecca |date=August 12, 2019 |title=German Fund Sues Ashkenazy Over Botched Midtown Marriott Sale |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2019/08/german-investment-fund-sues-ashkenazy-over-botched-midtown-marriott-sale/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/08/german-investment-fund-sues-ashkenazy-over-botched-midtown-marriott-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p2288856285" />

==== Conversion to dormitories ====
The New York Marriott East Side closed in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref name=":1" /> and laid off 316 employees that May.<ref name="p2402551035">{{cite magazine |last=Beltran |first=Lizeth |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Marriott East Side, ViacomCBS making major cuts |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=20 |id={{ProQuest|2402551035}}}}</ref> The Lexington Avenue Hotel partnership subsequently failed to make payments on its $53 million mortgage, which was to have been paid in July 2020.<ref name="Rebong 2021" /><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2021">{{cite web |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Ashkenazy could lose stake in notorious Midtown hotel |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/ashkenazy-could-lose-stake-notorious-midtown-hotel |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204010743/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/ashkenazy-could-lose-stake-notorious-midtown-hotel |url-status=live}}</ref> The closure was intended to be temporary, but in October 2020, it was reported that the hotel had permanently closed.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Stolz |first1=Ken |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Marriott East Side, Once One of the City's Tallest Hotels, Won't Be Reopening |url=https://www.frequentbusinesstraveler.com/2020/10/marriott-east-side-once-one-of-the-citys-tallest-hotels-wont-be-reopening/ |work=Frequent Business Traveler |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128123644/https://www.frequentbusinesstraveler.com/2020/10/marriott-east-side-once-one-of-the-citys-tallest-hotels-wont-be-reopening/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p2455589705">{{cite magazine |last=Sachmechi |first=Natalie |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Breathing New Life Into Dying Hotels: With the Industry on the Ropes, Investors Are Brainstorming Ways to Repurpose the Now-empty Buildings |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=36 |issue=36 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|2455589705}}}}</ref> Ashkenazy sued Marriott the same month, accusing Marriott of breach of contract and saying that the hotel misappropriated $12 million to bolster its own [[balance sheet]].<ref name="Rebong 2020" /> Ashkenazy subsequently withdrew its complaint.<ref name="Rebong 2020" /> In February 2021, DekaBank foreclosed on the unpaid mortgage of $63 million.<ref name="Rebong 2021" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Rizzi |first=Nicholas |date=February 10, 2021 |title=DekaBank Forecloses on Shuttered NY Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2021/02/dekabank-forecloses-on-shuttered-ny-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |work=Commercial Observer |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020215402/https://commercialobserver.com/2021/02/dekabank-forecloses-on-shuttered-ny-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Deka Immobilien ultimately paid back the full loan. This allowed Deka to also take back all the capital that it had invested in Lexington Avenue Hotel; as such, Ashkenazy could potentially lose all the money it had invested in the hotel.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2021" /> That July, a New York state court ruled that Ashkenazy was required to pay its share of the $136 million lien that had been placed on the hotel.<ref name="Rizzi 20212">{{cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Nicholas |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Ashkenazy Must Pay Its Share of $136M Default at Marriott Hotel: Judge |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2021/07/ashkenazy-must-pay-its-share-of-136m-default-at-marriott-hotel-judge/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204003739/https://commercialobserver.com/2021/07/ashkenazy-must-pay-its-share-of-136m-default-at-marriott-hotel-judge/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Deka sold the hotel in January 2023 to a joint venture of Beverly Hills-based Hawkins Way Capital and Minneapolis-based [[Värde Partners]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beverly Hills-Based Hawkins Way Capital Buys 655 Room Former Marriott Hotel in Midtown, Manhattan |url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article124667.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=www.hotelnewsresource.com |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202161626/https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article124667.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dilakian 2023">{{cite web |last=Dilakian |first=Steven |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Hawkins Way, Värde Buy Former Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015852/https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dilakian 20232">{{cite web |last=Dilakian |first=Steven |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Hawkins Way, Värde Buy Former Marriott East Side Hotel |url=https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015852/https://therealdeal.com/2023/01/31/hawkins-way-varde-buy-defunct-marriott-east-side-hotel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, ''[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]]'' magazine reported that Hawkins Way and Värde might convert the hotel building to housing.<ref name="Dilakian 20232" /> The sale was completed the next month for $153.4 million, a loss of almost $117 million from its previous sale price.<ref name="Hallum 2023">{{cite web |last=Hallum |first=Mark |date=February 7, 2023 |title=Former New York Marriott East Side Sells at Massive Loss for $153.4M |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2023/02/former-new-york-marriott-east-side-sells-at-massive-loss-for-153-4m/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207174131/https://commercialobserver.com/2023/02/former-new-york-marriott-east-side-sells-at-massive-loss-for-153-4m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The building was renovated into [[student housing]] and opened in September 2023 as '''FOUND Study Turtle Bay''',<ref name="found1" /><ref name="Sloan 2023 s131"/> with 1,355 beds for students from nearby colleges.<ref name="Bunescu 2024 y525">{{cite web | last=Bunescu | first=Olivia | title=From Check-Ins to Move-Ins: Exploring Hotel-to-Student Housing Conversions | website=Multi-Housing News | date=April 3, 2024 | url=https://www.multihousingnews.com/from-check-ins-to-move-ins-exploring-hotel-to-student-housing-conversions/ | access-date=June 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NY-YIMBY">{{cite web |title=1,355-Bed Student Housing Building to Debut at 525 Lexington Avenue in Turtle Bay, Manhattan |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2023/09/1355-bed-student-housing-building-to-debut-at-525-lexington-avenue-in-turtle-bay-manhattan.html |website=New York YIMBY |date=September 21, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref> The renovated building includes {{Convert|30,000|ft2}} of amenities.<ref name="found1">{{cite press release |title=FOUND Study brings innovative student living to historic 525 Lexington Avenue |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/found-study-brings-innovative-student-living-to-historic-525-lexington-avenue-301923652.html |website=PR Newswire |publisher=FOUND places |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sloan 2023 s131">{{cite web | last=Sloan | first=Katie | title=Hawkins Way Capital Completes 1,355-Bed Student Housing Redevelopment Project in Manhattan | website=Student Housing Business | date=September 27, 2023 | url=https://studenthousingbusiness.com/hawkins-way-capital-completes-1355-bed-student-housing-redevelopment-project-in-manhattan/ | access-date=December 10, 2023}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Residents ===
In late 1925, artist couple [[Alfred Stieglitz]] and [[Georgia O'Keeffe]] moved into a two-room apartment on the 28th floor; they moved to the 30th floor in 1927.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> O'Keeffe [[New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe)|painted several works]] of the Shelton or of the view from her room;<ref name="Chave p. 95" /><ref name="Benke">{{cite book |last1=Benke |first1=Britta |title=Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887–1986: Flowers in the Desert |date=2000 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=978-3-8228-5861-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/georgiaokeeffe180000benk |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgiaokeeffe180000benk/page/40 40] |access-date=January 1, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="p1034976058">{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Louise |date=November 25, 1987 |title=O'Keeffe and the pull of the Southwest |page= |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|1034976058}}}}</ref> according to Chave, the Shelton was O'Keeffe's "favorite architectural subject—which exemplified a vital turning point in skyscraper design".<ref name="Chave p. 92">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=92}}</ref> O'Keeffe later said: "I had never lived up so high before and was so excited that I began talking about trying to paint New York".<ref name="Chave p. 97">{{harvnb|Chave|1991|ps=.|p=97}}</ref> Additionally, Steiglitz took photographs from the Shelton or from his gallery at [[An American Place]], creating about 90 cityscapes from 1925 to 1937.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> Among the buildings he photographed from the Shelton were the RCA Building at [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] and the GE Building at [[General Electric Building|570 Lexington Avenue]].<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref name="Connor Stieglitz 2001 p.">{{cite book |last=Connor |first=Celeste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwlDQAAQBAJ |title=Democratic Visions: Art and Theory of the Stieglitz Circle, 1924-1934 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-21354-8 |page=159 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182904/https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwlDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

O'Keeffe and Steiglitz's friend [[Claude Fayette Bragdon]] also lived at the hotel,<ref name="p1291290124">{{cite news |date=September 18, 1946 |title=Claude F. Bragdon Dies at 80; Architect Author and Lecturer: Designed Rochester Rail Station, Wrote 16 Books; Aid to Walter Hampden |page=10 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1291290124}}}}</ref> and other artists, such as [[Miguel Covarrubias]], [[Dorothy Brett]], and [[Harold Clurman]], also lived there for periods.<ref name="NYCL pp. 12–13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=12–13}}</ref> The publisher [[Mitchell Kennerley]] moved into the hotel in 1948 and lived there for the last two years of his life.<ref name="nyt-1950-02-23">{{Cite news |date=February 23, 1950 |title=Kennerley, Expert on Art, Found Dead; Former Head of the Anderson Galleries Apparently Hanged Himself in His Hotel Room |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/23/archives/bennerleyexpert-on-artfound-dead-former-head-of-the-anderson.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020505/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/02/23/archives/bennerleyexpert-on-artfound-dead-former-head-of-the-anderson.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The playwright [[Tennessee Williams]] also lived at the hotel temporarily in 1945, when one of his plays was being rehearsed on Broadway.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref name="Lahr 2014 p.">{{cite book |last=Lahr |first=John |title=[[Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4088-4365-9 |publication-place=London |page=100 |oclc=892062486}}</ref>

=== Other visitors ===
In 1926, escape artist [[Harry Houdini]] escaped from an airtight case at the bottom of the hotel pool in 91 minutes.<ref name="nyt-1926-08-06">{{Cite news |date=August 6, 1926 |title=Houdini Wins Test in a Sealed Casket; Stays Under Water in Airtight Case an Hour and a Half With No III Effects |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/06/archives/houdini-wins-test-in-a-sealed-casket-stays-under-water-in-airtight.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182902/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/06/archives/houdini-wins-test-in-a-sealed-casket-stays-under-water-in-airtight.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1862412556">{{cite magazine |last=Howell |first=Chauncey |date=November 3, 1972 |title=Sideshows: It's Still Sro For Houdini After 46 Years |magazine=Women's Wear Daily |volume=125 |issue=85 |pages=56 |id={{ProQuest|1862412556}}}}</ref> Canadian magician [[James Randi]], recreating Houdini's escape at the hotel's pool in 1956,<ref name="nyt-2014-11-07">{{Cite news |last=Higginbotham |first=Adam |date=November 7, 2014 |title=The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/magazine/the-unbelievable-skepticism-of-the-amazing-randi.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413022555/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/magazine/the-unbelievable-skepticism-of-the-amazing-randi.html |url-status=live}}</ref> escaped in 93 minutes, two minutes slower than Houdini's record.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

New York governor [[W. Averell Harriman]] and New York County district attorney [[Frank S. Hogan]] both had offices at the Shelton Hotel during the late 1950s.<ref name="nyt-1958-09-11">{{Cite news |date=September 11, 1958 |title=Harriman, Hogan Open Offices Today In Shelton Hotel, Apart From State Unit |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/11/archives/harriman-hogan-open-offices-today-in-shelton-hotel-apart-from-state.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020504/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/11/archives/harriman-hogan-open-offices-today-in-shelton-hotel-apart-from-state.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Particularly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, numerous politicians held campaign events at the Halloran House.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> For example, the [[New York State Democratic Committee]] selected delegates for the [[Democratic National Convention]] at the Halloran House during the [[1980 United States presidential election]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lynn |first=Frank |date=June 9, 1980 |title=Kennedy People Chosen to Head State Delegation; Ohrenstein Co-Chairman With Mrs. Chisholm 'A State in Trouble' Agreement on Agenda |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/09/archives/kennedy-people-chosen-to-head-state-delegation-ohrenstein.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235336/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/09/archives/kennedy-people-chosen-to-head-state-delegation-ohrenstein.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Mario Cuomo]] announced his campaign for the [[1982 New York gubernatorial election]] at the hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lynn |first=Frank |date=March 17, 1982 |title=Cuomo Enters Gubernatorial Race Against Koch |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/nyregion/cuomo-enters-gubernatorial-race-against-koch.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235339/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/nyregion/cuomo-enters-gubernatorial-race-against-koch.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Controversial American-Israeli rabbi [[Assassination of Meir Kahane|Meir Kahane was assassinated]] in the hotel's second-floor conference room on November 5, 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCallister |first1=Jared |last2=Kates |first2=Brian |title=Rabbi Meir Kahane is shot and killed after speech in 1990 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rabbi-meir-kahane-shot-killed-speech-1990-article-1.2418049 |access-date=January 1, 2018 |work=NY Daily News |date=November 6, 1990 |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107003231/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/rabbi-meir-kahane-shot-killed-speech-1990-article-1.2418049 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1990-11-06">{{Cite news |last=McQuiston |first=John T. |date=November 6, 1990 |title=Kahane is Killed After Giving Talk in New York Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/nyregion/kahane-is-killed-after-giving-talk-in-new-york-hotel.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004814/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/nyregion/kahane-is-killed-after-giving-talk-in-new-york-hotel.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an Egyptian-born American citizen, was subsequently charged with and acquitted of Kahane's murder,<ref name="nyt-1991-12-22">{{Cite news |last=Raab |first=Selwyn |date=December 22, 1991 |title=Jury Acquits Defendant in Kahane Trial |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/nyregion/jury-acquits-defendant-in-kahane-trial.html |access-date=February 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004807/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/nyregion/jury-acquits-defendant-in-kahane-trial.html |url-status=live}}</ref> although Nosair admitted to killing Kahane in 1998.<ref name="sternshefler">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=Gil |last2=Shefler |first2=Stern |date=August 15, 2010 |title='Sharon was Kahane killer's target' |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Sharon-was-Kahane-killers-target |access-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050048/https://www.jpost.com/International/Sharon-was-Kahane-killers-target |url-status=live}}</ref> News sources retrospectively cited Nosair's actions as one of the earliest examples of [[Islamic terrorism in the United States]].<ref name="ebrahim19">{{cite magazine |last1=Ebrahim |first1=Zak |last2=Giles |first2=Jeff |date=September 4, 2014 |title=I Grew Up the Son of an Islamic Jihadist |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/3268803/i-grew-up-the-son-of-an-islamic-jihadist/ |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107011803/https://time.com/3268803/i-grew-up-the-son-of-an-islamic-jihadist/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="an19">{{cite news |date=May 2013 |title=An early Islamic terrorist in the U.S. |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-sc-dc-0515-first-terrorist-pictures-photogallery.html |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210191750/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-sc-dc-0515-first-terrorist-pictures-photogallery.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==

=== Critical reception ===

==== Architectural commentary ====
[[File:Shelton Towers.jpg|alt=The Marriott East Side as seen from Lexington Avenue and 48th Street. The hotel is in the center of the image, on the right side of the street. To the right, there is a pedestrian traffic signal in the foreground and a glass structure in the background. To the left is the Barclay Hotel.|thumb|The hotel as seen from Lexington Avenue and 48th Street]]
[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] wrote that the completed hotel "attracted near-rave reviews from serious critics, who praised its intelligent treatment of the 1916 setback requirements of the zoning law."<ref name="nyt-1995-03-12">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=March 12, 1995 |title=Streetscapes/Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's Grandfather; Quality Developer With a Legacy of Fine Buildings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/realestate/streetscapes-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-s-grandfather-quality-developer-with.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235338/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/realestate/streetscapes-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-s-grandfather-quality-developer-with.html |url-status=live}}</ref> When the hotel was being constructed, [[Fiske Kimball]] wrote for ''The New York Times'', "We may admire the masterly way in which [Harmon] has built up his receding masses into the vast central tower."<ref name="nyt-1923-10-28" /> [[Hugh Ferriss]], comparing the Shelton to a mountain,<ref name="Chave p. 95" /> observed that Harmon "accepted the [1916 Zoning Resolution] not as a limitation, but as a basis" in designing the Shelton.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 210">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ferriss |first=Hugh |date=August 27, 1923 |title=A New Type of Building |page=7 |work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> According to Ferriss, the building's design "evokes that undefinable sense of satisfaction which man ever finds on the slope of the pyramid or the mountainside".<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /> George Harold Edgall said the design of the Shelton's facade was like "some titanic result of the force of nature rather than a building by the hand of man".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 208" /><ref name="Edgell 1970 p.">{{cite book |last=Edgell |first=George Harold |title=The American architecture of to-day |publisher=AMS Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-404-02245-6 |publication-place=New York |page=338 |oclc=92920 |orig-year=1928}}</ref> [[Leon Solon]] wrote in 1926: "We doubt that any design has exerted so prompt and beneficial an influence, both as regards silhouette in structural mass and textural quality."<ref name="AR 1926-04">{{cite magazine |last=Solon |first=Leon V. |date=Apr 1926 |title=The Evolution of an Architectural Design: The Shelton Hotel |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1926-04.pdf |magazine=Architectural Record |volume=59 |issue=331 |page=367 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175140/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1926-04.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Critics also praised the ideals represented in the hotel building. A correspondent for the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' stated that "this audacious and impressive structure is to be a bachelor hotel for more than a thousand men [...] One feels here implicit a new theory of form", although the correspondent also believed that "the Shelton is uninteresting in {{As written|col|our}}".<ref name="p476884543" /> Bragdon praised the hotel for its "success of {{As written|''conception''|}}, the power to imagine and dramatize a building to the city-dweller the most successful escape from the dirt, ugliness, noise, promiscuity of the city."<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 210" /><ref name="Bragdon p. 18">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=18}}</ref> However, Bragdon felt that the interior "fails somehow to convey the sense of fresh and powerful ideation inspired by the exterior."<ref name="Bragdon p. 9">{{harvnb|Bragdon|1925|ps=.|p=9}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s architectural critic [[George S. Chappell]] said of the hotel: "Its details are simple, its lines graceful, its ornament interesting. It is a building designed for modern New York."<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chappell |first=George S. (T-Square) |date=May 2, 1925 |title=The Sky Line |url=https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1925-05-02 |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=1 |pages=28 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207175135/https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1925-05-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two ''New York Times'' writers called the Shelton "a stately, breath-taking building", while [[Lewis Mumford]] characterized the hotel as "buoyant, mobile, serene, like a Zeppelin under a clear sky".<ref name="Gray" /> In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, four ranked the Shelton as the United States' best building.<ref name="p1125430573">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1932 |title=Empire State Building Ranked Second in U. S.: Fifty Architects Put Lincoln Memorial First in Vote |page=13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1125430573}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1932-04-29">{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1932 |title=Architects Pick 'Finest' Buildings; Lincoln Memorial Placed First, Empire State Building Second, Nebraska Capitol Third |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |access-date=December 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226231328/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Architectural historian [[Ada Louise Huxtable]] wrote that, by the 1960s, the hotel's architecture had largely been forgotten and that only architectural historians and real-estate developers were interested in it. Huxtable, in a retrospective review of the hotel, called the style "rather indeterminate, ranging from simple traditional with fine marble and ironwork, to early Schrafft's."<ref name="nyt-1977-07-03" /> In the 1970s. ''The New York Times'' described the gargoyles on the facade as "benevolent beasts".<ref name="nyt-1976-03-28">{{Cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=March 28, 1976 |title=Gargoyle Family Dying Out |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/gargoyle-family-dying-out-last-of-a-fierce-line-are-wholly-tame.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192134/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/gargoyle-family-dying-out-last-of-a-fierce-line-are-wholly-tame.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the late-1970s renovation, [[Paul Goldberger]] said the Shelton's "loss would have inflicted not only visual blow to the city's skyline but scholarly blow to the history of architecture", although he said the redesigned interiors, while "well-intended", were "no match for the original building".<ref name="nyt-1979-10-25" />

==== Hotel commentary ====
After the guestrooms were renovated in 2007, Oyster.com wrote: "These days, the original Shelton is only apparent in fragments, an original staircase here, an old stained-glass window there. [...] The 646 guest rooms above, however, are all modern."<ref name="Oyster.com 2009" /> The ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' wrote: "Some recent visitors said this Midtown East Marriott, just about a mile walk from Central Park, gets the proverbial job done – it's a pleasant place to hang your hat, but it doesn't offer anything too exciting."<ref name=USNews>{{Cite web |title=New York Marriott East Side |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://travel.usnews.com/Hotels/review-New_York_Marriott_East_Side-New_York_City-New_York-23081/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207183239/https://travel.usnews.com/Hotels/review-New_York_Marriott_East_Side-New_York_City-New_York-23081/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Influence ===
According to architect and writer [[Robert A. M. Stern]], the hotel's design "unleashed a trend toward skyscraper apartments and hotels as intense as the passion for skyscraper offices".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 212">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=212}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=11}}</ref> The facade and massing of the [[Barbizon 63]] hotel, on 63rd Street, was directly influenced by that of the Shelton.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> Architectural historians have described the Shelton's design as having influenced various 20th-century skyscrapers such as the [[Barclay–Vesey Building]], [[26 Broadway]], and the lower stories of the [[Empire State Building]].<ref name="NYCL pp. 11–12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=11–12}}</ref> Architectural historian [[Carol Willis (architectural historian)|Carol Willis]] wrote that the Shelton, along with the Barclay–Vesey Building, "helped to popularize an aesthetic of simple, sculptural mass that became the benchmark of progressive design" by the mid-1920s.<ref name="NYCL p. 12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=12}}</ref><ref name="Willis 1995 p.">{{cite book |last=Willis |first=Carol |title=Form follows finance : skyscrapers and skylines in New York and Chicago |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=1-56898-070-1 |publication-place=New York, New York |pages=77–79 |oclc=32737656}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[List of former hotels in Manhattan]]
*[[List of hotels in New York City]]
*[[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Bragdon |first=Claude |date=July 1925 |title=The Shelton Hotel, New York; Arthur Loomis Harmon, Architect |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1925-07.pdf |magazine=Architectural Record |volume=58 |issue=1}}
*{{Cite magazine |last=Chave |first=Anna C. |date=Winter–Spring 1991 |title='Who Will Paint New York?': 'The World's New Art Center' and the Skyscraper Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe |url=http://annachave.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Paint-New-York.pdf |magazine=American Art |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=86–107}}
*{{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2557.pdf |title=Hotel Shelton |last1=Percival |first1=Marianne S. |last2=Postal |first2=Matthew A. |date=November 22, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Schlichting |first=Kurt C. |title=Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8018-6510-7 |location=Baltimore |author-link=Kurt C. Schlichting}}
*{{cite magazine |date=April 1924 |title=The Shelton; Arthur Loomis Harmon, Architect |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789132&view=1up&seq=223 |magazine=Architecture |volume=49 |ref={{harvid|Architecture|1924}} |number=4}} {{PD-notice}}
*{{Cite New York 1930}}

{{Midtown North, Manhattan}}
{{Midtown East, Manhattan}}
{{Hotels in New York City}}
{{List of Marriott hotels}}

[[Category:1924 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Assassination sites]]
[[Category:Defunct hotels in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1924]]
[[Category:Hotels disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 1924]]
[[Category:Hotels in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Lexington Avenue]]
[[Category:Midtown Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Turtle Bay, Manhattan]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-14T17:21:30Z

Unfriendnow: added funeral.

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel]]. Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among their seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which later became a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. Hoover had never called the Attorney General's home before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. Ethel was present at the scene and was three months pregnant at the time. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, wanting to focus on "furthering his work and legacy".<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. She outlived two of her sons, David and Michael, who respectively died from a 1984 drug overdose and a 1997 [[skiing]] accident.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on October 14 at Our Lady of Victory Church in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazakiewich |first=Todd |date=2024-10-14 |title=Relatives, dignitaries pay tribute to family matriarch Ethel Kennedy at funeral |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/ethel-kennedy-funeral-cape-cod/62594157 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=WCVB |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=April 8, 2011|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=October 11, 2024|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=2017-04-13|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=October 11, 2024|magazine=[[Sharp (magazine)|Sharp]]}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
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Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-14T17:13:52Z

Unfriendnow: added the family as a compromise

{{Short description|American writer (born 1993)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Schlossberg
| birth_name = John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|01|19}}
| image = Jack Schlossberg in 2024.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2024
| education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[JD–MBA]])
| occupation = Writer
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States) |Democratic]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] 
[[Bouvier family]]
}}
'''John Bouvier Kennedy''' "'''Jack'''" '''Schlossberg''' (born January 19, 1993) is an American writer and political correspondent. He has written about politics for several publications and news outlets, and is a political correspondent for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine since 2024.

A member of the [[Kennedy family]]. He is the son of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and the only grandson of the 35th [[President of the United States|United States president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

==Early life and education==
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg<ref name="McNeil" /> was born in [[New York City]] on January 19, 1993.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Known as “Jack”, he is the youngest of three children of designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. He is named after his maternal grandfather, the 35th [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]], and matrilineal great-grandfather, the [[Wall Street]] [[stockbroker]] [[John Vernou Bouvier III]]. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] was his grand-uncle as well as godfather,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Caroline |author-link1=Caroline Kennedy |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |last3=Crowley |first3=Candy |author-link3=Candy Crowley |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909010816/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=August 24, 2024}}</ref> and he served as [[Page boy (wedding attendant)|ringbearer]] to his uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg and his two older sisters, [[Rose Schlossberg|Rose]] and [[Tatiana Schlossberg|Tatiana]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Quinn |first=Dave |date= |title=How JFK's Grandson Stepped into the Spotlight |url=https://people.com/politics/how-jfks-only-grandson-stepped-into-the-spotlight-this-week-and-honored-his-familys-legacy/ |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> and have also spent significant time at the [[Martha's Vineyard]] estate of their maternal grandmother, the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]], while growing up.<ref name="Andersen" /> During the summers, he worked on a charter [[Fishing vessel|fishing boat]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gillette |first=Sam |title=All About JFK Granddaughter Tatiana Schlossberg's Next Project |url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-schlossberg-book-climate-change/ |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=September 5, 2019 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref> He also played in baseball and basketball leagues in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heymann |first=C. David |title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy |date=July 1, 2008 |publisher=Atria Books |year=2008 |isbn=9780743497398 |location=New York |publication-date=July 1, 2008 |pages=515}}</ref> His father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and his mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. He was raised Catholic, but his mother would also "incorporate [[Hanukkah]]" in the family's holiday celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Schlossberg attended [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School]]. In eighth grade, he co-founded ReLight New York, a nonprofit organization that installed energy-efficient compact [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lights]] in low-income housing developments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DiBlasio |first=Natalie |title=Who is the hot new Kennedy? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/20/kennedy-jack-schlossberg/3651449/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> A member of the Young Democrats club in high school, he organized a trip to [[Canvassing|canvass]] for [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign in [[Pennsylvania]]. In 2010, Schlossberg worked in [[Washington, D.C.]] as a [[Page of the United States Senate|senate page]] and the following year, as a senate intern.<ref name="Kaloi">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |title=All About JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/all-about-jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-7972191 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> He then attended [[Yale University]] graduating in 2015 with a degree in history, with a focus on Japanese history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McNeil |first1=Liz|title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg: 5 Things to Know About Him|url=http://www.people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things|access-date=July 12, 2015|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 6, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085635/https://people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> While at Yale, Schlossberg was known to perform [[stand-up comedy]],<ref name="McNeil">{{Cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |title=Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Grandson |url=https://people.com/celebrity/jack-schlossberg-president-john-f-kennedys-grandson/ |date=May 6, 2015 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> was a member of the [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] fraternity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Alumni |url=https://sigep.org/about/history-and-facts/prominent-alumni/ |access-date=August 28, 2024 |website=SigEp}}</ref> and wrote for the ''[[Yale Daily News]],'' and the ''[[Yale Herald]]'' where he was an editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=Danielle |title=JFK's grandson takes center stage: 9 things we know about Jack |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2014 |url=http://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051557/https://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also trained and worked as a volunteer [[emergency medical technician]] (EMT) in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and as environmental technician – cleaning out oil tanks and cleaning up spills around Boston.<ref name="McNeil" /> Schlossberg lived and worked in Japan before enrolling at [[Harvard University]] where he graduated from the joint [[JD–MBA|Juris Doctor – Master of Business Administration]] program at [[Harvard Law School]] and [[Harvard Business School]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slane |first=Kevin |title=JFK's grandson on Harvard Law School: 'I don't have a life, but that's what I signed up for.' |date=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 4, 2023 |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423144120/https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he passed the New York State bar exam.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=Jack Schlossberg Says It 'Feels Great' to Have Passed New York State Bar Exam on First Try (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jack-schlossberg-feels-great-pass-bar-exam-first-try-exclusive-8384519 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Since 2011, Schlossberg has written for publications and news outlets like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine, ''[[Politico]]'', and [[CNN]] among others. He has also written [[Op-ed|op-eds]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', and ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Jack Schlossberg, l’unique petit-fils de JFK et la politique dans le sang |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2015, through the company’s overseas graduates hiring program, Schlossberg started working at [[Rakuten]] a Japanese internet and e-commerce company, in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |title=ケネディ駐日米大使の息子が楽天入社営業など担当 |trans-title=Son of U.S. Ambassador to Japan Kennedy Joins Rakuten and Responsible for Sales and Others |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=August 4, 2023 |language=Japanese |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174427/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaloi" /> He also worked at the Japanese distillery [[Suntory]].<ref name="Kaloi" /> Schlossberg went back to the States in 2016 to work as a staff assistant in the [[Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]], part of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=December 14, 2016 |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Trump and LSAT |url=https://people.com/politics/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-speaks-out-about-the-lsat-and-donald-trump-its-important-to-keep-an-open-mind/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, after graduating from Harvard and passing the bar exam, Schlossberg began working for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' as a political correspondent.<ref name="Fisher">{{Cite magazine |last1=Fisher |first1=Hannah |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Just Being Himself |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |access-date=July 10, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713054335/https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> He "emerged as a staff favorite" and was appointed for "his irreverent but intelligent takes on the political landscape" per ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Sandra E. |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Named a Political Correspondent for Vogue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/style/jack-schlossberg-vogue-correspondent.html |access-date=July 15, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Schlossberg first became interested in politics in 2007 when then [[Illinois]] senator [[Barack Obama]] began his [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|presidential primary campaign]].<ref name="Fisher" /> He recalled that he was never forced to enter politics but Obama's campaign inspired him to learn about it and to study the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Historical reputation|legacy]] of his grandfather, President Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yoshimura |first1=Marina |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |date=February 25, 2018 |title=Talking Politics and the Future with John Schlossberg'15 |work=The Yale Globalist |url=https://globalist.yale.edu/onlinecontent/blogs/talking-politics-and-the-future-with-john-schlossberg15/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

In 2011, Schlossberg wrote the editors at ''The New York Times'' responding to a critical column about President Kennedy's legacy, which was published as a letter to the editor. The piece "launched the political career" of then 18-year-old Schlossberg per ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref name="Cohen-2011">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |date=February 4, 2011 |title=John Kennedy Schlossberg Defends JFK's Legacy in the 'New York Times' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] }}</ref> The following year, when asked about his interest in entering politics, Schlossberg stated: "Politics definitely interests me. I'm most interested in public service. I think that's something that I got from being part of [[Kennedy family|my family]], which is such an honor."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Candy |author-link1=Candy Crowley |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2012 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

[[File:Biden_with_Caroline_Kennedy_and_Jack_Schlossberg.jpg|thumb|Schlossberg with 46th U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and mother [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] in Boston in 2022]]

He co-founded "Yale for Murphy" in 2012 in support of Democrat [[Chris Murphy]]'s Connecticut senate candidacy.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Devika |date=2014-01-02 |title=Kennedy grandson joins the political house that Jack built |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/kennedy-grandson-joins-the-political-house-that-jack-built-gkbxhz5gwmn |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In November 2013, Schlossberg introduced 44th U.S. President Obama at the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] Award gala which commemorated the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schlossberg |first1=Jack |last2=Obama |first2=Barack |author-link2=Barack Obama |title=Barack Obama Interview with Jack Schlossberg at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/interview-with-jack-schlossberg-the-john-f-kennedy-presidential-library-and-museum-boston |access-date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=The American Presidency Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jureidini |first=Ben |date=July 11, 2024 |title=A modern-day poster boy for the greatest of American dynasties: Can Kennedy heir Jack Schlossberg reignite America's election cycle? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/jack-schlossberg-kennedy-redux |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Tatler |language=}}</ref> In 2016, in an opinion piece for the ''The Washington Post'', he encouraged young voters to support [[Hillary Clinton]] [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|for president]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakilla |first=Blake |date=November 16, 2015 |title=JFK’s Grandson Jack Schlossberg Endorses Hillary Clinton: ‘She Is Our Candidate’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-endorses-190359010.html |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also accompanied his mother Caroline in her duties as ambassador of Japan and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=FLOTUS ASIA 0006 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/photo/2015/04/flotusasia0006 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |publisher=[[The White House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=August 3, 2023 |title=John F Kennedy's daughter and grandson recreate his heroic swim |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/03/john-f-kennedy-daughter-grandson-swim-solomon-islands/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In the succeeding years, Schlossberg took an increasingly active role in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] including its New Frontier Award where he served as chair of the selection committee until its last and 20th ceremony in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Committee |publisher=[[Harvard Institute of Politics]] |url=https://iop.harvard.edu/programs/conferences/new-frontier-awards/award-committee |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John F. Kennedy New Frontier Awards |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/new-frontier-award |access-date=September 16, 2024 |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library]] }}</ref> He is also in the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] selection committee also serving as event host and presenter.<ref name="Gurley" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Lauren Bush Lauren Raves About Jack Kennedy Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/politics/lauren-bush-lauren-raves-about-jack-kennedy-schlossberg/ |access-date=January 19, 2015 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, Schlossberg gave a virtual address on the second night of the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] with mother Caroline and endorsed [[Joe Biden]]'s run for presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Storey |first=Kate |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Why Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, is Speaking at the 2020 DNC |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |access-date=August 19, 2020 |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180400/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, has publicly criticized the [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] of his relative [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], and supported Biden’s re-election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=July 21, 2023 |title=J.F.K.'s Grandson Calls Robert Kennedy's Campaign 'an Embarrassment' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/us/politics/jfk-grandson-rfk-campaign.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg gave his first in-person speech on the second night of the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago endorsing [[Kamala Harris]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaclyn |first=Diaz |title=WATCH: Jack Schlossberg, grandson of President John F. Kennedy, addresses the DNC |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-01 |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/20/g-s1-18139/jack-schlossberg-john-kennedy-democratic-national-convention}}</ref> In September 2024, Schlossberg became co-chair of the [[List of environmental organizations|environmental organization]] Climate Power's campaign "Too Hot Not to Vote" – an initiative “designed to engage, educate and motivate people to vote for climate and [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] champions” in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential elections]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Climate Power's "Too Hot Not to Vote" Campaign |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/climate-change-voter-campaign-rosario-dawson-sophia-bush-bill-nye-climate-power-1236000203/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref>
== Public image ==
Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout his life but largely kept himself out of the public eye growing up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=July 5, 2023 |title=The Kennedy Family’s Strange 2023 Has Echoes of Classic Camelot |url=https://variety.com/2023/politics/columns/robert-f-kennedy-jr-vaccines-jack-schlossberg-1235661850/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gurley">{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Caroline Kennedy’s 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> His first live television appearance was in an interview with CNN at the [[2012 Democratic National Convention]] when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowley |first=Candy |author-link=Candy Crowley |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/09/07/dnc-crowley-kennedy-schlossberg-intv.cnn |title=JFK grandson's first TV interview |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 2016, he attended the [[Met Gala]] with his mother Caroline,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy's Son, Was His Mom's Date to the Met Gala on Monday |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/jack-schlossberg-caroline-kennedy-son-met-gala-2017 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=W Magazine |language=en}}</ref> and was included in the ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' annual International Best Dressed List.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Meredith |author-link=Meredith Goldstein |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Vanity Fair names John F. Kennedy's grandson Jack Schlossberg to its best-dressed list for 2017 |url=https://c.o0bg.com/lifestyle/names/2017/09/06/vanity-fair-names-john-kennedy-grandson-jack-schlossberg-its-best-dressed-list-for/YnBND3c1vySkEp3l0wDOIO/story.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] }}</ref> He had a cameo role in the [[Blue Bloods (season 8)|eighth-season finale]] of the television show ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haas |first=Mariah |date=May 12, 2018 |title=John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Makes His Acting Debut on Blue Bloods |url=https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174429/https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2018 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 20, 2024 |title=You Don't Know Jack! |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a61098000/jack-schlossberg-jfk-interview-2024/ |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=Town & Country }}</ref> In September 2024, he was a guest on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!|''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'']] where he encouraged young people to vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstone |first=Violet |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg ‘Recommends’ Being a Kennedy, Talks Nancy Pelosi’s Prom Dress and Voting on ‘Jimmy Kimmel’ |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jack-schlossberg-saint-laurent-suit-jimmy-kimmel-live-1236645324/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a "new face" of the [[Kennedy family]], and a "new hope" of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moran |first=Sharir |title=Meet JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg, the Democrats' New Hope |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanahan |first=Mark |title=Is this the new face of the Kennedy clan? |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/05/05/this-new-face-kennedy-clan/yreezZorYmPaB38MqfxyVM/story.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Months prior to the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]] he began posting political commentary and comedic sketches on social media.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Schlossberg is fond of [[List of water sports|water sports]], particularly [[Standup paddleboarding|paddleboarding]].<ref name="Schlossberg 2017-08-08">{{Cite web |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 8, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg Completes Crazy Trip Around Manhattan for Charity |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/jack-schlossberg-paddled-around-manhattan-for-charity.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Climate Change and Why He's the Rock's 'Greatest Fan' |url=https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-puppy/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7341740}}
* {{C-SPAN|9265046}}

{{Kennedy family |state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Jack}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Schlossberg family|John]]
[[Category:Vogue (magazine) people]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]

Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-14T17:09:10Z

Unfriendnow: The old one was better. It's obvious he is related to the Kennedy family, as it it states in his infobox. we don't need that in there. We also can't ignore his famous grandmother and mother who is also prominent.

{{Short description|American writer (born 1993)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Schlossberg
| birth_name = John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|01|19}}
| image = Jack Schlossberg in 2024.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2024
| education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[JD–MBA]])
| occupation = Writer
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States) |Democratic]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] 
[[Bouvier family]]
}}
'''John Bouvier Kennedy''' "'''Jack'''" '''Schlossberg''' (born January 19, 1993) is an American writer and political correspondent. He has written about politics for several publications and news outlets, and is a political correspondent for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine since 2024.

He is the son of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and the only grandson of the 35th [[President of the United States|United States president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

==Early life and education==
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg<ref name="McNeil" /> was born in [[New York City]] on January 19, 1993.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Known as “Jack”, he is the youngest of three children of designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. He is named after his maternal grandfather, the 35th [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]], and matrilineal great-grandfather, the [[Wall Street]] [[stockbroker]] [[John Vernou Bouvier III]]. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] was his grand-uncle as well as godfather,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Caroline |author-link1=Caroline Kennedy |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |last3=Crowley |first3=Candy |author-link3=Candy Crowley |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909010816/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=August 24, 2024}}</ref> and he served as [[Page boy (wedding attendant)|ringbearer]] to his uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg and his two older sisters, [[Rose Schlossberg|Rose]] and [[Tatiana Schlossberg|Tatiana]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Quinn |first=Dave |date= |title=How JFK's Grandson Stepped into the Spotlight |url=https://people.com/politics/how-jfks-only-grandson-stepped-into-the-spotlight-this-week-and-honored-his-familys-legacy/ |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> and have also spent significant time at the [[Martha's Vineyard]] estate of their maternal grandmother, the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]], while growing up.<ref name="Andersen" /> During the summers, he worked on a charter [[Fishing vessel|fishing boat]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gillette |first=Sam |title=All About JFK Granddaughter Tatiana Schlossberg's Next Project |url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-schlossberg-book-climate-change/ |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=September 5, 2019 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref> He also played in baseball and basketball leagues in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heymann |first=C. David |title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy |date=July 1, 2008 |publisher=Atria Books |year=2008 |isbn=9780743497398 |location=New York |publication-date=July 1, 2008 |pages=515}}</ref> His father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and his mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. He was raised Catholic, but his mother would also "incorporate [[Hanukkah]]" in the family's holiday celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Schlossberg attended [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School]]. In eighth grade, he co-founded ReLight New York, a nonprofit organization that installed energy-efficient compact [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lights]] in low-income housing developments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DiBlasio |first=Natalie |title=Who is the hot new Kennedy? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/20/kennedy-jack-schlossberg/3651449/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> A member of the Young Democrats club in high school, he organized a trip to [[Canvassing|canvass]] for [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign in [[Pennsylvania]]. In 2010, Schlossberg worked in [[Washington, D.C.]] as a [[Page of the United States Senate|senate page]] and the following year, as a senate intern.<ref name="Kaloi">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |title=All About JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/all-about-jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-7972191 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> He then attended [[Yale University]] graduating in 2015 with a degree in history, with a focus on Japanese history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McNeil |first1=Liz|title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg: 5 Things to Know About Him|url=http://www.people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things|access-date=July 12, 2015|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 6, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085635/https://people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> While at Yale, Schlossberg was known to perform [[stand-up comedy]],<ref name="McNeil">{{Cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |title=Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Grandson |url=https://people.com/celebrity/jack-schlossberg-president-john-f-kennedys-grandson/ |date=May 6, 2015 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> was a member of the [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] fraternity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Alumni |url=https://sigep.org/about/history-and-facts/prominent-alumni/ |access-date=August 28, 2024 |website=SigEp}}</ref> and wrote for the ''[[Yale Daily News]],'' and the ''[[Yale Herald]]'' where he was an editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=Danielle |title=JFK's grandson takes center stage: 9 things we know about Jack |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2014 |url=http://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051557/https://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also trained and worked as a volunteer [[emergency medical technician]] (EMT) in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and as environmental technician – cleaning out oil tanks and cleaning up spills around Boston.<ref name="McNeil" /> Schlossberg lived and worked in Japan before enrolling at [[Harvard University]] where he graduated from the joint [[JD–MBA|Juris Doctor – Master of Business Administration]] program at [[Harvard Law School]] and [[Harvard Business School]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slane |first=Kevin |title=JFK's grandson on Harvard Law School: 'I don't have a life, but that's what I signed up for.' |date=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 4, 2023 |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423144120/https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he passed the New York State bar exam.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=Jack Schlossberg Says It 'Feels Great' to Have Passed New York State Bar Exam on First Try (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jack-schlossberg-feels-great-pass-bar-exam-first-try-exclusive-8384519 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Since 2011, Schlossberg has written for publications and news outlets like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine, ''[[Politico]]'', and [[CNN]] among others. He has also written [[Op-ed|op-eds]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', and ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Jack Schlossberg, l’unique petit-fils de JFK et la politique dans le sang |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2015, through the company’s overseas graduates hiring program, Schlossberg started working at [[Rakuten]] a Japanese internet and e-commerce company, in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |title=ケネディ駐日米大使の息子が楽天入社営業など担当 |trans-title=Son of U.S. Ambassador to Japan Kennedy Joins Rakuten and Responsible for Sales and Others |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=August 4, 2023 |language=Japanese |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174427/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaloi" /> He also worked at the Japanese distillery [[Suntory]].<ref name="Kaloi" /> Schlossberg went back to the States in 2016 to work as a staff assistant in the [[Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]], part of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=December 14, 2016 |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Trump and LSAT |url=https://people.com/politics/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-speaks-out-about-the-lsat-and-donald-trump-its-important-to-keep-an-open-mind/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, after graduating from Harvard and passing the bar exam, Schlossberg began working for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' as a political correspondent.<ref name="Fisher">{{Cite magazine |last1=Fisher |first1=Hannah |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Just Being Himself |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |access-date=July 10, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713054335/https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> He "emerged as a staff favorite" and was appointed for "his irreverent but intelligent takes on the political landscape" per ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Sandra E. |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Named a Political Correspondent for Vogue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/style/jack-schlossberg-vogue-correspondent.html |access-date=July 15, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Schlossberg first became interested in politics in 2007 when then [[Illinois]] senator [[Barack Obama]] began his [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|presidential primary campaign]].<ref name="Fisher" /> He recalled that he was never forced to enter politics but Obama's campaign inspired him to learn about it and to study the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Historical reputation|legacy]] of his grandfather, President Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yoshimura |first1=Marina |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |date=February 25, 2018 |title=Talking Politics and the Future with John Schlossberg'15 |work=The Yale Globalist |url=https://globalist.yale.edu/onlinecontent/blogs/talking-politics-and-the-future-with-john-schlossberg15/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

In 2011, Schlossberg wrote the editors at ''The New York Times'' responding to a critical column about President Kennedy's legacy, which was published as a letter to the editor. The piece "launched the political career" of then 18-year-old Schlossberg per ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref name="Cohen-2011">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |date=February 4, 2011 |title=John Kennedy Schlossberg Defends JFK's Legacy in the 'New York Times' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] }}</ref> The following year, when asked about his interest in entering politics, Schlossberg stated: "Politics definitely interests me. I'm most interested in public service. I think that's something that I got from being part of [[Kennedy family|my family]], which is such an honor."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Candy |author-link1=Candy Crowley |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2012 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

[[File:Biden_with_Caroline_Kennedy_and_Jack_Schlossberg.jpg|thumb|Schlossberg with 46th U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and mother [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] in Boston in 2022]]

He co-founded "Yale for Murphy" in 2012 in support of Democrat [[Chris Murphy]]'s Connecticut senate candidacy.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Devika |date=2014-01-02 |title=Kennedy grandson joins the political house that Jack built |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/kennedy-grandson-joins-the-political-house-that-jack-built-gkbxhz5gwmn |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In November 2013, Schlossberg introduced 44th U.S. President Obama at the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] Award gala which commemorated the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schlossberg |first1=Jack |last2=Obama |first2=Barack |author-link2=Barack Obama |title=Barack Obama Interview with Jack Schlossberg at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/interview-with-jack-schlossberg-the-john-f-kennedy-presidential-library-and-museum-boston |access-date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=The American Presidency Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jureidini |first=Ben |date=July 11, 2024 |title=A modern-day poster boy for the greatest of American dynasties: Can Kennedy heir Jack Schlossberg reignite America's election cycle? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/jack-schlossberg-kennedy-redux |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Tatler |language=}}</ref> In 2016, in an opinion piece for the ''The Washington Post'', he encouraged young voters to support [[Hillary Clinton]] [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|for president]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakilla |first=Blake |date=November 16, 2015 |title=JFK’s Grandson Jack Schlossberg Endorses Hillary Clinton: ‘She Is Our Candidate’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-endorses-190359010.html |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also accompanied his mother Caroline in her duties as ambassador of Japan and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=FLOTUS ASIA 0006 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/photo/2015/04/flotusasia0006 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |publisher=[[The White House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=August 3, 2023 |title=John F Kennedy's daughter and grandson recreate his heroic swim |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/03/john-f-kennedy-daughter-grandson-swim-solomon-islands/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In the succeeding years, Schlossberg took an increasingly active role in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] including its New Frontier Award where he served as chair of the selection committee until its last and 20th ceremony in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Committee |publisher=[[Harvard Institute of Politics]] |url=https://iop.harvard.edu/programs/conferences/new-frontier-awards/award-committee |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John F. Kennedy New Frontier Awards |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/new-frontier-award |access-date=September 16, 2024 |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library]] }}</ref> He is also in the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] selection committee also serving as event host and presenter.<ref name="Gurley" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Lauren Bush Lauren Raves About Jack Kennedy Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/politics/lauren-bush-lauren-raves-about-jack-kennedy-schlossberg/ |access-date=January 19, 2015 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, Schlossberg gave a virtual address on the second night of the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] with mother Caroline and endorsed [[Joe Biden]]'s run for presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Storey |first=Kate |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Why Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, is Speaking at the 2020 DNC |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |access-date=August 19, 2020 |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180400/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, has publicly criticized the [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] of his relative [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], and supported Biden’s re-election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=July 21, 2023 |title=J.F.K.'s Grandson Calls Robert Kennedy's Campaign 'an Embarrassment' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/us/politics/jfk-grandson-rfk-campaign.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg gave his first in-person speech on the second night of the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago endorsing [[Kamala Harris]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaclyn |first=Diaz |title=WATCH: Jack Schlossberg, grandson of President John F. Kennedy, addresses the DNC |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-01 |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/20/g-s1-18139/jack-schlossberg-john-kennedy-democratic-national-convention}}</ref> In September 2024, Schlossberg became co-chair of the [[List of environmental organizations|environmental organization]] Climate Power's campaign "Too Hot Not to Vote" – an initiative “designed to engage, educate and motivate people to vote for climate and [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] champions” in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential elections]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Climate Power's "Too Hot Not to Vote" Campaign |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/climate-change-voter-campaign-rosario-dawson-sophia-bush-bill-nye-climate-power-1236000203/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref>
== Public image ==
Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout his life but largely kept himself out of the public eye growing up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=July 5, 2023 |title=The Kennedy Family’s Strange 2023 Has Echoes of Classic Camelot |url=https://variety.com/2023/politics/columns/robert-f-kennedy-jr-vaccines-jack-schlossberg-1235661850/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gurley">{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Caroline Kennedy’s 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> His first live television appearance was in an interview with CNN at the [[2012 Democratic National Convention]] when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowley |first=Candy |author-link=Candy Crowley |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/09/07/dnc-crowley-kennedy-schlossberg-intv.cnn |title=JFK grandson's first TV interview |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 2016, he attended the [[Met Gala]] with his mother Caroline,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy's Son, Was His Mom's Date to the Met Gala on Monday |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/jack-schlossberg-caroline-kennedy-son-met-gala-2017 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=W Magazine |language=en}}</ref> and was included in the ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' annual International Best Dressed List.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Meredith |author-link=Meredith Goldstein |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Vanity Fair names John F. Kennedy's grandson Jack Schlossberg to its best-dressed list for 2017 |url=https://c.o0bg.com/lifestyle/names/2017/09/06/vanity-fair-names-john-kennedy-grandson-jack-schlossberg-its-best-dressed-list-for/YnBND3c1vySkEp3l0wDOIO/story.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] }}</ref> He had a cameo role in the [[Blue Bloods (season 8)|eighth-season finale]] of the television show ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haas |first=Mariah |date=May 12, 2018 |title=John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Makes His Acting Debut on Blue Bloods |url=https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174429/https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2018 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 20, 2024 |title=You Don't Know Jack! |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a61098000/jack-schlossberg-jfk-interview-2024/ |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=Town & Country }}</ref> In September 2024, he was a guest on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!|''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'']] where he encouraged young people to vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstone |first=Violet |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg ‘Recommends’ Being a Kennedy, Talks Nancy Pelosi’s Prom Dress and Voting on ‘Jimmy Kimmel’ |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jack-schlossberg-saint-laurent-suit-jimmy-kimmel-live-1236645324/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a "new face" of the [[Kennedy family]], and a "new hope" of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moran |first=Sharir |title=Meet JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg, the Democrats' New Hope |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanahan |first=Mark |title=Is this the new face of the Kennedy clan? |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/05/05/this-new-face-kennedy-clan/yreezZorYmPaB38MqfxyVM/story.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Months prior to the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]] he began posting political commentary and comedic sketches on social media.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Schlossberg is fond of [[List of water sports|water sports]], particularly [[Standup paddleboarding|paddleboarding]].<ref name="Schlossberg 2017-08-08">{{Cite web |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 8, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg Completes Crazy Trip Around Manhattan for Charity |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/jack-schlossberg-paddled-around-manhattan-for-charity.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Climate Change and Why He's the Rock's 'Greatest Fan' |url=https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-puppy/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7341740}}
* {{C-SPAN|9265046}}

{{Kennedy family |state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Jack}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
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[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
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[[Category:Schlossberg family|John]]
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Talk:Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-14T17:07:16Z

Unfriendnow: /* level of details about education and family to be covered in lede */ Reply

{{Talk header}}
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== COI tag (September 2024) ==

very poorly sourced, such as getty images, and significant reliance on piecing together claims like he's written for... and listing out the articles he created, rather than predominantly sourcing to third party contents [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 23:46, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Promotionalism ==

The article has the feel of promotionalism.

# The first red flags is citation stuffing ie. adding 2 to 5 citation for a given fact. For example the paragraph listing where he has published "Schlossberg has written for..." .. those cites are doing more than verifying he wrote for a publication, it is stuffing the article with nearly everything he wrote. Why are we doing that? Furthermore do we even need to list every publication he has written for, and not just pick 3 of the most important? This is not a comprehensive CV. HuffPost says "Schlossberg has dabbled in media" .. "dabbled" .. you'd think he was a late-career veteran journalist from all those links, it's overkill. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|Maxen Embry}}, please consider reverting your re-addition of what I've removed with regard to above user's comment. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:24, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
 
::How is it promotionalism when you’re just listing the articles he has written which were widely mentioned in different independent (and even foreign language) sources (few examples below) and his op eds were actually covered by different outlets / publications? By listing, you’re just stating facts. I do admit that when writing that paragraph, I did include in the citation the links to the articles for further proof of verification but not for promotion. How would that even be one? Just restructure the paragraph. The tag for close connection and promo is overkill. But then again this doesn’t surprise me after all the very many articles for deletion requests for this one. Observed lots of pushback re this article for years.) Anyway, other print journalists do list the publications they have bylines in. ''Schlossberg is a writer, that is his work very much like an author has a bibliography section, a singer has a discography section, an actor has a videography section, etc.''
:::WASHINGTON POST - “During the 2016 election he wrote left-wing op-eds for Politico and The Washington Post”
::::https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whats-life-like-as-a-young-kennedy-now-a-mix-of-fame-obscurity-and-trauma/2019/08/06/6ecfbe94-b569-11e9-951e-de024209545d_story.html
:::THE ATLANTIC - “The earnest words of John F. Kennedy's grandson and namesake, John Kennedy Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg's 18-year-old son, were published in Friday's New York Times. As a "Letter To the Editor" on Page A22.”
::::https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/
:::INSTYLE - “3. He's a political writer He honed his chops at Yale, where he was a writer for the university's The Yale Herald paper. Since then he has penned pieces for Time, The Washington Post, and Politico and taken resolute points of view that follow in the footsteps of his grandfather.
::::https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/jfks-only-grandson-jack-schlossberg-151511968.html
:::PEOPLE - “In an article for New York magazine’s The Cut, Jack Schlossberg”
::::https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-paddleboards-manhattan-charity/
:::PEOPLE (again) - “Out of all his siblings, Jack has been the most public and has seemingly taken the most interest in the political space. During his freshman year at Yale, he wrote a letter to the editor of The New York Times to address his late grandfather’s legacy.” “In a 2016 essay for Politico Magazine, he condemned Sen. Ted Cruz’s suggestion that if his grandfather were alive today, he would be a Republican.”
::::https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684
:::HAARETZ - “At 23, he defended his grandfather’s legacy in a forceful piece in Politico in which he responded to Senator Ted Cruz’s claim that JFK wouldn’t have felt at home in today’s Democratic Party.”
::::https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000
:::THE WEST AUSTRALIAN “These days, when he isn’t hitting the books for Harvard’s law and business schools, Schlossberg is taking after his grandfather and penning political pieces for The Washington Post, The New York Times and Time.”
::::https://www.perthnow.com.au/politics/us-election/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-has-thirst-traps-social-media-ng-b881644163z.am
:::IRISH CENTRAL - “He has also voiced his opinions on a number of issues. He wrote about the Syrian refugee crisis for Time magazine in 2016, and that same year, in Politico, he denounced Republican presidential candidate Sen. Ted Cruz's self-made comparisons to President John F. Kennedy. He also wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post, urging young people to cast their vote for Hillary Clinton in the presidential election. In 2011, he wrote a letter to The New York Timescriticizing an article written about his grandfather, President John F. Kennedy.”
::::https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/jack-schlossberg-jfk.amp
:::LE MONDE - “Il a ainsi écrit dans les hebdomadaires Time ou New York Magazine, dans le quotidien The Washington Post ou encore sur le site Politico. Depuis juillet, il couvre la campagne électorale pour le site Web du magazine Vogue, traditionnellement prodémocrate. Son premier article, il l’a écrit en 2011, à l’âge de 18 ans, dans le New York Times.”
:::Translation: “He has written for the weeklies Time and New York Magazine, the Washington Post and the Politico website. Since July, he has been covering the election campaign for the website of Vogue magazine, which is traditionally pro-Democratic. He wrote his first article in 2011, at the age of 18, for the New York Times.”
::::https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:There's no question he is frequently mentioned in the press, but do we have to include all that though? What's wrong with a few of the best publications and 1 cite each. Wikipedia is not meant to be a comprehensive list of everything a person has done mentioned by the press. Imagine doing that for, say, Obama or Trump. It's excessive, there needs to be balance of what to include and exclude. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:06, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hmmm not quite… since Schlossberg is not a politician, at least not yet. The coverage is mostly apt as far as writers go. Especially since he has gotten lots of press for the articles themselves. I have no objections re trimming that paragraph down. Edit as you see fit citing the sources provided above, but there is absolutely no need to scrap everything like some editor did prior. That’s not constructive at all.
::::I did notice that some are trigger happy adding multiple issues template tags for the whole article not just the questionable sections. It’s not always PR, it may just be this editor’s hyperfixation of the season. Why am I getting a COI template in my talk page for some sloppy edits. LOL. But then again, why am I even surprised? The articles for deletion history of this page spoke volumes.
:::: I digress.
::[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 21:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::See [[WP:ONUS]]. When there's disagreement over inclusion of something, those wishing to restore it, in this case, YOU need to establish consensus. You can't just punch in something you think should be included when it's being objected. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 09:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 19:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Yeah we should say ''something'' about publications he has written for. Maybe the ONUS is pick out some of his most important pieces and cite those publications. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1247072509 -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Already removed primary sources and trimmed out named sources. Improve / edit as you see fit. Thanks. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 17:48, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::The encyclopedic, promotional tone nature of the sentence I just removed is the issue here. Doing things like "he's written for big name1 (ref), big name2 (ref2), big name 3(ref3) is not encyclopedic. The edit you made isn't writing around the source, but fishing sources in order to try to support how you want it to read, because the sentence looks exactly the same. It shouldn't take so many sources for such a simple sentence. It reads basically the same aside from switched sources. The sentence should be directly supported by sources written in your own words without doing [[WP:OR|original research]] or doing close paraphrasing. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:54, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::As the above (several) examples have shown, they do enumerate the publications and outlets he has written for. And of course they’re enumerating the most significant / the big names. That’s not some original research on our part since they’re literally citing such and such publications. Verbatim in fact. We can actually put it in quotations. And again, we are talking about published works by the subject who is a writer. It is absolutely insensible, dishonest even, to not include where he has written for. This is like writing a page for an actor without even a mention of a film or a show they have acted in.
:::::::''Recent example is from the FINANCIAL TIMES just two days ago: “He’s written for the Washington Post, New York magazine and People…” https://www.ft.com/content/0c2969d9-096e-437b-b7a9-e5191bb675a7''
:::::::I noticed that you keep on throwing/ changing rationales for removing content when another editor actually counters you with independent citations / different take that solves the issue. Makes me wonder if this is still all done in good faith or something else. Oh, well. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:43, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Again I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]]. Can you please put back the previous edits he keeps deleting. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 22:37, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{re|GreenC}}, do you find the amount of listicle appropriate? I feel it should be trimmed out. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:21, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have not been following this too much, unless there is something I am not aware of, I don't see evidence of COI rather a question of WEIGHT ie. what to include and exclude. Since it says in the first sentence his career is a writer for various publications, it would be wrong not to list some of the major and most important publications he has been published, without going overboard on the number of cites. This sort of thing is standard for writer biographies. A listicle/CV would be listing every publication and/or or piece he has written (or nearly so). To puff their importance up, which is often a problem for someone so early in their career, every submission acceptance is a major career advancement, whereas later, after they've done more important things, those early pieces are hardly noticeable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 14:33, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:The article is developed enough now we should only include things that can be cited by secondary sources. If he wrote for the Washington Post, find a source that discusses it ''not'' the Washington Post. If he is in eligible bachelor lists, find a source that discusses it that is ''not'' a list of eligible bachelors. If you can't find secondary sources, it is probably not worthy of note on Wikipedia either. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 05:36, 1 October 2024 (UTC)
::{{yo|Unfriendnow}}. Please see above comment by GreenC. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 10:51, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

=== Schlossberg and Kennedy articles in general===
I am finding similar writing style problems in articles on Schlossberg people, such as using press releases and using primary sources. Instead of starting a discussion on each talk page, let's have a centralized discussion here. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:03, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== New Face / New Hope - citations ==

The article contained a stack of citations for one sentence. Citation stacking is rarely necessary. Moved half of the citations here.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shepard |first=Steven |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Dems take their convention on the road: Superlatives from Night 2 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730191542/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |quote=...the 27-year-old Schlossberg looked a potential future political candidate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Francesco |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Meet John F. Kennedy's eligible grandson |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004081332/https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |quote=Schlossberg gives off future-politician vibes}}</ref>

-- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:44, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== social media postings - citations ==

A single citation is sufficient, not this many:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Issawi |first=Danya |date=June 27, 2024 |title=What's the Deal With Jack Schlossberg? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/who-is-jack-schlossberg.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spilde |first=Coleman |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Everyone Is Thirsting Over Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/obsessed/jack-schlossberg-is-the-internets-crush-after-shirtless-and-rfk-jr-videos |access-date=August 27, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazzaro |first=Miranda |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Who is Jack Schlossberg? JFK's grandson speaks at DNC |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4837667-jack-schlossberg-dnc-jfk/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}</ref> I think Vogue verifies it the best.

{{reflist-talk}} [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:53, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Ruby Feneley commentary ==

{{re|Maxen Embry}}, why did you make these [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=1248901927&oldid=1248878991 changes]? I believe that comment was within the context of her supposition as to why he was enlisted as a political correspondent and your edits take it out of the context. I suggest we just remove that commentary from the prose entirely or restore it in contextually appropriate phrasing. {{re|GreenC}}, since you've been active on this article, I'd appreciate if you would look at it too and share your thoughts. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 02:30, 2 October 2024 (UTC)

:??? I didn’t revert your change?? Another user did: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1248901533
:I re-added it because I thought it was deleted entirely. Didn’t revert your deletion due to duplication.
:I do agree with the other user’s edit on the placement of the quote since the writer was referencing his posts going viral prior to being named Vogue’s political correspondent (“Schlossberg started going viral in May when he switched up his posting to comedy videos promoting Joe Biden’s campaign.”).
: It summarizes the In The Media section in one independent source (you’re all so adamant about) without committing original research especially since every other media piece about him mentions his family, looks, and his social media activities. It would be dishonest not to include it. Case in point, another one, from Le Figaro just two days ago: From French: ''“He posts often crazy videos and messages that have attracted nearly half a million fans on TikTok and Instagram. The son of artist Edwin Schlossberg and Caroline Kennedy (daughter of President John Kennedy), however, started out, like most members of the famous political dynasty, with a classic career path, studying history at Yale, then law and business management at Harvard and, finally, the bar. This tall, dark-haired man with an attractive physique has long remained discreet, but in recent months…”''
:https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/jack-schlossberg-l-etonnant-petit-fils-de-jfk-devenu-la-coqueluche-des-reseaux-sociaux-20240930 [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:05, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::I'm talking about the change from "presumed that Vogue enlisted him" to "commented", which specifically occurred at [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], within the range mentioned earlier. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:34, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Because readability-wise, when put in the career section together with the paragraph about his Vogue job, you already have direct comments from Vogue why they hired him. No need for commentary from another magazine. And again, I also think it fits better on the In The Media section anyway as I've enumerated above. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:45, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't see the due weight to include the magazine writer's commentary for the sake of including it then. I say we don't have consensus to include it this point and should be removed pending discussion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:53, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::The comment was originally In the Media section but you moved it to the Career section where it lost its due weight because there is already commentary there straight from his very employers (via an independent source - NYT). Again, in the original section where it was and is at the moment, it encapsulates every media talking points about him - looks, pedigree, social media activities - reflecting the section. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::The entire "in the media" section is in question in the first place. It's very advertisque. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::How is it advertisement when not only is it a section seen across featured articles on Wikipedia but also, specifically on this page, supported by several independent reliable sources about the subject (some even relegated to the Talk section because there are so so many)?
:::::The guy, whether you like it or not, has coverage. You yourself have (rightly) removed every press release citation on this page and yet there are still several articles and every one of them mentions his looks, his pedigree, and his social media activities. We just cannot not include that. Or are we gonna reason that these independent sources cited have conflict of interest / related to his PR team / paid to cover him?
:::::I just don't get why you view everything in an advertising lens (as seen in your previous discussions), very specifically, very particularly on this guy... on this Kennedy... [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:24, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Maxen Embry}}, I said this looks advertisque and GreenC mentioned this article has the feeling of promotionalism. Why did you feel the need to stack a whole bunch of references in the first place? Articles should be written around secondary sources with minimal primary source as mentioned in [[WP:PSTS]], but using a whole bunch of sources to write something like this mostly becomes a due weight [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]/trivia/not news issue. For instance, if something was written based on a primary source, but with sources later added to read: So and so arrived in his new truck. <ref 1>. He bought his new truck in May 2024.<ref 2> The truck is red <ref 3>, it's still undue. There's lots of this going on in Kennedy/Schlossberg articles. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 16:00, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::--> I'll add that Graywalls and I don't always agree we have different views on a lot of things but sometimes editors will intentionally or unintentionally create a sort of Public Relations marketing piece on Wikipedia. There needs to be some balance. There is nothing in this article remotely controversial eg. how popular he is in the gay social media world due to his skin shots and effeminate poses - this can be sourced to a reliable second source used in the article. Or that he is not actually a lawyer despite multiple unreliable sources saying that he is. The citation stacking and heavy use of marginal sources are yellow flags. I'm OK with the media section for now, it demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:57, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|GreenC}}, [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], regarding this, how do you feel about the phrasing on calling this "commented" when the source materials says {{tq|Vogue soon enlisted him as their political correspondent, presumably because he has the magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiselled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience.|tq}}? The magazine article authors thinks he got this job, perhaps because of those attribute. Simply saying "commented" takes it out of context in my opinion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:26, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Your phrasing is a correct interpretation of the source. It's a bit convoluted to read with layers of attribution. The single word solution of "commented" attributes the quote to Ruby Feneley so there is no misattribution, but it does remove the context of Ruby presuming what Vogue was thinking. Do you think the context is significant for inclusion? -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 22:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Personally, I'd rather just omit the entire thing from the entire article. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:27, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::: I've removed {{tq|Ruby Feneley, writing for Marie Claire commented that he has the "magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiseled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience."|tq}} until consensus forms for its inclusion, and how, if at all. Since the source gave it in context of author's own speculation as to what she thinks are the reasons for Schlossberg being appointed to his position at Vogue. This is a completely useless commentary without the relevant context. Even with the context, this is verging on unencyclopedic sensationalism. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I honestly don't get why it shouldn't be included? Ruby is simply explaining why he got more prominent and popular considering he was mostly out of the public eye for a few years. I have to agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] yet again. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:21, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::<s>Proposed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1249096734 change] quoting Tatler (to resolve the context issue) but Graywalls blocked it from being a primary source which the article clearly is not. Even quoted it to prevent editorializing. This is not useless commentary. Especially since the internet is littered with such similar descriptions on the subject. As you stated this "demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable." [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 04:28, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>
::::::::{{re|Sharonstonebasicinstinct}}, That statement is primary source, because it's the magazine's own statement in its own opinion. [[WP:PSTS]] and [[WP:PRIMARY]] explains that the same source can be primary and secondary at the same time. I agree the internet is quite littered with such description, but we're not going to have a pile of sensationalist anecdotes about what magazine article authors think as such is unencyclopaedic as we don't try to cover sensationalism on Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:03, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::<s>Unencyclopedic or you just don't like it? Of course it's an opinion! That's why it's in quotes! That's why it's attributed to the source explicitly. This is no different from including opinions like "new face of the Kennedy family" or "new hope of the Democratic Party". Omission on the media's very extensive coverage / views on his appearance, political stance, ancestry, social media are encyclopedic and should be included. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:33, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>
::::::::::It's a secondary source, as WP:PSTS says: ''A secondary source provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources.'' The primary source in this case is Schlossberg's statements and behaviors the journalist is interpreting. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 15:59, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I agree with @[[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]]. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 18:06, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::You don't need to keep saying "I agree with.." This is not a voting forum. Imagine if everyone did that. The impression is your are trying to silence or distract Graywalls through peer pressure. It's not very civil. If someone made an important point you want to emphasize, OK, but you are doing it constantly. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:55, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::Oh dear god...people can't even agree with other people's points anymore. Now I'm trying to silence or peer pressure others??? because I simply agree that the constant back and forth and nitpicking of certain things is getting a bit too much? [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 21:23, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Your behavior on this page has been disruptive and unproductive towards achieving consensus. It's fine post about the content issues, but stop complaining about other editors and the process. If you think this fairly short thread is "a bit much" (whatever that means), you have seen nothing on Wikipedia. You've been blocked multiple times the past few months, in August for an entire month, with one editor strongly suggesting it be made permanent. You might want to do some introspection about how you interact with other people and stop blaming others. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 23:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] the constant back and forth is getting to be a bit much. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:22, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

[[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]], [[User:GreenC]], please check your wikitweet feed for recent developments. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]], there may be a lot less back and much more forth from now on. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== Organic notability ==

<s>The skepticism and cynicism on this page by particular editors are astounding. From perusing the [[Talk:Jack Schlossberg/Archive 1|archives]] and the deletion nominations for this subject, it's as if some people think there's a conspiracy to make the subject notable by the media or there is a big push by the Kennedy clan to make this guy happen. Face the music, the Kennedys attract media attention, this subject, fairly or not, is notable and has become notable through the years organically. We are not scraping the barrel here for reliable independent sources. Don't let some bias make you populate a whole talk page talking about advertisements when this is just run-of-the-mill coverage for some guy the media re-discover year in and year out. And not every article is a primary source... unless the editors have evidence these articles are part of some Kennedy machinery and the writers are connected to the family. Otherwise, it looks like you're just wearing a tinfoil hat - a set the Kennedys attract in droves. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:01, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

:See [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]. We're not going to have a page chock full of trivia regardless of subject notability. Encyclopedia is not a sensationalized magazine or rag sheet tabloid. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
<s>::This page's issue doesn't lie on trivia, because where is the trivia? From all these very looong discussions, the only trivia I have read from the page is in the one-sentence Personal Life section which apparently wasn't an issue to you despite the very many issues you have on this page. Shows your priorities, but okay. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

Striking out comments created by confirmed sockpuppet of {{user|Maxen Embry}} [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:45, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV and due weight issues ==
As discussed above, there are issues and disagreements over inclusion worthiness.

Discussion started at [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/Noticeboard#Jack_Schlossberg_and_pages_on_Kennedy_family_as_well_as_JFK_descendants]] to seek external input. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:18, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

=== level of details about education and family to be covered in lede ===
{{re|Unfriendnow}},
Concerning the disagreement with regard to [[Special:Diff/1249973757]]. I feel your change places too much emphasis on this part of the article. education and family pedigree in the lede, as [[WP:LEDE]] should summarize broadly summarize the key points of the article rather than emphasize certain things and I think it's undue to give this much weight to family/education in lede. I have looked at some biography articles that are [[WP:GA|good articles]] as points of reference. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:None of the info in the lead is [[WP:TRIVIA]] and So there is no reason to get rid of the biography. Doesn't matter if other articles don't have leads as long, i can find others that do. This is all important basic information that I believe should stay. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 23:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:Given that his real-world (ie. the sources) notability is almost entirely because of his family pedigree, it would be unusual not to include pedigree in the lead. We often do that in bios that have famous family connections. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 15:10, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
::[[User:GreenC]], I don't really want to get too deeply into article content, but in the versions advocated by Unfriendnow almost half the lead consists of "son of", etc., and family relationships shouldn't take up so much space. Notability should NOT come from family relationships, per [[WP:INHERITED]]. I also really don't see why his education should be in the lead; we don't do that regularly. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 20:28, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::The current lead is fine by me. It's important to note who he is the son of and grandson of, since that is what he mainly known for and how he got popular for being the "grandson of". [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 21:03, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
::::You are confirming precisely what is so problematic, and you're not helping. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 22:03, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::There is nothing problematic about reliable sources that cover someone because they are the offspring of someone famous. This belief has become part of the DNA of Wikipedia, but there is not a single policy, guideline, essay or consensus discussion that supports it. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 23:39, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Notability comes from sources, and most sources cover him due to his family connections. Have you read [[WP:INHERITED]], and understand what it says? It says: "arguments to avoiding during AfD discussions", for example, "'''Keep'''. He is notable ''not'' because of sources or any rules based reason but because he is the grandson of JfK". That is what INHERIT is meant to prevent, bad arguments at AfD. There is a big caution message at the top of the essay: "This section is not a content guideline or policy", which is the situation here. ''Sources'' cover him mainly due to family connections, it is the primary reason for his notability (sources). -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 23:27, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
::::[[User:GreenC]], I'm not sure where all this condescension and disdain comes from. Yes, I have read it (is there a "raise eyebrow emoji"?). I can't really follow your DNA analogy and I won't try. What I ''do'' know is that the argument "he's notable because of his family" is your own (interesting move--you know why they covered the guy?), and it's a lousy argument: he's notable, I suppose, because he got written up, but that does not mean that you can extend "he got wrote up because he was in that family" to "our article should overwhelmingly focus on the family connections".{{pb}}In other words, it's the premise, "There is nothing problematic about reliable sources that cover someone because they are the offspring of someone famous", that's problematic. No one ever said that there was anything problematic about that, but the "because they are" is a non sequitur, and it's your own. How much of that family stuff needs to be in the lead, however, should not be dictated by your opinion on why this guy is notable. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:04, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::Why do you think he is being covered so frequently in the press, if not for his family ties? This is not "my opinion", according to our article and sources, "Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout his life.. Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a "new face" of the Kennedy family, and a "new hope" of the Democratic party." None of that makes sense except for his family ties. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 02:34, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::Sensationalism is part of media coverage to keep audience engaged, get subscription purchases, and encourage magazine purchases. Magazines are meant to be pleasing to read. Celebrity gossips is one of the most popular magazine topics. They're not meant to be literature or textbooks. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 06:49, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::The sources are reliable. It's not sensationalism that "Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a 'new face' of the Kennedy family, and a 'new hope' of the Democratic party." Notability is not concerned why they are famous, only that they are notable, which we define by coverage in reliable sources. These conversations remind me of all those AfDs over the past 10 years, where some tried and failed to delete the article. It's the same old discredited arguments of INHERIT and source reliability. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 14:54, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{re|GreenC}}, The discussion now is not the question whether the said information is reliable. It's a question of [[WP:DUE]], Courtesy ping to {{re|Drmies}} [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 16:14, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Of course, for the reasons already noted, he is most notable due to his family connections. Nobody has presented a convincing argument why else the press is covering him?! The press has even directly asserted why they are covering him, as the "new face" of the Kennedy family (family connection), and as a "new hope" for the Democrats (following his grandfather's success). -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 18:28, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I just posted a question at Wikiproject Biopgrahy to see if such practice is customary on biography article. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 20:49, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::I just came from there, if, as seems likely, he is readily known as, "Jack Kennedy's grandson", it should be in the lead. Such family connection prominence happens sometimes, for some people. See also [[Anna Curtenius Roosevelt]] and other people in her family. The lead fulfills much of its purpose when it answers 'how is this person known', and the body follows suit. That said, I could also see shortening it from what is there now, and using [[Kennedy family]] and the president, as the only links in the lead. [[User:Alanscottwalker|Alanscottwalker]] ([[User talk:Alanscottwalker|talk]]) 21:30, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::I'll go ahead and shorten it, to see if that compromise works. [[User:Alanscottwalker|Alanscottwalker]] ([[User talk:Alanscottwalker|talk]]) 11:00, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::The old one was better. It's obvious he is related to the Kennedy family, we don't need that in there. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 17:07, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

Kennedy family

2024-10-13T03:34:59Z

Unfriendnow: removal reason: If anybody wants to know who he endorsed and why he changed his political party, they can go to his own wikipedia page. this all isn't needed here.

{{short description|American political family}}
{{about|the U.S. political family|the fictional family|Kennedy family (Neighbours){{!}}Kennedy family (''Neighbours'')}}
{{redirect|Kennedys|the law firm|Kennedys Law|other people named "Kennedy"|Kennedy (surname)}}
{{Merge from|Profile in Courage Award|discuss=Talk:Kennedy family#Proposed merge of Profile in Courage Award into Kennedy family|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Kennedy family
| native_name = ''Ó Cinnéide''
| image = {{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=horizontal
|image1=PJ Kennedy (cropped)(b).jpg
|width1=79
|caption1=[[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph Kennedy]]
|image2=Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938 (cropped) (b).jpg
|width2=89
|caption2=[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]
|image3=John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait (3x4) (cropped).jpg
|width3=88
|caption3=[[John F. Kennedy]]
}}
| type = [[Political family]]
| origin = Dunganstown, [[New Ross]], [[County Wexford]], Ireland<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803125829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 3, 2016 | title=1963: Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland | date=June 27, 1963 | work=BBC News | access-date=January 4, 2021 }}</ref>
| parent_family = [[O'Kennedy]]
| founded = {{unbulleted list|Arrival in the United States 1849, [[Boston]]|{{Time ago|1849}}}}
| founder = Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858)
| titles = *[[President of the United States]]
*[[First Lady of the United States]]
*[[United States Ambassador]] (to [[United States Ambassador to Australia|Australia]], [[United States Ambassador to Austria|Austria]], [[United States Ambassador to France|France]], [[United States Ambassador to Ireland|Ireland]], [[United States Ambassador to Japan|Japan]], and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]])
*[[United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland]]
*[[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[United States House of Representatives|United States Congressman]]
*[[United States Attorney General]]
*[[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]
*[[State senator]] ([[Connecticut State Senate|Connecticut]], [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts]])
*[[State representative]] ([[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland]], [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts]])
*[[Mayor]] ([[Santa Monica, California]])
*[[Papal count|Papal Countess of the Holy Roman Church]]
*[[Marquess of Hartington|Marchioness of Hartington]]
| estate = *[[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|83 Beals Street]] (Brookline, Massachusetts)
*[[Kennedy Compound]] (Hyannis Port, Massachusetts)
*[[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] (McLean, Virginia)
*[[La Querida (mansion)|La Querida]] (Palm Beach, Florida)
*[[Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)|Wexford]] (Marshall, Virginia)
}}

The '''Kennedy family''' ({{lang-ga|Ó Cinnéide}}) is an American [[political family]] that has long been prominent in [[Politics of the United States|American politics]], public service, entertainment, and business. In 1884, 35 years after the family's arrival from [[County Wexford]], Ireland, [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy]] became the first Kennedy elected to public office, serving in the [[Massachusetts state legislature]] until 1895. At least one Kennedy family member served in federal elective office from 1947, when P. J. Kennedy's grandson [[John F. Kennedy]] became a member of Congress from [[Massachusetts]], until 2011, when [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick J. Kennedy II]] (John's nephew) retired as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="bg021310">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/rhode_island/articles/2010/02/13/pondering_a_congress_without_kennedys/|title=Pondering a Congress without Kennedys|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=February 13, 2010|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>

P. J.'s son [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and his wife, [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy]], had nine children, including John F. Kennedy, who served in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] and as [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]; [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who served as [[U.S. Attorney General]] and as a [[U.S. Senate|U.S. Senator]]; and [[Ted Kennedy]], who served more than 46 years in the U.S. Senate. Other descendants include members of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], two U.S. ambassadors, one U.S. envoy, a [[lieutenant governor]], three state legislators (one of whom also served in the U.S. House of Representatives), and one mayor.

Joseph and Rose's daughter [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] played a vital role in establishing the [[National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] (part of the [[National Institutes of Health]]) and the [[Special Olympics]]. Other descendants of Joseph and Rose Kennedy have been lawyers, authors, and activists on behalf of those with physical and intellectual disabilities.

==History==
According to genealogist Brian Kennedy in his work ''JFK's Irish O'Kennedy Ancestors'', the Kennedys—who would go on to play a significant role in the United States of America—originated from an Irish clan called Ó Cinnéide Fionn (which, along with the Ó Cinnéide Donn and Ó Cinnéide Ruadh, were the three Irish Gaelic [[O'Kennedy|Ó Cinnéide]] clans who ruled the [[Kingdom of Ormond]]). In 1546, their progenitor Diarmaid Ó Cinnéide Fionn became the owner of Knigh Castle, located close to what is today [[Puckane]], [[County Tipperary]]. In 1740, having lost out to the [[Anglo-Irish people|New English]] order in the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], they moved to Dunganstown, [[New Ross]], [[County Wexford]]. Patrick Kennedy was born there.

Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) and Bridget Murphy (1824–1888) sailed from Ireland to [[East Boston]] in 1849. Patrick worked in East Boston as a barrel maker, or cooper,<ref name="Maier2003">{{cite book |title=The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings |first=Thomas |last=Maier |publisher=Basic Books |year=2003 |page={{page needed|date=April 2015}} |isbn=978-0-465-04317-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0 }}</ref> and had five children with Bridget. Their youngest, [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy]], went into business and served in the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts state legislature]] from 1884 to 1895.

P. J. and his wife, Mary Augusta Hickey, had four children. Their oldest was [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr.]],<ref>[http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family.aspx The Kennedy Family] The JFK Library, accessed February 10, 2016</ref> a businessman who amassed a private fortune in banking and securities trading, which he further expanded by investing in filmmaking and real estate. He also founded Somerset Importers and owned Chicago's [[Merchandise Mart]].

In 1914, Joseph Sr. married [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]],<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3462557/kennedy-wedding/|title=The Wedding That Changed American History|magazine=Time|date=October 7, 2014 |last=Graham |first=James}}</ref> the eldest daughter of [[John F. Fitzgerald|John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald]], who served six years as [[mayor of Boston]] and six years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boston.com/news/history/2017/05/17/meet-honey-fitz-the-pixielike-mayor-of-boston-and-jfks-grandfather |title=Meet Honey Fitz: The 'pixie like' mayor of Boston (and JFK's grandfather) |date=May 17, 2017 |work=Boston.com |last=DeCosta-Klipa |first=Nik}}</ref> The couple had nine children: [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]] (1915–1944), [[John F. Kennedy|John]] (called Jack) (1917–1963), [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rose Marie]] (called Rosemary) (1918–2005), [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]] (called Kick) (1920–1948), [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] (1921–2009), [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]] (1924–2006), [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]] (called Bobby) (1925–1968), [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] (1928–2020) and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward]] (called Ted) (1932–2009).

Joseph Sr. was appointed by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] as the first chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), chairman of the [[United States Maritime Commission|Maritime Commission]], and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom]] from 1938 to 1940. He served from 1947 to 1949 on The Hoover Commission (the "Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government"), which was appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry Truman]] to recommend administrative changes in the federal government. Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy was named [[Papal count|Papal Countess of the Holy Roman Church]] by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1951 in recognition of her "exemplary motherhood and many charitable works."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Rose-Fitzgerald-Kennedy.aspx |title = Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy | JFK Library}}</ref>

==Continued public service==
[[File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy]] with their children at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in 1931.]]
Every Kennedy elected to public office has served as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], while other members of the family have worked for the party or held [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] posts in Democratic administrations. Many have attended [[Harvard University]], and the family has contributed greatly to that university's [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]].

Joseph Sr. expected his eldest son, Joseph Jr., to go into politics and to ultimately be elected president. Joseph Jr. was elected as a Massachusetts [[Delegate (American politics)|delegate]] to the [[1940 Democratic National Convention]] and enlisted in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] after the United States entered [[World War II]]. He was killed in 1944 when the bomber he was piloting exploded in flight. Joseph Sr.'s desire to see the family involved in politics and government then focused on John, who had considered a career as a journalist, having authored a book (''[[Why England Slept]]'') and done some reporting for [[Hearst Newspapers]]. After returning from Navy service, John served in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] representing [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district]] from 1947 to 1953, and then as [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|U.S. Senator from Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. In the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]], John narrowly defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]].

During [[Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy|John's administration]], Robert served as [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]]; his brother-in-law [[Sargent Shriver]] served as director of the new [[Peace Corps]], and Ted [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts]], occupying his brother's former Senate seat until Ted's death in 2009. The Kennedy administration's accomplishments include the [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, the establishment of the Peace Corps, a peaceful resolution to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962, the [[Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]] of 1963, the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] ending the [[poll tax]], the continuation of the [[Apollo program|Apollo spaceflight program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]], and the introduction of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to Congress (signed into law by Kennedy's successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/| title = www.whitehouse.gov}}</ref> The family was the subject of intense media coverage during and after Kennedy's presidency.

Ted served in the Senate with his brother Robert (1965–1968), and was serving in the Senate when his nephew, [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph P. II]], and his son, [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick J.]], served in the U.S. House of Representatives representing [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]] (1987–1999) and [[Rhode Island's 1st congressional district]] (1995–2011), respectively. In November 2012, [[Joe Kennedy III|Joseph P. Kennedy III]], son of former Rep. Joseph P. Kennedy II and grandson of the late Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district]]. In 2020, Joseph P. III lost the [[2020 United States Senate election in Massachusetts#Democratic primary|U.S. Senate primary election in Massachusetts]] to incumbent [[Ed Markey]], the first Kennedy to ever lose an election in the state.<ref name="jkiii-loses-primary">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/us/politics/ed-markey-kennedy.html|title=Markey Holds Off Joseph Kennedy in Massachusetts Senate Race|quote=The result was the first loss by a Kennedy in a Massachusetts election…|date=September 1, 2020|first=Jonathan|last=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fast Facts about Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/fast-facts-robert-f-kennedy|access-date=September 4, 2020|agency=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}} [[Robert F. Kennedy]] was not on the ballot in Massachusetts in the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries]] and finished second to [[Eugene McCarthy]] as a write-in candidate.</ref>

In the 2020s, three Kennedy family members were serving as U.S. ambassadors or envoys. [[Victoria Reggie Kennedy]], second wife of Ted Kennedy, was named in 2021 by President [[Biden]] as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Austria|U.S. ambassador to Austria]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thanikachalam|first=Neya|title=Senate confirms Victoria Kennedy to be ambassador to Austria|newspaper=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/27/nation/senate-confirms-victoria-kennedy-be-ambassador-austria/ |access-date=January 1, 2023 }}</ref> [[Caroline Kennedy]], daughter of President Kennedy, was named in 2022 by President Biden as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Australia|U.S. ambassador to Australia]]; she previously served as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Japan|U.S. ambassador to Japan]] under President [[Barack Obama]]. In the same year, Joseph P. Kennedy III was named by President Biden as [[United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland|U.S. special envoy to Northern Ireland]]. [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 United States presidential election.]]<ref name="The Gavel">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Sophia |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Announces 2024 Presidential Candidacy Against Biden |url=https://bcgavel.com/2023/05/03/robert-f-kennedy-jr-announces-2024-presidential-candidacy-against-biden/ |website=the Gavel |date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

==Businesses==
*''Citizens Energy Corporation''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizensenergy.com/|title=Non-Profit Energy Company | Citizens Energy|date=January 30, 2023|website=Citizens Energy Corporation}}</ref>
*''Columbia Trust Company'' <ref>{{cite book |last=Nasaw |first=David |author-link= |date=2012 |title=The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy |url= |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Penguin Press |page=10 |isbn=978-1-59420-376-3}}</ref>
*[[Film Booking Offices of America|FBO Pictures Corporation]]
*[[George (magazine)|George]]
*[[Hialeah Park Race Track]]
*''Intercontinental Rubber Company''<ref>{{cite news |last=Brean |first=Henry |date=May 9, 2023 |title=U of A teams with Bridgestone to give desert rubber source a bounce |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/u-of-a-teams-with-bridgestone-to-give-desert-rubber-source-a-bounce/article_cfead634-eb87-11ed-9e30-c72e8a63ed24.html |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.#Kennedy & Madonna LLP|Kennedy & Madonna LLP]] (law firm)
*''Kenoil Corporation''<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Jensen |first=Michael C. |date=June 12, 1977 |title=Managing the Kennedy Millions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/12/archives/managing-the-kennedy-millions-managing-the-kennedy-millions.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*''Marwood Group'' (healthcare-focused consulting firm) <ref>{{cite news |date=October 30, 2014 |title=Kennedy's former firm investigated by SEC|url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Kennedy-s-former-firm-investigated-by-SEC-11373445.php |newspaper=New Haven Register|access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*''Mokeen Oil Company''<ref name="auto"/>
*''Old Colony Realty Associates''<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Regina |date=August 2, 2021 |title=How Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Became a Billionaire And Founded a Political Dynasty That Defined The 20th Century! |url=https://politic-ed.com/2021/08/02/joseph-p-kennedy-sr-political-dynasty/ |work=Politic-Ed |access-date=June 22, 2023}}
</ref>
*[[RKO Pictures]]
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.#Liquor importing|Somerset Imports]]
*''Sumner Savings Bank''<ref>{{cite book |last=Kessler |first=Ronald |author-link= |date=1996 |title=The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty he Founded|publisher=Warner Books, Inc. |page=10 |isbn=0-446-60384-8}}</ref>
*[[Wolf Point, Chicago]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=What Chris Kennedy Is Doing With the New Wolf Point Project |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/june-2013/chris-kennedys-new-wolf-point-project/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |magazine=[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]]}}</ref>
*[[Wolf Point East Tower]]<ref>https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20170628/CRED03/170629845/hines-kennedys-land-200-million-loan-for-wolf-point-project</ref>
*[[Salesforce Tower Chicago]]<ref>https://www.chicagobusiness.com/commercial-real-estate/salesforce-plan-completes-kennedy-familys-wolf-point-puzzle</ref>

==Philanthropy and policy institutes==
*[[Advocates for Opioid Recovery]]
*[[Best Buddies International]]
*[[Citizens Energy Corporation]]
*''Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring''<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2011-03-25 |title=Community of Caring Names University of Utah Its New National Headquarters |url=https://archive.unews.utah.edu/news_releases/community-of-caring-names-university-of-utah-its-new-national-headquarters/ |work=UNews Archive |location=Salt Lake City, UT |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>
*[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development]]
*''Global Recovery Initiative''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Kelly |title=Christopher Lawford, actor, author and nephew of John F. Kennedy, dies at 63 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/06/us/christopher-lawford-death-jfk-nephew-actor/index.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=CNN.com |date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|John F. Kennedy Library Foundation]]
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|Robert F. Kennedy Center For Justice & Human Rights]]
*[[Smart Approaches to Marijuana]]
*[[Special Olympics]]
*[[Stop Handgun Violence]]
*[[Christopher G. Kennedy#Top Box Foods|Top Box Foods]]
*[[VSA (Kennedy Center)]]
*[[White House Historical Association]]
*[[Waterkeeper Alliance]]

==Government offices held==
* [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph Kennedy]]: [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts state Representative]], 1884–1889; [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state Senator]], 1889–1895.
**[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]: Chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], 1934–1935; chairman of the [[United States Maritime Commission]], 1936–1938; [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom]], 1938–1940.
***[[John F. Kennedy|John Fitzgerald Kennedy]]: [[United States Representative]] from Massachusetts, 1947–1953; [[United States Senator]] from Massachusetts, 1953–1960; [[President of the United States]], 1961–1963.
****[[Caroline Kennedy]]: [[United States Ambassador to Japan]], 2013–2017; [[United States Ambassador to Australia]] 2022–present.
***[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]]
****[[Bobby Shriver]]: [[Santa Monica, California]] City Council member, 2004–2012; Mayor of Santa Monica, 2010.
****[[Mark Kennedy Shriver]]: [[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland state Delegate]], 1995–2003.
***[[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert Francis Kennedy]]: [[United States Attorney General]], 1961–1964; United States Senator from New York, 1965–1968.
****[[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend]]: [[Lieutenant governor of Maryland]], 1995–2003.
****[[Joseph P. Kennedy II]]: United States Representative from Massachusetts, 1987–1999.
*****[[Joe Kennedy III|Joseph P. Kennedy III]]: United States Representative from Massachusetts, 2013–2021; U.S. envoy to Northern Ireland, 2022–present.
***[[Jean Kennedy Smith]]: [[United States Ambassador to Ireland]], 1993–1998.
***[[Ted Kennedy|Edward Moore Kennedy]]: United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009.
****[[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]]: [[Connecticut Senate|Connecticut state Senator]], 2015–2019.
****[[Patrick J. Kennedy]]: [[Rhode Island House of Representatives|Rhode Island state Representative]], 1989–1993; United States Representative from Rhode Island, 1995–2011.

In addition, some Kennedy spouses have served in government:
*[[Andrew Cuomo]] (then-husband of [[Kerry Kennedy]]): [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], 1997–2001. After their divorce, he served as New York state attorney general (2007–2010) and New York governor (2011–2021).
*[[Victoria Reggie Kennedy]] (widow of [[Ted Kennedy]]): [[U.S. ambassador to Austria]], 2022–present
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] (then-husband of [[Maria Shriver]]): [[governor of California]], 2003–2011
*[[Sargent Shriver]] (husband of [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]]): [[president of the Chicago Board of Education]], 1955–1960; director of the [[Peace Corps]], 1961–1966; director of the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]], 1964–1968; [[U.S. ambassador to France]], 1968–1970

There was a member of the Kennedy family in public office nearly continuously from 1946, when John F. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, until early 2011, when Patrick J. Kennedy left the House. The only exception was the period between John F. Kennedy's resignation from the Senate on December 22, 1960, and his assumption of the office of President on January 20, 1961. In 2013, two years after Patrick Kennedy left the House, Joseph P. Kennedy III was elected U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and served until 2021. Below is a timeline of the Kennedys' tenure in the U.S. Congress.

===Timeline===
{{#tag:timeline|
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from: 30/06/1934 till: 23/09/1935 color:fedgovernment
from: 14/04/1937 till: 19/02/1938 color:fedgovernment
from: 08/03/1938 till: 22/10/1940 color:ambassador text:"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr."
bar:JFK
from: 03/01/1947 till: 22/12/1960 color:fedcongress
from: 20/01/1961 till: 22/11/1963 color:fedgovernment text:"John F. Kennedy"
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from: 07/11/1962 till: 25/08/2009 color:fedcongress text:"Edward M. Kennedy"
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from: 21/01/1961 till: 03/09/1964 color:fedgovernment
from: 03/01/1965 till: 06/06/1968 color:fedcongress text:"Robert F. Kennedy"
bar:JPKII
from: 03/01/1987 till: 03/01/1999 color:fedcongress text:"Joseph P. Kennedy II"
bar:JKS
from: 24/06/1993 till: 17/09/1998 color:ambassador text:"Jean Kennedy Smith"
bar:PJK
from: 03/01/1995 till: 03/01/2011 color:fedcongress text:"Patrick J. Kennedy"
bar:JPKIII
from: 03/01/2013 till: 03/01/2021 color:fedcongress
from: 19/12/2022 till: $today color:ambassador text:"Joe Kennedy III"

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from: 19/11/2013 till: 18/01/2017 color:ambassador
from: 25/07/2022 till:$today color:ambassador text:"Caroline Kennedy"
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==Heraldry==
On March 17, 1961, John F. Kennedy was presented with a [[grant of arms]] for all the descendants of Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) from the [[Chief Herald of Ireland]]. The design of the arms (three gold closed helmets on a black field)<ref>The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, Bernard Burke, Harrison & Sons, 1884, pp. 558-9</ref> strongly alludes to symbols in the coats of arms of the [[Kennedy (Ireland)|O'Kennedys]] of Ormonde and the [[House of FitzGerald|FitzGeralds]] of [[Earl of Desmond|Desmond]], from whom the family is descended. The crest is an armored hand holding four arrows between two olive branches, elements taken from the coat of arms of the United States of America and also symbolic of Kennedy and his brothers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-united-states/arms-of-famous-americans/presidents-of-the-united-states/john-fitzgerald-kennedy-35th-president-of-the-united-states/ | title = John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States | publisher = American Heraldry Society | access-date =October 27, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803191207/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=President.Kennedy | archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref>{{Infobox COA wide
|image=File:Coat of Arms of John F. Kennedy.svg
|escutcheon=Sable three helmets in profile Or within a bordure per saltire Gules and Ermine.
|crest=Between two olive branches a cubit sinister arm in armor erect, the hand holding a sheaf of four arrows, points upward, all proper
|year_granted=1961
|name=the Kennedy family
|armiger=All the descendants of Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858)
|symbolism=}}

== See also ==
* [[Kennedy curse]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Book sources ===
* {{cite book | author = Gibson, Barbara | author2 = Ted Schwartz | title = The Kennedys : the Third Generation | location = New York | publisher = Kensington Publishing | year = 1993 | oclc = 670288617 | isbn =9780786010264 | page = 458}}
* Haas, Lawrence J. ''The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedys-World-Remade-Americas-Empire/dp/1640123849/ excerpt]
* Hunt, Amber, and David Batcher. ''Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Wives-Triumph-Tragedy-Americas-ebook/dp/B00QK3BMIA/ excerpt]
* Kessler, Ronald. ''The sins of the father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the dynasty he founded'' (St. Martin's Press, 1996).
* Klein, Edward. ''The Kennedy Curse: Why tragedy has haunted America's first family for 150 years'' (Macmillan, 2003).
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy women: The saga of an American family'' (Ballantine Books, 1996). [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Women-Saga-American-Family/dp/0449911713/ excerpt]
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy Men: 1901-1963'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Men-1901-1963-Laurence-Leamer/dp/0688163157/ excerpt]
* Leamer, Laurence. ''Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060559020/ excerpt]
* Nasaw, David. ''The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy'' (2012); scholarly biography.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kennedy family}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180213000352/http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml The Kennedys: A Family Tree], ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/08/26/us/kennedy-family-tree.html?scp=1&sq=kennedy%20family%20tree&st=cse Kennedy Family Tree], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://forrestalhistory.com/the-forrestal-kennedy-connection The Forrestal Kennedy Connection],
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10422.html Kennedy Family], [[The Political Graveyard]]

{{Kennedy family}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy family}}
[[Category:Kennedy family| ]]
[[Category:American families of Irish ancestry]]
[[Category:Business families of the United States]]
[[Category:First families of the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic families]]
[[Category:County Wexford]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture]]
[[Category:Irish-American history]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Boston]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture in Massachusetts]]

Kennedy family

2024-10-12T08:29:37Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American political family}}
{{about|the U.S. political family|the fictional family|Kennedy family (Neighbours){{!}}Kennedy family (''Neighbours'')}}
{{redirect|Kennedys|the law firm|Kennedys Law|other people named "Kennedy"|Kennedy (surname)}}
{{Merge from|Profile in Courage Award|discuss=Talk:Kennedy family#Proposed merge of Profile in Courage Award into Kennedy family|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Kennedy family
| native_name = ''Ó Cinnéide''
| image = {{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=horizontal
|image1=PJ Kennedy (cropped)(b).jpg
|width1=79
|caption1=[[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph Kennedy]]
|image2=Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938 (cropped) (b).jpg
|width2=89
|caption2=[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]
|image3=John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait (3x4) (cropped).jpg
|width3=88
|caption3=[[John F. Kennedy]]
}}
| type = [[Political family]]
| origin = Dunganstown, [[New Ross]], [[County Wexford]], Ireland<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803125829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_4461000/4461115.stm | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 3, 2016 | title=1963: Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland | date=June 27, 1963 | work=BBC News | access-date=January 4, 2021 }}</ref>
| parent_family = [[O'Kennedy]]
| founded = {{unbulleted list|Arrival in the United States 1849, [[Boston]]|{{Time ago|1849}}}}
| founder = Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858)
| titles = *[[President of the United States]]
*[[First Lady of the United States]]
*[[United States Ambassador]] (to [[United States Ambassador to Australia|Australia]], [[United States Ambassador to Austria|Austria]], [[United States Ambassador to France|France]], [[United States Ambassador to Ireland|Ireland]], [[United States Ambassador to Japan|Japan]], and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]])
*[[United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland]]
*[[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[United States House of Representatives|United States Congressman]]
*[[United States Attorney General]]
*[[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]
*[[State senator]] ([[Connecticut State Senate|Connecticut]], [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts]])
*[[State representative]] ([[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland]], [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts]])
*[[Mayor]] ([[Santa Monica, California]])
*[[Papal count|Papal Countess of the Holy Roman Church]]
*[[Marquess of Hartington|Marchioness of Hartington]]
| estate = *[[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|83 Beals Street]] (Brookline, Massachusetts)
*[[Kennedy Compound]] (Hyannis Port, Massachusetts)
*[[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] (McLean, Virginia)
*[[La Querida (mansion)|La Querida]] (Palm Beach, Florida)
*[[Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)|Wexford]] (Marshall, Virginia)
}}

The '''Kennedy family''' ({{lang-ga|Ó Cinnéide}}) is an American [[political family]] that has long been prominent in [[Politics of the United States|American politics]], public service, entertainment, and business. In 1884, 35 years after the family's arrival from [[County Wexford]], Ireland, [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy]] became the first Kennedy elected to public office, serving in the [[Massachusetts state legislature]] until 1895. At least one Kennedy family member served in federal elective office from 1947, when P. J. Kennedy's grandson [[John F. Kennedy]] became a member of Congress from [[Massachusetts]], until 2011, when [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick J. Kennedy II]] (John's nephew) retired as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="bg021310">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/rhode_island/articles/2010/02/13/pondering_a_congress_without_kennedys/|title=Pondering a Congress without Kennedys|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=February 13, 2010|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>

P. J.'s son [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and his wife, [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy]], had nine children, including John F. Kennedy, who served in both houses of the [[United States Congress]] and as [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]; [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who served as [[U.S. Attorney General]] and as a [[U.S. Senate|U.S. Senator]]; and [[Ted Kennedy]], who served more than 46 years in the U.S. Senate. Other descendants include members of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], two U.S. ambassadors, one U.S. envoy, a [[lieutenant governor]], three state legislators (one of whom also served in the U.S. House of Representatives), and one mayor.

Joseph and Rose's daughter [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] played a vital role in establishing the [[National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] (part of the [[National Institutes of Health]]) and the [[Special Olympics]]. Other descendants of Joseph and Rose Kennedy have been lawyers, authors, and activists on behalf of those with physical and intellectual disabilities.

==History==
According to genealogist Brian Kennedy in his work ''JFK's Irish O'Kennedy Ancestors'', the Kennedys—who would go on to play a significant role in the United States of America—originated from an Irish clan called Ó Cinnéide Fionn (which, along with the Ó Cinnéide Donn and Ó Cinnéide Ruadh, were the three Irish Gaelic [[O'Kennedy|Ó Cinnéide]] clans who ruled the [[Kingdom of Ormond]]). In 1546, their progenitor Diarmaid Ó Cinnéide Fionn became the owner of Knigh Castle, located close to what is today [[Puckane]], [[County Tipperary]]. In 1740, having lost out to the [[Anglo-Irish people|New English]] order in the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], they moved to Dunganstown, [[New Ross]], [[County Wexford]]. Patrick Kennedy was born there.

Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) and Bridget Murphy (1824–1888) sailed from Ireland to [[East Boston]] in 1849. Patrick worked in East Boston as a barrel maker, or cooper,<ref name="Maier2003">{{cite book |title=The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings |first=Thomas |last=Maier |publisher=Basic Books |year=2003 |page={{page needed|date=April 2015}} |isbn=978-0-465-04317-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0 }}</ref> and had five children with Bridget. Their youngest, [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy]], went into business and served in the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts state legislature]] from 1884 to 1895.

P. J. and his wife, Mary Augusta Hickey, had four children. Their oldest was [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr.]],<ref>[http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family.aspx The Kennedy Family] The JFK Library, accessed February 10, 2016</ref> a businessman who amassed a private fortune in banking and securities trading, which he further expanded by investing in filmmaking and real estate. He also founded Somerset Importers and owned Chicago's [[Merchandise Mart]].

In 1914, Joseph Sr. married [[Rose Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]],<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3462557/kennedy-wedding/|title=The Wedding That Changed American History|magazine=Time|date=October 7, 2014 |last=Graham |first=James}}</ref> the eldest daughter of [[John F. Fitzgerald|John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald]], who served six years as [[mayor of Boston]] and six years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boston.com/news/history/2017/05/17/meet-honey-fitz-the-pixielike-mayor-of-boston-and-jfks-grandfather |title=Meet Honey Fitz: The 'pixie like' mayor of Boston (and JFK's grandfather) |date=May 17, 2017 |work=Boston.com |last=DeCosta-Klipa |first=Nik}}</ref> The couple had nine children: [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]] (1915–1944), [[John F. Kennedy|John]] (called Jack) (1917–1963), [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rose Marie]] (called Rosemary) (1918–2005), [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]] (called Kick) (1920–1948), [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] (1921–2009), [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]] (1924–2006), [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]] (called Bobby) (1925–1968), [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] (1928–2020) and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward]] (called Ted) (1932–2009).

Joseph Sr. was appointed by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] as the first chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), chairman of the [[United States Maritime Commission|Maritime Commission]], and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom]] from 1938 to 1940. He served from 1947 to 1949 on The Hoover Commission (the "Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government"), which was appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry Truman]] to recommend administrative changes in the federal government. Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy was named [[Papal count|Papal Countess of the Holy Roman Church]] by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1951 in recognition of her "exemplary motherhood and many charitable works."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/Rose-Fitzgerald-Kennedy.aspx |title = Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy | JFK Library}}</ref>

==Continued public service==
[[File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy]] with their children at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in 1931.]]
Every Kennedy elected to public office has served as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], while other members of the family have worked for the party or held [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] posts in Democratic administrations. Many have attended [[Harvard University]], and the family has contributed greatly to that university's [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]].

Joseph Sr. expected his eldest son, Joseph Jr., to go into politics and to ultimately be elected president. Joseph Jr. was elected as a Massachusetts [[Delegate (American politics)|delegate]] to the [[1940 Democratic National Convention]] and enlisted in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] after the United States entered [[World War II]]. He was killed in 1944 when the bomber he was piloting exploded in flight. Joseph Sr.'s desire to see the family involved in politics and government then focused on John, who had considered a career as a journalist, having authored a book (''[[Why England Slept]]'') and done some reporting for [[Hearst Newspapers]]. After returning from Navy service, John served in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] representing [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district]] from 1947 to 1953, and then as [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|U.S. Senator from Massachusetts]] from 1953 to 1960. In the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]], John narrowly defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent [[Richard Nixon]].

During [[Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy|John's administration]], Robert served as [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]]; his brother-in-law [[Sargent Shriver]] served as director of the new [[Peace Corps]], and Ted [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts]], occupying his brother's former Senate seat until Ted's death in 2009. The Kennedy administration's accomplishments include the [[Alliance for Progress]] with Latin America, the establishment of the Peace Corps, a peaceful resolution to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962, the [[Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]] of 1963, the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] ending the [[poll tax]], the continuation of the [[Apollo program|Apollo spaceflight program]] with the goal of [[We choose to go to the Moon|landing a man on the Moon]], and the introduction of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to Congress (signed into law by Kennedy's successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/| title = www.whitehouse.gov}}</ref> The family was the subject of intense media coverage during and after Kennedy's presidency.

Ted served in the Senate with his brother Robert (1965–1968), and was serving in the Senate when his nephew, [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph P. II]], and his son, [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick J.]], served in the U.S. House of Representatives representing [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]] (1987–1999) and [[Rhode Island's 1st congressional district]] (1995–2011), respectively. In November 2012, [[Joe Kennedy III|Joseph P. Kennedy III]], son of former Rep. Joseph P. Kennedy II and grandson of the late Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district]]. In 2020, Joseph P. III lost the [[2020 United States Senate election in Massachusetts#Democratic primary|U.S. Senate primary election in Massachusetts]] to incumbent [[Ed Markey]], the first Kennedy to ever lose an election in the state.<ref name="jkiii-loses-primary">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/us/politics/ed-markey-kennedy.html|title=Markey Holds Off Joseph Kennedy in Massachusetts Senate Race|quote=The result was the first loss by a Kennedy in a Massachusetts election…|date=September 1, 2020|first=Jonathan|last=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fast Facts about Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/fast-facts-robert-f-kennedy|access-date=September 4, 2020|agency=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}} [[Robert F. Kennedy]] was not on the ballot in Massachusetts in the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries]] and finished second to [[Eugene McCarthy]] as a write-in candidate.</ref>

In the 2020s, three Kennedy family members were serving as U.S. ambassadors or envoys. [[Victoria Reggie Kennedy]], second wife of Ted Kennedy, was named in 2021 by President [[Biden]] as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Austria|U.S. ambassador to Austria]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thanikachalam|first=Neya|title=Senate confirms Victoria Kennedy to be ambassador to Austria|newspaper=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/27/nation/senate-confirms-victoria-kennedy-be-ambassador-austria/ |access-date=January 1, 2023 }}</ref> [[Caroline Kennedy]], daughter of President Kennedy, was named in 2022 by President Biden as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Australia|U.S. ambassador to Australia]]; she previously served as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Japan|U.S. ambassador to Japan]] under President [[Barack Obama]]. In the same year, Joseph P. Kennedy III was named by President Biden as [[United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland|U.S. special envoy to Northern Ireland]]. [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]]. <ref name="The Gavel">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Sophia |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Announces 2024 Presidential Candidacy Against Biden |url=https://bcgavel.com/2023/05/03/robert-f-kennedy-jr-announces-2024-presidential-candidacy-against-biden/ |website=the Gavel |date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

==Businesses==
*''Citizens Energy Corporation''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizensenergy.com/|title=Non-Profit Energy Company | Citizens Energy|date=January 30, 2023|website=Citizens Energy Corporation}}</ref>
*''Columbia Trust Company'' <ref>{{cite book |last=Nasaw |first=David |author-link= |date=2012 |title=The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy |url= |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Penguin Press |page=10 |isbn=978-1-59420-376-3}}</ref>
*[[Film Booking Offices of America|FBO Pictures Corporation]]
*[[George (magazine)|George]]
*[[Hialeah Park Race Track]]
*''Intercontinental Rubber Company''<ref>{{cite news |last=Brean |first=Henry |date=May 9, 2023 |title=U of A teams with Bridgestone to give desert rubber source a bounce |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/u-of-a-teams-with-bridgestone-to-give-desert-rubber-source-a-bounce/article_cfead634-eb87-11ed-9e30-c72e8a63ed24.html |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.#Kennedy & Madonna LLP|Kennedy & Madonna LLP]] (law firm)
*''Kenoil Corporation''<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Jensen |first=Michael C. |date=June 12, 1977 |title=Managing the Kennedy Millions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/12/archives/managing-the-kennedy-millions-managing-the-kennedy-millions.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*''Marwood Group'' (healthcare-focused consulting firm) <ref>{{cite news |date=October 30, 2014 |title=Kennedy's former firm investigated by SEC|url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Kennedy-s-former-firm-investigated-by-SEC-11373445.php |newspaper=New Haven Register|access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
*''Mokeen Oil Company''<ref name="auto"/>
*''Old Colony Realty Associates''<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Regina |date=August 2, 2021 |title=How Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Became a Billionaire And Founded a Political Dynasty That Defined The 20th Century! |url=https://politic-ed.com/2021/08/02/joseph-p-kennedy-sr-political-dynasty/ |work=Politic-Ed |access-date=June 22, 2023}}
</ref>
*[[RKO Pictures]]
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.#Liquor importing|Somerset Imports]]
*''Sumner Savings Bank''<ref>{{cite book |last=Kessler |first=Ronald |author-link= |date=1996 |title=The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty he Founded|publisher=Warner Books, Inc. |page=10 |isbn=0-446-60384-8}}</ref>
*[[Wolf Point, Chicago]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=What Chris Kennedy Is Doing With the New Wolf Point Project |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/june-2013/chris-kennedys-new-wolf-point-project/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |magazine=[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]]}}</ref>
*[[Wolf Point East Tower]]<ref>https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20170628/CRED03/170629845/hines-kennedys-land-200-million-loan-for-wolf-point-project</ref>
*[[Salesforce Tower Chicago]]<ref>https://www.chicagobusiness.com/commercial-real-estate/salesforce-plan-completes-kennedy-familys-wolf-point-puzzle</ref>

==Philanthropy and policy institutes==
*[[Advocates for Opioid Recovery]]
*[[Best Buddies International]]
*[[Citizens Energy Corporation]]
*''Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring''<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2011-03-25 |title=Community of Caring Names University of Utah Its New National Headquarters |url=https://archive.unews.utah.edu/news_releases/community-of-caring-names-university-of-utah-its-new-national-headquarters/ |work=UNews Archive |location=Salt Lake City, UT |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>
*[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development]]
*''Global Recovery Initiative''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Kelly |title=Christopher Lawford, actor, author and nephew of John F. Kennedy, dies at 63 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/06/us/christopher-lawford-death-jfk-nephew-actor/index.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=CNN.com |date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|John F. Kennedy Library Foundation]]
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|Robert F. Kennedy Center For Justice & Human Rights]]
*[[Smart Approaches to Marijuana]]
*[[Special Olympics]]
*[[Stop Handgun Violence]]
*[[Christopher G. Kennedy#Top Box Foods|Top Box Foods]]
*[[VSA (Kennedy Center)]]
*[[White House Historical Association]]
*[[Waterkeeper Alliance]]

==Government offices held==
* [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph Kennedy]]: [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|Massachusetts state Representative]], 1884–1889; [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state Senator]], 1889–1895.
**[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]: Chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], 1934–1935; chairman of the [[United States Maritime Commission]], 1936–1938; [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom]], 1938–1940.
***[[John F. Kennedy|John Fitzgerald Kennedy]]: [[United States Representative]] from Massachusetts, 1947–1953; [[United States Senator]] from Massachusetts, 1953–1960; [[President of the United States]], 1961–1963.
****[[Caroline Kennedy]]: [[United States Ambassador to Japan]], 2013–2017; [[United States Ambassador to Australia]] 2022–present.
***[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]]
****[[Bobby Shriver]]: [[Santa Monica, California]] City Council member, 2004–2012; Mayor of Santa Monica, 2010.
****[[Mark Kennedy Shriver]]: [[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland state Delegate]], 1995–2003.
***[[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert Francis Kennedy]]: [[United States Attorney General]], 1961–1964; United States Senator from New York, 1965–1968.
****[[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend]]: [[Lieutenant governor of Maryland]], 1995–2003.
****[[Joseph P. Kennedy II]]: United States Representative from Massachusetts, 1987–1999.
*****[[Joe Kennedy III|Joseph P. Kennedy III]]: United States Representative from Massachusetts, 2013–2021; U.S. envoy to Northern Ireland, 2022–present.
***[[Jean Kennedy Smith]]: [[United States Ambassador to Ireland]], 1993–1998.
***[[Ted Kennedy|Edward Moore Kennedy]]: United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009.
****[[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]]: [[Connecticut Senate|Connecticut state Senator]], 2015–2019.
****[[Patrick J. Kennedy]]: [[Rhode Island House of Representatives|Rhode Island state Representative]], 1989–1993; United States Representative from Rhode Island, 1995–2011.

In addition, some Kennedy spouses have served in government:
*[[Andrew Cuomo]] (then-husband of [[Kerry Kennedy]]): [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], 1997–2001. After their divorce, he served as New York state attorney general (2007–2010) and New York governor (2011–2021).
*[[Victoria Reggie Kennedy]] (widow of [[Ted Kennedy]]): [[U.S. ambassador to Austria]], 2022–present
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] (then-husband of [[Maria Shriver]]): [[governor of California]], 2003–2011
*[[Sargent Shriver]] (husband of [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]]): [[president of the Chicago Board of Education]], 1955–1960; director of the [[Peace Corps]], 1961–1966; director of the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]], 1964–1968; [[U.S. ambassador to France]], 1968–1970

There was a member of the Kennedy family in public office nearly continuously from 1946, when John F. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, until early 2011, when Patrick J. Kennedy left the House. The only exception was the period between John F. Kennedy's resignation from the Senate on December 22, 1960, and his assumption of the office of President on January 20, 1961. In 2013, two years after Patrick Kennedy left the House, Joseph P. Kennedy III was elected U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and served until 2021. Below is a timeline of the Kennedys' tenure in the U.S. Congress.

===Timeline===
{{#tag:timeline|
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PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

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Period = from:01/01/1930 till:$today
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ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1930

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id:fedcongress value:rgb(0,0,0.6)
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id:ambassador value:rgb(0.84,0.62,0.21)

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bar:JPKSr
bar:JFK
bar:EMK
bar:RFK
bar:JPKII
bar:JKS
bar:PJK
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width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:JPKSr
from: 30/06/1934 till: 23/09/1935 color:fedgovernment
from: 14/04/1937 till: 19/02/1938 color:fedgovernment
from: 08/03/1938 till: 22/10/1940 color:ambassador text:"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr."
bar:JFK
from: 03/01/1947 till: 22/12/1960 color:fedcongress
from: 20/01/1961 till: 22/11/1963 color:fedgovernment text:"John F. Kennedy"
bar:EMK
from: 07/11/1962 till: 25/08/2009 color:fedcongress text:"Edward M. Kennedy"
bar:RFK
from: 21/01/1961 till: 03/09/1964 color:fedgovernment
from: 03/01/1965 till: 06/06/1968 color:fedcongress text:"Robert F. Kennedy"
bar:JPKII
from: 03/01/1987 till: 03/01/1999 color:fedcongress text:"Joseph P. Kennedy II"
bar:JKS
from: 24/06/1993 till: 17/09/1998 color:ambassador text:"Jean Kennedy Smith"
bar:PJK
from: 03/01/1995 till: 03/01/2011 color:fedcongress text:"Patrick J. Kennedy"
bar:JPKIII
from: 03/01/2013 till: 03/01/2021 color:fedcongress
from: 19/12/2022 till: $today color:ambassador text:"Joe Kennedy III"

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from: 19/11/2013 till: 18/01/2017 color:ambassador
from: 25/07/2022 till:$today color:ambassador text:"Caroline Kennedy"
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{{legend0|#000066|[[United States Congress]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Federal government of the United States|United States Government]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}|{{legend0|#d69d36|[[Ambassadors of the United States|United States Ambassador]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
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==Heraldry==
On March 17, 1961, John F. Kennedy was presented with a [[grant of arms]] for all the descendants of Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) from the [[Chief Herald of Ireland]]. The design of the arms (three gold closed helmets on a black field)<ref>The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, Bernard Burke, Harrison & Sons, 1884, pp. 558-9</ref> strongly alludes to symbols in the coats of arms of the [[Kennedy (Ireland)|O'Kennedys]] of Ormonde and the [[House of FitzGerald|FitzGeralds]] of [[Earl of Desmond|Desmond]], from whom the family is descended. The crest is an armored hand holding four arrows between two olive branches, elements taken from the coat of arms of the United States of America and also symbolic of Kennedy and his brothers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-united-states/arms-of-famous-americans/presidents-of-the-united-states/john-fitzgerald-kennedy-35th-president-of-the-united-states/ | title = John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States | publisher = American Heraldry Society | access-date =October 27, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803191207/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=President.Kennedy | archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref>{{Infobox COA wide
|image=File:Coat of Arms of John F. Kennedy.svg
|escutcheon=Sable three helmets in profile Or within a bordure per saltire Gules and Ermine.
|crest=Between two olive branches a cubit sinister arm in armor erect, the hand holding a sheaf of four arrows, points upward, all proper
|year_granted=1961
|name=the Kennedy family
|armiger=All the descendants of Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858)
|symbolism=}}

== See also ==
* [[Kennedy curse]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Book sources ===
* {{cite book | author = Gibson, Barbara | author2 = Ted Schwartz | title = The Kennedys : the Third Generation | location = New York | publisher = Kensington Publishing | year = 1993 | oclc = 670288617 | isbn =9780786010264 | page = 458}}
* Haas, Lawrence J. ''The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedys-World-Remade-Americas-Empire/dp/1640123849/ excerpt]
* Hunt, Amber, and David Batcher. ''Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Wives-Triumph-Tragedy-Americas-ebook/dp/B00QK3BMIA/ excerpt]
* Kessler, Ronald. ''The sins of the father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the dynasty he founded'' (St. Martin's Press, 1996).
* Klein, Edward. ''The Kennedy Curse: Why tragedy has haunted America's first family for 150 years'' (Macmillan, 2003).
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy women: The saga of an American family'' (Ballantine Books, 1996). [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Women-Saga-American-Family/dp/0449911713/ excerpt]
* Leamer, Laurence. ''The Kennedy Men: 1901-1963'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Kennedy-Men-1901-1963-Laurence-Leamer/dp/0688163157/ excerpt]
* Leamer, Laurence. ''Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060559020/ excerpt]
* Nasaw, David. ''The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy'' (2012); scholarly biography.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kennedy family}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180213000352/http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml The Kennedys: A Family Tree], ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/08/26/us/kennedy-family-tree.html?scp=1&sq=kennedy%20family%20tree&st=cse Kennedy Family Tree], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://forrestalhistory.com/the-forrestal-kennedy-connection The Forrestal Kennedy Connection],
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10422.html Kennedy Family], [[The Political Graveyard]]

{{Kennedy family}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy family}}
[[Category:Kennedy family| ]]
[[Category:American families of Irish ancestry]]
[[Category:Business families of the United States]]
[[Category:First families of the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic families]]
[[Category:County Wexford]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture]]
[[Category:Irish-American history]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Boston]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture in Massachusetts]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-11T23:26:44Z

Unfriendnow: /* Portrayals */

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=d}}
| children = 11, including: {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| father = [[George Skakel]]
| mother = {{#ifexist: Ann Brannack|[[Ann Brannack]]}}
| family = [[Kennedy family|Kennedy]] (through marriage)
| awards = {{awd|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]|2014}}
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' ({{nee|'''Skakel'''}} {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American [[human rights advocate]]. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (née Brannack). Shortly after [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|her husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batcher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fetBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family |last2=Hunt |first2=Amber |date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-4930-1671-6 |pages=72 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> She was the third daughter among seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while his wife Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> On October 3, 1955, Ethel's parents were both killed in a plane crash in [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=170}}</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=194}}</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=193}}</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=242}}</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=287}}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[FBI]] Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The [[FBI Director]] had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=352}}</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, and she never did, living her remaining 56 years as a widow.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 1999 |title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2001 |title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998 |access-date=2024-10-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.79|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{Harnvb|Oppenheimer|1994|p=652}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died in Boston on October 10, 2024, at the age of 96,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1844500399950123206 |user=RobertKennedyJr |title=My mom, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, passed peacefully into Heaven this morning. She was 96. She died in Boston surrounded by many of her nine surviving children and her friends. |first=Robert F. Jr |last=Kennedy}}</ref> after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Following the news of her death, President [[Joe Biden]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-10-10 |title=Statement from President Joe Biden on the Passing of Ethel Kennedy |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/10/10/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-ethel-kennedy/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> and former presidents [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite news |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Ethel Kennedy death: Nancy Sinatra, Maria Shriver, Barack Obama respond. 'What a life.' |url=https://eu.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2024/10/10/ethel-kennedy-x-celebrities-mourn-sinatra-obama-shriver-hines-gore/75611195007/ |accessdate=October 11, 2024 |work=[[Cape Cod Times]]}}</ref> and [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Statement from President Clinton on the Passing of Ethel Kennedy |url=https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-and-news/general/statement-from-president-clinton-on-the-passing-of-ethel-kennedy/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Clinton Foundation}}</ref> gave tributes to Kennedy.

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2024}}
[[Ellen Parker (actress)|Ellen Parker]] portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (1983 miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the [[Kennedy presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy {parts 1, 2, and 3 of 7} (tv) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dan&p=185&item=T86:0301 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

[[Marnie McPhail]] portrays Kennedy in the 2002 television film ''[[RFK (film)|RFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFK |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/rfk |publisher=[[Viennale]] |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

[[Kristin Booth]] portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brioux|first=Bill|date=2011-04-08|title=Controversial 'Kennedys' features big Canadian contingent|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/controversial-kennedys-features-big-canadian-contingent-1.629078|access-date=2024-10-11|website=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref> and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Teixeira|first=Bianca|date=2017-04-13|title=Kristin Booth Is the Best Reason to Watch 'The Kennedys After Camelot'|url=https://sharpmagazine.com/2017/04/13/kristin-booth-is-the-best-reason-to-watch-the-kennedys-after-camelot/|access-date=2024-10-11|website=Sharp Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Jerry |url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe |title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |year=1994 |isbn=9780312110406 |url-access=registration}}
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Lee Radziwill

2024-10-11T21:41:08Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American socialite (1933–2019)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{family name hatnote|Radziwiłł|Radziwill|lang=Slavic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Princess Lee Radziwiłł
| image = Lee Bouvier Radziwill, 1974.jpg
| caption = Radziwill in 1974
| birth_name = Caroline Lee Bouvier
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|3|3}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|2|15|1933|3|3}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| resting_place = [[Most Holy Trinity Catholic Cemetery]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Public relations executive|Interior decorator}}
| education = [[Chapin School]] [[Potomac School (McLean, Virginia)|Potomac School]] [[Miss Porter's School]]
| alma_mater = [[Sarah Lawrence College]] (B.A.)
| family = [[Bouvier family]] (by birth) [[Radziwiłł family]] (by marriage)
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{ubl|
* {{marriage|[[Michael Temple Canfield]]|1953|1958|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł|Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł]]|1959|1974|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Herbert Ross]]|1988|2001|reason=divorce}}
}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Anthony Radziwiłł|Prince Anthony Stanislaw Albert Radziwiłł]]|Princess Anna Christina Radziwiłł}}
| father = [[John Vernou Bouvier III]]
| mother = [[Janet Lee Bouvier|Janet Norton Lee]]
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] (sister)|[[John F. Kennedy]] (brother-in-law)|[[Caroline Kennedy]] (niece)|[[John F. Kennedy Jr.]] (nephew)|[[Carole Radziwill]] (daughter-in-law)|[[Rose Schlossberg]] (great-niece)|[[Tatiana Schlossberg]] (great-niece)|[[Jack Schlossberg]] (great-nephew)}}
}}

'''Caroline Lee Radziwiłł''' ({{IPA|/raˈd͡ʑiviw/}}; {{nee|Bouvier}}; March 3, 1933 – February 15, 2019), also previously known as '''Lee Canfield''' and '''Lee Ross''', was an American [[socialite]], [[public relations]] executive, and [[interior designer]]. She was the younger sister of former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] and sister-in-law of President [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Kate|last=Storey|date=April 27, 2016|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/news/a15332/lee-radziwill-jackie-kennedy-jfk/|title=Princess Lee Radziwill Opens Up About Her Sister Jackie Kennedy and JFK|magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]]}}</ref>

== Early life and ancestry ==
Caroline Lee Bouvier was born at [[Doctors Hospital, Manhattan|Doctors Hospital]] in Yorkville, Manhattan, New York City, to stockbroker [[John Vernou Bouvier III]] and his wife, socialite [[Janet Norton Lee]].<ref name=obit1>{{cite news|title=Janet Lee Auchincloss Morris, 81}}</ref><ref name=APObit>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/653cc2d1a62a473e91eb9fecb76dceda|title=Lee Radziwill, stylish sister of Jackie Kennedy, dies at 85|date=2019-02-17|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref>{{efn|group=notes|name=birthplace|Though some sources say she was born in Southampton, the ''New York Times'' of 14 March 1933 reported that "A daughter was born to Mr. and Mrs. John Vernou Bouvier 3d on March 3 at the Doctors Hospital".<ref>{{Citation | title = Daughter to Mrs. J.V. Bouvier 3d | newspaper = The New York Times | publication-place = New York City | volume = LXXXII| issue = 27,443 | date = 14 March 1933 | page = 21| url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/03/14/99298195.pdf}}</ref> New York City is likely correct, as she was born in late winter; Southampton is a summer retreat.}} She attended the [[Chapin School]], in New York City, [[Potomac School (McLean, Virginia)|Potomac School]] in Washington, D.C., [[Miss Porter's School]] in Farmington, Connecticut, and pursued undergraduate studies at [[Sarah Lawrence College]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/obituaries/lee-radziwill-dead.html | title=Lee Radziwill, Ex-Princess and Sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Dies at 85 | first=Robert D. | last=McFadden | work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2019-02-16 | access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> In her birth announcement, and from her earliest years, she was known by her middle name "Lee" rather than "Caroline".

==Career and fame==
Considered by "New York's society arbiters and editors" as the city's leading debutante, Radziwill had her "coming out" party in 1950. A full-page photograph of her in her gown was featured in the "debutante" section of ''Life'' magazine (page 71) in the December 25, 1950 issue.

During the 1960s, Radziwill attempted a career as an actress. Her acting attempt was unsuccessful, if highly publicized. She featured in the 1967 production of ''[[The Philadelphia Story (play)|The Philadelphia Story]]'' as the spoiled [[Philadelphia Main Line|Main Line]] heiress Tracy Lord. The play was staged at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago, and Radziwill's performance was much criticized. A year later, she appeared in a television adaptation of the 1944 movie ''[[Laura (1944 film)|Laura]]'', which was also criticized.<ref>Clarke, Gerald. ''Capote: A Biography'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), pages 388–89.</ref>

A London townhouse and a manor, Turville Grange (which she owned and shared with her second husband), had both been decorated by Italian stage designer [[Lorenzo Mongiardino]] and were greatly admired and frequently photographed by [[Cecil Beaton]] and [[Horst P. Horst]]. She worked briefly as an interior decorator in a style influenced by her association with Mongiardino. Her clientele were wealthy; she once decorated a house "for people who would not be there more than three days a year".<ref name="New York Magazine">''New York Magazine'', "The Decorating Establishment" February 12, 1979.</ref> She frequented celebrity company, including travelling with [[The Rolling Stones]] during [[The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972|their 1972 tour of North America]],<ref>Keys, Bobby. ''Every Night's a Saturday Night'' (Counterpoint, 2012) page 159</ref> which she attended alongside the writer [[Truman Capote]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rip-lee-radziwill|title=Lee Radziwill, American Style Icon and Jackie O's Sister, Dies at 85|last=Barna|first=Dan|website=W Magazine|date=February 16, 2019 |access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref>

Radziwill was named to the ''Vanity Fair'' [[International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List|International Best Dressed Hall of Fame]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_women?currentPage=1 |title=World's Best Dressed Women |work=Vanity Fair: The International Hall of Fame: Women |year=1996 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |author=VF Staff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712215415/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/the-international-best-dressed-list/hall-of-fame-women |archive-date=July 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ultimate Style: The Best of the Best Dressed List |page=160 |isbn=2-84323-513-8 |year=2004|last1=Zilkha |first1=Bettina |publisher=Assouline }}</ref> Her [[Paris]] (Avenue Montaigne 49)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://scenetherapy.com/lee-radziwills-paris-apartment/| title = Lee Radziwill's Paris Apartment - Scene Therapy}}</ref> and [[Manhattan]] (160 East 72nd Street)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://nypost.com/2019/10/30/home-of-jackie-os-late-sister-lee-radziwill-sells-at-a-discount/| title = Lee Radziwill's Upper East Side apartment sells for $4.25M| date = October 30, 2019}}</ref> apartments were featured in the April 2009 issue of ''Elle Décor'' magazine. She was interviewed by director [[Sofia Coppola]] in February 2013 about her life as part of Radziwill's cover story for ''[[T: The New York Times Style Magazine]]'' as well as about Coppola's movie ''[[The Bling Ring]]'' and the loss of privacy.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/in-conversation-lee-radziwill-and-sophia-coppola-on-protecting-privacy|title=In Praise of Privacy|last=Radziwell|first=Lee|date=June 9, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times Style Magazine|access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2021}} She was listed as one of the 50 best-dressed people older than age 50 by ''The Guardian'' in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 50 best-dressed over 50s|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2013/mar/29/50-best-dressed-over-50s|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jess|last=Cartner-Morley|date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

==Family at Grey Gardens==
Radziwill hired documentary filmmakers [[Albert and David Maysles]] in 1972 to work on a movie about the Bouvier family. At the outset, the brothers filmed two eccentric and reclusive members of the extended family, Radziwill's aunt and cousin, [[Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale]] ("Big Edie") and her daughter [[Edith Bouvier Beale]] ("Little Edie"). The Beales lived in [[Grey Gardens (estate)|a rambling, decaying home]] in [[East Hampton (village), New York|East Hampton, New York]], and were funded by other members of the family.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/feb/09/guardianobituaries|title=Obituary: Edith Bouvier Beale|last=Woodman|first=Sue|date=February 9, 2002|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Radziwill's original movie project was suspended, and she retained the footage of the Beales. However the Maysles brothers saw the cinematic potential of the two women and their peculiar lives, and after raising funds for film and equipment of their own, returned and recorded many hours of new footage with Big Edie and Little Edie—the resulting 1975 film ''[[Grey Gardens]]'' is widely ranked among best of the documentary genre. The film was adapted as a 2006 [[Grey Gardens (musical)|musical of the same name]], where the characters Lee and Jackie Bouvier appear as visiting children in retrospect. HBO produced the [[Grey Gardens (2009 film)|2009 television movie ''Grey Gardens'']] based on the lives of the Beales.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/arts/television/12roht.html|title='Grey Gardens,' Back Story Included, on HBO With Drew Barrymore|last=Rohter|first=Larry|date=April 7, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 18, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Surviving footage of Radziwill's 1972 visit to the Beales was included in the 2017 film ''[[That Summer (2017 film)|That Summer]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/that-summer-review-1202740165/|title=Film Review: ''That Summer'' |last=Weissberg|first=Jay|date=March 30, 2018|website=Variety}}</ref><ref name="TWR">{{cite web | title=It's All In The Film: Direct Cinema, 'Grey Gardens' and 'That Summer' | website=The White Review | date=2018-09-27 | url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/feature/film-direct-cinema-grey-gardens-summer/ | access-date=2024-02-16}}</ref>

== Books ==
*{{Cite book|title=Happy Times|last=Radziwill|first=Lee|publisher=Assouline|year=2001|isbn=9781614280545|location=New York|pages=168}}
*{{Cite book|title=Lee|last=Radziwill|first=Lee|publisher=Assouline|others=Foreword by Peter Beard, introduction by Richard David Story|year=2015|isbn=9781614284697|location=New York|pages=184}}

==Personal life and death==
[[File:Książę Stanisław Radziwiłł w czasie Świąt Bożego Narodzenia 1962 roku, Palm Beach, Floryda, USA.jpg|thumb|Lee Radziwill with President [[John F. Kennedy]] and other family on Christmas Day 1962 in Palm Beach, Florida]]
Radziwill was married three times. Her first marriage, in April 1953, was to [[Michael Temple Canfield]], a publishing executive. They divorced in 1958, and the marriage was declared annulled by the [[Sacred Rota]] in November 1962.<ref name="annul">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873839-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102060202/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873839-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2012|title=Roman Catholics: The Law's Delay|date=February 28, 1964|magazine=Time|access-date=September 4, 2009}}</ref> According to the memoirs of [[Loelia, Duchess of Westminster]], [[Edward VIII]] believed that Canfield was actually the biological son of his brother [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]] (the fourth son of King [[George V]] and uncle of [[Elizabeth II]]) and [[Kiki Preston]].

Her second marriage, on March 19, 1959, was to the Polish aristocrat [[Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł|Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł]], member of the [[Radziwill|House of Radziwill]], who divorced his second wife, the former Grace Maria Kolin (Grace later married [[William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley]] as his third wife. Dudley's second wife was [[Laura Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Viscountess (Frances) Laura Long née Charteris]] who later married [[Michael Temple Canfield]], Lee's first husband) and received a Roman Catholic annulment of his first marriage to re-marry. (His second marriage had never been acknowledged by the Roman Catholic Church, so no annulment was necessary.)<ref name="annul"/> Upon her marriage, she began to use the title of ''Her Serene Highness'' Princess Caroline Lee Radziwiłł and was sometimes referred to as Princess Radziwill in the American press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2017/08/lee-radziwill-paris-apartment-sale/|title=Lee Radziwill Is Ready to Part With Her Glamorous Paris Home|last=Halberg|first=Morgan|date=August 10, 2017|website=[[The New York Observer]]|access-date=April 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=July 13, 2017|title=The Bouvier Sisters: 12 Things You May Not Know About Jackie Kennedy and Lee Radziwill|url=https://www.southernliving.com/culture/celebrities/jackie-kennedy-sister-lee-radziwill|magazine=[[Southern Living]]|access-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> However, the [[Second Polish Republic]] had abolished the legal recognition of noble titles in the [[March Constitution (Poland)|March Constitution]] of 1921 (article 96),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19210440267}}</ref> with the effect that the Radziwills were pretenders to the title. They had two children, [[Anthony Radziwiłł|Anthony]] (1959–1999) and Anna Christina (b. 1960).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/the-real-lee-radziwill/|title=The Real Lee Radziwill|last=Haslam|first=Nicky|date=7 February 2013|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> Their marriage ended in divorce in 1974.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 29, 1974|title=For Princess Lee Radziwill, It's the End of a Marriage|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20064301,00.html|url-status=dead|magazine=People|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210030546/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20064301,00.html|archive-date=February 10, 2011}}</ref>

In 1976, ''The New York Times'' reported [[Peter Francis Tufo]], a lawyer and real estate developer, was a "frequent escort" of Radziwill.<ref name=Nytimes1976-09-11/>

On September 23, 1988, Radziwill married for a third time, becoming the second wife of American movie director and choreographer [[Herbert Ross]].<ref name="Ross">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DA1731F937A1575AC0A96E948260|title=Lee Bouvier Radziwill Weds Herbert Ross, Film Director|date=September 24, 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> Their divorce was finalized during 2001; he died later that year, and she returned to using Radziwill, the transliteration of her children's name, Radziwiłł.

Radziwill died on February 15, 2019, aged 85, in her apartment on the [[Upper East Side]] of Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/lee-radziwill-obituary|title=Lee Radziwill Is Dead at 85|last=Codinha|first=Alessandra|date=February 16, 2019|website=Vogue|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a26368833/lee-radziwill-dies|title=Lee Radziwill Has Died|last=Rathe|first=Adam|date=February 16, 2019|website=Town & Country|publisher=Hearst Communications|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lee-radziwill-dies-85-121002847.html|title=Lee Radziwill Dies at 85|date=February 16, 2019|website=Yahoo! Finance|publisher=Oath, Inc.|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>

The funeral service was held at [[St. Thomas More Church (New York City)|St. Thomas More]] in New York City; among the funeral guests were [[Caroline Kennedy]], [[Carole Radziwill]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Tory Burch]], [[Andre Leon Talley]], [[Sofia Coppola]], [[Carolina Herrera]], [[Peter Beard]] and Deeda Blair.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

== In popular culture ==
[[Gilda Radner]], performing a [[Roseanne Roseannadanna]] skit on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', notably mused about "Princess Lee" in [[Saturday Night Live (season 4)|December 1978]].

Radziwill was portrayed by [[Calista Flockhart]] in ''[[Feud: Capote vs. The Swans]]'' (2024).

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Nytimes1976-09-11>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/11/archives/notes-on-people-alexandra-creel-marries-goelet-museum-president.html
| title = Notes on people: Alexandra Creel married Goelet Museum President
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| date = 1976-09-11
| page = 12
| access-date = 2019-10-12
}}
</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title=Capote, A Biography | last=Clarke | first=Gerald | author-link=Gerald Clarke (author) | publisher=Simon and Schuster | location=New York | edition=1st | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-241-12549-6}}
* {{cite book | title=In Her Sister's Shadow: An Intimate Biography of Lee Radziwill | last=Dubois | first=Diana | publisher=Little Brown & Co | location=New York | edition=1st | year=1995 | isbn=978-0316187534}}
* {{cite book | title=Nemesis: The True Story | url=https://archive.org/details/nemesistruestory00evan | url-access=registration | last=Evans | first=Peter | publisher=Regan Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-06-058053-7 | id= [0-06-058053-4]}}
* Magazine Paris Match July 6, 2008 page 16.
* {{cite book | title=Happy Times | last=Radziwill | first=Lee | publisher=Assouline | location=New York | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-614-28054-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lee Radziwill}}
* {{IMDb name|0705955}}

{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radziwill, Lee}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manhattan]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American women interior designers]]
[[Category:American interior designers]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Miss Porter's School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Southampton (town), New York]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Princesses of Poland]]
[[Category:Princesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni]]
[[Category:Socialites from New York City]]
[[Category:Radziwiłł family|Lee]]
[[Category:Burials in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:American women memoirists]]

George Skakel

2024-10-11T18:18:54Z

Unfriendnow:

{{Short description|American businessman (1892–1955)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = George_Skakel.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|7|16}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|10|3|1892|7|16}}
| death_place = near [[Union City, Oklahoma]], U.S.
| burial_place = [[Putnam Cemetery|Saint Mary's Cemetery]] [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], U.S.
| occupation = Businessman
| years_active = 1919–1955
| employer = The Great Lakes Coal & Coke Company
| spouse = {{Marriage|Ann Brannack|1917}}
| children = 7, including [[Ethel Kennedy]]
}}

'''George Skakel''' ({{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kel}}; July 16, 1892 – October 3, 1955) was an American businessman. He founded the Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, part of [[SGL Carbon]], and was the father of the late [[Ethel Kennedy]], the widow of [[Robert F. Kennedy]].

==Early life ==
Skakel was born in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] on July 16, 1892. He was a son of businessman James Curtis Skakel and Grace Mary Jordan, who were Protestants of [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|last=David|first=Lester|title=Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86176463/the-palm-beach-post/|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> He had an elder brother William Skakel, a younger sister Margaret Skakel, and a younger brother James Curtis Skakel Jr.<ref name=OtherKennedy/>

==Career==
Skakel began his career as a railroad shipping clerk earning $8 a week.<ref name="hilty"/> While employed by the railroad, he noticed the price volatility of coal fines for [[Coke (fuel)|coke]], which is a byproduct of producing more-in-demand forms of coal. At most times, the coal mining companies were forced to store the coke or pay to have it disposed of in rivers. Skakel came up with an idea to purchase the coke from coal companies. In May 1919, Skakel and two partners put up $1,000 and established The Great Lakes Coal & Coke Company.<ref name=OtherKennedy>{{cite book|last=Oppenheimer|first=Jerry|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1995|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-95600-2|page=23}}</ref> The company would purchase the coke from coal companies and reprocess it into clean carbon which was used to produce aluminum. By 1929, Skakel had become a multi-millionaire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dumas|first=Timothy|title=Greentown: Murder and Mystery in Greenwich, America's Wealthiest Community|year=1998|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=1-559-70441-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/greentownmurderm00duma/page/128 128]|url=https://archive.org/details/greentownmurderm00duma/page/128}}</ref>

The business eventually grew into The Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, which became one of the largest privately held corporations in the United States. After Skakel's death in 1955, his sons George Jr. (who also died in a plane crash, in 1966) and James III took over the business.<ref name=levitt>{{cite book|last=Levitt|first=Leonard|title=Conviction: Solving the Moxley Murder: A Reporter and a Detective's Twenty-Year Search for Justice|year=2004|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-060-54430-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/convictionsolvin00levi/page/25 25–26]|url=https://archive.org/details/convictionsolvin00levi/page/25}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Skakel married his former secretary, Ann Brannack (b. 1892), on November 25, 1917.<ref name=OtherKennedy/> Ann was a Roman Catholic. They had seven children:

* Georgeann (1918–1983); Married John Dowdle (1918–1957) in 1945; Married George Terrien (1923–1992) in 1958.
* James III (1921–1998); Married Virginia Weinman (1930–1998) in 1952.
* George Jr. (1922–1966); Married Joan Corroon (1928–1967) in 1951.
* Rushton (1923–2003); Married Anne Reynolds (1932–1973) in 1953; Married Anna Mae Decker (1937–2019) in 1983.
* Patricia (1925–2000); Married Luan Cuffe (1917–1980) in 1949. Their son, [[Ciarán Cuffe]] (b. 3 April 1963), is an Irish politician who served as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) from [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] for the [[Dublin (European Parliament constituency)|Dublin]] constituency from July 2019 to July 2024.
* [[Ethel Kennedy]] (1928–2024); Married [[Robert F. Kennedy]] (1925–1968) in 1950.
* Ann (1933–2023); Married John McCooey (1928–2011) in 1954.

On October 3, 1955, George and Ann Skakel were killed when the private plane in which they were traveling crashed near [[Union City, Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Robert Kennedy's Wife's Parents Die in Plane Crash|newspaper=The Daily Boston Globe|date=October 5, 1955|page=29}}</ref> They are buried at [[Putnam Cemetery|Saint Mary's Cemetery]] in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]].<ref>{{harv|David|1971|p=226}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Ginger Garnett |title=Rancho Palos Verdes |date=2009 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7385-6920-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V3Ov4FzfngC&pg=PA90 |access-date=21 May 2024 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skakel, George}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chicago]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1955]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-11T18:01:49Z

Unfriendnow:

{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = 
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|died]]}}
| children = 11, including {{flatlist|
* [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]]
* [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph II]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]]
* [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]]
* [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]]
* [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Chris]]
* [[Max Kennedy|Max]]
* [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]]
* [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]]
}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Skakel]]|Ann Brannack}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (through marriage)
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' (''née'' '''Skakel''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kəl}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American human rights advocate. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (''née'' Brannack). Shortly after her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born on April 11, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his former secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David {{Google books|9fetBQAAQBAJ|Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|page=72}}</ref> She was the third daughter among seven children with a younger sister named Ann and five elder siblings: Georgeann, James, George Jr., Rushton, and Patricia.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

Her father George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> He was of Dutch descent and a Protestant<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while his wife Ann was of Irish ancestry and practiced the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith. Their children were raised Catholic, and Ethel, a devout Catholic herself, attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

Ethel's parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, in a Catholic ceremony at the [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 170.</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 194.</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 193.</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.) with a 13-bedroom mansion.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 242.</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe|url-access=registration|page=287|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of her [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|brother-in-law's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[FBI]] Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The [[FBI Director]] had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 352.</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref>

She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles; he died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, and indeed she never did, living her remaining 56 years as a widow.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during their 18-year marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after her father was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding|first=Lisa |last= Anderson| newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998|date=February 9, 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, according to the Fund's 2022 annual report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Annual_Report_2022_3.pdf| title= Annual Report 2022|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|175px|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|page=652|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died on October 10, 2024 at the age of 96, after being hospitalized for a stroke she had the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Following the news of her death, President [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden,]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-10-10 |title=Statement from President Joe Biden on the Passing of Ethel Kennedy |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/10/10/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-ethel-kennedy/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> and former presidents [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite news|url = https://eu.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2024/10/10/ethel-kennedy-x-celebrities-mourn-sinatra-obama-shriver-hines-gore/75611195007/|title = Ethel Kennedy death: Nancy Sinatra, Maria Shriver, Barack Obama respond. 'What a life.'|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 11, 2024|publisher = [[Cape Cod Times]]}}</ref> and [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-and-news/general/statement-from-president-clinton-on-the-passing-of-ethel-kennedy/</ref> gave tributes to Kennedy.

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-11T00:22:06Z

Unfriendnow: Her notable children are already mentioned in the "children" section of this wikipedia and are listed with their careers. If they weren't mentioned then yes we could've name all of them in her infobox but since they are already noted we don't need duplication in the infobox.

{{Recent death|October 2024}}
{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethel Kennedy Smile 1968 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|died]]}}
| children = 11
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Skakel]]|Ann Brannack}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (through marriage)
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' (''née'' '''Skakel''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kel}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American human rights advocate. Kennedy was the wife of [[U.S. senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (''née'' Brannack). Shortly after her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago, Illinois, to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his former secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David {{Google books|9fetBQAAQBAJ|Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|page=72}}</ref> George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Her parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref> She was the third of four Skakel daughters and the sixth-born of seven children.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> George was a [[Protestant]] of Dutch descent<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] of Irish ancestry. The children were raised Catholic, and Ethel was a devout Catholic who attended mass regularly throughout her life.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name = Martin>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/us/politics/ethel-kennedy-dead.html|title = Ethel Kennedy, Passionate Supporter of the Family Legacy, Dies at 96|last = Martin|first = Douglas|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref>

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]] during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During that trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in John's 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, at Catholic [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 170.</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C., area]], and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 194.</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 193.</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The 13-bedroom estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]], (west of Washington, D.C.).<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 242.</ref>

In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour 14 countries on a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and Ethel as stand-ins for the President and the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe|url-access=registration|page=287|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel first learned of her [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|brother-in-law's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as [[FBI]] Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The [[FBI Director]] had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 352.</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]], representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]", and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting the slogan, "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref> She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the [[White House]]".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles and died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a [[national day of mourning]]. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> After her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, and indeed she never did, living her remaining 56 years as a widow.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children during nearly 18 years of marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after Robert was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding|first=Lisa |last= Anderson| newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|website=docquery.fec.gov|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]]|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the [[Chico Mendes]] Award on behalf of American environmental group the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998|date=February 9, 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> As of September 2018, Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/nyregion/rikers-island-inmate-population.html|title=500 Women and Teenagers to Be Bailed Out From Rikers by Human Rights Group|first=Jeffery C.|last=Mays|date=September 19, 2018|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|175px|Kennedy in 2000]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Kennedy focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|page=652|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheers S11E10 Daddy's Little Middle Aged Girl cut |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-gU-RLDwMU |via=YouTube | date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In her later years, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts and in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/ethel-kennedy-dies-00eb88951db24e0cada9bd48b66ad8ea|title = Ethel Kennedy, social activist and wife of Robert F. Kennedy, has died|last1 = Casey|first1 = Michael|last2 = Leblanc|first2 = Steve|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|agency = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She died on October 10, 2024 in Boston, at the age of 96, from complications of a stroke she had in the week prior.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>[https://x.com/RobertKennedyJr/status/1844500399950123206?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet Twitter]</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]

User talk:Unfriendnow

2024-10-10T21:12:20Z

Unfriendnow: /* October 2024 */ Reply

== October 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:Unfriendnow|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the "prompt me when entering a blank edit summary" box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks!  [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 20:53, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

:Will do. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow#top|talk]]) 21:12, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-10T18:30:38Z

Unfriendnow:

{{Recent death|October 2024}}
{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place =
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|died]]}}
| children = 11
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Skakel]]|Ann Brannack}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (through marriage)
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' (''née'' '''Skakel''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kel}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American human rights advocate. She was the wife of U.S. senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of President [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (''née'' Brannack). Shortly after her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, she was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago, Illinois to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his former secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David {{Google books|9fetBQAAQBAJ|Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|page=72}}</ref> George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Her parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref> She is the third of four Skakel daughters and the sixth-born of seven children.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> George was a [[Protestant]] of Dutch descent<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of Irish ancestry.

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the Convent of the Sacred Heart in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During this trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in his 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, at the Catholic [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 170.</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]] and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 194.</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 193.</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The 13-bedroom estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]] (west of Washington, D.C.).<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 242.</ref>
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]
In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour fourteen countries within a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and her as stand-ins for the President and First Lady.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe|url-access=registration|page=287|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel learned of her [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|brother-in-law's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The FBI Director had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 352.</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]] representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]" and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting this slogan: "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref> She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the White House".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy in 2000]]
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles and died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a national day of mourning. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> Following her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again, and Ethel indeed never did, living her remaining 56 years as a widow.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children over nearly 18 years of marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after Robert was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding|first=Lisa |last= Anderson| newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|website=docquery.fec.gov|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| website=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|work=rfkcenter.org|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref>

In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the Chico Mendes Award on behalf of the American environmental group, the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998|date=February 9, 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

As of September 2018, Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/nyregion/rikers-island-inmate-population.html|title=500 Women and Teenagers to Be Bailed Out From Rikers by Human Rights Group|first=Jeffery C.|last=Mays|date=September 19, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kennedy in 2018]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Ethel focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|page=652|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheers S11E10 Daddy's Little Middle Aged Girl cut |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-gU-RLDwMU |via=YouTube | date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

As of 2019, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts.<ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She was a practicing Catholic who often attended mass.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

On October 3, 2024, she was hospitalized after a stroke.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/ethel-kennedy-hospitalized-after-suffering-stroke-family/story?id=114624612|title = Ethel Kennedy hospitalized after suffering stroke, family says|last = Sarnoff|first = Elsa|publisher = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date = October 8, 2024|access-date= October 9, 2024}}</ref> Kennedy died on October 10, at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-10T17:32:48Z

Unfriendnow: Don't need to mention all her children. They are already mentioned in the "children" section of this wikipedia and are listed with their careers. this doesn't need duplication in the infobox. If anybody wants to know the life of her notable children, they can go to their own wikipedia pages.

{{Recent death|October 2024}}
{{Short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| death_place =
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|died]]}}
| children = 11
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Skakel]]|Ann Brannack}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (through marriage)
}}

'''Ethel Kennedy''' (''née'' '''Skakel''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kel}}; April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American human rights advocate. She was the wife of U.S. senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of President [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (''née'' Brannack). Shortly after her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, she was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago, Illinois to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his former secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David {{Google books|9fetBQAAQBAJ|Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|page=72}}</ref> George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Her parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref> She is the third of four Skakel daughters and the sixth-born of seven children.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> George was a [[Protestant]] of Dutch descent<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of Irish ancestry.

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the Convent of the Sacred Heart in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During this trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in his 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, at the Catholic [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 170.</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]] and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 194.</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 193.</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The 13-bedroom estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]] (west of Washington, D.C.).<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 242.</ref>
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]
In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour fourteen countries within a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and her as stand-ins for the President and First Lady.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe|url-access=registration|page=287|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel learned of her [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|brother-in-law's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The FBI Director had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 352.</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]] representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]" and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting this slogan: "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref> She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the White House".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kennedy in 2000]]
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles and died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a national day of mourning. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> Following her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children over nearly 18 years of marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after Robert was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding|first=Lisa |last= Anderson| newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|website=docquery.fec.gov|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| website=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|work=rfkcenter.org|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref>

In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the Chico Mendes Award on behalf of the American environmental group, the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998|date=February 9, 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

As of September 2018, Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/nyregion/rikers-island-inmate-population.html|title=500 Women and Teenagers to Be Bailed Out From Rikers by Human Rights Group|first=Jeffery C.|last=Mays|date=September 19, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kennedy in 2018]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Ethel focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|page=652|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheers S11E10 Daddy's Little Middle Aged Girl cut |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-gU-RLDwMU |via=YouTube | date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

As of 2019, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts.<ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She was a practicing Catholic who often attended mass.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

On October 3, 2024, Kennedy was hospitalized after a stroke.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/ethel-kennedy-hospitalized-after-suffering-stroke-family/story?id=114624612|title = Ethel Kennedy hospitalized after suffering stroke, family says|last = Sarnoff|first = Elsa|publisher = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date = October 8, 2024|access-date= October 9, 2024}}</ref> She died on October 10, at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|publisher = [[NBC News]]}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]

Kennedy Compound

2024-10-10T17:00:55Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|Historic house in Massachusetts, United States}}

{{use mdy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Kennedy Compound
| nrhp_type = nhld
| image = Kennedy Compound 2021.jpg
| caption = The Kennedy Compound in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] in 2021
| location = 50 Marchant Avenue [[Hyannis, Massachusetts#Hyannis Port|Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41|37|47.928|N|70|18|8.4954|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Cape Cod#Massachusetts
| area = 6 [[acre]]s (24,000 m²)
| built = 1904
| architect =
| architecture = [[Clapboard (architecture)|Clapboard]]
| designated_nrhp_type = November 28, 1972
| added = November 28, 1972
| refnum = 72001302<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| nrhp_type2 = cp
| nocat = yes
| designated_nrhp_type2 = November 10, 1987
| partof = [[Hyannis Port Historic District]]
| partof_refnum = 87000259
| map_label = Kennedy Compound
}}
The '''Kennedy Compound''' consists of three houses on {{convert|6|acre|ha|abbr=off|spell=in}} of waterfront property in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedys in Hyannis Port; How it happened |url=https://jfkhyannismuseum.org/11366-2/ |website=John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum |date=April 11, 2022 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kennedy compound, in pictures |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/02/us/gallery/kennedy-compound/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=August 2, 2019 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> It was once the home of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], an American businessman, investor, and diplomat; his wife, [[Rose Kennedy|Rose]]; and their nine children, including U.S. President and Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] and U.S. Senators [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward M. Kennedy]]. As an adult, the youngest son, Edward, lived in his parents' house, and it was his primary residence from 1982 until he died of brain cancer at the compound, in August 2009.<ref>Staff writer (August 27, 2009). [http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/08/27/kennedy-compound-converted-museum "Kennedy Compound to Be Converted to Museum – Sen. Edward Kennedy Succumbed to Brain Cancer at the Compound Tuesday Night and the Family Held a Private Mass for the Legendary Senator Thursday Morning"]. ''[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]''. Accessed August 29, 2009.</ref>

Purchased in 1928, the compound became the place that the [[Kennedy family]] most associated with home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Updegrove |first1=Mark K. |title=Incomparable Grace: JFK in the Presidency |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tye |first1=Larrt |title=Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon |date=2016 |publisher=Random House |page=16}}</ref>

John F. Kennedy used the compound as a base for his [[John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign|successful 1960 U.S. presidential campaign]] and later as a [[Summer White House]] and presidential retreat. In 2012, the main house was donated to the [[Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbur.org/2012/01/30/kennedy-home |title=Main House At Kennedy Compound Given To Institute |date=2012-01-30 |work=WBUR |access-date=2013-03-04}}</ref>

==History==
In 1926, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. rented a summer [[cottage]] at 50 Marchant Avenue in Hyannis Port. Two years later, he purchased the structure, which had been erected in 1904, and enlarged and remodeled it to suit his growing family's needs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy family divided over Mass. family compound |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2011/07/kennedy_family_divided_over_ma.html |website=MassLive.com |date=July 15, 2011 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> In and around this house, their nine children spent their summers and early autumns,<ref name=Kennedy37>{{cite book|title=True Compass: A Memoir|first=Edward M.|last=Kennedy|page=[https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37 37]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-446-53925-8|publisher=Twelve; First edition|url=https://archive.org/details/truecompassmemoi00kenn/page/37}}</ref> acquiring a lifelong interest in [[sailing]] and other competitive activities.<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy|title=Life of John F. Kennedy|website=jfklibrary.org}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The Kennedys previously spent their summers at a cottage on [[Nantasket Beach]] in [[Hull, Massachusetts]] (where [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]] was born in 1915).<ref>{{cite web |title=Honey Fitz Summer House // 1900 |url=https://buildingsofnewengland.com/2021/02/16/honey-fitz-summer-house-1900/ |website=Buildings of New England|date=February 16, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph Kennedy Jr |url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/joseph-kennedy-jr |website=History.com|date=August 21, 2018 }}</ref> In the mid-1920s, the Kennedys explored purchasing a home in [[Cohasset, Massachusetts]], but when Joe Sr. applied for membership at the exclusive Cohasset Country Club, he was blackballed. Historian [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] wrote that in Cohasset, "Irish Catholics were still looked down upon by the reigning Protestant (WASP) establishment."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lambert |first1=Lane |title=Could Cohasset have been Ted Kennedy's hometown? |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2009/08/28/could-cohasset-have-been-ted/40345015007/ |website=The Patriot Ledger}}</ref> Joe Sr., who had connections with the members at the [[Hyannisport Club|Hyannisport Golf Club]], was accepted in spite of it being another "Yankee stronghold."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MumIEAAAQBAJ&dq=hyannisport+club&pg=PT50 |title=Power Players: Sports, Politics, and the American Presidency |date=2023-04-18 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-1-5387-2062-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=How to Summer Like a Kennedy |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/travel-guide/a43931043/kennedy-family-compound-hyannis-port-history/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US}}</ref> It was a deciding factor for Joe Sr. to purchase a house in the seaside village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Productions |first=TalkinGolf |title=TGH 66: The History of the Hyannisport Club |url=https://talkingolf.fireside.fm/66 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=TalkinGolf}}</ref> In 1941, the Hyannis Port home became the family's primary (legal) residence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger Jr. |first1=Arthur |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=37}}</ref>

In 1956, John bought a smaller home of his own at 111 Irving Avenue,({{coord|41.6308|-70.3035|type:landmark_scale:5000}}) not far from his father's home. In 1959, Edward acquired the residence at 28 Marchant Avenue ({{coord|41.63|-70.303|type:landmark_scale:5000}}) adjacent to the other two, but in 1961 sold it to Robert and his wife [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel]]. Edward lived in the main house at the compound until his death.<ref name="Cape Cod Times - Berry">{{cite news|last=Berry|first=Jake|title=Future of compound fueling rumor mill|url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090829/NEWS/908290318/-1/special18|access-date=October 10, 2011|newspaper=Cape Cod Times|date=2009-08-29|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026012448/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090829/NEWS/908290318/-1/SPECIAL18|archive-date=2011-10-26}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Kennedy-compound-nat-park-serv.jpg|thumb|Kennedy Compound in 1972]]
All three buildings are white, frame, [[clapboard]] structures typical of vacation residences on Cape Cod. Except for specific occasions at the Main House, the buildings are not available for public visitation.

===Main house===
Joseph Sr.'s home, the Main House and the largest of the three, is surrounded by well-tended [[lawn]]s and [[garden]]s and it commands sweeping views of [[Nantucket Sound]] from its long porches.

On the main floor are a living room, dining room, sun room, [[family room|television room]], kitchen, various [[pantry|pantries]], [[utility room]]s and the bedroom that John used before he purchased his own house in the compound.

On the second floor are six bedrooms, a sewing room, packing room, and four servants' bedrooms. The house has a full [[attic]].

The [[basement]] contains a [[Movie theater|motion-picture theater]] and a hall covered with dolls from all around the world. The dolls<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klein |first=Edward |title=All Too Human: The Love Story of Jack and Jackie Kennedy |publisher=Pocket |year=1997 |isbn=978-0671501914 |edition=1st}}</ref> belonged to Joseph Sr. and were gifted to him from a number of different acquaintances during his time as the 44th US Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

The house has changed little, either structurally or in furnishings, since President Kennedy's association with it.

In 2012, the main house was donated by the Kennedy family to the [[Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate]]. On the grounds are an enclosed [[swimming pool]], [[tennis court]], a four-car [[Garage (house)|garage]], and two [[guest house (lodging)|guest houses]].

There are two circular driveways with [[flagpole]]s standing in the middle, a [[boathouse]] and several large stretches of lawn area where many of the family [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] games were played.

Other parcels of land that assorted members of the family have purchased remain as well-tended as those of the more prominent homes.

==See also==
*[[List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
*[[List of residences of presidents of the United States]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{NPS|work=The Presidents|title=Kennedy Compound|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/presidents/site30.htm}}

==External links==
* {{cite news | author=Knight, Wendy|date=August 18, 2006|title = A Harbor Full of History and Sea Lore on Cape Cod|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | access-date = August 29, 2009 | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/travel/escapes/18down.html?pagewanted=print }}

{{Kennedy family}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

[[Category:John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Kennedy family residences]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]]
[[Category:Houses in Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1904]]
[[Category:Presidential homes in the United States]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]
[[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts]]

Joan Bennett Kennedy

2024-10-10T16:54:24Z

Unfriendnow: Should i add this or not? considering she did divorce Ted?

{{short description|First wife of Ted Kennedy}}
{{about|the first wife of [[Ted Kennedy]]|other people named Joan Kennedy|Joan Kennedy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = On his arrival in Israel, Senator Edward Kennedy declared to the press that he supports supplying Israel with US made Phantom fighters (FL45949879).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1971
| birth_name = Virginia Joan Bennett
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|9|2}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Manhattanville College]] [[Lesley University]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ted Kennedy]] |1958|1983|end=div}}
| children = {{flatlist|
* [[Kara Kennedy|Kara]]
* [[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.|Edward Jr.]]
* [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick II]]}}
}}
'''Virginia Joan Kennedy''' ({{née}} '''Bennett''', born September 2, 1936) is an American socialite who was the first wife of [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]]. She is the oldest living member of the [[Kennedy family]].

== Early life ==
Virginia Joan Bennett was born at [[Mother Cabrini]] Hospital in New York City.<ref name="women of camelot">{{cite book|last=Taraborrelli|first=J. Randy|title=Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|date=April 2, 2012|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-56463-2|pages=81–86}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Roman Catholic]] family<ref name="women of camelot" /> in suburban [[Bronxville, New York]]. Her parents were Virginia Joan Stead (1911–1976) and Harry Wiggin Bennett Jr. (1907-1981)<ref name="women of camelot" /> Her father was a graduate of [[Cornell University]] and worked as an advertising executive. She grew up with one younger sister, Candace (“Candy”), born 1938. She attended [[Manhattanville College]] (then a Sacred Heart college), in [[Purchase, New York]].<ref name="women of camelot" /> Manhattanville was also the alma mater of her future mother-in-law [[Rose Kennedy]] and future sisters-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith]] and [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel Kennedy]]. In 1982, Bennett received an MA in Education from Lesley College, now known as [[Lesley University]]. As a teenager, she worked as a model in television advertising.<ref name=2005Deseret>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050402/ai_n13509653 |title=Joan Kennedy's troubles linked to alcohol struggle |last=Lindsay |first=Jay |date=April 2, 2005 |publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[Deseret News]] |access-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523230950/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050402/ai_n13509653/ |archive-date=May 23, 2009 }}</ref>

== Marriage, family and divorce ==
In October 1957, at the dedication of a gymnasium at Manhattanville College in memory of another Kennedy sister, [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]] – who had died in a plane crash in France in 1948 – Jean Kennedy Smith introduced Joan to her younger brother Edward ({{a.k.a.}} Ted), then a student at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]].<ref name=bostonmag>{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_fall_of_joan/ |title=The Fall of Joan |last=McPhee |first=Michelle |author2=Wedge, Dave |date=August 2005 |publisher=[[Boston magazine|Boston]] |access-date=May 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521040439/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_fall_of_joan/ |archive-date=May 21, 2008 }}</ref> The couple became engaged quickly and Joan grew nervous about marrying someone she did not know well. Joe Kennedy insisted that the wedding should proceed,<ref name="clymer-23">Clymer, ''A Biography'', pp. 23–24.</ref> and they were married on November 29, 1958, in [[Bronxville, New York]].<ref name="women of camelot" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html|title=American Experience: The Kennedys|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=March 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313091721/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The small family wedding was held just a few weeks after Ted's older brother [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] won his landslide re-election for his [[United States Senate]] seat representing [[Massachusetts]] in 1958. Joan had three children with Ted Kennedy: [[Kara Kennedy]] (1960–2011), [[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]] (Ted Jr.) (b. 1961), and [[Patrick J. Kennedy]] (b. 1967).

Two of their children were cancer victims. Ted Jr. developed [[bone cancer]] at age 12, which resulted in the removal of a portion of his right leg in 1973, and Kara was treated for lung cancer in 2003;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2008/05/25/kennedy_his_children_and_cancer/|title=Kennedy, his children, and cancer|last=Jacobs|first=Sally|date=May 25, 2008|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> Kara died of a heart attack at age 51 on September 16, 2011.

Ted suffered a severe back injury in a 1964 airplane crash while campaigning for his first full Senate term. Joan assumed the full campaign-appearance schedule for his successful [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1964|re-election in 1964]]. He had earlier won a [[United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962|special election in November 1962]], to serve out the final two years of his brother John's Senate six-year term; John had resigned from the U.S. Senate upon his [[1960 United States presidential election|November 1960 election]] as the 35th U.S. President.

In July 1969, Ted Kennedy was involved in a [[Chappaquiddick incident|car accident at a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island]] in Massachusetts that resulted in the death of his passenger, [[Mary Jo Kopechne]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bly|first=Nellie|title=The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal, and Secrets|publisher=[[Kensington Books]], New York|year=1996|isbn=1-57566-106-3|page=200}}</ref> Although pregnant and confined to bed in the wake of two previous [[miscarriage]]s, Joan attended Kopechne's funeral. Three days later, she stood beside her husband in a local court when he pled guilty to [[hit and run|leaving the scene of an accident]]. She suffered a third miscarriage shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taraborrelli|first=J. Randy|title=Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|publisher=[[Warner Books]], New York|year=2000|isbn=0-446-52426-3|url=https://archive.org/details/jackieetheljoanw00tararich}}</ref>

[[File:Joan Bennett Kennedy in Boston.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|{{center|Joan Kennedy in Boston at the Rose Parade celebration of mother-in-law Rose Kennedy's 90th birthday in 1980}}]]

The couple separated in 1978 after twenty years of marriage.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912497,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529031918/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912497,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 29, 2008|author=Staff writer|title=The Vulnerable Soul of Joansie|date=November 5, 1979|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> She subsequently told ''[[McCall's]]'' magazine about her alcoholism and her work to stay sober.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Richard E. |author2=Hoffer, Marilyn |author3=Hoffer, William |title=The Senator: My Ten Years with Ted Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/senatormytenyear00burk|url-access=registration|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]. New York|year=1992|pages=[https://archive.org/details/senatormytenyear00burk/page/147 147]–148|isbn=978-0-312-09134-7}}</ref> They remained together officially married during his failed [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1980|1980 U.S. presidential campaign]], later announcing plans to divorce in 1981; the divorce was finalized in 1983.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maier|first=Thomas|title=The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings|publisher=[[Basic Books]], New York|year=2003|isbn=0-465-04317-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0/page/555 555]|url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0/page/555}}</ref>

== Later life ==
In 1992, she published the book ''The Joy of Classical Music: A Guide for You and Your Family''. Kennedy has worked with children's charities, remains an accomplished pianist and has taught classical music to children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=262948|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730061406/http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=262948|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 30, 2012|author=Staff writer|title=Joan Bennett Kennedy Biography (1936– )|date=n.d.|publisher=[[The Biography Channel]]|access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref>

Kennedy's later years have been shaped by chronic alcoholism, which developed during her marriage. The alcohol problem escalated with sporadic, uneven sobriety, repeated drunk-driving arrests,<ref name=2005Deseret /> court-ordered [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]],<ref name=2005Deseret /> and a return to drinking. This ultimately led to kidney damage, with the possibility of [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]]<ref name="bostonmag" /> and protracted complications. In July 2004, her son, Ted Jr., was appointed her legal guardian; in 2005, her children were granted temporary guardianship. That year she was hospitalized with a [[concussion]] and a broken shoulder after being found lying in a Boston street near her home.<ref name=2005Deseret /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/30/politics/main684126.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405211205/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/30/politics/main684126.shtml | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 5, 2005 |author=Hancock, David| title=Joan Kennedy Unconscious in Street – Senator's Ex-Wife Recovering from Concussion, Broken Shoulder | date=March 30, 2005 | publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[CBS News]] | access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/02/25/kennedys_children_become_her_guardians/|title=Kennedy's Children Become Her Guardians|last=Johnson|first=Glenn|date=February 25, 2005|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, she requested that her second cousin, [[financial planner]] Webster E. Janssen of [[Connecticut]], establish a [[trust (law)|trust]] to control her [[estate (law)|estate]]. This was in violation of her sons' guardianship.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Her children later took successful legal action against Janssen, removing him as trustee and later filing a complaint against him with the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref name="globe06">{{cite news|author1=Ellement, John |author2=Sacchetti, Maria | date = June 13, 2005| title = Joan Kennedy, Children Reach Agreement – Medical, Financial Team, Rehab Cited| newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]]| url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/06/13/joan_kennedy_children_reach_agreement/?p| access-date = September 1, 2009}}</ref> That October, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent surgery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff writer|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/10/15/rep_kennedy_gets_personal_on_cancer/|title=Rep. Kennedy Gets 'Personal' on Cancer – With Mother Ill, He Lauds Advocates|date=October 15, 2005|publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref> She agreed to strict court-ordered guardianship and her estate has since been placed in a new trust overseen by two court-appointed trustees.<ref name="bostonmag" />

Apart from a brief relationship shortly after her divorce, she has neither remarried nor pursued another relationship.<ref name="bostonmag" /> She attended Ted's funeral at the Kennedy compound in [[Hyannis Port]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/story?id=8428638 Report by Susan Donaldson James for ''Good Morning America,'' ABC News, 28 August 2009]</ref> As of 2005, she resided in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, and [[Cape Cod]].<ref name=2005Deseret />

== See also ==
*[[Kennedy family]]

== Bibliography ==
*Kennedy, Joan Bennett (1992). ''The Joy of Classical Music: A Guide for You and Your Family''. [[Doubleday (publisher)#Imprints|Nan A. Talese/Doubleday]], New York. {{ISBN|978-0-385-41262-9}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chellis, Marcia (1985). ''Living with the Kennedys: The Joan Kennedy Story''. [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8161-4058-9}}.

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2364955}}

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Joan Bennett}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Joan Bennett]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Spouses of Massachusetts politicians]]
[[Category:Ted Kennedy]]
[[Category:Writers from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Writers from the Bronx]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Lesley University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:20th-century American women pianists]]

Joan Bennett Kennedy

2024-10-10T16:53:17Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|First wife of Ted Kennedy}}
{{about|the first wife of [[Ted Kennedy]]|other people named Joan Kennedy|Joan Kennedy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = On his arrival in Israel, Senator Edward Kennedy declared to the press that he supports supplying Israel with US made Phantom fighters (FL45949879).jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1971
| birth_name = Virginia Joan Bennett
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|9|2}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Manhattanville College]] [[Lesley University]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ted Kennedy]] |1958|1983|end=div}}
| children = {{flatlist|
* [[Kara Kennedy|Kara]]
* [[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.|Edward Jr.]]
* [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick II]]}}
}}
'''Virginia Joan Kennedy''' ({{née}} '''Bennett''', born September 2, 1936) is an American socialite who was the first wife of [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]].

== Early life ==
Virginia Joan Bennett was born at [[Mother Cabrini]] Hospital in New York City.<ref name="women of camelot">{{cite book|last=Taraborrelli|first=J. Randy|title=Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|date=April 2, 2012|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-56463-2|pages=81–86}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Roman Catholic]] family<ref name="women of camelot" /> in suburban [[Bronxville, New York]]. Her parents were Virginia Joan Stead (1911–1976) and Harry Wiggin Bennett Jr. (1907-1981)<ref name="women of camelot" /> Her father was a graduate of [[Cornell University]] and worked as an advertising executive. She grew up with one younger sister, Candace (“Candy”), born 1938. She attended [[Manhattanville College]] (then a Sacred Heart college), in [[Purchase, New York]].<ref name="women of camelot" /> Manhattanville was also the alma mater of her future mother-in-law [[Rose Kennedy]] and future sisters-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith]] and [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel Kennedy]]. In 1982, Bennett received an MA in Education from Lesley College, now known as [[Lesley University]]. As a teenager, she worked as a model in television advertising.<ref name=2005Deseret>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050402/ai_n13509653 |title=Joan Kennedy's troubles linked to alcohol struggle |last=Lindsay |first=Jay |date=April 2, 2005 |publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[Deseret News]] |access-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523230950/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050402/ai_n13509653/ |archive-date=May 23, 2009 }}</ref>

== Marriage, family and divorce ==
In October 1957, at the dedication of a gymnasium at Manhattanville College in memory of another Kennedy sister, [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]] – who had died in a plane crash in France in 1948 – Jean Kennedy Smith introduced Joan to her younger brother Edward ({{a.k.a.}} Ted), then a student at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]].<ref name=bostonmag>{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_fall_of_joan/ |title=The Fall of Joan |last=McPhee |first=Michelle |author2=Wedge, Dave |date=August 2005 |publisher=[[Boston magazine|Boston]] |access-date=May 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521040439/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_fall_of_joan/ |archive-date=May 21, 2008 }}</ref> The couple became engaged quickly and Joan grew nervous about marrying someone she did not know well. Joe Kennedy insisted that the wedding should proceed,<ref name="clymer-23">Clymer, ''A Biography'', pp. 23–24.</ref> and they were married on November 29, 1958, in [[Bronxville, New York]].<ref name="women of camelot" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html|title=American Experience: The Kennedys|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=March 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313091721/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/sfeature/sf_tree_text.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The small family wedding was held just a few weeks after Ted's older brother [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] won his landslide re-election for his [[United States Senate]] seat representing [[Massachusetts]] in 1958. Joan had three children with Ted Kennedy: [[Kara Kennedy]] (1960–2011), [[Edward M. Kennedy Jr.]] (Ted Jr.) (b. 1961), and [[Patrick J. Kennedy]] (b. 1967).

Two of their children were cancer victims. Ted Jr. developed [[bone cancer]] at age 12, which resulted in the removal of a portion of his right leg in 1973, and Kara was treated for lung cancer in 2003;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/health/articles/2008/05/25/kennedy_his_children_and_cancer/|title=Kennedy, his children, and cancer|last=Jacobs|first=Sally|date=May 25, 2008|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> Kara died of a heart attack at age 51 on September 16, 2011.

Ted suffered a severe back injury in a 1964 airplane crash while campaigning for his first full Senate term. Joan assumed the full campaign-appearance schedule for his successful [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1964|re-election in 1964]]. He had earlier won a [[United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962|special election in November 1962]], to serve out the final two years of his brother John's Senate six-year term; John had resigned from the U.S. Senate upon his [[1960 United States presidential election|November 1960 election]] as the 35th U.S. President.

In July 1969, Ted Kennedy was involved in a [[Chappaquiddick incident|car accident at a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island]] in Massachusetts that resulted in the death of his passenger, [[Mary Jo Kopechne]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bly|first=Nellie|title=The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal, and Secrets|publisher=[[Kensington Books]], New York|year=1996|isbn=1-57566-106-3|page=200}}</ref> Although pregnant and confined to bed in the wake of two previous [[miscarriage]]s, Joan attended Kopechne's funeral. Three days later, she stood beside her husband in a local court when he pled guilty to [[hit and run|leaving the scene of an accident]]. She suffered a third miscarriage shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taraborrelli|first=J. Randy|title=Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|publisher=[[Warner Books]], New York|year=2000|isbn=0-446-52426-3|url=https://archive.org/details/jackieetheljoanw00tararich}}</ref>

[[File:Joan Bennett Kennedy in Boston.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|{{center|Joan Kennedy in Boston at the Rose Parade celebration of mother-in-law Rose Kennedy's 90th birthday in 1980}}]]

The couple separated in 1978 after twenty years of marriage.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912497,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529031918/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912497,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 29, 2008|author=Staff writer|title=The Vulnerable Soul of Joansie|date=November 5, 1979|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> She subsequently told ''[[McCall's]]'' magazine about her alcoholism and her work to stay sober.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Richard E. |author2=Hoffer, Marilyn |author3=Hoffer, William |title=The Senator: My Ten Years with Ted Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/senatormytenyear00burk|url-access=registration|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]. New York|year=1992|pages=[https://archive.org/details/senatormytenyear00burk/page/147 147]–148|isbn=978-0-312-09134-7}}</ref> They remained together officially married during his failed [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1980|1980 U.S. presidential campaign]], later announcing plans to divorce in 1981; the divorce was finalized in 1983.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maier|first=Thomas|title=The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings|publisher=[[Basic Books]], New York|year=2003|isbn=0-465-04317-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0/page/555 555]|url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysamericas00maie_0/page/555}}</ref>

== Later life ==
In 1992, she published the book ''The Joy of Classical Music: A Guide for You and Your Family''. Kennedy has worked with children's charities, remains an accomplished pianist and has taught classical music to children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=262948|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730061406/http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=262948|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 30, 2012|author=Staff writer|title=Joan Bennett Kennedy Biography (1936– )|date=n.d.|publisher=[[The Biography Channel]]|access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref>

Kennedy's later years have been shaped by chronic alcoholism, which developed during her marriage. The alcohol problem escalated with sporadic, uneven sobriety, repeated drunk-driving arrests,<ref name=2005Deseret /> court-ordered [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]],<ref name=2005Deseret /> and a return to drinking. This ultimately led to kidney damage, with the possibility of [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]]<ref name="bostonmag" /> and protracted complications. In July 2004, her son, Ted Jr., was appointed her legal guardian; in 2005, her children were granted temporary guardianship. That year she was hospitalized with a [[concussion]] and a broken shoulder after being found lying in a Boston street near her home.<ref name=2005Deseret /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/30/politics/main684126.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405211205/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/30/politics/main684126.shtml | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 5, 2005 |author=Hancock, David| title=Joan Kennedy Unconscious in Street – Senator's Ex-Wife Recovering from Concussion, Broken Shoulder | date=March 30, 2005 | publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[CBS News]] | access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/02/25/kennedys_children_become_her_guardians/|title=Kennedy's Children Become Her Guardians|last=Johnson|first=Glenn|date=February 25, 2005|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, she requested that her second cousin, [[financial planner]] Webster E. Janssen of [[Connecticut]], establish a [[trust (law)|trust]] to control her [[estate (law)|estate]]. This was in violation of her sons' guardianship.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Her children later took successful legal action against Janssen, removing him as trustee and later filing a complaint against him with the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref name="globe06">{{cite news|author1=Ellement, John |author2=Sacchetti, Maria | date = June 13, 2005| title = Joan Kennedy, Children Reach Agreement – Medical, Financial Team, Rehab Cited| newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]]| url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/06/13/joan_kennedy_children_reach_agreement/?p| access-date = September 1, 2009}}</ref> That October, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent surgery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff writer|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/10/15/rep_kennedy_gets_personal_on_cancer/|title=Rep. Kennedy Gets 'Personal' on Cancer – With Mother Ill, He Lauds Advocates|date=October 15, 2005|publisher=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]] via [[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 28, 2009}}</ref> She agreed to strict court-ordered guardianship and her estate has since been placed in a new trust overseen by two court-appointed trustees.<ref name="bostonmag" />

Apart from a brief relationship shortly after her divorce, she has neither remarried nor pursued another relationship.<ref name="bostonmag" /> She attended Ted's funeral at the Kennedy compound in [[Hyannis Port]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/story?id=8428638 Report by Susan Donaldson James for ''Good Morning America,'' ABC News, 28 August 2009]</ref> As of 2005, she resided in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, and [[Cape Cod]].<ref name=2005Deseret />

== See also ==
*[[Kennedy family]]

== Bibliography ==
*Kennedy, Joan Bennett (1992). ''The Joy of Classical Music: A Guide for You and Your Family''. [[Doubleday (publisher)#Imprints|Nan A. Talese/Doubleday]], New York. {{ISBN|978-0-385-41262-9}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chellis, Marcia (1985). ''Living with the Kennedys: The Joan Kennedy Story''. [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8161-4058-9}}.

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2364955}}

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{Ted Kennedy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Joan Bennett}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Joan Bennett]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Spouses of Massachusetts politicians]]
[[Category:Ted Kennedy]]
[[Category:Writers from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Writers from the Bronx]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Lesley University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:20th-century American women pianists]]

Ethel Kennedy

2024-10-10T16:45:45Z

Unfriendnow: don't need to mention all her children. they are already mentioned in the "children" section of this wikipedia.

{{Recent death|October 2024}}
{{short description|American human rights campaigner (1928–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = EthelKennedySmile1968.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in 1968
| birth_name = Ethel Skakel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|10|1928|4|11}}
| education = [[Manhattanville College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]|June 17, 1950|June 6, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|died]]}}
| children = 11
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Skakel]]|Ann Brannack}}
| relatives = [[Kennedy family]] (through marriage)
}}
'''Ethel Kennedy''' (''née'' '''Skakel''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|k|eI|.|k|@|l}} {{Respell|SKAY|kel}}; (April 11, 1928 – October 10, 2024) was an American human rights advocate, the wife of U.S. senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a sister-in-law of President [[John F. Kennedy]], and sixth child of [[George Skakel|George]] and Ann Skakel (''née'' Brannack). Shortly after her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|husband's assassination]] in 1968, she founded the [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]], a non-profit charity working to reach his goal of a just and peaceful world. In 2014, she was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].

==Early life and education==
Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago, Illinois to businessman [[George Skakel]] and his former secretary Ann Brannack.<ref>Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David {{Google books|9fetBQAAQBAJ|Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|page=72}}</ref> George was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of [[SGLCarbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sglcarbon.com/|title=Home : SGL Group – The Carbon Company| publisher=SGLCarbon| access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Her parents were killed in a 1955 plane crash.<ref>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 87</ref> She is the third of four Skakel daughters and the sixth-born of seven children.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Dynasty Strained| url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/20/nyregion/a-dynasty-strained.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> George was a [[Protestant]] of Dutch descent<ref>{{cite book| last=David| first= Lester |title= Ethel: The Story of Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=World Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethelstoryofmrsr00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sheenan|first=Susan|title=Heaven Still Has Pearly Gates, Angels, For Ethel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,4707516&dq=george+skakel+ann+brannack&hl=en|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|date=November 3, 1969|page=C-4}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=hilty>{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=James|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector| year=2000 |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=1-439-90519-3|page=54}}</ref> while Ann was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of Irish ancestry.

Ethel and her siblings were raised in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. Ethel attended the all-girls [[Greenwich Academy]], and graduated from the Convent of the Sacred Heart in [[the Bronx]] in 1945.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In September 1945, Ethel began her college education at [[Manhattanville College]], where she was a classmate of her future sister-in-law [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/TedKennedy/jean-kennedy-smith-kennedy/story?id=8421544 | title=The Last Kennedy: Jean Kennedy Smith | first=Troy | last=McMullen | date=August 26, 2009 | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> She received a bachelor's degree from Manhattanville in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/ethel-kennedy|title=Ethel Kennedy|website=Biography|date=May 25, 2021 }}</ref>

Ethel first met Jean's brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], during a ski trip to [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in Quebec in December 1945. During this trip, Robert began dating Ethel's older sister Patricia, but after that relationship ended, he began to date Ethel. She campaigned for Robert's older brother [[John F. Kennedy]] in his 1946 campaign for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|Massachusetts' 11th congressional district]], and she wrote her college thesis on his book ''[[Why England Slept]]''.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Robert and Ethel Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Robert and Ethel Kennedy in 1968]]
Robert Kennedy and Ethel Skakel became engaged in February 1950 and were married on June 17, 1950, at the Catholic [[St. Mary Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)|St. Mary Church]] in Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/robert-f-kennedy-ethel-skakel-wedding|title=On This Day: Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel marry in 1950|date=June 17, 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that the marriage "unites two large fortunes".<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 170.</ref>

After Robert graduated from law school, the family settled in the [[Washington, D.C. area]] and Robert went to work for the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In 1952, Ethel and Robert moved into a rooming house in [[Boston]], Massachusetts,<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 194.</ref> and she helped contribute to her brother-in-law John's [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|Senate campaign]] by organizing "[[tea parties]]" for potential voters.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 193.</ref>

In 1956, the Kennedys purchased [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] from Robert's brother John and his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]].<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-04-10-0404100050-story.html|title=Ethel Kennedy selling Hickory Hill|first=Frederick N.|last=Rasmussen|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 10, 2004|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> The 13-bedroom estate was situated on six acres in [[McLean, Virginia]] (west of Washington, D.C.).<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at their home and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/ | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | title='Shock' over plan to sell RFK home | date=October 21, 2003 | first=Mary | last=Leonard}}</ref> Ethel sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/us/12rfk.html|title=Family of Robert F. Kennedy Rethinks His Place at Library|first1=Adam|last1=Clymer|first2=Don Van Jr.|last2=Natta|date=July 11, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tech-entrepreneurs-renovation-of-hickory-hill-signals-new-business-guard-remaking-dc/2013/12/01/dfbf3c46-2c4f-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html|title=Tech entrepreneur's renovation of Hickory Hill signals new business guard remaking D.C.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= December 1, 2013|last=Gowen|first=Annie|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> The couple also owned a home in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]].<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 242.</ref>
[[File:3W-0158-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy.jpg|right|thumb|[[Joan Bennett Kennedy|Joan Kennedy]], Ethel Kennedy and [[Ted Kennedy]] in December 1968]]
In 1960, Ethel's brother-in-law John F. Kennedy won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election]], at which time he appointed Robert to the post of [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]].<ref name="jfklibrary.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> In 1962, President Kennedy assigned Ethel and Robert to tour fourteen countries within a 28-day goodwill trip. Though the trip was said to be informal, the host countries viewed Robert and her as stand-ins for the President and First Lady.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/othermrskennedye00oppe|url-access=registration|page=287|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref>

On November 22, 1963, Ethel learned of her [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|brother-in-law's assassination]] from her husband. She had answered the phone, identified the caller as FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and handed the phone to Robert, who then informed her of the shooting. The FBI Director had never called the Attorney General's home before. Ethel was reportedly devastated by the assassination and worried for her niece and nephew.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 352.</ref>

In 1964, Ethel supported her husband while he campaigned for and won a seat in the [[United States Senate]] representing New York.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> During the campaign, Robert was accused of "[[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]]" and Ethel made light of the criticism by suggesting this slogan: "There is only so much you can do for [[Massachusetts]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Arthur M. Jr. |title=Robert Kennedy and His Times |date=1978 |page=668}}</ref> She urged her husband to enter the [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primary]] for the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. Biographer Evan Thomas portrayed her as Robert's "most consistent advocate of a race for the White House".<ref>{{cite book| first= Evan| last= Thomas|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23 23]|year=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0743203296|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/23}}</ref>

===Husband's assassination===
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 1.jpg|thumb|Kennedy in 2000]]
{{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded by [[Sirhan Sirhan]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles and died the following day at the age of 42. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a national day of mourning. Ethel sent Johnson a handwritten note on June 19, thanking him and his wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lady Bird Johnson]], for the help they had given her and the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first= Joseph A.|last=Califano|page=304|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790| year=2015}}</ref> Following her husband's assassination, Ethel publicly stated that she would never marry again.<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/ethel-kennedy-facts-you-need-to-know|title=Who is Ethel Kennedy? Facts you need to know|date=June 28, 2018|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> For a time, she was escorted to dinners, parties, and the theater by singer and family friend [[Andy Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://montrealgazette.com/arts/television/brownstein-fascinating-portrait-of-ethel-kennedy| title=A fascinating portrait of Ethel Kennedy|first=Bill|last=Brownstein|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|date=October 15, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref>

===Children===
Robert and Ethel Kennedy had 11 children over nearly 18 years of marriage: [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend|Kathleen]], [[Joseph P. Kennedy II|Joseph]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.|Robert Jr.]], David, Courtney, [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy|Michael]], [[Kerry Kennedy|Kerry]], [[Christopher G. Kennedy|Christopher]], [[Max Kennedy|Maxwell]], [[Douglas Harriman Kennedy|Douglas]], and [[Rory Kennedy|Rory]],<ref name="irishcentral.com"/> who was born after Robert was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|title=A child of tragedy postpones her wedding|first=Lisa |last= Anderson| newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Kathleen served as [[lieutenant governor of Maryland]] from 1995 to 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/former-president-george-hw-bush-to-vote-for-hillary-clinton-politico.html| title= Former President George H. W. Bush to vote for Hillary Clinton: Politico|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Joseph represented [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|Massachusetts' 8th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1987 to 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/11/06/kennedy-name-returns-to-congress-as-joe-kennedy-iii-wins-4th-district/|title='Kennedy' Name Returns To Congress As Joe Kennedy III Wins 4th District|date=November 6, 2012| website=boston.cbslocal.com |publisher=CBS Local}}</ref> and Robert Jr. ran for president in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/05/politics/robert-kennedy-president-democratic-nomination/index.html |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706| first= Kelly| last= Garrity|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023| work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Candidacy |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/P40011793/1696043/|website=docquery.fec.gov|date=April 5, 2023|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= April 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-vaccine-activist-robert-f-kennedy-jr-challenging-biden-in-2024/ |agency=CBS News}}</ref> Her grandson, [[Joseph Kennedy III]], also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing [[Massachusetts's 4th congressional district|Massachusetts' 4th congressional district]] from 2013 to 2021. Two of the Kennedys' sons, David and Michael, have died; David died from a drug overdose in 1984, and Michael was killed in a [[skiing]] accident in 1997.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/>

==Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights==
{{Main|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}

Ethel Kennedy founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights (now known as [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/28/us/ethel-kennedy-fast-facts/index.html|title=Ethel Kennedy Fast Facts| website=[[CNN]] |date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |title=Introducing Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|date=December 16, 2014| first= James|last= Santel|work=rfkcenter.org|access-date=June 10, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164951/http://rfkcenter.org/introducing-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights?lang=en |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref>

In February 2001, Kennedy visited Rodolfo Montiel and another peasant activist at their jail in [[Iguala]], presenting Rodolfo with the Chico Mendes Award on behalf of the American environmental group, the [[Sierra Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethel Kennedy visits activists|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ethel-kennedy-visits-activists-1.278998|date=February 9, 2001|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In March 2016, Kennedy was among hundreds who marched near the home of [[Wendy's]] chairman [[Nelson Peltz]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], as part of an effort by the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], a farm workers' group, to convince the company to pay an additional one cent per pound of tomatoes to increase the wages of field workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/03/13/ethel-kennedy-leads-farmworkers-protest-near-home-wendy-billionaire-chairman/|title=Ethel Kennedy leads farmworkers' protest near home of Wendy's billionaire chairman|date=March 13, 2016|publisher=[[Fox News]]| agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

As of September 2018, Kennedy's daughter Kerry was president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/nyregion/rikers-island-inmate-population.html|title=500 Women and Teenagers to Be Bailed Out From Rikers by Human Rights Group|first=Jeffery C.|last=Mays|date=September 19, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Ethel Kennedy 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kennedy in 2018]]
During the late 1970s, with a renewed commitment to public service, Ethel focused much of her time and energy on various social causes, including the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation|Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Project]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1992, Kennedy and her son Michael made a cameo appearance on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Cheers]]'' in Boston.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy : An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|year=1994|page=652|first=Jerry|last=Oppenheimer|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|isbn=9780312110406 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheers S11E10 Daddy's Little Middle Aged Girl cut |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-gU-RLDwMU |via=YouTube | date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref>

During the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Kennedy endorsed [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Kennedy Endorses Barack Obama |url= http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |publisher=Barackobama.com |date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206143121/http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/samgrahamfelsen/CGBjb |archive-date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> She publicly supported and held fundraisers at Hickory Hill for numerous politicians that included Virginia gubernatorial candidate [[Brian Moran]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| title= Kennedy Matriarch to Host Moran Event| date= April 29, 2009| first= Amy |last= Gardner | url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075847/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2009/04/kennedy_matriarch_to_host_mora.html| archivedate= May 31, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref> Kennedy hosted a $6-million fundraising dinner for Obama at Hickory Hill in June 2008. The $28,500-a-plate dinner was headlined by former Democratic presidential candidate and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] chairman [[Howard Dean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|title=$6 million dollar fundraising dinner for Barack Obama| work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date= November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002054/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-06-18/news/17899678_1_obama-campaign-obama-dnc-caroline-kennedy|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Kennedy appeared in a documentary about her life, directed by her youngest child, daughter Rory. The documentary, entitled ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', covers Kennedy's early political involvement, her life with Robert F. Kennedy, and the years following his death when she raised eleven children on her own. It features interviews with Ethel and her children interspersed with family videos and archival photos.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.vogue.com/article/a-mother-with-moxie-a-new-documentary-explores-the-life-of-ethel-kennedy |title=A Mother with Moxie: A New Documentary Explores the Life of Ethel Kennedy by Her Filmmaker Daughter| magazine=Vogue| date= October 17, 2012| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

As of 2019, Kennedy resided at the [[Kennedy Compound]] in Massachusetts.<ref name=ethelbusted>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/us/kennedy-compound-overdose.html|title=Granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy Dies After Overdose at Family's Compound|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> She was a practicing Catholic who often attended mass.<ref>{{cite magazine| title= Kennedy Matriarch Ethel Turns 92 as Son RFK Jr. Shares Throwback Photos with Birthday Tribute| first= Adam |last= Carlson| magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= April 13, 2020| url= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kennedy-matriarch-ethel-turns-92-201635915.html| via= Yahoo! Finance| access-date= June 7, 2023}}</ref>

On October 3, 2024, Kennedy was hospitalized after a [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/ethel-kennedy-hospitalized-after-suffering-stroke-family/story?id=114624612|title = Ethel Kennedy hospitalized after suffering stroke, family says|last = Sarnoff|first = Elsa|publisher = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date = October 8, 2024|access-date= October 9, 2024}}</ref> She died on October 10, at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/ethel-kennedy-dies-96-rcna102978|title = Ethel Kennedy, matriarch of the famous family, dies at 96|last = Siemaszko|first = Corky|date = October 10, 2024|accessdate = October 10, 2024|work = [[NBCNews.com]]}}</ref>

==Legacy and awards==
In 1981, President [[Ronald Reagan]] honored Kennedy with the Robert F. Kennedy medal in the [[White House Rose Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/07/24/jfk-jr-visited-white-house-at-invitation-of-nixon-reagan-clinton-claims-corrected-in-light-of-more-accurate-historical-information/|title=JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan|date=July 24, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|first=Jonathan|last=Weisman|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918092618/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-24/news/9907240139_1_john-kennedy-white-house-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a bridge over the [[Anacostia River]] in Washington, D.C., was renamed the [[Ethel Kennedy Bridge]] in her honor, in recognition of her advocacy for environmentalism and social causes in the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/wp/2014/05/21/ethel-kennedy-bridge-is-dedicated-at-long-last/|title=Ethel Kennedy Bridge is dedicated, at long last| first= Mike |last= DeBonis| date= May 21, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, Kennedy was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Obama for her dedication to "advancing the cause of social justice, human rights, environmental protection, and poverty reduction by creating countless ripples of hope to effect change around the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/10/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=November 10, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/politics/article/Obama-to-award-Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom-5913512.php#/0|title=Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr., ''Robert Kennedy and His Times'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, {{ISBN|0-618-21928-5}}
* Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|0-446-52426-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ethel Kennedy}}
* {{IMDb name|0448026}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html ''American Experience'': RFK People & Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214802/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html |date=March 18, 2017 }}—From [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://www.ethelthemovie.com/ The Documentary Film – ''Ethel'' (2012)]
* {{C-SPAN|38695}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Jr.}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Ethel}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Convent of the Sacred Heart (NYC) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Ethel]]
[[Category:Manhattanville University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:Activists from Chicago]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]

Rory Kennedy

2024-10-10T00:19:40Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American filmmaker}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Rory Kennedy 2011.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Kennedy in 2011
|birth_name = Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|12|12}}
|birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|occupation = Documentary [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]]
|years_active = 1990–present
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Mark Bailey (writer)|Mark Bailey]]|1999}}
|children = 3
|parents = [[Robert F. Kennedy]] [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel Skakel]]
|education = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|family = [[Kennedy family]]
}}

'''Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy''' (born December 12, 1968)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethel Skakel Kennedy {{!}} JFK Library|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/ethel-skakel-kennedy|access-date=August 26, 2020|website=www.jfklibrary.org}}</ref> is an American documentary filmmaker. Kennedy has made documentary films that center on social issues such as [[addiction]], her [[Anti-nuclear movement|opposition to nuclear power]], the treatment of [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]], and the politics of the [[Mexico–United States barrier|Mexican border fence]].

A member of the prominent [[Kennedy family]], she is the youngest child of U.S. Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[Ethel Kennedy]], and a niece of former U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] and former U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:3W-0174-Edit (CMYK) - Rory Kennedy (1).jpg|thumb|Kennedy's mother and uncle [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]] introducing the newborn Kennedy to the media at [[Georgetown University Hospital]] on December 19, 1968, a week after her birth]]
Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy was born on December 12, 1968, in [[Washington, D.C.]], to parents [[Robert F. Kennedy]], a former [[United States Attorney General]], U.S. Senator, and [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 U.S. presidential candidate]], and his wife [[Ethel Kennedy]]. She was born [[Posthumous birth|six months after]] her [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|father was shot and killed]]. Her mother chose her name "Rory" after the last [[high king of Ireland]], [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair|Rory O'Connor]], who ruled in the 12th century.

On December 19, 1968, a week after Rory was born, her mother took her to her father's grave at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Oppenheimer| first=Jerry| title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exZYWnR3mp8C&q=rory&pg=PP1| date=May 15, 1995| publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks| isbn=978-0312956004|pages=495–496}}</ref> Kennedy's older brother [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy]] was assigned as her godparent by their mother. In December 1997, she tried to resuscitate her brother Michael after a skiing accident in Aspen, Colorado, which was fatal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Writer|first=Lisa Anderson, Tribune Staff|title=A CHILD OF TRAGEDY POSTPONES HER WEDDING|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-18-9907180289-story.html|access-date=2021-02-07|website=chicagotribune.com|date=July 18, 1999 |language=en-US}}</ref> Friends of the Kennedy family said Rory and Michael spoke almost every day of their lives.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-04-mn-4923-story.html| title=Kennedy Family, Friends Say Farewell to Michael| date=January 4, 1998| first=Elizabeth| last=Mehren| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

When Rory was a teenager, she was arrested during a protest outside the South African Embassy. When she was 15, her 28-year-old brother David died from a [[drug overdose]]. Rory graduated from [[Madeira School]] in [[McLean, Virginia]], and then [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. During her sophomore year at Brown, Rory organized a rally in front of a Providence supermarket. In solidarity with migrant farm workers, she urged shoppers to boycott grapes.<ref name="QuietKennedy">{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/rory072199.htm| title=Rory: The Quiet Kennedy| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| first=Jennifer| last=Frey| date=July 21, 1999}}</ref>

==Career==
In the 1990s, Kennedy and fellow Brown classmate Vanessa Vadim (daughter of [[Roger Vadim]] and [[Jane Fonda]]) formed May Day Media, a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., that specializes in the production and distribution of films with a social conscience. ''Women of Substance'' was Kennedy's first documentary. The film was released in 1994, and the idea came out of a paper about female addicts that she wrote while a student at Brown.<ref name=LATimes92014 /> In 1998, Kennedy and another fellow Brown graduate [[Liz Garbus]] founded Moxie Firecracker Films, which specializes in documentaries that highlight pressing [[social issues]].<ref>{{cite web| title=About| url=http://moxiefirecracker.com/about.php| website=Moxie Firecracker Films| access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> The television networks that have shown its films include: [[A&E Network|A&E]], the UK's [[Channel 4]], [[Court TV]], [[Discovery Channel]], [[HBO]], [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]], MTV, [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]], [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], [[Sundance Channel (United States)|Sundance Channel]], and [[TLC (TV channel)|TLC]].

She directed and co-produced ''American Hollow'' (1999), a film about a struggling [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] family that received critical acclaim and many awards. HBO broadcast the film and [[publishing|publisher]] [[Little, Brown and Company]] simultaneously released Kennedy's companion book. Kennedy presented the documentary at Wittenberg University on September 13, 2001.<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www4.wittenberg.edu/news/2000/rorykennedy.html| title=Filmmaker Rory Kennedy To Appear In Sept. 13 Wittenberg Series Event| date=September 2001| publisher=Wittenberg University| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507214235/http://www4.wittenberg.edu/news/2000/rorykennedy.html| archive-date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>
In October 2001, Kennedy traveled to Cleveland, Ohio, to address the opening meeting of the National Council of Jewish Women. At the meeting, she spoke about her documentary film-production company ''Change the World Through Film''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79151090.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328150043/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79151090.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 28, 2015| title=Filmmaker Rory Kennedy focuses on social issues| date=October 19, 2001| newspaper=[[Cleveland Jewish News]]| first=Arlene| last=Fine}}</ref>

Kennedy directed and co-produced the [[Emmy Award]]-nominated series ''Pandemic: Facing AIDS'' (2003), which premiered at the [[International AIDS Conference]] in [[Barcelona]], Spain, on July 8, 2002. It was funded by the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], and tells the stories of [[AIDS]] patients outside the Western world. It was broadcast in America as a five-part series on HBO in June 2003.<ref name=bit>{{cite magazine| url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/archives/issues/summer2003/features/global_crisis.php#.V6BoSbgrJdg| title=True Tales from the Global Crisis| last=Kopple| first=Barbara| magazine=[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]]| date=Summer 2003| access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>

Kennedy directed and co-produced ''A Boy's Life'' (2004), the story of a young boy and his family in rural [[Mississippi]]. The movie premiered at the 2003 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] and was awarded the Best Documentary prize at the [[Woodstock Film Festival]]; it was later broadcast on [[HBO]].

When Kennedy was asked in a March 24, 2004, interview with [[Salon (website)|''Salon'']] about her interest in the [[Southern United States|American South]], she cited her father's experiences in the region as an inspiration and starting point.<ref>Traister, Rebecca (March 24, 2004). [http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/03/24/kennedy/index.html "A harrowing, inspiring ''Boy's Life''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223062137/http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2004/03/24/kennedy/index.html |date=December 23, 2007 }} ''Salon''. Accessed August 25, 2009.''</ref> In the same article, she goes on to mention that showing class differences in American culture also motivates her.

She directed and co-produced ''Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable'' (2004) for HBO, which was broadcast on September 9, 2004. The film takes a "what if" look at the catastrophic consequences of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] release at the [[Indian Point Energy Center]], a three-unit [[nuclear power|nuclear-power]] plant station, located {{convert|35|mi|km}} north of [[midtown Manhattan]], New York City, New York.

Kennedy directed and co-produced ''[[Homestead Strike]]'' (2006) as part of [[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]]'s  series, ''[[10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America]]'' (April 2006).

She was a co-executive producer for ''[[Street Fight (film)|Street Fight]]'' (2005), which chronicles the 2002 [[Newark, New Jersey]], unsuccessful mayoral campaign of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Cory Booker]] — then a [[Newark, New Jersey#Local government|Newark Municipal Councilman]] — against Democratic eighteen-year [[incumbent]] [[List of Mayors of Newark, New Jersey|Mayor]] [[Sharpe James]]. The film earned an [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Feature)|Best Documentary (Feature)]]. (Booker later won the mayoral election on May 9, 2006, against Democratic [[Ronald L. Rice|Ronald Rice]]; James did not seek re-election for another four-year term in 2006.)

Kennedy directed and co-produced ''[[Ghosts of Abu Ghraib]]'' (2007), which premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and won the 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Best Documentary. Kennedy first learned of the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib prison practices]] when images came out in the media, which were accompanied by a ''New Yorker'' article by Seymour Hersh. According to Kennedy, she was "horrified and shocked and disgusted" by the images of the naked prisoners and laughing American soldiers. She conducted interviews with people who were present at the prison along with those directly involved in the abuse. Kennedy's opinion of the participants changed after she interviewed them, when she began feeling they "were very humane and very much like me" and discovered they "were not monsters."<ref name=Ghosts>{{cite news| url=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/rory-kennedy-reveals-the-ghosts-of-abu-ghraib/| title=Rory Kennedy Reveals the Ghosts of Abu Ghraib| date=June 15, 2007| first=Bruce| last=Dancis| magazine=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>

She directed ''Thank You, Mr. President: Helen Thomas at the White House'' for HBO Documentary Films, which premiered on HBO on August 18, 2008. According to reviews, the 40-minute-long documentary provided an interesting, though brief, glimpse into the iconic journalist.<ref name="McNamara">{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-helen18-2008aug18,0,1947707.story| title=Review: 'Thank You, Mr. President: Helen Thomas at the White House' on HBO| last=McNamara| first=Mary| date=August 18, 2008| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>

On June 30, 2009, Kennedy was invited to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite news| title=AMPAS Invites 134 to join ranks| last=Stewart| first=Andrew| url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/ampas-invites-134-to-join-ranks-1118005544/| date=June 30, 2009| newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

Kennedy directed ''The Fence (La Barda)'', which premiered at the opening night of The Sundance Film Festival 2010. The film made its debut on HBO on September 16, 2010. Favorably received, it details the woeful inadequacies of the border fence between the United States and Mexico, which has increased migrants' deaths, but does not deter illegal immigration.<ref name="Grove">{{cite news| url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/09/14/rory-kennedys-hbo-immigration-film-the-fence.html| title=A Kennedy on the Fence| last=Grove| first=Lloyd| date=September 14, 2010| journal=[[The Daily Beast]]| access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hale">{{cite news| url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/arts/television/16fence.html| title=Fences Make Good Neighbors? This One Has Its Doubters| last=Hale| first=Mike| date=September 15, 2010| newspaper=The New York Times| access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, she produced and directed ''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'', which was a documentary about her mother. The movie premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and aired on HBO on October 18, 2012.<ref name="Stanley">{{cite news| url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/arts/television/ethel-a-documentary-by-rory-kennedy-on-hbo.html| title=Cheerfulness Amid Calamity| last=Stanley| first=Alessandra| date=October 17, 2012| newspaper=The New York Times| access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref> Reviews portrayed the documentary as a moving tribute, but criticized its lack of depth.<ref name="Stanley"/><ref name="Stuever">{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/hbos-ethel-a-kennedy-daughter-born-late-reaches-into-the-vault-of-memories/2012/10/11/62ef955a-0c46-11e2-bd1a-b868e65d57eb_story.html| title=HBO's 'Ethel': A Kennedy daughter, born late, reaches into the vault of memories| last=Stuever| first=Hank| date=October 11, 2012| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref> Kennedy conducted interviews with her siblings over five days at the Kennedy family compound in Hyannis Port. For the finished film, she went through "some 100 hours" of archive footage, photos and home videos.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://bostoncommon-magazine.com/personalities/articles/rory-kennedy-on-the-making-of-ethel| title=Rory Kennedy on the Making of 'Ethel'| first=Eve| last=Zibart| journal=Boston Common}}</ref>

[[File:Screening of “Above and Beyond- NASA’s Journey to Tomorrow” (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kennedy speaks at a screening of her 2018 documentary, ''Above and Beyond: NASA’s Journey to Tomorrow'']]
''[[Last Days in Vietnam]]'' was directed by Kennedy and co-produced with Keven McAlester; the documentary film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2014. During production of the film, she spoke with U.S. military and Vietnam nationals now in the U.S. and said the most exciting part of the film to her was "telling the untold stories about Americans and Vietnamese who were on the ground, who went against U.S. policy and risked their lives to save Vietnamese".<ref name=LATimes92014 /> Kennedy was reported to have signed with production company Nonfiction Unlimited in May 2014.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://adage.com/article/production-moves/greg-bell-signs-backyard-rory-kennedy-joins-nonfiction/293070/| title=Greg Bell Signs with Backyard, Rory Kennedy Joins Nonfiction and More| date=May 7, 2014| magazine=[[Advertising Age]]| first=Alexandra| last=Jardine}}</ref> In September 2014, ''Last Days in Vietnam'' opened at the Nuart Theater in Los Angeles.<ref name=LATimes92014>{{cite news| url=http://touch.latimes.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-81400424/| title=Rory Kennedy recounts the 1975 fall of Saigon in new film| date=September 20, 2014| first=Steve| last=Appleford| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Kennedy had difficulty getting some of the people featured in her film to get involved. Out of them, she believed [[Henry Kissinger]] had the most reluctance to the project. On their reluctance, Kennedy stated: "I think a lot of those folks suffered post-traumatic stress from that moment. When I asked them to relive it, it really took a toll. Many of the people told me it took them a week to recover from the interviews. I've gotten tons of emails from people in Vietnam who can't see the film because it's too traumatic for them."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thewrap.com/rory-kennedy-we-havent-learned-the-lessons-from-vietnam/| title=Rory Kennedy: 'We Haven't Learned the Lessons From Vietnam'| journal=[[TheWrap]]| date=September 19, 2014| first=Steve| last=Pond}}</ref> ''Last Days in Vietnam'' was nominated as [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]] for the [[87th Academy Awards]].<ref name="2015oscarnom">{{cite news |url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/scene/movienews/oscar-nominated-documentary-last-days-in-vietnam-has-oklahoma-ties/article_b0fbe3ba-473a-5aef-b69a-ee34248ca0b2.html |title=Oscar-nominated documentary 'Last Days in Vietnam' has Oklahoma ties |newspaper=[[Tulsa World]]| date=February 20, 2015| last=McDonnell| first=Brandy |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>

In 2024, Kennedy directed and produced ''[[The Synanon Fix]]'' a documentary series revolving around [[Synanon]] for HBO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/synanon-documentary-hbo-rory-kennedy-1235343629/|title=Synanon Documentary Set at HBO From Director Rory Kennedy (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=August 17, 2022|access-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref>

In early 2024, Film Training Manitoba based in Winnipeg, Canada announced Kennedy as the distinguished speaker for the Manitoba Film Master Series which took place at the Manitoba Institute of Trades and Technology (MITT). The Film Master Series included a session with Kennedy instructing specifically for women, non-binary, and Trans participants.<ref name="Oscar-nominated documentarian to speak at Film Training Manitoba's masterclass series">{{cite web |url= https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/oscar-nominated-documentarian-to-speak-at-film-training-manitoba-s-masterclass-series-1.6715151|title=Documentarian Kennedy to speak at film conference|access-date=2024-01-07 |author= Dan Vadeboncoeur |date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=CTV }}</ref>

==Activism and politics==
Kennedy advocates for several social activism organizations and sits on the board of numerous non-profit organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctforum.org/panelist/rory-kennedy|title=The Connecticut Forum - the Connecticut Forum}}</ref> In March 2010, Kennedy gave a presentation at The Ritz-Carlton, where she spoke on the effects of alcohol and drug abuse and concluded that addiction and domestic violence "are intricately connected." She also voiced her support of treatment options, calling them "more important than the criminal justice approach". Executive director and CEO of Comprehensive Alcoholism Rehabilitation Programs Robert Bozzone agreed with her opinion and added, "If you listen to Rory, treatment is more effective than incarceration."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/rory-kennedy-delivers-message-of-social-justice-to/nMF2k/| title=Rory Kennedy delivers message of social justice to CARP fundraiser| newspaper=[[Palm Beach Daily News]]| first=Chris| last=Paine| date=March 24, 2010}}</ref> Referring to the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], Kennedy believed the reason it garnered national media attention "is that it's a touch point that indicates a larger social challenge that we all need to mull over and try to grapple with in a thoughtful and considerate way, and I think it has to do both with race and class."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/01/rory-kennedy-on-last-days-in-vietnam-the-parallels-between-vietnam-and-iraq-and-ferguson.html| date=September 1, 2014| journal=The Daily Beast| title=Rory Kennedy on 'Last Days in Vietnam,' the Parallels Between Vietnam and Iraq, and Ferguson| first=Marlow| last=Stern}}</ref>

Kennedy announced her support of [[Barack Obama]] as the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s nominee in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]] in an [[op-ed]] essay, "Two fine choices, one clear decision - Obama".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Rory |date=February 2, 2008 |title=Rory Kennedy: Two Fine Choices, One Clear Decision - Obama |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/02/ED39UQKTS.DTL |access-date=August 25, 2009 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> She endorsed Democratic presidential nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Fuse Film Interview: Rory Kennedy defends "Last Days in Vietnam"| url=http://artsfuse.org/127135/fuse-film-interview-rory-kennedy-defends-last-days-in-vietnam/| date=May 7, 2015| last=Keough| first=Peter| journal=[[The Arts Fuse]]}}</ref>

On January 11, 2019, Kennedy co-authored a [[Rolling Stone]] opinion piece with [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] singer [[Anthony Kiedis]] and the Malibu Foundation's Trevor Neilson on the current [[climate crisis]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2018 |title=Anthony Kiedis: 'California Is on the Front Lines of the Climate Crisis' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/anthony-kiedis-california-front-lines-200312385.html |work=RollingStone}}</ref> Also in 2019, Kennedy co-founded the [[Climate Emergency Fund]] along with [[Getty family]] heiress [[Aileen Getty]]. The fund has distributed over $4 million to several environmental activist organizations including [[Extinction Rebellion]] and [[Just Stop Oil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=Climate Emergency Fund Backers List Includes Jeremy Strong, Chelsea Handler |url=https://observer.com/2023/05/jeremy-strong-stars-climate-emergency-fund/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 1st, 2024, during an appearance on [[Good Morning America]] to promote her new docuseries, ''[[The Synanon Fix]]'', Kennedy expressed her wish that voters in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] not vote for her brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], to avoid pulling Democrat votes away from [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite episode |last=Kennedy |first=Rory |date=April 1, 2024 |title=Rory Kennedy Discusses New Documentary, 'The Synanon Fix' |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/video/rory-kennedy-discusses-new-documentary-series-synanon-fix-108703807 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |series=[[Good Morning America]]}}</ref> She has endorsed Biden's candidacy, making the announcement alongside five of RFK Jr.’s other siblings<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Kelly |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Megan |last3=Richards |first3=Zoë |title=Kennedy family members endorse Biden over RFK Jr. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/kennedy-family-members-endorse-biden-rfk-jr-rcna148303 |website=NBC News |access-date=22 April 2024 |language=en |date=18 April 2024}}</ref>

On August 24, 2024, Kennedy has endorsed Democrat Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]'s [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|campaign]] in the [[2024 United States presidential election]], after their siblings denounced her brother Robert Jr.'s decision to endorse former President [[Donald Trump]], calling the move a "betrayal.".<ref>{{cite web |last=Lebowitz |first=Megan |title=Members of the Kennedy family denounce RFK Jr.'s decision to endorse Trump |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/kennedy-family-members-denounce-rfk-jr-trump-endorsement-rcna168024 |website=NBC News |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en |date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Following college graduation, Kennedy moved to New York and then briefly to Los Angeles.<ref name=TwoFamilies />
Kennedy's brother [[Michael LeMoyne Kennedy]] died in December 1997 as a result of a skiing accident. She was with him at the time of the accident and tried to save his life by giving him [[mouth-to-mouth resuscitation]]. Despite her efforts, he had been fatally injured.<ref name=QuietKennedy /> Kennedy attended his funeral in January 1998.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9801/03/kennedy.pm/index.html?_s=pm:us| title=Michael Kennedy laid to rest| date=January 3, 1998| publisher=CNN}}</ref>

On August 2, 1999, Kennedy married [[Mark Bailey (writer)|Mark Bailey]] in Greece at the mansion of shipping tycoon [[Vardis Vardinoyiannis]]. Kennedy met Bailey in Washington through mutual friends after graduating from Brown University.<ref name=TwoFamilies /> The wedding was originally scheduled for July 17 in [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]], but was postponed after the plane piloted by her cousin [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] and passengers [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]] (his wife) and her sister, Lauren Bessette [[John F. Kennedy, Jr., plane crash|crashed en route to the event]]. The tent erected for the wedding instead became a site for family prayers during the search for her cousin.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/index/jfk/jfk058.htm| title=Rory Kennedy full of mixed emotions| newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 21, 1999}}</ref>

In October 1999, Kennedy and her husband moved to a new home in a West Village neighborhood they reportedly "loved."<ref name=TwoFamilies />

Kennedy and her husband have two daughters and a son.<ref name="globe">Beggy, Carol and Mark Shanahan, Mark (July 17, 2009). [http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2007/07/17/busy_moore_takes_time_to_sing_local_costars_praises/ "Busy Moore Takes Time to Sing Local Costar's Praises"]. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. Accessed August 25, 2009.</ref>

Around the time of the birth of her second daughter in 2004, Kennedy and her husband purchased a home.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2013/01/a-kennedy-sells-park-slope-townhouse-2/| website=Brownstoner| date=January 17, 2013| title=A Kennedy Sells Park Slope Townhouse}}</ref> Kennedy went on maternity leave from her filmmaking career for the birth of her son in 2007.<ref name=Ghosts /> She sold her Shelter Island home in December 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://hamptons.curbed.com/archives/2009/12/17/rory_kennedy_sells_shelter_island_waterfront_for_nearly_3_million.php| title=Rory Kennedy Sells Shelter Island Waterfront for Nearly $3 Million| date=December 17, 2009| first=Nicki| last=Donato| journal=Curbed Hamptons}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/real-li-1.812034/rory-kennedy-sells-shelter-island-home-for-2-967-million-1.1657150| title=Rory Kennedy sells Shelter Island home for $2.967 million| newspaper=[[Newsday]]| date=December 16, 2009| first=Laura| last=Mann}}</ref>

According to Trulia.com, Kennedy purchased a home in [[Malibu, California]], in January 2013 and currently resides there.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/rory-kennedy-buys-malibu-foreclosure-ocean-views-2-9-million-article-1.1268307| first=Jason| last=Sheftell| newspaper=New York Daily News| date=February 19, 2013| title=Filmmaker Rory Kennedy, daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, buys $2.9 million home on Malibu's Point Dume}}</ref>

== Public image ==
Prior to the 1990s, Kennedy was said to have been known solely for being the child who was born after the assassination of her father, Robert F. Kennedy. Following the plane crash of her cousin John F. Kennedy, Jr., she established notability for being the cousin whose wedding he planned to attend. Anita Gates of ''The New York Times'' wrote that Kennedy would understandably want to be known as "the one who became a filmmaker."<ref name=TwoFamilies>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/movies/television-radio-a-filmmaker-now-known-for-two-families.html| title=TELEVISION/RADIO; A Filmmaker Now Known for Two Families| date=November 28, 1999| first=Anita| last=Gates| newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

Edward Klein wrote in his book ''The Kennedy Curse: Why Tragedy Has Haunted America's First Family for 150 Years'' that Rory Kennedy "had suffered more from the Kennedy Curse than any other member of the family." Klein then listed the deaths of her father and brother David, as well as her role in unsuccessfully attempting to save the life of her brother Michael Kennedy.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Kennedy Curse: Why Tragedy Has Haunted America's First Family for 150 Years| year=2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/kennedycursewhyt00kleirich/page/218 218]–219| first=Edward| last=Klein| publisher=St. Martin's Griffin| isbn=978-0312312930| url=https://archive.org/details/kennedycursewhyt00kleirich| quote=rory.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Kennedy has spoken of her work and its relation to that of her father. "I don't think of it as a continuation of his work, but I certainly think I was influenced by the person that he was and have made a range of choices because of what he contributed to the world. I have enormous respect for all that he accomplished in his short life and how much he was able to move people and touch people. I've certainly been inspired by that."<ref name=Ghosts /> On January 14, 2010, Full Frame announced Kennedy and Liz Garbus would be the recipients of that year's Career Award. In the press release, Full Frame called the duo's work "unique".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dukechronicle.com/blogs/playground/posts/2010/01/15/full-frame-honor-garbus-kennedy| newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Duke University)|The Chronicle]]| first=Andrew| last=Hibbard| date=January 14, 2010| title=Full Frame to honor Garbus, Kennedy| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103051352/http://www.dukechronicle.com/blogs/playground/posts/2010/01/15/full-frame-honor-garbus-kennedy| archive-date=November 3, 2014| location=Durham, North Carolina}}</ref>

==Works==

===Bibliography===
*Kennedy, Rory; Lehman, Steve; Bailey, Mark (1999). ''American Hollow''. Boston. [[Bulfinch Press]] ([[Little, Brown]]). {{ISBN|0-8212-2631-2}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Documentary filmography (as director)===
*''[[American Hollow]]'' (1999)
*''Different Moms'' (1999)
*''Epidemic Africa'' (1999)
*''The Changing Face of Beauty'' (2000)
*''America: Up In Arms'' (2000)
*''All Kinds of Families'' (2001)
*''Healthy Start'' (2001)
*''Pandemic: Facing AIDS'' (2003)
*''A Boy's Life'' (2004)
*''Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable'' (2004)
*''Homestead Strike'' (2006)
*''[[Ghosts of Abu Ghraib]]'' (2007)
*''Thank You Mr. President: Helen Thomas at the White House'' (2008)
*''The Fence'' (2010)
*''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'' (2012)
*''[[Last Days in Vietnam]]'' (2014)
*''Take Every Wave: The Life of Laird Hamilton'' (2017)
*''Without a Net: The Digital Divide in America'' (2017)
*''Above and Beyond: NASA's Journey to Tomorrow'' (2018)
*''The Volcano: Rescue from Whakaari'' (2022)
*''[[Downfall: The Case Against Boeing]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Netflix doc 'Downfall: The Case Against Boeing' explores cost of greed over safety |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-02-18/downfall-the-case-against-boeing |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=19 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[The Synanon Fix]]'' (2024)
{{col-break}}

===Documentary filmography (as producer)===
*''The Execution of Wanda Jean'' (2002)
*''Sixteen'' (2002) in four parts:
**''Schooling Jewel''
**''Sex Talk''
**''Pepa's Fight''
**''Refuse to Lose''
*''Hidden Crisis: Women and AIDS'' (2002)
*''Together: Stop Violence Against Women'' (2003)
*''The Nazi Officer's Wife'' (2003)
*''Girlhood'' (2004)
*''Xiara's Song'' (2004)
*''[[Street Fight (film)|Street Fight]]'' (2005)
*''Yo Soy Boricua'' (2006)
*''[[Ghosts of Abu Ghraib]]'' (2007)
*''Coma'' (2007)
*''[[Shouting Fire: Stories from the Edge of Free Speech]]'' (2009)
*''The Fence'' (2010)
*''[[Bobby Fischer Against the World]]'' (2011)
*''[[Ethel (film)|Ethel]]'' (2012)
{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[Kennedy tragedies]]
*[[Kennedy family]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0448311|name=Rory Kennedy}}
*{{C-SPAN|29752}}

{{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Rory}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Rory]]
[[Category:Madeira School alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Film directors from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American women documentary filmmakers]]

Talk:Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-09T21:03:56Z

Unfriendnow: /* level of details about education and family to be covered in lede */ Reply

{{Talk header}}
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== COI tag (September 2024) ==

very poorly sourced, such as getty images, and significant reliance on piecing together claims like he's written for... and listing out the articles he created, rather than predominantly sourcing to third party contents [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 23:46, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Promotionalism ==

The article has the feel of promotionalism.

# The first red flags is citation stuffing ie. adding 2 to 5 citation for a given fact. For example the paragraph listing where he has published "Schlossberg has written for..." .. those cites are doing more than verifying he wrote for a publication, it is stuffing the article with nearly everything he wrote. Why are we doing that? Furthermore do we even need to list every publication he has written for, and not just pick 3 of the most important? This is not a comprehensive CV. HuffPost says "Schlossberg has dabbled in media" .. "dabbled" .. you'd think he was a late-career veteran journalist from all those links, it's overkill. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|Maxen Embry}}, please consider reverting your re-addition of what I've removed with regard to above user's comment. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:24, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
 
::How is it promotionalism when you’re just listing the articles he has written which were widely mentioned in different independent (and even foreign language) sources (few examples below) and his op eds were actually covered by different outlets / publications? By listing, you’re just stating facts. I do admit that when writing that paragraph, I did include in the citation the links to the articles for further proof of verification but not for promotion. How would that even be one? Just restructure the paragraph. The tag for close connection and promo is overkill. But then again this doesn’t surprise me after all the very many articles for deletion requests for this one. Observed lots of pushback re this article for years.) Anyway, other print journalists do list the publications they have bylines in. ''Schlossberg is a writer, that is his work very much like an author has a bibliography section, a singer has a discography section, an actor has a videography section, etc.''
:::WASHINGTON POST - “During the 2016 election he wrote left-wing op-eds for Politico and The Washington Post”
::::https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whats-life-like-as-a-young-kennedy-now-a-mix-of-fame-obscurity-and-trauma/2019/08/06/6ecfbe94-b569-11e9-951e-de024209545d_story.html
:::THE ATLANTIC - “The earnest words of John F. Kennedy's grandson and namesake, John Kennedy Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg's 18-year-old son, were published in Friday's New York Times. As a "Letter To the Editor" on Page A22.”
::::https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/
:::INSTYLE - “3. He's a political writer He honed his chops at Yale, where he was a writer for the university's The Yale Herald paper. Since then he has penned pieces for Time, The Washington Post, and Politico and taken resolute points of view that follow in the footsteps of his grandfather.
::::https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/jfks-only-grandson-jack-schlossberg-151511968.html
:::PEOPLE - “In an article for New York magazine’s The Cut, Jack Schlossberg”
::::https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-paddleboards-manhattan-charity/
:::PEOPLE (again) - “Out of all his siblings, Jack has been the most public and has seemingly taken the most interest in the political space. During his freshman year at Yale, he wrote a letter to the editor of The New York Times to address his late grandfather’s legacy.” “In a 2016 essay for Politico Magazine, he condemned Sen. Ted Cruz’s suggestion that if his grandfather were alive today, he would be a Republican.”
::::https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684
:::HAARETZ - “At 23, he defended his grandfather’s legacy in a forceful piece in Politico in which he responded to Senator Ted Cruz’s claim that JFK wouldn’t have felt at home in today’s Democratic Party.”
::::https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000
:::THE WEST AUSTRALIAN “These days, when he isn’t hitting the books for Harvard’s law and business schools, Schlossberg is taking after his grandfather and penning political pieces for The Washington Post, The New York Times and Time.”
::::https://www.perthnow.com.au/politics/us-election/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-has-thirst-traps-social-media-ng-b881644163z.am
:::IRISH CENTRAL - “He has also voiced his opinions on a number of issues. He wrote about the Syrian refugee crisis for Time magazine in 2016, and that same year, in Politico, he denounced Republican presidential candidate Sen. Ted Cruz's self-made comparisons to President John F. Kennedy. He also wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post, urging young people to cast their vote for Hillary Clinton in the presidential election. In 2011, he wrote a letter to The New York Timescriticizing an article written about his grandfather, President John F. Kennedy.”
::::https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/jack-schlossberg-jfk.amp
:::LE MONDE - “Il a ainsi écrit dans les hebdomadaires Time ou New York Magazine, dans le quotidien The Washington Post ou encore sur le site Politico. Depuis juillet, il couvre la campagne électorale pour le site Web du magazine Vogue, traditionnellement prodémocrate. Son premier article, il l’a écrit en 2011, à l’âge de 18 ans, dans le New York Times.”
:::Translation: “He has written for the weeklies Time and New York Magazine, the Washington Post and the Politico website. Since July, he has been covering the election campaign for the website of Vogue magazine, which is traditionally pro-Democratic. He wrote his first article in 2011, at the age of 18, for the New York Times.”
::::https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:There's no question he is frequently mentioned in the press, but do we have to include all that though? What's wrong with a few of the best publications and 1 cite each. Wikipedia is not meant to be a comprehensive list of everything a person has done mentioned by the press. Imagine doing that for, say, Obama or Trump. It's excessive, there needs to be balance of what to include and exclude. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:06, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hmmm not quite… since Schlossberg is not a politician, at least not yet. The coverage is mostly apt as far as writers go. Especially since he has gotten lots of press for the articles themselves. I have no objections re trimming that paragraph down. Edit as you see fit citing the sources provided above, but there is absolutely no need to scrap everything like some editor did prior. That’s not constructive at all.
::::I did notice that some are trigger happy adding multiple issues template tags for the whole article not just the questionable sections. It’s not always PR, it may just be this editor’s hyperfixation of the season. Why am I getting a COI template in my talk page for some sloppy edits. LOL. But then again, why am I even surprised? The articles for deletion history of this page spoke volumes.
:::: I digress.
::[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 21:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::See [[WP:ONUS]]. When there's disagreement over inclusion of something, those wishing to restore it, in this case, YOU need to establish consensus. You can't just punch in something you think should be included when it's being objected. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 09:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 19:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Yeah we should say ''something'' about publications he has written for. Maybe the ONUS is pick out some of his most important pieces and cite those publications. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1247072509 -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Already removed primary sources and trimmed out named sources. Improve / edit as you see fit. Thanks. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 17:48, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::The encyclopedic, promotional tone nature of the sentence I just removed is the issue here. Doing things like "he's written for big name1 (ref), big name2 (ref2), big name 3(ref3) is not encyclopedic. The edit you made isn't writing around the source, but fishing sources in order to try to support how you want it to read, because the sentence looks exactly the same. It shouldn't take so many sources for such a simple sentence. It reads basically the same aside from switched sources. The sentence should be directly supported by sources written in your own words without doing [[WP:OR|original research]] or doing close paraphrasing. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:54, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::As the above (several) examples have shown, they do enumerate the publications and outlets he has written for. And of course they’re enumerating the most significant / the big names. That’s not some original research on our part since they’re literally citing such and such publications. Verbatim in fact. We can actually put it in quotations. And again, we are talking about published works by the subject who is a writer. It is absolutely insensible, dishonest even, to not include where he has written for. This is like writing a page for an actor without even a mention of a film or a show they have acted in.
:::::::''Recent example is from the FINANCIAL TIMES just two days ago: “He’s written for the Washington Post, New York magazine and People…” https://www.ft.com/content/0c2969d9-096e-437b-b7a9-e5191bb675a7''
:::::::I noticed that you keep on throwing/ changing rationales for removing content when another editor actually counters you with independent citations / different take that solves the issue. Makes me wonder if this is still all done in good faith or something else. Oh, well. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:43, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Again I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]]. Can you please put back the previous edits he keeps deleting. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 22:37, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{re|GreenC}}, do you find the amount of listicle appropriate? I feel it should be trimmed out. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:21, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have not been following this too much, unless there is something I am not aware of, I don't see evidence of COI rather a question of WEIGHT ie. what to include and exclude. Since it says in the first sentence his career is a writer for various publications, it would be wrong not to list some of the major and most important publications he has been published, without going overboard on the number of cites. This sort of thing is standard for writer biographies. A listicle/CV would be listing every publication and/or or piece he has written (or nearly so). To puff their importance up, which is often a problem for someone so early in their career, every submission acceptance is a major career advancement, whereas later, after they've done more important things, those early pieces are hardly noticeable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 14:33, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:The article is developed enough now we should only include things that can be cited by secondary sources. If he wrote for the Washington Post, find a source that discusses it ''not'' the Washington Post. If he is in eligible bachelor lists, find a source that discusses it that is ''not'' a list of eligible bachelors. If you can't find secondary sources, it is probably not worthy of note on Wikipedia either. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 05:36, 1 October 2024 (UTC)
::{{yo|Unfriendnow}}. Please see above comment by GreenC. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 10:51, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

=== Schlossberg and Kenney articles in general===
I am finding similar writing style problems in articles on Schlossberg people, such as using press releases and using primary sources. Instead of starting a discussion on each talk page, let's have a centralized discussion here. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:03, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== New Face / New Hope - citations ==

The article contained a stack of citations for one sentence. Citation stacking is rarely necessary. Moved half of the citations here.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shepard |first=Steven |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Dems take their convention on the road: Superlatives from Night 2 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730191542/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |quote=...the 27-year-old Schlossberg looked a potential future political candidate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Francesco |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Meet John F. Kennedy's eligible grandson |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004081332/https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |quote=Schlossberg gives off future-politician vibes}}</ref>

-- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:44, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== social media postings - citations ==

A single citation is sufficient, not this many:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Issawi |first=Danya |date=June 27, 2024 |title=What's the Deal With Jack Schlossberg? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/who-is-jack-schlossberg.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spilde |first=Coleman |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Everyone Is Thirsting Over Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/obsessed/jack-schlossberg-is-the-internets-crush-after-shirtless-and-rfk-jr-videos |access-date=August 27, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazzaro |first=Miranda |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Who is Jack Schlossberg? JFK's grandson speaks at DNC |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4837667-jack-schlossberg-dnc-jfk/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}</ref> I think Vogue verifies it the best.

{{reflist-talk}} [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:53, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Ruby Feneley commentary ==

{{re|Maxen Embry}}, why did you make these [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=1248901927&oldid=1248878991 changes]? I believe that comment was within the context of her supposition as to why he was enlisted as a political correspondent and your edits take it out of the context. I suggest we just remove that commentary from the prose entirely or restore it in contextually appropriate phrasing. {{re|GreenC}}, since you've been active on this article, I'd appreciate if you would look at it too and share your thoughts. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 02:30, 2 October 2024 (UTC)

:??? I didn’t revert your change?? Another user did: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1248901533
:I re-added it because I thought it was deleted entirely. Didn’t revert your deletion due to duplication.
:I do agree with the other user’s edit on the placement of the quote since the writer was referencing his posts going viral prior to being named Vogue’s political correspondent (“Schlossberg started going viral in May when he switched up his posting to comedy videos promoting Joe Biden’s campaign.”).
: It summarizes the In The Media section in one independent source (you’re all so adamant about) without committing original research especially since every other media piece about him mentions his family, looks, and his social media activities. It would be dishonest not to include it. Case in point, another one, from Le Figaro just two days ago: From French: ''“He posts often crazy videos and messages that have attracted nearly half a million fans on TikTok and Instagram. The son of artist Edwin Schlossberg and Caroline Kennedy (daughter of President John Kennedy), however, started out, like most members of the famous political dynasty, with a classic career path, studying history at Yale, then law and business management at Harvard and, finally, the bar. This tall, dark-haired man with an attractive physique has long remained discreet, but in recent months…”''
:https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/jack-schlossberg-l-etonnant-petit-fils-de-jfk-devenu-la-coqueluche-des-reseaux-sociaux-20240930 [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:05, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::I'm talking about the change from "presumed that Vogue enlisted him" to "commented", which specifically occurred at [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], within the range mentioned earlier. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:34, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Because readability-wise, when put in the career section together with the paragraph about his Vogue job, you already have direct comments from Vogue why they hired him. No need for commentary from another magazine. And again, I also think it fits better on the In The Media section anyway as I've enumerated above. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:45, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't see the due weight to include the magazine writer's commentary for the sake of including it then. I say we don't have consensus to include it this point and should be removed pending discussion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:53, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::The comment was originally In the Media section but you moved it to the Career section where it lost its due weight because there is already commentary there straight from his very employers (via an independent source - NYT). Again, in the original section where it was and is at the moment, it encapsulates every media talking points about him - looks, pedigree, social media activities - reflecting the section. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::The entire "in the media" section is in question in the first place. It's very advertisque. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::How is it advertisement when not only is it a section seen across featured articles on Wikipedia but also, specifically on this page, supported by several independent reliable sources about the subject (some even relegated to the Talk section because there are so so many)?
:::::The guy, whether you like it or not, has coverage. You yourself have (rightly) removed every press release citation on this page and yet there are still several articles and every one of them mentions his looks, his pedigree, and his social media activities. We just cannot not include that. Or are we gonna reason that these independent sources cited have conflict of interest / related to his PR team / paid to cover him?
:::::I just don't get why you view everything in an advertising lens (as seen in your previous discussions), very specifically, very particularly on this guy... on this Kennedy... [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:24, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Maxen Embry}}, I said this looks advertisque and GreenC mentioned this article has the feeling of promotionalism. Why did you feel the need to stack a whole bunch of references in the first place? Articles should be written around secondary sources with minimal primary source as mentioned in [[WP:PSTS]], but using a whole bunch of sources to write something like this mostly becomes a due weight [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]/trivia/not news issue. For instance, if something was written based on a primary source, but with sources later added to read: So and so arrived in his new truck. <ref 1>. He bought his new truck in May 2024.<ref 2> The truck is red <ref 3>, it's still undue. There's lots of this going on in Kennedy/Schlossberg articles. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 16:00, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::--> I'll add that Graywalls and I don't always agree we have different views on a lot of things but sometimes editors will intentionally or unintentionally create a sort of Public Relations marketing piece on Wikipedia. There needs to be some balance. There is nothing in this article remotely controversial eg. how popular he is in the gay social media world due to his skin shots and effeminate poses - this can be sourced to a reliable second source used in the article. Or that he is not actually a lawyer despite multiple unreliable sources saying that he is. The citation stacking and heavy use of marginal sources are yellow flags. I'm OK with the media section for now, it demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:57, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|GreenC}}, [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], regarding this, how do you feel about the phrasing on calling this "commented" when the source materials says {{tq|Vogue soon enlisted him as their political correspondent, presumably because he has the magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiselled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience.|tq}}? The magazine article authors thinks he got this job, perhaps because of those attribute. Simply saying "commented" takes it out of context in my opinion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:26, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Your phrasing is a correct interpretation of the source. It's a bit convoluted to read with layers of attribution. The single word solution of "commented" attributes the quote to Ruby Feneley so there is no misattribution, but it does remove the context of Ruby presuming what Vogue was thinking. Do you think the context is significant for inclusion? -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 22:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Personally, I'd rather just omit the entire thing from the entire article. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:27, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::: I've removed {{tq|Ruby Feneley, writing for Marie Claire commented that he has the "magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiseled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience."|tq}} until consensus forms for its inclusion, and how, if at all. Since the source gave it in context of author's own speculation as to what she thinks are the reasons for Schlossberg being appointed to his position at Vogue. This is a completely useless commentary without the relevant context. Even with the context, this is verging on unencyclopedic sensationalism. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I honestly don't get why it shouldn't be included? Ruby is simply explaining why he got more prominent and popular considering he was mostly out of the public eye for a few years. I have to agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] yet again. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:21, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::<s>Proposed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1249096734 change] quoting Tatler (to resolve the context issue) but Graywalls blocked it from being a primary source which the article clearly is not. Even quoted it to prevent editorializing. This is not useless commentary. Especially since the internet is littered with such similar descriptions on the subject. As you stated this "demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable." [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 04:28, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>
::::::::{{re|Sharonstonebasicinstinct}}, That statement is primary source, because it's the magazine's own statement in its own opinion. [[WP:PSTS]] and [[WP:PRIMARY]] explains that the same source can be primary and secondary at the same time. I agree the internet is quite littered with such description, but we're not going to have a pile of sensationalist anecdotes about what magazine article authors think as such is unencyclopaedic as we don't try to cover sensationalism on Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:03, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::<s>Unencyclopedic or you just don't like it? Of course it's an opinion! That's why it's in quotes! That's why it's attributed to the source explicitly. This is no different from including opinions like "new face of the Kennedy family" or "new hope of the Democratic Party". Omission on the media's very extensive coverage / views on his appearance, political stance, ancestry, social media are encyclopedic and should be included. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:33, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>
::::::::::It's a secondary source, as WP:PSTS says: ''A secondary source provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources.'' The primary source in this case is Schlossberg's statements and behaviors the journalist is interpreting. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 15:59, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I agree with @[[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]]. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 18:06, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::You don't need to keep saying "I agree with.." This is not a voting forum. Imagine if everyone did that. The impression is your are trying to silence or distract Graywalls through peer pressure. It's not very civil. If someone made an important point you want to emphasize, OK, but you are doing it constantly. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:55, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::Oh dear god...people can't even agree with other people's points anymore. Now I'm trying to silence or peer pressure others??? because I simply agree that the constant back and forth and nitpicking of certain things is getting a bit too much? [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 21:23, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Your behavior on this page has been disruptive and unproductive towards achieving consensus. It's fine post about the content issues, but stop complaining about other editors and the process. If you think this fairly short thread is "a bit much" (whatever that means), you have seen nothing on Wikipedia. You've been blocked multiple times the past few months, in August for an entire month, with one editor strongly suggesting it be made permanent. You might want to do some introspection about how you interact with other people and stop blaming others. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 23:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] the constant back and forth is getting to be a bit much. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:22, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

[[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]], [[User:GreenC]], please check your wikitweet feed for recent developments. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]], there may be a lot less back and much more forth from now on. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== Organic notability ==

<s>The skepticism and cynicism on this page by particular editors are astounding. From perusing the [[Talk:Jack Schlossberg/Archive 1|archives]] and the deletion nominations for this subject, it's as if some people think there's a conspiracy to make the subject notable by the media or there is a big push by the Kennedy clan to make this guy happen. Face the music, the Kennedys attract media attention, this subject, fairly or not, is notable and has become notable through the years organically. We are not scraping the barrel here for reliable independent sources. Don't let some bias make you populate a whole talk page talking about advertisements when this is just run-of-the-mill coverage for some guy the media re-discover year in and year out. And not every article is a primary source... unless the editors have evidence these articles are part of some Kennedy machinery and the writers are connected to the family. Otherwise, it looks like you're just wearing a tinfoil hat - a set the Kennedys attract in droves. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:01, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

:See [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]. We're not going to have a page chock full of trivia regardless of subject notability. Encyclopedia is not a sensationalized magazine or rag sheet tabloid. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
<s>::This page's issue doesn't lie on trivia, because where is the trivia? From all these very looong discussions, the only trivia I have read from the page is in the one-sentence Personal Life section which apparently wasn't an issue to you despite the very many issues you have on this page. Shows your priorities, but okay. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

Striking out comments created by confirmed sockpuppet of {{user|Maxen Embry}} [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:45, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV and due weight issues ==
As discussed above, there are issues and disagreements over inclusion worthiness.

Discussion started at [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/Noticeboard#Jack_Schlossberg_and_pages_on_Kennedy_family_as_well_as_JFK_descendants]] to seek external input. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:18, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

=== level of details about education and family to be covered in lede ===
{{re|Unfriendnow}},
Concerning the disagreement with regard to [[Special:Diff/1249973757]]. I feel your change places too much emphasis on this part of the article. education and family pedigree in the lede, as [[WP:LEDE]] should summarize broadly summarize the key points of the article rather than emphasize certain things and I think it's undue to give this much weight to family/education in lede. I have looked at some biography articles that are [[WP:GA|good articles]] as points of reference. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:None of the info in the lead is [[WP:TRIVIA]] and So there is no reason to get rid of the biography. Doesn't matter if other articles don't have leads as long, i can find others that do. This is all important basic information that I believe should stay. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 23:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:Given that his real-world (ie. the sources) notability is almost entirely because of his family pedigree, it would be unusual not to include pedigree in the lead. We often do that in bios that have famous family connections. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 15:10, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
::[[User:GreenC]], I don't really want to get too deeply into article content, but in the versions advocated by Unfriendnow almost half the lead consists of "son of", etc., and family relationships shouldn't take up so much space. Notability should NOT come from family relationships, per [[WP:INHERITED]]. I also really don't see why his education should be in the lead; we don't do that regularly. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 20:28, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::The current lead is fine by me. It's important to note who he is the son of and grandson of, since that is what he mainly known for and how he got popular for being the "grandson of". [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 21:03, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

Caldwell Esselstyn

2024-10-09T19:47:30Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American physician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Caldwell Esselstyn
|image = Caldwell Esselstyn, Denmark, 2019.jpg
|image_upright =
|caption = Esselstyn in May 2019
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|12|12}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|residence =
|nationality = American
|field = [[Cardiology]] [[Plant-based diet]]
|work_institutions = [[Cleveland Clinic]]
|alma_mater = [[Yale University]] (AB, 1956) [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]] (MD, 1961)<ref name=cv />
|known_for =''[[Forks Over Knives]]''
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = Gold Medal, 1956 Olympic Games – [[Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|Men's eight]]
| spouse = Ann Crile
|children = 4, including [[Rip Esselstyn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enrichcreative.com/enrichment/articles/2014-04-28-meet-the-esselstyn-family|title=Meet the Esselstyns|website=Enrich|accessdate=July 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://engine2diet.com/the-daily-beet/ann-answers-some-questions/|title=Esselstyn, A. The Daily Beet: An Answers Some Questions. 04 November 2016|accessdate=July 3, 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.dresselstyn.com/}}
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | the {{USA}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Rowing at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Melbourne]]|[[Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|Men's eight]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Jr.''' (born December 12, 1933)<ref name=cv>{{official website|http://www.heartattackproof.com/cv.htm|''Curriculum Vitae''}}</ref> is an American physician, author and former Olympic [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] champion.

Esselstyn is director of the Heart Disease Reversal Program at the [[Cleveland Clinic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/wellness/integrative/disease-reversal|title = Heart Disease Reversal Program}}</ref> He is also the author of ''Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease'' (2007), in which he argued for a low-fat, [[whole foods]], [[Plant-based diet|plant-based]] diet that avoids all [[animal product]]s and oils, as well as reducing or avoiding [[soybean]]s, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[avocado]]s. The diet has been criticized for its unfounded health claims.<ref name=hall/><ref name=Plain/>

== Background ==
Esselstyn was born in [[New York City]] in 1933 to Dr. Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Sr. and Lilian Meyer.<ref name=cv />

Esselstyn graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1956<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.heartattackproof.com/biography.htm |title=Official Website: Biography |access-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823175742/http://www.heartattackproof.com/biography.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> where he was a member of [[Skull and Bones]].<ref>{{cite news | title=C. B. Esselstyn Jr. Fiance of Ann Crile | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=1 May 1961 | page=33}}</ref> He also competed in the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]], winning a gold medal in the "eights" as a member of the American team.<ref name="db-ol-ROW-1956">[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=14&sp=ROW "1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne, Australia – Rowing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208105105/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=14&sp=ROW |date=December 8, 2007 }} (Retrieved on May 15, 2008)</ref>

Esselstyn received his M.D. from the [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]] in 1961. During this time he met and married Ann Crile, daughter of surgeon [[George Crile, Jr.|George Crile, Jr]], who was a leading figure in the United States in challenging unnecessary surgery, best known for his part in eliminating [[Radical mastectomy|radical breast surgery]] and the granddaughter of [[George Washington Crile]], founder of the [[Cleveland Clinic]].<ref name="about">{{cite web |url=http://www.heartattackproof.com/about.htm |title=About Dr. Esselstyn |publisher=heartattackproof.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511004233/http://www.heartattackproof.com/about.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Esselstyn was an intern (1961–62) and resident (1962–66) at that clinic.<ref name=cv /> In 1968 he completed a tour as an Army surgeon in Vietnam where he was awarded the Bronze Star.<ref name=cv /> Upon his return he rejoined the clinic and has served as the President of the Staff and as a member of its Board of Governors. He served as the President of the [[American Association of Endocrine Surgeons]] in 1991. In 2000 he gave up his post at the Cleveland Clinic.<ref name=Plain>Harlan Spector for the Cleveland Plain DealerJune 09, 2008 [http://www.cleveland.com/medical/index.ssf/2008/06/exsurgeon_caldwell_esselstyn_e.html Ex-surgeon Caldwell Esselstyn Jr. espouses a noninvasive cure for heart disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193925/http://www.cleveland.com/medical/index.ssf/2008/06/exsurgeon_caldwell_esselstyn_e.html |date=May 7, 2016 }}</ref>

Esselstyn has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of ''Nutrition Action'' magazine, published by the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]].<ref name="CSPI">{{cite web|title=Scientific Advisory Board|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/memo_-_salt_reduction_campaign.pdf|work=Nutrition Action|publisher=Center for Science in the Public Interest|access-date=26 January 2011|date=January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119171605/http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/memo_-_salt_reduction_campaign.pdf|archive-date=November 19, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Diet work ==
Esselstyn promotes a whole foods, plant-based diet, arguing it can prevent [[coronary disease]] and [[cardiovascular]] disease. The diet excludes all animal products and oils and recommends foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, [[Legume|pulses]], and especially [[cruciferous vegetables]].<ref name=hall/>

His work received media attention when former U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] cited it, along with work by [[Dean Ornish]] and ''[[The China Study]]'' as the basis for his change of diet in 2010<ref>Philip Sherwell for The Telegraph. October 3, 2010 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8038801/Bill-Clintons-new-diet-nothing-but-beans-vegetables-and-fruit-to-combat-heart-disease.html Bill Clinton's new diet: nothing but beans, vegetables and fruit to combat heart disease]</ref> and yet more in late 2011 when Clinton discussed his diet with CNN and other media outlets.<ref>David S. Martin, CNN August 18, 2011 [http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/18/bill.clinton.diet.vegan/index.html From omnivore to vegan: The dietary education of Bill Clinton]</ref>

Esselstyn was also one of the doctors featured in the documentary films ''[[Forks Over Knives]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Game Changers]]'' (2018).<ref name=Hickman16May2011>{{cite web | url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/16/the-food-revoluvion-of-forks-over-knives-will-not-be-processed/ | author=Angela Hickman | title=The food revolution of Forks Over Knives will not be processed | work=[[National Post]] | date=2011-05-16 | access-date=2014-09-04 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629225011/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/16/the-food-revoluvion-of-forks-over-knives-will-not-be-processed/ | archive-date=June 29, 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

With regard to Esselstyn's claims, Nancy Brown, CEO of the [[American Heart Association]], said: "Diet alone is not going to be the reason that heart attacks are eliminated. Other key factors include physical activity, cholesterol, blood pressure and weight."<ref name=Martin2011>David S. Martin, [http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/index.html "The 'heart attack proof' diet?"], CNN, November 25, 2011.</ref>

[[Harriet A. Hall]] has written that the claims made by Esselstyn are misleading and that the evidence on which they are based is "pretty skimpy".<ref name=hall>{{cite web |publisher=Science-Based Medicine |url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-clintons-diet/ |author=Hall HA |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Bill Clinton's Diet}}</ref> [[Steven Nissen]] of the Cleveland Clinic said that his claims are unproven because there isn't data from rigorous clinical trials to support them.<ref name=Plain />

== Awards ==
In 2005 Esselstyn received the Benjamin Spock Award for Compassion in Medicine (he was the award's first recipient), and in 2009 the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Cleveland Clinic Alumni Association. In 2010 he received the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame Award.<ref name="about" />

== Selected publications ==

* ''Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure''. Penguin, 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-101-21583-8}}
* ''The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook: Over 125 Delicious, Life-Changing, Plant-Based Recipes''. Penguin, 2014 {{ISBN|9780698186507}}

==See also==
* [[List of vegans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.dresselstyn.com}}
* {{IMDb name|3233857}}
* {{sports links}}

{{Plant-based diets}}
{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{Olympic champions – Men's eight}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Esselstyn, Caldwell}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male rowers]]
[[Category:American nutritionists]]
[[Category:American surgeons]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Deerfield Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American sportspeople]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing]]
[[Category:Physicians from New York City]]
[[Category:Plant-based cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Plant-based diet advocates]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]

Rose Schlossberg

2024-10-08T18:23:11Z

Unfriendnow:

{{Short description|American artist and filmmaker (born 1988)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Rose Schlossberg at Yale University in 2015.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2015
| birth_name = Rose Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[New York University]] ([[Master of Professional Studies|MPS]])}}
| occupation = Artist, filmmaker
| spouse = {{marriage |Rory McAuliffe |2022}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] [[Bouvier family]]
| website = {{URL|roseschlossberg.com}}
}}

'''Rose Kennedy Schlossberg''' (born June 25, 1988) is an American artist and filmmaker specializing in [[Video installation|video installations]]. She created the apocalyptic [[installation art]] and web series ''End Times Girls Club,'' co-produced and co-wrote the [[Peabody Award]]-winning [[Television documentary|documentary]] series ''[[Time: The Kalief Browder Story]]'' (2017), and has also directed [[Music video|music videos]] and [[Short film|short films]].

Born and raised in New York City, Schlossberg graduated from [[Harvard University]] and [[New York University]] where she earned her [[Master of Professional Studies]] degree. She is the eldest daughter of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and first-born grandchild of [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th [[president of the United States]], and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

== Early life and education ==
Schlossberg was born on June 25, 1988, at [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/29/us/a-girl-rose-is-born-to-caroline-kennedy.html|title = A Girl, Rose, is Born to Caroline Kennedy|newspaper = The New York Times|date = June 29, 1988}}</ref> to designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. Her maternal grandparents were [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]].<ref name="HeymannAL07">{{cite book|last1=Heymann|first1=C. David|title=American Legacy: the story of John & Caroline Kennedy|date=2007|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York|isbn=9780743497381|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym/page/ xi]|edition=[Book club ed.], 1st Atria Books hardcover|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym/page/}}</ref><ref name="Heymannp5AL07">Heymann, 2007, p. 5.</ref><ref name="Hall23789">{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=Carla|title=Jackie the Legend turns 60|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/07/23/jackie-the-legend-turns-60/b64f3046-30b1-4490-b0f3-109d006e7706/|access-date=July 20, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 23, 1989}}</ref> She is named after her maternal great-grandmother, the [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[Rose Kennedy]].<ref name="Hall23789" /> She and her younger siblings, [[Tatiana Schlossberg|Tatiana]] and [[Jack Schlossberg|Jack]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]], and has also spent significant time at their maternal grandmother Jacqueline's estate at [[Martha's Vineyard]] growing up.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Schlossberg's father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and her mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. She was raised Catholic, but her mother would also "incorporate [[Hanukkah]]" in the family's holiday party.<ref name="KennedyChristmas2">{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |date=December 5, 2007 |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York}}</ref> In 1996, she served as a [[flower girl]] to her uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

Schlossberg attended [[Brearley School]], a private school for girls in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="Heymann359AL07">Heymann, 2007, p. 359.</ref> In 2006, she enrolled at [[Harvard University]] where she studied [[English studies|English literature]] and documentary filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See Jackie Kennedy s Lookalike Granddaughter: Rose Kennedy Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/celebrity/see-jackie-kennedy-s-lookalike-granddaughter-rose-kennedy-schlossberg/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> While at Harvard, Schlossberg was a research assistant at the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Radcliffe Institute]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/26/president-obama-announces-more-key-administration-posts |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=whitehouse.gov |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, she graduated from [[New York University]]'s [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|Tisch School of the Arts]] with a [[Master of Professional Studies]] degree focusing on [[video installation]].<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Schlossberg held various positions with Blowback Productions from 2010 to 2012, including associate editor, associate producer, and production associate.<ref name=":0" /> She was also a writer and researcher at Red Board Productions, and also worked for television writer and producer [[David Milch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Jacob |title=Caroline Kennedy, Catching the Torch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/fashion/caroline-kennedy-catching-the-torch.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> She has since developed TV projects with [[Broadway Video]], [[TruTV]] and [[Warner Brothers TV]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=END TIMES GIRL CLUB — 3537 |url=https://3537.org/END-TIMES-GIRL-CLUB |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=3537.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Schlossberg launched a comedy [[Eschatology|end time]]-[[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|apocalyptic]] [[web series]] titled ''End Times Girls Club'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dayna |date=2016-03-15 |title=End Times Girls Club: Your Guide to Looking Cute As the World Burns Around You |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/03/end-times-girls-club-videos.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=End Times Girls Club |url=https://www.youtube.com/endtimesgirlsclub |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> produced by [[Above Average Productions]].<ref name="Fogle15316">{{cite news|last1=Fogle|first1=Asher|title=See Jackie Kennedy's Lookalike Granddaughter|url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/news/a37390/rose-kennedy-schlossberg-jacqueline-kennedy/|access-date=July 20, 2016|work=Good House Keeping|date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> The series follows Schlossberg as she gives women comic tips to surviving the [[apocalypse]]. It was originally conceived from her master’s thesis [[Installation art|installation]] at NYU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYU ITP Thesis Week 2013: END TIMES GIRLS CLUB |url=https://itp.nyu.edu/shows/thesis2013/rose-schlossberg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516163955/https://itp.nyu.edu/shows/thesis2013/rose-schlossberg/ |archive-date=May 16, 2014 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |website=NYU}}</ref> Since then, it has evolved into several forms – as a TV pilot produced by ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' producer [[Lorne Michaels]] in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2017-05-12 |title=truTV Renews Eight Shows, Orders Five More to Series Including ‘Bobcat Goldthwait’s Misfits & Monsters’ |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/trutv-renewals-orders-eight-shows-1202424227/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> a Slumber Party Bunker [[Installation art|installation]] in Paris in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunker Clubhouse Pop-Up du End Times Girls Club au 3537 - 3537 Paris - Paris, 75004 - Sortir à Paris |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/etudiant/sortir/paris/eve-bunker-clubhouse-pop-up-du-end-times-girls-club-au-3537/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> and a [[TikTok]] channel.<ref name=":1" />

In 2017, she co-produced and co-wrote the [[Peabody Award]]-winning documentary series ''[[Time: The Kalief Browder Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time: The Kalief Browder Story |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/time-the-kalief-browder-story/ |access-date=July 15, 2024 |publisher=The Peabody Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TIME: The Kalief Browder Story (2017) |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/time-the-kalief-browder-story-2017 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> In 2018, she was commissioned by [[Dover Street Market]] president Adrian Joffe to produce a series of promotional videos for the retailer’s [[Los Angeles]] location.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Katie |title=L.A. Time |url=https://www.pressreader.com/article/281509342191100 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=WWD}}</ref> In 2020, she once again collaborated with the retailer, as well as the non-profit When We All Vote, for a video series campaigning for increased voter turnout for the [[2020 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Block Party |url=https://issuu.com/cdigital/docs/155 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=C California Style Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yotka |first=Steff |date=2020-09-23 |title=Dover Street Market Teams With When We All Vote on Election Initiatives |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/dover-street-market-teams-with-when-we-all-vote-on-election-initiatives |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlossberg has also directed music videos for [[Hayden Dunham|Hyd]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Nina |date=2022-07-14 |title=Hyd Shares Video for New Caroline Polachek–Produced Song “Afar” |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/hyd-shares-video-for-new-caroline-polachek-produced-song-afar-watch/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Dougie Poole]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Need To Experience Dougie Poole’s Slow-Burning, Surreal Take On Country |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/10/08/dougie-poole-rose-schlossberg-dont-you-think-im-funny-video/amp |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Swaai Boys,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Noisey |date=2015-06-19 |title=PREMIERE: Swaai Boys - "REF_HS_001 (I Dream of Ganges)" |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/premiere-swaai-boys-i-dream-of-ganges/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Ducktails (musical project)|Ducktails]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camp |first=Zoe |date=2015-05-20 |title=Ducktails Explores California in "Headbanging in The Mirror" Video |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/59637-ducktails-explores-california-in-headbanging-in-the-mirror-video/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref>

She directed, wrote, and starred in the short film ''Short Gay Tragedy #1'' which debuted at the 45th [[Mill Valley Film Festival]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Mill Valley Film Festival 2022 Showcases Some Great LGBTQ Films |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/mill-valley-film-festival-2022-showcases-some-great-lgbtq-films/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}</ref> The same year, she helped open the permanent exhibit honoring [[John F. Kennedy]] at the Kennedy Center together with cellist [[Yo-Yo Ma]] and [[Second Gentleman|second gentleman]] [[Doug Emhoff]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Erin |title=Meet the newest generation of the Kennedy family, America's most famous political dynasty |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-prominent-members-of-youngest-kennedy-family-generation-2020-9 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout her life but largely kept herself out of the public eye.<ref name=":2" /> She resides in [[Ojai, California]] with her wife, [[restaurateur]] Rory McAuliffe, whom she married in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Schlossberg Says It ‘Feels Great’ to Have Passed New York State Bar Exam on First Try (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jack-schlossberg-feels-great-pass-bar-exam-first-try-exclusive-8384519 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=People |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Gurley |first1=Alex |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Caroline Kennedy's 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=People |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
*''[https://www.endtimesgirlsclub.com/ End Time Girls Club]''

{{Kennedy family |state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Rose}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:Brearley School alumni]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Schlossberg family|Rose]]
[[Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:American artists]]
[[Category:Artists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Artists from Manhattan]]
[[Category:American lesbian artists]]

Tatiana Schlossberg

2024-10-08T18:23:09Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American journalist and author (born 1990)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Tatiana Schlossberg in 2024.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2024
| birth_name = Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1990|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University of Oxford]] ([[Master of Studies|MSt]])}}
| spouse = {{marriage|George Moran|2017}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] [[Bouvier family]]
| website = {{URL|tatianaschlossberg.com}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg''' (born May 5, 1990) is an American [[Environmental journalism|environmental journalist]] and author. She was a science and climate reporter for ''[[The New York Times]],'' and has also written for several publications and outlets including ''[[The Atlantic]], [[The Washington Post]],'' [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|''Vanity Fair'']], and [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]. She is the author of the book ''Inconspicuous Consumption: The Environmental Impact You Don't Know You Have'' published by [[Grand Central Publishing]] in 2019.

Born and raised in New York City, Schlossberg is a graduate of [[Yale University]] and the [[University of Oxford]] where she obtained her [[Master of Studies|masters]] in [[History of the United States|American History]]. She is a daughter of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and a granddaughter of [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th [[president of the United States]], and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

== Early life and education ==
Schlossberg was born at [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]] in New York City on May 5, 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1990-05-09 |title=NATION : 2nd Girl for Caroline Kennedy |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-09-mn-388-story.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> to designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. She is a granddaughter of 35th [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]].<ref name=":0" /> She and her two siblings, [[Rose Schlossberg|Rose]] and [[Jack Schlossberg|Jack]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]], and has also spent significant time at their maternal grandmother Jacqueline's estate at [[Martha's Vineyard]] growing up.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Schlossberg's father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and her mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. She was raised Catholic, but her mother would also "incorporate Hanukkah" in the family's holiday party.<ref name="KennedyChristmas">{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |date=December 5, 2007 |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York}}</ref> In 1996, she served as a [[flower girl]] to her uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

Schlossberg attended the all-girls [[Brearley School]], which she attended with sister Rose, and the [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]], from which she graduated in 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tatiana Kennedy Schlossberg: 5 Things To Know |url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-kennedy-schlossberg-5-things-to-know/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> She graduated from [[Yale University]] in 2012 with a BA in History. At Yale, Schlossberg wrote for the ''[[The Yale Herald|Yale Herald]]'' eventually becoming the paper's editor-in-chief.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatiana Schlossberg (Author and Journalist), “Inconspicuous Consumption: the environmental impact you don’t know you have” (Trumbull College) {{!}} Environmental Humanities |url=https://environmentalhumanities.yale.edu/event/tatiana-schlossberg-author-and-journalist-inconspicuous-consumption-environmental-impact-you |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=environmentalhumanities.yale.edu}}</ref> She was also a member of the senior society [[Mace and Chain]],<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=Secret Societies 2012 by Yale Rumpus - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/rtapublications/docs/secretsocieties2012_9e1c6ce30ca042}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Charles Ryskamp|Charles A. Ryskamp Travel Grant]] for her research project which "explored the communities that grew out of the relationship between runaway slaves and coastal [[New England]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes, particularly on Martha's Vineyard in the [[19th century|nineteenth century]]."<ref name=":2" /> She went on to receive her [[Master of Studies|masters]] in [[History of the United States|American History]] from the [[University of Oxford]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-kennedy-schlossberg-5-things-to-know/|title=People Explains: Who Is Tatiana Kennedy Schlossberg? All About JFK and Jackie's Newly Married Granddaughter|magazine=People|access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
After her studies, Schlossberg had an internship at the [[Vineyard Gazette|''Vineyard Gazette'']] in [[Edgartown, Massachusetts]], and became a municipal reporter at the ''[[The Record (North Jersey)|The Record]]'' in [[New Jersey]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-09-27 |title=JFK's Granddaughter Hired as Record Reporter |url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/ridgewood/jfk-s-granddaughter-hired-as-a-reporter-at-the-record |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Ridgewood-Glen Rock, NJ Patch |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, she became part of summer interns of ''[[The New York Times]],'' a 10-week stint usually given to recent college graduates and a few undergrads.<ref>{{cite web |author=Heil, Emily |date=July 21, 2014 |title=Caroline Kennedy's daughter is interning at the New York Times |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2014/07/21/caroline-kennedys-daughter-is-interning-at-the-new-york-times/ |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> She was eventually hired as a reporter covering the Metro section. In 2014, she wrote a story about a dead bear cub found in [[Central Park]] which was later revealed in 2024 to have been placed there by her relative [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Schlossberg, Tatiana |date=October 7, 2014 |title=Bear Found in Central Park Was Killed by a Car, Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/nyregion/bear-cub-found-dead-in-central-park-was-hit-by-a-car-investigators-say.html |access-date=August 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Schlossberg responded to the revelation, saying "like law enforcement, I had no idea who was responsible for this when I wrote the story.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/04/us/politics/robert-f-kennedy-jr-bear-central-park.html |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Admits He Left a Dead Bear in Central Park |author=Fitzsimmons, Emma G. |work=The New York Times |date=August 4, 2024 |access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref>[[File:Tatiana Kennedy Schlossberg addresses the guests at the JFK memorial service at Runnymede.png|thumb|220x220px|Schlossberg in [[Surrey, England]] in 2013]]Schlossberg was a science and climate reporter for the ''Times'' before leaving in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatiana Schlossberg - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/by/tatiana-schlossberg |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=www.nytimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2019 Schlossberg published her debut book ''Inconspicuous Consumption: The Environmental Impact You Don't Know You Have,'' released in August 2019 by [[Grand Central Publishing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/28/books/review/inconspicuous-consumption-tatiana-schlossberg.html|title=To Fight Global Warming, Think More About Systems Than About What You Consume|author=Bill McKibben|date=August 28, 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Felsenthal |first=Julia |date=2019-08-27 |title=In Inconspicuous Consumption, Tatiana Schlossberg Traces The Outline of Your Carbon Footprint—and Somehow Makes It Funny |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/tatiana-schlossberg-inconspicuous-consumption-climate-change-interview |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Diop |first=Arimeta |date=2019-09-23 |title=Inconspicuous Consumption Makes Climate Change Personal |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/09/tatiana-schlossberg-inconspicuous-consumption-interview |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, the book won first place in the [[Society of Environmental Journalists]]' [[Rachel Carson]] Environment Book Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Winners: SEJ 19th Annual Awards for Reporting on the Environment {{!}} SEJ |url=https://www.sej.org/winners-sej-19th-annual-awards-reporting-environment#book |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.sej.org |language=en}}</ref>

Schlossberg has taken part in presenting the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Boston]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=2023 Profile in Courage recipients are five South Carolina senators |url=https://www.today.com/news/politics/2023-profile-courage-south-carolina-senators-rcna105723 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> and has accompanied her mother [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] in her engagements as ambassador in Japan and Australia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Kennedy’s 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> Upon the 50th anniversary of the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of her grandfather [[John F. Kennedy]] in 2013, Schlossberg delivered remarks and took part in a ceremonial [[wreath]]-laying ceremony at his memorial at [[Runnymede]] in [[Surrey]] which was unveiled by the [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and Schlossberg's grandmother [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-22 |title=John F Kennedy remembered at Runnymede memorial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-surrey-25049235 |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On September 9, 2017, Schlossberg married physician George Moran at her family's estate at Martha's Vineyard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-12 |title=JFK's Granddaughter Weds in Martha's Vineyard Ceremony |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a12213037/tatiana-schlossberg-wedding/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US}}</ref> They met while both undergraduate students at Yale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-10 |title=Tatiana Schlossberg, George Moran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/fashion/weddings/tatiana-schlossberg-george-moran.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The couple had a son in 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Caroline Kennedy Welcomes Her First Grandchild |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a39784293/caroline-kennedy-first-grandchild-edwin-news/# |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://muckrack.com/tatiana-schlossberg Articles] on [[Muck Rack]]

{{Kennedy family|state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Tatiana}}
[[Category:21st-century American women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:American non-fiction environmental writers]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:Schlossberg family|Tatiana]]

Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-07T23:52:48Z

Unfriendnow: Undid revision 1249989279 by Graywalls (talk)It's not duplication in the lede. Plus you now made the lede too small and very basic. None of the info in the lead is WP:TRIVIA, so there is no reason to get rid of the biography. Doesn't matter if other articles don't have leads as long. This is all important basic information that I believe should stay and quite frankly wasn't causing any problems before.

{{Short description|American writer (born 1993)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Schlossberg
| birth_name = John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|01|19}}
| image = Jack Schlossberg in 2024.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2024
| education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[JD–MBA]])
| occupation = Writer
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States) |Democratic]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] 
[[Bouvier family]]
}}
'''John Bouvier Kennedy''' "'''Jack'''" '''Schlossberg''' (born January 19, 1993) is an American writer who has written about politics for several publications and news outlets, and is a political correspondent for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine since 2024.

Born and raised in New York City, Schlossberg is a graduate of [[Yale University]] and [[Harvard University]] where he obtained his joint [[Juris Doctor]] and [[Master of Business Administration]] degrees. He is the son of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and the only grandson of the 35th [[president of the United States|United States president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

==Early life and education==
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg<ref name="McNeil" /> was born in [[New York City]] on January 19, 1993.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Known as “Jack”, he is the youngest of three children of designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. He is named after his maternal grandfather, the 35th [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]], and matrilineal great-grandfather, the [[Wall Street]] [[stockbroker]] [[John Vernou Bouvier III]]. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] was his grand-uncle as well as godfather,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Caroline |author-link1=Caroline Kennedy |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |last3=Crowley |first3=Candy |author-link3=Candy Crowley |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909010816/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=August 24, 2024}}</ref> and he served as [[Page boy (wedding attendant)|ringbearer]] to his uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg and his two older sisters, [[Rose Schlossberg|Rose]] and [[Tatiana Schlossberg|Tatiana]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Quinn |first=Dave |date= |title=How JFK's Grandson Stepped into the Spotlight |url=https://people.com/politics/how-jfks-only-grandson-stepped-into-the-spotlight-this-week-and-honored-his-familys-legacy/ |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> and have also spent significant time at the [[Martha's Vineyard]] estate of their maternal grandmother, the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]], while growing up.<ref name="Andersen" /> During the summers, he worked on a charter [[Fishing vessel|fishing boat]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gillette |first=Sam |title=All About JFK Granddaughter Tatiana Schlossberg's Next Project |url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-schlossberg-book-climate-change/ |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=September 5, 2019 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref> He also played in baseball and basketball leagues in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heymann |first=C. David |title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy |date=July 1, 2008 |publisher=Atria Books |year=2008 |isbn=9780743497398 |location=New York |publication-date=July 1, 2008 |pages=515}}</ref> His father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and his mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. He was raised Catholic, but his mother would also "incorporate [[Hanukkah]]" in the family's holiday celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Schlossberg attended [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School]]. In eighth grade, he co-founded ReLight New York, a nonprofit organization that installed energy-efficient compact [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lights]] in low-income housing developments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DiBlasio |first=Natalie |title=Who is the hot new Kennedy? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/20/kennedy-jack-schlossberg/3651449/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> A member of the Young Democrats club in high school, he organized a trip to [[Canvassing|canvass]] for [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign in [[Pennsylvania]]. In 2010, Schlossberg worked in [[Washington, D.C.]] as a [[Page of the United States Senate|senate page]] and the following year, as a senate intern.<ref name="Kaloi">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |title=All About JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/all-about-jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-7972191 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> He then attended [[Yale University]] graduating in 2015 with a degree in history, with a focus on Japanese history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McNeil |first1=Liz|title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg: 5 Things to Know About Him|url=http://www.people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things|access-date=July 12, 2015|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 6, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085635/https://people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> While at Yale, Schlossberg was known to perform [[stand-up comedy]],<ref name="McNeil">{{Cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |title=Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Grandson |url=https://people.com/celebrity/jack-schlossberg-president-john-f-kennedys-grandson/ |date=May 6, 2015 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> was a member of the [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] fraternity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Alumni |url=https://sigep.org/about/history-and-facts/prominent-alumni/ |access-date=August 28, 2024 |website=SigEp}}</ref> and wrote for the ''[[Yale Daily News]],'' and the ''[[Yale Herald]]'' where he was an editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=Danielle |title=JFK's grandson takes center stage: 9 things we know about Jack |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2014 |url=http://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051557/https://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also trained and worked as a volunteer [[emergency medical technician]] (EMT) in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and as environmental technician – cleaning out oil tanks and cleaning up spills around Boston.<ref name="McNeil" /> Schlossberg lived and worked in Japan before enrolling at [[Harvard University]] where he graduated from the joint [[JD–MBA|Juris Doctor – Master of Business Administration]] program at [[Harvard Law School]] and [[Harvard Business School]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slane |first=Kevin |title=JFK's grandson on Harvard Law School: 'I don't have a life, but that's what I signed up for.' |date=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 4, 2023 |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423144120/https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he passed the New York State bar exam.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=Jack Schlossberg Says It 'Feels Great' to Have Passed New York State Bar Exam on First Try (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jack-schlossberg-feels-great-pass-bar-exam-first-try-exclusive-8384519 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Since 2011, Schlossberg has written for publications and news outlets like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine, ''[[Politico]]'', and [[CNN]] among others. He has also written [[Op-ed|op-eds]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', and ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Jack Schlossberg, l’unique petit-fils de JFK et la politique dans le sang |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2015, through the company’s overseas graduates hiring program, Schlossberg started working at [[Rakuten]] a Japanese internet and e-commerce company, in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |title=ケネディ駐日米大使の息子が楽天入社営業など担当 |trans-title=Son of U.S. Ambassador to Japan Kennedy Joins Rakuten and Responsible for Sales and Others |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=August 4, 2023 |language=Japanese |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174427/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaloi" /> He also worked at the Japanese distillery [[Suntory]].<ref name="Kaloi" /> Schlossberg went back to the States in 2016 to work as a staff assistant in the [[Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]], part of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=December 14, 2016 |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Trump and LSAT |url=https://people.com/politics/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-speaks-out-about-the-lsat-and-donald-trump-its-important-to-keep-an-open-mind/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, after graduating from Harvard and passing the bar exam, Schlossberg began working for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' as a political correspondent.<ref name="Fisher">{{Cite magazine |last1=Fisher |first1=Hannah |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Just Being Himself |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |access-date=July 10, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713054335/https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> He "emerged as a staff favorite" and was appointed for "his irreverent but intelligent takes on the political landscape" per ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Sandra E. |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Named a Political Correspondent for Vogue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/style/jack-schlossberg-vogue-correspondent.html |access-date=July 15, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Schlossberg first became interested in politics in 2007 when then [[Illinois]] senator [[Barack Obama]] began his [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|presidential primary campaign]].<ref name="Fisher" /> He recalled that he was never forced to enter politics but Obama's campaign inspired him to learn about it and to study the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Historical reputation|legacy]] of his grandfather, President Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yoshimura |first1=Marina |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |date=February 25, 2018 |title=Talking Politics and the Future with John Schlossberg'15 |work=The Yale Globalist |url=https://globalist.yale.edu/onlinecontent/blogs/talking-politics-and-the-future-with-john-schlossberg15/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

In 2011, Schlossberg wrote the editors at ''The New York Times'' responding to a critical column about President Kennedy's legacy, which was published as a letter to the editor. The piece "launched the political career" of then 18-year-old Schlossberg per ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref name="Cohen-2011">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |date=February 4, 2011 |title=John Kennedy Schlossberg Defends JFK's Legacy in the 'New York Times' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] }}</ref> The following year, when asked about his interest in entering politics, Schlossberg stated: "Politics definitely interests me. I'm most interested in public service. I think that's something that I got from being part of [[Kennedy family|my family]], which is such an honor."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Candy |author-link1=Candy Crowley |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2012 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

[[File:Biden_with_Caroline_Kennedy_and_Jack_Schlossberg.jpg|thumb|Schlossberg with 46th U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and mother [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] in Boston in 2022]]

He co-founded "Yale for Murphy" in 2012 in support of Democrat [[Chris Murphy]]'s Connecticut senate candidacy.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Devika |date=2014-01-02 |title=Kennedy grandson joins the political house that Jack built |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/kennedy-grandson-joins-the-political-house-that-jack-built-gkbxhz5gwmn |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In November 2013, Schlossberg introduced 44th U.S. President Obama at the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] Award gala which commemorated the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schlossberg |first1=Jack |last2=Obama |first2=Barack |author-link2=Barack Obama |title=Barack Obama Interview with Jack Schlossberg at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/interview-with-jack-schlossberg-the-john-f-kennedy-presidential-library-and-museum-boston |access-date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=The American Presidency Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jureidini |first=Ben |date=July 11, 2024 |title=A modern-day poster boy for the greatest of American dynasties: Can Kennedy heir Jack Schlossberg reignite America's election cycle? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/jack-schlossberg-kennedy-redux |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Tatler |language=}}</ref> In 2016, in an opinion piece for the ''The Washington Post'', he encouraged young voters to support [[Hillary Clinton]] [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|for president]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakilla |first=Blake |date=November 16, 2015 |title=JFK’s Grandson Jack Schlossberg Endorses Hillary Clinton: ‘She Is Our Candidate’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-endorses-190359010.html |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also accompanied his mother Caroline in her duties as ambassador of Japan and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=FLOTUS ASIA 0006 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/photo/2015/04/flotusasia0006 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |publisher=[[The White House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=August 3, 2023 |title=John F Kennedy's daughter and grandson recreate his heroic swim |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/03/john-f-kennedy-daughter-grandson-swim-solomon-islands/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In the succeeding years, Schlossberg took an increasingly active role in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] including its New Frontier Award where he served as chair of the selection committee until its last and 20th ceremony in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Committee |publisher=[[Harvard Institute of Politics]] |url=https://iop.harvard.edu/programs/conferences/new-frontier-awards/award-committee |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John F. Kennedy New Frontier Awards |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/new-frontier-award |access-date=September 16, 2024 |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library]] }}</ref> He is also in the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] selection committee also serving as event host and presenter.<ref name="Gurley" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Lauren Bush Lauren Raves About Jack Kennedy Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/politics/lauren-bush-lauren-raves-about-jack-kennedy-schlossberg/ |access-date=January 19, 2015 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, Schlossberg gave a virtual address on the second night of the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] with mother Caroline and endorsed [[Joe Biden]]'s run for presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Storey |first=Kate |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Why Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, is Speaking at the 2020 DNC |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |access-date=August 19, 2020 |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180400/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, has publicly criticized the [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] of his relative [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], and supported Biden’s re-election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=July 21, 2023 |title=J.F.K.'s Grandson Calls Robert Kennedy's Campaign 'an Embarrassment' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/us/politics/jfk-grandson-rfk-campaign.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg gave his first in-person speech on the second night of the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago endorsing [[Kamala Harris]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaclyn |first=Diaz |title=WATCH: Jack Schlossberg, grandson of President John F. Kennedy, addresses the DNC |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-01 |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/20/g-s1-18139/jack-schlossberg-john-kennedy-democratic-national-convention}}</ref> In September 2024, Schlossberg became co-chair of the [[List of environmental organizations|environmental organization]] Climate Power's campaign "Too Hot Not to Vote" – an initiative “designed to engage, educate and motivate people to vote for climate and [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] champions” in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential elections]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Climate Power's "Too Hot Not to Vote" Campaign |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/climate-change-voter-campaign-rosario-dawson-sophia-bush-bill-nye-climate-power-1236000203/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref>
== Public image ==
Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout his life but largely kept himself out of the public eye growing up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=July 5, 2023 |title=The Kennedy Family’s Strange 2023 Has Echoes of Classic Camelot |url=https://variety.com/2023/politics/columns/robert-f-kennedy-jr-vaccines-jack-schlossberg-1235661850/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gurley">{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Caroline Kennedy’s 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> His first live television appearance was in an interview with CNN at the [[2012 Democratic National Convention]] when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowley |first=Candy |author-link=Candy Crowley |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/09/07/dnc-crowley-kennedy-schlossberg-intv.cnn |title=JFK grandson's first TV interview |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 2016, he attended the [[Met Gala]] with his mother Caroline,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy's Son, Was His Mom's Date to the Met Gala on Monday |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/jack-schlossberg-caroline-kennedy-son-met-gala-2017 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=W Magazine |language=en}}</ref> and was included in the ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' annual International Best Dressed List.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Meredith |author-link=Meredith Goldstein |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Vanity Fair names John F. Kennedy's grandson Jack Schlossberg to its best-dressed list for 2017 |url=https://c.o0bg.com/lifestyle/names/2017/09/06/vanity-fair-names-john-kennedy-grandson-jack-schlossberg-its-best-dressed-list-for/YnBND3c1vySkEp3l0wDOIO/story.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] }}</ref> He had a cameo role in the [[Blue Bloods (season 8)|eighth-season finale]] of the television show ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haas |first=Mariah |date=May 12, 2018 |title=John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Makes His Acting Debut on Blue Bloods |url=https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174429/https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2018 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 20, 2024 |title=You Don't Know Jack! |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a61098000/jack-schlossberg-jfk-interview-2024/ |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=Town & Country }}</ref> In September 2024, he was a guest on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!|''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'']] where he encouraged young people to vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstone |first=Violet |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg ‘Recommends’ Being a Kennedy, Talks Nancy Pelosi’s Prom Dress and Voting on ‘Jimmy Kimmel’ |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jack-schlossberg-saint-laurent-suit-jimmy-kimmel-live-1236645324/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a "new face" of the [[Kennedy family]], and a "new hope" of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moran |first=Sharir |title=Meet JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg, the Democrats' New Hope |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanahan |first=Mark |title=Is this the new face of the Kennedy clan? |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/05/05/this-new-face-kennedy-clan/yreezZorYmPaB38MqfxyVM/story.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Months prior to the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]] he began posting political commentary and comedic sketches on social media.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Schlossberg is fond of [[List of water sports|water sports]], particularly [[Standup paddleboarding|paddleboarding]].<ref name="Schlossberg 2017-08-08">{{Cite web |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 8, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg Completes Crazy Trip Around Manhattan for Charity |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/jack-schlossberg-paddled-around-manhattan-for-charity.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Climate Change and Why He's the Rock's 'Greatest Fan' |url=https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-puppy/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7341740}}
* {{C-SPAN|9265046}}

{{Kennedy family |state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Jack}}
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[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
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Talk:Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-07T23:50:44Z

Unfriendnow: /* level of details about education and family to be covered in lede */ Reply

{{Talk header}}
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== COI tag (September 2024) ==

very poorly sourced, such as getty images, and significant reliance on piecing together claims like he's written for... and listing out the articles he created, rather than predominantly sourcing to third party contents [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 23:46, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== Promotionalism ==

The article has the feel of promotionalism.

# The first red flags is citation stuffing ie. adding 2 to 5 citation for a given fact. For example the paragraph listing where he has published "Schlossberg has written for..." .. those cites are doing more than verifying he wrote for a publication, it is stuffing the article with nearly everything he wrote. Why are we doing that? Furthermore do we even need to list every publication he has written for, and not just pick 3 of the most important? This is not a comprehensive CV. HuffPost says "Schlossberg has dabbled in media" .. "dabbled" .. you'd think he was a late-career veteran journalist from all those links, it's overkill. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:14, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|Maxen Embry}}, please consider reverting your re-addition of what I've removed with regard to above user's comment. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:24, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
 
::How is it promotionalism when you’re just listing the articles he has written which were widely mentioned in different independent (and even foreign language) sources (few examples below) and his op eds were actually covered by different outlets / publications? By listing, you’re just stating facts. I do admit that when writing that paragraph, I did include in the citation the links to the articles for further proof of verification but not for promotion. How would that even be one? Just restructure the paragraph. The tag for close connection and promo is overkill. But then again this doesn’t surprise me after all the very many articles for deletion requests for this one. Observed lots of pushback re this article for years.) Anyway, other print journalists do list the publications they have bylines in. ''Schlossberg is a writer, that is his work very much like an author has a bibliography section, a singer has a discography section, an actor has a videography section, etc.''
:::WASHINGTON POST - “During the 2016 election he wrote left-wing op-eds for Politico and The Washington Post”
::::https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whats-life-like-as-a-young-kennedy-now-a-mix-of-fame-obscurity-and-trauma/2019/08/06/6ecfbe94-b569-11e9-951e-de024209545d_story.html
:::THE ATLANTIC - “The earnest words of John F. Kennedy's grandson and namesake, John Kennedy Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg's 18-year-old son, were published in Friday's New York Times. As a "Letter To the Editor" on Page A22.”
::::https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/
:::INSTYLE - “3. He's a political writer He honed his chops at Yale, where he was a writer for the university's The Yale Herald paper. Since then he has penned pieces for Time, The Washington Post, and Politico and taken resolute points of view that follow in the footsteps of his grandfather.
::::https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/jfks-only-grandson-jack-schlossberg-151511968.html
:::PEOPLE - “In an article for New York magazine’s The Cut, Jack Schlossberg”
::::https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-paddleboards-manhattan-charity/
:::PEOPLE (again) - “Out of all his siblings, Jack has been the most public and has seemingly taken the most interest in the political space. During his freshman year at Yale, he wrote a letter to the editor of The New York Times to address his late grandfather’s legacy.” “In a 2016 essay for Politico Magazine, he condemned Sen. Ted Cruz’s suggestion that if his grandfather were alive today, he would be a Republican.”
::::https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684
:::HAARETZ - “At 23, he defended his grandfather’s legacy in a forceful piece in Politico in which he responded to Senator Ted Cruz’s claim that JFK wouldn’t have felt at home in today’s Democratic Party.”
::::https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000
:::THE WEST AUSTRALIAN “These days, when he isn’t hitting the books for Harvard’s law and business schools, Schlossberg is taking after his grandfather and penning political pieces for The Washington Post, The New York Times and Time.”
::::https://www.perthnow.com.au/politics/us-election/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-has-thirst-traps-social-media-ng-b881644163z.am
:::IRISH CENTRAL - “He has also voiced his opinions on a number of issues. He wrote about the Syrian refugee crisis for Time magazine in 2016, and that same year, in Politico, he denounced Republican presidential candidate Sen. Ted Cruz's self-made comparisons to President John F. Kennedy. He also wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post, urging young people to cast their vote for Hillary Clinton in the presidential election. In 2011, he wrote a letter to The New York Timescriticizing an article written about his grandfather, President John F. Kennedy.”
::::https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/jack-schlossberg-jfk.amp
:::LE MONDE - “Il a ainsi écrit dans les hebdomadaires Time ou New York Magazine, dans le quotidien The Washington Post ou encore sur le site Politico. Depuis juillet, il couvre la campagne électorale pour le site Web du magazine Vogue, traditionnellement prodémocrate. Son premier article, il l’a écrit en 2011, à l’âge de 18 ans, dans le New York Times.”
:::Translation: “He has written for the weeklies Time and New York Magazine, the Washington Post and the Politico website. Since July, he has been covering the election campaign for the website of Vogue magazine, which is traditionally pro-Democratic. He wrote his first article in 2011, at the age of 18, for the New York Times.”
::::https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:10, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:There's no question he is frequently mentioned in the press, but do we have to include all that though? What's wrong with a few of the best publications and 1 cite each. Wikipedia is not meant to be a comprehensive list of everything a person has done mentioned by the press. Imagine doing that for, say, Obama or Trump. It's excessive, there needs to be balance of what to include and exclude. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:06, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hmmm not quite… since Schlossberg is not a politician, at least not yet. The coverage is mostly apt as far as writers go. Especially since he has gotten lots of press for the articles themselves. I have no objections re trimming that paragraph down. Edit as you see fit citing the sources provided above, but there is absolutely no need to scrap everything like some editor did prior. That’s not constructive at all.
::::I did notice that some are trigger happy adding multiple issues template tags for the whole article not just the questionable sections. It’s not always PR, it may just be this editor’s hyperfixation of the season. Why am I getting a COI template in my talk page for some sloppy edits. LOL. But then again, why am I even surprised? The articles for deletion history of this page spoke volumes.
:::: I digress.
::[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 21:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
:::See [[WP:ONUS]]. When there's disagreement over inclusion of something, those wishing to restore it, in this case, YOU need to establish consensus. You can't just punch in something you think should be included when it's being objected. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 09:10, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 19:48, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Yeah we should say ''something'' about publications he has written for. Maybe the ONUS is pick out some of his most important pieces and cite those publications. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1247072509 -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 21:35, 21 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Already removed primary sources and trimmed out named sources. Improve / edit as you see fit. Thanks. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 17:48, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::The encyclopedic, promotional tone nature of the sentence I just removed is the issue here. Doing things like "he's written for big name1 (ref), big name2 (ref2), big name 3(ref3) is not encyclopedic. The edit you made isn't writing around the source, but fishing sources in order to try to support how you want it to read, because the sentence looks exactly the same. It shouldn't take so many sources for such a simple sentence. It reads basically the same aside from switched sources. The sentence should be directly supported by sources written in your own words without doing [[WP:OR|original research]] or doing close paraphrasing. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:54, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::As the above (several) examples have shown, they do enumerate the publications and outlets he has written for. And of course they’re enumerating the most significant / the big names. That’s not some original research on our part since they’re literally citing such and such publications. Verbatim in fact. We can actually put it in quotations. And again, we are talking about published works by the subject who is a writer. It is absolutely insensible, dishonest even, to not include where he has written for. This is like writing a page for an actor without even a mention of a film or a show they have acted in.
:::::::''Recent example is from the FINANCIAL TIMES just two days ago: “He’s written for the Washington Post, New York magazine and People…” https://www.ft.com/content/0c2969d9-096e-437b-b7a9-e5191bb675a7''
:::::::I noticed that you keep on throwing/ changing rationales for removing content when another editor actually counters you with independent citations / different take that solves the issue. Makes me wonder if this is still all done in good faith or something else. Oh, well. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 20:43, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Again I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]]. Can you please put back the previous edits he keeps deleting. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 22:37, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::{{re|GreenC}}, do you find the amount of listicle appropriate? I feel it should be trimmed out. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:21, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I have not been following this too much, unless there is something I am not aware of, I don't see evidence of COI rather a question of WEIGHT ie. what to include and exclude. Since it says in the first sentence his career is a writer for various publications, it would be wrong not to list some of the major and most important publications he has been published, without going overboard on the number of cites. This sort of thing is standard for writer biographies. A listicle/CV would be listing every publication and/or or piece he has written (or nearly so). To puff their importance up, which is often a problem for someone so early in their career, every submission acceptance is a major career advancement, whereas later, after they've done more important things, those early pieces are hardly noticeable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 14:33, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}
:The article is developed enough now we should only include things that can be cited by secondary sources. If he wrote for the Washington Post, find a source that discusses it ''not'' the Washington Post. If he is in eligible bachelor lists, find a source that discusses it that is ''not'' a list of eligible bachelors. If you can't find secondary sources, it is probably not worthy of note on Wikipedia either. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 05:36, 1 October 2024 (UTC)
::{{yo|Unfriendnow}}. Please see above comment by GreenC. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 10:51, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

=== Schlossberg and Kenney articles in general===
I am finding similar writing style problems in articles on Schlossberg people, such as using press releases and using primary sources. Instead of starting a discussion on each talk page, let's have a centralized discussion here. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:03, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== New Face / New Hope - citations ==

The article contained a stack of citations for one sentence. Citation stacking is rarely necessary. Moved half of the citations here.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shepard |first=Steven |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Dems take their convention on the road: Superlatives from Night 2 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730191542/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/19/dnc-night-2-superlatives-398386 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |quote=...the 27-year-old Schlossberg looked a potential future political candidate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Francesco |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Meet John F. Kennedy's eligible grandson |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004081332/https://www.vogue.com.au/miss-vogue/news/meet-john-f-kennedys-eligible-grandson/news-story/2c1c81ff244f2701621da6fda0b70418 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |quote=Schlossberg gives off future-politician vibes}}</ref>

-- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:44, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== social media postings - citations ==

A single citation is sufficient, not this many:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Issawi |first=Danya |date=June 27, 2024 |title=What's the Deal With Jack Schlossberg? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/who-is-jack-schlossberg.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spilde |first=Coleman |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Everyone Is Thirsting Over Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/obsessed/jack-schlossberg-is-the-internets-crush-after-shirtless-and-rfk-jr-videos |access-date=August 27, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazzaro |first=Miranda |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Who is Jack Schlossberg? JFK's grandson speaks at DNC |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4837667-jack-schlossberg-dnc-jfk/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}</ref> I think Vogue verifies it the best.

{{reflist-talk}} [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:53, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== Ruby Feneley commentary ==

{{re|Maxen Embry}}, why did you make these [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=1248901927&oldid=1248878991 changes]? I believe that comment was within the context of her supposition as to why he was enlisted as a political correspondent and your edits take it out of the context. I suggest we just remove that commentary from the prose entirely or restore it in contextually appropriate phrasing. {{re|GreenC}}, since you've been active on this article, I'd appreciate if you would look at it too and share your thoughts. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 02:30, 2 October 2024 (UTC)

:??? I didn’t revert your change?? Another user did: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1248901533
:I re-added it because I thought it was deleted entirely. Didn’t revert your deletion due to duplication.
:I do agree with the other user’s edit on the placement of the quote since the writer was referencing his posts going viral prior to being named Vogue’s political correspondent (“Schlossberg started going viral in May when he switched up his posting to comedy videos promoting Joe Biden’s campaign.”).
: It summarizes the In The Media section in one independent source (you’re all so adamant about) without committing original research especially since every other media piece about him mentions his family, looks, and his social media activities. It would be dishonest not to include it. Case in point, another one, from Le Figaro just two days ago: From French: ''“He posts often crazy videos and messages that have attracted nearly half a million fans on TikTok and Instagram. The son of artist Edwin Schlossberg and Caroline Kennedy (daughter of President John Kennedy), however, started out, like most members of the famous political dynasty, with a classic career path, studying history at Yale, then law and business management at Harvard and, finally, the bar. This tall, dark-haired man with an attractive physique has long remained discreet, but in recent months…”''
:https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/jack-schlossberg-l-etonnant-petit-fils-de-jfk-devenu-la-coqueluche-des-reseaux-sociaux-20240930 [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:05, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::I'm talking about the change from "presumed that Vogue enlisted him" to "commented", which specifically occurred at [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], within the range mentioned earlier. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:34, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Because readability-wise, when put in the career section together with the paragraph about his Vogue job, you already have direct comments from Vogue why they hired him. No need for commentary from another magazine. And again, I also think it fits better on the In The Media section anyway as I've enumerated above. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 03:45, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::I don't see the due weight to include the magazine writer's commentary for the sake of including it then. I say we don't have consensus to include it this point and should be removed pending discussion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 03:53, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::The comment was originally In the Media section but you moved it to the Career section where it lost its due weight because there is already commentary there straight from his very employers (via an independent source - NYT). Again, in the original section where it was and is at the moment, it encapsulates every media talking points about him - looks, pedigree, social media activities - reflecting the section. [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::The entire "in the media" section is in question in the first place. It's very advertisque. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:01, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::How is it advertisement when not only is it a section seen across featured articles on Wikipedia but also, specifically on this page, supported by several independent reliable sources about the subject (some even relegated to the Talk section because there are so so many)?
:::::The guy, whether you like it or not, has coverage. You yourself have (rightly) removed every press release citation on this page and yet there are still several articles and every one of them mentions his looks, his pedigree, and his social media activities. We just cannot not include that. Or are we gonna reason that these independent sources cited have conflict of interest / related to his PR team / paid to cover him?
:::::I just don't get why you view everything in an advertising lens (as seen in your previous discussions), very specifically, very particularly on this guy... on this Kennedy... [[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] ([[User talk:Maxen Embry|talk]]) 04:24, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Maxen Embry}}, I said this looks advertisque and GreenC mentioned this article has the feeling of promotionalism. Why did you feel the need to stack a whole bunch of references in the first place? Articles should be written around secondary sources with minimal primary source as mentioned in [[WP:PSTS]], but using a whole bunch of sources to write something like this mostly becomes a due weight [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]/trivia/not news issue. For instance, if something was written based on a primary source, but with sources later added to read: So and so arrived in his new truck. <ref 1>. He bought his new truck in May 2024.<ref 2> The truck is red <ref 3>, it's still undue. There's lots of this going on in Kennedy/Schlossberg articles. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 16:00, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::--> I'll add that Graywalls and I don't always agree we have different views on a lot of things but sometimes editors will intentionally or unintentionally create a sort of Public Relations marketing piece on Wikipedia. There needs to be some balance. There is nothing in this article remotely controversial eg. how popular he is in the gay social media world due to his skin shots and effeminate poses - this can be sourced to a reliable second source used in the article. Or that he is not actually a lawyer despite multiple unreliable sources saying that he is. The citation stacking and heavy use of marginal sources are yellow flags. I'm OK with the media section for now, it demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 16:57, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|GreenC}}, [[Special:Diff/1248879234]], regarding this, how do you feel about the phrasing on calling this "commented" when the source materials says {{tq|Vogue soon enlisted him as their political correspondent, presumably because he has the magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiselled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience.|tq}}? The magazine article authors thinks he got this job, perhaps because of those attribute. Simply saying "commented" takes it out of context in my opinion. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 21:26, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Your phrasing is a correct interpretation of the source. It's a bit convoluted to read with layers of attribution. The single word solution of "commented" attributes the quote to Ruby Feneley so there is no misattribution, but it does remove the context of Ruby presuming what Vogue was thinking. Do you think the context is significant for inclusion? -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 22:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Personally, I'd rather just omit the entire thing from the entire article. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:27, 2 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::: I've removed {{tq|Ruby Feneley, writing for Marie Claire commented that he has the "magic combination of political pedigree, an unnervingly chiseled face and body, and, most importantly, an aptitude for communicating complicated political messages to a terminally short-attention-span youth audience."|tq}} until consensus forms for its inclusion, and how, if at all. Since the source gave it in context of author's own speculation as to what she thinks are the reasons for Schlossberg being appointed to his position at Vogue. This is a completely useless commentary without the relevant context. Even with the context, this is verging on unencyclopedic sensationalism. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I honestly don't get why it shouldn't be included? Ruby is simply explaining why he got more prominent and popular considering he was mostly out of the public eye for a few years. I have to agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] yet again. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:21, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Proposed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Schlossberg&diff=prev&oldid=1249096734 change] quoting Tatler (to resolve the context issue) but Graywalls blocked it from being a primary source which the article clearly is not. Even quoted it to prevent editorializing. This is not useless commentary. Especially since the internet is littered with such similar descriptions on the subject. As you stated this "demonstrates he is famous and popular which is a big reason why he is notable." [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 04:28, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{re|Sharonstonebasicinstinct}}, That statement is primary source, because it's the magazine's own statement in its own opinion. [[WP:PSTS]] and [[WP:PRIMARY]] explains that the same source can be primary and secondary at the same time. I agree the internet is quite littered with such description, but we're not going to have a pile of sensationalist anecdotes about what magazine article authors think as such is unencyclopaedic as we don't try to cover sensationalism on Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:03, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Unencyclopedic or you just don't like it? Of course it's an opinion! That's why it's in quotes! That's why it's attributed to the source explicitly. This is no different from including opinions like "new face of the Kennedy family" or "new hope of the Democratic Party". Omission on the media's very extensive coverage / views on his appearance, political stance, ancestry, social media are encyclopedic and should be included. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:33, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::It's a secondary source, as WP:PSTS says: ''A secondary source provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources.'' The primary source in this case is Schlossberg's statements and behaviors the journalist is interpreting. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 15:59, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::I agree with @[[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]]. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 18:06, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::You don't need to keep saying "I agree with.." This is not a voting forum. Imagine if everyone did that. The impression is your are trying to silence or distract Graywalls through peer pressure. It's not very civil. If someone made an important point you want to emphasize, OK, but you are doing it constantly. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 20:55, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::::Oh dear god...people can't even agree with other people's points anymore. Now I'm trying to silence or peer pressure others??? because I simply agree that the constant back and forth and nitpicking of certain things is getting a bit too much? [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 21:23, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Your behavior on this page has been disruptive and unproductive towards achieving consensus. It's fine post about the content issues, but stop complaining about other editors and the process. If you think this fairly short thread is "a bit much" (whatever that means), you have seen nothing on Wikipedia. You've been blocked multiple times the past few months, in August for an entire month, with one editor strongly suggesting it be made permanent. You might want to do some introspection about how you interact with other people and stop blaming others. -- [[User:GreenC|'''Green''']][[User talk:GreenC|'''C''']] 23:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::I agree with @[[User:Maxen Embry|Maxen Embry]] the constant back and forth is getting to be a bit much. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 01:22, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

[[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]], [[User:GreenC]], please check your wikitweet feed for recent developments. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]], there may be a lot less back and much more forth from now on. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== Organic notability ==

<s>The skepticism and cynicism on this page by particular editors are astounding. From perusing the [[Talk:Jack Schlossberg/Archive 1|archives]] and the deletion nominations for this subject, it's as if some people think there's a conspiracy to make the subject notable by the media or there is a big push by the Kennedy clan to make this guy happen. Face the music, the Kennedys attract media attention, this subject, fairly or not, is notable and has become notable through the years organically. We are not scraping the barrel here for reliable independent sources. Don't let some bias make you populate a whole talk page talking about advertisements when this is just run-of-the-mill coverage for some guy the media re-discover year in and year out. And not every article is a primary source... unless the editors have evidence these articles are part of some Kennedy machinery and the writers are connected to the family. Otherwise, it looks like you're just wearing a tinfoil hat - a set the Kennedys attract in droves. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:01, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

:See [[WP:NOTEVERYTHING]]. We're not going to have a page chock full of trivia regardless of subject notability. Encyclopedia is not a sensationalized magazine or rag sheet tabloid. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 05:16, 3 October 2024 (UTC)
<s>::This page's issue doesn't lie on trivia, because where is the trivia? From all these very looong discussions, the only trivia I have read from the page is in the one-sentence Personal Life section which apparently wasn't an issue to you despite the very many issues you have on this page. Shows your priorities, but okay. [[User:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|Sharonstonebasicinstinct]] ([[User talk:Sharonstonebasicinstinct|talk]]) 05:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)</s>

Striking out comments created by confirmed sockpuppet of {{user|Maxen Embry}} [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:45, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== NPOV and due weight issues ==
As discussed above, there are issues and disagreements over inclusion worthiness.

Discussion started at [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/Noticeboard#Jack_Schlossberg_and_pages_on_Kennedy_family_as_well_as_JFK_descendants]] to seek external input. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 18:18, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

=== level of details about education and family to be covered in lede ===
{{re|Unfriendnow}},
Concerning the disagreement with regard to [[Special:Diff/1249973757]]. I feel your change places too much emphasis on this part of the article. education and family pedigree in the lede, as [[WP:LEDE]] should summarize broadly summarize the key points of the article rather than emphasize certain things and I think it's undue to give this much weight to family/education in lede. I have looked at some biography articles that are [[WP:GA|good articles]] as points of reference. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:None of the info in the lead is [[WP:TRIVIA]] and So there is no reason to get rid of the biography. Doesn't matter if other articles don't have leads as long, i can find others that do. This is all important basic information that I believe should stay. [[User:Unfriendnow|Unfriendnow]] ([[User talk:Unfriendnow|talk]]) 23:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

Jack Schlossberg

2024-10-07T20:23:15Z

Unfriendnow: Undid revision 1249968123 by Graywalls (talk) I believe this information is needed for him. You can't just compare other bios. This was an unnecessary change.

{{Short description|American writer (born 1993)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Schlossberg
| birth_name = John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|01|19}}
| image = Jack Schlossberg in 2024.jpg
| caption = Schlossberg in 2024
| education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[JD–MBA]])
| occupation = Writer
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States) |Democratic]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Edwin Schlossberg]]|[[Caroline Kennedy]]|}}
| family = [[Kennedy family]] 
[[Bouvier family]]
}}
'''John Bouvier Kennedy''' "'''Jack'''" '''Schlossberg''' (born January 19, 1993) is an American writer who has written about politics for several publications and news outlets, and is a political correspondent for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine since 2024.

Born and raised in New York City, Schlossberg is a graduate of [[Yale University]] and [[Harvard University]] where he obtained his joint [[Juris Doctor]] and [[Master of Business Administration]] degrees. He is the son of designer [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]], and the only grandson of the 35th [[president of the United States|United States president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].

==Early life and education==
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg<ref name="McNeil" /> was born in [[New York City]] on January 19, 1993.<ref name="Andersen">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher P. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/269/mode/2up |title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved |publisher=Gallery Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-7556-2 |page=269}}</ref> Known as “Jack”, he is the youngest of three children of designer and artist [[Edwin Schlossberg]] and author and diplomat [[Caroline Kennedy]]. He is named after his maternal grandfather, the 35th [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]], and matrilineal great-grandfather, the [[Wall Street]] [[stockbroker]] [[John Vernou Bouvier III]]. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] was his grand-uncle as well as godfather,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Caroline |author-link1=Caroline Kennedy |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |last3=Crowley |first3=Candy |author-link3=Candy Crowley |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909010816/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=August 24, 2024}}</ref> and he served as [[Page boy (wedding attendant)|ringbearer]] to his uncle [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s wedding.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |date=October 7, 1996 |title=Bridal Sweet |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bridal-sweet-vol-46-no-15/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg and his two older sisters, [[Rose Schlossberg|Rose]] and [[Tatiana Schlossberg|Tatiana]], were primarily raised in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper East Side]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Quinn |first=Dave |date= |title=How JFK's Grandson Stepped into the Spotlight |url=https://people.com/politics/how-jfks-only-grandson-stepped-into-the-spotlight-this-week-and-honored-his-familys-legacy/ |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> and have also spent significant time at the [[Martha's Vineyard]] estate of their maternal grandmother, the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]], while growing up.<ref name="Andersen" /> During the summers, he worked on a charter [[Fishing vessel|fishing boat]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gillette |first=Sam |title=All About JFK Granddaughter Tatiana Schlossberg's Next Project |url=https://people.com/politics/tatiana-schlossberg-book-climate-change/ |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=September 5, 2019 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref> He also played in baseball and basketball leagues in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heymann |first=C. David |title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy |date=July 1, 2008 |publisher=Atria Books |year=2008 |isbn=9780743497398 |location=New York |publication-date=July 1, 2008 |pages=515}}</ref> His father comes from an [[Orthodox Jewish]] family of [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]] descent, and his mother is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[French American|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] descent. He was raised Catholic, but his mother would also "incorporate [[Hanukkah]]" in the family's holiday celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |title=A Kennedy Christmas |url=http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |location=Melville, New York |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2007 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116061814/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/a-kennedy-christmas-1.541128 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Schlossberg attended [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School]]. In eighth grade, he co-founded ReLight New York, a nonprofit organization that installed energy-efficient compact [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lights]] in low-income housing developments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DiBlasio |first=Natalie |title=Who is the hot new Kennedy? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/20/kennedy-jack-schlossberg/3651449/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> A member of the Young Democrats club in high school, he organized a trip to [[Canvassing|canvass]] for [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign in [[Pennsylvania]]. In 2010, Schlossberg worked in [[Washington, D.C.]] as a [[Page of the United States Senate|senate page]] and the following year, as a senate intern.<ref name="Kaloi">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |title=All About JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/all-about-jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-7972191 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> He then attended [[Yale University]] graduating in 2015 with a degree in history, with a focus on Japanese history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McNeil |first1=Liz|title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg: 5 Things to Know About Him|url=http://www.people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things|access-date=July 12, 2015|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 6, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085635/https://people.com/article/jack-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-five-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> While at Yale, Schlossberg was known to perform [[stand-up comedy]],<ref name="McNeil">{{Cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |title=Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Grandson |url=https://people.com/celebrity/jack-schlossberg-president-john-f-kennedys-grandson/ |date=May 6, 2015 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> was a member of the [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] fraternity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Alumni |url=https://sigep.org/about/history-and-facts/prominent-alumni/ |access-date=August 28, 2024 |website=SigEp}}</ref> and wrote for the ''[[Yale Daily News]],'' and the ''[[Yale Herald]]'' where he was an editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=Danielle |title=JFK's grandson takes center stage: 9 things we know about Jack |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2014 |url=http://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051557/https://www.today.com/news/jfks-grandson-takes-center-stage-9-things-we-know-about-2D11635076 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also trained and worked as a volunteer [[emergency medical technician]] (EMT) in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and as environmental technician – cleaning out oil tanks and cleaning up spills around Boston.<ref name="McNeil" /> Schlossberg lived and worked in Japan before enrolling at [[Harvard University]] where he graduated from the joint [[JD–MBA|Juris Doctor – Master of Business Administration]] program at [[Harvard Law School]] and [[Harvard Business School]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slane |first=Kevin |title=JFK's grandson on Harvard Law School: 'I don't have a life, but that's what I signed up for.' |date=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=August 4, 2023 |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423144120/https://www.boston.com/culture/local-news/2017/11/17/jfks-grandson-once-you-start-law-school-people-are-too-busy-studying-to-care-who-you-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, he passed the New York State bar exam.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=Jack Schlossberg Says It 'Feels Great' to Have Passed New York State Bar Exam on First Try (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jack-schlossberg-feels-great-pass-bar-exam-first-try-exclusive-8384519 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Since 2011, Schlossberg has written for publications and news outlets like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine, ''[[Politico]]'', and [[CNN]] among others. He has also written [[Op-ed|op-eds]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', and ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Jack Schlossberg, l’unique petit-fils de JFK et la politique dans le sang |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/09/11/jack-schlossberg-l-unique-petit-fils-de-jfk-et-la-politique-dans-le-sang_6313180_4500055.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2015, through the company’s overseas graduates hiring program, Schlossberg started working at [[Rakuten]] a Japanese internet and e-commerce company, in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |title=ケネディ駐日米大使の息子が楽天入社営業など担当 |trans-title=Son of U.S. Ambassador to Japan Kennedy Joins Rakuten and Responsible for Sales and Others |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=August 4, 2023 |language=Japanese |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174427/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ16INP_W5A111C1TJC000/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaloi" /> He also worked at the Japanese distillery [[Suntory]].<ref name="Kaloi" /> Schlossberg went back to the States in 2016 to work as a staff assistant in the [[Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]], part of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=December 14, 2016 |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Trump and LSAT |url=https://people.com/politics/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-speaks-out-about-the-lsat-and-donald-trump-its-important-to-keep-an-open-mind/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, after graduating from Harvard and passing the bar exam, Schlossberg began working for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' as a political correspondent.<ref name="Fisher">{{Cite magazine |last1=Fisher |first1=Hannah |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Just Being Himself |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |access-date=July 10, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713054335/https://www.vogue.com/article/jack-schlossberg-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> He "emerged as a staff favorite" and was appointed for "his irreverent but intelligent takes on the political landscape" per ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Sandra E. |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Jack Schlossberg Is Named a Political Correspondent for Vogue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/style/jack-schlossberg-vogue-correspondent.html |access-date=July 15, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Schlossberg first became interested in politics in 2007 when then [[Illinois]] senator [[Barack Obama]] began his [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|presidential primary campaign]].<ref name="Fisher" /> He recalled that he was never forced to enter politics but Obama's campaign inspired him to learn about it and to study the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy#Historical reputation|legacy]] of his grandfather, President Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yoshimura |first1=Marina |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |date=February 25, 2018 |title=Talking Politics and the Future with John Schlossberg'15 |work=The Yale Globalist |url=https://globalist.yale.edu/onlinecontent/blogs/talking-politics-and-the-future-with-john-schlossberg15/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

In 2011, Schlossberg wrote the editors at ''The New York Times'' responding to a critical column about President Kennedy's legacy, which was published as a letter to the editor. The piece "launched the political career" of then 18-year-old Schlossberg per ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref name="Cohen-2011">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |date=February 4, 2011 |title=John Kennedy Schlossberg Defends JFK's Legacy in the 'New York Times' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/12/john-kennedy-schlossberg-defends-jfks-legacy-in-the-new-york-times/249447/ |access-date=August 26, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] }}</ref> The following year, when asked about his interest in entering politics, Schlossberg stated: "Politics definitely interests me. I'm most interested in public service. I think that's something that I got from being part of [[Kennedy family|my family]], which is such an honor."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Candy |author-link1=Candy Crowley |last2=Schlossberg |first2=Jack |title=Caroline Kennedy and her son, talk with CNN's Candy Crowley |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2012 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/06/caroline-kennedy-and-her-son-talk-with-cnns-candy-crowley/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>

[[File:Biden_with_Caroline_Kennedy_and_Jack_Schlossberg.jpg|thumb|Schlossberg with 46th U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and mother [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] in Boston in 2022]]

He co-founded "Yale for Murphy" in 2012 in support of Democrat [[Chris Murphy]]'s Connecticut senate candidacy.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Devika |date=2014-01-02 |title=Kennedy grandson joins the political house that Jack built |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/kennedy-grandson-joins-the-political-house-that-jack-built-gkbxhz5gwmn |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In November 2013, Schlossberg introduced 44th U.S. President Obama at the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] Award gala which commemorated the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schlossberg |first1=Jack |last2=Obama |first2=Barack |author-link2=Barack Obama |title=Barack Obama Interview with Jack Schlossberg at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/interview-with-jack-schlossberg-the-john-f-kennedy-presidential-library-and-museum-boston |access-date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=The American Presidency Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jureidini |first=Ben |date=July 11, 2024 |title=A modern-day poster boy for the greatest of American dynasties: Can Kennedy heir Jack Schlossberg reignite America's election cycle? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/jack-schlossberg-kennedy-redux |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Tatler |language=}}</ref> In 2016, in an opinion piece for the ''The Washington Post'', he encouraged young voters to support [[Hillary Clinton]] [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|for president]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakilla |first=Blake |date=November 16, 2015 |title=JFK’s Grandson Jack Schlossberg Endorses Hillary Clinton: ‘She Is Our Candidate’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-endorses-190359010.html |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also accompanied his mother Caroline in her duties as ambassador of Japan and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=FLOTUS ASIA 0006 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/photo/2015/04/flotusasia0006 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |publisher=[[The White House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=August 3, 2023 |title=John F Kennedy's daughter and grandson recreate his heroic swim |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/03/john-f-kennedy-daughter-grandson-swim-solomon-islands/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In the succeeding years, Schlossberg took an increasingly active role in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] including its New Frontier Award where he served as chair of the selection committee until its last and 20th ceremony in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Committee |publisher=[[Harvard Institute of Politics]] |url=https://iop.harvard.edu/programs/conferences/new-frontier-awards/award-committee |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John F. Kennedy New Frontier Awards |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/new-frontier-award |access-date=September 16, 2024 |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library]] }}</ref> He is also in the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] selection committee also serving as event host and presenter.<ref name="Gurley" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McNeil |first=Liz |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Lauren Bush Lauren Raves About Jack Kennedy Schlossberg |url=https://people.com/politics/lauren-bush-lauren-raves-about-jack-kennedy-schlossberg/ |access-date=January 19, 2015 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, Schlossberg gave a virtual address on the second night of the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] with mother Caroline and endorsed [[Joe Biden]]'s run for presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Storey |first=Kate |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Why Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, is Speaking at the 2020 DNC |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |access-date=August 19, 2020 |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180400/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a33636638/jack-kennedy-schlossberg-jfk-grandson-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, has publicly criticized the [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] of his relative [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], and supported Biden’s re-election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=July 21, 2023 |title=J.F.K.'s Grandson Calls Robert Kennedy's Campaign 'an Embarrassment' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/us/politics/jfk-grandson-rfk-campaign.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Schlossberg gave his first in-person speech on the second night of the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago endorsing [[Kamala Harris]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaclyn |first=Diaz |title=WATCH: Jack Schlossberg, grandson of President John F. Kennedy, addresses the DNC |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-01 |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/20/g-s1-18139/jack-schlossberg-john-kennedy-democratic-national-convention}}</ref> In September 2024, Schlossberg became co-chair of the [[List of environmental organizations|environmental organization]] Climate Power's campaign "Too Hot Not to Vote" – an initiative “designed to engage, educate and motivate people to vote for climate and [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] champions” in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential elections]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Climate Power's "Too Hot Not to Vote" Campaign |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/climate-change-voter-campaign-rosario-dawson-sophia-bush-bill-nye-climate-power-1236000203/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref>
== Public image ==
Schlossberg has been the subject of media coverage throughout his life but largely kept himself out of the public eye growing up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=July 5, 2023 |title=The Kennedy Family’s Strange 2023 Has Echoes of Classic Camelot |url=https://variety.com/2023/politics/columns/robert-f-kennedy-jr-vaccines-jack-schlossberg-1235661850/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gurley">{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Caroline Kennedy’s 3 Children: All About Rose, Tatiana and Jack |url=https://people.com/all-about-caroline-kennedy-kids-7965684 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> His first live television appearance was in an interview with CNN at the [[2012 Democratic National Convention]] when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowley |first=Candy |author-link=Candy Crowley |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/09/07/dnc-crowley-kennedy-schlossberg-intv.cnn |title=JFK grandson's first TV interview |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 2016, he attended the [[Met Gala]] with his mother Caroline,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg, Caroline Kennedy's Son, Was His Mom's Date to the Met Gala on Monday |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/jack-schlossberg-caroline-kennedy-son-met-gala-2017 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=W Magazine |language=en}}</ref> and was included in the ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' annual International Best Dressed List.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Meredith |author-link=Meredith Goldstein |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Vanity Fair names John F. Kennedy's grandson Jack Schlossberg to its best-dressed list for 2017 |url=https://c.o0bg.com/lifestyle/names/2017/09/06/vanity-fair-names-john-kennedy-grandson-jack-schlossberg-its-best-dressed-list-for/YnBND3c1vySkEp3l0wDOIO/story.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] }}</ref> He had a cameo role in the [[Blue Bloods (season 8)|eighth-season finale]] of the television show ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haas |first=Mariah |date=May 12, 2018 |title=John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Makes His Acting Debut on Blue Bloods |url=https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802174429/https://people.com/tv/john-f-kennedys-grandson-jack-schlossberg-blue-bloods/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2018 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 20, 2024 |title=You Don't Know Jack! |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a61098000/jack-schlossberg-jfk-interview-2024/ |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=Town & Country }}</ref> In September 2024, he was a guest on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!|''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'']] where he encouraged young people to vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstone |first=Violet |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Kennedy Grandson Jack Schlossberg ‘Recommends’ Being a Kennedy, Talks Nancy Pelosi’s Prom Dress and Voting on ‘Jimmy Kimmel’ |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jack-schlossberg-saint-laurent-suit-jimmy-kimmel-live-1236645324/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

Media outlets have portrayed Schlossberg as a "new face" of the [[Kennedy family]], and a "new hope" of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moran |first=Sharir |title=Meet JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg, the Democrats' New Hope |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-02-23/ty-article/.premium/jfks-grandson-jack-schlossberg-the-democrats-half-jewish-new-hope/0000017f-f19a-d8a1-a5ff-f19a36810000 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanahan |first=Mark |title=Is this the new face of the Kennedy clan? |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/05/05/this-new-face-kennedy-clan/yreezZorYmPaB38MqfxyVM/story.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Months prior to the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]] he began posting political commentary and comedic sketches on social media.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Hannah |date=May 9, 2024 |title=JFK's Grandson, Jack Schlossberg, Is Memeing for Democracy |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-memeing-for-democracy |access-date=August 27, 2024 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Schlossberg is fond of [[List of water sports|water sports]], particularly [[Standup paddleboarding|paddleboarding]].<ref name="Schlossberg 2017-08-08">{{Cite web |last=Schlossberg |first=Jack |date=August 8, 2017 |title=Jack Schlossberg Completes Crazy Trip Around Manhattan for Charity |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/jack-schlossberg-paddled-around-manhattan-for-charity.html |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pennington |first=Juliet |title=JFK's Grandson Jack Schlossberg Talks Climate Change and Why He's the Rock's 'Greatest Fan' |url=https://people.com/politics/jfk-grandson-jack-schlossberg-puppy/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7341740}}
* {{C-SPAN|9265046}}

{{Kennedy family |state=collapsed}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlossberg, Jack}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:Bouvier family]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Schlossberg family|John]]
[[Category:Vogue (magazine) people]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]

Caldwell Esselstyn

2024-10-06T01:19:25Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American physician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Caldwell Esselstyn
|image = Caldwell Esselstyn, Denmark, 2019.jpg
|image_upright =
|caption = Esselstyn in May 2019
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|12|12}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|residence =
|nationality = American
|field = [[Cardiology]] [[Plant-based diet]]
|work_institutions = [[Cleveland Clinic]]
|alma_mater = [[Yale University]] (AB, 1956) [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]] (MD, 1961)<ref name=cv />
|known_for =''[[Forks Over Knives]]''
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = Gold Medal, 1956 Olympic Games – [[Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|Men's eight]]
| spouse = Ann Crile
|children = 4, including [[Rip Esselstyn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enrichcreative.com/enrichment/articles/2014-04-28-meet-the-esselstyn-family|title=Meet the Esselstyns|website=Enrich|accessdate=July 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://engine2diet.com/the-daily-beet/ann-answers-some-questions/|title=Esselstyn, A. The Daily Beet: An Answers Some Questions. 04 November 2016|accessdate=July 3, 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.dresselstyn.com/}}
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | the {{USA}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Rowing at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Melbourne]]|[[Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|Men's eight]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Jr.''' (born December 12, 1933)<ref name=cv>{{official website|http://www.heartattackproof.com/cv.htm|''Curriculum Vitae''}}</ref> is an American physician, author and former Olympic [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] champion.

Esselstyn is director of the Heart Disease Reversal Program at the [[Cleveland Clinic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/wellness/integrative/disease-reversal|title = Heart Disease Reversal Program}}</ref> He is also the author of ''Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease'' (2007), in which he argued for a low-fat, [[whole foods]], [[Plant-based diet|plant-based]] diet that avoids all [[animal product]]s and oils, as well as reducing or avoiding [[soybean]]s, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[avocado]]s. The diet has been criticized for its unfounded health claims.<ref name=hall/><ref name=Plain/>

== Background ==
Esselstyn was born in [[New York City]] in 1933 to Dr. Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Sr. and Lilian Meyer.<ref name=cv /> Dr. Esselstyn's father was a prominent physician who was consulted by [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] for setting up Medicare and was the personal physician for [[Lou Gehrig]]. His wife's father and grandfather, [[George Washington Crile]] and [[George Crile Jr.|George "Barney" Crile]], were notable surgeons who pioneered many medical innovations.

Esselstyn graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1956<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.heartattackproof.com/biography.htm |title=Official Website: Biography |access-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823175742/http://www.heartattackproof.com/biography.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> where he was a member of [[Skull and Bones]].<ref>{{cite news | title=C. B. Esselstyn Jr. Fiance of Ann Crile | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=1 May 1961 | page=33}}</ref> He also competed in the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]], winning a gold medal in the "eights" as a member of the American team.<ref name="db-ol-ROW-1956">[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=14&sp=ROW "1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne, Australia – Rowing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208105105/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=14&sp=ROW |date=December 8, 2007 }} (Retrieved on May 15, 2008)</ref>

Esselstyn received his M.D. from the [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]] in 1961. During this time he met and married Ann Crile, the granddaughter of [[George Washington Crile]], founder of the [[Cleveland Clinic]].<ref name="about">{{cite web |url=http://www.heartattackproof.com/about.htm |title=About Dr. Esselstyn |publisher=heartattackproof.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511004233/http://www.heartattackproof.com/about.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Esselstyn was an intern (1961–62) and resident (1962–66) at that clinic.<ref name=cv /> In 1968 he completed a tour as an Army surgeon in Vietnam where he was awarded the Bronze Star.<ref name=cv /> Upon his return he rejoined the clinic and has served as the President of the Staff and as a member of its Board of Governors. He served as the President of the [[American Association of Endocrine Surgeons]] in 1991. In 2000 he gave up his post at the Cleveland Clinic.<ref name=Plain>Harlan Spector for the Cleveland Plain DealerJune 09, 2008 [http://www.cleveland.com/medical/index.ssf/2008/06/exsurgeon_caldwell_esselstyn_e.html Ex-surgeon Caldwell Esselstyn Jr. espouses a noninvasive cure for heart disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193925/http://www.cleveland.com/medical/index.ssf/2008/06/exsurgeon_caldwell_esselstyn_e.html |date=May 7, 2016 }}</ref>

Esselstyn has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of ''Nutrition Action'' magazine, published by the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]].<ref name="CSPI">{{cite web|title=Scientific Advisory Board|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/memo_-_salt_reduction_campaign.pdf|work=Nutrition Action|publisher=Center for Science in the Public Interest|access-date=26 January 2011|date=January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119171605/http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/memo_-_salt_reduction_campaign.pdf|archive-date=November 19, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Esselstyn is also on the advisory board of [[Naked Food Magazine]], for which he is also a regular contributor of articles espousing a plant-based diet.

== Diet work ==
Esselstyn promotes a whole foods, plant-based diet, arguing it can prevent [[coronary disease]] and [[cardiovascular]] disease. The diet excludes all animal products and oils and recommends foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, [[Legume|pulses]], and especially [[cruciferous vegetables]].<ref name=hall/>

His work received media attention when former U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] cited it, along with work by [[Dean Ornish]] and ''[[The China Study]]'' as the basis for his change of diet in 2010<ref>Philip Sherwell for The Telegraph. October 3, 2010 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8038801/Bill-Clintons-new-diet-nothing-but-beans-vegetables-and-fruit-to-combat-heart-disease.html Bill Clinton's new diet: nothing but beans, vegetables and fruit to combat heart disease]</ref> and yet more in late 2011 when Clinton discussed his diet with CNN and other media outlets.<ref>David S. Martin, CNN August 18, 2011 [http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/18/bill.clinton.diet.vegan/index.html From omnivore to vegan: The dietary education of Bill Clinton]</ref>

Esselstyn was also one of the doctors featured in the documentary films ''[[Forks Over Knives]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Game Changers]]'' (2018).<ref name=Hickman16May2011>{{cite web | url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/16/the-food-revoluvion-of-forks-over-knives-will-not-be-processed/ | author=Angela Hickman | title=The food revolution of Forks Over Knives will not be processed | work=[[National Post]] | date=2011-05-16 | access-date=2014-09-04 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629225011/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/16/the-food-revoluvion-of-forks-over-knives-will-not-be-processed/ | archive-date=June 29, 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

With regard to Esselstyn's claims, Nancy Brown, CEO of the [[American Heart Association]], said: "Diet alone is not going to be the reason that heart attacks are eliminated. Other key factors include physical activity, cholesterol, blood pressure and weight."<ref name=Martin2011>David S. Martin, [http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/index.html "The 'heart attack proof' diet?"], CNN, November 25, 2011.</ref>

[[Harriet A. Hall]] has written that the claims made by Esselstyn are misleading and that the evidence on which they are based is "pretty skimpy".<ref name=hall>{{cite web |publisher=Science-Based Medicine |url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-clintons-diet/ |author=Hall HA |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Bill Clinton's Diet}}</ref> [[Steven Nissen]] of the Cleveland Clinic said that his claims are unproven because there isn't data from rigorous clinical trials to support them.<ref name=Plain />

== Awards ==
In 2005 Esselstyn received the Benjamin Spock Award for Compassion in Medicine (he was the award's first recipient), and in 2009 the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Cleveland Clinic Alumni Association. In 2010 he received the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame Award.<ref name="about" />

== Selected publications ==

* ''Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure''. Penguin, 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-101-21583-8}}
* ''The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook: Over 125 Delicious, Life-Changing, Plant-Based Recipes''. Penguin, 2014 {{ISBN|9780698186507}}

==See also==
* [[List of vegans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.dresselstyn.com}}
* {{IMDb name|3233857}}
* {{sports links}}

{{Plant-based diets}}
{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{Olympic champions – Men's eight}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Esselstyn, Caldwell}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male rowers]]
[[Category:American nutritionists]]
[[Category:American surgeons]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Deerfield Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American sportspeople]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing]]
[[Category:Physicians from New York City]]
[[Category:Plant-based cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Plant-based diet advocates]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]

Harrison Tweed

2024-10-04T23:48:18Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|American lawyer and civic leader (1885–1969)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Harrison Tweed
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|6|16|1885|10|18}}
| occupation = Lawyer, civic leader
| relatives = [[Tweed Roosevelt]] (grandson) [[William M. Evarts]] (maternal grandfather)
| education = [[St. Mark's School (Massachusetts)|St. Mark's School]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], 1907) [[Harvard Law School]] (LL.B., 1910)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Eleanor Roelker|1914|1928|end=div}}
*{{marriage|[[Blanche Oelrichs]]|1929|1942|end=div}}
*{{marriage|Barbara Banning|1942}}
}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Harrison Tweed''' (October 18, 1885 – June 16, 1969) was an American [[lawyer]] and civic leader.

==Life and career==
Tweed was born in [[New York City]] on October 18, 1885. He was the son of Charles Harrison Tweed, the [[general counsel]] for the [[Central Pacific Railroad]], [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]], and other affiliated [[railroad]] corporations, and his wife, (Helen) Minerva Evarts. His maternal grandfather was [[William M. Evarts]], who served successively from 1868 to 1891 as [[United States Attorney General]], [[United States Secretary of State]], and [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[New York (state)|New York]], and was one of the leaders of the [[American Bar Association]]. His maternal great, great, great grandfather was [[Paul Dudley Sargent]] Revolutionary war hero, one of the founding overseers of [[Bowdoin College]]. Tweed graduated from [[St. Mark's School (Massachusetts)|St. Mark's School]] in [[Southborough, Massachusetts]], and received a B.A. from [[Harvard College]] in 1907. At [[Harvard Law School]], he served on the [[law review]] and was awarded an LL.B. in 1910.

His career at the bar began with a clerkship in the office of Byrne and Cutcheon in New York City. After service as a [[Captain (United States)|captain]] in [[World War I]], he joined one of the predecessor firms to [[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy]], where he remained as a partner the remainder of his life. Milbank, Tweed was the outside legal arm of [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] and the [[Rockefeller family]]. Tweed specialized in drafting [[Will (law)|wills]] and [[Trust law|trust agreements]], for the administering of major estates. He wrote briefs in litigation arising out of them and argued, and won, several notable [[appeal]]s in the New York courts and the [[United States Supreme Court]]. Because he was born partially deaf, he never tried a case. In conferences with other lawyers he usually spoke last, and his views generally became the group's consensus. Imitating Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], he had no desk in his office, instead writing at a lectern.

Tweed's appointment as chairman of the legal aid committee of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York in 1932, led to a continuing involvement in bar organizations. He became an enthusiastic convert to the necessity of providing competent legal services to all people. Legal aid, he wrote, was ''"operation equal justice," "an obligation of the bar,"'' and essential to secure the success of the adversary system. He served as president of the [[Legal Aid Society]] of New York from 1936 to 1945, later publishing a history of its first seventy-five years, and of the [[National Legal Aid & Defender Association]] from 1949 to 1955.

In 1945, Tweed was elected president of the [[Association of the Bar of the City of New York|New York City bar association]]. To rejuvenate the staid organization, he brought in younger lawyers, established a bulletin, reorganized committees that issued reports, and created the position of executive secretary. All of this was done in a spirit of openness, equality, informality, and fun (a recurring word with Tweed). In this way, Tweed transformed a stuffy club into a strong progressive force for public service. C. C. Burlingham, the doyen of the New York bar, said that Tweed was ''"the best president the Bar Association has ever had."''

In 1947, Tweed became president of the [[American Law Institute]] (ALI). He was a guiding force in its major labors—the updating of the institute's published [[Restatements of the Law|Restatements]], as well as the preparation of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], model codes and statutes on penal law and taxation, and the first restatement on the foreign-relations law of the United States. He took a light, subtle approach, usually talking around the matter at hand so as to envelop the object of his attention; only occasionally did he take a direct part in the proceedings over which he smoothly presided.

Starting in 1947, Tweed was chairman of the ALI - [[American Bar Association]] (ABA) joint committee on continuing legal education. Refreshment of the law, Tweed believed, was a professional responsibility. He wrote articles, spoke to lawyers' groups, buttonholed bar leaders, and organized conferences. For many years, a colleague noted, he ''"was the committee."'' The number of administrators of state continuing-legal-education programs increased markedly during his tenure.

Educational matters and public service occupied much of Tweed's time. He served as a trustee of [[Sarah Lawrence College]] from 1940 to 1965, including eight years as chairman of the board of trustees (1947 to 1955), and was interim president of the college in 1959-1960. In his term as interim president, he is credited with saving the college from [[bankruptcy]] by increasing the number of students.<ref>[http://www.slc.edu/magazine/75th-anniversary/Presidential_Voices.php Presidential Voices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207082300/http://www.slc.edu/magazine/75th-anniversary/Presidential_Voices.php |date=2009-02-07 }}, Sarah Lawrence College website, accessed April 8, 2009</ref> He also served as an overseer of [[Harvard University]] from 1950 to 1956, and from 1951 to 1967 he was a trustee of the [[Cooper Union]] Center for the Advancement of Science and Art in New York City.

New York Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] in 1953 appointed him chairman of the state’s commission to study the reorganization of the judicial branch (courts); many of its recommendations, including the formation of a new judicial conference of the state's judges, were later adopted by the state. In 1963, at the request of US President [[John F. Kennedy]], Tweed became co-chairman of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, a position that he held for two years.

Tweed believed that lawyers' training to define complicated issues enabled them to play a special role outside the practice of law: ''"Even if he contributes nothing more than a sense of orderliness and an ability to organize thought and to pose the right questions, the lawyer will have pulled his weight in the boat."'' Of his year as president of Sarah Lawrence College, he wrote, ''"I think that I did manage to bring to the faculty an organization and an understanding of democratic procedures which no one but a lawyer could have done."''

Tall, erect, and lean, Tweed was ''"the most democratic of aristocrats."''He was the only lawyer to be awarded medals for distinguished service from the New York City, New York State, and American bar associations. The ABA tribute noted that his was ''"the [[Horatio Alger]] story in reverse." "I have a high opinion of lawyers,"'' Tweed said in 1945. ''"With all their faults, they stack up well against those in every other occupation or profession. They are better to work with or play with or fight with or drink with than most other varieties of mankind."'' He died in New York City.

==Family==
Tweed was married three times and divorced twice. By his first marriage on June 14, 1914, to Eleanor Roelker, he had two children. Following his divorce in 1928, he married [[Blanche Oelrichs|Blanche Oelrichs Barrymore]], the former wife of [[John Barrymore]] who used the name [[Michael Strange]] in her acting and writing careers. They were divorced in 1942. He married Barbara Banning on 21 November 1942; they had one child.

His daughters (with Eleanor Roelker) Eleanor Tweed, married Nelson W. Aldrich (a grandson of U.S. Senator [[Nelson W. Aldrich]]); <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1934/06/16/archives/nelson-w-aldrich-weds-miss-tweed-bridegroom-is-grandson-and.html</ref> and Katharine Winthrop Tweed, married [[Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.]] (a grandson of U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]).<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/19/archives/miss-katherine-tweed-wed-to-archibald-b-roosevelt-jr-daughter-of.html</ref> Through his eldest daughter, Eleanor, he was the grandfather of [[Nelson W. Aldrich Jr.|Nelson W. Aldrich Jr]]. Through his daughter, Katherine, he was the grandfather of [[Tweed Roosevelt]].

==Further reading==
Tweed's history of the Legal Aid Society was published as ''The Legal Aid Society, New York City, 1876-1951'' (1954). See his chapter, "One Lawyer's Life," in Albert Love and James Saxon Childers, eds., ''Listen to Leaders in Law'' (1963). A series of interviews dealing largely with his law practice are in the Columbia Oral History Collection, Tributes to Tweed appear in the 1969 ''Association of the Bar of the City of New York Yearbook'' and the 1970 ''American Law Institute Proceedings.'' George Martin, ''Causes and Conflicts'' (1970), deals with Tweed's activities in the New York City bar association. An obituary is in the ''New York Times'', June 17, 1969.]

==References==
;General
"Harrison Tweed, "Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 8: 1966-1970. American Council of Learned Societies, 1988. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005. [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC]

;Notes
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050720080235/http://pages.slc.edu/~archives/presidents_papers/harrison_tweed_papers.htm Harrison Tweed Papers]
*[http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/awards/harrison_tweed_award.html Harrison Tweed Award, American Bar Association]
*[http://www.slc.edu/ Sarah Lawrence College]
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/roosvlta.html Archibald B. Roosevelt Jr. Papers]
*[[Harrison Tweed Award]]

{{Sarah Lawrence College}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tweed, Harrison}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni]]
[[Category:New York (state) lawyers]]
[[Category:American legal scholars]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the New York City Bar Association]]
[[Category:People associated with Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Sarah Lawrence College]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]

James T. Lee

2024-10-04T17:38:41Z

Unfriendnow:

{{Short description|American lawyer, banker, and real estate investor (1877–1968)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Thomas Lee
| image = James t lee.jpg
| birth_name = James Thomas Lee
| birth_date = {{birth date|1877|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{dda|1968|01|03|1877|10|02}}
| death_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
| burial_place = [[Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)|Gate of Heaven Cemetery, Hawthorne, NY]]
| nationality = American
| alma_mater = [[City College of New York]] [[Columbia University]] [[Columbia Law School]]
| occupation = Lawyer, banker, real estate developer
| parents = James Thomas Lee Mary Theresa Norton
| spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Merritt |1903|1943|reason=her death}}
| children = 3, including [[Janet Norton Lee|Janet]]
| relatives = [[Bouvier family|Bouvier-Lee family]]
}}

'''James Thomas Lee''' (October 2, 1877 – January 3, 1968)<ref name="JTLObit1968"/> was an American lawyer, banker, and real estate investor. He was the maternal grandfather of former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] and Princess [[Lee Radziwill]].

==Early life==
Lee was born in Manhattan on October 2, 1877. He was the only surviving son and eldest of ten children, six of whom lived to adulthood, born to Dr. James Lee (born 1852)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Dr. James Lee |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Dr-James-Lee/6000000006583285445 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> and Mary Theresa Lee, {{nee}} Norton (born {{Circa|1851}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Mary Teresa Norton |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Mary-Teresa-Norton/6000000006583227394 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> both children of [[Irish Catholic]] immigrants. His father being born and raised in [[Newark, New Jersey]] to parents from [[County Cork]] and his mother was born to parents from [[County Tipperary]] and raised by her uncle in [[Troy, New York]] after being orphaned at a young age.<ref name="TroyObit1968"/><ref name="Troy1961">{{cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/58901393/?terms=Lee|title=Caroline Kennedy Descendant Of Troy Family|newspaper=[[The Troy Record]]|last=Goodwin|first=Hilda|date=April 15, 1961|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> He met his wife when they were both teaching in Troy.<ref name="TroyObit1968"/><ref name="Troy1961"/> His father received his M.D. at [[Bellevue Medical College|Bellevue College]] in 1880 and became a doctor and later, district superintendent of New York City Public Schools.

In 1898, after a year spent studying violin, Lee enrolled in the [[City College of New York]] to study engineering. In two years, he had joined [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] and was working as a law clerk earning $6-a-week. In 1901, he graduated from City College and then enrolled in a master's program at [[Columbia University]] in political science and economics. He graduated with an A.M. degree in 1902 and then began law school, graduating from [[Columbia Law School]] in 1903.<ref name="Pottker2001"/>

==Career==
After graduating law school and serving as a clerk, Lee then opened his own law practice. Aware of the impending construction of the [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line|Seventh Avenue Subway]], he began buying property along the proposed route which tripled in value after the Subway became a fact.<ref name="Spoto2000">{{cite book |last1=Spoto |first1=Donald |title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life |date=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0/page/5 5] |isbn=9780312246501 |url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0 |url-access=registration |accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref> By 1910, his career was focused primarily on real estate development, and was eventually responsible for building more than two hundred residential and commercial buildings.<ref name="Gray1995">{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |title=Streetscapes/Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's Grandfather; Quality Developer With a Legacy of Fine Buildings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/realestate/streetscapes-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-s-grandfather-quality-developer-with.html |accessdate=15 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 March 1995}}</ref> His company, of which he was president, was the real-estate focused Shelton Holding Corporation.<ref name="JTLObit1968"/>

By 1908, Lee and his partner, Charles R. Fleischmann, built the 12-story [[Peter Stuyvesant]] apartments at the corner of [[98th Street (Manhattan)|98th]] and [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]], designed by William L. Rouse.<ref name="Gray1995"/>

In 1910, while living at 669 [[West End Avenue]] near [[93rd Street (Manhattan)|93rd Street]],<ref name="Gray1995"/> he built [[998 Fifth Avenue]], another luxury cooperative that was designed by the [[McKim, Mead & White]] architectural firm and was across the street from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref name="JTLObit1968"/>

Between 1913 and 1920, he built a series of office buildings near [[Grand Central Terminal]], the Central Building on 45th Street, the Berkeley Building on 44th Street and the National Association Building on 43rd Street, all designed by [[Starrett & van Vleck]].<ref name="Gray1995"/> In 1923, he built the Shelton Hotel (today the [[New York Marriott East Side]]) at 49th Street and [[Lexington Avenue]], designed by [[Arthur Loomis Harmon]], which at the time was the tallest hotel in the world at 24 stories.<ref name="Gray1995"/>

In 1928, he was elected to the board of the [[Chase National Bank]] and stayed with them until 1943 when he began serving as president and chairman of the board of the [[Central Savings Bank]].<ref name="JTLObit1968"/>

In 1929, he began building [[740 Park Avenue]], a [[Luxury real estate|luxury]] cooperative apartment building on [[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Park Avenue]] between [[71st Street (Manhattan)|East 71st]] and [[72nd Street (Manhattan)|72nd]] Streets designed by [[Rosario Candela]] and Arthur Loomis Harmon<ref>{{cite web|title=740 Park Avenue|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/740-park-avenue-new-york-city-ny-usa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120854/http://www.emporis.com/building/740-park-avenue-new-york-city-ny-usa|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 26, 2014|website=Emporis|publisher=Emporis GMBH|accessdate=19 June 2014|year=2000–2014}}</ref> of [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], which has been described as "the most luxurious and powerful residential building in New York City".<ref name="Julie">{{cite web|author1=Zeveloff, Julie|title=740 Park Avenue: Inside The Most Powerful Apartment Building In New York|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/740-park-avenue-new-york-residents-history-2011-12?op=1|website=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=19 June 2014|date=29 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=NYT2005>Gross, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/11/garden/where-the-boldface-bunk.html "Where the Boldface Bunk"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 11, 2004). Accessed October 8, 2007.</ref>

==Personal life==
On October 7, 1903, Lee was married to teacher Margaret Ann Merritt (1880–1943),<ref name="1943Obit">{{cite news |title=Deaths |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/02/27/85086779.pdf |accessdate=18 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 27, 1943 |page=13}}</ref> who had been born in New York City to Irish immigrants from [[County Clare]], Thomas Merritt and Maria, {{nee}} Curry.<ref name="Pottker2001">{{cite book |last1=Pottker |first1=Jane |title=Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis |date=2001 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]] |location=New York |page=53 |isbn=9780312266073 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXs3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=From Kilmurry village to The White House|url=http://clarechampion.ie/from-kilmurry-village-to-the-white-house|newspaper=[[The Clare Champion]]|date=August 1, 2013|access-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref> Together, they were the parents of:

* Marion Merritt Lee (1906–1947),<ref name="MMLRObit1947">{{cite news |title=MRS. JOHN J. RYAN JR. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/05/11/87751494.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 11, 1947 |page=60}}</ref> who married John Joseph Ryan Jr. (1904–1963),<ref name="JJRJrObit1963">{{cite news |title=JOHN J. RYAN JR. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/15/106221194.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 15, 1963 |page=39}}</ref> a partner at [[Bache & Co.]], in 1927 <ref name="1927Wedding">{{cite news |title=MARION LEE BRIDE OF JOHN J. RYAN; Ceremony in Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Performed by Very Rev. W. G. Moran, O. P. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/01/21/118638660.pdf |accessdate=18 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 21, 1927 |page=8}}</ref> and had issue, including Mary Cecil, married to [[England|English]]-[[USA|American]] businessman and heir [[William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil]].
* [[Janet Norton Lee]] (1907–1989),<ref name="JLAMObit1989">{{cite news |title=Janet Lee Auchincloss Morris, 81 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/24/obituaries/janet-lee-auchincloss-morris-81.html |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 24, 1989 |page=11}}</ref> who married [[John Vernou Bouvier III]] (1891–1957)<ref name="JB3rdObit1957">{{cite news|title=JOHN BOUVIER 3D, BROKER, 66, DIES; Retired Investment Adviser Was a Member of Stock Exchange for 34 Years|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/08/04/archives/john-bouvier-3d-broker-66-dies-retired-investment-adviser-was-a.html|accessdate=13 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 August 1957}}</ref> in 1928.<ref name="1928Wedding">{{cite news|title=JANET N. LEE BRIDE OF J.V. BOUVIER 3D; 500 Guests at Ceremony in St. Philomena's Church, East Hampton, L.I.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/08/archives/janet-n-lee-bride-of-jv-bouvier-3d-500-guests-at-ceremony-in-st.html|accessdate=13 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 July 1928}}</ref> They divorced in 1940 and she remarried to [[Hugh D. Auchincloss|Hugh Dudley Auchincloss]] (1897–1976) in 1942.<ref name="1942Wedding">{{cite news|title=MRS. J. L. BOUVIER IS WED IN VIRGINIA; Becomes the Bride of Lieut. Hugh D. Auchincloss. U.S.N., at His Country Home|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 23, 1942|page=24}}</ref> After his death, she married Bingham Willing Morris (1906–1996) in 1979.<ref name="1979Wedding">{{cite news|title=Notes on People|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/26/archives/notes-on-people-mrs-onassis-is-the-witness-at-her-mothers-wedding.html|accessdate=13 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 October 1979}}</ref>
* Margaret Winifred Lee (1912–1991),<ref name="WLdOObit1991">{{cite news |title=d'OLIER |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29686171/dolier/ |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=November 29, 1991 |page=46}}</ref> who married Franklin D'Olier Jr. (1911–2000), a son of [[Franklin D'Olier]] and uncle to [[F. D. Reeve]], in 1936.<ref name="1936DinnerDance">{{cite news |title=DINNER DANCE GIVEN FOR ENGAGED COUPLES Winifred Lee and Franklin D'Olier Jr. and Frances Frear and J.C. Ryan Honored. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/04/16/87929393.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 16, 1936}}</ref><ref name="1936Plans">{{cite news |title=MISS WINIFRED LEE PICKS ATTENDANTS {{!}} Rev. Walter Moran Will Wed Her to Franklin D'Olier Jr. in Ceremony at Pierre. {{!}} NUPTIALS SET FOR APRIL 17 {{!}} Mrs. John J. Ryan Jr. and Mrs. John V. Bouvier 3d to Serve as Matrons of Honor. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/04/01/85277499.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 1, 1936}}</ref><ref name="1936Wedding">{{cite news |title=MARGARET W. LEE BECOMES A BRIDE; Rev. Walter O. Moran, O. P., Marries Her to Franklin D'Olier Jr. at Pierre. {{!}} ESCORTED BY HER FATHER {{!}} Mrs. John J. Ryan Jr. and Mrs. John V. Bouvier 3d Matrons of Honor for Their Sister |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/04/18/93720607.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 18, 1936 |page=12}}</ref>

Lee joined East Hampton's [[Maidstone Club]] in 1925.<ref name="Pottker2001"/>

His wife died unexpectedly, at age 63, at their daughter Marion's home in [[Hewlett Bay Park, New York|Hewlett Bay Park]] in February 1943.<ref name="1943Obit"/> She and her husband had been estranged for many years, but remained married. Lee died at his home, 580 Park Avenue in Manhattan, on January 3, 1968.<ref name="JTLObitNYDN">{{cite news |title=JAMES T. LEE |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29686297/james_t_lee/ |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=January 4, 1968 |page=67}}</ref><ref name="TroyObit1968">{{cite news |title=James Lee, Jackie's Kin, Dies at 90 in New York City |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29686376/james_lee_jackies_kin_dies_at_90_in/ |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The Troy Record]] |date=January 5, 1968 |page=25}}</ref> After a funeral at the [[Church of St. Vincent Ferrer (Manhattan)|Church of St. Vincent Ferrer]] in Manhattan, he was buried alongside his parents at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, NY.<ref name="JTLObit1968">{{cite news |title=JAMES T. LEE, 90, REALTY MAN, DIES Lawyer Was Early Investor in Luxury Apartments |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/01/04/79931064.pdf |accessdate=18 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 1968}}</ref>

===Descendants===
Through his eldest daughter, Marion, he was the grandfather of two girls, Joan Ryan (1929–1997), and Mary Lee Ryan (1931–2017), the wife of [[William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil]], owner of [[Biltmore Estate|Biltmore]]. He also had three grandsons through his daughter Margaret. Through his daughter Janet, he was the grandfather of three girls, [[First Lady of the United States]] [[Jacqueline Lee Bouvier]] (1929–1994), the wife of [[John F. Kennedy]],<ref name="1953Wedding">{{cite news|title=Notables Attend Senator's Wedding; SENATOR KENNEDY WEDS IN NEWPORT|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/09/13/archives/notables-attend-senators-wedding-senator-kennedy-weds-in-newport.html|accessdate=13 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 September 1953}}</ref> and [[Aristotle Onassis]];<ref name="AOObit1975">{{cite news|last1=Times|first1=Special To the New York|title=Aristotle Onassis Is Dead Of Pneumonia in France|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/16/archives/aristotle-onassis-is-dead-of-pneumonia-in-france-amassed-a.html|accessdate=13 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 March 1975}}</ref> [[Lee Radziwill|Caroline Lee Bouvier]] (1933–2019), the wife of [[Kiki Preston#Illegitimate child allegations|Michael Temple Canfield]], [[Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł|Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł]],<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20064301,00.html "For Princess Lee Radziwill, It's the End of a Marriage"] ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', July 29, 1974</ref> [[Herbert Ross]]; and [[Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd|Janet Jennings Auchincloss]] (1945–1985), who married [[Lewis Polk Rutherfurd]].<ref name="JARObit1985">{{cite news|title=Janet Rutherfurd Dies at 39; Half-Sister of Mrs. Onassis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/21/us/janet-rutherfurd-dies-at-39-half-sister-of-mrs-onassis.html|accessdate=October 13, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 21, 1985}}</ref> He had one grandson through daughter Janet, named James Lee Auchincloss. Through his daughter Margaret Winifred, he was the grandfather of Anne C. d'Olier and Winifred Lee d'Olier, who married prominent investment banker Anthony Coats Brown in 1962.<ref name="1962Wedding">{{cite news |title=Father Escorts Winifred d'Olier At Her Wedding; Briarcliff Alumna Wed to Anthony C. Brown of Securities Firm |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/10/07/121476182.pdf |accessdate=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 7, 1962 |page=89}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{find a Grave|80957541}}

{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, James T.}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New York City]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
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Kensington and Chelsea Register Office

2024-10-04T04:11:27Z

Unfriendnow:

{{short description|Registry office in London, United Kingdom}}
[[File:1911 Britannica-Architecture-Chelsea Town Hall.png|thumb|The old vestry hall in Chelsea Manor Gardens, part of the [[Chelsea Town Hall]] complex, the location of the register office, from Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911]]

'''Kensington and Chelsea Register Office''' is an office for the registration of births, deaths, marriages and civil partnerships located in [[Chelsea Town Hall|Chelsea Old Town Hall]] in [[Chelsea, London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/births-deaths-marriages-and-citizenship/about-registrars-service/kensington-and-chelsea-register-office-opening-hours-and-location|title=Kensington and Chelsea Register Office opening hours and location | Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|website=www.rbkc.gov.uk}}</ref> It has hosted the weddings of many notable people.<ref name="independent1">{{cite web|author=Ian McCurrach |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/the-50-best-wedding-locations-1-25-6263623.html |title=The 50 best wedding locations (1–25) | News & Advice | Travel |work=The Independent |date= 7 April 2006|accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Independent]]'', it is "still one of the hippest places to get married".<ref name="independent1"/>

==Notable people married there==
*[[William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington]] and [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy]] (1944)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Claudia |date=2024-08-01 |title=Kennedy Weddings: Looking Back at the Iconic Family’s Marriage Celebrations From 1914 to Now |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/kennedy-weddings-looking-back-at-the-iconic-familys-marriage-celebrations |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Neil Aspinall]], music industry executive and Suzy Ornstein (1968)<ref name="londontown1">{{cite web|url=http://www.londontown.com/LondonEvents/Chelsea-Register-Office-Open-Day/0b4e6/ |title=Chelsea Register Office Open Day at Chelsea Register Office | Chelsea London | London hotels |publisher=LondonTown.com |date=2013-02-10 |accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref>
*[[Lionel Blair]], dancer and Susan Davis (1967)<ref>[https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/british-actor-and-dancer-lionel-blair-marries-model-susan-news-photo/901875474 Lionel Blair And Wife British actor and dancer Lionel Blair marries model Susan Davis at Kensington Register Office in London, 21st March 1967], gettyimages.co.uk, accessed 20 October 2021</ref>
*[[Marc Bolan]], singer and June Child (1970)<ref name=standard>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/kings-road-wedding-venue-that-has-hosted-celebrity-nuptials-from-judy-garland-to-hugh-grant-set-to-a4068341.html|title=Kings Road wedding venue that has hosted celebrity nuptials from Judy Garland to Hugh Grant set to reopen after year-long renovation|date=16 February 2019|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Pierce Brosnan]], actor and [[Cassandra Harris]], actress (1980)<ref name=standard/>
*[[Nigel Dempster]], journalist, and [[Lady Camilla Osborne]] (1977)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wDuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|title=Nigel Dempster and the Death of Discretion|first=Tim|last= Willis|publisher=Short Books|year=2010|isbn=978-1906021849}}</ref>
*[[Judy Garland]], actress and [[Mickey Deans]] (1969)<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[Hugh Grant]], actor and Anna Eberstein (2018)<ref name=standard/>
*[[James Joyce]], author and [[Nora Barnacle]] (1933)<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowker |first=Gordon |year=2012 |title=James Joyce: A New Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk |url-access=registration |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9780374178727 |oclc=802264865 |page=419}}</ref>
*[[Patsy Kensit]], actress and [[Jim Kerr]], musician, (1992)<ref name="londontown1"/>
*[[Bobby Moore]], footballer and Stephanie Parlane (1991)<ref name=standard/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersM/BioMooreRFC.html|title=Booby Moore|publisher=England Football Online|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref>
*[[Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece|Prince Pavlos of Greece]] and [[Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece|Marie-Chantal Miller]] (1995)<ref name="londontown1"/>
*[[Irving Penn]], American photographer, and [[Lisa Fonssagrives]], Swedish fashion model (1950)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/6272245/Irving-Penn.html|title=Irving Penn|date=8 October 2009|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
*[[Beth Rogan]], actress and [[Tony Samuel (publisher)|Tony Samuel]], Shell oil heir and publisher (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12046078/Beth-Rogan-actress-obituary.html |title=Beth Rogan, actress - obituary|publisher=The Telegraph|date=11 December 2015}}</ref>
*[[Wallis Simpson]], socialite and [[Ernest Simpson]] (1928)<ref name="londontown1"/>
*[[Sharon Tate]], actress and [[Roman Polanski]], film director (1968)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/07/28/polanski-and-tate/|title=The Swinging London Wedding of Roman Polanski and Sharon Tate|date=28 July 2018|publisher=The Vintage News}}</ref>
*[[Tracey Thorn]] and [[Ben Watt]], pop musicians (2008)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/things_to_do/newsid_8595000/8595499.stm |title=BBC – Pop singer Tracey Thorn on the best and worst of London life |work=BBC News |date=30 March 2010 |accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref>
*[[Marco Pierre White]], chef and Alex McArthur (1988)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3334103/The-only-woman-I-have-ever-truly-loved.html|title=The only woman I have ever truly loved|publisher=The Telegraph|date=31 July 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chelsea Register Office}}
[[Category:Chelsea, London]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in England]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]

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