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Lomonosov Gold Medal

2016-10-19T07:54:24Z

WW: /* Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal */

[[File:Lomonosov Gold Medal.jpg|thumb|Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
The '''Lomonosov Gold Medal''', named after [[Russia]]n scientist and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] Academy of Sciences and later the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (RAS). Since 1967, two medals are awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the Academy's highest accolade.
{{Clear}}

==Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal==
__NOTOC__

===1959===
* [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]]: cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures.

===1961===
* [[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov]]: accumulatively for works in chemistry.

===1963===
* [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan) : for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics.
* [[Hideki Yukawa]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto) : for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics.

===1964===
* Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine.

===1965===
* [[Nikolai Vasilevich Belov]]: accumulatively for works in crystallography.

===1967===
* [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]] : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics
* [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (professor, member of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles.

===1968===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
* [[István Rusznyák]] (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics) : for outstanding achievements in medicine.

===1969===
* [[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics.
* [[Giulio Natta]] (professor, Italy) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of polymers

===1970===
* [[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding studies in mathematics.
* [[Arnaud Denjoy]] (member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1971===
* [[Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian]] : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics.
* [[Hannes Alfvén]] (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

===1972===
* [[Nikoloz Muskhelishvili]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Max Steenbeck]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics.

===1973===
* [[Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry.
* [[Vladimír Zoubek]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in geology.

===1974===
* [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Angel Balevski]] (full member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.

===1975===
* [[Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research.
* [[Maurice Roy (scientist)|Maurice Roy]] (full member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications.

===1976===
* [[Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich]] : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and the technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR.
* [[Herman Klare]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers.

===1977===
* [[Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Linus Carl Pauling]] (member of the US National Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry.

===1978===
* [[Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov]] : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology.
* [[Alexander Robertus Todd]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry.

===1979===
* [[Aleksandr Oparin|Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.
* [[Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy]] (full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1980===
* [[Boris Yevgenevich Paton]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Jaroslav Kožešník]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics.

===1981===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov]] : for outstanding achievements in [[radiophysics]], [[radio engineering]] and [[electronics]].
* [[Pavle Savić]] (full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialst Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics.

===1982===
* [[Julii Borisovich Khariton]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] (professor, member of the London Royal Society) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry.

===1983===
* [[Andrei Lvovich Kursanov]] : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants.
* [[Abdus Salam]] (professor, Pakistan) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1984===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics.
* [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1985===
* [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Guillermo Haro]] (professor, Mexico) : for outstanding achievements in astrophysics.

===1986===
* [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov|Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov]] : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery.
* [[Josef Riman|Josef Řiman]] (academician, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.

===1987===
* [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[John Bardeen]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1988===
* [[Sergei Lvovich Sobolev]] (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Jean Leray]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1989===
* [[Nikolai Gennadievich Basov]]: for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Hans Bethe]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1993===
* [[Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev]]: for outstanding achievements in the humanities.
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences.

===1994===
* [[Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov]]: for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis.
* [[James D. Watson]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology.

===1995===
* [[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]]: for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
* [[Anatole Abragam]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics.

===1996===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky]]: for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of [[differential game]]s.
* [[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

===1997===
* [[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov]]: for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals.
* [[Frank Press]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in the physics of solid Earth.

===1998===
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]: for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history.
* [[Yosikazu Nakamura]] (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan.

===1999===
* [[Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin]]: for achievements in the archaeological studies of medieval Russia.
* [[Michael Müller-Wille]] (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia.

===2000===
* [[Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov]]: for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics.
* [[Charles Hard Townes]] (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.

===2001===
* [[Alexander Sergeevich Spirin]]: for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.
* [[Alexander Rich]] (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.

===2002===
* [[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya]]: for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Lennart Carleson]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===2003===
* [[Yevgeniy Chazov|Evgeny Chazov]]: for outstanding achievements in cardiology.
* [[Michael E. DeBakey]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/2ce37b52-2051-4f7f-8e1e-129bdda6969f.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003]</ref>

===2004===
* [[Gury Marchuk|Gury Ivanovich Marchuk]]: for his outstanding contribution to the creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics.
* [[Edward N. Lorenz]] (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/29ededd5-1ade-4b7c-898f-f5581e190208.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004]</ref>

===2005===
* [[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]]: for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.
* [[Peter Hirsch]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.

===2006===
* [[Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov]]: for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Rodney C. Ewing|Rodney Charles Ewing]] (professor, United States): for his research on the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management.

===2007===
* [[Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak]]: for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics.
* [[Simon Franklin]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture.

===2008===
* [[Yevgeny Primakov|Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of the social sciences.
* [[Hélène Carrère d’Encausse]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia.

===2009===
* [[Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of [[bioorganic chemistry]].
* [[Ryōji Noyori]] (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of [[organic chemistry]] and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

===2010===
* [[Spartak Belyaev|Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev]] : for outstanding contributions in physics.
* [[Gerard 't Hooft]] (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics.

===2011===
* [[Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky]] : for outstanding contributions in chemistry.
* [[Roald Hoffmann]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

===2012===
* [[Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky]] : for outstanding contribution in the field of soil science.
* [[Richard Warren Arnold]] (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world.

=== 2013 ===
* [[Ludvig Faddeev|Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev]]: for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.
* [[Peter Lax|Peter David Lax]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to the theory of hydrodynamic [[solitons]].

=== 2014 ===
* [[Anatoly Derevyanko]]: for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture.
* [[Svante Pääbo]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics.<ref>[https://www.ras.ru/news/news_release.aspx?ID=5ead6dfe-4623-451d-8cb5-01181b841fe9 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian)]</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* [[Leonid Keldysh|Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh]]: for outstanding contributions to the physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors.
* [[Paul Corkum]] (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-ru Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/b289ac9a-9d5c-4c0f-bde8-9567088d0546.aspx Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian)]

==See also==
*[[List of medals]]
*[[Prizes named after people]]

[[Category:Science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1959]]
[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Russian science and technology awards]]

Wolfson Microelectronics

2016-06-19T11:38:14Z

WW: /* IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award */

{{lead too short|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Wolfson Microelectronics plc
| logo = [[Image:WolfsonMLogo.jpg|175px|Wolfson logo]]
| type = [[Public limited company]]
| traded_as = {{lse2|WLF}}
| foundation = [[Edinburgh]] (1984)
| location = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
| key_people = Mike Hickey ([[CEO]]) Andy Brannan ([[Chief commercial officer|CCO]]) David Milne ([[Entrepreneur|Co-founder]]) Jim Reid ([[Entrepreneur|Co-founder]])
| num_employees = 430+
| industry = [[Semiconductor]], [[Digital signal processing]], [[Mixed-signal integrated circuit]]s
| homepage = [http://www.cirrus.com cirrus.com]
| fate = Acquired
| defunct = {{end date|2014|04|28}}
}}

'''Wolfson Microelectronics plc''' was a [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[microelectronics]] and [[fabless]] [[semiconductor]] company headquartered in [[Edinburgh]], [[United Kingdom]]. It specialised in [[signal processing]] and [[mixed-signal integrated circuit|mixed-signal]] [[Integrated circuit|chips]] for the [[consumer electronics]] market and had engineering and sales offices throughout [[Asia-Pacific]], [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. In 2014 it was acquired by [[Cirrus Logic]] for £291 million.

== History ==
Started in 1984 by David Milne and Jim Reid, Wolfson grew under their stewardship to float on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 2003 and be listed in the [[FTSE 250]]. Both Milne and Reid had connections with the [[University of Edinburgh]]; Reid attained a [[First Class Honours]] degree in [[Electronic and electrical engineering|EEE]], and Milne directed the Wolfson Microelectronics Institute at [[King's Buildings]] from 1973 to 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfsonmicro.com/whatsnew/press/press/PI99/|title=Wolfson Press Release}}</ref> In February, 2007, when Milne chose to step down, he was replaced in his [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] role by Dave Shrigley, previously [[President#Non-governmental presidents|Vice-President]] at [[Intel Corporation]]. His departure was one of a number of executive changes in late 2006, as Financial Director George Elliott also stood down.

In 2006, Milne was declared Entrepreneur of the Year by the [[Confederation of British Industry|CBI]], and Wolfson named Company of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=979&id=1782332006|title=Chip hooray as Wolfson scoops double honour|publisher=''The Scotsman''|accessdate=2007-06-26|date=December 1, 2006}}</ref> In November 2006 David Shrigley became the CEO of Wolfson, his first appointment at this level: he had previously worked for [[Intel]] in the [[Asia]]-[[Pacific Rim|Pacific]] region, and held directorships elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2006/11/24/ex-intel-man-to-head-wolfson|title='Ex-Intel Man to Head Wolfson'|publisher=''The Inquirer''|accessdate=2008-08-23|date=November 24, 2006}}</ref>

In September 2008, Mike Hickey joined Wolfson as Chief Executive Officer Designate and became Chief Executive Officer on 1 January 2009. Mr Hickey joined Wolfson from [[Motorola]] Inc, where he had held various senior positions in Motorola’s mobile device business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200809080700089013C|title=Appointment of Mike Hickey as Chief Executive Officer Designate|publisher=''Investegate''|accessdate=2010-09-07|date=September 8, 2008}}</ref> In July 2009, Andy Brannan joined Wolfson as Chief Commercial Officer. Mr Brannan previously held the position of VP of [[Nokia]]'s SOSCO business, and prior to that spent eight years as Executive VP of Sales & Customer Operations at [[Symbian Ltd]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/article.aspx?id=200907010700078494U|title=Former VP of Nokia to lead Sales & Product Marketing at Wolfson|publisher=''Investegate''|accessdate=2010-09-07|date=July 1, 2009}}</ref>

'''[[Cirrus Logic]]''' acquired the Wolfson for 235p per share in April 2014, valuing the company at £291 million.

== Products ==
Wolfson products have found applications within the [[digital audio player]] market, such as in Microsoft's [[Zune]] product line, including the [[Zune 30]] and Zune HD, Cowon's line of mp3 and PMP players, as well as providing the [[audio codec|codec]] functionality for much of [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[iPod]] series (with the exception of the [[iPod shuffle]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=18310767|title=Wolfson Microelectronics again supplies the audio codec with headphone amp|publisher=''Electronic Engineering Times''|accessdate=2007-06-26|date=January 5, 2007}}</ref> and [[iPod classic]]<ref name=classic>{{cite news|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=1455152007|title=Wolfson sales on track as it plays down iPod blow|publisher=''The Scotsman''|accessdate=2007-09-17|date=September 12, 2007}}</ref>) and [[Sony]]'s [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/0,1000000091,39233638,00.htm|title=Wolfson produces mixed-signal semiconductors for the digital consumer electronics market, including chips for the iPod and Sony's PSP.|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=2007-06-26|date=October 26, 2005}}</ref> Wolfson chips have also found place in the [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] game console, [[Logitech]] [[Squeezebox Duet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slimdevices.com/pi_duet.html|title=Squeezebox Duet Network Music System|accessdate=2008-06-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080526015910/http://www.slimdevices.com/pi_duet.html  |archivedate = 2008-05-26}}</ref> and the [[PalmOne]] [[Palm Treo|Treo]] [[smartphone]], with the Apple connection continuing with the earlier versions of the [[iPhone]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=979&id=62372007|title=Wolfson set to ring up profits from iPhone sales|publisher=''The Scotsman''|accessdate=2007-06-26|date=January 12, 2007}}</ref> and [[iPod touch]].<ref name=classic /><ref name=lostcontracts>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/wolfson-slumps-on-loss-of-apple-contracts-801837.html|title='Wolfson slumps on loss of Apple contracts|publisher=''The Independent''|accessdate=2008-08-23|date=March 28, 2008 | location=London | first=Sarah | last=Arnott}}</ref>

Wolfson audio products can also be found in most Tegra 2 SoC devices and some devices like the [[Samsung Wave S8500]] and [[Samsung i9000 Galaxy S]] smartphones,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cieonline.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/1730/Samsung_selects_Wolfson_92s_WM8994_for_latest_Bada_and_Android_smartphones.html|title=Samsung selects Wolfson's WM8994 for latest Bada and Android smartphones|publisher=''CIE: Components in Electronics''|accessdate=2010-09-07|date=June 14, 2010}}</ref> as well as a number of [[LG]] phones including the LG-LB4400 music phone and the Android-powered LG Optimus GT540 smartphone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kn.theiet.org/news/jul10/wolfson-lg.cfm|title=Wolfson Electronics' audio technology adopted by LG smartphones|publisher=''IET: The Institution of Engineering and Technology''|accessdate=2010-09-07|date=July 28, 2010}}</ref>

In April 2010, Wolfson signed a licence agreement with [[Tensilica]] to create a low power, high definition (HD) sound platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Wolfson-Licenses-Tensilica-iw-2403159078.html?x=0|title=Wolfson Licences Tensilica HiFi Audio to Provide a High Quality, Power Efficient Sound Platform|publisher=''Yahoo! Finance''|accessdate=2010-09-07|date=April 28, 2010}}</ref>

Wolfson Microelectronics also produced the Audio Cards for Raspberry PI Model B Rev 2 named ''Wolfson Audio Card''.<ref>http://www.Element14.com/community/community/raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-accessories/wolfson_pi</ref><ref>[https://cdn-reichelt.de/documents/datenblatt/A300/DS_AUDIO-CARD.pdf Wolfson Audio Card User Documentation]</ref> After Wolfson Microelectronics was purchased by Cirrus Logic the Audio Card for Raspberry PI Model B+ was renamed ''Cirrus Logic Audio Card''.<ref>http://www.Element14.com/community/community/raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-accessories/cirrus_logic_audio_card</ref>

== IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award ==
{{main|IEEE Maxwell Award}}
In a joint mission in 2006 with the [[IEEE]] and [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], Wolfson provided funding for an award, taking its name from the Scottish mathematician-physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879). This award recognizes work with "exceptional impact on the development of [[electronics]] and [[electrical engineering]] or related fields". Recipients receive [[United States dollar|$]]20,000 in addition to a gold medal, a bronze replica and a certificate, and is awarded up to two individuals chosen by a committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/index.jsp?pageID=institute_level1_article&TheCat=2202&article=tionline/legacy/inst2007/jan07/jointawards.xml|title=IEEE/Royal Society of Edinburgh And Wolfson Microelectronics Create New Award |author=Jason Laday |work=The Institute |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2011-09-23 |date=January 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/maxwell.html|title=IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2011-09-23 }}</ref><ref name=RSE_MaxwellAward>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/670_IEEERSEWolfsonJamesClerkMaxwellAward.html|title=IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award |publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh |accessdate=2011-09-23 }}</ref>

=== Recipients ===
The following people received the ''IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award'':<ref name=RSE_MaxwellAward/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/maxwell_rl.pdf|title=IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award Recipients|publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2011-09-23 }}</ref>
*2015: [[Lynn Conway]]
*2014: [[David N. Payne|David Neil Payne]]
*2013: Richard M. White and [[Richard S. Muller]]
*2012: [[Gerhard M. Sessler]]
*2011: [[Marcian Hoff|Marcian Edward Hoff]]
*2010: [[Amar G. Bose]]
*2009: [[Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli]]
*2008: [[Tim Berners-Lee]]
*2007: [[Irwin M. Jacobs]] and [[Andrew J. Viterbi]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.wolfsonmicro.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Electronics companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Fabless semiconductor companies]]
[[Category:Companies of Scotland]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Scottish brands]]

Global Energy Prize

2016-05-16T15:07:00Z

WW: /* Laureates */

{{Infobox award
| name = Global Energy Prize
| image =
| description = Outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research
| presenter = [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]]
| country = [[Russian Federation]]
| year = 2003
| website = [http://www.globalenergyprize.org www.globalenergyprize.org]
}}

'''The Global Energy Prize''' is an international award which recognises outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research and its concurrent environmental challenges. Since its inception by a group of Russian scientists in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a recognised global energy award.

The Global Energy Prize is awarded annually in St Petersburg, Russia, at the [[International Economic Forum]] by the [[President of the Russian Federation]]. Each laureate receives, amongst others, a commemorative medal and a prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB). The award process is overseen by the International Award Committee, which consists of 35 scientists from 11 countries and is chaired by renowned British scientist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner, Rodney John Allam.

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership with the support of three leading Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

== History ==
The Global Energy Prize was founded in October 2002 by leading Russian energy companies and endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation in November 2013.

Since the first awards ceremony in 2003, the award has been presented to 29 laureates from over 9 countries. Previous winners of the Global Energy Prize include, amongst others, prominent scientists including [[Arthur Rosenfeld]], awarded for his pioneering work in energy efficiency, and [[Gennady Mesyats]], awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

=== Global Energy ===

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership. Global Energy is responsible for the organisational, financial and informational management of the Global Energy Prize. The Partnership is managed by the Board of Trustees, headed by Evgeny Velikhov, President of the Kurchatov Institute, and other representatives of Russian academia, politics and energy spheres, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev. The Board, formed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership and renewed every 5 years, is responsible for general management of the nomination process and the awarding of the prize; members of the Board of Trustees do not take part of the nomination, nor do they make a final decision on awarding. The Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership receives its funding from three Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

Global Energy manages a range of awards and projects related to the promotion of science and innovation in the field of energy:

* Energy of Youth – A competition of youth research projects in the energy sector, conducted annually among the core research and educational institutions of the Russian Federation. All scientists participating in the project are under the age of 35 years. The project aims to promote progress in the Russian energy sector, by encouraging young scientists and increasing their interest in research in this area.
* Energy of Word - An international media competition, which aims to encourage media and individual journalists to cover energy issues. From 2011, this competition has been held under the auspices of the international journalistic competition PRESSzvanie.
* Energy of Knowledge – A series of interactive lectures given by the winners of the Global Energy Prize and other prominent energy scholars. This program works to promote the development of positive interest about energy in young people, unleashing the potential of young scientists, to solve personnel problems in the energy sector.
* Energy of Kids – A contest held throughout Russia, rewarding children's creative projects which reference the energy sector.
* World Energy – The purpose of this recent project is to provide the public and industry experts with details of the most important and ambitious projects in the global energy sector.
* Energy of Adventure - Energy of Adventure is a competition founded in 2012. It aims to inspire young scientists to pursue research in the field of energy by providing the winners with a unique learning opportunity: a trip around the world to discover the most innovative energy projects.

=== Founders ===

The idea of the Global Energy Prize was developed in 2002 by a group of Russian scientists and was endorsed by Russian energy corporations, President of the Russian Federation, [[Vladimir Putin]], and the scientific community. The Global Energy Fund was set up in October 2002, by three major Russian Energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Federal Grid Company of Russia|JCS Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy Systems]] (FGC UES, Former JSC Unified Energy Systems of Russia) and Yukos. In 2005, oil and gas company [[Surgutneftegaz|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] joined the group of funding companies.

=== First prizes ===

The first Global Energy Prize awards ceremony took place in June 2003 at the [[Konstantinovsky Palace|Konstantinovsky Palace, Strelna]] (St Petersburg district, Russia) and was attended by President [[Vladimir Putin]]. The award was presented to two international scientists: Mr [[Nick Holonyak]] (USA), Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois, for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes, and to Mr Ian Douglas Smith (USA), Chief Manager and Senior Researcher in ‘Titan Pulse Sciences Division’, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy. The Prize was also awarded to a Russian scientist, Mr [[Gennady Mesyats]], then-Chairman of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

== Laureates ==

In the history of the Global Energy Prize award, 33 scientists have been recognised for their work. The laureates represent 10 countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the USA. Laureates since 2002 include:

'''2016'''

'''Valentin Parmon''' (RUS) - For a breakthrough development of new catalysts in the area of petroleum refining and the renewable sources of energy as a principal contribution into the energy of the future.

'''2015'''

'''[[Shuji Nakamura]]''' (USA) - For the invention, commercialization and development of energy-efficient white LED lighting technology.

'''[[B. Jayant Baliga]]''' (USA) - For invention, development and commercialization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, which is one of the most important innovations for the control and distribution of energy.

'''2014'''

'''Lars Gunnar Larsson''' (SWE) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''Ashot Sarkisov''' (RUS) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''2013'''

'''[[Akira Yoshino]]''' (JAP) - Awarded for the invention of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, an essential element for mobile electronic devices and various types of electric vehicles, including hybrids Akira is also credited with the concept, development and commercialization of storage battery systems based on his invention.

'''[[Vladimir Fortov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for research into thermodynamic, thermophysical, electrophysical, strength, optical, structural and electronic properties of fluids and construction materials in the previously unexplored field of the phase diagram. This includes extreme states of matter, which serves as the basis for perspective development of the energy sector.

'''2012'''

'''Valery Kostuk''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Boris Katorgin''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Rodney John Allam''' (UK) – Awarded for the development of new processes and equipment for production of gases and cryogenic liquids, as well as for the development and implementation of technology for production of electricity in power systems.

'''2011'''

'''Philipp Rutberg''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and development of energy plasma technologies.

'''[[Arthur Rosenfeld]]''' (USA) – Awarded in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of energy efficiency.

'''2010'''

'''[[Boris Paton]]''' (UKR) – Awarded for his contribution to solving scientific and technical problems associated with the transportation by pipeline of energy resources.

'''Alexander Leontiev''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research in the field of the intensification of heat transfer in power plants.

'''2009'''

'''[[Brian Spalding]]''' (UK) – Awarded for numerous original concepts of heat-and-mass transfer processes, which formed the basis of practical calculations in fluid mechanics and computational fluid mechanics.

'''Alexey Kontorovich''' (RUS) – Awarded for research on the implementation of new methods of surveying, prospecting and exploiting of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits.

'''Nikolai Laverov''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and large-scale implementation of new methods for the exploration and production of oil, gas and uranium deposits.

'''2008'''

'''Eduard Volkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for the creation and implementation of synthetic oil production technologies.

'''[[Clement Bowman]]''' (CA) and '''Oleg Favorsky''' (RUS) – Awarded for the theoretical justification, creation and implementation of efficient technologies for synthetic fuel production from bituminous schist and oil sands.

'''2007'''

'''[[Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson|Thorsteinn Ingi Sigfusson]]''' (IS) – Awarded for research and development in the implementation of hydrogen to power vehicles.

'''[[Geoffrey Hewitt]]''' (UK) – Awarded for developing the idea of fuel generation on the basis of water power.

'''[[Vladimir Nakoryakov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for the project “Physicotechnical Bases of Power Technologies — Hydrodinamics and Heat Exchange, Non-Stationary and Wave Processes in Multiphase Mediums”.

'''2006'''

'''[[Evgeny Velikhov]]''' (RUS), '''Masaji Yoshikawa''' (JP) and '''[[Robert Aymar]]''' (FR) – Awarded for the development of a scientific and technical basis for the creation of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER Project).

'''2005'''

'''[[Zhores Alferov]]''' (RUS) – Awarded for his contribution to the creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy.

'''Klaus Riedle''' (DE) – Awarded for the development and creation of high-temperature gas turbines for steam and gas power plants.

'''2004'''

'''Fyodor Mitenkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for development of fast-neutron reactors.

'''Leonard J. Koch''' (USA) and '''Alexander Sheindlin''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research into the thermo physical properties of substances at extremely high temperatures.

'''2003'''

'''[[Nick Holonyak]]''' (USA) – Awarded for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes in a visible part of the spectrum.

'''[[Gennady Mesyats]]''' (RUS) and '''Ian Douglas Smith''' (USA) – Awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of pulse power engineering.

== Award Process ==

=== Nominations ===

The nomination process begins on 1 October and ends on 1 March of the following year. Candidates for the Prize can by nominated by:

* [[Nobel Prize]] laureates for physics or chemistry;
* Winners of the [[Kyoto Prize|Kyoto]], [[Max Planck Medal|Max Planck]], [[Wolf Prize|Wolf]], [[Balzan Prize|Balzan]], and [[Zayed Future Energy Prize|Zayed Prizes]], [[Energy Globe Award|Energy Globe]], [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman Environment]], UNEP Sasakawa Prize;
* Members of the Russian Department for Earth Sciences, the Department for Physical Sciences, the Department for Chemistry and Material Sciences, the Department of Energy, Machinery, and Mechanics, as well as foreign members of the aforementioned departments;
* Laureates of the Global Energy International Prize;
* Scientists specially invited for this purpose by Global Energy.

Nominators suggest candidates for the Prize by submitting pre-defined nomination forms. Once the nomination process is closed on 1 March, the Commission of Experts provides a preliminary expert assessment of the nominees and their scientific achievements. The Commission of Experts consists of independent international experts from international energy organisations, scientific bodies and energy industry. The Commission of Experts’ recommendations – a list consisted of up to 5 nominees – is forwarded to the International Award Committee, which make the final selection of the winners.

=== Selection ===

In April, the International Award Committee makes a final decision on awarding the Global Energy Prize. The Committee may only cast a vote if 2/3 of its members are present. Laureates are selected by secret ballot and require a 2/3 majority of the Committee Members participating, but not less than half of the votes of the total number of Committee Members. Should the Committee fail to come to a decision, a second voting round is arranged for nominations which have received no less than 1/3 of the votes of participating Members. Furthermore, there can be no more than three laureates in a given year. Each year’s laureates have to include at least one Russian national and one foreign.

=== International Award Committee ===

The International Award Committee is responsible for choosing the Winners of the Global Energy Prize. This Committee, selected by the General Assembly of the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership for a term of 5 years, includes representatives of the most reputable scientific and academic organizations (such as [[MIT Energy Initiative]], [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates]]), as well as governmental and public figures from Russia and abroad (i.e. Ministry for Education and Science of the Russian Federation). The Committee is managed by the Chairman and Academic Secretary of the International Awards Committee. In 2013 Professor Rodney John Allam, Noble Prize and Global Energy Prize winner, was elected Chairman of the Committee. The Committee consists of 26 members, including the chairperson. Russian citizens may not exceed the number of foreign nationals on the Committee.

=== Award Ceremonies ===

The Global Energy Prize is presented to laureates at an official award ceremony that takes place in St Petersburg, Russia, during the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum|International Economic Forum]]. The laureate is recognised at the Forum for his or her contribution to global energy research at a ceremony attended by Russian government officials, leading scientists, directors of national and international scientific and public organizations, members of the Partnership’s Board of Trustees, International Award Committee and Partnership members. Laureates are presented a commemorative medal, a diploma, an honorary lapel pin and a monetary prize by the [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]].

[[File:GE Prize Awards.png|center]]

<div style="text-align: center;">2012 Global Energy International Prize award ceremony with laureates (left to right): Kostuk Valery, Boris Katorgin and Rodney John Allam.</center>

== Prize ==

=== Statuette ===

The statuette received by a Global Energy Prize is made of gold and silver. The statuette conceptualises scientific contributions to the field of energy: the image on the front side of the medal is that of a rising star, symbolising discovery, whereas the back shows a star already risen, portraying the laureate’s recognised contribution to global energy research.

[[File:Global Energy Prize.png|center]]

=== Diploma ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a diploma recognising their contribution to the field of energy.

[[File:GE Prize Diploma.png|center]]

=== Honorary Pin ===

An honorary pin is provided to Global Energy Prize laureates to reflect their scientific achievement.

[[File:GE Prize Honorary Pin.png|center]]

=== Award Money ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a monetary prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB).

== Achievements ==

Since its establishment in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a respected global energy award:

* Russian President Vladimir Putin, Global Energy Prize 2012: ''“Since its inception, the Global Energy Prize has been one of the most prestigious international awards, rallying around shared goals the creative community of talented scientists, researchers and experts in the field of energy from Russia and many other countries. Each year the award’s credibility grows, and the presentation ceremony is famous for its unique atmosphere of creativity, openness and scientific solidarity.”''
* Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Global Energy Prize 2008: ''“I am delighted, on behalf of Canadians, to offer [[Clement Bowman]] my warmest congratulations on [his] selection as recipient of the International Global Energy Prize 2008 for [his] efforts in the development of highly efficient energy technologies … thus contributing to the energy saving problem of humanity.”''
* Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], Global Energy Prize 2006: ''“I appreciate this award, which recognises scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of energy. I hope that this award will further encourage researchers to search for new solutions in the field of global energy.”''

== References ==

=== Notes ===

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/laureate Global Energy Prize laureates]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/uploads/docs/annual_reports/otchet2012.pdf Global Energy Prize 2011 Annual Report]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/8/text Global Energy Prize Founders]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/11/text Global Energy Prize International Award Committee]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/9/text Global Energy Prize Attributes]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/46/text Global Energy Prize Greetings from the Heads of State & Government]

=== Bibliography ===

EcoGeneration Australia, [http://ecogeneration.com.au/news/us_and_russian_scientists_awarded_global_energy_prize/061364/ US and Russian scientists awarded Global Energy Prize] June, 2011

EnergyAsia, [http://energyasia.com/public-stories/russia-president-medvedev-awards-global-energy-prize-2011-to-joint-winners-rosenfield-and-rutberg/ President Medvedev awards Global Energy Prize 2011], June 2011

PRNewswire, [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-energy-prize-summit-aims-at-revolutionising-energy-thinking-175250731.html Global Energy Prize Summit Aims at Revolutionising Energy Thinking], October 2012

== External links ==
* [http://globalenergyprize.org/en/ Website]
* [http://www.globalenergynews.org/ Global Energy Prize Newsletter]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]

Global Energy Prize

2016-05-16T15:06:36Z

WW: /* Laureates */

{{Infobox award
| name = Global Energy Prize
| image =
| description = Outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research
| presenter = [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]]
| country = [[Russian Federation]]
| year = 2003
| website = [http://www.globalenergyprize.org www.globalenergyprize.org]
}}

'''The Global Energy Prize''' is an international award which recognises outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research and its concurrent environmental challenges. Since its inception by a group of Russian scientists in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a recognised global energy award.

The Global Energy Prize is awarded annually in St Petersburg, Russia, at the [[International Economic Forum]] by the [[President of the Russian Federation]]. Each laureate receives, amongst others, a commemorative medal and a prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB). The award process is overseen by the International Award Committee, which consists of 35 scientists from 11 countries and is chaired by renowned British scientist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner, Rodney John Allam.

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership with the support of three leading Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

== History ==
The Global Energy Prize was founded in October 2002 by leading Russian energy companies and endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation in November 2013.

Since the first awards ceremony in 2003, the award has been presented to 29 laureates from over 9 countries. Previous winners of the Global Energy Prize include, amongst others, prominent scientists including [[Arthur Rosenfeld]], awarded for his pioneering work in energy efficiency, and [[Gennady Mesyats]], awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

=== Global Energy ===

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership. Global Energy is responsible for the organisational, financial and informational management of the Global Energy Prize. The Partnership is managed by the Board of Trustees, headed by Evgeny Velikhov, President of the Kurchatov Institute, and other representatives of Russian academia, politics and energy spheres, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev. The Board, formed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership and renewed every 5 years, is responsible for general management of the nomination process and the awarding of the prize; members of the Board of Trustees do not take part of the nomination, nor do they make a final decision on awarding. The Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership receives its funding from three Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

Global Energy manages a range of awards and projects related to the promotion of science and innovation in the field of energy:

* Energy of Youth – A competition of youth research projects in the energy sector, conducted annually among the core research and educational institutions of the Russian Federation. All scientists participating in the project are under the age of 35 years. The project aims to promote progress in the Russian energy sector, by encouraging young scientists and increasing their interest in research in this area.
* Energy of Word - An international media competition, which aims to encourage media and individual journalists to cover energy issues. From 2011, this competition has been held under the auspices of the international journalistic competition PRESSzvanie.
* Energy of Knowledge – A series of interactive lectures given by the winners of the Global Energy Prize and other prominent energy scholars. This program works to promote the development of positive interest about energy in young people, unleashing the potential of young scientists, to solve personnel problems in the energy sector.
* Energy of Kids – A contest held throughout Russia, rewarding children's creative projects which reference the energy sector.
* World Energy – The purpose of this recent project is to provide the public and industry experts with details of the most important and ambitious projects in the global energy sector.
* Energy of Adventure - Energy of Adventure is a competition founded in 2012. It aims to inspire young scientists to pursue research in the field of energy by providing the winners with a unique learning opportunity: a trip around the world to discover the most innovative energy projects.

=== Founders ===

The idea of the Global Energy Prize was developed in 2002 by a group of Russian scientists and was endorsed by Russian energy corporations, President of the Russian Federation, [[Vladimir Putin]], and the scientific community. The Global Energy Fund was set up in October 2002, by three major Russian Energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Federal Grid Company of Russia|JCS Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy Systems]] (FGC UES, Former JSC Unified Energy Systems of Russia) and Yukos. In 2005, oil and gas company [[Surgutneftegaz|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] joined the group of funding companies.

=== First prizes ===

The first Global Energy Prize awards ceremony took place in June 2003 at the [[Konstantinovsky Palace|Konstantinovsky Palace, Strelna]] (St Petersburg district, Russia) and was attended by President [[Vladimir Putin]]. The award was presented to two international scientists: Mr [[Nick Holonyak]] (USA), Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois, for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes, and to Mr Ian Douglas Smith (USA), Chief Manager and Senior Researcher in ‘Titan Pulse Sciences Division’, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy. The Prize was also awarded to a Russian scientist, Mr [[Gennady Mesyats]], then-Chairman of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

== Laureates ==

In the history of the Global Energy Prize award, 33 scientists have been recognised for their work. The laureates represent 10 countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the USA. Laureates since 2002 include:

'''2016'''

'''Valentin Parmon''' (Russia) - For a breakthrough development of new catalysts in the area of petroleum refining and the renewable sources of energy as a principal contribution into the energy of the future.

'''2015'''

'''[[Shuji Nakamura]]''' (USA) - For the invention, commercialization and development of energy-efficient white LED lighting technology.

'''[[B. Jayant Baliga]]''' (USA) - For invention, development and commercialization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, which is one of the most important innovations for the control and distribution of energy.

'''2014'''

'''Lars Gunnar Larsson''' (SWE) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''Ashot Sarkisov''' (RUS) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''2013'''

'''[[Akira Yoshino]]''' (JAP) - Awarded for the invention of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, an essential element for mobile electronic devices and various types of electric vehicles, including hybrids Akira is also credited with the concept, development and commercialization of storage battery systems based on his invention.

'''[[Vladimir Fortov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for research into thermodynamic, thermophysical, electrophysical, strength, optical, structural and electronic properties of fluids and construction materials in the previously unexplored field of the phase diagram. This includes extreme states of matter, which serves as the basis for perspective development of the energy sector.

'''2012'''

'''Valery Kostuk''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Boris Katorgin''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Rodney John Allam''' (UK) – Awarded for the development of new processes and equipment for production of gases and cryogenic liquids, as well as for the development and implementation of technology for production of electricity in power systems.

'''2011'''

'''Philipp Rutberg''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and development of energy plasma technologies.

'''[[Arthur Rosenfeld]]''' (USA) – Awarded in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of energy efficiency.

'''2010'''

'''[[Boris Paton]]''' (UKR) – Awarded for his contribution to solving scientific and technical problems associated with the transportation by pipeline of energy resources.

'''Alexander Leontiev''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research in the field of the intensification of heat transfer in power plants.

'''2009'''

'''[[Brian Spalding]]''' (UK) – Awarded for numerous original concepts of heat-and-mass transfer processes, which formed the basis of practical calculations in fluid mechanics and computational fluid mechanics.

'''Alexey Kontorovich''' (RUS) – Awarded for research on the implementation of new methods of surveying, prospecting and exploiting of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits.

'''Nikolai Laverov''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and large-scale implementation of new methods for the exploration and production of oil, gas and uranium deposits.

'''2008'''

'''Eduard Volkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for the creation and implementation of synthetic oil production technologies.

'''[[Clement Bowman]]''' (CA) and '''Oleg Favorsky''' (RUS) – Awarded for the theoretical justification, creation and implementation of efficient technologies for synthetic fuel production from bituminous schist and oil sands.

'''2007'''

'''[[Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson|Thorsteinn Ingi Sigfusson]]''' (IS) – Awarded for research and development in the implementation of hydrogen to power vehicles.

'''[[Geoffrey Hewitt]]''' (UK) – Awarded for developing the idea of fuel generation on the basis of water power.

'''[[Vladimir Nakoryakov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for the project “Physicotechnical Bases of Power Technologies — Hydrodinamics and Heat Exchange, Non-Stationary and Wave Processes in Multiphase Mediums”.

'''2006'''

'''[[Evgeny Velikhov]]''' (RUS), '''Masaji Yoshikawa''' (JP) and '''[[Robert Aymar]]''' (FR) – Awarded for the development of a scientific and technical basis for the creation of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER Project).

'''2005'''

'''[[Zhores Alferov]]''' (RUS) – Awarded for his contribution to the creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy.

'''Klaus Riedle''' (DE) – Awarded for the development and creation of high-temperature gas turbines for steam and gas power plants.

'''2004'''

'''Fyodor Mitenkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for development of fast-neutron reactors.

'''Leonard J. Koch''' (USA) and '''Alexander Sheindlin''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research into the thermo physical properties of substances at extremely high temperatures.

'''2003'''

'''[[Nick Holonyak]]''' (USA) – Awarded for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes in a visible part of the spectrum.

'''[[Gennady Mesyats]]''' (RUS) and '''Ian Douglas Smith''' (USA) – Awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of pulse power engineering.

== Award Process ==

=== Nominations ===

The nomination process begins on 1 October and ends on 1 March of the following year. Candidates for the Prize can by nominated by:

* [[Nobel Prize]] laureates for physics or chemistry;
* Winners of the [[Kyoto Prize|Kyoto]], [[Max Planck Medal|Max Planck]], [[Wolf Prize|Wolf]], [[Balzan Prize|Balzan]], and [[Zayed Future Energy Prize|Zayed Prizes]], [[Energy Globe Award|Energy Globe]], [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman Environment]], UNEP Sasakawa Prize;
* Members of the Russian Department for Earth Sciences, the Department for Physical Sciences, the Department for Chemistry and Material Sciences, the Department of Energy, Machinery, and Mechanics, as well as foreign members of the aforementioned departments;
* Laureates of the Global Energy International Prize;
* Scientists specially invited for this purpose by Global Energy.

Nominators suggest candidates for the Prize by submitting pre-defined nomination forms. Once the nomination process is closed on 1 March, the Commission of Experts provides a preliminary expert assessment of the nominees and their scientific achievements. The Commission of Experts consists of independent international experts from international energy organisations, scientific bodies and energy industry. The Commission of Experts’ recommendations – a list consisted of up to 5 nominees – is forwarded to the International Award Committee, which make the final selection of the winners.

=== Selection ===

In April, the International Award Committee makes a final decision on awarding the Global Energy Prize. The Committee may only cast a vote if 2/3 of its members are present. Laureates are selected by secret ballot and require a 2/3 majority of the Committee Members participating, but not less than half of the votes of the total number of Committee Members. Should the Committee fail to come to a decision, a second voting round is arranged for nominations which have received no less than 1/3 of the votes of participating Members. Furthermore, there can be no more than three laureates in a given year. Each year’s laureates have to include at least one Russian national and one foreign.

=== International Award Committee ===

The International Award Committee is responsible for choosing the Winners of the Global Energy Prize. This Committee, selected by the General Assembly of the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership for a term of 5 years, includes representatives of the most reputable scientific and academic organizations (such as [[MIT Energy Initiative]], [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates]]), as well as governmental and public figures from Russia and abroad (i.e. Ministry for Education and Science of the Russian Federation). The Committee is managed by the Chairman and Academic Secretary of the International Awards Committee. In 2013 Professor Rodney John Allam, Noble Prize and Global Energy Prize winner, was elected Chairman of the Committee. The Committee consists of 26 members, including the chairperson. Russian citizens may not exceed the number of foreign nationals on the Committee.

=== Award Ceremonies ===

The Global Energy Prize is presented to laureates at an official award ceremony that takes place in St Petersburg, Russia, during the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum|International Economic Forum]]. The laureate is recognised at the Forum for his or her contribution to global energy research at a ceremony attended by Russian government officials, leading scientists, directors of national and international scientific and public organizations, members of the Partnership’s Board of Trustees, International Award Committee and Partnership members. Laureates are presented a commemorative medal, a diploma, an honorary lapel pin and a monetary prize by the [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]].

[[File:GE Prize Awards.png|center]]

<div style="text-align: center;">2012 Global Energy International Prize award ceremony with laureates (left to right): Kostuk Valery, Boris Katorgin and Rodney John Allam.</center>

== Prize ==

=== Statuette ===

The statuette received by a Global Energy Prize is made of gold and silver. The statuette conceptualises scientific contributions to the field of energy: the image on the front side of the medal is that of a rising star, symbolising discovery, whereas the back shows a star already risen, portraying the laureate’s recognised contribution to global energy research.

[[File:Global Energy Prize.png|center]]

=== Diploma ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a diploma recognising their contribution to the field of energy.

[[File:GE Prize Diploma.png|center]]

=== Honorary Pin ===

An honorary pin is provided to Global Energy Prize laureates to reflect their scientific achievement.

[[File:GE Prize Honorary Pin.png|center]]

=== Award Money ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a monetary prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB).

== Achievements ==

Since its establishment in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a respected global energy award:

* Russian President Vladimir Putin, Global Energy Prize 2012: ''“Since its inception, the Global Energy Prize has been one of the most prestigious international awards, rallying around shared goals the creative community of talented scientists, researchers and experts in the field of energy from Russia and many other countries. Each year the award’s credibility grows, and the presentation ceremony is famous for its unique atmosphere of creativity, openness and scientific solidarity.”''
* Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Global Energy Prize 2008: ''“I am delighted, on behalf of Canadians, to offer [[Clement Bowman]] my warmest congratulations on [his] selection as recipient of the International Global Energy Prize 2008 for [his] efforts in the development of highly efficient energy technologies … thus contributing to the energy saving problem of humanity.”''
* Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], Global Energy Prize 2006: ''“I appreciate this award, which recognises scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of energy. I hope that this award will further encourage researchers to search for new solutions in the field of global energy.”''

== References ==

=== Notes ===

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/laureate Global Energy Prize laureates]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/uploads/docs/annual_reports/otchet2012.pdf Global Energy Prize 2011 Annual Report]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/8/text Global Energy Prize Founders]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/11/text Global Energy Prize International Award Committee]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/9/text Global Energy Prize Attributes]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/46/text Global Energy Prize Greetings from the Heads of State & Government]

=== Bibliography ===

EcoGeneration Australia, [http://ecogeneration.com.au/news/us_and_russian_scientists_awarded_global_energy_prize/061364/ US and Russian scientists awarded Global Energy Prize] June, 2011

EnergyAsia, [http://energyasia.com/public-stories/russia-president-medvedev-awards-global-energy-prize-2011-to-joint-winners-rosenfield-and-rutberg/ President Medvedev awards Global Energy Prize 2011], June 2011

PRNewswire, [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-energy-prize-summit-aims-at-revolutionising-energy-thinking-175250731.html Global Energy Prize Summit Aims at Revolutionising Energy Thinking], October 2012

== External links ==
* [http://globalenergyprize.org/en/ Website]
* [http://www.globalenergynews.org/ Global Energy Prize Newsletter]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]

Russian Academy of Sciences

2016-05-14T13:47:04Z

WW: /* Awards */

{{Infobox institute
|name = Russian Academy of Sciences
|image = Ras-logo.svg
|image_name = RAN
|image_size = 250px
|image_alt =
|caption =
|latin_name =
|established = 1724
|president = [[Vladimir Fortov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c39/754773.html |title=TASS Russia News Agency |work=TASS |accessdate=12 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607135516/http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c39/754773.html |archivedate=June 7, 2015 }}</ref>
|chairman =
|head_label =
|head =
|faculty =
|staff =
|budget =
|endowment =
|debt =
|members = [[#Institutions|See text]]
|location =
|city =
|state =
|province =
|country = Russia
|coor =
|address = Leninsky prospekt 14, Moscow
|website = http://www.ras.ru/
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Russian Academy of Sciences''' ('''RAS'''; {{lang-ru|Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН)}} ''Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the [[national academy]] of [[Russia]]; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

Headquartered in [[Moscow]], the Academy (RAS) is considered a civil, self-governed, non-commercial organization<ref name="about">[http://www.ras.ru/about.aspx General information about the Academy] (in Russian)</ref> chartered by the [[Government of Russia]]. It combines the members of RAS (see below) and scientists employed by institutions.

The Academy currently includes around 500 institutions and 55,000 scientific researchers.

==Membership==
There are three types of membership in the RAS: full members ([[academician]]s), corresponding members, and foreign members. Academicians and corresponding members must be citizens of the Russian Federation when elected. However, some academicians and corresponding members were elected before the collapse of the USSR and are now citizens of other countries. Members of RAS are elected based on their scientific contributions – election to membership is considered very prestigious.<ref name=members>[http://www.ras.ru/members.aspx Academy membership] (in Russian)</ref> As of 2005–2007 there are just under 500 full members in the academy and a similar number of corresponding members.

==Structure==
The RAS consists of 11 specialized scientific divisions, three territorial divisions,
sometimes called branches, and 14 regional scientific centers. The Academy has numerous councils, committees, and commissions, all organized for different purposes.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/sciencestructure.aspx Academy structure] (in Russian)</ref>

===Territorial divisions===
;Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SD RAS)
:The Siberian Division was established in 1957, with Mikhail Lavrentyev as founding chairman. Research centers are in [[Novosibirsk]] ([[Akademgorodok]]), [[Tomsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Irkutsk]], [[Yakutsk]], [[Ulan-Ude]], [[Kemerovo]], [[Tyumen]] and [[Omsk]]. As of 2005, the Division employed over 33,000 employees, 58 of whom were members of the Academy.<ref name=sbras>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbras.ru/en/cmn/general.html|title=About the Siberian Branch|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
;Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (URAN)
:The Ural Division was established in 1932, with Aleksandr Fersman as its founding chairman. Research centers are in [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Perm]], [[Cheliabinsk]], [[Izhevsk]], [[Orenburg]], [[Ufa]] and [[Syktyvkar]]. As of 2007, the Division employed 3,600 scientists, 590 full professors, 31 full members, and 58 corresponding members of the Academy.
;Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FED RAS)
:The Far East Division includes the Primorsky Scientific Center in [[Vladivostok]], the Amur Scientific Center in [[Blagoveschensk]], the Khabarovsk Scientific Center, the Sakhalin Scientific Center in [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]], the Kamchatka Scientific Center in [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] and the North-Eastern Scientific Center in [[Magadan]].<ref name=febras>[http://www.febras.ru/institutes_.html RAS Far Eastern Division Scientific Centers and Institutes] {{wayback|url=http://www.febras.ru/institutes_.html |date=20081005015442 }}</ref><ref name=regional>[http://www.ras.ru/sciencestructure/regionaldepartments.aspx Regional Divisions of the RAS] (in Russian)</ref>

===Regional centers===
[[Image:Russian Academy of Sciences SPB.jpg|thumb|300px|The building of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg on [[Universitetskaya Embankment]]]]
* Buryat Scientific Center
* Kazan Scientific Center
* Pushchino Scientific Center
* Samara Scientific Center
* Saratov Scientific Center
* Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the RAS and the Government of the Republic Alania- Northern Ossetia
* Dagestan Scientific Center
* Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center
* Karelian Scientific Center
* Kola Scientific Center
* Science Scientific of the RAS in Chernogolovka
* St. Petersburg Scientific Center
* Ufa Scientific Center
* [[Southern Scientific Center RAS|Southern Scientific Center]]
* [[Troitsk, Moscow|Troitsk Scientific Center]]
* Perm Scientific Center

==Institutions==
{{external links|section|date=June 2015}}
The Russian Academy of Sciences comprises a large number of research institutions, including:
{{Div col|2}}
* [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]]
* [[Central Economic Mathematical Institute CEMI]]
* [[Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre]]
* [[Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology]]
* [[Institute for Spectroscopy]]
* [[Institute for System Programming]]
* [http://archaeolog.ru/ Institute for Archeology] (Moscow)
* [http://www.inafran.ru/en Institute for African Studies] (Moscow)
* [http://www.inesnet.ru/eng/ Institute for Economic Strategies]{{dead link|date=March 2016}} (Moscow)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20120127075814/http://www.archeo.ru/eng/index.htm Institute for the History of Material Culture] (St Petersburg)
* [http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Maxim-Dianov/395168353 Institute for Informatics and Control of Regional Problems]
* [http://ipmras.ru/en/index Institute for Physics of Microstructures]
* [http://ipfran.ru/english/info_e.html Institute of Applied Physics]
* Institute of Cell Biophysics
* Institute of Biological Instrumentation
* [http://www.imbp.ru/ Institute for Biomedical Problems] (IMBP, also IBMP) ([[:ru:Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН]]), known in the West particularly for the [[MARS-500]] experiment simulating manned flight to Mars
* Institute of Ecology and Evolution
* Institute of Economy (RAS)
* Institute of Human Brain (St.-Petersburg)
* Institute of Gene Biology
* Institute of Silicate Chemistry
* Institute of High Current Electronics
* Institute of Linguistics
* [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Studies]] (Moscow)
* [[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Manuscripts]] (St Petersburg)
* Institute of Philosophy
* [[Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics]]
* [[Institute of Solid State Physics (Russia)|Institute of Solid State Physics]]
* [[Institute of State and Law (RAS)|Institute of State and Law]]
* [[Institute for US and Canadian Studies|Institute of the U.S.A. and Canada (ISKRAN)]]
* [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO)
* Institute of World Literature (Moscow)
* [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]]
* [[Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics]]
* [[Komarov Botanical Institute]]
* Komi Science Centre<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Division, Komi Science Centre|url=http://www.komisc.ru/old/en_ksc.html|website=Komi Science Centre|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>
* Kutateladze Institute for Thermal Physics
* [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]]
* Laser and Information Technology Institute
* [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]]
* [[Lebedev Physical Institute]]
* [[N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070628222109/http://www.ineos.ac.ru/eng/home.html Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Chemistry]
* Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics
* [[Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences|Paleontological Institute]]
* [http://skif.pereslavl.ru/psi-info/index.en.html Program Systems Institute]
* Prokhorov General Physics Institute
* Schmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth
* [[Russian Space Research Institute|Space Research Institute]]
* Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
* [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]]
* [[Special Astrophysical Observatory]]
* [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]]
* [[St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences|St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics]]
* [[Sukachev Institute of Forest]]
* Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
* Vingoradov [[Russian Language Institute]]
* [[Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences]]
* [http://www.ioc.ac.ru/english Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry]
* [http://www.zin.ru/index_e.htm Zoological Institute]
{{Div col end}}

Member institutions are linked via a dedicated Russian Space Science Internet (RSSI). Started with just three members, The RSSI now has 3,100 members, including 57 from the largest research institutions.

Russian universities and technical institutes are not under the supervision of the RAS (they are subordinated to the Ministry of Education of Russian Federation), but a number of leading universities, such as [[Moscow State University]], [[St. Petersburg State University]], [[Novosibirsk State University]], and the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], make use of the staff and facilities of many institutes of the RAS (as well as of other research institutions); the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology|MIPT]] faculty refers to this arrangement as the "Phystech System".

From 1933 to 1992, the main scientific journal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was the ''[[Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]'' (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR); after 1992, it became simply ''Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences'' (''Doklady Akademii Nauk'').

The Academy is also increasing its presence in the educational area. In 1990 the [[Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] was founded, a specialized university intended to provide extensive opportunities for students to choose an academic path.

==Awards==
The Academy gives out a number of different prizes, medals and awards among which:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ras.ru/about/awards/medalsandprizes.aspx|title=Именные премии и медали|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
* [[Lobachevsky Prize]]
* [[Demidov Prize]]
* [[Kurchatov Medal]]
* [[Pushkin Prize]]
* [[S.V. Lebedev Award]]
* [[Andrey Markov|Markov]] Prize
* [[Nikolay Bogolyubov|Bogolyubov]] Gold Medal

==History==
{{refimprove section|date=January 2011}}

===Foundation===
[[Image:Kunstkamera SPB 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Original headquarters of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - the [[Kunstkamera]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]

The Emperor [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], inspired and advised by [[Gottfried Leibniz]], founded the Academy in [[Saint Petersburg]]; the Senate [[decree]] of February 8 (January 28 old style), 1724 implemented the establishment.<ref name="about"/><ref name=NTRS>{{cite web|last= Sagdeyev, R. Z.; Shtern, M. I. |title= The Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR 1974 |url= http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770010175 |work= NASA |publisher= NASA Technical Reports Server |accessdate= 13 September 2011 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121015170508/http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770010175 |archivedate= October 15, 2012 }}</ref> Originally called ''The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences'' ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Петербургская Академия наук|Петербургская Академия наук]]}}), the organization went under various names over the years, becoming ''The Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts'' (Императорская Академия наук и художеств; 1747–1803), ''The Imperial Academy of Sciences'' (Императорская Академия Наук; 1803—1836), and finally, ''The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences'' (Императорская Санкт-Петербургская Академия Наук, from 1836 and until the end of the [[Russian Empire|empire]] in 1917).

Foreign scholars invited to work at the academy included the [[mathematicians]] [[Leonhard Euler]] (1707-1783), [[Anders Johan Lexell]], [[Christian Goldbach]], [[Georg Bernhard Bilfinger]], [[Nicholas II Bernoulli|Nicholas Bernoulli]] (1695-1726) and [[Daniel Bernoulli]] (1700-1782), botanist [[Johann Georg Gmelin]], embryologists [[Caspar Friedrich Wolff]], [[astronomer]] and [[geographer]] [[Joseph-Nicolas Delisle]], physicist [[:ru:Крафт, Георг Вольфганг|Georg Wolfgang Kraft]], [[historian]] [[Gerhard Friedrich Müller]] and English [[Astronomer Royal]] [[Nevil Maskelyne]]<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Papers of Nevil Maskelyne: Certificate and seal from Catherine the Great, Russia
|url= http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-REG-00009-00037/1
|website= University of Cambridge Digital Library
|publisher= Cambridge Digital Library|accessdate= 19 January 2015
}}
</ref> (1732-1811).

Expeditions to explore remote parts of the country had Academy scientists as their leaders or most active participants. These included [[Vitus Bering]]'s Second [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] Expedition of 1733–1743, expeditions to observe the [[1761 transit of Venus|1769 transit of Venus]] from eight locations in [[Russian Empire]], and the expeditions of [[Peter Simon Pallas]] (1741-1811) to [[Siberia]].

===The Russian Academy===
{{main|Russian Academy}}
A separate organization, called the Russian Academy (Академия Российская), was created in 1783 to work on the study of the [[Russian language]]. Presided over by Princess [[Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova|Yekaterina Dashkova]] (who at the same time was the Director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences, i.e., the country's "main" academy), the Russian Academy was engaged in compiling the six-volume ''Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language'' (1789–1794). The Russian Academy was merged into the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1841.

===The Academy of Sciences of the USSR===
In December 1917, [[Sergey Oldenburg|Sergey Fedorovich Oldenburg]], a leading [[ethnographer]] and political activist in the [[Kadet]] party, met with [[Vladimir Lenin]] to discuss the future of the Academy. They agreed that the expertise of the Academy would be applied to addressing questions of state construction, while in return the Soviet regime would give the Academy financial and political support. By the early 1918 it was agreed that the Academy would report to the Department of the Mobilisation of Scientific Forces of the [[Narkompros|People's Commissariat for Education]] which replaced the Provisional Government's Ministry of Education. In 1925 the [[Soviet government]] recognized the Russian Academy of Sciences as the "highest all-Union scientific institution" and renamed it the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
===Soviet Science Academy during the Stalin Years===
Under Stalin the education system would be stunted by the strict codes on proper speech and what is acceptable to discuss as a good Communist because he had the strictest rules on the matter of propriety and discussion. The Soviet Sciences Academy would be effected like all universities by the rules imposed particularly those pertaining to censorship. Not only would it be directly affected by censorship in the sense that some materials would be banned but people would be put in charge or taken out of leadership of the schools based on censorship and false accusations of improper behavior would be used in attempts to gain favor.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pollack|first1=Ethan|title=The Soviet Science Wars|date=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press</ref>
The Soviet Science Academy ended up with a leader of the philosophy department who was placed there simply to keep the man out of trouble. The government decided to not execute or send the famous writer to the gulag because he had won the Stalin award. Doing this would have discredited the Stalin award and thus Stalin the leader of the Communist party himself. So instead, the Soviet Science Academy would have Georgii Aleksandrov work for them placing him as a department head because they believed there that he could be more easily controlled and kept within party parameters in regards to his behavior and speech.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pollock|first1=Ethan|title=Stalin and The Soviet Science Wars|date=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=16-18}}</ref> They did so because he attempted to publish works and write about topics that were considered questionable. The topic which he wanted to write about were philosophers who were not the four main Communist philosophers he wanted to mention the Western philosophers in his writings. This was decided to be inappropriate and his proposal was refused by the authorities. They then decided that it would be best to demote him from his current position of research and place him as a head of department at the Soviet Science Academy because it was considered a lesser position where he could be kept out of further mischief.
Another incident which happened regarding the Soviet Science Academy during this period is that a jealous scientist would attempt to discredit two famous geneticists. These genetics had government permission to publish their findings in an American journal of science which made the Soviet Union and the Science Academy look distinguished and able to compete with the Western world. However, the scientist Trofim Densisovich Lysenka would falsely accuse them of collaborations with the West and selling secrets because he wanted to gain recognition of his own and gain funding. He felt as though more money should be put into agriculture instead.<ref>Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars </ref> However, this attempt would backfire and he would be ignored even during this period of intense concern with such problems. During this era the expected move would have been to arrest the scientists but like the philosopher they were very high profile and so rather than arresting them for flimsy charges they looked into the man making the accusations and would choose instead to take a wiser and more reasonable course of action.
In the Soviet Science Academy as well as in the USSR science field in general, people often used informal networks to communicate. This was true of prominent scientists such as [[Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinskii]] an internationally reputable organic chemist who began before the revolution and continued his work after.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lubrano|title=The Hidden Structure of Soviet|journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values|date=Spring 1993|volume=18|issue=2nd|pages=153}}</ref> He was not a member of the Communist party nor did he hold a high positon but he did hold discussion with scientists from across various fields of study. This meant that people knew and would support him across fields of science which was common for this period.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lubrano|title=The Hidden Structures of Soviet Science|pages=153-155}}</ref> So there was a certain amount of cooperation and working together to be found as well scientists who tried to get each other in trouble.

The Soviet Science Academy would be pitted against the [[Communist Academy]] in terms of status. Both of them would compete in terms of relevancy and official recognition by the party. These organizations would struggle within the bureaucracy to gain more resources and respect during the late 1920s.<ref>David-Fox, “Symbiosis to Synthesis” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 46, 226-227</ref> Until party leader Avel Safronovich Enukidnze would be placed in charge of it and he made it superior to the Soviet Academy by declaration.<ref>David-Fox, Symbiosis to Synthesis, 236-238</ref> However, the [[Communist Academy]] would fade in the 1930s because it was seen as promoting the older [[Bolshevik]] ideals and would cease to exist ending the competition between the two. This period of completion though led to a restructuring in the Soviet Sciences Academy in order to better it so that it would not be seen as obsolete. It came close in the late 1920s to dissolving the Science Academy but would stop short of it because they decided it was important to have a singular scientific institute. The reasons for nearly destroying it had to do with the danger of thinking minds under the Soviet system and the concern that they did not uphold the right sort of ideals.<ref> David-Fox, Symbiosis to Synthesis, 243</ref> They would decide that the Science Academy was necessary for the Soviet Empire and decided not destroy it but rather to rework the system. This would eventually lead to the Soviet Science Academy dominating as they found it continued to be useful as a way of competing with the West.
The last major thing that would happen with the Soviet Science Academy would be a struggle to allow more Western ideas into the Physics Department. This obviously was in response to America having nuclear weapons and the Soviet Union realizing they needed to catch up with them. An article would be published by [[Vladimir Fock]] through the Soviet Science academy criticizing the theories of [[Einstein]] because he was a Western scientist.<ref>Pollock, The Soviet Science Wars,76</ref> However, this propagandist work was found to have shoddy science behind it and the entire department upon inspection was found to be less productive than the rest of the Science Academy. The more realistic scientific work written by Moisey Alexandrovich Markov which agreed with Western theories would receive more support.<ref> Pollock, The Soviet Science Wars, 80</ref> So in the beginning, with people like Aleksandrov in the philosophy department there was the idea that people should not bring up Western ideology even to criticize it and explain why Communism is better but now there is a turnaround where because beating the West is what matters good science needs to take place even if it means talking about ideas that go against principles to do so. This is because the philosophy of the West had been more important to defeat than proper research methods until the concerns about nuclear war emerged. They would decide to fire more of the department and hire more competent people because of the increased importance of nuclear research. The need for physicists would protect Jewish people from the xenophobic wrath of Stalin and Beria but not everyone would be spared for these reasons.<ref>Pollock, The Soviet Science Wars, 82-84</ref> Still many scientists would be protected by the institute because they were seen as important to the success of the country. The Soviet Science Academy would help to play their part in the goal of the Soviet Union to surpass the military might of the United States through the use of physics and chemistry research.
Important members of the scientific community were spared from Stalin's usual amount of wrath and their punishments were often lessened from what one usually would expect from the regime. In the beginning this was mainly because of ideological reasons to not harm the party by punishing someone who had received a major award or had international accreditation. Scientists were given more chances to explain their behavior or prove their innocents than average citizens because they were seen as valuable. Later, though it would be for more practical reasons as scientists became the leaders in the arms race which played a major part in the Cold War. The Soviet Science Academy would become the dominant institute where these scientists were educated and often worked.

====Political control====
However, from 1928 on the [[Politburo]] interfered in the affairs of the Academy. By the summer of 1929, [[Yuri Petrovich Figatner]] headed a special government commission that had to inspect the Academy and purge it of "counter-revolutionaries," turning it into a [[Stalinist]] organization. Figatner's commission originally included Sergey Oldenburg, but he was sacked for "obstructing the reconstruction of the Academy of Sciences". By the end of 1929, 128 members of staff out of 960 were fired, with a further 520 supernumeraries from 830 also dismissed. In the following year over 100 people (mainly scholars and humanists, including many historians) were charged in what is called the [[Academicians' Case]]. Former Academicians such as [[G.S. Gabaev]], [[A.A. Arnoldi]], [[Nikolai Antsiferov]], had already been exiled or imprisoned, but were also put on trial. On August 8, 1931 the Board of the Joint State Political Administration Board condemned 29 people, including:
* [[S.V. Bakhrushin]]
* [[Vladimir N. Beneshevich|V.N. Beneshevich]]
* [[D.N. Egorov]]
* [[Y.V. Gautier]]
* [[N.V. Izmaylov]]
* [[Nikolai Likhachev]]
* [[M.K. Lyubavsky]]
* [[A.M. Mervart]]
* [[Sergey Platonov]]
* [[S.V. Rozhdestvensky]]
* [[Yevgeny Tarle]]

In 1931 the Joint State Political Administration Board imposed another wave of punishments on the research officers of various establishments of the Academy of Sciences, the Russian Museum, the Central Archives, and others. These included [[A.A. Byalynitsky-Birulya]], [[A.A. Dostoevsky]], [[B.M. Engelgardt]], [[N.S. Platonova]], [[M.D. Priselkov]], [[A.A. Putilov]], [[S.V. Sigrist]], [[F.F. Skribanovich]], [[S.I. Tkhorzhevsky]], and [[A.I. Zaozersky]]). Some former officers, who worked for the Academy of Sciences such as [[A.A. Kovanko]] and [[Y. A. Verzhbitsky]], were executed by shooting. [[N.V. Raevsky]], [[P.V. Wittenburg]] and [[D.N. Khalturin]] who had organized various expeditions, the priests [[A.V. Mitrotsky]], [[M.V. Mitrotsky]], and [[M.M. Girs]] (the church group), Professor [[E.B. Furman]], Pastor [[A.F. Frishfeld]] (the German group) and [[F.I. Vityazev-Sedenko]], [[S.S. Baranov-Galperson]] and [[E.G. Baranov-Galperson]] (the publishers group) were also punished.<ref>[http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804021760 Academics' Case], accessed July 13, 2008</ref>

Smaller commissions investigated institutions, thus the Commission for the Reorganisation of [[Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia|KIPS]] and the [[Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography|Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]] subjected these organisations to "socialist criticism".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5EkCwriGDOoC&pg=PA251 |title=Empire of Nations|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>

In 1934 the Academy headquarters moved from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] (formerly [[Saint Petersburg]]) to the Russian capital, [[Moscow]], together with a number of academic institutes.

At the end of and first year after [[World War II]] the Academy consisted of eight divisions (Physico-Mathematical Science, Chemical Sciences, Geological-Geographical Sciences, Biological Science, Technical Science, History and Philosophy, Economics and Law, Literature and Languages); three committees (one for coordinating the scientific work of the Academies of the Republics, one for scientific and technical propaganda, and one for editorial and publications), two commissions (for publishing popular scientific literature, and for museums and archives), a laboratory for scientific photography and cinematography and Academy of Science Press departments external to the divisions; 7 branches ([[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kirghizia]], [[Tadzhikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ural (region)|Ural]]s, and West Siberian), and 8 undependent Academies in [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Latvia]], and [[Estonia]].<ref>Ashby, Eric. 1947. "Scientist in Russia". Pelican books</ref>

The Academy of Sciences of the USSR helped to establish national Academies of Sciences in all Soviet republics (with the exception of the [[Russian SFSR]]), in many cases delegating prominent scientists to live and work in other republics. In the case of the Ukraine, its academy was formed by the local Ukrainian scientists and prior to the occupation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] by [[Bolshevik]]s. These academies were:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Republic!!Local Name!!Established!!successor
|-
|[[Ukrainian SSR]]||Академія наук Української РСР||1918||[[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]
|-
|[[Byelorussian SSR]]||Акадэмія Навукаў Беларускай ССР ||1929||[[National Academy of Sciences of Belarus]]
|-
|[[Uzbek SSR]]||Ўзбекистон ССР Фанлар академияси||1943||[[Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan]]
|-
|[[Kazakh SSR]]||Қазақ ССР Ғылым Академиясы||1946||[[National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan]]
|-
|[[Georgian SSR]]||საქართველოს სსრ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია||1941 ||[[Georgian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Azerbaijan SSR]]||Азәрбајҹан ССР Елмләр Академијасы||1945||[[National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan]]
|-
|[[Lithuanian SSR]]||Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija||1941||[[Lithuanian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Moldavian SSR]]||Академия де Штиинце а РСС Молдовенешть ||1946||[[Academy of Sciences of Moldova]]
|-
|[[Latvian SSR]]||Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija||1946||[[Latvian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Kirghiz SSR]]||Кыргыз ССР Илимдер академиясы ||1954||[[National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic]]
|-
|[[Tajik SSR]]||Академияи Фанҳои РСС Тоҷикистон||1953||[[Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan]]
|-
|[[Armenian SSR]]||Հայկական ՍՍՀ գիտությունների ակադեմիա||1943||[[National Academy of Sciences of Armenia]]
|-
|[[Turkmen SSR]]||Түркменистан ССР Ылымлар Академиясы||1951||[[Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan]]
|-
|[[Estonian SSR]]||Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia||1946||[[Estonian Academy of Sciences]]
|}

===Post-Soviet period===
After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], by [[Decree of the President of Russia|decree]] of the [[President of Russia]] of December 2, 1991, the institute once again became the ''Russian Academy of Sciences'',<ref name=about/> inheriting all facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the territory of Russia.

Near the central academy building there is a monument of [[Yuri Gagarin]] in the square that bears his name.

===Dissolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences===
On June 28, 2013, the Russian Government unexpectedly announced a draft law of dissolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) founded in 1724 and establishing a new "public-governmental" organization with the same name. During this reform, all buildings and other property of the Academy will be taken away under control of a government-appointed official.<ref>[http://grani.ru/opinion/petrov/m.216566.html Anti-brain storm] by Nikolai Petrov</ref> The reform is allegedly authored by [[Mikhail Kovalchuk]], brother of [[Yury Kovalchuk]], known as [[Vladimir Putin]]'s personal banker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.ru/HISTORY/FELSHTINSKY/naslednik.txt|title=Владимир Прибыловский, Юрий Фельштинский. Операция "Наследник". Главы из книги|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref> Mikhail Kovalchuk was repeatedly rejected during elections to the Academy.<ref>[http://www.strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=221&d_no=57508 Наука и технологии России - «Вместо экспертов теперь набежит одна шпана»]</ref> Simultaneously, a new law regulating the status of the new organization was submitted for approval by the Russian [[Duma]] (the Parliament of the Russian Federation) and was submitted for approval the following week. After the acceptance of this law, a liquidation process of the Academy should be completed within three months.

The law puts severe restrictions on the autonomy of academic institutions in Russia and deprives RAS of the control over all of its material assets. All the existing institutions of RAS are offered to move away from the new organization, to subordinate them to a special administrative Government agency, "Agency of Scientific Institutions", and to subject them to a selection compliant with certain conditions defined solely by this agency. The functions of this agency are not well-specified in the law.<ref>A very negative experience of such a selection made by Government officials was demonstrated last fall during monitoring of the educational institutions in Russia. Many popular and highly reputed universities have been declared "ineffective" according to the rules that in fact have little to do with assessing real scientific level.</ref>

The draft law, which fundamentally changes the system of science organization in Russia, has been prepared and examined without discussion within the scientific community. Even the public structures created by the Ministry of Education and Science for consultations with the representatives of the scientific community have not been involved in a discussion of the draft law and have not been informed on its existence. The Academy has also not been informed on the existence of the project.

This piece of legislation, accompanied by the unusual haste with which it was announced and put through the first stage of approval (described by some as "Blitzkrieg"), created a considerable worry in the academic community and a strong rejection by many leading Russian and foreign scientists.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/news/russian-roulette-1.13315 Russian roulette. Reforms without consultation will destroy the Russian Academy of Sciences], [[Nature (Journal)]] editorial</ref>

A large group of members of the Russian Academy of Sciences announced their intention not to enter into a new academy after the reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://polit.ru/article/2013/07/02/open_letter/|title=Открытое письмо членов РАН по поводу ликвидации Российской академии наук. Letter of members of Russian Academy of Sciences|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>

Many world's leading scientists (including [[Pierre Deligne]], [[Michael Atiyah]], Mumford, and others) have written open letters which referred to the planned reform of the "shocking" and even "criminal".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mi.ras.ru/index.php?c=ref|title=Письма зарубежных ученых|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>

==Presidents of the Saint Petersburg, USSR, and Russian Academies of Sciences==
The following persons occupied the position of the Academy's President (or, sometimes, Director):<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/about/president/allpresidents.aspx Президенты Российской академии наук за всю историю] Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences throughout its history {{ru icon}} - at the Academy's official site</ref><ref>Алексей Торгашев [http://www.freetowns.ru/ru/news/eggheaded/-/ras_election Академия наук, которой не было] ("The Academy which wasn't") {{ru icon}} {{wayback|url=http://www.freetowns.ru/ru/news/eggheaded/-/ras_election |date=20090417061701 }}</ref>
{{Div col|2}}
* [[Laurentius Blumentrost]] ([[:ru:Блюментрост, Лаврентий Лаврентьевич|Лаврентий Лаврентьевич Блюментрост]]), 1725–1733
* [[Hermann-Karl von Keyserlingk]] ([[:ru:Кейзерлинг, Герман Карл фон|Герман Карл фон Кейзерлинг]]) 1733–1734
* [[Johann Albrecht Korf]] ([[:ru:Корф, Иоганн Альбрехт|Иоганн Альбрехт Корф]]), 1734–1740
* [[Karl von Brevern]] ([[:ru:Бреверн, Карл фон|Карл фон Бреверн]]), 1740–1741
* (Post vacant, April 1741 – October 1766)
* Count [[Kirill Razumovsky]], 1746–1766 (nominally, till 1798)
* Count [[Vladimir Grigorievich Orlov]] ([[:ru:Орлов, Владимир Григорьевич|Владимир Григорьевич Орлов]]), 1766–1774 (Director)<ref name="Euler">{{cite book|last=edited by Robert E. Bradley, Ed Sandifer|title=Leonhard Euler: Life, Work and Legacy| year=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0080471293|pages=83–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_o/orlov_vg.html|title=Орлов Владимир Григорьевич|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Alexey Reshevski]] ([[:ru:Ржевский, Алексей Андреевич|Алексей Андреевич Ржевский]]), 1771–1773 (Occasional Substitute of [[Vladimir Grigorievich Orlov|Orlov]] )<ref>{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=Alfred|title=How to Consult the I Ching, the Oracle of Change|year=1971|publisher=Springer|isbn=3764375396|page=129}}</ref>
* [[Sergei G. Domashnev]] ([[:ru:Домашнев, Сергей Герасимович|Сергей Герасимович Домашнев]]), 1775–1782 (Director)<ref name="Euler" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=799 |title=Пушкинский Дом (ИРЛИ РАН) > Новости |publisher= |accessdate=12 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227222024/http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=799 |archivedate=December 27, 2014 }}</ref>
* Princess [[Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova]], 1783–1796 (Director; sent into ''de facto'' retirement in 1794. Simultaneously served as the President of the [[Russian Academy]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=754 |title=Пушкинский Дом (ИРЛИ РАН) > Новости |publisher= |accessdate=12 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424191531/http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=754 |archivedate=April 24, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Pavel Bakunin]] ([[:ru:Бакунин, Павел Петрович|Павел Петрович Бакунин]]), 1794–1796 (acting Director), 1796–1798 (Director). Simultaneously served as the President of the [[Russian Academy]]
* [[Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolai]], 1798–1803
* [[Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev]], 1803–1810
* (Post vacant, April 1810–Jan 1818)
* Count [[Sergey Uvarov]], 1818–1855
* [[Dmitry Bludov]] ([[:ru:Блудов, Дмитрий Николаевич|Дмитрий Николаевич Блудов]]), 1855–1864
* [[Fyodor Petrovich Litke]], 1864–1882
* Count [[Dmitry Tolstoy]], 1882–1889
* [[Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia]], 1889–1915
* (Post vacant, June 1915–May 1917)
* [[Alexander Karpinsky]], 1917–1936
* [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov]], 1936–1945
* [[Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov]], 1945–1951
* [[Alexander Nesmeyanov]], 1951–1961
* [[Mstislav Keldysh]], 1961–1975
* [[Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov]], 1975–1986
* [[Gury Marchuk]], 1986–1991
* [[Yury Osipov]], 1991–2013
* [[Vladimir Fortov]], since 2013
{{Div col end}}

==Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the Academy ==
{{Div col|2}}
* [[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]], medicine, 1904
* [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]], medicine, 1908
* [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]], literature, 1933
* [[Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov]], chemistry, 1956
* [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]], physics, 1958
* [[Ilya Mikhailovich Frank]], physics, 1958
* [[Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]], physics, 1958
* [[Lev Davidovich Landau]], physics, 1962
* [[Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov]], physics, 1964
* [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]], physics, 1964
* [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov]], literature, 1965
* [[Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn]], literature, 1970
* [[Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich]], economics, 1975
* [[Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov]], peace, 1975
* [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]], physics, 1978
* [[Zhores Ivanovich Alferov]], physics, 2000
* [[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]], physics, 2003
* [[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]], physics, 2003
*
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|University}}
{{Div col|2}}
*[[Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk)|Akademgorodok in Krasnoyarsk]]
*[[Akademgorodok|Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk]]
*[[Akademgorodok (Tomsk)|Akademgorodok in Tomsk]]
*[[Lev Davidovich Belkind]] has released a number of books on the unique contribution of Russian scientists and engineers to the technological progress.
*[[Neuro-linguistic programming]]
*[[Constitutional economics]]
*[[Energy Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences]]
*[[Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
*[[List of Russian explorers]]
*[[List of Russian inventors]]
*[[List of Russian scientists]]
*[[MARS-500]]
*[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], RAS publishing division
*[[Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory]]
*[[Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records]]
*[[VINITI Database RAS]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Russian Academy of Sciences}}
* [http://www.ras.ru/index.aspx?_Language=en RAS website]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20040609093419/http://www.pran.ru:80/ Website of RAS management]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20090814223535/http://research.webometrics.info:80/RAS.asp RAS Institutes in the Ranking Web of Research Centers]
* [http://www.rssi.ru/ Russian Space Science Internet Network]
* [http://scepsis.ru/eng/articles/id_8.php Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=moscow&ll=55.710782,37.577308&spn=0.001160,0.003404&t=k&hl=en Satellite photo of the RAS Main Building]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=55.720512,37.593455&spn=0.001160,0.003404&t=k&hl=en Satellite photo of the RAS Old Building]

{{coord|55|42|38.86|N|37|34|40.13|E|region:RU-MOW_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{International Council for Science}}
{{European Academies of Sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences|*]]
[[Category:National academies of sciences]]
[[Category:1724 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1724]]
[[Category:Members of the International Council for Science]]

John Fritz Medal

2016-04-25T08:30:09Z

WW: correction http://ethw.org/images/0/09/Ryan_-_john_fritz_medal_and_edison_medal_presentation_committee.pdf

The '''John Fritz Medal''' is since 1902 yearly awarded by the [[American Association of Engineering Societies]] for "outstanding scientific or industrial achievements". The medal was created for the 80th birthday of [[John Fritz]], who lived between 1822 and 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaes.org/awards|title=Awards |publisher=[[American Association of Engineering Societies]] |accessdate={{Format date|2013|4|1}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,720165,00.html#ixzz1SYnX1LIv |title=Fritz Medal |date={{Format date|1925|4|6}} |journal=[[Time Magazine]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|20}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Trainer | first1 = M. | title = In Memoriam: Lord Kelvin, Recipient of The John Fritz Medal in 1905 | doi = 10.1007/s00016-007-0344-4 | journal = Physics in Perspective | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 212–223 | year = 2008 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>

== Recipients ==
Source: [http://www.aaes.org/john-fritz-medal-past-recipients AAES]
{{columns-list|2|
* 2015 [[Jon D. Magnusson]]
* 2014 [[Julia Weertman]]
* 2013 [[Gregory Stephanopoulos]]
* 2012 [[Leslie E. Robertson]]
* 2011 [[Andrew J. Viterbi]]
* 2010 [[Gerald J. Posakony]]
* 2009 [[Yvonne Claeys Brill]]
* 2008 [[Kristina M. Johnson]]
* 2007 [[Gavriel Salvendy]]
* 2006   —
* 2005 [[George Tamaro]]
* 2004 [[John A. Swanson]]
* 2003 [[Robert S. Langer]]
* 2002 [[Daniel S. Goldin]]
* 2001 [[Paul C. W. Chu]]
* 2000 [[John W. Fisher]]
* 1999 [[George H. Heilmeier]]
* 1998 [[Ivan A. Getting]]
* 1997 [[Arthur E. Humphrey]]
* 1996 [[George N. Hatsopoulos]]
* 1995 [[Lynn S. Beedle]]
* 1994 [[Hoyt C. Hottel]]
* 1993 [[Gordon E. Moore]]
* 1992 [[Serge Gratch]]
* 1991 [[Hunter Rouse]]
* 1990 [[Gordon A. Cain]]
* 1989 [[Robert N. Noyce]]
* 1988 [[Ralph B. Beck]]
* 1987 [[Ralph Landau]]
* 1986 [[Simon Ramo]]
* 1985 [[Daniel C. Drucker]]
* 1984 [[Kenneth A. Roe]]
* 1983 [[Claude Elwood Shannon]]
* 1982 [[David Packard]]
* 1981 [[Ian MacGregor]]
* 1980 [[T. Louis Austin, Jr.]]
* 1979 [[Nathan M. Newmark]]
* 1978 [[Robert G. Heitz]]
* 1977 [[George R. Brown]]
* 1976 [[Thomas O. Paine]]
* 1975 [[Manson Benedict]]
* 1974 [[H. I. Romnes]]
* 1973 [[Lyman Wilber]]
* 1972 [[William Webster (engineer)|William Webster]]
* 1971 [[Patrick E. Haggerty]]
* 1970 [[Glenn B. Warren]]
* 1969 [[Michael Lawrence Haider]]
* 1968 [[Igor Ivan Sikorsky]]
* 1967 [[Walker L. Cisler]]
* 1966 [[Warren K. Lewis]]
* 1965 [[Frederick Kappel]]
* 1964 [[Lucius D. Clay]]
* 1963 [[Hugh L. Dryden]]
* 1962 [[Crawford H. Greenewalt]]
* 1961 [[Stephen D. Bechtel]]
* 1960 [[Gwilyn A. Price]]
* 1959 [[Mervin Kelly|Mervin J. Kelly]]
* 1958 [[John R. Suman]]
* 1957 [[Ben Moreell]]
* 1956 [[Philip Sporn]]
* 1955 [[Harry Alonzo Winne]]
* 1954 [[William Embry Wrather]]
* 1953 [[Benjamin F. Fairless]]
* 1952 [[Ervin George Bailey]]
* 1951 [[Vannevar Bush]]
* 1950 [[Walter H. Aldridge]]
* 1949 [[Charles M. Allen]]
* 1948 [[Theodore von Karman]]
* 1947 [[Lewis Warrington Chubb]]
* 1946 [[Zay Jeffries]]
* 1945 [[John L. Savage|John Lucian Savage]]
* 1944 [[Charles F. Kettering]]
* 1943 [[Willis Rodney Whitney]]
* 1942 [[Everette Lee DeGolyer]]
* 1941 [[Ralph Budd]]
* 1940 [[Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld]] (posthumous)
* 1939 [[Frank Baldwin Jewett]]
* 1938 [[Paul Dyer Merica]]
* 1937 [[Arthur Newell Talbot]]
* 1936 [[William Frederick Durand]]
* 1935 [[Frank Julian Sprague]] (posthumous)
* 1934 [[John Ripley Freeman]] (posthumous )
* 1933 [[Daniel Cowan Jackling]]
* 1932 [[Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin]]
* 1931 [[David Watson Taylor]]
* 1930 [[Ralph Modjeski]]
* 1929 [[Herbert Clark Hoover]]
* 1928 [[John Joseph Carty]]
* 1927 [[Elmer Ambrose Sperry]] <ref name=sperry>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Elmer Sperry Dies. Famous Inventor |url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1012.html |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=June 17, 1930 |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref>
* 1926 [[Edward Dean Adams]]
* 1925 [[John Frank Stevens]]
* 1924 [[Ambrose Swasey]]
* 1923 [[Guglielmo Marconi]]
* 1922 [[Charles P. E. Schneider]]
* 1921 Sir [[Robert Hadfield]]
* 1920 [[Orville Wright]]
* 1919 Gen. [[George W. Goethals]]
* 1918 [[J. Waldo Smith]]
* 1917 [[Henry Marion Howe]]
* 1916 [[Elihu Thomson]]
* 1915 [[James Douglas (businessman)|James Douglas]]
* 1914 [[John Edson Sweet]]
* 1913   —
* 1912 [[Robert Woolston Hunt]]
* 1911 Sir [[William Henry White]]
* 1910 [[Alfred Noble (Civil Engineer)|Alfred Noble]]
* 1909 [[Charles Talbot Porter]]
* 1908 [[Thomas Alva Edison]]
* 1907 [[Alexander Graham Bell]]
* 1906 [[George Westinghouse]]
* 1905 [[Lord Kelvin]]
* 1904   —
* 1903   —
* 1902 [[John Fritz]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fritz Medal}}
[[Category:Engineering awards]]
[[Category:John Fritz Medal recipients| ]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1902]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in the United States]]

Lomonosov Gold Medal

2016-04-02T17:47:47Z

WW: Oleinik was awarded medal by MSU, not by RAS; fixed according to http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en

[[File:Lomonosov Gold Medal.jpg|thumb|Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
The '''Lomonosov Gold Medal''', named after [[Russia]]n scientist and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] Academy of Sciences and later the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (RAS). Since 1967, two medals are awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the Academy's highest accolade.
{{Clear}}

==Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal==
__NOTOC__

===1959===
* [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]]: cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures.

===1961===
* [[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov]]: accumulatively for works in chemistry.

===1963===
* [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan) : for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics.
* [[Hideki Yukawa]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto) : for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics.

===1964===
* Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine.

===1965===
* [[Nikolai Vasilevich Belov]]: accumulatively for works in crystallography.

===1967===
* [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]] : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics
* [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (professor, member of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles.

===1968===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
* [[István Rusznyák]] (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics) : for outstanding achievements in medicine.

===1969===
* [[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics.
* [[Giulio Natta]] (professor, Italy) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of polymers

===1970===
* [[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding studies in mathematics.
* [[Arnaud Denjoy]] (member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1971===
* [[Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian]] : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics.
* [[Hannes Alfvén]] (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

===1972===
* [[Nikoloz Muskhelishvili]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Max Steenbeck]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics.

===1973===
* [[Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry.
* [[Vladimír Zoubek]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in geology.

===1974===
* [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Angel Balevski]] (full member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.

===1975===
* [[Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research.
* [[Maurice Roy (scientist)|Maurice Roy]] (full member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications.

===1976===
* [[Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich]] : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and the technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR.
* [[Herman Klare]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers.

===1977===
* [[Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Linus Carl Pauling]] (member of the US National Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry.

===1978===
* [[Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov]] : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology.
* [[Alexander Robertus Todd]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry.

===1979===
* [[Aleksandr Oparin|Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.
* [[Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy]] (full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1980===
* [[Boris Yevgenevich Paton]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Jaroslav Kožešník]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics.

===1981===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov]] : for outstanding achievements in [[radiophysics]], [[radio engineering]] and [[electronics]].
* [[Pavle Savich]] (full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialst Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics.

===1982===
* [[Julii Borisovich Khariton]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] (professor, member of the London Royal Society) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry.

===1983===
* [[Andrei Lvovich Kursanov]] : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants.
* [[Abdus Salam]] (professor, Pakistan) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1984===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics.
* [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1985===
* [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Guillermo Haro]] (professor, Mexico) : for outstanding achievements in astrophysics.

===1986===
* [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov|Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov]] : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery.
* [[Josef Riman|Josef Řiman]] (academician, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.

===1987===
* [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[John Bardeen]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1988===
* [[Sergei Lvovich Sobolev]] (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Jean Leray]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1989===
* [[Nikolai Gennadievich Basov]]: for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Hans Bethe]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1993===
* [[Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev]]: for outstanding achievements in the humanities.
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences.

===1994===
* [[Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov]]: for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis.
* [[James D. Watson]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology.

===1995===
* [[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]]: for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
* [[Anatole Abragam]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics.

===1996===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky]]: for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of [[differential game]]s.
* [[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

===1997===
* [[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov]]: for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals.
* [[Frank Press]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in the physics of solid Earth.

===1998===
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]: for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history.
* [[Yosikazu Nakamura]] (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan.

===1999===
* [[Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin]]: for achievements in the archaeological studies of medieval Russia.
* [[Michael Müller-Wille]] (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia.

===2000===
* [[Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov]]: for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics.
* [[Charles Hard Townes]] (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.

===2001===
* [[Alexander Sergeevich Spirin]]: for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.
* [[Alexander Rich]] (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.

===2002===
* [[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya]]: for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Lennart Carleson]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===2003===
* [[Yevgeniy Chazov|Evgeny Chazov]]: for outstanding achievements in cardiology.
* [[Michael E. DeBakey]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/2ce37b52-2051-4f7f-8e1e-129bdda6969f.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003]</ref>

===2004===
* [[Gury Marchuk|Gury Ivanovich Marchuk]]: for his outstanding contribution to the creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics.
* [[Edward N. Lorenz]] (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/29ededd5-1ade-4b7c-898f-f5581e190208.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004]</ref>

===2005===
* [[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]]: for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.
* [[Peter Hirsch]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.

===2006===
* [[Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov]]: for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Rodney C. Ewing|Rodney Charles Ewing]] (professor, United States): for his research on the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management.

===2007===
* [[Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak]]: for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics.
* [[Simon Franklin]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture.

===2008===
* [[Yevgeny Primakov|Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of the social sciences.
* [[Hélène Carrère d’Encausse]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia.

===2009===
* [[Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of [[bioorganic chemistry]].
* [[Ryōji Noyori]] (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of [[organic chemistry]] and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

===2010===
* [[Spartak Belyaev|Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev]] : for outstanding contributions in physics.
* [[Gerard 't Hooft]] (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics.

===2011===
* [[Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky]] : for outstanding contributions in chemistry.
* [[Roald Hoffmann]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

===2012===
* [[Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky]] : for outstanding contribution in the field of soil science.
* [[Richard Warren Arnold]] (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world.

=== 2013 ===
* [[Ludvig Faddeev|Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev]]: for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.
* [[Peter Lax|Peter David Lax]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to the theory of hydrodynamic [[solitons]].

=== 2014 ===
* [[Anatoly Derevyanko]]: for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture.
* [[Svante Pääbo]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics.<ref>[https://www.ras.ru/news/news_release.aspx?ID=5ead6dfe-4623-451d-8cb5-01181b841fe9 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian)]</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* [[Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh]]: for outstanding contributions to the physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors.
* [[Paul Corkum]] (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-ru Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/b289ac9a-9d5c-4c0f-bde8-9567088d0546.aspx Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian)]

==See also==
*[[List of medals]]
*[[Prizes named after people]]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1959]]
[[Category:Gold medal awards]]
[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Russian science and engineering awards]]

Lomonosov Gold Medal

2016-03-12T12:37:55Z

WW: /* 2010 */

[[File:Lomonosov Gold Medal.jpg|thumb|Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
The '''Lomonosov Gold Medal''', named after [[Russia]]n scientist and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] Academy of Sciences and later the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (RAS). Two medals are awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the Academy's highest accolade.
{{Clear}}

==Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal==
__NOTOC__

===1959===
* [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]]: cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures.

===1962===
* [[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov]]: accumulatively for works in chemistry.

===1964===
* [[Olga Arsenievna Oleinik]]: for her work on boundary-layer theory in mathematics
* [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan) : for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics.
* [[Hideki Yukawa]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto) : for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics.

===1965===
* [[Nikolai Vasilevich Belov]]: accumulatively for works in crystallography.
* Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine.

===1967===
* [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]] : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics
* [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (professor, member of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles.

===1968===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
* [[István Rusznyák]] (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics) : for outstanding achievements in medicine.

===1969===
* [[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics.
* [[Giulio Natta]] (professor, Italy) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of polymers

===1970===
* [[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding studies in mathematics.
* [[Arnaud Denjoy]] (member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1971===
* [[Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian]] : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics.
* [[Hannes Alfvén]] (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

===1972===
* [[Nikoloz Muskhelishvili]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Max Steenbeck]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics.

===1973===
* [[Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry.
* [[Vladimír Zoubek]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in geology.

===1974===
* [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Angel Balevski]] (full member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.

===1975===
* [[Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research.
* [[Maurice Roy (scientist)|Maurice Roy]] (full member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications.

===1976===
* [[Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich]] : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and the technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR.
* [[Herman Klare]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers.

===1977===
* [[Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Linus Carl Pauling]] (member of the US National Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry.

===1978===
* [[Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov]] : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology.
* [[Alexander Robertus Todd]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry.

===1979===
* [[Aleksandr Oparin|Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.
* [[Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy]] (full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1980===
* [[Boris Yevgenevich Paton]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Jaroslav Kožešník]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics.

===1981===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov]] : for outstanding achievements in [[radiophysics]], [[radio engineering]] and [[electronics]].
* [[Pavle Savich]] (full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialst Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics.

===1982===
* [[Julii Borisovich Khariton]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] (professor, member of the London Royal Society) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry.

===1983===
* [[Andrei Lvovich Kursanov]] : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants.
* [[Abdus Salam]] (professor, Pakistan) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1984===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics.
* [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1985===
* [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Guillermo Haro]] (professor, Mexico) : for outstanding achievements in astrophysics.

===1986===
* [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov|Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov]] : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery.
* [[Josef Riman|Josef Řiman]] (academician, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.

===1987===
* [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[John Bardeen]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1988===
* [[Sergei Lvovich Sobolev]] (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Jean Leray]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1989===
* [[Nikolai Gennadievich Basov]]: for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Hans Bethe]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1993===
* [[Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev]]: for outstanding achievements in the humanities.
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences.

===1994===
* [[Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov]]: for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis.
* [[James D. Watson]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology.

===1995===
* [[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]]: for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
* [[Anatole Abragam]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics.

===1996===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky]]: for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of [[differential game]]s.
* [[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

===1997===
* [[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov]]: for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals.
* [[Frank Press]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in the physics of solid Earth.

===1998===
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]: for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history.
* [[Yosikazu Nakamura]] (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan.

===1999===
* [[Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin]]: for achievements in the archaeological studies of medieval Russia.
* [[Michael Müller-Wille]] (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia.

===2000===
* [[Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov]]: for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics.
* [[Charles Hard Townes]] (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.

===2001===
* [[Alexander Sergeevich Spirin]]: for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.
* [[Alexander Rich]] (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.

===2002===
* [[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya]]: for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Lennart Carleson]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===2003===
* [[Yevgeniy Chazov|Evgeny Chazov]]: for outstanding achievements in cardiology.
* [[Michael E. DeBakey]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/2ce37b52-2051-4f7f-8e1e-129bdda6969f.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003]</ref>

===2004===
* [[Gury Marchuk|Gury Ivanovich Marchuk]]: for his outstanding contribution to the creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics.
* [[Edward N. Lorenz]] (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/29ededd5-1ade-4b7c-898f-f5581e190208.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004]</ref>

===2005===
* [[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]]: for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.
* [[Peter Hirsch]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.

===2006===
* [[Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov]]: for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Rodney C. Ewing|Rodney Charles Ewing]] (professor, United States): for his research on the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management.

===2007===
* [[Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak]]: for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics.
* [[Simon Franklin]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture.

===2008===
* [[Yevgeny Primakov|Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of the social sciences.
* [[Hélène Carrère d’Encausse]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia.

===2009===
* [[Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of [[bioorganic chemistry]].
* [[Ryōji Noyori]] (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of [[organic chemistry]] and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

===2010===
* [[Spartak Belyaev|Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev]] : for outstanding contributions in physics.
* [[Gerard 't Hooft]] (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics.

===2011===
* [[Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky]] : for outstanding contributions in chemistry.
* [[Roald Hoffmann]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

===2012===
* [[Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky]] : for outstanding contribution in the field of soil science.
* [[Richard Warren Arnold]] (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world.

=== 2013 ===
* [[Ludvig Faddeev|Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev]]: for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.
* [[Peter Lax|Peter David Lax]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to the theory of hydrodynamic [[solitons]].

=== 2014 ===
* [[Anatoly Derevyanko]]: for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture.
* [[Svante Pääbo]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics.<ref>[https://www.ras.ru/news/news_release.aspx?ID=5ead6dfe-4623-451d-8cb5-01181b841fe9 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian)]</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* [[Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh]]: for outstanding contributions to the physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors.
* [[Paul Corkum]] (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-ru Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/b289ac9a-9d5c-4c0f-bde8-9567088d0546.aspx Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian)]

==See also==
*[[List of medals]]
*[[Prizes named after people]]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1959]]
[[Category:Gold medal awards]]
[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Russian science and engineering awards]]

Lomonosov Gold Medal

2016-03-12T12:37:10Z

WW: /* 2006 */

[[File:Lomonosov Gold Medal.jpg|thumb|Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
The '''Lomonosov Gold Medal''', named after [[Russia]]n scientist and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] Academy of Sciences and later the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (RAS). Two medals are awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the Academy's highest accolade.
{{Clear}}

==Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal==
__NOTOC__

===1959===
* [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]]: cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures.

===1962===
* [[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov]]: accumulatively for works in chemistry.

===1964===
* [[Olga Arsenievna Oleinik]]: for her work on boundary-layer theory in mathematics
* [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan) : for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics.
* [[Hideki Yukawa]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto) : for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics.

===1965===
* [[Nikolai Vasilevich Belov]]: accumulatively for works in crystallography.
* Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine.

===1967===
* [[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]] : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics
* [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (professor, member of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles.

===1968===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
* [[István Rusznyák]] (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics) : for outstanding achievements in medicine.

===1969===
* [[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics.
* [[Giulio Natta]] (professor, Italy) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of polymers

===1970===
* [[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding studies in mathematics.
* [[Arnaud Denjoy]] (member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1971===
* [[Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian]] : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics.
* [[Hannes Alfvén]] (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

===1972===
* [[Nikoloz Muskhelishvili]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Max Steenbeck]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics.

===1973===
* [[Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry.
* [[Vladimír Zoubek]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in geology.

===1974===
* [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Angel Balevski]] (full member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.

===1975===
* [[Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research.
* [[Maurice Roy (scientist)|Maurice Roy]] (full member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications.

===1976===
* [[Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich]] : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and the technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR.
* [[Herman Klare]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers.

===1977===
* [[Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
* [[Linus Carl Pauling]] (member of the US National Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry.

===1978===
* [[Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov]] : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology.
* [[Alexander Robertus Todd]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry.

===1979===
* [[Aleksandr Oparin|Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.
* [[Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy]] (full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1980===
* [[Boris Yevgenevich Paton]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
* [[Jaroslav Kožešník]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics.

===1981===
* [[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov]] : for outstanding achievements in [[radiophysics]], [[radio engineering]] and [[electronics]].
* [[Pavle Savich]] (full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialst Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics.

===1982===
* [[Julii Borisovich Khariton]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] (professor, member of the London Royal Society) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry.

===1983===
* [[Andrei Lvovich Kursanov]] : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants.
* [[Abdus Salam]] (professor, Pakistan) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1984===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics.
* [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1985===
* [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Guillermo Haro]] (professor, Mexico) : for outstanding achievements in astrophysics.

===1986===
* [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov|Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov]] : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery.
* [[Josef Riman|Josef Řiman]] (academician, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.

===1987===
* [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[John Bardeen]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1988===
* [[Sergei Lvovich Sobolev]] (posthumously): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Jean Leray]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1989===
* [[Nikolai Gennadievich Basov]]: for outstanding achievements in physics.
* [[Hans Bethe]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1993===
* [[Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev]]: for outstanding achievements in the humanities.
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences.

===1994===
* [[Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov]]: for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis.
* [[James D. Watson]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in molecular biology.

===1995===
* [[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]]: for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
* [[Anatole Abragam]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics.

===1996===
* [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky]]: for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of [[differential game]]s.
* [[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany): for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

===1997===
* [[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov]]: for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals.
* [[Frank Press]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in the physics of solid Earth.

===1998===
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]: for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history.
* [[Yosikazu Nakamura]] (professor, Japan): for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan.

===1999===
* [[Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin]]: for achievements in the archaeological studies of medieval Russia.
* [[Michael Müller-Wille]] (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia.

===2000===
* [[Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov]]: for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics.
* [[Charles Hard Townes]] (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.

===2001===
* [[Alexander Sergeevich Spirin]]: for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.
* [[Alexander Rich]] (professor, United States): for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.

===2002===
* [[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya]]: for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
* [[Lennart Carleson]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===2003===
* [[Yevgeniy Chazov|Evgeny Chazov]]: for outstanding achievements in cardiology.
* [[Michael E. DeBakey]] (professor, United States): for outstanding achievements in cardiology.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/2ce37b52-2051-4f7f-8e1e-129bdda6969f.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003]</ref>

===2004===
* [[Gury Marchuk|Gury Ivanovich Marchuk]]: for his outstanding contribution to the creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics.
* [[Edward N. Lorenz]] (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems.<ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/29ededd5-1ade-4b7c-898f-f5581e190208.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004]</ref>

===2005===
* [[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]]: for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.
* [[Peter Hirsch]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.

===2006===
* [[Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov]]: for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
* [[Rodney C. Ewing|Rodney Charles Ewing]] (professor, United States): for his research on the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management.

===2007===
* [[Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak]]: for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics.
* [[Simon Franklin]] (professor, Great Britain): for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture.

===2008===
* [[Yevgeny Primakov|Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of the social sciences.
* [[Hélène Carrère d’Encausse]] (professor, France): for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia.

===2009===
* [[Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov]]: for outstanding contributions in the development of [[bioorganic chemistry]].
* [[Ryōji Noyori]] (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of [[organic chemistry]] and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

===2010===
* [[Spartak Belyaev|Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev]] : for outstanding contributions in physics.
* [[Gerardus't Hooft]] (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics.

===2011===
* [[Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky]] : for outstanding contributions in chemistry.
* [[Roald Hoffmann]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

===2012===
* [[Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky]] : for outstanding contribution in the field of soil science.
* [[Richard Warren Arnold]] (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world.

=== 2013 ===
* [[Ludvig Faddeev|Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev]]: for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.
* [[Peter Lax|Peter David Lax]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to the theory of hydrodynamic [[solitons]].

=== 2014 ===
* [[Anatoly Derevyanko]]: for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture.
* [[Svante Pääbo]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics.<ref>[https://www.ras.ru/news/news_release.aspx?ID=5ead6dfe-4623-451d-8cb5-01181b841fe9 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian)]</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* [[Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh]]: for outstanding contributions to the physics of tunnel phenomena, including the tunnel effects in semiconductors.
* [[Paul Corkum]] (professor, Canada): for outstanding contribution in ultrafast physics, including attosecond range, and interferometry processes of electron wave functions in atoms and molecules with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-ru Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/b289ac9a-9d5c-4c0f-bde8-9567088d0546.aspx Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian)]

==See also==
*[[List of medals]]
*[[Prizes named after people]]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1959]]
[[Category:Gold medal awards]]
[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Russian science and engineering awards]]

Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation

2016-01-29T11:42:29Z

WW: update

{{Infobox university
|name = Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI)
|native_name = Санкт-Петербургский государственный автономный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГУАП)
|image_name = Главное здание ГУАП.jpg

|established = 1941
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|president = [[Anatoly Ovodenko]]
|rector = [[Yulia Antokhina]]

|city = [[Saint Petersburg]] & [[Ivangorod]]
|state =
|country = [[Russia]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
|campus = [[urban area|urban]]
|free_label =
|free =
|colours =
|affiliations =
|footnotes =
|website = [http://guap.ru/ guap.ru (in Russian)] [http://suai.ru/ suai.ru (in English)] [http://guap.info/en/index.html guap.info/en/ (in English)]
|address = SUAI, 67, Bolshaya Morskaia, 190000, Saint-Petersburg, RUSSIA
|publictransit =
|telephone =
|coor =
|logo =
}}

The '''Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation''' ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения}}) is a university with 13 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. Faculties are devoted to [[innovation management]], [[aerospace engineering]], [[electronic engineering]], [[energy development]], [[computer science]], [[telecommunication]], [[humanities]], [[military science]], [[economics]], [[jurisprudence]] and special faculties for [[distance education]] and recently acquired [[college]]s.<ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_rect.shtml</ref>

University has several buildings and campuses, two of them located near to [[Chesme Church]]. Main building is located on shore of [[Moyka River]], on the opposite shore of river stands the building of [[Moika Palace]]. One campus of SUAI is situated in [[Ivangorod]], near to border with [[Estonia]].

There are students from many countries through international educational programs.<ref>http://guap.info/en/index.html</ref><ref>http://iiaat.guap.ru/</ref> Total quantity of students is more than 10 thousand.<ref>http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/saint-petersburg-state-university-aerospace-instrumentation-suai</ref><ref name="h">http://www.russoft.ru/msf/presentations/krouk.pdf</ref>

==Faculties==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name <ref>guap.ru/sveden/struct</ref>
! Established
! Quantity of departments
|-
| Institute of [[innovation management|innovation]] and basic training of [[Master's degree|masters]]
| 2008
| 5
|-
| Institute of [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace equipment]] and systems
| 1941
| 4
|-
| Institute of [[radio engineering]], [[electronics]] and [[telecommunication]]
| 1945
| 4
|-
| Institute of innovative technologies in [[electromechanics]] and [[energy development]]
| 1962
| 2
|-
| Institute of [[computer system]]s and [[computer programming]]
| 1962
| 4
|-
| Institute of [[information systems]] and [[information security]]
| 2005
| 4
|-
| Faculty of [[humanities]]
| 1991
| 4
|-
| Institute of [[military science|military education]]
| 2001
| 2
|-
| Institute of [[business]] technologies
| 1986
| 5
|-
| Faculty of [[jurisprudence]]
| 1994
| 6
|-
| Institute for [[open education|open]] and [[distance learning]]
| 1951
| 2
|-
| Faculty of additional [[Professional development|professional education]]
| 1969
| 2
|-
| Faculty of [[vocational education]] (two united colleges)
| 1930/2009
| 5
|-
|-
| Campus in Ivangorod
| 2000
| 6
|-
|}

==History==

In 1941 the institute was founded as the "[[Leningrad]] Institute of Aviation" ({{lang-ru|Ленинградский авиационный институт}}).

In 1945 the institute was reorganized as the "Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation" ({{lang-ru|Ленинградский институт авиационного приборостроения (ЛИАП)}}).

In 1992 the Leningrad Institute of Aerospace Instrumentation passed the state [[accreditation]] and has received a new status - Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Aerospace Instrumentation ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургская государственная академия аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГААП)}}).

In 1998 the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Aerospace Instrumentation passed the state accreditation and has received a new status - Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (abbreviation SUAI) ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГУАП)}}).<ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_hist.shtml</ref><ref>http://guap.info/en/guap.html</ref>

In 2007 SUAI acquired two colleges, whose main specializations were computer science, automatics and electronics. They were united into new faculty in 2009. Both of them were established in 1930.

== International Partners ==
'''Worldwide'''
* [[International Society of Automation]] <ref>http://www.isaeur.org/sec.html</ref><ref>http://isa.aanet.ru/</ref>
* [[SPIE]] <ref>http://spie.org/x1742.xml?chapter_id=1022446</ref>
* [[UNESCO]] <ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_udep.shtml</ref><ref>http://iite.unesco.org/unesco_chairs/</ref>
* [[CDIO]] <ref>http://www.cdio.org/node/6205 </ref>
'''In Argentine'''
* [[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina]]
'''In Belgium'''
* [[College of Europe]]
'''In Bulgaria'''
* [[Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)]]
'''In Canada'''
* [[McMaster University]]
'''In China'''
* [[Beihang University]]
* [[Harbin Institute of Technology]]
* [[Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]
'''In Europe'''
* [[TEMPUS]] <ref>http://tempus.guap.ru/?n=en&p=partners</ref>
'''In Finland and Russia'''
* [[FRUCT]]
* [[Turku Science Park]]
'''In France'''
* [[:fr:École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique|École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique]]
* [[École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (Cergy-Pontoise)]]
* [[École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques]]
* [[École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques]]
* [[INRIA]]
* [[Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris]]
* [[Rouen Business School]]
* [[University of Bordeaux 1]]
* [[University of Franche-Comté]]
'''In Hungary'''
* [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]]
'''In Germany'''
* [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]
* [[University of Stuttgart]]
* [[University of Ulm]]
'''In Israel'''
* [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]]
'''In Italy'''
* [[University of Catania]]
* [[Roma Tre University]]
'''In Korea'''
* [[Keimyung University]]
'''In The Netherlands'''
* [[Eindhoven University of Technology]]
'''In Poland'''
* [[Szczecin University of Technology]]
'''In Russia'''
* [[Russian Federal Space Agency]]
* [[Moscow State Aviation Technological University]]
* [[Baltic State Technical University]]
* [[Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev]]
* [[Moscow Aviation Institute]]
* [[Siberian State Aerospace University]]
* [[Ufa State Aviation Technical University]]
* [[:ru:Рыбинский государственный авиационный технический университет имени П. А. Соловьёва|Rybinsk State Aviation Technical University]]
* [[:ru:Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет|Samara State Aerospace University]]
* [[Ulyanovsk State University]]
'''In Spain'''
* [[Technical University of Madrid]]
* [[University of Valladolid]]
'''In Sweden'''
* [[Lund University]]
'''In Taiwan'''
* [[National Chiao Tung University]]
* [[Ching Yun University]]
'''In USA'''
* [[Indiana University]]
* [[Harrison College (Indiana)]]
* [[University of California, Riverside]]
* [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
* [[Suffolk University]]
and others,.<ref name="h" /><ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_inco.shtml</ref>

==Famous students and alumni==
* [[Georgy Poltavchenko]] - governor of [[Saint Petersburg]]
* [[Andrey Turchak]] - governor of [[Pskov Oblast]]
* [[Igor Anatolyevich Orlov|Igor Orlov]] - governor of [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
* [[Maria Semyonova]] - writer
* [[Anatoly Roshchin]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 1972
* [[Viktor Rashchupkin]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 1980
* [[Igor Daniloff]] (alternative spelling Igor Danilov) - founder and CTO of [[Dr. Web]] anti-virus company
* [[Konstantin Khabensky]] - actor (not ended)
* [[Oleg Kuvaev]] - artist, designer and animator
* [[Alexander Vasilyev (musician)|Alexander Vasilyev]] - musician (not ended)
* [[Viktor Khryapa]] - bronze medalist of Summer Olympic Games 2012
* [[Natalia Vorobieva]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 2012
* [[Andrey Moguchy]] - artistic director of [[Tovstonogov Bolshoi Drama Theater]]

==Famous faculty==
* [[Yuri Vasilyevich Gulyayev]] - full Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984-1991), the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1991)
* [[Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov]] - professor, winner of the Russian Federation Government Prize in Education (2009)

==References==
{{Commons category|Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation}}
{{reflist}}

{{coord|59|55|46|N|30|17|46|E|type:edu_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1941]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Aerospace engineering organizations]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in Russia]]
[[Category:Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Higher education in Russia]]
[[Category:Universities in Saint Petersburg]]

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-26T11:43:46Z

WW: clarification

{{resume like|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
| image_size =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|01|22}}
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| citizenship = Russian
| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
| thesis_title =
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'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 January 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scientist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression<ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>

==Education==
Krasil'nikov graduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950. He earned his [[Kandidat Nauk]] (equal to PhD) degree in 1952 and [[Doktor nauk]] degree in 1963. <ref>[http://i-us.ru/authors/krasilnikov_nn Profile on the site of scientific journal]</ref>

==Career==
Krasil'nikov has worked in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954. He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of the 1970s. <ref>Lukoshkin A. P., Ovodenko A. A., Khimenko V. I. Sozidateli budushhego: nauchnye shkoly GUAP. — SPb.: GUAP, 2011. 497 pp. Pp. 189, 191, 194. </ref> <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images] (in Russian). BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 pp. P. 439. </ref> As a scientist he developed functional model of [[human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing<ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref><ref>https://www.osapublishing.org/jot/search.cfm?a=N%20Krasil%27nikov </ref> and statistical theory of image transmission.<ref>N. Krasil'nikov, Teorija peredachi i vosprijatija izobrazhenij [Image Transmission and Perception Theory] (in Russian), Radio i Svyaz', Moscow (1986)</ref>

==Awards and recognition ==
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009)<ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-25T17:05:53Z

WW: references

{{resume like|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|01|22}}
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| citizenship = Russian
| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
| thesis_title =
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'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 January 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scientist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression<ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>

==Education==
Krasil'nikov graduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950. He earned his PhD degree in 1952 and Doctor of Science degree in 1963. <ref>[http://i-us.ru/authors/krasilnikov_nn Profile on the site of scientific journal]</ref>

==Career==
Krasil'nikov has worked in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954. He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of the 1970s. <ref>Lukoshkin A. P., Ovodenko A. A., Khimenko V. I. Sozidateli budushhego: nauchnye shkoly GUAP. — SPb.: GUAP, 2011. 497 pp. Pp. 189, 191, 194. </ref> <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images] (in Russian). BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 pp. P. 439. </ref> As a scientist he developed functional model of [[human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing<ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref><ref>https://www.osapublishing.org/jot/search.cfm?a=N%20Krasil%27nikov </ref> and statistical theory of image transmission.<ref>N. Krasil'nikov, Teorija peredachi i vosprijatija izobrazhenij [Image Transmission and Perception Theory] (in Russian), Radio i Svyaz', Moscow (1986)</ref>

==Awards and recognition ==
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009)<ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-24T21:33:57Z

WW: typos

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
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| citizenship = Russian
| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
| thesis_title =
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'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 january 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scienttist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression <ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>.

== Education and professional work ==
* He graduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950.
* He earned his PhD degree in 1952 and Doctor of Science degree in 1963.
* He works in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954.
* He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of 1970s <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images] (in Russian). BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 pp. P. 439. </ref>.
As a scientist he developed functional model of perception in [[Human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing <ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref> <ref>https://www.osapublishing.org/jot/search.cfm?a=N%20Krasil%27nikov </ref>, and statistical theory of image transmission <ref>N. Krasil'nikov, Teorija peredachi i vosprijatija izobrazhenij [Image Transmission and Perception Theory] (in Russian), Radio i Svyaz', Moscow (1986)</ref>.

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was invited in the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] in the beginning of 1990s.
* His biography is listed in [https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Krasilnikov Marquis Who's Who in the World] since 1999 <ref>http://cv.guap.ru/krasilnikov_nn </ref>.
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009) <ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-24T21:20:21Z

WW: references

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
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| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
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'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 january 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scienttist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression <ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>.

== Education and professional work ==
* He raduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950.
* He earned his PhD degree in 1952 and Doctor of Science degree in 1963.
* He works in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954.
* He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of 1970s <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images] (in Russian). BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 p. P. 439. </ref>.
As a scientist he developed functional model of perception in [[Human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing <ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref> <ref>https://www.osapublishing.org/jot/search.cfm?a=N%20Krasil%27nikov </ref>, and statistical theory of image transmission <ref>N. Krasil'nikov, Teorija peredachi i vosprijatija izobrazhenij [Image Transmission and Perception Theory] (in Russian), Radio i Svyaz', Moscow (1986)</ref>.

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was invited in the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] in the beginning of 1990s.
* His biography is listed in [https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Krasilnikov Marquis Who's Who in the World] since 1999 <ref>http://cv.guap.ru/krasilnikov_nn </ref>.
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009) <ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-24T21:12:10Z

WW: references

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
| image_size =
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| birth_date = 22.01.1927
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| citizenship = Russian
| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
| thesis_title =
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'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 january 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scienttist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression <ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>.

== Education and professional work ==
* He raduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950.
* He earned his PhD degree in 1952 and Doctor of Science degree in 1963.
* He works in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954.
* He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of 1970s <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images] (in Russian). BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 p. P. 439. </ref>.
As a scientist he developed functional model of perception in [[Human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing <ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref>, and statistical theory of image transmission <ref>N. Krasil'nikov, Teorija peredachi i vosprijatija izobrazhenij [Image Transmission and Perception Theory] (in Russian), Radio i Svyaz', Moscow (1986)</ref>.

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was invited in the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] in the beginning of 1990s.
* His biography is listed in [https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Krasilnikov Marquis Who's Who in the World] since 1999 <ref>http://cv.guap.ru/krasilnikov_nn </ref>.
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009) <ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Krasilnikov

2016-01-24T21:08:53Z

WW: add

'''Krasilnikov''' or '''Krasil'nikov''' (Russian: Краси́льников or КРАСИЛЬНИКОВ, feminine form: [[Krasilnikova (disambiguation)|Krasilnikova]]), from ''Krasil'nik'', [[Dyer (occupation)|dyer]] - one who paints the yarn and fabric, is a Russian surname. It may refer to :
* [[Dmitry Krasilnikov]] (born 1979), a Russian football player
* [[Dmitry Krasilnikov (manager)]], a manager for [[FC Puuma Tallinn]]
* [[Evgeni Krasilnikov]] (born 1965), a Russian former volleyball player
* [[Igor Krasilnikov]] (born 1952), a [[List of compositions for viola: I to K|composer for viola]]
* [[Ivan Krasilnikov]] (or [[Ivan Nikolaïevitch Krasilnikov]], 1880-1920), an ataman of a troop of Cossacks who arrested the [[Socialist-Revolutionary]] Directory leader and members in 1918 during the [[left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks]]
* [[Nikolai Krasilnikov (architect)]], an architect active with the [[OSA Group]]
* [[Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov]] (b. 1927), a Russian scienttist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression and human visual system
* [[Nikolai Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov]] (1896-1973), a Russian microbiologist and soil scientist

== See also ==
* [[Dyer (disambiguation)]]

{{surname}}

Nikolay Krasilnikov

2016-01-24T21:06:37Z

WW: ←Created page with '{{Infobox scientist | name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption...'

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 22.01.1927
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
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| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| citizenship = Russian
| nationality = Russian
| fields = [[Human visual system]] [[Digital television]] [[Image compression]] [[Image processing]]
| workplaces = [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]
| alma_mater = [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
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| signature = 
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}}
'''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasil'nikov''', also known as '''Nikolay Nikolayevich Krasilnikov''', ({{lang-ru|Красильников, Николай Николаевич}}, born 22 january 1927, [[Irkutsk]], [[USSR]]) is a Russian scienttist and educator in the fields of image transmission, image compression <ref> [http://ns1.npkgoi.ru/about/conferences/iconics_2003/iconica.htm International Conference on Image Problems (ICONIC'2003)]</ref> and human visual system <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508184114/http://ecvp2006.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&page=17 European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP-2006)]</ref>.

== Education and professional work ==
* He raduated from the [[Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|Leningrad Polytechnic Institute]] in 1950.
* He earned his PhD degree in 1952 and Doctor of Science degree in 1963.
* He works in [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation|Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation]] (now [[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]) since 1954.
* He was head of the Department of Radio transmitting and Television systems in 1957-1994. Under his leadership, department cooperated with leading institutions in USSR in the field of image processing and digital television. One of the first [[digital television]] systems in Europe was developed in cooperation with All-union Television Research Institute ({{lang-ru|Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт телевидения}}) in the beginning of 1970s <ref>Krasilnikov N.N.
Tsifrovaya obrabotka 2D i 3D izobrazheniy [Digital processing of 2D- and 3D-images]. BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 608 p. P. 439. </ref>.
As a scientist he developed functional model of perception in [[Human visual system]], based on the conception of [[matched filter]]ing <ref>http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=923513</ref>, and statistical theory of image transmission.

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was invited in the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] in the beginning of 1990s.
* His biography is listed in [https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Krasilnikov Marquis Who's Who in the World] since 1999 <ref>http://cv.guap.ru/krasilnikov_nn </ref>.
* The Russian Federation Government Prize in education (2009) <ref>http://www.rg.ru/2009/09/02/obrazovanie-premii-dok.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Russian scientists]]

{{Russia-scientist-stub}}

Vladimir Fortov

2016-01-19T16:34:10Z

WW: /* Recognition */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Fortov V Ran.jpeg|thumb|260px|Vladimir Fortov in 2013]]
'''Vladimir Yevgenyevich Fortov''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Евгеньевич Фортов}}, born 23 January 1946 in [[Noginsk]], [[Moscow Oblast]]) is a Russian physicist and a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]; on 29 May 2013 he was elected its president.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/c1/753515.html|script-title=ru:Владимир Фортов избран президентом Российской академии наук|date=29 May 2013|publisher=[[ITAR-TASS]]|language=Russian|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref> Before the election, Fortov was the director of the [[Joint Institute for High Temperatures]].

Fortov studied physics at [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], where he graduated from in 1968. In 1971, he received his [[Candidate of Sciences]] degree, and in 1976 the [[Doktor nauk|Doctor of Sciences]] degree. Since 1982, he was a professor at the same university. Between 1971 and 1986 Fortov was employed at the [[Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics|Institute of Chemical Physics]] in [[Chernogolovka]], and between 1986 and 1992, still being a part-time researcher at the same institution, he was also employed by the Joint Institute for High Temperatures. In 1992, he was appointed the director of this institute.<ref name="gazeta">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/tags/fortov_vladimir_evgenevich.shtml|script-title=ru:Владимир Евгеньевич Фортов|publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=Russian|accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref>

From 1993 to 1997, Fortov was the chairman of the [[Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research]], the governmental organization responsible for funding of fundamental research. In 1996, he also became a chairman of the [[State Committee of Science and Technology (Russia)|State Committee of Science and Technology]], and later a minister of science and technology. The government he was a part of retired in 1998.<ref name="gazeta"/>

According to the law, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences is formally appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. [[Vladimir Putin]], who at the time was the president of Russia, only signed the appointment of Fortov on 8 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://echo.msk.ru/news/1110980-echo.html|script-title=ru:Президент Путин утвердил Владимира Фортова в должности президента Российской академии наук|publisher=[[Echo of Moscow]]|language=Russian|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> This is because Fortov strongly criticized the reform of the Academy initiated by Putin.

The research of Fortov was related to thermal physics, [[shock wave]]s, and [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]]. He was involved with applications, in particular, to energy production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oem.ras.ru/index.php/strukturaotdelenya/organizaczii?sycloneTask=sycloneDetails&catid=4&sycloneId=15|script-title=ru:Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН (ОИВТ РАН)|publisher=ОЭММПУ РАН|language=Russian|accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* National awards: [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1986), [[USSR State Prize]] (1988), [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (IV class) (1996), [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (1997), [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"]] (1998), [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (III class) (1999), [[Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy"]] (2000), [[Order of Honour (Russia)|Order of Honour]] (2006), [[Order of Friendship]] (2011), [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]] (2013), [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (II class) (2016) <ref>http://tass.ru/nauka/2596526 </ref>.
* International awards: [[Hannes Alfvén Prize]] (2003),<ref>http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/45/12A/E02/meta</ref> [[UNESCO Albert Einstein medal]] (2005), [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (2006), [[Legion of Honour]] (2006), [[Global Energy Prize]] (2013)

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fortov, Vladimir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fortov, Vladimir Evgenyevich
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 January 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Noginsk]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[USSR]] (present-day Noginsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia)
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fortov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship]]

Lomonosov Gold Medal

2015-12-21T15:55:11Z

WW: wikification

The '''Lomonosov Gold Medal''', named after [[Russia]]n scientist and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] Academy of Sciences and later the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (RAS). Two medals are awarded annually: one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. It is the Academy's highest accolade.
[[File:Lomonosov Gold Medal.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
{{-}}

==Recipients of Lomonosov Gold Medal==
__NOTOC__

===1959===
;[[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]] : cumulatively, for works in physics of low temperatures.

===1962===
;[[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov]] : accumulatively for works in chemistry.

===1964===
;[[Olga Arsenievna Oleinik]] : for her work on boundary-layer theory in mathematics
;[[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, president of the Scientific Council of Japan) : for substantial scientific contributions to the development of physics.
;[[Hideki Yukawa]] (member of the Japanese academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Basic Research at the University of Kyoto) : for outstanding merits in the development of theoretical physics.

===1965===
;[[Nikolai Vasilevich Belov]] : accumulatively for works in crystallography.
;Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for an outstanding contribution in the development of medicine.

===1967===
;[[Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm]] : for outstanding achievements in the theory of elementary particles and other domain of theoretical physics
;[[Cecil Frank Powell]] (professor, member of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of elementary particles.

===1968===
;[[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
;[[István Rusznyák]] (president of the Academy of Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republics) : for outstanding achievements in medicine.

===1969===
;[[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] : for outstanding achievements in chemical physics.
;[[Giulio Natta]] (professor, Italy) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of polymers

===1970===
;[[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding studies in mathematics.
;[[Arnaud Denjoy]] (member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1971===
;[[Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian]] : for outstanding achievements in astronomy and astrophysics.
;[[Hannes Alfvén]] (professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

===1972===
;[[Nikoloz Muskhelishvili]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
;[[Max Steenbeck]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of plasma and applied physics.

===1973===
;[[Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov]] : for outstanding achievements in geochemistry.
;[[Vladimír Zoubek]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in geology.

===1974===
;[[Aleksandr Ivanovich Tselikov]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
;[[Angel Balevski]] (full member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.

===1975===
;[[Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics, mechanics and space research.
;[[Maurice Roy (scientist)|Maurice Roy]] (full member of the Académie française) : for outstanding achievements in mechanics and its applications.

===1976===
;[[Semyon Isaakovich Volfkovich]] : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and the technology of phosphorus and the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in the USSR.
;[[Herman Klare]] (full member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic) : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry and technology of man-made fibers.

===1977===
;[[Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and mechanics.
;[[Linus Carl Pauling]] (member of the US National Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and biochemistry.

===1978===
;[[Anatolii Petrovich Aleksandrov]] : for outstanding achievements in nuclear science and technology.
;[[Alexander Robertus Todd]] (professor, president of the Royal Society of Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in organic chemistry.

===1979===
;[[Aleksandr Oparin|Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin]] : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.
;[[Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy]] (full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1980===
;[[Boris Yevgenevich Paton]] : for outstanding achievements in metallurgy and metal technology.
;[[Jaroslav Kožešník]] (full member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in applied mathematics and mechanics.

===1981===
;[[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov]] : for outstanding achievements in [[radiophysics]], [[radio engineering]] and [[electronics]].
;[[Pavle Savich]] (full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Socialst Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia) : for outstanding achievements in chemistry and physics.

===1982===
;[[Julii Borisovich Khariton]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
;[[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] (professor, member of the London Royal Society) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry.

===1983===
;[[Andrei Lvovich Kursanov]] : for outstanding achievements in physiology and biochemistry of plants.
;[[Abdus Salam]] (professor, Pakistan) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1984===
;[[Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics and theoretical physics.
;[[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1985===
;[[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sadovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
;[[Guillermo Haro]] (professor, Mexico) : for outstanding achievements in astrophysics.

===1986===
;[[Svyatoslav Fyodorov|Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fyodorov]] : for outstanding achievements in ophthalmology and eye microsurgery.
;[[Josef Riman|Josef Řiman]] (academician, Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) : for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.

===1987===
;[[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
;[[John Bardeen]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1988===
;[[Sergei Lvovich Sobolev]] (posthumously) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
;[[Jean Leray]] (professor, France) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===1989===
;[[Nikolai Gennadievich Basov]] : for outstanding achievements in physics.
;[[Hans Bethe]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in physics.

===1993===
;[[Dmitri Sergeevich Likhachev]] : for outstanding achievements in the humanities.
;[[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in economic and social sciences.

===1994===
;[[Nikolai Konstantinovich Kochetkov]] : for outstanding achievements in the chemistry of carbohydrates and organic synthesis.
;[[James D. Watson]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in molecular biology.

===1995===
;[[Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg]] : for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
;[[Anatole Abragam]] (professor, France) : for outstanding achievements in physics of condensed state and methods of research in nuclear physics.

===1996===
;[[Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky]] : for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of [[differential game]]s.
;[[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] (professor, Federal Republic of Germany) : for outstanding achievements in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

===1997===
;[[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov]] : for outstanding achievements in the studies of the early biosphere of the Earth, the discovery of the ancient Wend geological system and classical works in fossil corals.
;[[Frank Press]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in the physics of solid Earth.

===1998===
;[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] : for an outstanding contribution into the development of Russian literature, Russian language and Russian history.
;[[Yosikazu Nakamura]] (professor, Japan) : for an outstanding contribution to the study of Slavistics and the popularization of Russian literature and culture in Japan.

===1999===
;[[Valentin Lavrentevich Yanin]] : for achievements in the archaeological studies of medieval Russia.
;[[Michael Müller-Wille]] (professor, Germany): for achievements in the study of foreign relations of early medieval Russia.

===2000===
;[[Andrei Viktorovich Gaponov-Grekhov]] : for fundamental works in the fields of electrodynamics, plasma physics and physical electronics.
;[[Charles Hard Townes]] (professor, United States): for fundamental works in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.

===2001===
;[[Alexander Sergeevich Spirin]] : for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.
;[[Alexander Rich]] (professor, United States) : for achievements in the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the functions of ribosomes.

===2002===
;[[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya]] : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.
;[[Lennart Carleson]] (professor, Sweden) : for outstanding achievements in mathematics.

===2003===
;[[Yevgeniy Chazov|Evgeny Chazov]] : for outstanding achievements in cardiology.
;[[Michael E. DeBakey]] (professor, United States) : for outstanding achievements in cardiology. <ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/2ce37b52-2051-4f7f-8e1e-129bdda6969f.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2003]</ref>

===2004===
;[[Gury Marchuk|Gury Ivanovich Marchuk]] : for his outstanding contribution to the creation of new models and methods of solving problems of nuclear-reactor physics, atmosphere and ocean physics.
;[[Edward N. Lorenz]] (professor, United States): for major achievements in developing the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere and the theory of chaotic attractors of dissipative systems. <ref>[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/29ededd5-1ade-4b7c-898f-f5581e190208.aspx?hidetoc=0 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2004]</ref>

===2005===
;[[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]] : for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.
;[[Peter Hirsch]] (professor, Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in solid state physics.

===2006===
;[[Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov]] : for outstanding achievements in geology and geophysics.
;[[Rodney Charles Ewing]] (professor, United States) : for his research on the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear waste management.

===2007===
;[[Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak]] : for outstanding achievements in research in linguistics.
;[[Simon Franklin]] (professor, Great Britain) : for outstanding achievements in research in Russian history and culture.

===2008===
;[[Yevgeny Primakov|Evgenii Maksimovich Primakov]] : for outstanding contributions in the development of the social sciences.

;[[Hélène Carrère d’Encausse]] (professor, France) : for outstanding achievements in research of political and social processes in soviet and postsoviet periods of Russia.

===2009===
;[[Vadim Tikhonovich Ivanov]] : for outstanding contributions in the development of [[bioorganic chemistry]].

;[[Ryōji Noyori]] (professor, Japan): for outstanding contributions in the development of [[organic chemistry]] and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

===2010===
;[[Spartak Belyaev|Spartak Timofeevich Belyaev]] : for outstanding contributions in physics.

;[[Gerardus 't Hooft]] (professor, Netherlands): for outstanding contributions in physics.

===2011===
;[[Vladimir Alexandrovich Tartakovsky]] : for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

;[[Roald Hoffmann]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contributions in chemistry.

===2012===
;[[Gleb Vsevolodovich Dobrovolsky]] : for outstanding contribution in the field of soil science.

;[[Richard Warren Arnold]] (professor, United States): for his outstanding contribution to the development of theoretical and applied soil science and modeling the behavior of soils in different landscapes of the world.

=== 2013 ===
;[[Ludvig Faddeev|Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev]]: for outstanding contribution to quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.

;[[Peter Lax|Peter David Lax]] (professor, United States): for outstanding contribution to the theory of hydrodynamic [[solitons]].

=== 2014 ===
;[[Anatoly Derevyanko]]: for his outstanding contribution to the development of a new fundamental scientific concept formation of modern human physical type and its culture.

;[[Svante Pääbo]] (professor, Sweden): for outstanding achievements in the field of archeology and paleogenetics. <ref>[https://www.ras.ru/news/news_release.aspx?ID=5ead6dfe-4623-451d-8cb5-01181b841fe9 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2014 (in Russian)]</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in English)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-ru Winners of Lomonosov Gold Medal (in Russian)]
*[http://www.ras.ru/rasawards/b289ac9a-9d5c-4c0f-bde8-9567088d0546.aspx Lomonosov Gold Medal with pictures (in Russian)]

==See also==
*[[List of medals]]
*[[Prizes named after people]]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1959]]
[[Category:Gold medal awards]]
[[Category:Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Russian science and engineering awards]]

Vladimir Nakoryakov

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vladimir Nakoryakov
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|7|26}}
| birth_place = [[Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town)|Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky]], [[Soviet Union]]
| fields = [[Thermal physics]], [[Fluid dynamics]]
| alma_mater = [[Tomsk Polytechnic University]]
}}
'''Vladimir Nakoryakov''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Влади́мир Елифе́рьевич Накоря́ков}}; 26 July 1935 in [[Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town)|Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky]]) – is a Russian/Soviet scientist in the fields of [[Thermal physics]] and [[Fluid dynamics]]. Academician of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. Recipient of [[USSR State Prize]] (1983). Member of [[CPSU]] since 1972.

Vladimir Nakoryakov was born in 1935 in [[Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town)|Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky]] (now [[Zabaykalsky Krai]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prometeus.nsc.ru/science/schools/nakoryak/|title=Íàêîðÿêîâ Âëàäèìèð Åëèôåðüåâè÷ (ðîä. 26.07.1935)|work=nsc.ru|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> His father was executed in 1937. Nakoryakov graduated from [[Tomsk Polytechnic University]]. In 1982–1985 he was a chancellor of [[Novosibirsk State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faces.nsu.ru/?p=974|title=НГУ в лицах Владимир Елиферьевич Накоряков -|work=nsu.ru|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1985–1990 he was a vice-president of general committee of Siberian Division of [[USSR]] [[Academy of Sciences]].

In 1986–1997 he was a president of Thermal physics Institution of Siberian Division of [[USSR]] [[Academy of Sciences]] ([[Russian Academy of Sciences]]). He became PhD in 1971 with his thesis "Heat-mass exchange in acoustic field".
Nakoryakov worked as a head of  chairs in [[Novosibirsk State University]] and [[Novosibirsk State Technical University]]. He set down the fundamental basis for the theory of absorptive [[heat pump]], elaborated a sequence of directions of ecologically clean power engineering and electricity-saving techniques. Also, he had been an expert in [[Nobel Committee for Physics]] and [[Nobel Committee for Chemistry|Chemistry]] for four years.

== Recognition ==
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]] (1970)
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1982)
* [[USSR State Prize]] (1983)
* [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (IV class) (1999)
* [[Order of Friendship]] (2007)
* [[Global Energy Prize]] (2007)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Nakoryakov, Vladimir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Soviet physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 July 1935
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town), Soviet Union
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakoryakov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Novosibirsk State University]]
[[Category:Soviet scientists]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Soviet physicists]]
[[Category:Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]

Brian Spalding

2015-12-15T17:05:16Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
'''Dudley Brian Spalding''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[FREng]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows}}</ref> (born 9 January 1923) was Professor of [[Heat Transfer]] and Head of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Unit at [[Imperial College London|Imperial College, London]]. He is one of the founders of, and influential persons in, the development of [[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD).<ref>[http://www.cham.co.uk/docs/newssummer07.pdf CFD: Past, Present and Future]</ref> In 1983, he became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>[http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf List of Fellows of the Royal Society]</ref>

Professor Spalding was born at [[New Malden]], Surrey, England. He received his BA degree in Engineering Science from Oxford University in 1944 and PhD from Cambridge University in 1952. He is the founder of the company ''Concentration Heat And Momentum Limited'', (CHAM) specialising in computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer processes.<ref>[http://www.cham.co.uk CHAM Home page]</ref> CHAM's major product is the widely used PHOENICS [[Computational fluid dynamics|CFD]] code. Professor Spalding himself is the main creator of, and contributor to, PHOENICS.

Together with his student [[Suhas Patankar]] he has developed the [[SIMPLE algorithm]], a widely used numerical procedure to solve the Navier-Stokes equations.

==CHAM==
Professor Spalding formed [http://www.cham.co.uk Concentration Heat and Momentum (CHAM) Limited] in 1974. From the outset commercial CFD services were provided to industrial and governmental clients based on the pioneering technology that had emerged from his research group at Imperial College in the late 1960s. Later these services were based on PHOENICS, the first commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics Software, which he created and released in 1980.

Between 1969 and 1980, CHAM developed numerous application-specific CFD computer codes for clients across a wide range of sectors, including the aerospace, automotive, defence, chemical, environmental, fire & safety, marine, manufacturing & process, nuclear-power, and fossil-fuel power industries. These CFD codes also provided the means for CHAM to undertake CFD consultancy contracts aimed at solving practical problems and creating design aids for industry. A comprehensive but not exhaustive description of these activities can be found in Artemov ''et al.'' [2009]. In this pre-PHOENICS era, contracts typically involved adapting a basic, standard CFD code to a specific application for a particular client. These two- and three-dimensional standard codes either handled parabolic systems, partially parabolic systems, or fully elliptic systems with the option for steady or time-dependent simulations.

In 1978, Professor Spalding conceived the idea of a single CFD code capable of handling all fluid-flow processes. Consequently, CHAM abandoned the policy of developing individual application-specific CFD codes, and during late 1978 the company began creating the world’s first general-purpose CFD code, PHOENICS, which is an acronym for Parabolic, Hyperbolic Or Elliptic Numerical Integration Code Series. The initial creation of PHOENICS was largely the work of Professor Spalding and Harvey Rosten, and the code was launched commercially in 1981, and so here for the first time, a single CFD code was to be used for all thermo-fluids problems.

==Selected books==
* [[Brian Launder|B. E. Launder]] and D. B. Spalding, ''Mathematical Models of Turbulence'', Academic Press (1972).
* D. B. Spalding and E. H. Cole, ''Engineering Thermodynamics'', 3rd ed., Hodder Arnold (1973).
* D. B. Spalding, ''Combustion and Mass Transfer'', Elsevier (1978).

==Honours and awards==
* [[Max Jakob Memorial Award]], 1978
* Fellowship of the [[Royal Society]], 1983
* [[Fellow#Nonprofit_organizations_and_government|Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows}}</ref> of the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows}}</ref> 1989
* [[Global Energy Prize]], 2009
* [[The Franklin Institute Awards|Benjamin Franklin Medal]] in Mechanical Engineering of [[The Franklin Institute]], 2010

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Spalding, Brian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British academic
| DATE OF BIRTH = 9 January 1923
| PLACE OF BIRTH = New Malden, Surrey, England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spalding, Brian}}
[[Category:Fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Computational fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at King's College School, Wimbledon]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]

Robert Aymar

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{{BLP sources|date=February 2010}}

[[File:Robert Aymar 2006.jpg|thumb|Robert Aymar was the Director General of [[CERN]] (2004–2008)]]

'''Robert Aymar''' was the [[List of Directors General of CERN|Director General]] of [[CERN]] (2004–2008), serving a five-year term in that role.<ref name=CVRA>{{Cite web|url = http://web.archive.org/web/20150810063406/http://press.web.cern.ch/press-releases/2002/12/cern-council-looks-bright-future|title = CERN Council looks to bright future|accessdate = 1 September 2015|publisher = CERN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1734150|title = Council appoints Rolf-Dieter Heuer as CERN’s next director-general...|accessdate = 1 September 2015|publisher = CERN}}</ref>

Aymar was born in 1936<ref name=CVRA/> in France. After studying at the ''[[École Polytechnique]]'', Robert Aymar entered the ''Corps des Poudres'' (a former government agency involved in basic and applied research). Following his secondment to the ''[[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]]'' (CEA) in 1959, his career has been focused on fundamental research in plasma physics and its application in controlled thermonuclear fusion research.

In 1977, Robert Aymar was appointed Head of the [[Tore Supra|Tore Supra Project]], to be constructed at [[Cadarache]] (France). In 1990, he was appointed Director of the ''Direction des Sciences de la Matière''<ref name=CVRA/> of the CEA, where he directed a wide range of basic research programmes, both experimental and theoretical.

Robert Aymar has served on many Councils and Committees at national and international level, for example, the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), the European Synchrotron Research Facility (ESRF), and the Joint European Torus (JET). He also acted as chairman of the European Fusion Technology Steering Committee, and as a member of the [[International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor|ITER]] (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) Technical Advisory Committee. He was appointed ITER Director in 1994 and International Team Leader in 2001.

He chaired the international scientific committee that assessed CERN's [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) and recommended it for approval in 1996. He also chaired the External Review Committee that was set up by the CERN Council in December 2001 to review the CERN programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1189417|title = Composition of the external review committee|accessdate = 1 September 2015|publisher = CERN}}</ref>

He succeeded [[Luciano Maiani]] as Director-General of CERN in January 2004. He was honoured in 2006 with the International [[Global Energy Prize]], in 2011 with the [[Legion of Honour|National Order of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1357353|title = Robert Aymar awarded the Légion d’honneur|accessdate = 1 September 2015|publisher = CERN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1734682|title = Robert Aymar honoured at CERN|accessdate = 1 September 2015|publisher = CERN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Luciano Maiani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[CERN director|Director General of CERN]]|years=01/01/2004–31/12/2008}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Rolf-Dieter Heuer]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aymar, Robert}}
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]
[[Category:French physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Aymar, Robert
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1936
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{France-physicist-stub}}

Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson

2015-12-15T16:59:32Z

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Professor '''Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson''' (born June 4, 1954 in [[Vestmannaeyjar]], [[Iceland]]) is an Icelandic physicist prominent in the field of energy research. He was awarded the [[Global Energy Prize]] in 2007, and is currently the Director of Innovation Center Iceland at the University of Iceland, where he holds the Icelandic Alloys Chair.<ref> [http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~this/ CV]</ref>

== Education and professional work ==

After studying at [[Hamrahlid College]] in [[Reykjavik]], Sigfusson graduated from the [[University of Copenhagen]] in 1978 with a degree in Physics. He earned his PhD in 1983 at [[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]] in the [[University of Cambridge]], [[UK]].

Sigfusson has worked as a Professor of Physics researcher in The Science Institue at the [[University of Iceland]], and has served as Chairman of The Board of Science Institue (1986-1990), University Library (1994), The Research Council of Iceland (1996-1999), and the Technical Committee of RANNIS. He has also acted as Director of The Engineering Institute and the Dean of Faculty of the Renewable Energy School in [[Akureyri]]. In 2003-2007, he was Co-Chair of The International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, and in 2006 created and Chaired the Renewable Energy Prize Ceremony, first awarded by the World Renewable Energy Council during its world conference in Florence.

The companies and institutions he has founded include:

* Eco Energy Iceland, the holding company behind the ECTOS projects and related renewable energy projects
* Icelandic New Energy, owned by the Icelandic energy sector as well as Daimler, Shell and Hydro, responsible for the introduction of hydrogen energy to Icelandic society
* Varmaraf, a company specializing in thermoelectrics for green electricity production and a novel electrolysis of water
* CRI. A company making green methanol from geothermal CO2 and electrolytic hydrogen
* HBT, A company making electric filter devices for correcting electric performance of diesel generators and saving oil for ships
* RES, The Renewable Energy School in Akureyri, where an international masters level education is provided. Prof. Sigfusson co-leads the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell faculty

== Awards and decorations ==

* British Council Fellowship, 1979
* Clerk-Maxwell award fellowship 1980 for the development of a new technique in magnetism research
* Elected Research Fellow, Darwin College, 1981
* Knighthood by the President of Iceland, January 1st, 2004
* Laureate of the International [[Global Energy Prize]], St. Petersburg, 2007<ref>http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/laureates/2007/thorsteinn-ingi-sigfusson</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~this/ profile at University of Iceland]

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Icelandic physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siguffson, Thorsteinn I.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Physicists]]
[[Category:Icelandic scientists]]
[[Category:University of Copenhagen alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge]]

Vladimir Fortov

2015-12-15T16:57:20Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Fortov V Ran.jpeg|thumb|260px|Vladimir Fortov in 2013]]
'''Vladimir Yevgenyevich Fortov''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Евгеньевич Фортов}}, born 23 January 1946 in [[Noginsk]], [[Moscow Oblast]]) is a Russian physicist and a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]; on 29 May 2013 he was elected its president.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/c1/753515.html|script-title=ru:Владимир Фортов избран президентом Российской академии наук|date=29 May 2013|publisher=[[ITAR-TASS]]|language=Russian|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref> Before the election, Fortov was the director of the [[Joint Institute for High Temperatures]].

Fortov studied physics at [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], where he graduated from in 1968. In 1971, he received his [[Candidate of Sciences]] degree, and in 1976 the [[Doktor nauk|Doctor of Sciences]] degree. Since 1982, he was a professor at the same university. Between 1971 and 1986 Fortov was employed at the [[Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics|Institute of Chemical Physics]] in [[Chernogolovka]], and between 1986 and 1992, still being a part-time researcher at the same institution, he was also employed by the Joint Institute for High Temperatures. In 1992, he was appointed the director of this institute.<ref name="gazeta">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/tags/fortov_vladimir_evgenevich.shtml|script-title=ru:Владимир Евгеньевич Фортов|publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=Russian|accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref>

From 1993 to 1997, Fortov was the chairman of the [[Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research]], the governmental organization responsible for funding of fundamental research. In 1996, he also became a chairman of the [[State Committee of Science and Technology (Russia)|State Committee of Science and Technology]], and later a minister of science and technology. The government he was a part of retired in 1998.<ref name="gazeta"/>

According to the law, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences is formally appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. [[Vladimir Putin]], who at the time was the president of Russia, only signed the appointment of Fortov on 8 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://echo.msk.ru/news/1110980-echo.html|script-title=ru:Президент Путин утвердил Владимира Фортова в должности президента Российской академии наук|publisher=[[Echo of Moscow]]|language=Russian|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> This is because Fortov strongly criticized the reform of the Academy initiated by Putin.

The research of Fortov was related to thermal physics, [[shock wave]]s, and [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]]. He was involved with applications, in particular, to energy production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oem.ras.ru/index.php/strukturaotdelenya/organizaczii?sycloneTask=sycloneDetails&catid=4&sycloneId=15|script-title=ru:Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН (ОИВТ РАН)|publisher=ОЭММПУ РАН|language=Russian|accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* National awards: [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1986), [[USSR State Prize]] (1988), [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (IV class) (1996), [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (1997), [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"]] (1998), [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] (III class) (1999), [[Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy"]] (2000), [[Order of Honour (Russia)|Order of Honour]] (2006), [[Order of Friendship]] (2011), [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]] (2013)

* International awards: [[Hannes Alfvén Prize]] (2003) <ref>http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/45/12A/E02/meta </ref>, [[UNESCO Albert Einstein medal]] (2005), [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (2006), [[Legion of Honour]] (2006), [[Global Energy Prize]] (2013)

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Fortov, Vladimir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fortov, Vladimir Evgenyevich
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 January 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Noginsk]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[USSR]] (present-day Noginsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia)
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fortov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship]]

Evgeny Velikhov

2015-12-15T16:40:46Z

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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
[[Image:Evgeny Velikhov at 1st IYPT Moscow 1988.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Evgeny Velikhov at the 1st [[IYPT]] (1988).]]
'''Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov''' (born on February 2, 1935; in Russian: ''Евгений Велихов'') is a physicist and scientific leader in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref name="CV">{{Cite web | title=E. P. Velikhov link at Kurchatov Institute | url = http://www.kiae.ru/rnc1.html | postscript=}}</ref> His scientific interests include [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]], [[laser]]s, [[Fusion power|controlled nuclear fusion]], [[power engineering]] and [[magnetohydrodynamics]] ([[Pulsed power|high-power pulsed]] [[MHD generator]]s). He is the author of over 1500 [[Scientific literature|scientific publications]] and a number of inventions and discoveries.

He currently holds the post of president of the [[Kurchatov Institute]] (named after [[Igor Kurchatov]]) and first Secretary (head) of the [[Public Chamber of Russia]]. He is a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and has been the vice-president of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]].

== Career ==
[[File:Велихов, Евгений Павлович.jpeg|thumb|230px|right|Evgeny Velikhov (2010).]]
Evgeny Velikhov graduated from the Department of Physics at [[Moscow State University|M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University]] (MSU) in 1958, where he specialized in theoretical physics. From 1958 until 1961, he studied at graduate school. After completing his graduate work, he began work as a junior researcher at the ''Institute of Atomic Energy'', the precursor institution to the Russian Research Centre (RRC) "Kurchatov Institute". He spent most of his scientific career rising through the ranks of this famous federal scientific agency.

His early work regarding [[fluid]] and plasma [[Instability|instabilities]] led to the discovery of the [[magnetorotational instability]] in 1959<ref name="V1959">
{{cite journal
| last = Velikhov
| first = E. P.
| year = 1959
| title = Stability of an Ideally Conducting Liquid Flowing Between Cylinders Rotating in a Magnetic Field
| journal=Soviet Physics [[Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics|JETP]]
| volume = 36
| pages = 1398–1404
}}</ref> and the [[electrothermal instability]] in 1962.<ref>
{{cite conference
| author=E.P. Velikhov
| year = 1962
| title = Hall instability of current-carrying slightly-ionized plasmas
| conference = 1st International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Paper 47
| booktitle = Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
}}
</ref>

In 1964, he defended his [[Dissertation|thesis]] before receiving his [[Doctor of Science]] degree in [[physics]] and [[mathematics]].

In 1968, he obtained the rank of Professor of [[atomic physics]], plasma physics and microelectronics at the Physics Department of Moscow State University. In 1973, he became the head of the Department until 1988.
In 1971, he became a member of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]].

From 1971 to 1978, he was the director of the [[Magnetic Laboratory]] (later known as the [[TRINITY]] State Scientific Center), a branch of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] in 1956, and subdivision of Kurchatov Institute since 1961, at [[Troitsk, Moscow Oblast]].

In 1972, he founded an energy and space plasma research department at [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] (MIPT, more known as "Phystech"), with a base in this branch of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (KIAE).

In 1975, he established another new [[Academic department|department]] at Phystech in order to study the problems of physics and energy, for which he received the honor of [[Professor|chair]] of plasma energy. The next year, he was appointed as the first [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the ''Faculty of Physics For Energy'' (FPFE), a [[Research and development|R&D]] department of fusion energy specialized in plasma and high pressure physics, quantum optics, laser and space technologies. Ten years later, in 1986, he was promoted as the scientific director of FPFE.

In 1988, he was named director of Kurchatov Institute and chairman of the international programme (Russia, USA, [[European Union]] and Japan) for the creation of the thermonuclear experimental [[tokamak]] [[ITER]], and has been its president from 1992 until the present. In 2009 he was elected Chair of the ITER Council, the governing body of ITER.

He is also president of the [[joint stock company]] [[Rosshelf]] (Russian offshore development company to develop seafloor-based oil and gas production complex), [[Gazprom]]'s subsidiary; and co-chairman of [[Relcom]] board of directors.

Evgeny Velikhov currently resides in Moscow.

== Awards ==
Evgeny Velikhov is well known in the world scientific and engineering community for his diverse activities, for which he has received several honors and awards, among which:

* Correspondent of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] (1968); Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1974); Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1978–1991) and the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (1991–1996).
* Academician-secretary of the Office of information technologies and computer engineering and automatics division of Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1983).
* [[Hero of Socialist Labour]] (1985); USSR State Prize laureate (1977); winner of the [[Lenin Prize]] (1984); the MD Millionshchikov Prize of USSR Academy of Sciences (1986); the [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (2003); the "[[Global Energy Prize]]" (2006); as well as the [[American Physical Society]] [[Leó Szilárd|Szilárd]]'s Prize and the World Scientist Federation "Science and Peace" Prize.
* Three [[Orders of Lenin]]
* [[Order of Merit for the Fatherland]], 1st (2015), 2nd (2005), 3rd (2000) and 4th (2010) class
* [[Order of Courage]]
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
* Honorary member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]].
* Honorary member of [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]], [[Saint Petersburg]].
* Doctor [[Honorary degree|Honoris Causa]] at the [[University of Notre Dame]], Indiana; at [[William Howard Taft University]], California, USA; and at the [[University of London]], UK.
* [[Citizenship|Honorary Citizen]] of Rino, USA; and [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria.
* [[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Order of Merit]] 3rd Class ([[Ukraine]], April 26, 2011) - for his significant personal contribution to overcoming the consequences of the [[Chernobyl disaster]], the implementation of international humanitarian programs, many years of fruitful public activity

==References==
<references />

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Velikhov, Evgeny Pavlovich
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Soviet physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 2, 1935
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Velikhov, Evgeny Pavlovich}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Russian people]]
[[Category:Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Soviet physicists]]
[[Category:Russian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:Russian inventors]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]
[[Category:Lenin Prize winners]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Courage]]
[[Category:Members of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Arthur H. Rosenfeld

2015-12-15T16:38:47Z

WW: wikification

{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
'''Arthur H Rosenfeld''' (born 1926) is a physicist residing in Berkeley, California. He earned a Ph.D. under Nobel Laureate [[Enrico Fermi]] in 1954 from the [[University of Chicago]]. Starting in 1954 he served as a professor of physics at the [[University of California at Berkeley]] and a senior staff member at [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]. In 1994, he served in the [[Clinton administration]] as Senior Advisor at the [[U.S. Department of Energy]]. In 2000, he was appointed Commissioner of the [[California Energy Commission]], serving until his retirement in 2010.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-rosenfeld11-2010jan11,0,2961914,full.story You can thank Arthur Rosenfeld for energy savings - LA Times]</ref> In 2010, he returned to Berkeley.

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arthur H. Rosenfeld
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1926}}
| birth_place = Birmingham, Alabama
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[United States]]
| citizenship = [[United States|American]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| ethnicity =
| field =
| work_institution = [[California Energy Commission]], [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students = Ronald Ross, William Humphrey, Ashok Gadgil, David Goldstein, Alan Meier, Karen Herter
| known_for =
| author_abbreviation_bot =
| author_abbreviation_zoo =
| prizes = [[Enrico Fermi Award]] (2005) [[Global Energy Prize]] (2011) [[National Medal of Technology]] (2011)
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

For Dr. Rosenfeld's full and up-to-date biography, see his personal webpage.<ref>[http://artrosenfeld.org Art Rosenfeld's personal website (ArtRosenfeld.org)]</ref>

==Awards==
* Honorary Degree, University of Durham, 1983
* Szilard Award for Physics in the Public Interest, 1986
* Carnot Award for Energy Efficiency, U.S. Department of Energy, 1993
* Berkeley Citation, University of California, 2001
* [[Enrico Fermi Award]], 2006
* Economist Innovator of the Year Award, 2008
* National Association of Engineering (NAE) Membership, 2010
* [[Global Energy Prize]] (Russia), 2011
* 2011 [[National Medal of Technology]] (U.S.) <ref>http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/index.jsp</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.artrosenfeld.org
*[http://www.energy.ca.gov/commissioners/rosenfeld.html Biography from the California Energy Commission]
*[http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/247/ EcoGeek article about Rosenfeld.]
*[http://www.energy.gov/news/3553.htm Named the 2005 Enrico Fermi Award Winner]
*[http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/09/arthur_h_rosenfeld.php Ode to Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Doctor Efficiency]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSpAoNPHfIs Video of Art Rosenfeld talking about his work], from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Rosenfeld, Arthur
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1926
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Birmingham, Alabama
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenfeld, Arthur}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley staff]]
[[Category:Sustainability advocates]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Enrico Fermi Award recipients]]

Zhores Alferov

2015-12-15T16:25:16Z

WW: add

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Zhores Alferov
| image = Zhores Alferov.jpg
| image_size =
|birth_name=Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Byelorussian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality = Soviet (until 1991) / Russian (since 1991)
| field = [[Applied physics]]
| work_institution = [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]]
| alma_mater = [[Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University]] "LETI" (old name V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute "LETI")
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Heterotransistors
| prizes = [[Global Energy Prize]] (2005) [[Kyoto Prize]] in Advanced Technology (2001) {{nobr|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2000)}} [[Demidov Prize]] (1999) Ioffe Prize (Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996) [[USSR State Prize]] (1984) [[Lenin Prize]] (1972) [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] (1971) {{Order of Lenin}} (1986)
|spouse=Tamara Darskaya (m. 1967)
}}

'''Zhores Ivanovich Alferov''' ({{lang-ru|Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров}}, {{IPA-ru|ʐɐˈrʲɛs ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ɐlˈfʲɵrəf|}}; {{lang-be|Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў}}; born March 15, 1930) is a [[Belarus]]ian, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n [[physicist]] and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern [[Heterojunction|heterostructure physics and electronics]]. He is the inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. He is also a Russian [[politician]] and has been a member of the Russian State Parliament, the [[Duma]], since 1995. Lately, he has become one of the most influential members of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]].

==Birth and education==
Alferov was born in [[Vitebsk]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]], to a [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, a factory manager, and a [[Jewish]] mother, Anna Vladimirovna.<ref name="lenta">{{Cite news| author= | script-title=ru:Алферов, Жорес | url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14177331/full.htm | work=Lenta | language=Russian | date=24 December 2007 | accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref><ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/alferov.html</ref> Zhores was named after French socialist [[Jean Jaurès]] while his older brother was named Marx after [[Karl Marx]].<ref name="lenta"/> In 1947 he completed high school 42 in Minsk and started Belarusian Politechnic Academy. In 1952, he graduated from [[Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University|V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Electrotechnical Institute]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. Since 1953 he has worked in the [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]] of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]]. From the Institute he earned several scientific degrees: a Candidate of Sciences in Technology in 1961 and a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics in 1970. He has been director of the Institute since 1987. He was elected a corresponding member of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989 he has been Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its [[Saint Petersburg]] Scientific Center. Since 1995 he is a member of the [[State Duma]] on the list of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]. In 2000 he received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] together with [[Herbert Kroemer]], "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics".

Alferov invented the heterotransistor. This coped with much higher frequencies than its predecessors, and apparently revolutionised the mobile phone and satellite communications. Alferov and Kroemer independently applied this technology to firing laser lights. This in turn revolutionised semiconductor design in a host of areas, including LEDs, barcodes readers and CDs.

Hermann Grimmeiss, of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel prizes, said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities."<ref>{{Cite news| author=Staff writers | title=Russian and Americans share hi-tech Nobel | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/965528.stm | work=BBC News | date= 10 October 2000 | accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref>

==Research area==
Since 1962 he has been working in the area of [[semiconductor]] heterostructures. His contributions to physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures, especially investigations of injection properties, development of [[laser]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[LED]]'s, and [[epitaxy]] processes have led to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

He has an almost messianic conception of heterostructures, writing: "Many scientists have contributed to this remarkable progress, which not only determines in large measure the future prospects of solid state physics, but in a certain sense affects the future of human society as well."<ref>[http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf Lib.semi.ac.cn]</ref>

==Political activity==
[[File:Vladimir Putin 12 October 2000-2.jpg|thumb|right|Alferov with [[Vladimir Putin]]]]

Alferov was elected to the Russian State Parliament, the [[Duma]] in 1995 as a deputy for the political party [[Our Home is Russia]], generally considered to be supportive of the policies of President [[Boris Yeltsin]]. In 1999 he was elected again, this time on the list of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]. He was re-elected in 2003 and again in 2007, when he was placed second on the party's federal electoral list behind [[Gennady Zyuganov]] and ahead of [[Nikolai Kharitonov]], even though he is not a member of the party.<ref>[http://www.commersant.com/p802109/elections_/ Communists, Patriots Name Their Leaders], Kommersant, Sep. 07, 2007</ref>
He was one of the signers of the [[Open letter to the President Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences against clericalisation]] of Russia.

==Non-profit service==
Alferov serves on the advisory council of [[CRDF Global]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Dr. Zhores I. Alferov | publisher=CRDF Global | url=http://www.crdf.org/profiles/profiles_show.htm?doc_id=696672 | accessdate=2011-03-31 }}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:RIAN archive 793190 Opening of Nanotechnology International Forum, Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Alferov speaking at the opening of the Nanotechnology International Forum in Moscow, November 2010.]]
;Russian and Soviet awards
* [[Order of Merit for the Fatherland]]:
**1st class (14 March 2005) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and active participation in legislative activities;
** 2nd class (2000);
**3rd class (June 4, 1999) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and training of highly qualified personnel in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
**4th class (March 15, 2010) - for services to the state contribution to the development of national science and many years of fruitful activity
* [[Order of Lenin]] (1986)
* [[Order of the October Revolution]] (1980)
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1975)
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]] (1959)
* [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (2001) in Science and Technology (August 5, 2002) for his work, "Fundamental studies of the formation and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"
* [[Lenin Prize]] (1972) - for basic research in semiconductors and heterojunction development of new devices based on them
* [[USSR State Prize]] (1984) - for developing isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds

;Foreign awards
* [[Order of Francisc Skorina]] (Belarus, 17 May 2001) - for his great personal contribution to the development of physical science, the organization of the Belarusian-Russian scientific and technical cooperation, strengthening the friendship between the peoples of Belarus and Russia
* [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]], 5th class (Ukraine, 15 May 2003) - for personal contribution to the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres
* Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)

;Other awards
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (Sweden, 2000; with [[Herbert Kroemer]] and [[Jack Kilby]]) - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics
* Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of U.S., 2000)
* [[EPS Europhysics Prize]] (European Physical Society, 1978) - for new works in the field of heterojunctions
* AP Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) - for his contributions to physics and technology of heterostructures
* AF Ioffe award (RAN, 1996) - for work, "Photoelectric converters of solar radiation on the basis of heterostructures"
* [[Demidov Prize]] (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)
* [[Kyoto Prize]] (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) - for success in creating semiconductor lasers operating in continuous mode at room temperature - a pioneer step in optoelectronics
* Vernadsky Award (NAS, 2001)
* "Russian National Olympus". The title "living legend" (Russia, 2001)
* International "[[Global Energy Prize]]" (Russia, 2005)
* H. Welker Gold Medal (1987) - for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on III-V compounds of groups
* [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] ([[Franklin Institute]], USA, 1971) - for the theoretical and experimental studies of double-heterostructure laser, which were created by laser light sources of small size, operating in continuous mode at room temperature
* Popov Gold Medal (Academy of Sciences, 1999)
* [[SPIE Gold Medal]] (2002)
* Award Symposium on GaAs (1987) - for pioneering work in semiconductor heterostructures based on III-V compounds and group development of diode lasers and photodiodes
* Awarded "Golden Plate" (Academy of Achievement, USA, 2002)
* XLIX [[Mendeleev readings|Mendeleev Reader]] - 19 February 1993
* Honorary Professor of the medal and MIPT (2008)
* Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University (State Educational Institution of the Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University, Armenia, 2011)

==See also==
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zhores Alfyorov}}
* {{ru icon}} [http://kprf.ru/personal/alferov/ Zhores Alferov website at the Communist Party of the Russian Federation]
*[http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html Biography], on the website of [[Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute]]
*[http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/2000/alferov-autobio.html Autobiography], on the website of Nobel Foundation web group in [[Stockholm]]
*[http://scepsis.ru/eng/articles/id_8.php Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin]

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000|state=expanded}}
{{2000 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Soviet and Russian physicist and academic
| DATE OF BIRTH =1930-03-15
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vitebsk]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|BSSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vitebsk]]
[[Category:Belarusian atheists]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Belarusian inventors]]
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[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
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[[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]]
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[[Category:Jewish inventors]]
[[Category:Jewish politicians]]
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[[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Optical Society]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
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[[Category:Foreign Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Francysk Skaryna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Russian atheists]]
[[Category:Russian communists]]
[[Category:Russian inventors]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Russian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Belarusian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Russian physicists]]
[[Category:Russian politicians]]
[[Category:Semiconductor physicists]]
[[Category:Soviet physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]

Gennady Mesyats

2015-12-15T16:17:36Z

WW: add

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=July 2010}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2010}}
}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gennady A. Mesyats
| image =
| image_size = 140px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|2|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kemerovo]], [[Russia]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| residence = [[Moscow]]
| citizenship = {{flag|USSR}} {{flag|Russia}}
| nationality = [[Russia]]n
| ethnicity = [[Russian people|Russian]]
| field = [[Physics]] of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]
| work_institution = [[Lebedev Physical Institute]]
| alma_mater = [[Tomsk Polytechnic University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Lev Sena]]
| doctoral_students = [[Sergei Korovin (physicist)|Sergei Korovin]]
| known_for = High-current electronics emission, Nanosecond pulse sources, Injection gas electronics, Ectons
| author_abbreviation_bot =
| author_abbreviation_zoo =
| prizes = [[File:Orden of Honour.png|40 px|link=Order of Honour (Russian Federation)]] (1976) {{nobr|[[USSR State Prize]] (1978),}} [[Demidov Prize]] (2002) [[Global Energy Prize]] (2003) [[IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award]] (2012)
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gennady Andreyevich Mesyats''' ({{lang-ru|Месяц, Геннадий Андреевич}}, February 29, 1936, [[Kemerovo]], Russia) is a [[Russia]]n physicist, founder of several scientific schools — high-current electronics and pulse electrophysics, one of the acknowledged world leaders in these areas. He has been a vice-president of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] since 1987 and a director of the [[Lebedev Physical Institute]] since 2004.

He was announced as the recipient of the [[IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award]] for 2012.

==Honours and awards==
* Gold and silver medal, a diploma of honour of the [[USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements]]
* [[Order of Lenin]] (1986)
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]] (1976)
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1971)
* [[Order of Merit for the Fatherland]], 2nd class (2006), 3rd class (1999) and 4th class (1996)
* Jubilee Medal "For Valiant Labour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lenin" (1970)
* Gold Medal of Academician NN Moiseev (2000s).
* Honour of the Komsomol (1960)
* [[Lenin Komsomol Prize]] (1968)
* [[USSR State Prize]] (1978)
* Winner of the [[State Prize of the Russian Federation|State Prize of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology]] (1998)
* Laureate of the USSR Council of Ministers (1990)
* [[Dyke Award]] (1990),<ref>[http://isdeiv.lbl.gov/awards.html Dyke Awards]</ref>
* [[Demidov Prize]] (2002)
* [[Global Energy Prize]] (2003)
* Honorary Citizen of the [[Tomsk Oblast]]
* Honorary citizen of [[Yekaterinburg]]
* Chevalier of the [[Légion d'honneur]] (France, 2008)
* [[Order of Honour (Russian Federation)|Order of Honour]] (2011)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ras.ru/win/db/show_per.asp?P=.id-5.ln-en Gennady Mesyats at the Russian Academy of Sciences website]
*[http://www.tsc.ru/ru/tsc/vm/5/6/1/ Biography] {{ru icon}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mesyats, Gennady Andreyevich
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 29, 1936
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Kemerovo, Russia
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mesyats, Gennady Andreyevich}}
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[[Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Komsomol Prize]]

B. Jayant Baliga

2015-12-15T16:13:43Z

WW: update

'''B. Jayant Baliga''' is an Indian [[electrical engineer]] best known for his work in power semiconductor devices, and particularly invention of the [[insulated gate bipolar transistor]].

== Career ==
Baliga grew up in a small village called Jalahalli near [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. His father is a former head of Bharat Electronics Limited.<ref name=forbes>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jayant-baligas-invention-is-a-power-saver/234168-55.html Jayant Baliga's invention is a power saver], Shishir Prasad, Forbes India, Feb 27, 2012</ref> He received his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], in 1969, and his MS (1971) and PhD (1974) in Electrical Engineering from the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]].

He worked 15 years at the [[General Electric]] Research and Development Center in [[Schenectady, New York]], then joined [[North Carolina State University]] in 1988 as a Full Professor. He was promoted to Distinguished University Professor in 1997.<ref name=forbes/> His invention [[insulated gate bipolar transistor]] that combines sciences from two streams Electronics engineering and Electrical engineering. This has resulted in cost savings of over $15 trillion for consumers, and is forming a basis for smart grid.<ref name=forbes/> Baliga then worked in academic field. He also founded three companies that made products based on semiconductor technologies.<ref name=forbes/>

== Recognition ==

Baliga is a Member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (2000) and the [[European Academy of Sciences]] (2005), as well as an [[IEEE Fellow]] (1983).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_1983.html |title=Fellow Class of 1983 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=2012-01-25}}</ref>

He received the 1991 IEEE Newell Award, 1993 [[IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award]], 1998 IEEE [[J J Ebers Award]], and 1999 [[IEEE Lamme Medal]],<ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE Lamme Medal Recipients |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/lamme_rl.pdf |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2012-01-25}}</ref> and holds more than 100 U.S. patents.

In 1997 Scientific American magazine included him among the 'Eight Heroes of the Semiconductor Revolution' when commemorating the 50th anniversary of the invention of the transistor.<ref>[http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/people.php/bjbaliga Dr. Jayant Baliga - Primary Faculty - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering]</ref>

In 2010 he was awarded [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]], the highest award for an engineer in USA by US President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name=forbes/><ref name=WhiteHousePressRelease>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/27/president-obama-honors-nation-s-top-scientists-and-innovators President Obama Honors Nation’s Top Scientists and Innovators], September 27, 2011, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, whitehouse.gov</ref>

In 2014, he was awarded the [[IEEE Medal of Honor]], “For the invention, implementation, and commercialization of power semiconductor devices with widespread benefits to society.” <ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE 2014 Medals and Awards Recipients|url=http://theinstitute.ieee.org/people/achievements/recipients-of-the-2014-medals-and-awards|publisher=[[IEEE]]|accessdate=2014-02-14}}</ref>

In 2015 he received the [[Global Energy Prize]] for invention, development and commercialization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, which is one of the most important innovations for the control and distribution of energy <ref>http://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureates/2015 </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/people/bjbaliga NCSU biography]
* [http://www.apnatriangle.com/Inspirational-Triangle-Indians/drjayanthbaliga ApnaTriangle.com interview with Dr Jayant Baliga]

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Baliga, B. Jayant
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| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
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[[Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]

Shuji Nakamura

2015-12-15T16:05:48Z

WW: /* Recognition */

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Shuji Nakamura
|image = Professor Shuji Nakamura (Cropped).jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Shuji Nakamura in 2014
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|5|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ikata, Ehime]], [[Japan]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[United States]]
|citizenship = Japan (until 2005 or 2006) United States (since 2005 or 2006)<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:特許は会社のもの「猛反対」　ノーベル賞の中村修二さん |trans_title=Patent belongs to the company "Violent opposition" Nobel prize winner Shuji Nakamura |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=Asahi Shimbun Digital |url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASGBK4RNKGBKULFA00X.html |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:ノーベル賞の中村修二氏、「アメリカの市民権」を取った理由を語る |trans_title=Nobel prize winner Shuji Nakamura talks about why he acquired U.S. citizenship |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=withnews |url=http://withnews.jp/article/f0141018000qq000000000000000G0010401qq000010997A# |language=Japanese |quote=２００５、６年ごろに（米国市民権を）取ったんですよ [acquired (U.S. citizenship) in 2005 or 2006]}}</ref>

|nationality = American<ref>{{cite journal|title=中村教授「物理学賞での受賞には驚いた」　ノーベル賞|journal=The Nikkei|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDC07011_X01C14A0I00000/ |publisher= Nikkei Inc.|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref>Shuji received American citizenship in 2000. Japan does not recognize [[dual nationality]].</ref>
|fields =
|workplaces = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Tokushima]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = [[Light-emitting diode#Ultraviolet and blue LEDs|Blue]] and [[Light-emitting diode#White light|white]] [[Light-emitting diode|LEDs]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = [[Millennium Technology Prize]] {{small|(2006)}} [[Harvey Prize]] {{small|(2009)}} [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] {{small|(2014)}} [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] (2015)
|signature = 
|signature_alt =
|footnotes =
}}
{{nihongo|'''Shuji Nakamura'''|中村修二|Nakamura Shūji|extra=born May 22, 1954}} is a Japanese-born American [[electronic engineer]] and inventor specializing in the field of [[semiconductor]] technology, professor at the Materials Department of the [[UCSB College of Engineering|College of Engineering]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] (UCSB),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |title=Shuji Nakamura|accessdate=July 31, 2008|publisher=[[University of California]] |place=Santa Barbara}}</ref> and is regarded as the inventor of the blue [[Light-emitting diode|LED]], a major breakthrough in lighting technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacbiztimes.com/2014/10/10/laureate-fought-the-odds-to-make-history |title=Nobel laureate fought the odds to make history|accessdate=Oct 10, 2014|publisher=Pacific Coast Business Times}}</ref> Together with [[Isamu Akasaki]] and [[Hiroshi Amano]], he is one of the three recipients of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics|2014 Nobel Prize for Physics]] "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources".

== Career ==
Nakamura graduated from the [[University of Tokushima]] in 1977 with a [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.Eng.]] degree in [[electronic engineering]], and obtained an [[Master of Engineering|M.Eng.]] degree in the same subject two years later, after which he joined the [[Nichia|Nichia Corporation]], also based in [[Tokushima]]. It was while working for Nichia that Nakamura invented the first high brightness [[gallium nitride]] (GaN) LED whose brilliant [[blue]] light, when partially converted to yellow by a phosphor coating, is the key to white LED lighting, which went into production in 1993.

Previously, J. I. Pankove and co-workers at [[RCA]] put in considerable effort, but did not manage to make a marketable GaN LED in the 1960s. The principal problem was the difficulty of making strongly [[Extrinsic semiconductor#P-type semiconductors|p-type]] GaN. Nakamura drew on the work of another Japanese group led by Professor [[Isamu Akasaki]], who published their method to make strongly p-type GaN by electron-beam irradiation of magnesium-doped GaN. However, this method was not suitable for mass production and its physics were not well understood. Nakamura managed to develop a thermal annealing method which was much more suitable for mass production. In addition, he and his co-workers worked out the physics and pointed out the culprit was hydrogen, which passivated acceptors in GaN.

At the time, many considered creating a GaN LED too difficult to produce, therefore Nakamura was fortunate that the founder of Nichia, Nobuo Ogawa (1912–2002) was initially willing to support his GaN project. However the company eventually ordered him to suspend work on GaN, claiming it was consuming too much time and money. Nakamura continued to develop the blue LED on his own and in 1993 succeeded in making the device.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Court dismisses inventor’s patent claim but will consider reward|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=September 20, 2002 |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/09/20/national/court-dismisses-inventors-patent-claim-but-will-consider-reward/|accessdate=October 7, 2014|archivedate=October 7, 2014|deadurl=no |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20141008024222/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/09/20/national/court-dismisses-inventors-patent-claim-but-will-consider-reward/}}</ref>

He was awarded a [[Doctor of Engineering|D.Eng.]] degree from the University of Tokushima in 1994. He left Nichia Corporation in 1999 and took a position as a professor of engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

In 2001, Nakamura sued his former employer Nichia over his bonus for the discovery as a part of a series of lawsuits between Nichia and Nakamura with Nichia's US competitor [[Cree Inc.]]; they agreed in 2000 to jointly sue Nichia at the expense of Cree and Nakamura received stock options from Cree. Nakamura claimed that he received only {{JP¥|20,000|link=yes}} (≈{{US$|180|link=yes}}) for his discovery of "404 patent," though Nichia revealed that the company awarded him with promotions and bonuses of 62 million yen over 11 years and his annual salary reached 20 million yen when he quit Nichia.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:日亜化学工業社長の小川英治氏訴訟騒動の真実を今こそ明らかにする |trans_title=Nichia president Eiji Ogama now revealed the truth behind the court |publisher=Nikkei Tech-on |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/NEWS/nakamura/mono200404_2.html|language=Japanese|date=April 2004 |accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>

Although Nakamura originally won an appeal for ¥20 billion (≈US$180 million), Nichia appealed the award and the parties settled in 2005 for ¥840 million (≈US$9 million), at the time the largest bonus ever paid by a Japanese company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zaun|first=Todd|date=January 12, 2005|title=Japanese Company to Pay Ex-Employee $8.1 Million for Invention|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/12/business/worldbusiness/12light.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref>

Nakamura has also worked on green LEDs, and is responsible for creating the white LED and [[Blue laser|blue laser diodes]] used in [[Blu-ray Disc]]s and [[HD DVD]]s.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 15, 2006|url= http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5488821|title=Work in Colored Lights Nets Millennium Prize|author=Richard Harris|work=[[All Things Considered]]}}</ref>

Nakamura is a professor of Materials at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and holds over 100 patents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sslec.ucsb.edu/nakamura/index.html|title=Shuji Nakamura |accessdate=October 19, 2012|publisher=Solid State Lighting & Energy Center}}</ref> In 2008, Nakamura, along with fellow UCSB professors Dr. Steven DenBaars and Dr. James Speck, founded Soraa, a developer of solid-state lighting technology built on pure gallium nitride substrates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soraa.com/about|title=About|accessdate=October 19, 2012|publisher=Soraa Inc.}}</ref>

==Recognition==
*2001 awarded [[Asahi Prize]] from the Japanese Newspaper, ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]''
*2002 awarded the [[Franklin Institute#Awards|Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics]] from the [[Franklin Institute]].
*2006 awarded [[Finland]]'s [[Millennium Technology Prize]] for his continuing efforts to make cheaper and more efficient light sources.<ref>Shuji Nakamura wins the 2006 [[Millennium Technology Prize]] [http://www.technologyawards.org/index.php?m=1&news=1&news_id=32]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5328446.stm|title=Top prize for 'light' inventor|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=2006-09-08|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20070305184224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5328446.stm|archivedate=March 5, 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref>
*2007 nominee for the [[European Inventor Award]] awarded by the [[European Patent Office]] <ref>[http://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2007/nakamura.html Inventor Shuji Nakamura at the European Inventor Award ]</ref>
*2008 won the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] for [[Prince of Asturias Awards#Technical and Scientific Research|Technical and Scientific Research]].<ref>[http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.es/en/awards/2008/cientificos-que-lideran-en-el-mundo-la-creacion-de-nuevos-materiales-al-servicio-de-la-humanidad-1/ Prince of Asturias Awards for Technical and Scientific Research].</ref>
*2008 awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]].
*2009 received the [[Harvey Prize]]<ref>[http://www.admin.technion.ac.il/harvey/ Harvey Prize]</ref> from the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]] in Israel.
*2012 named Silicon Valley Intellectual Property Law Association (SVIPLA) Inventor of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svipla.org/meetings_programs?eventId=547225&EventViewMode=EventDetails|title= SVIPLA Presents Inventor of the Year - Shuji Nakamura, Ph.D.|publisher=Silicon Valley Intellectual Property Law Association|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref>
*2014 received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] together with Prof. [[Isamu Akasaki]] and Prof. [[Hiroshi Amano]] for inventing blue [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref name="NobelPrize">{{cite web|title=The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics - Press Release|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.html|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2014|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref>
*2015 received the [[Global Energy Prize]] for the invention, commercialization and development of energy-efficient white LED lighting technology <ref>http://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureates/2015 </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Shuji Nakamura, Gerhard Fasol, Stephen J. Pearton, ''The Blue Laser Diode : The Complete Story'', Springer; 2nd edition, October 2, 2000, (ISBN 3-540-66505-6)
*Bob Johnstone ''Brilliant!: Shuji Nakamura and the revolution in lighting technology'', Prometheus Books, 2007 ISBN 1-59102-462-5

==See also==
* [[List of Japanese Nobel laureates]]

==External links==
*[http://www.sslec.ucsb.edu/nakamura Professor Nakamura's home page at UCSB]
*[http://www.sslec.ucsb.edu/ The Solid State Lighting and Energy Center at UCSB]
*[http://www.compoundsemi.com/documents/articles/news/3693.html Shuji Nakamura Wins $188.7 Million Settlement from Former Employer Nichia for Blue Spectrum Breakthrough Technology]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/12/business/worldbusiness/12light.html?oref=login New York Times article on Nakamura's settlement with Nichia]
*{{US patent|6900465}} — Nitride semiconductor light-emitting device
*[http://www.technologyawards.org// Shuji Nakamura wins the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize]
*[//web.archive.org/web/20040622084207/http://www.sciencewatch.com/jan-feb2000/sw_jan-feb2000_page3.htm Nichia's Shuji Nakamura: Dream of the Blue Laser Diode]
*[http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.es/en/awards/2008/cientificos-que-lideran-en-el-mundo-la-creacion-de-nuevos-materiales-al-servicio-de-la-humanidad-1/ 2008 Prince of Asturias Award For Technical and Scientific Research]
*[http://www.admin.technion.ac.il/harvey/ Harvey Prize]
*[http://spie.org/x112671.xml Shuji Nakamura SPIE Photonics West plenary presentation: Future and present technologies of solid state lighting]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |before=[[Tim Berners-Lee]]|after=[[Robert S. Langer]]|title=[[Millennium Technology Prize]] winner|years=2006 (for [[Light-emitting diode#Ultraviolet, Blue and white LEDs|blue and white LEDs]])}}
{{s-end}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics}}
{{2014 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Nakamura, Shuji
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese inventor
|DATE OF BIRTH = May 22, 1954
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Ikata, Ehime, Japan
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Shuji}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Japanese academics]]
[[Category:Japanese engineers]]
[[Category:Japanese inventors]]
[[Category:Tokushima University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty]]
[[Category:Light-emitting diode pioneers]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Japanese Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Japanese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American academics of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:American scientists of Japanese descent]]

Global Energy Prize

2015-12-15T16:03:17Z

WW: /* Laureates */

{{Infobox award
| name = Global Energy Prize
| image =
| description = Outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research
| presenter = [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]]
| country = [[Russian Federation]]
| year = 2003
| website = [http://www.globalenergyprize.org www.globalenergyprize.org]
}}

'''The Global Energy Prize''' is an international award which recognises outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research and its concurrent environmental challenges. Since its inception by a group of Russian scientists in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a recognised global energy award.

The Global Energy Prize is awarded annually in St Petersburg, Russia, at the [[International Economic Forum]] by the [[President of the Russian Federation]]. Each laureate receives, amongst others, a commemorative medal and a prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB). The award process is overseen by the International Award Committee, which consists of 35 scientists from 11 countries and is chaired by renowned British scientist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner, Rodney John Allam.

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership with the support of three leading Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

== History ==
The Global Energy Prize was founded in October 2002 by leading Russian energy companies and endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation in November 2013.

Since the first awards ceremony in 2003, the award has been presented to 29 laureates from over 9 countries. Previous winners of the Global Energy Prize include, amongst others, prominent scientists including [[Arthur Rosenfeld]], awarded for his pioneering work in energy efficiency, and [[Gennady Mesyats]], awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

=== Global Energy ===

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership. Global Energy is responsible for the organisational, financial and informational management of the Global Energy Prize. The Partnership is managed by the Board of Trustees, headed by Evgeny Velikhov, President of the Kurchatov Institute, and other representatives of Russian academia, politics and energy spheres, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev. The Board, formed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership and renewed every 5 years, is responsible for general management of the nomination process and the awarding of the prize; members of the Board of Trustees do not take part of the nomination, nor do they make a final decision on awarding. The Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership receives its funding from three Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

Global Energy manages a range of awards and projects related to the promotion of science and innovation in the field of energy:

* Energy of Youth – A competition of youth research projects in the energy sector, conducted annually among the core research and educational institutions of the Russian Federation. All scientists participating in the project are under the age of 35 years. The project aims to promote progress in the Russian energy sector, by encouraging young scientists and increasing their interest in research in this area.
* Energy of Word - An international media competition, which aims to encourage media and individual journalists to cover energy issues. From 2011, this competition has been held under the auspices of the international journalistic competition PRESSzvanie.
* Energy of Knowledge – A series of interactive lectures given by the winners of the Global Energy Prize and other prominent energy scholars. This program works to promote the development of positive interest about energy in young people, unleashing the potential of young scientists, to solve personnel problems in the energy sector.
* Energy of Kids – A contest held throughout Russia, rewarding children's creative projects which reference the energy sector.
* World Energy – The purpose of this recent project is to provide the public and industry experts with details of the most important and ambitious projects in the global energy sector.
* Energy of Adventure - Energy of Adventure is a competition founded in 2012. It aims to inspire young scientists to pursue research in the field of energy by providing the winners with a unique learning opportunity: a trip around the world to discover the most innovative energy projects.

=== Founders ===

The idea of the Global Energy Prize was developed in 2002 by a group of Russian scientists and was endorsed by Russian energy corporations, President of the Russian Federation, [[Vladimir Putin]], and the scientific community. The Global Energy Fund was set up in October 2002, by three major Russian Energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Federal Grid Company of Russia|JCS Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy Systems]] (FGC UES, Former JSC Unified Energy Systems of Russia) and Yukos. In 2005, oil and gas company [[Surgutneftegaz|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] joined the group of funding companies.

=== First prizes ===

The first Global Energy Prize awards ceremony took place in June 2003 at the [[Konstantinovsky Palace|Konstantinovsky Palace, Strelna]] (St Petersburg district, Russia) and was attended by President [[Vladimir Putin]]. The award was presented to two international scientists: Mr [[Nick Holonyak]] (USA), Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois, for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes, and to Mr Ian Douglas Smith (USA), Chief Manager and Senior Researcher in ‘Titan Pulse Sciences Division’, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy. The Prize was also awarded to a Russian scientist, Mr [[Gennady Mesyats]], then-Chairman of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

== Laureates ==

In the history of the Global Energy Prize award, 33 scientists have been recognised for their work. The laureates represent 10 countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the USA. Laureates since 2002 include:

'''2015'''

'''[[Shuji Nakamura]]''' (USA) - For the invention, commercialization and development of energy-efficient white LED lighting technology.

'''[[B. Jayant Baliga]]''' (USA) - For invention, development and commercialization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, which is one of the most important innovations for the control and distribution of energy.

'''2014'''

'''Lars Gunnar Larsson''' (SWE) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''Ashot Sarkisov''' (RUS) - Awarded for an outstanding contribution to nuclear safety enhancement and nuclear facility decommissioning.

'''2013'''

'''[[Akira Yoshino]]''' (JAP) - Awarded for the invention of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, an essential element for mobile electronic devices and various types of electric vehicles, including hybrids Akira is also credited with the concept, development and commercialization of storage battery systems based on his invention.

'''[[Vladimir Fortov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for research into thermodynamic, thermophysical, electrophysical, strength, optical, structural and electronic properties of fluids and construction materials in the previously unexplored field of the phase diagram. This includes extreme states of matter, which serves as the basis for perspective development of the energy sector.

'''2012'''

'''Valery Kostuk''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Boris Katorgin''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Rodney John Allam''' (UK) – Awarded for the development of new processes and equipment for production of gases and cryogenic liquids, as well as for the development and implementation of technology for production of electricity in power systems.

'''2011'''

'''Philipp Rutberg''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and development of energy plasma technologies.

'''[[Arthur Rosenfeld]]''' (USA) – Awarded in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of energy efficiency.

'''2010'''

'''[[Boris Paton]]''' (UKR) – Awarded for his contribution to solving scientific and technical problems associated with the transportation by pipeline of energy resources.

'''Alexander Leontiev''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research in the field of the intensification of heat transfer in power plants.

'''2009'''

'''[[Brian Spalding]]''' (UK) – Awarded for numerous original concepts of heat-and-mass transfer processes, which formed the basis of practical calculations in fluid mechanics and computational fluid mechanics.

'''Alexey Kontorovich''' (RUS) – Awarded for research on the implementation of new methods of surveying, prospecting and exploiting of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits.

'''Nikolai Laverov''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and large-scale implementation of new methods for the exploration and production of oil, gas and uranium deposits.

'''2008'''

'''Eduard Volkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for the creation and implementation of synthetic oil production technologies.

'''[[Clement Bowman]]''' (CA) and '''Oleg Favorsky''' (RUS) – Awarded for the theoretical justification, creation and implementation of efficient technologies for synthetic fuel production from bituminous schist and oil sands.

'''2007'''

'''[[Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson|Thorsteinn Ingi Sigfusson]]''' (IS) – Awarded for research and development in the implementation of hydrogen to power vehicles.

'''[[Geoffrey Hewitt]]''' (UK) – Awarded for developing the idea of fuel generation on the basis of water power.

'''[[Vladimir Nakoryakov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for the project “Physicotechnical Bases of Power Technologies — Hydrodinamics and Heat Exchange, Non-Stationary and Wave Processes in Multiphase Mediums”.

'''2006'''

'''[[Evgeny Velikhov]]''' (RUS), '''Masaji Yoshikawa''' (JP) and '''[[Robert Aymar]]''' (FR) – Awarded for the development of a scientific and technical basis for the creation of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER Project).

'''2005'''

'''[[Zhores Alferov]]''' (RUS) – Awarded for his contribution to the creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy.

'''Klaus Riedle''' (DE) – Awarded for the development and creation of high-temperature gas turbines for steam and gas power plants.

'''2004'''

'''Fyodor Mitenkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for development of fast-neutron reactors.

'''Leonard J. Koch''' (USA) and '''Alexander Sheindlin''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research into the thermo physical properties of substances at extremely high temperatures.

'''2003'''

'''[[Nick Holonyak]]''' (USA) – Awarded for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes in a visible part of the spectrum.

'''[[Gennady Mesyats]]''' (RUS) and '''Ian Douglas Smith''' (USA) – Awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of pulse power engineering.

== Award Process ==

=== Nominations ===

The nomination process begins on 1 October and ends on 1 March of the following year. Candidates for the Prize can by nominated by:

* [[Nobel Prize]] laureates for physics or chemistry;
* Winners of the [[Kyoto Prize|Kyoto]], [[Max Planck Medal|Max Planck]], [[Wolf Prize|Wolf]], [[Balzan Prize|Balzan]], and [[Zayed Future Energy Prize|Zayed Prizes]], [[Energy Globe Award|Energy Globe]], [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman Environment]], UNEP Sasakawa Prize;
* Members of the Russian Department for Earth Sciences, the Department for Physical Sciences, the Department for Chemistry and Material Sciences, the Department of Energy, Machinery, and Mechanics, as well as foreign members of the aforementioned departments;
* Laureates of the Global Energy International Prize;
* Scientists specially invited for this purpose by Global Energy.

Nominators suggest candidates for the Prize by submitting pre-defined nomination forms. Once the nomination process is closed on 1 March, the Commission of Experts provides a preliminary expert assessment of the nominees and their scientific achievements. The Commission of Experts consists of independent international experts from international energy organisations, scientific bodies and energy industry. The Commission of Experts’ recommendations – a list consisted of up to 5 nominees – is forwarded to the International Award Committee, which make the final selection of the winners.

=== Selection ===

In April, the International Award Committee makes a final decision on awarding the Global Energy Prize. The Committee may only cast a vote if 2/3 of its members are present. Laureates are selected by secret ballot and require a 2/3 majority of the Committee Members participating, but not less than half of the votes of the total number of Committee Members. Should the Committee fail to come to a decision, a second voting round is arranged for nominations which have received no less than 1/3 of the votes of participating Members. Furthermore, there can be no more than three laureates in a given year. Each year’s laureates have to include at least one Russian national and one foreign.

=== International Award Committee ===

The International Award Committee is responsible for choosing the Winners of the Global Energy Prize. This Committee, selected by the General Assembly of the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership for a term of 5 years, includes representatives of the most reputable scientific and academic organizations (such as [[MIT Energy Initiative]], [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates]]), as well as governmental and public figures from Russia and abroad (i.e. Ministry for Education and Science of the Russian Federation). The Committee is managed by the Chairman and Academic Secretary of the International Awards Committee. In 2013 Professor Rodney John Allam, Noble Prize and Global Energy Prize winner, was elected Chairman of the Committee. The Committee consists of 26 members, including the chairperson. Russian citizens may not exceed the number of foreign nationals on the Committee.

=== Award Ceremonies ===

The Global Energy Prize is presented to laureates at an official award ceremony that takes place in St Petersburg, Russia, during the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum|International Economic Forum]]. The laureate is recognised at the Forum for his or her contribution to global energy research at a ceremony attended by Russian government officials, leading scientists, directors of national and international scientific and public organizations, members of the Partnership’s Board of Trustees, International Award Committee and Partnership members. Laureates are presented a commemorative medal, a diploma, an honorary lapel pin and a monetary prize by the [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]].

[[File:GE Prize Awards.png|center]]

<div style="text-align: center;">2012 Global Energy International Prize award ceremony with laureates (left to right): Kostuk Valery, Boris Katorgin and Rodney John Allam.</center>

== Prize ==

=== Statuette ===

The statuette received by a Global Energy Prize is made of gold and silver. The statuette conceptualises scientific contributions to the field of energy: the image on the front side of the medal is that of a rising star, symbolising discovery, whereas the back shows a star already risen, portraying the laureate’s recognised contribution to global energy research.

[[File:Global Energy Prize.png|center]]

=== Diploma ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a diploma recognising their contribution to the field of energy.

[[File:GE Prize Diploma.png|center]]

=== Honorary Pin ===

An honorary pin is provided to Global Energy Prize laureates to reflect their scientific achievement.

[[File:GE Prize Honorary Pin.png|center]]

=== Award Money ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a monetary prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB).

== Achievements ==

Since its establishment in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a respected global energy award:

* Russian President Vladimir Putin, Global Energy Prize 2012: ''“Since its inception, the Global Energy Prize has been one of the most prestigious international awards, rallying around shared goals the creative community of talented scientists, researchers and experts in the field of energy from Russia and many other countries. Each year the award’s credibility grows, and the presentation ceremony is famous for its unique atmosphere of creativity, openness and scientific solidarity.”''

* Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Global Energy Prize 2008: ''“I am delighted, on behalf of Canadians, to offer [[Clement Bowman]] my warmest congratulations on [his] selection as recipient of the International Global Energy Prize 2008 for [his] efforts in the development of highly efficient energy technologies … thus contributing to the energy saving problem of humanity.”''

* Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], Global Energy Prize 2006: ''“I appreciate this award, which recognises scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of energy. I hope that this award will further encourage researchers to search for new solutions in the field of global energy.”''

== References ==

=== Notes ===

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/laureate Global Energy Prize laureates]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/uploads/docs/annual_reports/otchet2012.pdf Global Energy Prize 2011 Annual Report]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/8/text Global Energy Prize Founders]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/11/text Global Energy Prize International Award Committee]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/9/text Global Energy Prize Attributes]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/46/text Global Energy Prize Greetings from the Heads of State & Government]

=== Bibliography ===

EcoGeneration Australia, [http://ecogeneration.com.au/news/us_and_russian_scientists_awarded_global_energy_prize/061364/ US and Russian scientists awarded Global Energy Prize] June, 2011

EnergyAsia, [http://energyasia.com/public-stories/russia-president-medvedev-awards-global-energy-prize-2011-to-joint-winners-rosenfield-and-rutberg/ President Medvedev awards Global Energy Prize 2011], June 2011

PRNewswire, [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-energy-prize-summit-aims-at-revolutionising-energy-thinking-175250731.html Global Energy Prize Summit Aims at Revolutionising Energy Thinking], October 2012

== External links ==
* [http://globalenergyprize.org/en/ Website]
* [http://www.globalenergynews.org/ Global Energy Prize Newsletter]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]

Global Energy Prize

2015-12-15T15:31:11Z

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{{Infobox award
| name = Global Energy Prize
| image =
| description = Outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research
| presenter = [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]]
| country = [[Russian Federation]]
| year = 2003
| website = [http://www.globalenergyprize.org www.globalenergyprize.org]
}}

'''The Global Energy Prize''' is an international award which recognises outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research and its concurrent environmental challenges. Since its inception by a group of Russian scientists in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a recognised global energy award.

The Global Energy Prize is awarded annually in St Petersburg, Russia, at the [[International Economic Forum]] by the [[President of the Russian Federation]]. Each laureate receives, amongst others, a commemorative medal and a prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB). The award process is overseen by the International Award Committee, which consists of 35 scientists from 11 countries and is chaired by renowned British scientist and [[Nobel Prize]] winner, Rodney John Allam.

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership with the support of three leading Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

== History ==
The Global Energy Prize was founded in October 2002 by leading Russian energy companies and endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation in November 2013.

Since the first awards ceremony in 2003, the award has been presented to 29 laureates from over 9 countries. Previous winners of the Global Energy Prize include, amongst others, prominent scientists including [[Arthur Rosenfeld]], awarded for his pioneering work in energy efficiency, and [[Gennady Mesyats]], awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

=== Global Energy ===

The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership. Global Energy is responsible for the organisational, financial and informational management of the Global Energy Prize. The Partnership is managed by the Board of Trustees, headed by Evgeny Velikhov, President of the Kurchatov Institute, and other representatives of Russian academia, politics and energy spheres, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev. The Board, formed by the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership and renewed every 5 years, is responsible for general management of the nomination process and the awarding of the prize; members of the Board of Trustees do not take part of the nomination, nor do they make a final decision on awarding. The Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership receives its funding from three Russian energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Surgutneftegas|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] and [[FGC UES|JSC Federal Grid Company UES]].

Global Energy manages a range of awards and projects related to the promotion of science and innovation in the field of energy:

* Energy of Youth – A competition of youth research projects in the energy sector, conducted annually among the core research and educational institutions of the Russian Federation. All scientists participating in the project are under the age of 35 years. The project aims to promote progress in the Russian energy sector, by encouraging young scientists and increasing their interest in research in this area.
* Energy of Word - An international media competition, which aims to encourage media and individual journalists to cover energy issues. From 2011, this competition has been held under the auspices of the international journalistic competition PRESSzvanie.
* Energy of Knowledge – A series of interactive lectures given by the winners of the Global Energy Prize and other prominent energy scholars. This program works to promote the development of positive interest about energy in young people, unleashing the potential of young scientists, to solve personnel problems in the energy sector.
* Energy of Kids – A contest held throughout Russia, rewarding children's creative projects which reference the energy sector.
* World Energy – The purpose of this recent project is to provide the public and industry experts with details of the most important and ambitious projects in the global energy sector.
* Energy of Adventure - Energy of Adventure is a competition founded in 2012. It aims to inspire young scientists to pursue research in the field of energy by providing the winners with a unique learning opportunity: a trip around the world to discover the most innovative energy projects.

=== Founders ===

The idea of the Global Energy Prize was developed in 2002 by a group of Russian scientists and was endorsed by Russian energy corporations, President of the Russian Federation, [[Vladimir Putin]], and the scientific community. The Global Energy Fund was set up in October 2002, by three major Russian Energy companies: [[Gazprom|JSC Gazprom]], [[Federal Grid Company of Russia|JCS Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy Systems]] (FGC UES, Former JSC Unified Energy Systems of Russia) and Yukos. In 2005, oil and gas company [[Surgutneftegaz|JSC Surgutneftegaz]] joined the group of funding companies.

=== First prizes ===

The first Global Energy Prize awards ceremony took place in June 2003 at the [[Konstantinovsky Palace|Konstantinovsky Palace, Strelna]] (St Petersburg district, Russia) and was attended by President [[Vladimir Putin]]. The award was presented to two international scientists: Mr [[Nick Holonyak]] (USA), Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois, for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes, and to Mr Ian Douglas Smith (USA), Chief Manager and Senior Researcher in ‘Titan Pulse Sciences Division’, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy. The Prize was also awarded to a Russian scientist, Mr [[Gennady Mesyats]], then-Chairman of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation, for his fundamental research and development in the field of powerful pulse energy.

== Laureates ==

In the history of the Global Energy Prize award, 29 scientists have been recognised for their work. The laureates represent 9 countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the USA. Laureates since 2002 include:

'''2013'''

'''[[Akira Yoshino]]''' (JAP)- Awarded for the invention of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, an essential element for mobile electronic devices and various types of electric vehicles, including hybrids Akira is also credited with the concept, development and commercialization of storage battery systems based on his invention.

'''[[Vladimir Fortov]]''' (RUS)- Awarded for research into thermodynamic, thermophysical, electrophysical, strength, optical, structural and electronic properties of fluids and construction materials in the previously unexplored field of the phase diagram. This includes extreme states of matter, which serves as the basis for perspective development of the energy sector.

'''2012'''

'''Valery Kostuk''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Boris Katorgin''' (RUS) – Awarded for research and development in the field of high-efficiency liquid propellant rocket engines with cryogenic fuel for the purpose of the generation of energy in space.

'''Rodney John Allam''' (UK) – Awarded for the development of new processes and equipment for production of gases and cryogenic liquids, as well as for the development and implementation of technology for production of electricity in power systems.

'''2011'''

'''Philipp Rutberg''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and development of energy plasma technologies.

'''[[Arthur Rosenfeld]]''' (USA – Awarded in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of energy efficiency.

'''2010'''

'''[[Boris Paton]]''' (UKR) – Awarded for his contribution to solving scientific and technical problems associated with the transportation by pipeline of energy resources.

'''Alexander Leontiev''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research in the field of the intensification of heat transfer in power plants.

'''2009'''

'''[[Brian Spalding]]''' (UK) – Awarded for numerous original concepts of heat-and-mass transfer processes, which formed the basis of practical calculations in fluid mechanics and computational fluid mechanics.

'''Alexey Kontorovich''' (RUS) – Awarded for research on the implementation of new methods of surveying, prospecting and exploiting of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits.

'''Nikolai Laverov''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research and large-scale implementation of new methods for the exploration and production of oil, gas and uranium deposits.

'''2008'''

'''[[Eduard Volkov]]''' (RUS) – Awarded for the creation and implementation of synthetic oil production technologies.

'''[[Clement Bowman]]''' (CA) and '''Oleg Favorsky''' (RUS) – Awarded for the theoretical justification, creation and implementation of efficient technologies for synthetic fuel production from bituminous schist and oil sands.

'''2007'''

'''[[Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson|Thorsteinn Ingi Sigfusson]]''' (IS) – Awarded for research and development in the implementation of hydrogen to power vehicles.

'''[[Geoffrey Hewitt]]''' (UK) – Awarded for developing the idea of fuel generation on the basis of water power.

'''[[Vladimir Nakoryakov]]''' (RUS) - Awarded for the project “Physicotechnical Bases of Power Technologies — Hydrodinamics and Heat Exchange, Non-Stationary and Wave Processes in Multiphase Mediums”.

'''2006'''

'''[[Evgeny Velikhov]]''' (RUS), '''Masaji Yoshikawa''' (JP) and '''[[Robert Aymar]]''' (FR) – Awarded for the development of a scientific and technical basis for the creation of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER Project).

'''2005'''

'''[[Zhores Alferov]]''' (RUS) – Awarded for his contribution to the creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy.

'''Klaus Riedle''' (DE) – Awarded for the development and creation of high-temperature gas turbines for steam and gas power plants.

'''2004'''

'''Fyodor Mitenkov''' (RUS) – Awarded for development of fast-neutron reactors.

'''Leonard J. Koch''' (USA) and '''Alexander Sheindlin''' (RUS) – Awarded for fundamental research into the thermo physical properties of substances at extremely high temperatures.

'''2003'''

'''[[Nick Holonyak]]''' (USA) – Awarded for his contribution to the development of power silicon electronics and the invention of the first semi-conducting light-emitting diodes in a visible part of the spectrum.

'''[[Gennady Mesyats]]''' (RUS) and '''Ian Douglas Smith''' (USA) – Awarded for fundamental research and development in the field of pulse power engineering.

== Award Process ==

=== Nominations ===

The nomination process begins on 1 October and ends on 1 March of the following year. Candidates for the Prize can by nominated by:

* [[Nobel Prize]] laureates for physics or chemistry;
* Winners of the [[Kyoto Prize|Kyoto]], [[Max Planck Medal|Max Planck]], [[Wolf Prize|Wolf]], [[Balzan Prize|Balzan]], and [[Zayed Future Energy Prize|Zayed Prizes]], [[Energy Globe Award|Energy Globe]], [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman Environment]], UNEP Sasakawa Prize;
* Members of the Russian Department for Earth Sciences, the Department for Physical Sciences, the Department for Chemistry and Material Sciences, the Department of Energy, Machinery, and Mechanics, as well as foreign members of the aforementioned departments;
* Laureates of the Global Energy International Prize;
* Scientists specially invited for this purpose by Global Energy.

Nominators suggest candidates for the Prize by submitting pre-defined nomination forms. Once the nomination process is closed on 1 March, the Commission of Experts provides a preliminary expert assessment of the nominees and their scientific achievements. The Commission of Experts consists of independent international experts from international energy organisations, scientific bodies and energy industry. The Commission of Experts’ recommendations – a list consisted of up to 5 nominees – is forwarded to the International Award Committee, which make the final selection of the winners.

=== Selection ===

In April, the International Award Committee makes a final decision on awarding the Global Energy Prize. The Committee may only cast a vote if 2/3 of its members are present. Laureates are selected by secret ballot and require a 2/3 majority of the Committee Members participating, but not less than half of the votes of the total number of Committee Members. Should the Committee fail to come to a decision, a second voting round is arranged for nominations which have received no less than 1/3 of the votes of participating Members. Furthermore, there can be no more than three laureates in a given year. Each year’s laureates have to include at least one Russian national and one foreign.

=== International Award Committee ===

The International Award Committee is responsible for choosing the Winners of the Global Energy Prize. This Committee, selected by the General Assembly of the Global Energy Non-Profit Partnership for a term of 5 years, includes representatives of the most reputable scientific and academic organizations (such as [[MIT Energy Initiative]], [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates]]), as well as governmental and public figures from Russia and abroad (i.e. Ministry for Education and Science of the Russian Federation). The Committee is managed by the Chairman and Academic Secretary of the International Awards Committee. In 2013 Professor Rodney John Allam, Noble Prize and Global Energy Prize winner, was elected Chairman of the Committee. The Committee consists of 26 members, including the chairperson. Russian citizens may not exceed the number of foreign nationals on the Committee.

=== Award Ceremonies ===

The Global Energy Prize is presented to laureates at an official award ceremony that takes place in St Petersburg, Russia, during the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum|International Economic Forum]]. The laureate is recognised at the Forum for his or her contribution to global energy research at a ceremony attended by Russian government officials, leading scientists, directors of national and international scientific and public organizations, members of the Partnership’s Board of Trustees, International Award Committee and Partnership members. Laureates are presented a commemorative medal, a diploma, an honorary lapel pin and a monetary prize by the [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]].

[[File:GE Prize Awards.png|center]]

<div style="text-align: center;">2012 Global Energy International Prize award ceremony with laureates (left to right): Kostuk Valery, Boris Katorgin and Rodney John Allam.</center>

== Prize ==

=== Statuette ===

The statuette received by a Global Energy Prize is made of gold and silver. The statuette conceptualises scientific contributions to the field of energy: the image on the front side of the medal is that of a rising star, symbolising discovery, whereas the back shows a star already risen, portraying the laureate’s recognised contribution to global energy research.

[[File:Global Energy Prize.png|center]]

=== Diploma ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a diploma recognising their contribution to the field of energy.

[[File:GE Prize Diploma.png|center]]

=== Honorary Pin ===

An honorary pin is provided to Global Energy Prize laureates to reflect their scientific achievement.

[[File:GE Prize Honorary Pin.png|center]]

=== Award Money ===

Each Global Energy Prize laureate is awarded a monetary prize of 1.3 million USD (33 million RUB).

== Achievements ==

Since its establishment in 2002, the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a respected global energy award:

* Russian President Vladimir Putin, Global Energy Prize 2012: ''“Since its inception, the Global Energy Prize has been one of the most prestigious international awards, rallying around shared goals the creative community of talented scientists, researchers and experts in the field of energy from Russia and many other countries. Each year the award’s credibility grows, and the presentation ceremony is famous for its unique atmosphere of creativity, openness and scientific solidarity.”''

* Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Global Energy Prize 2008: ''“I am delighted, on behalf of Canadians, to offer [[Clement Bowman]] my warmest congratulations on [his] selection as recipient of the International Global Energy Prize 2008 for [his] efforts in the development of highly efficient energy technologies … thus contributing to the energy saving problem of humanity.”''

* Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], Global Energy Prize 2006: ''“I appreciate this award, which recognises scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of energy. I hope that this award will further encourage researchers to search for new solutions in the field of global energy.”''

== References ==

=== Notes ===

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/laureate Global Energy Prize laureates]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/uploads/docs/annual_reports/otchet2012.pdf Global Energy Prize 2011 Annual Report]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/8/text Global Energy Prize Founders]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/11/text Global Energy Prize International Award Committee]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/9/text Global Energy Prize Attributes]

[http://www.globalenergyprize.org/en/menu/46/text Global Energy Prize Greetings from the Heads of State & Government]

=== Bibliography ===

EcoGeneration Australia, [http://ecogeneration.com.au/news/us_and_russian_scientists_awarded_global_energy_prize/061364/ US and Russian scientists awarded Global Energy Prize] June, 2011

EnergyAsia, [http://energyasia.com/public-stories/russia-president-medvedev-awards-global-energy-prize-2011-to-joint-winners-rosenfield-and-rutberg/ President Medvedev awards Global Energy Prize 2011], June 2011

PRNewswire, [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-energy-prize-summit-aims-at-revolutionising-energy-thinking-175250731.html Global Energy Prize Summit Aims at Revolutionising Energy Thinking], October 2012

== External links ==
* [http://globalenergyprize.org/en/ Website]
* [http://www.globalenergynews.org/ Global Energy Prize Newsletter]

[[Category:Science and engineering awards]]

Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation

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WW: add, update

{{Infobox university
|name = Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI)
|native_name = Санкт-Петербургский государственный автономный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГУАП)
|image_name = Главное здание ГУАП.jpg

|established = 1941
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|president = [[Anatoly Ovodenko]]
|rector = [[Yulia Antokhina]]

|city = [[Saint Petersburg]] & [[Ivangorod]]
|state =
|country = [[Russia]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
|campus = [[urban area|urban]]
|free_label =
|free =
|colours =
|affiliations =
|footnotes =
|website = [http://guap.ru/ guap.ru (in Russian)] [http://suai.ru/ suai.ru (in English)] [http://guap.info/en/index.html guap.info/en/ (in English)]
|address = SUAI, 67, Bolshaya Morskaia, 190000, Saint-Petersburg, RUSSIA
|publictransit =
|telephone =
|coor =
|logo =
}}

The '''Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation''' ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения}}) is a university with 13 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. Faculties are devoted to [[innovation management]], [[aerospace engineering]], [[electronic engineering]], [[energy development]], [[computer science]], [[telecommunication]], [[humanities]], [[military science]], [[economics]], [[jurisprudence]] and special faculties for [[distance education]] and recently acquired [[college]]s.<ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_rect.shtml</ref>

University has several buildings and campuses, two of them located near to [[Chesme Church]]. Main building is located on shore of [[Moyka River]], on the opposite shore of river stands the building of [[Moika Palace]]. One campus of SUAI is situated in [[Ivangorod]], near to border with [[Estonia]].

There are students from many countries through international educational programs.<ref>http://guap.info/en/index.html</ref><ref>http://iiaat.guap.ru/</ref> Total quantity of students is more than 10 thousand.<ref>http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/saint-petersburg-state-university-aerospace-instrumentation-suai</ref><ref name="h">http://www.russoft.ru/msf/presentations/krouk.pdf</ref>

==Faculties==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name <ref>http://guap.ru/guap/main/struct_main.shtml</ref>
! Established
! Quantity of departments
|-
| Institute of [[innovation management|innovation]] and basic training of [[Master's degree|masters]]
| 2008
| 6
|-
| Institute of [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace equipment]] and systems
| 1941
| 5
|-
| Institute of [[radio engineering]], [[electronics]] and [[telecommunication]]
| 1945
| 5
|-
| Institute of innovative technologies in [[electromechanics]] and [[energy development]]
| 1962
| 2
|-
| Institute of [[computer system]]s and [[computer programming]]
| 1962
| 4
|-
| Institute of [[information systems]] and [[information security]]
| 2005
| 4
|-
| Faculty of [[humanities]]
| 1991
| 4
|-
| Institute of [[military science|military education]]
| 2001
| 2
|-
| Institute of [[business]] technologies
| 1986
| 7
|-
| Faculty of [[jurisprudence]]
| 1994
| 6
|-
|-
| Institute for [[open education|open]] and [[distance learning]]
| 1951
| 2
|-
|-
| Faculty of additional [[Professional development|professional education]]
| 1969
| 2
|-
|-
| Faculty of [[vocational education]] (two united colleges)
| 1930/2009
| 5
|-
|}

==History==

In 1941 the institute was founded as the "[[Leningrad]] Institute of Aviation" ({{lang-ru|Ленинградский авиационный институт}}).

In 1945 the institute was reorganized as the "Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation" ({{lang-ru|Ленинградский институт авиационного приборостроения (ЛИАП)}}).

In 1992 the Leningrad Institute of Aerospace Instrumentation passed the state [[accreditation]] and has received a new status - Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Aerospace Instrumentation ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургская государственная академия аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГААП)}}).

In 1998 the Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Aerospace Instrumentation passed the state accreditation and has received a new status - Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (abbreviation SUAI) ({{lang-ru|Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГУАП)}}).<ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_hist.shtml</ref><ref>http://guap.info/en/guap.html</ref>

In 2007 SUAI acquired two colleges, whose main specializations were computer science, automatics and electronics. They were united into new faculty in 2009. Both of them were established in 1930.

== International Partners ==
'''Worldwide'''
* [[International Society of Automation]] <ref>http://www.isaeur.org/sec.html</ref><ref>http://isa.aanet.ru/</ref>
* [[SPIE]] <ref>http://spie.org/x1742.xml?chapter_id=1022446</ref>
* [[UNESCO]] <ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_udep.shtml</ref><ref>http://iite.unesco.org/unesco_chairs/</ref>
* [[CDIO]] <ref>http://www.cdio.org/node/6205 </ref>
'''In Argentine'''
* [[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina]]
'''In Belgium'''
* [[College of Europe]]
'''In Bulgaria'''
* [[Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)]]
'''In Canada'''
* [[McMaster University]]
'''In China'''
* [[Beihang University]]
* [[Harbin Institute of Technology]]
* [[Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]
'''In Europe'''
* [[TEMPUS]] <ref>http://tempus.guap.ru/?n=en&p=partners</ref>
'''In Finland and Russia'''
* [[FRUCT]]
* [[Turku Science Park]]
'''In France'''
* [[:fr:École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique|École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique]]
* [[École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (Cergy-Pontoise)]]
* [[École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques]]
* [[École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques]]
* [[INRIA]]
* [[Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris]]
* [[Rouen Business School]]
* [[University of Bordeaux 1]]
* [[University of Franche-Comté]]
'''In Hungary'''
* [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]]
'''In Germany'''
* [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]
* [[University of Stuttgart]]
* [[University of Ulm]]
'''In Israel'''
* [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]]
'''In Italy'''
* [[University of Catania]]
* [[Roma Tre University]]
'''In Korea'''
* [[Keimyung University]]
'''In The Netherlands'''
* [[Eindhoven University of Technology]]
'''In Poland'''
* [[Szczecin University of Technology]]
'''In Russia'''
* [[Russian Federal Space Agency]]
* [[Moscow State Aviation Technological University]]
* [[Baltic State Technical University]]
* [[Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev]]
* [[Moscow Aviation Institute]]
* [[Siberian State Aerospace University]]
* [[Ufa State Aviation Technical University]]
* [[:ru:Рыбинский государственный авиационный технический университет имени П. А. Соловьёва|Rybinsk State Aviation Technical University]]
* [[:ru:Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет|Samara State Aerospace University]]
* [[Ulyanovsk State University]]
'''In Spain'''
* [[Technical University of Madrid]]
* [[University of Valladolid]]
'''In Sweden'''
* [[Lund University]]
'''In Taiwan'''
* [[National Chiao Tung University]]
* [[Ching Yun University]]
'''In USA'''
* [[Indiana University]]
* [[Harrison College (Indiana)]]
* [[University of California, Riverside]]
* [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
* [[Suffolk University]]
and others,.<ref name="h" /><ref>http://suai.ru/m_univ_inco.shtml</ref>

==Famous students and alumni==
* [[Georgy Poltavchenko]] - governor of [[Saint Petersburg]]
* [[Andrey Turchak]] - governor of [[Pskov Oblast]]
* [[Igor Anatolyevich Orlov|Igor Orlov]] - governor of [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
* [[Maria Semyonova]] - writer
* [[Anatoly Roshchin]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 1972
* [[Viktor Rashchupkin]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 1980
* [[Igor Daniloff]] (alternative spelling Igor Danilov) - founder and CTO of [[Dr. Web]] anti-virus company
* [[Konstantin Khabensky]] - actor (not ended)
* [[Oleg Kuvaev]] - artist, designer and animator
* [[Alexander Vasilyev (musician)|Alexander Vasilyev]] - musician (not ended)
* [[Viktor Khryapa]] - bronze medalist of Summer Olympic Games 2012
* [[Natalia Vorobieva]] - Olympic Champion of Summer Olympic Games 2012
* [[Andrey Moguchy]] - artistic director of [[Tovstonogov Bolshoi Drama Theater]]

==Famous faculty==
* [[Yuri Vasilyevich Gulyayev]] - full Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984-1991), the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1991)

==References==
{{Commons category|Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation}}
{{reflist}}

{{coord|59|55|46|N|30|17|46|E|type:edu_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1941]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Aerospace engineering organizations]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in Russia]]
[[Category:Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Higher education in Russia]]
[[Category:Universities in Saint Petersburg]]

SUAI

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WW: ←Redirected page to Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation

#REDIRECT[[Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation]]

User:WW

2015-10-11T09:58:16Z

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* [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Expanded]]
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