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User talk:80.246.130.131

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== September 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/80.246.130.131|your recent contributions]] to [[:Office of the MTA Inspector General]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 14:14, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
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Office of the MTA Inspector General

2024-09-25T14:14:36Z

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{{short description|New York State government agency}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Office of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Inspector General
| type =
| seal = MTA OIG Seal.png
| seal_size = 150
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
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| image =
| image_size =
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1983}}
| jurisdiction = [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]
| headquarters = [[One Penn Plaza]], [[Manhattan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40|45|5|N|73|59|35|W|type:landmark_region:US-NY_scale:10000|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Daniel Cort
| chief1_position = Inspector General
| chief2_name =
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| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]
| parent_agency_type = [[New York state public benefit corporations|Public benefit corporation]]
| keydocument1 = New York State Public Authorities Law §1279<ref name="NYS Senate" />
| website = {{URL|mtaig.ny.gov}}
| map =
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}}

The '''Office of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Inspector General''' (OIG) is the [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|Office of Inspector General]] specific to the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] (MTA) that is responsible for conducting monitoring and oversight of MTA activities, programs, and employees.

OIG provides oversight and monitors the activities of the MTA in order to ensure a safe, reliable, clean, and affordable public transportation system in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. Through its investigations, audits, legal work, and other studies, the OIG works to help the MTA improve its performance and to enhance the quality, efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of its agencies' operations and substantiate allegations of waste, fraud, and abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/management/article/21137913/understanding-how-your-federal-transit-dollars-are-being-spent|website=www.masstransitmag.com|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

== Organization ==

=== Audits ===
The OIG Audit Division conducts in-depth audits and reviews of a wide variety of policy initiatives, program operations, and service-related activities of MTA agencies. OIG audits assess whether MTA operations are safe, accessible, and efficient, and make recommendations for improvement as appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTA Inspector General: Brooklyn Borough Hall Ceiling Collapse Could Have Been Avoided|url=http://gothamist.com/news/mta-inspector-general-brooklyn-borough-hall-ceiling-collapse-could-have-been-avoided|last=staff/jen-chung|date=2019-11-19|website=Gothamist|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=2019-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120151218/https://gothamist.com/news/mta-inspector-general-brooklyn-borough-hall-ceiling-collapse-could-have-been-avoided|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoddy Vetting Lets Convicts Get Jobs With MTA: Audit|url=https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/shoddy-vetting-lets-convicts-get-jobs-mta-audit|date=2019-12-04|website=New York City, NY Patch|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> The OIG Audit Division regularly consults with the MTA Auditor General and other audit and investigative units throughout federal, state, and local New York government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuomo calls for forensic audit of MTA capital plan|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/mta-forensic-auditor-1.37262639|website=Newsday|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

=== Legal & Investigations ===
The OIG Investigations Division receives and investigates complaints from within and outside the MTA concerning alleged fraud and other criminality, waste, and abuse. The division's priorities are the detection and deterrence of fraud, the protection of MTA assets, and assuring the safety of MTA ridership. Where appropriate, matters are referred to relevant law enforcement and other governmental officials on the federal, state, and local levels for further investigation and/or for criminal or civil prosecution, in which OIG routinely participates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=D.A. Vance, MTA I.G. Pokorny Announce Charges in Metro-North Railroad Bid-Rigging Scheme|url=https://www.manhattanda.org/d-a-vance-mta-i-g-pokorny-announce-charges-in-metro-north-railroad-bid-rigging-scheme/|date=2020-01-17|website=Manhattan District Attorney's Office|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Queens District Attorney's office working with MTA's inspector general on overtime : Empire Center for Public Policy|url=https://www.empirecenter.org/publications/queens-district-attorneys-office-working-with-mtas-inspector-general-on-overtime/|website=www.empirecenter.org|date=16 May 2019|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

== Tips & Complaints ==
Like all Offices of Inspector General,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspector General Complaints · GI Rights Hotline: Military Discharges and Military Counseling|url=https://girightshotline.org/en/military-knowledge-base/topic/grievances-inspector-general-complaints|website=girightshotline.org|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> MTA OIG audits and investigations are frequently generated from tips and complaints received from various sources including MTA riders, workers, and third parties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTA's inspector general hits the rails running|url=https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/mta-inspector-general-pokorny-invigorates-office-boosts-transparency|date=2019-09-12|website=Bond Buyer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1983-08-06|title=Opinion {{!}} WHEN AN M.T.A. USER LODGES A COMPLAINT|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/06/opinion/l-when-an-mta-user-lodges-a-complaint-080256.html|access-date=2020-02-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2019, the OIG received the largest amount of complaints in the office's history.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTA OIG Annual Report 2019|url=http://www.mtaig.state.ny.us/assets/pdf/annual/2019.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The MTA needs to get serious about penalizing employee theft|url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/08/the-mta-needs-to-get-serious-about-penalizing-employee-theft/|last=Board|first=Post Editorial|date=2020-03-08|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1983, the [[New York State Legislature]] established the Office of the MTA Inspector General through Public Authorities Law 1279.<ref name="NYS Senate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PBA/1279|title=Metropolitan transportation authority inspector general|date=2020-02-15|website=NY State Senate|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> The MTA Inspector General is nominated by the [[New York State Governor]] and must be confirmed by the [[New York State Senate]].<ref name="NYS Senate" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-22|title=Transportation Meeting|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/calendar/meetings/transportation/may-30-2019/transportation-meeting|access-date=2020-08-17|website=NY State Senate|language=en}}</ref>

The agency's creation was requested by then-Governor [[Mario Cuomo]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Levine|first=Richard|date=1983-06-12|title=The Region in Summary; Cuomo Salvages Something on His M.T.A. Plan|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/12/weekinreview/the-region-in-summary-cuomo-salvages-something-on-his-mta-plan.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The first MTA Inspector General was Sidney Schwartz.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gargan|first=Edward A.|date=1983-11-25|title='Watchdog' Over M.t.a. Stirs Worry|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/25/nyregion/watchdog-over-mta-stirs-worry.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2019, Carolyn Pokorny became the first female MTA Inspector General.<ref name="Cuomo">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-30 |title=Governor Cuomo Announces Unanimous Confirmation of Carolyn Pokorny - Former Federal Prosecutor and Deputy Chief of Staff to U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch - as Inspector General at the MTA |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-unanimous-confirmation-carolyn-pokorny-former-federal-prosecutor-and |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=Governor Andrew M. Cuomo |language=en}}</ref>

=== List of MTA Inspectors General ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+MTA Inspectors General
!MTA Inspector General
!Tenure
!Nominated By
|-
|Sidney Schwartz
|1983 - 1985
|[[Mario Cuomo]]
|-
|Sanford E. Russell
|1985 - 1988
|[[Mario Cuomo]]
|-
|John S. Pritchard III<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ap|date=1987-12-15|title=Ex-F.B.I. Agent Is Nominated As M.T.A. Inspector General|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/15/nyregion/ex-fbi-agent-is-nominated-as-mta-inspector-general.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|1988 - 1992
|[[Mario Cuomo]]
|-
|Henry B. Flinter<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-04-16|title=L.I.R.R. Chief Won't Resign Under Pressure|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/16/nyregion/lirr-chief-won-t-resign-under-pressure.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|1993 - 1995
|[[George Pataki]]
|-
|Roland M. Malan<ref>{{Cite news|last=Newman|first=Andy|date=1997-09-17|title=Company Sues M.T.A., Saying It Was Denied Fair Chance to Vend Metrocards|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/17/nyregion/company-sues-mta-saying-it-was-denied-fair-chance-to-vend-metrocards.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|1995 - 2000
|[[George Pataki]]
|-
|Matthew D. Sansverie<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lambert|first=Bruce|date=2003-04-22|title=M.T.A. Inspector General Defends His Record and Agency's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/22/nyregion/mta-inspector-general-defends-his-record-and-agency-s.html|access-date=2020-05-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|2000 - 2006
|[[George Pataki]]
|-
|Barry Kluger<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTA Inspector General stepping down amid ongoing probes into alleged overtime abuses|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-mta-inspector-general-cuomo-retiring-overtime-investigation-20190524-gakcaaen6ndlxfmmaaxkuyjpoy-story.html|last=Slattery|first=Denis|website=nydailynews.com|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>
|2007 - 2019
|[[Eliot Spitzer]]
|-
|[[Carolyn Pokorny]]<ref name="Cuomo" />
|2019 - 2021
|[[Andrew Cuomo]]
|-
|Elizabeth Keating
|2022 - 2023
|Acting Inspector General
|-
|Daniel G. Cort<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=NYC investigation veteran Daniel Cort named MTA Inspector General |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-inspector-general-daniel-cort-20230616-kf4izxpizzbq3js2w25aq44fba-story.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>
|2023 - Present
|[[Kathy Hochul]]
|}

== Statutory Authority ==
Public Authorities Law (PAL) §1279 authorizes and directs the MTA Inspector General to independently review the operations of the MTA and its constituent agencies: [[New York City Transit Authority]], [[Long Island Rail Road]], [[Metro-North Railroad]], [[MTA Bridges and Tunnels]], [[MTA Bus]], and [[MTA Capital Construction]].<ref name="NYS Senate" />

In terms of the scope of its statutory authority to perform this review, the OIG has “full and unrestricted access” to all “records, information, data, reports, plans, projections, contracts, memoranda, correspondence and any others materials” of the MTA (PAL §1279[3]).<ref name="NYS Senate" />

The Inspector General also has the following statutory functions, powers, and duties (PAL §1279[4]):

* Receive and investigate complaints from any source or upon his own initiative concerning alleged abuses, frauds, and service deficiencies, relating to the MTA.
* Initiate such reviews as he deems appropriate of the operations of the MTA to identify areas in which performance might be improved and available funds used more effectively.
* Recommend remedial action to be taken by the MTA to overcome or correct operating or maintenance deficiencies or inefficiencies that he determines to exist.
* Make available to appropriate law enforcement officials information and evidence relating to criminal acts that he obtains in the course of his duties.
*Subpoena witnesses, administer oaths and affirmations, take testimony and compel production of books, papers, records, and documents as he deems relevant to any inquiry or investigation pursuant to PAL §1279.
* Monitor implementation by the MTA of recommendations made by the Inspector General or other audit agencies.
* Do “all things necessary” to carry out the above functions, powers, and duties.

The Inspector General, who is an ex officio member of the New York State Public Transportation Safety Board (PTSB) with authority to vote on matters involving the operations of the MTA (as per Transportation Law §216[1]), is further authorized and directed to cooperate, consult, and coordinate with PTSB regarding any activity concerning the operation of the MTA.3 With respect to any accident on the facilities of the MTA, the primary responsibility for investigation belongs to PTSB, which is required to share its findings with the Inspector General (PAL §1279[5]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Consolidated Laws, Transportation Law - TRA § 216|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/transportation-law/tra-sect-216.html|website=Findlaw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

The OIG is required to make annual public reports to the governor and members of the legislature (PAL §1279[6]).

The Inspector General may request from any office or agency of the State of New York or any of its political subdivisions, such cooperation, assistance, services, and data as will enable him to carry out his functions, powers, and duties, and they are authorized and directed to comply (PAL §1279[7]).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Metropolitan Transportation Authority|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]
[[Category:United States inspectors general]]

User talk:151.37.130.15

2024-09-25T14:14:07Z

WinterWarp: Caution: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/151.37.130.15|your recent contributions]] to [[:August Schellenberg]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 12:27, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
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[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Ralph Waite]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 14:14, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
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Ralph Waite

2024-09-25T14:13:52Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 151.37.130.15 (talk) to rev. 1246302934 by 179.42.4.26: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{short description|American actor (1928–2014)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2021}}
{{Distinguish|Ralph White}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ralph Waite
| image = Ralph Waite.jpg
| caption = Waite at the 40th anniversary of ''[[The Waltons]]'' on September 29, 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|6|22}}
| birth_place = [[White Plains, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|2|13|1928|6|22}}
| death_place = [[Palm Desert, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[White Plains Rural Cemetery]]
| alma_mater = [[Bucknell University]] and Yale Divinity School
| occupation = Actor, political activist
| years_active = 1954–2014
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Beverly Waite|1951|1966|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Kerry Shear Waite|1977|1981|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Linda East|1982|}}
}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Ralph Waite''' (June 22, 1928 – February 13, 2014) was an American actor, best known for his lead role as [[List of The Waltons characters|John Walton Sr.]] on ''[[The Waltons]]'' (1972–1981), which he occasionally directed. He later had recurring roles as two other heroic fathers; in ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' as [[List of NCIS characters#Jackson Gibbs|Jackson Gibbs]], the father of [[Leroy Jethro Gibbs]], and in ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'', as [[Seeley Booth]]'s grandfather. Waite had supporting roles in movies such as ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]'' (1967), ''[[Five Easy Pieces]]'' (1970), ''[[The Grissom Gang]]'' (1971), ''[[The Bodyguard (1992 film)|The Bodyguard]]'' (1992), and ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'' (1993).<ref>{{cite news|title=Ralph Waite will be honored in 'NCIS' season finale|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2014/02/24/ralph-waite-will-be-honored-in-ncis-season-finale/5785555|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=February 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Waite, the eldest of five children, was born in [[White Plains, New York]], on June 22, 1928, to Ralph H. Waite, a construction engineer, and Esther (née Mitchell) Waite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/87/Ralph-Waite.html|title=Ralph Waite profile at|publisher=Filmreference.com|access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref> He graduated from [[White Plains High School|White Plains Senior High School]] in 1946. Too young for [[World War II]], Waite served in the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] from 1946 to 1948, then graduated from [[Bucknell University]] in [[Lewisburg, Pennsylvania]]. He worked briefly as a [[social worker]]. Waite earned a master's degree from [[Yale University]]'s [[Yale Divinity School|Divinity School]] and was an ordained [[Presbyterian]] minister and religious editor at [[HarperCollins|Harper & Row, New York]], before deciding on an acting career.<ref name="pcusa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2010/8/6/waltons-star-ralph-waite-finds-home-church|title=Presbyterian Church (USA) – Ralph Waite finds a home in church|publisher=Pcusa.org|date=August 6, 2010|access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Peninsula Players]] summer theater program during the 1963 season.<ref>Peninsula Players 65th Anniversary Program, 1999</ref>

In 1963, Waite made his Broadway debut as the Minister in ''Marathon '33'', written and directed by [[June Havoc]].<ref>Playbill, vol. 1 (January 1964) No. 1, Marathon ’33, p. 27.</ref> He next appeared in ''[[Blues for Mister Charlie]]'', and worked on- and off-Broadway steadily throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byrge |first=Duane |date=February 13, 2014 |title='The Waltons' Actor Ralph Waite Dead at 85 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/waltons-actor-ralph-waite-dead-680278 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>

==Film work==
[[File:Waltons 1972.JPG|thumb|270px|From ''[[The Waltons]]'' (1972), L-R: Ralph Waite, [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]], and [[Michael Learned]] ]]

His film work included roles in ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]'', ''[[Five Easy Pieces]]'', ''[[Lawman (film)|Lawman]]'', ''[[Kid Blue]]'', ''[[The Grissom Gang]]'', ''[[Chato's Land]]'', and ''[[The Stone Killer]]''. His later films included ''[[The Bodyguard (1992 film)|The Bodyguard]]'', the part of Frank the helicopter pilot in the 1993 film ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'', and as the mysterious time traveler in ''[[Timequest (film)|Timequest]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite news |title=R.I.P. 'The Waltons' Patriarch Ralph Waite |url=https://deadline.com/2014/02/ralph-waite-dead-the-waltons-papa-john-683164/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> He also voiced Shadow in ''Homeward Bound II''.

==Later stage work==
Waite scored a personal triumph when he created the role of Will Kidder in the Pulitzer Prize-winning ''[[The Young Man from Atlanta]]'', by playwright [[Horton Foote]], in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=January 30, 1995 |title=THEATER REVIEW; Nameless Menace In Latest By Foote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/30/theater/theater-review-nameless-menace-in-latest-by-foote.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Waite was married three times, two marriages ending in divorce. He had three daughters from his first marriage. His eldest daughter, Sharon Waite, died of leukemia when she was 9 years old in 1964.<ref>[http://judson.org/images/Judson_House_21_Beverly_Waite.pdf Interview with Beverly Waite] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207181503/http://www.judson.org/images/Judson_House_21_Beverly_Waite.pdf |date=December 7, 2012 }}; accessed May 19, 2014.</ref> [[Liam Waite]], one of Waite's stepsons, is also an actor. After 50 years away from organized religion, Waite returned in 2010 and became an active member of Spirit of the Desert Presbyterian Fellowship in [[Palm Desert, California]].<ref name="pcusa1"/>

===Political involvement===
Waite ran unsuccessfully for [[United States Congress|Congress]] in California as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] on three occasions: In 1990, he challenged veteran GOP incumbent [[Al McCandless]] in the [[Riverside County]]-based 37th district, losing by 5%. In 1998, Waite ran in the special election for the then-[[Palm Springs]]-based 44th district left vacant by the death of incumbent [[Sonny Bono]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lyman|first=Rick|title=On Stage and Off|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/13/movies/on-stage-and-off.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|access-date=August 30, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 13, 1998}}</ref> He was defeated in that election by [[Mary Bono]], Sonny's widow, and lost to her again that November.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Waltons' actor Ralph Waite dies at 85 |url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2014/02/14/the-waltons-actor-ralph-waite-dies-at-85/ |work=[[KSWB-TV|Fox 5 San Diego]] |date=February 14, 2014 |access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>

On October 21, 1991, Waite introduced former California Governor [[Jerry Brown]] prior to the latter's speech announcing his candidacy for the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992|1992 Democratic presidential nomination]].<ref>[http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/BrownA Brown Presidential Campaign Announcement], Oct 21 1991</ref>

====Electoral history====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|-
!|Year
!|Office
!|Democrat
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Republican
!|Votes
!|Pct
|-
|1990
|U.S House of Representatives District 37
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Jeffrey Jacobs 29% Ralph Waite 71%
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |103,961
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |44.8%
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Bud Mathewson 27% '''Al McCandless''' 73%
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |115,469
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |49.8%
|-
|1998
|U.S House of Representatives District 44 (special election)
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Ralph Waite
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |24,228
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |28.8%
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''Mary Bono'''
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |53,755
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |64%
|-
|1998
|U.S House of Representatives District 39 (general election)
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Ralph Waite
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |57,697
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |35.7%
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''Mary Bono'''
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |97,013
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |60.1%
|}

==Death==
On February 13, 2014, Waite died in [[Palm Desert, California]], of natural causes at age 85.<ref>[http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2014/02/14/the-waltons-actor-ralph-waite-dies-at-85-in-palm-desert/5470743/ "The Waltons' actor Ralph Waite dies at 85 in Palm Desert."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514232411/http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2014/02/14/the-waltons-actor-ralph-waite-dies-at-85-in-palm-desert/5470743/ |date=May 14, 2014 }}, "Mydesert.com", February 13, 2014</ref> He is buried in [[White Plains Rural Cemetery]] in New York.

==Filmography==
===Film===
'''Director'''
* ''[[On the Nickel]]'' (1980) (Also writer)

'''Actor'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]''
| "Alibi"
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[A Lovely Way to Die]]''
| Sean Magruder
|
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Last Summer (1969 film)|Last Summer]]''
| Peter's Father
| Uncredited
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Five Easy Pieces]]''
| Carl Fidelio Dupea
|
|-
|rowspan=4|1971
| ''[[The Pursuit of Happiness (1971 film)|The Pursuit of Happiness]]''
| Detective Cromie
|
|-
| ''[[The Sporting Club (film)|The Sporting Club]]''
| Olson
|
|-
| ''[[Lawman (film)|Lawman]]''
| Jack Dekker
|
|-
| ''[[The Grissom Gang]]''
| Mace
|
|-
|rowspan=3|1972
| ''[[Chato's Land]]''
| Elias Hooker
|
|-
| ''Hot Summer Week''
| John
|
|-
| ''[[The Magnificent Seven Ride!]]''
| Jim MacKay
|
|-
|rowspan=3|1973
| ''[[Trouble Man (film)|Trouble Man]]''
| Pete Cockrell
|
|-
| ''[[Kid Blue]]''
| Drummer
|
|-
| ''[[The Stone Killer]]''
| Mathews
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[On the Nickel]]''
| C.G.
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Angel City (film)|Angel City]]''
| Jared Teeter
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Good Old Boy: A Delta Boyhood''
| The Narrator
|
|-
| 1989
| ''Red Earth, White Earth''
| Martin
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
| ''[[Crash and Burn (1990 film)|Crash and Burn]]''
| Lathan Hooks
|
|-
| ''[[Desperate Hours]]''
|
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[The Bodyguard (1992 film)|The Bodyguard]]''
| Herb Farmer
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]''
| Ranger Frank
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Sioux City (film)|Sioux City]]''
| Drew McDermott
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco]]''
| Shadow
| Voice
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Timequest (film)|Timequest]]''
| The Time Traveler
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Sunshine State (film)|Sunshine State]]''
| Furman Temple
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Silver City (2004 film)|Silver City]]''
| Casey Lyle
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Letters to God]]''
| Cornelius Perryfield
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[25 Hill]]''
| Ed
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Gabe the Cupid Dog''
| R.L. Dutton
|
|}

===Television===
'''Director'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 1973-1980
| ''[[The Waltons]]''
| 16 episodes
|-
| 1983
| ''[[The Mississippi (TV series)|The Mississippi]]''
| Episode "Mardi Gras"
|}

'''Actor'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Look Up and Live]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 1967–1968
| ''[[N.Y.P.D. (TV series)|N.Y.P.D.]]''
| Robert Stryker
|
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Bonanza]]''
| Hoby
| Episode "The Lady and the Mark"
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Nichols (TV series)|Nichols]]''
| Sam Burton
|
|-
| 1972–1981
| ''[[The Waltons]]''
| John Walton Sr.
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Roots (1977 miniseries)|Roots]]''
| Slater, First Mate
|
|-
| 1978
| ''CBS: On the Air''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[The Mississippi (TV series)|The Mississippi]]''
| Ben Walker
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Reading Rainbow]]''
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]''
| District Attorney Paul Robbins
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Time Trax]]''
| Lamont Carson
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Murder One (TV series)|Murder One]]''
| Malcolm Dietrich
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Orleans (TV series)|Orleans]]''
| Otis Leblanc
|
|-
|rowspan=3|1999
| ''[[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]''
| Gene Morton
|
|-
| ''[[Chicken Soup for the Soul]]''
| Dad
|
|-
| ''[[Rocket Power]]''
| Doc Freimouth
| Voice
|-
| 2001
| ''[[All My Children]]''
| Bart
|
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Carnivàle]]''
| Reverend Norman Balthus
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[The Practice]]''
| Walter Josephson
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Cold Case]]''
| Felton Metz
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]''
| Sheriff Montgomery
| Episode "Young Man with a Horn"
|-
| 2008–2013
| ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
| [[List of NCIS characters#Jackson Gibbs|Jackson Gibbs]]
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Cleaner (American TV series)|The Cleaner]]''
| Jonus Mullins
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Kickin' It]]''
| Principal Keener
| 7 episodes
|-
| 2009–2014
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| Father Matt
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''
| Irving Waller
| Episode "Tainted Obligation"
|-
| 2009–2013
| ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]''
| [[List of Bones characters#Hank Booth|Hank Booth]]
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Off the Map (TV series)|Off the Map]]''
| Abuelito
| Episode "On the Mean Streets of San Miguel"
|}

'''TV movies'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1967
| ''[[The Borgia Stick]]''
| The Man From Toledo
|
|-
| 1973
| ''[[The Thanksgiving Story]]''
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''The Secret Life of John Chapman''
| John Chapman
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Red Alert (film)|Red Alert]]''
| Henry Stone
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Waiting for Godot]]''
| Pozzo
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[OHMS (1980 film)|OHMS]]''
| Floyd Wing
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Angel City''
| Jared Teeter
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[The Gentleman Bandit (1981 film)|The Gentleman Bandit]]''
| Father Bernard Pagano
|
|-
|rowspan=6|1982-1999
| ''A Wedding on Walton's Mountain''
|rowspan=6|John Walton Sr.
|rowspan=6|[[List of The Waltons episodes#Reunion movies (1982–1997)|Reunion movies]]
|-
| ''Mother's Day on Waltons Mountain''
|-
| ''A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain''
|-
| ''A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion''
|-
| ''A Walton Wedding''
|-
| ''A Walton Easter''
|-
|rowspan=2|1984
| ''A Good Sport''
| Tommy O'Bannon
| Also executive producer
|-
| ''Growing Pains''
| Rob
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Crime of Innocence''
| Frank Hayward
|
|-
| 1990
| ''Sparks: The Price of Passion''
| Orville Lemon
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
| ''[[Sin & Redemption]]''
| Cal Simms
|
|-
| ''Keys''
| Dr. C.J. Halligan
|
|-
| 1995
| ''A Season of Hope''
| Sam Hackett
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Third Twin]]''
| Senator Proust
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[The President's Man]]''
| President Mathews
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Spirit''
| Jacob
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Blessings (film)|Blessings]]''
| Sheriff
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ace Ventura Jr.: Pet Detective]]''
| Grandpa Ventura
|
|-
|}

==Theatre==
* ''Marathon '33'' (1963)
* ''[[Blues for Mister Charlie]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Hogan's Goat]]'' (play) (1965)
* ''[[The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (play)|The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald]]'' (1967)
* [[Other People's Money]] (play, before the film) (1991, Trinity Repertory Company, Providence, RI)
* ''[[The Young Man from Atlanta]]'' (1995)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0906627}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|6477}}
* [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;cc=wiarchives;type=simple;rgn=Entire%20Finding%20Aid;q1=Ralph%20Waite;view=reslist;subview=detail;sort=freq;didno=uw-whs-tape00339a Ralph Waite] at the [[University of Wisconsin]]'s [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223020/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-tape00339a;focusrgn=summaryinfo;cc=wiarchives;byte=50771135 Actors Studio audio collection]
* [http://www.biography.com/people/ralph-waite-20964813 Ralph Waite] on [[Biography Channel]]
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/125110563/ralph-waite Ralph Waite] on [[Find A Grave]]

{{The Waltons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waite, Ralph}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:American actor-politicians]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Bucknell University alumni]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Actors from White Plains, New York]]
[[Category:United States Marines]]
[[Category:Yale Divinity School alumni]]

Conway High School (Arkansas)

2024-09-25T14:12:11Z

WinterWarp: Restoring revision 1238802999 by 150.208.194.1: Multi-edit vandalism by ip (RW 16.1)

{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}{{Infobox school
|name = Conway High School
|image = Conwayhigh.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|streetaddress = 2300 Prince Street
|city = [[Conway, Arkansas|Conway]]
|state = Arkansas 
|zipcode = 72034
|country = USA
|coordinates = {{coord|35|5|35|N|92|27|33|W|region:US|display=inline,title}}
|district = [[Conway Public Schools]]
|affiliation = [[Arkansas Activities Association]] [http://cacc.conwayschools.org Conway Career Center]
|staff = 135.10 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| ceeb = 040490
| us_nces_school_id = 00184
|ratio = 16.14<ref name=NCES/>
|grades = 10-12
|campus type = Urban
|conference = 7A Central
|mascot = [[Wampus cat|Wampus Cat]]
|team_name = Conway Wampus Cats
|school_colors = Blue and white {{color box|#00308F|border=silver}}{{color box|White|border=silver}}
|yearbook = The Wampus Cat
|status = Open
|enrollment = 2,181 (2019-20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0504590&ID=050459000184|title=CONWAY HIGH WEST|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=July 6, 2021}}</ref>
|grade10 = 759<ref name=NCES/>
|grade11 = 702<ref name=NCES/>
|grade12 = 720<ref name=NCES/>
|homepage = {{URL|https://www.conwayschools.org/chs}}
|}}

'''Conway High School''' is a [[comprehensive education|comprehensive]] public school in [[Conway, Arkansas]], [[Secondary education in the United States|United States]]. Conway High School serves over 2,000 students and is administered by the [[Conway School District (Arkansas)|Conway School District]]. The school has been nationally recognized as a [[Blue Ribbon School]] of Excellence, and has won 50 state championships in numerous interscholastic sports.

== History==
Established in 1928, the original buildings of Conway High School served the surrounding community until new facilities were built in 1937 at the corner of Prince St and Davis St. A cafeteria was added in 1948 and a gymnasium in 1949. The cafeteria was demolished in 1961. A new high school campus, using a honeycomb pods system, was constructed in 1968 five blocks west of the original high school on Prince St. Due to student growth in the 1990s, a new junior high was built and the high school's student population was broken up, with 9th and 10th graders attending class at the original high school at Prince and Davis Streets, called the East Campus, while 11th and 12th graders attended class at the main campus, called the West Campus. In 2012 construction of a new high school began next to the old West Campus pods, and was completed in 2013. The pods buildings were then demolished. The new West Campus has 3 floors and 2100 students as of the 2015-16 school year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/archives/m96-or05-faulkner-county-school-history-collection/ |title=Faulkner County School History Collection |publisher=University of Central Arkansas |accessdate=September 23, 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conwaychamber.org/education/public_education.aspx |title=Public Education |publisher=Conway Chamber of Commerce |accessdate=January 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414161631/http://www.conwaychamber.org/education/public_education.aspx |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Academics ==
Conway High School is accredited by the [[Arkansas Department of Education]] (ADE). In 1984-85, Conway High School was honored as a [[National Blue Ribbon School]] by the U.S. Department of Education (ED).

=== Curriculum ===
The school's assumed course of study is based on the Smart Core curriculum developed by the ADE. The school offers regular (core and career focus) courses and exams and students may select from 22 [[Advanced Placement]] (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit.<ref name="ocrdata-west">{{cite web |url=http://ocrdata.ed.gov/Page?t=s&eid=243803&syk=5&pid=632 |title=Civil Rights Data Collection, Conway High School - West Campus |publisher=U.S. Department of Education (ED) |accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ocrdata-east">{{cite web |url=http://ocrdata.ed.gov/Page?t=s&eid=243801&syk=5&pid=632 |title=Civil Rights Data Collection, Conway High School - East Campus |publisher=U.S. Department of Education (ED) |accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref>

=== Conway Area Career Center ===
Located on the campus of Conway High School is the Conway Area Career Center, which fosters career and technical education. The Conway Area Career Center offers numerous professional certification programs in welding, photography, health science technology for medical professionals, and family and consumer sciences. The Center maintains affiliations with the various schools' programs for [[Future Business Leaders of America]] (FBLA), [[Family, Career and Community Leaders of America]] (FCCLA), [[National FFA Organization|FFA]], [[SkillsUSA]], [[Health Occupations Students of America]] (HOSA), and [[JROTC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cacc.conwayschools.org |title=Conway Area Career Center |publisher=Conway Area Career Center |accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref>

== Extracurricular activities ==
[[File:Wampus cat 20160530 123904 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Statue of the school's mascot in front of James H. Clark Auditorium]]
The Conway High School mascot is the [[Wampus cat]], stylized as a mythical, 6-legged swamp cat. The school colors are royal blue and white.

=== Athletics ===
The Conway Wampus Cats participate in numerous interscholastic sports and activities in the state's largest classification (7A) within the 7A/6A Central Conference administered by the [[Arkansas Activities Association]] including: baseball, basketball (boys/girls), bowling (boys/girls), cheer, cross country (boys/girls), dance, football, golf (boys/girls), soccer (boys/girls), softball, swimming (boys/girls), tennis (boys/girls), track (boys/girls), volleyball and wrestling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahsaa.org/schools?id=81&school= |title=AAA School Directory, Conway High School |publisher=Arkansas Activities Association |accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref> Home football games are played at John McConnell Stadium, named in 1993 after the late community leader and school board president.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2008/jun/26/conway-stadium-named-prominent-community--20080626/ |title=Conway stadium named for prominent community figure |publisher=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette |date=June 26, 2008 |accessdate=October 18, 2013}}</ref>

The Conway Wampus Cats have been competitive at the district and state level for several years. For example, the Wampus Cats baseball teams have been to ten state championship games (winning four total) and 30 state tournaments. The girls track teams won four consecutive titles from 1986 to 1989. In all, the Conway Wampus Cats have won over 50 state championships including:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.ahsaa.org/public/userfiles/Media/recordbook12.pdf |title=2012-13 Arkansas Activities Association Record Book |publisher=Arkansas Activities Association |accessdate=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531080716/http://members.ahsaa.org/public/userfiles/Media/recordbook12.pdf |archivedate=May 31, 2013 }}</ref>

* [[List of Arkansas state high school football champions|Football state champions]] (2x): - 1964, 1967
* Volleyball state champions (2x): - 1998, 2018
* Cross country state champions (4x): Boys – 1964, 1965, 1987 / Girls – 1986
* Golf state champions (9x): Boys – 1978, 1982, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2012 / Girls - 2012, 2016
* [[List of Arkansas state high school basketball champions|Basketball state champions]] (8x): Boys - 1973, 1974, 1976 ^, 2010, 2020 / Girls - 2008, 2014, 2023
* Swimming & diving state champions (4x): Boys – 1988, 2020 / Girls – 1988, 2013
* [[List of Arkansas state high school soccer champions|Soccer state champions]] (5x): Boys - 2004, 2008, 2022, 2023 / Girls – 2011
* Wrestling state champions: - 2011
* Bowling state champions: Girls - 2003
* [[List of Arkansas state high school baseball champions|Baseball state champions]] (4x): - 1911, 1989, 2011, 2022
* Track & Field state champions (12x): Boys – 1953, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1981, 1989, 1992 / Girls – 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989

^ - The 1976 boys basketball team finished undefeated (36-0) and won the Overall State championship.

In 2002, then-baseball head coach Noel Boucher, for his work on Wampus Cat Field, was selected as the District 6 Groundkeeper/Field of the Year by the National High School Baseball Coaches of America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baseballcoaches.org/bcafieldofyear.pdf |title=BCA National Groundskeeper/Field of the Year Award |publisher=National High School Baseball Coaches of America |accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref>

Beginning in 2019, the Conway School District opened the ''Wampus Cat Sports Hall of Fame''. The initial class inducted twelve of the greatest athletes and coaches ever produced by Conway High. Through the 2023 class, there are currently 38 inductees, to include players from nearly every sport, coaches, and championship teams from the schools past.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conwaywampuscats.com/halloffame|title=Wampus Cat Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref>

=== Clubs and traditions ===
Conway High School also has a dominant quiz bowl program. The team has made it to 7A division state finals from 2015 to 2019, winning in 2015, 2017, and 2018, and finishing as runners-up in 2016, 2019 and 2023.

In 2019, Conway High School’s Mock Trial team won the state championship and advanced to the national competition, where they placed 30th.

== Notable alumni ==
The following are notable people associated with Conway High School. If the person was a Conway High School student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation; if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are listed.

* [[Marvin Delph]] (1974) — former high school and collegiate basketball player; led Wampus Cats to state titles in 1973 and 1974; was a member of the famed "Triplets" on the [[1977-78 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team]] that won the 1978 Southwest Conference championship and made it to the 1978 Final Four
* [[Peyton Hillis]] (2004) — former Arkansas Razorback running back, was on the 2006 Southeastern Conference Western Division championship team; spent 7 years in the [[National Football League]] (NFL), rushed for over 1,000 yards in 2010 for the [[Cleveland Browns]]; was on the cover of the [[Madden NFL 12]] video game; actor
* [[Greg Lasker]] (1982) — college professor; former Arkansas Razorback safety, was on the [[1985 Holiday Bowl]] championship team, named to the Arkansas 1980's All-Decade Team; NFL safety from 1986 to 1988; won [[Super Bowl XXI]] with the NY Giants
* [[Bryce Molder]] (1997) — professional golfer on the PGA Tour; won the 2011 [[Safeway Open|Frys.com Open]]
* [[Ernie Ruple]] (1964) — former High School All-State, University of Arkansas Razorback, and NFL player.
* [[Robbie Wills]] (1986) — lawyer and politician; Speaker of the House, [[Arkansas House of Representatives]]
* [[Stanley Russ]] - lawyer and politician; Arkansas state senator from 1975-2001
* [[Mike Isom]] - former Wampus Cat football player and retired coach. As head coach from 1990 to 1999, Isom led the University of Central Arkansas to three conference championships and the 1991 NAIA national championship
* [[Ken Stephens]] (1948) - former Wampus Cat football and track and field athlete, played for the Arkansas Razorbacks; head coach of University of Central Arkansas, Arkansas Tech University, and Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas
* [[Tim Horton (American football)|Tim Horton]] (1986) - former [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas Razorbacks]] football player, and assistant football coach, played wide receiver for the Hogs 1988 and 1989 Southwest Conference championship teams
* [[Amy Miles]] - recording artist and performer

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://chs.conwayschools.org/}}
{{Conway, Arkansas}}
{{AAA Class 6A-7A}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Public high schools in Arkansas]]
[[Category:Schools in Faulkner County, Arkansas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Conway, Arkansas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1928]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in Arkansas]]

User talk:2C0F:FE38:2408:ABF2:70E0:9C93:203:AB30

2024-09-25T14:09:10Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:FE38:2408:ABF2:70E0:9C93:203:AB30|your recent contributions]] to [[:Human sex ratio]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 14:09, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

Human sex ratio

2024-09-25T14:09:02Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 2C0F:FE38:2408:ABF2:70E0:9C93:203:AB30 (talk) to rev. 1247226898 by ClaudineChionh: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{short description|Ratio of males to females in a population}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Sex ratio total population per country 2020 (age 0-14).svg|thumb|300x300px|Sex ratio by country for the population below age 15. Blue represents more boys, red more girls than the world average of 1.07 males/female.]]
[[File:Sex ratio total population per country 2020.svg|thumb|300x300px|Sex ratio by country for total population. Blue represents more men and boys, red more women and girls than the world average of 1.01 males/female.]]
[[File:Sex ratio total population per country 2020 (ages over 65).svg|thumb|300x300px|Sex ratio by country for the over-65 population. Blue represents more men, red more women than the world average of 0.81 males/female.]]
The '''human sex ratio''' is the [[ratio]] of [[male]]s to [[female]]s in a [[population]] in the context of [[anthropology]] and [[demography]]. In humans, the natural [[sex ratio]] at birth is slightly biased towards the male sex. It is estimated to be about 1.05<ref name="who.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/health_situation_trends/data/chi/sex-ratio/en/|title=World Health Organization, Sex Ratio|website=SEARO}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> or 1.06<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America|first1=Victor|last1=Grech|first2=Charles|last2=Savona-Ventura|first3=P|last3=Vassallo-Agius|date=27 April 2002|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=324|issue=7344|pages=1010–1011|pmid=11976243|pmc = 102777|doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7344.1010}}</ref> or within a narrow range from 1.03 to 1.06<ref name="naturalratio">{{cite journal |last1=Chao |first1=Fengqing |last2=Gerland |first2=Patrick |last3=Cook |first3=Alex R. |last4=Alkema |first4=Leontine |title=Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=7 May 2019 |volume=116 |issue=19 |pages=9303–9311 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1812593116 |pmid=30988199 |pmc=6511063 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.9303C |doi-access=free }}</ref> males per female. The sex ratio for the entire [[world population]] is approximately 101 males to 100 females (2020 est.).<ref name="CIA Fact Book">{{cite web |title=CIA Fact Book | date=29 November 2021 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society | publisher=The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States}}</ref>

The sex ratios at birth and of the total population are affected by various factors including natural factors, exposure to pesticides and environmental contaminants,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2014/06/boys-to-girls-birthrate/|title=How pollution may be changing the ratio of girls to boys|date=18 June 2014|website=Stir.ac.uk|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9533502|url=http://www.precaution.org/lib/davis_sex_ratio_sentinel.19980601.pdf|year=1998|last1=Davis|first1=D. L.|title=Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: A sentinel health indicator?|journal=JAMA|volume=279|issue=13|pages=1018–23|last2=Gottlieb|first2=M. B.|last3=Stampnitzky|first3=J. R.|doi=10.1001/jama.279.13.1018}}</ref> war casualties, [[returning soldier effect|effects of war on men]], [[sex-selective abortions]], infanticides,<ref>Very high sex ratios were common in even late medieval Europe, which may indicate sex-selective infanticide. Josiah Cox Russell, 1958, ''Late Ancient and Medieval Population,'' pp. 13–17.</ref> aging, [[gendercide]], problems with [[birth registration]] and [[Life expectancy#Sex differences|sex differences in life expectancy]].<ref name="who.int"/>

Human sex ratios, either at birth or in the population as a whole, can be reported in any of four ways: the ratio of males to females, the ratio of females to males, the proportion of males, or the proportion of females. If there are 108,000 males and 100,000 females the ratio of males to females is 1.08 and the proportion of males is 51.9%. Scientific literature often uses the proportion of males. This article uses the ratio of males to females, unless specified otherwise.

== Natural ratio at birth ==
[[File:2012 Birth Sex Ratio World Map.jpg|thumb|300px|World map of birth sex ratios, 2012. Gray = no data]]
In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be within a narrow range of 1.07 to 1.03
males/female.<ref name="naturalratio"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America | pmc=102777 | pmid=11976243 |year=2002 |last1=Grech |first1=V |last2=Savona-Ventura |first2=C |last3=Vassallo-Agius |first3=P |volume=324 |issue=7344 |pages=1010–1 |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) | doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7344.1010}}</ref> Some scholars suggest that countries considered to have significant practices of prenatal sex-selection are those with birth sex ratios of 1.08 and above (selection against females) and 1.02 and below (selection against males). This assumption has been questioned by some scholars.<ref name=James-JournalofEndocrinology />

Infant mortality is significantly higher in boys than girls in most parts of the world. Often this is explained as due to biological and genetic sex differences, with boys more biologically vulnerable to premature death and disease.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0161-5 | volume=50 | title=Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence From a Large Sample of Twins | year=2012 | journal=Demography | pages=421–444 | last1 = Pongou | first1 = Roland| issue=2 | pmid=23151996 | s2cid=24188622 | doi-access=free }}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alkema |first1=Leontine | last2=Chao |first2=Fengqing |last3=You |first3=Danzhen |last4= Pedersen |first4=Jon |last5= Sawyer |first5=Cheryl C. |title=National, regional, and global sex ratios of infant, child, and under-5 mortality and identification of countries with outlying ratios: a systematic assessment |journal=The Lancet Global Health |date=1 Sep 2014 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=e521–e530 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70280-3 | pmid= 25304419|doi-access=free }}</ref> Recent studies have found that numerous preconception or prenatal environmental factors affect the probabilities of a baby being conceived male or female. It has been proposed that these environmental factors also explain sex differences in mortality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pongou|first1=Roland|title=Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence From a Large Sample of Twins|journal=Demography|date=14 November 2012|volume=50|issue=2|pages=421–444|doi=10.1007/s13524-012-0161-5|pmid=23151996|s2cid=24188622|doi-access=free}}</ref> In most populations, adult males tend to have higher death rates than adult females of the same age (even after allowing for causes specific to females such as death in childbirth), due to both natural causes such as heart attacks and strokes, which account for by far the majority of deaths, and also violent causes, such as homicide and warfare. Thus females have a higher [[life expectancy]]. For example, in the United States, as of 2006, an adult non-elderly male was 3 to 6 times more likely to become a victim of a homicide and 2.5 to 3.5 times more likely to die in an accident than a female of the same age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mortality/gmwk291r.htm|title=Death Rates for 113 Selected Causes by 5-Year Age Groups, Race, and Sex: the United States, 1999–2006|work=cdc.gov|date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

In the United States, the sex ratios at birth over the period 1970–2002 were 1.05 for the white non-Hispanic population, 1.04 for Mexican Americans, 1.03 for African Americans and Indians, and 1.07 for mothers of Chinese or Filipino ethnicity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathews TJ, etal |title=Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=53 |issue=20 |date=June 2005|pages=1–17 |pmid=15974501 }}</ref> Among Western European countries around 2001, the ratios ranged from 1.04 in Belgium to 1.07 in Switzerland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sex ratio in Switzerland|url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/00/01/blank/02.html | publisher=Switzerland Federal Statistics Office}}</ref> Italy,<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Sex Ratio Statistics|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm|publisher=United Nations Population Division}}</ref> Ireland<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex ratio at birth (per 100 female newborn)|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=sex+ratio+birth&d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3a52|publisher=United Nations Data Division}}</ref> and Portugal. In the aggregated results of 56 demographic and health surveys<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/|title=The Demographic and Health Survey Program – Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs|publisher=measuredhs.com}}</ref> in African countries, the ratio is 1.03, not with considerable country-to-country variation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Garenne M |title=Sex ratios at birth in African populations: a review of survey data |journal=Hum. Biol. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=889–900 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12617497 |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0003 |s2cid=12297795 }}</ref>

[[File:PRC family planning don't abandon girls.jpg|thumb|A roadside sign in rural [[Sichuan]]: "It is forbidden to discriminate against, abuse or abandon baby girls."]]
There is controversy about whether sex ratios outside the 1.03–1.07 range are due to sex selection, as suggested by some scholars, or due to natural causes. Some scholars argue that strong socioeconomic factors such as the [[dowry system in India]] and the [[one child policy]] of China are responsible for prenatal sex selection. In a widely cited article,<ref name= Sen1990>Sen, Amartya (1990), More than 100 million women are missing, New York Review of Books, 20 December, pp. 61–66</ref> [[Amartya Sen]] supported such views. Other researchers argue that an unbalanced sex ratio should not be automatically held as evidence of prenatal sex selection; Michel Garenne reports that many African nations have, over decades, had birth sex ratios below 1.00: that is, more girls are born than boys.<ref>Michel Garenne, Southern African Journal of Demography, Vol. 9, No. 1 (June 2004), pp. 91–96</ref> Angola, Botswana and Namibia have reported birth sex ratios between 0.94 and 0.99, which is quite different from the presumed "normal" sex ratio, meaning that significantly more girls have been born in such countries.<ref>Michel Garenne, Southern African Journal of Demography, Vol. 9, No. 1 (June 2004), p. 95</ref>

In an extensive study, carried out around 2005, of sex ratio at birth in the United States from 1940 over 62 years, statistical evidence suggested the following:<ref name=NCHS>{{cite web|title=Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_20.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref>
* For mothers having their first baby, the total sex ratio at birth was 1.06 overall, with some years at 1.07.
* For mothers having babies after the first, this ratio consistently decreased with each additional baby from 1.07 towards 1.03.
* The age of the mother affected the ratio:
** the overall ratio was 1.05 for mothers aged 25 to 35 at the time of birth
** mothers who were below the age of 15 or above 40 had babies with a sex ratio ranging between 0.94 and 1.11,{{clarify|date=January 2022}} and a total sex ratio of 1.05

===History===
The human sex ratio at birth has been an object of study since early in the [[history of statistics]], as it is easily recorded and a large number for sufficiently large populations.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth |url=https://archive.org/details/descenthumansexr00bria |url-access=limited |first1=Éric |last1=Brian |first2=Marie |last2=Jaisson |chapter=Physico-Theology and Mathematics (1710–1794) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/descenthumansexr00bria/page/n17 1]–25 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-6036-6}}</ref> An early researcher was [[John Arbuthnot]] (1710),<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Arbuthnot |title=An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] | volume=27| pages=186–190 | year=1710 | url=http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/arbuthnot.pdf|doi=10.1098/rstl.1710.0011|issue=325–336|s2cid=186209819|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conover1999">{{Citation
|last=Conover
|first=W.J.
|title=Practical Nonparametric Statistics
|edition=Third
|year=1999
|publisher=Wiley
|isbn=0-471-16068-7
|pages=157–176
|chapter=Chapter 3.4: The Sign Test
}}
</ref><ref name="Sprent1989">{{Citation
|last=Sprent
|first=P.
|title=Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods
|edition=Second
|year=1989
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|isbn=0-412-44980-3
}}
</ref><ref name="Stigler1986">{{cite book |title=The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900 |first=Stephen M. |last=Stigler |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-67440341-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstatist00stig/page/225 225–226]|bibcode=1986hsmu.book.....S }}</ref> who in modern terms, performed [[statistical hypothesis testing]], computing the [[p-value]] (via a [[sign test]]), interpreted it as [[statistical significance]], and rejected the [[null hypothesis]].<ref name="Bellhouse2001">{{Citation
|last=Bellhouse
|first=P.
|title=in Statisticians of the Centuries
|editor1=C.C. Heyde
|editor1-link=Chris Heyde
|editor2-link=Eugene Seneta
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|year=2001
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|pages=39–42
|chapter=John Arbuthnot}}
</ref>

Human sex at birth was also analyzed and used as an example by [[Jacob Bernoulli]] in ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' (1713), in which an unequal sex ratio is a natural example of a [[Bernoulli trial]] with uneven odds. [[Willem 's Gravesande]] (1774) also studied it.<ref name="Stigler1986" /> [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1778) used human sex ratio as an example in his development of [[probability theory]]. He considered the statistics of almost half a million births; the statistics showed an excess of boys compared to girls.<ref name="Laplace 1778">{{cite journal| last=Laplace| first=P.| title=Mémoire sur les probabilités| journal=Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de Paris| year=1778| volume=9| pages=227–332| url=http://cerebro.xu.edu/math/Sources/Laplace/memoir_probabilities.pdf| access-date=13 May 2018| archive-date=27 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142452/http://cerebro.xu.edu/math/Sources/Laplace/memoir_probabilities.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Laplace 1878">{{cite book| last=Laplace| first=P.| title=Oeuvres complètes de Laplace |chapter=Mémoire sur les probabilités (XIX, XX)|journal=Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de Paris|year=1778| volume=9 | pages=429–438| chapter-url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k77597p/f386}}</ref> He concluded by calculation of a p-value that the excess was a real, but unexplained, effect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stigler|first=Stephen M.|title=The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=1986|isbn=0-674-40340-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstatist00stig/page/134 134]|bibcode=1986hsmu.book.....S|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstatist00stig/page/134}}</ref>

== Factors affecting sex ratio in humans ==
=== Fisher's principle ===
[[Fisher's principle]] is an explanation of why the sex ratio of most species is approximately 1:1. Outlined by [[Ronald Fisher]] in his 1930 book, it is an argument in terms of parental expenditure. Essentially he argues that the 1:1 ratio is the [[evolutionarily stable strategy]].<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=R. A. |date=1930 |title=The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticaltheoryo031631mbp/page/n164/mode/1up |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=141–143 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="Hamilton">{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W. D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |date=1967 |title=Extraordinary Sex Ratios: A Sex-ratio Theory for Sex Linkage and Inbreeding Has New Implications in Cytogenetics and Entomology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1721222 |url-access=registration |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=156 |issue=3774 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.1126/science.156.3774.477 |pmid=6021675 |bibcode=1967Sci...156..477H |jstor=1721222}}</ref> Many species deviate from an even sex ratio, either periodically or permanently. Examples include [[parthenogenic]] species, periodically mating organisms such as [[aphid]]s, some [[Eusociality|eusocial]] [[wasp]]s, [[bee]]s, [[ant]]s, and [[termite]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kobayashi| first1 = Kazuya | last2 = Hasegawa | first2 = Eisuke | last3 = Yamamoto | first3 = Yuuka | last4 = Kazutaka | first4 = Kawatsu | last5 = Vargo | first5 = Edward L. | last6 = Yoshimura | first6 = Jin | last7 = Matsuura | first7 = Kenji | year = 2013 | title = Sex ratio biases in termites provide evidence for kin selection | journal = Nat Commun | volume = 4| pages = 2048 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3048 | pmid = 23807025 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.2048K| doi-access = free | hdl = 2123/11211 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

=== Natural factors ===
The natural factors that affect the human sex ratio are an active area of scientific research. Over 1000 articles have been published in various journals. Two of the often cited reviews of scientific studies on human sex ratio are by W. H. James.<ref>{{cite journal |author= James WH |year= 1987 |title= The human sex ratio. Part 1: A review of the literature |journal= Human Biology |volume= 59 |issue= 5 |pages= 721–752 |pmid= 3319883 |url= http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&exprSearch=3319883&indexSearch=UI&lang=i}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= James WH |year= 1987 |title= The human sex ratio. Part 2: A hypothesis and a program of research |journal= Human Biology |volume= 59 |issue= 6 |pages= 873–900 |pmid= 3327803 |url= http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&exprSearch=3319883&indexSearch=UI&lang=i}}</ref> The scientific studies are based on extensive birth and death records in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe. A few of these studies extend to over 100 years of yearly human sex ratio data for some countries. These studies suggest that the human sex ratio, both at birth and as a population matures, can vary significantly according to a large number of factors, such as paternal age, maternal age, [[multiple birth]]s, [[birth order]], gestation weeks, race, parent's health history, and parent's psychological stress. Remarkably, the trends in human sex ratio are not consistent across countries at a given time, or over time for a given country. In economically developed countries, as well as developing countries, these scientific studies have found that the human sex ratio at birth has historically varied between 0.94 and 1.15 for natural reasons.

In a scientific paper published in 2008,<ref name=James-JournalofEndocrinology /> James states that conventional assumptions have been:
* there are equal numbers of X and Y chromosomes in mammalian sperm
* X and Y stand equal chance of achieving conception
* therefore equal numbers of male and female zygotes are formed
* therefore any variation of sex ratio at birth is due to sex selection between conception and birth.

James cautions that available scientific evidence stands against the above assumptions and conclusions. He reports that there is an excess of males at birth in almost all human populations, and the natural sex ratio at birth is usually between 1.02 and 1.08. However, the ratio may deviate significantly from this range for natural reasons.

An analysis study from 2015 showed that human sex ratio at conception is roughly 50%, but rises due to total mortality surplus of female embryos.<ref name=concepbirth>{{cite journal |last1=Orzack |first1=Steven Hecht |last2=Stubblefield |first2=J. William |last3=Akmaev |first3=Viatcheslav R. |last4=Colls |first4=Pere |last5=Munné |first5=Santiago |last6=Scholl |first6=Thomas |last7=Steinsaltz |first7=David |last8=Zuckerman |first8=James E. |title=The human sex ratio from conception to birth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=21 April 2015 |volume=112 |issue=16 |pages=E2102-11 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1416546112 |pmid=25825766 |pmc=4413259 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref> A dataset of 139,704 embryos derived from [[assisted reproductive technology]] showed a male sex ratio of 50.2%.<ref name=concepbirth/> A dataset of 4,999 embryos from [[induced abortion]]s showed a rate of 51.1% for the first [[Trimester (pregnancy)|trimester]] and 55.9% for the last two trimesters.<ref name=concepbirth/>

====Multiple birth====
A 1999 scientific paper published by Jacobsen reported the sex ratio for 815,891 children born in Denmark between 1980 and 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |year= 1999 |title= Natural variation in the human sex ratio |journal= Human Reproduction |volume= 14 |issue= 12 |pages= 3120–3125 |doi= 10.1093/humrep/14.12.3120 |pmid= 10601107 |last1= Jacobsen |first1= R |last2= Møller |first2= H |last3= Mouritsen |first3= A |doi-access= free}}</ref> They studied the birth records to identify the effects of [[multiple birth]], birth order, age of parents and the sexes of preceding siblings on the proportion of males using contingency tables, [[chi-squared test]]s and regression analysis. The secondary sex ratio decreased with increasing number of children per plural birth and with paternal age, whereas no significant independent effect was observed for maternal age, birth order, or other natural factors.

==== Length of gestation ====
A 2009 research paper published by Branum et al. reports the sex ratio derived from data in United States birth records over a 25-year period (1981–2006).<ref>{{cite journal |year= 2009 |title= Trends in US sex ratio by plurality, gestational age and race/ethnicity |journal= Reproductive Epidemiology|volume= 24 |issue= 11 |pages= 2936–2944 (see p. 2941 Figure 2) |doi= 10.1093/humrep/dep255 |last1= Branum |first1= A. M. |last2= Parker |first2= J. D. |author2-link=Jennifer D. Parker |last3= Schoendorf |first3= K. C. |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1234335 |pmid= 19654108 |doi-access= free }}</ref> This paper reports that the sex ratio at birth for the white ethnic group in the United States was 1.04 when the gestational age was 33–36 weeks, but 1.15 for gestational ages of less than 28 weeks, 28–32 weeks, and 37 or more weeks. This study also found that the sex ratios at birth in the United States, between 1981 and 2006, were lower in both black and Hispanic ethnic groups when compared with non-Hispanic white ethnic group.

A research group led by Ein-Mor reported that sex ratio does not seem to change significantly with either maternal or paternal age. Neither [[gravidity]] nor [[parity (medicine)|parity]] seem to affect the male-to-female ratio.<ref name=Ein-Mor /> However, there is a significant association of sex ratio with the length of gestation.<ref name=Ein-Mor>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ein-Mor E, Mankuta D, Hochner-Celnikier D, Hurwitz A, Haimov-Kochman R |title=Sex ratio is remarkably constant |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=1961–5 |date=April 2010 |pmid=19159875 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.036 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These Ein-mor conclusions have been disputed. For example, James suggested<ref name=James-FertilSterilJournal>{{cite journal |author=James W.H.|title=The Inconstancy of Human Sex Ratios at Birth |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=94 |issue=3 | doi =10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.044 |pmid=20598299 |date=May 2010 |url=http://fertstert.wordpress.com/2010/05/27/the-inconstancy-of-human-sex-ratios-at%C2%A0birth/ |pages=e53}}</ref> that Ein-Mor results are based on some demographic variables and a small data set, a broader study of variables and larger population set suggests human sex ratio shows substantial variation for various reasons and different trend effects of length of gestation than those reported by Ein-Mor. In another study, James has offered the hypothesis that human sex ratios, and mammalian sex ratios in general, are causally related to the hormone levels of both parents at the time of conception.<ref name=James-JournalofEndocrinology>{{cite journal|author=James W.H.|title=Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception|journal=Journal of Endocrinology|volume=198|pages=3–15|date=July 2008|doi= 10.1677/JOE-07-0446|issue=1|pmid=18577567|doi-access=free}}</ref> This hypothesis is yet to be tested and proven true or false over large population sets.

=== Environmental factors ===

==== Effects of climate change ====
Various scientists have examined the question whether human birth sex ratios have historically been affected by environmental stressors such as [[climate change]] and global warming. Several studies show that high temperature raises proportion of male births, but the reasons for this are disputed.<ref name=Helle_2009/> Catalano et al. report that cold weather is an environmental stressor, and women subjected to colder weather abort frail male fetuses in greater proportion, thereby lowering birth sex ratios. Cold weather stressors also extend male longevity, thereby raising the human sex ratio at older ages.<ref name=Catalano /> The Catalano team found that a 1 °C increase in annual temperature predicts one more male than expected for every 1,000 females born in a year.

Helle et al. studied 138 years of human birth sex ratio data, from 1865 to 2003. They find an increased excess of male births during periods of exogenous stress (World War II) and during warm years. In the warmest period over the 138 years, the birth sex ratio peaked at about 1.08 in Northern Europe.<ref name=Helle_2009>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=78|issue=6|pages=1226–1233|date=November 2009|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01598.x|title=Evolutionary ecology of human birth sex ratio under the compound influence of climate change, famine, economic crises and wars|last1=Helle|first1=Samuli|last2=Helama|first2=Samuli|last3=Lertola|first3=Kalle|pmid=19719518|doi-access=free}}</ref> The increase in the sex ratio for each 1 °C increase in temperature was approximately the same as the result found by the Catalano team.<ref>Helle et al., 2009, p. 1228: "an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature anomaly was related to a 0.06% increase in annual birth sex ratio". Sex ratio in this work is defined as boys/(boys+girls); this increase corresponds to 1.2 additional males for every 1,000 females.</ref>

==== Effects of gestation environment ====
Causes of stress during gestation, such as maternal malnutrition,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersson R, Bergström S |title=Is maternal malnutrition associated with a low sex ratio at birth? |journal=Hum. Biol. |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1101–6 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9825599 }}</ref> generally appear to increase fetal deaths, particularly among males,<ref name=Catalano>{{cite journal |vauthors=Catalano R, Bruckner T, Smith KR |title=Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=2244–7 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18250336 |pmc=2538905 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0710711104 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.2244C |doi-access=free }}</ref> resulting in a lower sex ratio at birth. A higher incidence of [[Hepatitis B]] virus in a population is believed to increase the sex ratio, while some unexplained environmental health hazards are thought to have the opposite effect.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis DL, Gottlieb MB, Stampnitzky JR |title=Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: a sentinel health indicator? |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=13 |pages=1018–23 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9533502|doi=10.1001/jama.279.13.1018}}</ref>

The effects of gestational environment on human sex ratio are complicated and unclear, with numerous conflicting reports. For example, Oster et al. examined a data set of 67,000 births in China, 15 percent of whom were Hepatitis B carriers. They found no effect on birth sex ratio from Hepatitis B presence in either mothers or fathers.<ref name="revision">{{cite web | last1=Oster | first1=Emily | author-link=Emily Oster | last2=Chen | first2=Gang | last3=Yu | first3=Xinsen | last4=Lin | first4=Wenyao | title=Hepatitis B Does Not Explain Male-Biased Sex Ratios in China | year=2008 | url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~eoster/hbvnotecon.pdf | access-date=19 May 2009 | archive-date=18 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118130724/http://home.uchicago.edu/~eoster/hbvnotecon.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Effects of chemical pollution ====
[[Image:NonylphenolEstradiol.svg|250px|thumb|A comparison of the structures of the natural hormone [[estradiol]] (left) and one of the [[nonylphenol|nonyl-phenols]] (right), an endocrine disruptor]]
A 2007 survey by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program noted abnormally low sex ratios  in Russian Arctic villages and [[Inuit]] villages in [[Greenland]] and Canada, and attributed this imbalance to high levels of [[endocrine disruptor]]s in the blood of inhabitants, including [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]] and [[DDT]]. These chemicals are believed to have accumulated in the tissues of fish and animals that make up the bulk of these populations' diets.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/gender/story/0,,2167005,00.html Man-made chemicals blamed many more girls than boys are born in Arctic], The Guardian, 12 September 2007.</ref> However, as noted in the [[#Social factors|Social factors]] section below, it is important to exclude alternative explanations, including social ones, when examining large human populations whose composition by ethnicity and race may be changing.

A 2008 report provides further evidence of effects of [[xenoestrogens|feminizing chemicals]] on male development in each class of [[vertebrate]] species as a worldwide phenomenon, possibly leading to a decline in the sex ratio in humans and a possible decline in [[sperm]] counts.<ref name=indepen /> Out of over 100,000 recently introduced chemicals, 99% are poorly regulated.<ref name=indepen>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/its-official-men-really-are-the-weaker-sex-1055688.html | title=It's official: Men really are the weaker sex | work=[[The Independent]] | author=Lean, Geoffrey | date=7 December 2008}}</ref> 

Other factors that could possibly affect the sex ratio include:
* Social status of the mother, known to be a factor in influencing the sex ratio of certain animals such as swine,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mendl M, Zanella AJ, Broom DM, Whittemore CT |title=Maternal social status and birth sex ratio in domestic pigs: an analysis of mechanisms |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1361–70 |year=1995 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(95)80051-4 |s2cid=53173184 }}</ref> but apparently not in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis L, Bonin S |title=Social status and the secondary sex ratio: new evidence on a lingering controversy |journal=Soc Biol |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–43 |year=2002 |pmid=14652908 |doi=10.1080/19485565.2002.9989047|s2cid=39347627 }}</ref>
* Whether the mother has a partner may have a small effect on sex ratio, with one study of 84,500 births finding 51.5% male births among women living with a partner, and 49.9% in women who were not.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Norberg, Karen |title=Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |series=NBER Working Paper Series |id=w10920 |date=November 2004 |volume=271 |issue=1555 |pages=2403–10 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2857 |pmid=15556894 |pmc=1691865 |ssrn=622634}}</ref>
* [[Latitude]], with countries near the equator producing more females than near the poles.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Navara KJ |title=Humans at tropical latitudes produce more females |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=524–7 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19364717 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0069|pmc=2781905}}</ref>

Other scientific studies suggest that environmental effects on human sex ratio at birth are either limited or not properly understood. For example, a research paper published in 1999, by scientists from Finland's National Public Health Institute, reports the effect of environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio over 250 years in Finland.<ref>{{cite journal |year= 1999|title= Environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio: analysis over 250 years in finland|journal= Environmental Health Perspectives|volume= 107|issue= 10 |pages= 813–815|pmid= 10504147 |pmc= 1566625 | doi= 10.1289/ehp.99107813|last1= Vartiainen|first1= T|last2= Kartovaara|first2= L|last3= Tuomisto|first3= J}}</ref> This scientific team evaluated whether Finnish long-term data are compatible with the hypothesis that the decrease in the ratio of male to female births in industrial countries is caused by environmental factors. They analyzed the sex ratio of births from the files of Statistics Finland and all live births in Finland from 1751 to 1997. They found an increase in the proportion of males from 1751 to 1920; this was followed by a decrease and interrupted by peaks in births of males during and after World War I and World War II. None of the natural factors such as paternal age, maternal age, age difference of parents or birth order could explain the time trends. The scientists found that the peak sex ratio precedes the period of industrialization and the introduction of pesticides or hormonal drugs, rendering a causal association between environmental chemicals and human sex ratio at birth unlikely.{{clarify|date=May 2022}} Moreover, these scientists claim that the trends they found in Finland are similar to those observed in other countries with higher levels of pollution and much greater pesticide use.

Some studies have found that certain kinds of environmental [[pollution]], specifically [[dioxin]]s, are associated with a lower sex ratio.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2005-10-21|title=Pollution makes for more girls|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051017/full/news051017-16.html|journal=Nature News|pages=news051017–16|language=en|doi=10.1038/news051017-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/pollution-debate-born-of-chemical-valleys-girl-baby-boom/article18253243/|title=Pollution debate born of Chemical Valley's girl-baby boom|last=Mittelstaedt|first=Martin|date=2005-11-15|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en-ca}}</ref>

=== Social factors ===
====Population composition====
As an example of how the social composition of a human population may produce unusual changes in sex ratios, in a study in several counties of California where declining sex ratios had been observed, Smith and Von Behren observe "In the raw data, the male birth proportion is indeed declining. However, during this period, there were also shifts in demographics that influence the sex ratio. Controlling for birth order, parents' age, and race/ethnicity, different trends emerged. White births (which account for over 80%) continued to show a statistically significant decline, while other racial groups showed non-statistically significant declines (Japanese-American, Native American, other), with little or no change (Black American), or an increase (Chinese-American). Finally, when the white births were divided into Hispanic and non-Hispanic (possible since 1982), it was found that both white subgroups suggest an increase in male births." They concluded "that the decline in male births in California is largely attributable to changes in demographics."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith D, Von Behren J |title=Trends in the sex ratio of California births, 1960–1996 |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=1047–53 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16286492 |pmc=1732975 |doi=10.1136/jech.2005.036970 }}</ref>

==== Effects of war ====
Increased sex ratio during and after a war is called the [[returning soldier effect]]. There is still no clear explanation of its mechanics.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Sävfors |first1=Ragnar |title=Great Britain after World War I & II: Studying the post-war sex-ratio imbalance |date=2016 |degree=Master's|publisher=Stockholm University, Department of Sociology |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A947036&dswid=-2207 |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>

==== Early marriage and parents' age ====
Several studies have examined human birth sex ratio data to determine whether there is a natural relationship between the age of the mother or father and the birth sex ratio. For example, Ruder has studied 1.67 million births in 33 states in the United States to investigate the effect of parents' ages on birth sex ratios.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Paternal-Age and Birth-Order Effect on the Human Secondary Sex Ratio|author=Ruder, Avima |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=37|pages=362–372|year=1985f|pmc=1684568|pmid=3985011|issue=2}}</ref> Similarly, Jacobsen et al. have studied 820,000 births in Denmark with the same goal.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Natural Variation in the Human Sex Ratio|author=Jacobsen|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=14|issue=12|pages=3120–3125|year=1999|doi=10.1093/humrep/14.12.3120|pmid=10601107|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> These scientists find that maternal age has no statistically significant role on the human birth sex ratio. However, they report a significant effect of paternal age. Significantly more male babies were born per 1000 female babies to younger fathers than to older fathers. These studies suggest that social factors such as [[Child marriage|early marriage]] and males siring their children at a young age may play a role in raising birth sex ratios in certain societies.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Studies in The Human Sex Ratio 5. A Genetic Explanation of the Wartime Secondary Sex Ratio|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=10|pages=68–70|year=1958|pmc=1931860|pmid=13520702|issue=1|last1=Bernstein|first1=M. E.}}</ref>

====Partnership status====
It has been shown on a sample of 86,436 human births from a US population-based survey that 51.4% boys were born among together living married parents, 52.2% among together living unmarried parents and only 49.9% boys among apart living parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norberg |first1=K. |title=Partnership status and the human sex ratio at birth |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=22 November 2004 |volume=271 |issue=1555 |pages=2403–2410 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2857 |pmid=15556894 |pmc=1691865 }}</ref>

=== Economic factors ===
Catalano has examined the hypothesis that population stress induced by a declining economy reduces the human sex ratio. He compared the sex ratio in East and West Germany for the years 1946 to 1999, with genetically similar populations. The population stressors theory predicts that the East German sex ratio should have been lower than expected in 1991, when East Germany's economy collapsed, than in previous years. The hypothesis further suggests that, over time, East German birth sex ratios should generally be lower than the observed sex ratios found in West Germany for the same years. According to Catalano's study, the birth sex ratio data from East Germany and West Germany over 45 years support the hypothesis. The sex ratio in East Germany was also at its lowest in 1991. According to Catalano's study, assuming women in East Germany did not opt to abort male fetuses more than female fetuses, the best hypothesis is that a collapsing economy lowers the human birth sex ratio, while a booming economy raises the birth sex ratio. Catalano notes that these trends may be related to the observed trend of an elevated occurrence of very [[low birth-weight]] babies from maternal stress, during certain macroeconomic circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sex ratios in the two Germanies: a test of the economic stress hypothesis|author=Catalano, Ralph |journal=Human Reproduction| volume=18|issue=9|pages=1972–1975|year=2003|doi=10.1093/humrep/deg370|pmid=12923159 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Sex-selective abortion and infanticide===
[[File:Sex determination ban.JPG|thumb|left|Sign in an Indian hospital stating that prenatal sex determination is not done there and is illegal]]
[[Sex-selective abortion]] and [[infanticide]] are thought to significantly skew the naturally occurring ratio in some populations, such as China, where the introduction of ultrasound scans in the late 1980s has led to a birth sex ratio (males to females) of 1.181 (2010 official census data for China).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103075517/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/16/c_131052436.htm China's sex ratio declines for two straight years] Xinhua, China (16 August 2011) – "Li Bin, director of the National Population and Family Planning Commission, made the remarks at a press conference (...). China's sex ratio at birth was 118.08 males for every 100 females in 2010, according to census data, Li said."</ref> The 2011 India census reports India's sex ratio in the 0–6 age bracket at 1.088.<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/p/glance.php India at Glance – Population Census 2011 – Final] Census of India, Government of India (2013)</ref> The 2011 birth sex ratios for China and India are significantly above the mean ratio recorded in the United States from 1940 through 2002 (1.051); however, their birth sex ratios are within the 0.98–1.14 range observed in the United States for major ethnic groups over the same time period.<ref name=NCHS />{{rp|10}} Along with Asian countries, a number of European, Middle Eastern, and Latin American countries have recently reported high birth sex ratios in the 1.06 to 1.14 range. High birth sex ratios, according to some studies, can be caused in part by social factors.

Another hypothesis has been inspired by the recent and persistent high birth sex ratios observed in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Armenia]]—both predominantly Orthodox Christian societies—and [[Azerbaijan]], a predominantly Muslim society. Since their independence from the Soviet Union, the birth sex ratio in these Caucasus countries has risen sharply, to between 1.11 and 1.20, among the world's highest. Mesle et al. consider the hypothesis that the high birth sex ratio may be because of the social trend of more than two children per family, and birth order possibly affects the sex ratio in this region of the world. They also consider the hypothesis that sons are preferred in these countries of the Caucasus, the spread of scans and there being a practice of sex-selective abortion; however, the scientists admit that they do not have definitive proof that sex-selective abortion is actually happening or that there are no natural reasons for the persistently high birth sex ratios.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Birth in the Caucasus. Why? How?|author1=Mesle, France |author2=Vallin, Jacques |author3=Badurashvili, Irina |year=2007|pages=73–89|isbn=978-2-910053-29-1|publisher=Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/BOOK_singapore.pdf#page=85}}</ref>

==Data sources and data quality issues==
For most of the 20th century in Russia (and the [[Soviet Union]]), extremely premature newborns (less than 28 weeks gestational age, or less than 1000 grams in weight, or less than 35 centimeters in length) were not counted as a live birth until they had survived for seven days; if that infant died in those first 168 hours it, would not be counted as an infant death. This led to serious underreporting of the [[infant mortality rate]] (by 22% to 25%) relative to standards recommended by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Barbara A. |first2=Brian D. |last2=Silver |title=Infant Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences and Measurement Issues |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=705–37 |year=1986 |doi=10.2307/1973432 |jstor=1973432}}</ref>

[[File:China 1982 happy family with one child.jpg|thumb|A poster from 1982 showing a Chinese family with one child]]

Some researchers have, in part, attributed the high sex ratios reported in [[mainland China]] in the last 25 years to the underreporting of the births of female children after the implementation of the [[one-child policy]], though alternative explanations are now generally more widely accepted, including, above all, the use of ultrasound technology and [[sex-selective abortion]] of female fetuses and, probably to a more limited degree, neglect or in some cases [[infanticide]] of females. In the case of China, because of deficiencies in the [[Vital statistics (government records)|vital statistics]] registration system, studies of sex ratios at birth have relied either on special fertility surveys, whose accuracy depends on full reporting of births and survival of both male and female infants, or on the national [[population census]] from which both birth rates and death rates are calculated from the household's reporting of births and deaths in the 18 months preceding the census.<ref>For example, the number of births reported to family planning and other administrative agencies has been significantly lower than the number determined in population surveys and the census. See Zhang, Guangyu (April 2004) [http://paa2004.princeton.edu/papers/40283 "Very Low Fertility in China in the 1990s: Reality or An Illusion Arising from Birth Underreporting?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705080752/https://paa2004.princeton.edu/papers/40283 |date=5 July 2021 }} Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America.</ref> To the extent that this underreporting of births or deaths is sex-selective, both fertility surveys and censuses may inaccurately reflect the actual sex ratios at birth.<ref>For studies reveal underreporting or delayed reporting of female births in China, see {{cite journal |vauthors=Merli MG, Raftery AE |title=Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies |journal=Demography |volume=37 |pages=109–26 |date=February 1990 |doi=10.2307/2648100 |pmid=10748993 |issue=1 |jstor=2648100|s2cid=41085573 |doi-access=free }} and {{cite journal |author1=Cai, Yong |author2=Lavely, William |title=China's Missing Girls: Numerical Estimates and Effects on Population Growth |journal=The China Review |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13–29 |date=2003|jstor=23461902|url=http://www.excellentfuture.ca/sites/default/files/China's%20Missing%20Girls_0.pdf}}</ref>

==Countries with imbalances in sex ratio==
[[File:Pyramide Bahrein.PNG|thumb|Sex imbalance in [[Bahrain]] caused by policies that restrict female spouses and children of immigrant workers]]
Some countries have a significant disparity between males and females in their population. As stated above, males usually exceed females at birth but subsequently experience different mortality rates due to many possible causes such as differential natural death rates, and increased accidental and violent deaths (including war).

Countries with significant imbalances tend to have three characteristics in common. First, a rapid decline in fertility, either because of preference for smaller families or to comply with their nation's population control measures. Second, there is [[social pressure]] for women to give birth to sons, often because of a cultural preference for male heirs. Third, families have widespread access to technology to selectively abort female foetuses.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Single Man: One Chinese Bachelor's Search for Love|date=15 November 2011|author1=Jian Lee, Deborah|author2=Subramanian, Sushma|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-gao-po-bachelor-women-marriage-economy|publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting|access-date=19 December 2011|archive-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190334/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-gao-po-bachelor-women-marriage-economy|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some of the factors suggested as causes of this sex imbalance are [[sex-selective abortion]] and infanticide, large-scale migration, and behavioral factors statistically linked with sex ratio, such as excessive drinking and violence.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://qz.com/335183/heres-why-men-on-earth-outnumber-women-by-60-million/|title = A story of drinkers, genocide and unborn girls|last = Bauer|first = David|date = January 2015|work = Quartz}}</ref> Gender imbalance may result in the threat of social unrest, especially in the case of an excess of low-status young males unable to find spouses,<ref>[[Valerie M. Hudson|Hudson, Valerie M.]] and den Boer, Andrea M. (2004) ''Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population''. The MIT Press. {{ISBN|0262582643}}.</ref> and being recruited into the service of militaristic political factions. [[Economic]] factors such as male-majority industries and activities, such as the [[petrochemical]], [[agriculture]], [[engineering]], [[military]], and [[technology]] industries, have also contributed to an imbalance toward males in some areas dependent on these industries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/03/30/a_singles_map_of_the_united_states_of_america/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=A singles map of the United States of America | first=Richard | last=Florida | date=30 March 2008}}</ref>

One study<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Michael |last1=Kvasnicka |first2=Dirk |last2=Bethmann |title=World War II, Missing Men, and out-of-wedlock childbearing |id=07-30 |publisher=The Institute of Economic Research, Korea University |date=1 October 2007 |url=http://econ.korea.ac.kr/~ri/WorkingPapers/W0730.pdf }}</ref> found that the male-to-female sex ratio in the German state of Bavaria fell as low as 0.60 after the end of [[World War II]] for the most severely affected age cohort (those between 21 and 23 years old in 1946). This same study found that out-of-wedlock births spiked from approximately 10–15% during the inter-war years up to 22% at the end of the war. This increase in out-of-wedlock births was attributed to a change in the marriage market caused by the decline in the sex ratio.
[[File:Pyramide Estonie.PNG|thumb|left|Sex imbalance in [[Estonia]]]] [[Qatar]] has the highest male-to-female ratio, with 2.87 males/female. For the group aged below 15, [[Sierra Leone]] has the lowest female-to-male ratio with 0.96 males/female, and the [[Georgia (country)|Republic of Georgia]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] are tied for the highest male-to-female ratio with 1.13 males/female (according to the 2006 [[CIA World Factbook]]).

The value for the entire [[world population]] is 1.01 males/female, with 1.07 at birth, 1.06 for those under 15, 1.02 for those between 15 and 64, and 0.78 for those over 65.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" />

Countries on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] tend to have a 'natural' ratio of about 1.05 at birth but a very high ratio of males for those over 65 (Saudi Arabia 1.14, Arab Emirates 2.73, Qatar 2.84), indicating either an above-average mortality rate for females or a below-average mortality for males, or, more likely in this case, a large population of aging male [[guest workers]].{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Conversely, countries of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] (the [[Baltic states]], [[Belarus]], Ukraine, Russia) tend to have a 'normal' ratio at birth but a very low ratio of males among those over 65 (Russia 0.46, Latvia 0.48, Ukraine 0.52); similarly, [[Armenia]] has an above average male ratio at birth (1.17), and a below-average male ratio above 65 (0.67). The latter may be caused by [[human migration|emigration]] and higher male mortality as a result of higher Soviet-era deaths; it may also be related to the enormous (by western standards) rate of [[Alcohol consumption in Russia|alcoholism in the former Soviet states.]]{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Another contributory factor is an aging population, given that due to higher differential mortality rates, the ratio of males to females declines with age.

In the [[evolutionary biology]] of [[sexual reproduction]] the [[operational sex ratio]] (OSR), is the ratio of sexually competing males that are ready to mate to sexually competing females that are ready to mate,<ref name="CluttonBrock2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Clutton-Brock | first1 = T. | title = Sexual Selection in Males and Females | doi = 10.1126/science.1133311 | journal = Science | volume = 318 | issue = 5858 | pages = 1882–1885 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18096798| bibcode = 2007Sci...318.1882C | s2cid = 6883765 }}</ref><ref name="Kvarnemo1996">{{cite journal | author = Kvarnemo, C. |author2=Ahnesjo, I. | year = 1996 | title = The dynamics of operational sex ratios and competition for mates | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 404–408 | doi = 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10056-2 | pmid = 21237898}}</ref><ref name="Emlen1976">{{cite journal | author = Emlen, S.T. | year = 1976 | title = Lek organization and mating strategies in the bullfrog | journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–313 |doi=10.1007/bf00300069 | jstor=4599103 | s2cid = 10792384 }}</ref> or alternatively the local ratio of fertilizable females to sexually active males at any given time.<ref name="Emlen1977">{{cite journal | author = Emlen, S.T. |author2=Oring, L.W. | year = 1977| title = Ecology, Sexual Selection, and the Evolution of Mating Systems | journal = Science | volume = 197 | issue = 4300 | pages = 215–223 | pmid=327542 | doi=10.1126/science.327542|bibcode=1977Sci...197..215E }}</ref> This is different from the physical [[sex ratio]] because it does not take into account sexually inactive or non-competitive individuals (individuals that do not compete for mates).

== Consequences of different sex ratios ==
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjaminites]] seize wives from Shiloh in this 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]]. There were not enough women available for marriage due to the high losses in the [[Battle at Gibeah]].]]
There are several social consequences of an imbalanced sex ratio. It may also become a factor in societal and demographic collapse. For example, the native population of [[Cusco]], Peru at the time of the Spanish conquest was stressed by an imbalance in the sex ratio between men and women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Covey |first1=R. Alan |last2=Childs |first2=Geoff |last3=Kippen |first3=Rebecca |title=Dynamics of Indigenous Demographic Fluctuations: Lessons from Sixteenth-Century Cusco, Peru |journal=Current Anthropology |date=1 June 2011 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=335–360 |doi=10.1086/660010 |s2cid=15702434 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/660010 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> Analyses of how sex ratio imbalances affect personal consumption and intra-household distribution were pioneered by [[Gary Becker]], [[Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman]],<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1981 | title = The Impact of the Female Marriage Squeeze and the Contraceptive Revolution on Sex Roles and the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States, 1960 to 1975 | journal = Journal of Marriage and the Family | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 49–65 | doi=10.2307/351416| jstor = 351416 | last1 = Heer | first1 = David M. | last2 = Grossbard-Shechtman | first2 = Amyra }}</ref><ref>Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (1993), ''On the Economics of Marriage – A Theory of Marriage, Labor and Divorce''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</ref> and Marcia Guttentag and Paul Secord.<ref>Guttentag, Marcia and Secord, Paul F. (1983), ''Too Many Women: The Sex Ratio Question''. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications</ref>

High ratios of males have a positive effect on marital fertility and women's share of household consumption, and negative effects on non-marital cohabitation and fertility and women's labor supply. It has been shown that the labor supply of married women in the U.S., over time, varies inversely with the sex ratio.<ref>Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana and Granger, Clive W. (September 1998). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4805034_Women's_Jobs_and_Marriage_--_Baby-Boom_Versus_Baby-Bust "Women's Jobs and Marriage, Baby-Boom versus Baby-Bust,"] ''Population'', 53: 731–52 (in French)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | year = 2007 | title = Marriage Markets and Women's Labor Force Participation | journal = Review of Economics of the Household | volume = 5 | issue = 3| pages = 249–278 | doi=10.1007/s11150-007-9014-1| last1 = Amuedo-Dorantes | first1 = Catalina |author-link1=Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes | last2 = Grossbard | first2 = Shoshana | hdl = 10419/34677 | s2cid = 189952913 | url = https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp2722 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

One study used 2021 National Archive of Criminal Justice Data and 2016 U.S. Census Bureau data to show the impact of different gender ratios on [[violence against women|men's violence against women]] in 3165 U.S. cities and counties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pabst |first1=Jennifer |last2=Walfield |first2=Scott M. |last3=Schacht |first3=Ryan |title=Patterning of Sexual Violence against Women across US Cities and Counties |journal=Social Sciences |date=May 2022 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=208 |doi=10.3390/socsci11050208 |language=en |issn=2076-0760|doi-access=free }}</ref> The sex ratio ranged from 40% men to 60% men in the data. Rates of violence were lowest in places with a 51% male ratio. For lower and higher proportions of males, the more the ratio deviated from the average, the higher was the violence.

== See also ==
* [[Gender parity]]
* [[Operational sex ratio]]
* [[Returning soldier effect]]
* [[Sex selection]]
* [[Sex-selective abortion]]
* [[Surplus women]]
* [[Missing women]]

'''Countries:'''
* [[List of sovereign states by sex ratio]]
* [[Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)]]
* [[Missing women of China]]
* [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by sex ratio]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Population}}

[[Category:Human sex ratio| ]]
[[Category:Human populations|sex ratio]]
[[Category:Demographics]]

Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism

2024-09-25T14:08:41Z

WinterWarp: Reporting 178.164.65.249.

<noinclude>{{Short description|Noticeboard for persistent vandalism}}__NONEWSECTIONLINK__
{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}|autoconfirmed|{{pp|1=vandalism|action=edit|small=yes|expiry=}}}}[[Category:Pages that should not be manually archived]]
{{/Header}}
{{adminbacklog|bot=HBC AIV helperbot14}}
</noinclude>

== Reports ==
{{Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism/TB2}}

=== User-reported ===

*{{vandal|Keelowatt}} – actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account. [[User:Killarnee|Killarnee]] ([[User talk:Killarnee|talk]]) 02:17, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
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*{{vandal|Bargi 1314}} – This user is constantly adding unsourced content to articles and has been warned not to do it for months now. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bargi_1314&diff=prev&oldid=1247656872][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bargi_1314&diff=prev&oldid=1247042266][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bargi_1314&diff=prev&oldid=1246159328][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bargi_1314&diff=prev&oldid=1246159135][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bargi_1314&oldid=1210411087]. [[User:Ratnahastin|Ratnahastin]] ([[User talk:Ratnahastin|talk]]) 08:56, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
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User talk:AWhitlay

2024-09-25T14:04:56Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/AWhitlay|your recent contributions]] to [[:Indiana]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use [[User:AWhitlay/sandbox|your sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 14:04, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

Indiana

2024-09-25T14:04:45Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by AWhitlay (talk) to rev. 1246437035 by Egsan Bacon: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state}}
{{redirect|Hoosier State|the passenger train|Hoosier State (train){{!}}''Hoosier State'' (train)}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Indiana
| official_name = State of Indiana
| image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Indiana
| anthem = "[[On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away]]" [[File:On the Bank of the Wabash Far Away by Paul Dresser, 1899.ogg|On the Bank of the Wabash Far Away by Paul Dresser, 1899]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-song/ |title=Indiana State Song |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The song entitled, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away," words and music by Paul Dresser, be and is hereby established as the state song of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-6-1)}}</ref>
| image_seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg
| image_map = Indiana in United States.svg
| nickname = "The [[Hoosier]] State"
| Former = Indiana Territory
| population_demonym = [[Hoosier]]
| motto = "[[Crossroads of America]]"
| seat = [[Indianapolis]]
| LargestCity = capital
| LargestCounty = [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
| LargestMetro = [[Indianapolis metropolitan area|Indianapolis]]
| Governor = [[Eric Holcomb]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Lieutenant Governor = [[Suzanne Crouch]] (R)
| Legislature = [[Indiana General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Indiana Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Indiana Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Todd Young]] (R)}}|{{nowrap|[[Mike Braun]] (R)}}}}
| Representative = {{ubl|7 Republicans|2 Democrats}}
| postal_code = IN
| TradAbbreviation = Ind.
| OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]
| area_rank = 38th
| area_total_sq_mi = 36,418
| area_total_km2 = 94,321
| area_land_sq_mi = 35,868
| area_land_km2 = 92,897
| area_water_sq_mi = 550
| area_water_km2 = 1,424
| area_water_percent = 1.5
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = 17th
| 2010Pop = 6,785,528<ref name="2020 U.S. Census">{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |author=Resident Population Data |title=Resident Population Data – 2020 Census}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 16th
| 2020DensityUS = 189
| 2020Density = 73.1
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $62,743 (2021)<ref name=kff>{{cite web |url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |title=Median Annual Household Income |date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2023}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and district by median household income|37th]]
| AdmittanceOrder = 19th
| AdmittanceDate = December 11, 1816
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| timezone1_location = 80 counties
| timezone2 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset2 = −06:00
| timezone2_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset2_DST = −05:00
| timezone2_location = 12 counties
| Latitude = 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N
| Longitude = 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W
| width_mi = 140
| width_km = 225
| length_mi = 270
| length_km = 435
| elevation_max_point = [[Hoosier Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}
| elevation_max_ft = 1,257
| elevation_max_m = 383
| elevation_ft = 700
| elevation_m = 210
| elevation_min_point = Confluence of [[Ohio River]] and [[Wabash River]]<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}
| elevation_min_ft = 320
| elevation_min_m = 97
| iso_code = US-IN
| website = https://in.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = Indiana
|image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
|image_seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg
|amphibian =
|bird = [[Northern cardinal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-bird/ |title=Indiana State Bird |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The bird commonly known as the Red Bird or Cardinal (''Richmondena Cardinalis Cardinalis'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state bird of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-8-1)}}</ref> (''Cardinalis cardinalis'')
|butterfly =
|crustacean =
|fish =
|flower = [[Peony]]<ref name="Ind. Code 1-2-8-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-tree-and-flower/ |title=Indiana State Tree and Flower |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The tulip tree (''liriodendron tulipifera'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state tree, and the flower of the peony (''Paeonie'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state flower of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-8-1)}}</ref> (''Paeonia'')
|grass =
|insect = [[Pyractomena angulata|Say's firefly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/dnr/entomology/resources-and-links/says-firefly/ |title=Say's Firefly |website=in.gov |date=January 26, 2021 |publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=Say's Firefly became Indiana's state insect when legislation proclaiming it as such was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on March 23, 2018.}}</ref> (''Pyractomena angulata'')
|mammal =
|reptile =
|tree = [[Liriodendron tulipifera|Tulip tree]]<ref name="Ind. Code 1-2-8-1"/> (''Liriodendron tulipifera'')
|beverage =
|colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] and [[Gold (color)|gold]]
|dance =
|dinosaur =
|firearm = [[Grouseland|Grouseland Rifle]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Tim |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/02/16/replica-william-henry-harrisons-grouseland-rifle-commissioned-bicentennial/80402246/ |title=Replica of Grouseland Rifle, the official state gun, commissioned for bicentennial |publisher=The Indianapolis Star |date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|food = [[Popcorn]] (state snack)<ref>{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Wes |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/its-official-popcorn-is-state-snack |title=It's Official: Popcorn is Indiana's State Snack |publisher=Inside Indiana Business |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|fossil = [[Mastodon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/indiana/mastodons-indiana-first-official-fossil/417-cd2d6a5f-6a90-4fd2-a182-3d2bf1175f1f |title=Indiana lawmakers name mastodon as first state fossil |date=February 19, 2022 |website=WHAS-TV}}</ref> (''Mammut americanum'')
|gemstone =
|instrument =
|mineral =
|poem = "Indiana"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-poem/ |title=Indiana State Poem |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The poem of Arthur Franklin Mapes, Kendallville, Indiana, the title and text of which are set forth in full as a part of this section, is hereby adopted as Indiana's official poem. (Ind. Code § 1-2-5-1)}}</ref>
|rock = [[Indiana limestone]]<ref name="State River and Stone">{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-river-and-stone/ |title=Indiana State River and Stone |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The river commonly known as the Wabash River is adopted and designated as the official river of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-11-1) (...) The regal type rock 'Limestone' which is found and quarried in south and central Indiana from the geologic formation named the Salem Limestone, is hereby adopted as the official stone of the State of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-9-1)}}</ref>
|shell =
|ship =
|slogan = "IN Indiana"<ref>{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Lizzie |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2022/06/08/indiana-launches-tourism-marketing-campaign-in-indiana/7555601001/ |title='IN Indiana': State launches tourism campaign following height of COVID-19 pandemic |publisher=The Indianapolis Star |date=June 8, 2022 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|soil =
|sport =
|tartan =
|toy =
|other = [[Wabash River]] (state river)<ref name="State River and Stone"/> [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt]] ''Hoosier Spirit II'' (state aircraft)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tristatehomepage.com/news/new-look-unveiled-for-evansvilles-p-47-hoosier-spirit-ii/ |title=New look unveiled for Evansville's P-47, Hoosier Spirit II |website=tristatehomepage.com |publisher=[[WEHT]] |date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref>
|image_route = Indiana 13.svg
|image_quarter = 2002 IN Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2002
}}
'''Indiana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} {{respell|IN|dee|AN|ə}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Indiana|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Lake Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Michigan]] to the north and northeast, [[Ohio]] to the east, the [[Ohio River]] and [[Kentucky]] to the south and southeast, and the [[Wabash River]] and [[Illinois]] to the west. Nicknamed "the Hoosier State",<ref>{{Cite web |last=IHB |date=2020-12-07 |title=What is a Hoosier |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/what-is-a-hoosier/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=IHB |language=en}}</ref> Indiana is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|38th-largest by area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|17th-most populous]] of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 states]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Indianapolis]]. Indiana was admitted to the Union as the 19th state on December 11, 1816.

Various [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] inhabited what would become Indiana for thousands of years, some of whom the U.S. government expelled between 1800 and 1836. Indiana received its name because the state was largely possessed by native tribes even after it was granted statehood. Since then, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the [[Eastern United States]]; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from [[New England]] and [[New York (state)|New York]], Central Indiana by migrants from the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] states and adjacent Ohio, and [[Southern Indiana]] by settlers from the [[Upland South]], particularly Kentucky and [[Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends |title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends |publisher=eb.com |author1=William Vincent D'Antonio |author2=Robert L. Beck |access-date=January 3, 2012}}</ref>

Indiana has [[Economy of Indiana|a diverse economy]] with a gross state product of $352.62{{spaces}}billion in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. federal state of Indiana - real GDP 2000-2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/187866/gdp-of-the-us-federal-state-of-indiana-since-1997/ |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> It has several [[metropolitan area]]s with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s [[Indianapolis Colts]] and the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Indiana Pacers]]. The state also hosts several notable competitive events, such as the [[Indianapolis 500]], held at [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]].

==Etymology==
Indiana's name means "Land of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]", or simply "Indian Land".{{efn|An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See {{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |access-date=January 23, 2014}}}} It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the [[United States Congress]] passed legislation to divide the [[Northwest Territory]] into two areas and named the western section the [[Indiana Territory]]. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.{{efn|A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of [[Ohio]] in 1803. The [[Michigan Territory]] was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the [[Illinois Territory]]. See {{cite book |author1=John D. Barnhart |author2=Dorothy L. Riker |title=Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society |series=The History of Indiana |volume=I |year=1971 |location=Indianapolis |pages=311–13, 337, 353, 355, 432 }}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=George R. |author-link=George R. Stewart |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew |url-access=registration |orig-year=1945 |edition=Sentry edition (3rd) |year=1967 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew/page/191 191]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |access-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>

Formal use of the word ''Indiana'' dates from 1768, when a [[Philadelphia]]-based trading company gave its land claim in present-day [[West Virginia]] the name "Indiana" in honor of its previous owners, the [[Iroquois]]. Later, ownership of the claim was transferred to the [[Indiana Land Company]], the first recorded use of the word ''Indiana''. But the [[Virginia]] colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] denied the land company's right to the claim in 1798.<ref name="IHBNI">Cyrus Hodgin, {{cite journal|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana
| volume =1 |issue=1 | year =1903 | pages =3–11
|access-date=July 23, 2018 |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana Historical Society}}</ref>

=== Hoosier ===
{{Anchor|Etymology of Hoosier}}A native or resident of Indiana is known as a [[Hoosier]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Maureen |last=Groppe |title=Finally, the federal government agrees: We're Hoosiers |website=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/12/finally-federal-government-agrees-were-hoosiers/96461534/ |access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (the [[Upland South]]) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haller |first=Steve |date=Fall 2008 |title=The Meanings of Hoosier: 175 Years and Counting |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5, 6 |issn=1040-788X |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |access-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221011316/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Word Hoosier |author=Graf, Jeffery |publisher=[[Indiana University Bloomington]] |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html |access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|History of Indiana}}
{{See also|Outline of Indiana#History}}

===Indigenous inhabitants===

[[File:Angel mound with turret HRoe 2008.jpg|thumb|left| [[Angel Mounds State Historic Site]] was one of the northernmost [[Mississippian culture]] settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.]]

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the [[Paleo-Indians]], who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were [[nomad]]s who hunted large [[Game (food)|game]] such as [[mastodons]]. They created stone tools made out of [[chert]] by chipping, [[knapping]] and [[Lithic reduction|flaking]].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher =State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| access-date =July 5, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084154/http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| archive-date =January 17, 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>

The [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]], which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of [[Nock (arrow)|notches]]. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork [[mound]]s and [[midden]]s, which showed settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.<ref name="HIS"/>

The [[Woodland period]] began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the [[Adena culture|Adena people]] had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell people]] began to develop long-range trade of [[Good (economics)|goods]]. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as [[Maize|corn]] and [[Squash (plant)|squash]]. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.<ref name="HIS"/>

The [[Mississippian culture]] emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their [[cosmology]], with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the [[Angel Mounds]]. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="HIS"/>

The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] family. They included the [[Shawnee]], [[Miami people|Miami]], and [[Illiniwek|Illini]]. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the [[Delaware Nation|Delaware]] who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.

===European exploration and sovereignty===

{{See also|New France|Louisiana (New France)|Illinois Country|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)}}
[[File:Natives guiding french explorers through indiana.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Native Indians guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by [[Maurice Thompson]] in ''Stories of Indiana''.]]

In 1679, French explorer [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] at the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]].<ref>Allison, p. 17.</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian [[fur trade]]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.

By 1702, [[Louis Juchereau de St. Denis|Sieur Juchereau]] established the first trading post near [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. In 1715, [[Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes|Sieur de Vincennes]] built [[Fort Miami (Indiana)|Fort Miami]] at [[Kekionga]], now [[Fort Wayne]]. In 1717, another Canadian, [[Picote de Beletre]], built [[Fort Ouiatenon]] on the [[Wabash River]], to try to control Native American trade routes from [[Lake Erie]] to the [[Mississippi River]].

In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the [[French and Indian War]] (also known as the [[Seven Years' War]]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the [[Thirteen Colonies|colonies]].

The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured [[Fort Ouiatenon]] and [[Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana#Fort Miami|Fort Miami]] during [[Pontiac's Rebellion]]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the [[Appalachians]] for Native American use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".

In 1775, the [[American Revolutionary War]] began as the colonists sought self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer [[George Rogers Clark]] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31–32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and [[Fort Sackville]] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web |title=Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}}</ref>

During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.<ref>Brill, p. 33.</ref> At the end of the war, through the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.

===The frontier===

{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Indiana Territory}}
{{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 210
|image1=Indiana Indian treaties.svg
|alt1=A colorful map of Indiana with treaty names
|image2=Indiana, 1817.jpg
|alt2=A crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineated
|caption2
|footer=Left: A map showing extent of the treaty lands. Right: One of the first maps of Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St. Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of [[Lake Michigan]].
}}

In 1787, the U.S. defined the [[Northwest Territory]] which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated [[Ohio]] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the [[Indiana Territory]].<ref name="GAC"/> President [[Thomas Jefferson]] chose [[William Henry Harrison]] as the governor of the territory, and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After the [[Michigan Territory]] was separated and the [[Illinois Territory]] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|website=[[The Herald Bulletin]]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm| access-date =July 22, 2009 }}</ref>

Starting with the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] in 1794 and the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the [[Treaty of Mississinewas]] in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in the northeast.

A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the [[Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)|Treaty of Fort Wayne]] in 1809, adding much of the southwestern lands around Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness populated primarily by Indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).

In 1810, the [[Shawnee]] tribal chief [[Tecumseh]] and his brother [[Tenskwatawa]] encouraged other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the U.S. authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against [[Tecumseh's Confederacy]]; the U.S. gained victory at the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the [[Battle of Thames]]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later [[Indian removals in Indiana|removed]] to west of the [[Mississippi River]] in the 1820s and 1830s after U.S. negotiations and the purchase of their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref>

===Statehood and settlement===

[[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An [[Enabling Act]] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a [[constitution of Indiana|constitution for Indiana]]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. [[Jonathan Jennings]] was elected the fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President [[James Madison]] approved Indiana's [[Admission to the Union|admission into the union]] as the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|nineteenth state]] on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to [[Indianapolis]].<ref name="GAC"/>

{| style="margin:auto"
| [[File:Historic American Buildings Survey Lester Jones, Photographer May 24, 1940. VIEW FROM SOUTHWEST - First State Capitol, Corydon, Harrison County, IN HABS IND,31-CORY,1-2.tif|thumb|Indiana's Capitol Building in [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] served as the state's seat of government from 1816 until 1825.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corydon Capitol State Historic Site|publisher=Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites|url=https://www.indianamuseum.org/corydon-capitol-state-historic-site|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>]]
| [[File:William Henry Harrison. Indiana statehood stamp, 1950 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|1950 postal issue of Harrison commemorating Indiana's 150th anniversary of statehood]]
|}
Many European [[immigrants]] went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were [[German-American|Germans]], as well as many immigrants from [[Ireland]] and [[England]]. Americans who were primarily [[English American|ethnically English]] migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.<ref name="The History of Indiana">{{cite web |title=The History of Indiana |url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/indiana |access-date=July 26, 2009 |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]}}</ref><ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AWJGw9z2RkkYJ%3Awww.uen.org%2FLessonplan%2FdownloadFile.cgi%3Ffile%3D1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf%26filename%3DAF_Census_Data.pdf+49%2C598%2C035&gl=uk&pid=bl] {{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the [[National Road]] at Richmond in 1829, greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.

Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a [[American frontier|frontier]] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a program, the [[Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act]], that led to the construction of roads, [[canal]]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vanderstel |first=David G |title=The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}}</ref> In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt, as well as the extension of [[suffrage]] to African-Americans.

===Civil War and late 19th century industry===
{{Main|Indiana in the American Civil War}}
During the [[American Civil War]], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24, 163.</ref>

In 1861, Indiana was assigned a [[American Civil War#Mobilization|quota]] of 7,500 soldiers to join the [[Union Army]].<ref>Gray 1995, p. 156.</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded.<ref>Funk, pp. 3–4.</ref> The only Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the [[Newburgh Raid]], a bloodless capture of the city; and the [[Battle of Corydon]], which occurred during [[Morgan's Raid]] leaving 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref>

After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of [[wagon]]s, [[Buggy (carriage)|buggies]], farm machinery, and hardware.<ref name="INdustry">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html |title=Indiana History Part 8 – Indiana Industrialization |website=centerforhistory.org |access-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154815/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html
|archive-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref> However, the [[Indiana gas boom|discovery of natural gas]] in the 1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel attracted [[heavy industry]]; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers from other parts of the country as well as from Europe.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202">Gray 1995, p. 202.</ref> This led to the rapid expansion of cities such as [[South Bend]], Indianapolis, and [[Fort Wayne]].<ref name="INdustry"/>

===Early 20th century===

The early decades of the 20th century saw Indiana develop into a leading [[Rust Belt|manufacturing state]] with heavy industry concentrating in the north.<ref name="The History of Indiana" /> In 1906 the [[United States Steel Corporation]] created a new industrial city on Lake Michigan, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], named after [[Elbert Henry Gary]], its founding chairman. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions (their strike activities induced governor [[James P. Goodrich]] to declare martial law in Gary in 1919)<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Hara|first=S. Paul|title=Gary, the most American of all American cities|date=2011|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|isbn=9780253222886|location=Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]}}</ref> and a [[Socialist Party of America|socialist party]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=John Barlow|title=Indiana: an Interpretation|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780253207548|location=Bloomington|pages=133–158}}</ref> Railroader [[Eugene V. Debs|Eugene Debs]] of [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]], the Socialist candidate received 901,551 votes (6.0% of the national vote) in the 1912 presidential election.<ref name="Election1912">[https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1912&f=0 1912 Presidential General Election Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022749/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1912&f=0|date=April 6, 2019}}, ''U.S. Election Atlas'', David Leip. Retrieved January 5, 2019.</ref> Suffrage movements also arose to enfranchise women.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202"/>

In its earlier years, Indiana was a leader in the automobile boom. Beginning its production in [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] in 1896, [[Haynes-Apperson]] was the nation's first commercially successful auto company.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madden|first=W. C.|title=Haynes-Apperson and America's First Practical Automobile: A History|publisher=McFarland & Co|year=2006|isbn=0786426756|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref> The importance of vehicle and parts manufacture to the state was symbolized by the construction in 1909 of the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|date=May 14, 2010|title=Indy 500: Indianapolis Motor Speedway History|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003200022/http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|archive-date=October 3, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2010|publisher=Indystar.com}}</ref>

In the 1920s, state politics was heavily influenced by the rise of the [[Indiana Klan]]. First organized in 1915 as a branch of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], it appealed to white Protestants alarmed by social and economic trends, including changes induced by immigration from southern and central Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madison|first=James H.|title=The Indiana Way: A State History|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=9780253206091|location=Bloomington|page=292}}</ref> In the name of defending "hundred-per-cent Americanism", the Klan sought exclude from public life "[[Communism|Bolsheviks]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], [[Jews]], [[Negro]]es, [[Rum-running|bootleggers]], [[Pacifism|pacifists]], [[Evolutionism|evolutionists]], foreigners, and all persons it considered immoral".<ref>Martin (1992), p.190</ref>

By 1925 the Klan had 250,000 members, an estimated 30% of native-born white men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018105327/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History |title=Indiana History Part 7 |archive-date=October 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, David (1994) ''The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis,'' Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 879</ref> By 1925 over half the elected members of the [[Indiana General Assembly]], the [[governor of Indiana]], and many other high-ranking officials in local and state government were members of the Klan. Politicians had also learned they needed Klan endorsement to win office.<ref>{{cite book | last=Moore | first=Leonard Joseph | title=Citizen klansmen : the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | publication-place=Chapel Hill | date=1991 | isbn=0-8078-6349-1 | oclc=45727836}}</ref> That year, "Grand Dragon" [[D.C. Stephenson]], who had begun to brag "I am the law in Indiana",<ref>{{cite book | last=Lutholtz | first=M. William | title=Grand dragon : D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Press | publication-place=West Lafayette, Ind. | date=1991 | isbn=1-55753-010-6 | oclc=22629874}}</ref> was charged and convicted for the rape and murder of [[Madge Oberholtzer]], a young schoolteacher. Denied pardon, in 1927 Stephenson gave the ''[[Indianapolis Times]]'' lists of people the Klan had paid. Partly as a result of compounded scandal, membership collapsed.<ref name="Lutholtz2">{{cite book|last=Lutholtz|first=M. William|title=Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=1991|isbn=1-55753-046-7|location=West Lafayette, Indiana}}</ref>

Throughout the 1930s, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] were in power and "the Klan was political poison".<ref>Martin (1992), p. 199</ref> During those years, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the [[Great Depression]]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The [[Dust Bowl]] to the west led many migrants to flee to the more industrialized Midwest. Governor [[Paul V. McNutt]]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |title=Paul V. McNutt |publisher=County History Preservation Society |last=Branson |first=Ronald |access-date=July 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172820/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref>

[[World War II]] helped lift Indiana's economy, as the war required steel, food and other goods the state produced.<ref name="TO">Pell, p. 31.</ref> Roughly 10% of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 350.</ref> Indiana manufactured 4.5% of total U.S. military armaments during World War{{spaces}}II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.111</ref> The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.<ref name="TO" />

===Modern era===

With the conclusion of World War{{spaces}}II, Indiana rebounded to pre-Depression levels of production. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author1=Haynes, Kingsley E. |author2=Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s the administration of [[Matthew E. Welsh]] adopted its first sales tax of 2%.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 382.</ref> Indiana schools were [[desegregated]] in 1949. In 1950, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=December 28, 2012 }}</ref> Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana [[Civil Rights]] Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.<ref>Gray 1995, pp. 391–392.</ref>

On December 8, 1964, a [[Convair B-58]] carrying [[nuclear weapon]]s slid off an icy runway on [[Grissom Air Reserve Base|Bunker Hill Air Force Base]] in [[Bunker Hill, Indiana]] and caught fire during a training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-megaton [[thermonuclear weapon]], causing [[radioactive contamination]] of the crash area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiana's 'broken arrow' – that time 5 nuclear bombs caught on fire |url=https://eu.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/13/indianas-broken-arrow-time-5-nuclear-bombs-caught-fire/1831690002/ |work=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |date=December 13, 2018}}</ref>

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the [[Indiana Court of Appeals]] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2009|archive-date=May 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505101830/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[1973 oil crisis]] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as [[Delco Electronics]] and [[Delphi (auto parts)|Delphi]] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]], [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]], and [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==

{{Main|Geography of Indiana}}
[[File:Map of Indiana NA.png|thumb]]

With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref name="NatAtlasProfile">{{cite web|title=Profile of the People and Land of the United States|publisher=[[National Atlas of the United States]]|url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|access-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915153709/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.<ref>Moore, p. 11.</ref> The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]].<ref name=Netstate/>

Located in the [[Midwestern United States]], Indiana is one of eight states that make up the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes Region]].<ref>{{cite web|title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=April 25, 2007|url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Indiana is bordered on the north by [[Michigan]], on the east by [[Ohio]], and on the west by [[Illinois]], partially separated by the [[Wabash River]].<ref name="FW"/> [[Lake Michigan]] borders Indiana on the northwest and the [[Ohio River]] separates Indiana from [[Kentucky]] on the south.<ref name=Netstate>{{cite web|title=The Geography of Indiana|publisher=Netstate|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm|access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Meredith|first=Robyn|title=Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>

===Geology and terrain===

{{See also|Paleontology in Indiana|List of ecoregions in Indiana|List of wildflowers in Indiana}}
[[File:HickoryRidgeTower-NW.jpg|thumb|Rolling hills in the [[Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area]] of [[Hoosier National Forest]], in the [[Indiana Uplands]]]]

The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is [[Hoosier Hill]] in [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne County]] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=NatAtlasProfile/><ref>Pell, p. 56.</ref> The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is in [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey County]], where the [[Wabash River]] meets the [[Ohio River]].<ref name= NatAtlasProfile/><ref name=Netstate/> The resulting [[List of U.S. states and territories by elevation|elevation span]], {{convert|937|ft|m}}, is the narrowest of any non-coastal U.S. state. Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from [[Tell City, Indiana|Tell City]] and [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]] to [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]].<ref>Moore, p. 13.</ref>

The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the [[Interior Low Plateaus]].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref>
The [[till plain]]s make up the northern and central regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by [[glacier]]s. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher and hillier [[terminal moraine]]s and hundreds of [[kettle lake]]s. In [[northwest Indiana]] there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height; most of them are at [[Indiana Dunes National Park]]. These are along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the [[Kankakee Outwash Plain]].

Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the prevalent [[Indiana limestone]], the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.

===Hydrology===

{{See also|List of Indiana rivers|List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana|List of lakes in Indiana|Watersheds of Indiana}}
[[File:Floods Recede around the Wabash-Ohio Confluence.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Wabash River]] converges with the [[Ohio River]] at [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey County]].]]

Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|last=Logan|first=William N.|author2=Edgar Roscoe Cumings|author3=Clyde Arnett Malott|author4=Stephen Sargent Visher|year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Conservation|page=257|display-authors=etal}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, as of 2007, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana|publisher=Natural Resources Commission|date=May 30, 2007|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Wabash River]], which is the longest free-flowing river east of the [[Mississippi River]], is the official river of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Boyce|title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley's signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute|work=Tribune-Star|date=August 29, 2009|access-date=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/x46868269/Terre-Hautes-Top-40-From-a-trickle-in-Ohio-to-the-Valley-s-signature-waterway-the-Wabash-River-is-forever-a-part-of-Terre-Haute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jerse|first=Dorothy|title=Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|website=Tribune-Star|date=March 4, 2006|url=http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140504130549/http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> At {{convert|475|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the [[Ohio River]]. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as "[[On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away]]", "[[Wabash Cannonball]]", and "[[Back Home Again in Indiana]]".<ref>{{cite news|first=Cynthia|last=Ozick|title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm|work=The New York Times|date=November 9, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hans|last=Fantel|title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 1984}}</ref>

There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA LAKES LISTING|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|access-date=January 26, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042424/http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders [[Lake Michigan]], one of five lakes comprising the [[Great Lakes]], the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. [[Tippecanoe Lake]], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while [[Lake Wawasee]] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leider |first=Polly |title=A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind |publisher=CBS News |date=January 26, 2006 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-town-with-backbone-warsaw-ind/ |access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), [[Monroe Lake]] is the largest lake in Indiana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianastateparks.reserveamerica.com/camping/monroe-lake/r/campgroundDetails.do?contractCode=IN&parkId=570050|title=Monroe Lake, IN - Indiana Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=October 25, 2022}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{further|Climate change in Indiana}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types Indiana.png|thumb|284x284px|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Indiana, using 1991–2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]]]]
In the past, almost all of Indiana had a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfb]]), with cold winters and hot, wet summers;<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html] {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> only the extreme southern portion of the state lay within the [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfa]]), which receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.<ref name="FW">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indiana |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]]}}</ref> But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30{{spaces}}°F/15{{spaces}}°F (−1{{spaces}}°C/−10{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 41{{spaces}}°F/24{{spaces}}°F (5{{spaces}}°C/−4{{spaces}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov">{{cite web |title=NWS Climate Data |publisher=NWS |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/ |access-date=December 23, 2010}}</ref>

In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84{{spaces}}°F/64{{spaces}}°F (29{{spaces}}°C/18{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 90{{spaces}}°F/69{{spaces}}°F (32{{spaces}}°C/21{{spaces}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> Indiana's record high temperature was 116{{spaces}}°F (47{{spaces}}°C) set on July 14, 1936, at [[Collegeville, Indiana|Collegeville]]. The record low was −36{{spaces}}°F (−38{{spaces}}°C) on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 19, 1994]] at [[New Whiteland, Indiana|New Whiteland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stacker.com/indiana/see-most-extreme-temperatures-indiana-history|title=See the Most Extreme Temperatures in Indiana History|accessdate=November 10, 2022}}</ref> The [[growing season]] typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. [[Lake effect snow]] accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana – Climate |publisher=City-Data.com |url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html |access-date=July 4, 2009}}</ref>

In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on [[National Weather Service]] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States |publisher=mindspring.com |date=April 12, 2012 |url=http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084151/http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> A 2011 report ranked [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities,<ref>{{cite web|author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version) |publisher=mindspring.com |date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084146/http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> while another report from 2011 ranked [[Indianapolis]] eighth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kellogg |first=Becky |title=Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities |publisher=The Weather Channel |date=March 8, 2011 |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108002946/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|In a 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone U.S. city, ahead of cities such as [[Houston]], Texas, and [[Wichita, Kansas]]. See {{cite web |last=Mecklenburg |first=Rick |title=Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley? |publisher=SouthBendTribune.com |date=May 1, 2008 |url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084147/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=[[WIFR]] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}}}Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=[[WIFR]] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average Precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web |url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |publisher=Indiana State Climate Office |title=Climate Facts |access-date=May 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122559/http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |archive-date=June 9, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Feb
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Mar
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Apr
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| May
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jun
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jul
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Aug
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Sep
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Oct
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Nov
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Dec
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Annum
|-
| 2.48
| 2.27
| 3.36
| 3.89
| 4.46
| 4.19
| 4.22
| 3.91
| 3.12
| 3.02
| 3.44
| 3.13
|41.49
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Indiana<ref name="Indiana climate averages">{{cite web |title=Indiana climate averages |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=IN&statename=Indiana-United-States-of-America |access-date=November 12, 2015 |publisher=Weatherbase}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]] || 85/66 || 29/19 || 35/20 || 2/−6
|-
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/17 || 0/−8
|-
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] || 88/67 || 31/19 || 41/24 || 5/−4
|-
|[[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 32/18 || 0/−8
|-
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] || 87/65 || 30/18 || 39/21 || 4/−6
|-
|[[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 31/14 || 0/−10
|-
|[[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] || 85/64 || 29/18 || 34/19 || 1/−7
|}

===Time zones===

{{Main|Time in Indiana}}

Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's [[time zone]]s have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]]; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central Time]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/indiana_time_zone.shtml|title=Indiana Time Zone|website=www.timetemperature.com}}</ref> Debate continues on the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/usa/indiana|title=Time Zones in Indiana, United States|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref>

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe [[daylight saving time]] (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly [[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]], [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]], and [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]] counties near [[Louisville, Kentucky]], and [[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]] and [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]] counties near [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/usa/indiana|title=Daylight Saving Time 2022 in Indiana, United States|accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref>

=== Indiana counties and statistical areas ===
{{See also|List of counties in Indiana|Indiana statistical areas}}

Indiana is divided into 92 [[List of counties in Indiana|counties]]. {{as of|2010}}, the state includes 16 [[metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and 25 [[micropolitan statistical area]]s, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/>{{efn|A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|website=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| access-date =August 14, 2009 }}}} [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] and Indianapolis have a [[Unigov|consolidated city-county government]].<ref name=GeoCensus/>

==== Major cities ====
{{See also|List of municipalities in Indiana}}

Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =April 21, 2014 | url=https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st18_in.html | access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|Indiana's territorial capitals were [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and later [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], which also became Indiana's first [[list of current and former capital cities within U.S. states|state capital]] when it became a state.}} Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are [[Indianapolis]], [[Fort Wayne]], [[Evansville]], and [[South Bend]].<ref name=STATSIN>{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on the 2020 United States census.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.indiana.edu/index.asp|title=Census in Indiana|website=www.census.indiana.edu}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| country = Indiana
| stat_ref = Source: 2020 United States census<ref name="auto"/>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Indiana{{!}}County
| city_1 = Indianapolis, Indiana{{!}}Indianapolis
| div_1 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion
| pop_1 = 887,642
| img_1 = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg
| city_2 = Fort Wayne, Indiana{{!}}Fort Wayne
| div_2 = Allen County, Indiana{{!}}Allen
| pop_2 = 263,886
| img_2 = Downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Skyline from Old Fort, May 2014.jpg
| city_3 = Evansville, Indiana{{!}}Evansville
| div_3 = Vanderburgh County, Indiana{{!}}Vanderburgh
| pop_3 = 117,298
| img_3 = Evilleriverfront.jpg
| city_4 = South Bend, Indiana{{!}}South Bend
| div_4 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_4 = 103,453
| img_4 = South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg
| city_5 = Carmel, Indiana{{!}}Carmel
| div_5 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_5 = 99,757
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Fishers, Indiana{{!}}Fishers
| div_6 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_6 = 98,977
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Bloomington, Indiana{{!}}Bloomington
| div_7 = Monroe County, Indiana{{!}}Monroe
| pop_7 = 79,168
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Hammond, Indiana{{!}}Hammond
| div_8 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_8 = 77,879
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Lafayette, Indiana{{!}}Lafayette
| div_9 = Tippecanoe County, Indiana{{!}}Tippecanoe
| pop_9 = 70,783
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Noblesville, Indiana{{!}}Noblesville
| div_10 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_10 = 69,604
| img_10 =
| city_11 = Gary, Indiana{{!}}Gary
| div_11 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_11 = 69,093
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Muncie, Indiana{{!}}Muncie
| div_12 = Delaware County, Indiana{{!}}Delaware
| pop_12 = 65,194
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Greenwood, Indiana{{!}}Greenwood
| div_13 = Johnson County, Indiana{{!}}Johnson
| pop_13 = 63,830
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Kokomo, Indiana{{!}}Kokomo
| div_14 = Howard County, Indiana{{!}}Howard
| pop_14 = 59,604
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Terre Haute, Indiana{{!}}Terre Haute
| div_15 = Vigo County, Indiana{{!}}Vigo
| pop_15 = 58,389
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Anderson, Indiana{{!}}Anderson
| div_16 = Madison County, Indiana{{!}}Madison
| pop_16 = 54,788
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Elkhart, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| div_17 = Elkhart County, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| pop_17 = 53,923
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Mishawaka, Indiana{{!}}Mishawaka
| div_18 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_18 = 51,063
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Columbus, Indiana{{!}}Columbus
| div_19 = Bartholomew County, Indiana{{!}}Bartholomew
| pop_19 = 50,474
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Jeffersonville, Indiana{{!}}Jeffersonville
| div_20 = Clark County, Indiana{{!}}Clark
| pop_20 = 49,447
| img_20 =
}}

==Demographics==
===Population===

{{US Census population
|1800= 2632
|1810= 24520
|1820= 147178
|1830= 343031
|1840= 685866
|1850= 988416
|1860= 1350428
|1870= 1680637
|1880= 1978301
|1890= 2192404
|1900= 2516462
|1910= 2700876
|1920= 2930390
|1930= 3238503
|1940= 3427796
|1950= 3934224
|1960= 4662498
|1970= 5193669
|1980= 5490224
|1990= 5544159
|2000= 6080485
|2010= 6483802
|2020= 6785528
|estyear=2023
|estimate=6862199
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the [[2020 United States census]], a 4.65% increase since the [[2010 United States census]].<ref name="2020 U.S. Census"/>

The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. census, Indiana's population center is northwest of Sheridan, in [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton County]] (+40.149246, −086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Census Centers of Population by state |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025307/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's [[center of population]] was located in [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton County]], in the town of [[Sheridan, Indiana|Sheridan]]. See {{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |access-date=November 21, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013}}}}

In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana |publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute |url=http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |access-date=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304144932/http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 5,449 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Indiana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

In 2018, The top countries of origin for Indiana's immigrants were [[Mexico]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Myanmar]], and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_indiana.pdf|title=Immigrants in Indiana}}</ref>

===Ancestry===
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Indiana.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Indiana]]
{| font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]
|-
! Race and Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census
|author= |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|75.5|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|79.1|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|9.4|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|10.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|8.2|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2.5|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|3.1|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.6|%|2||background:gold}}
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.04|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}}
|-
| Other
|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:brown}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Indiana Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusviewer.com/state/IN |title=Population of Indiana – Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts – CensusViewer |website=censusviewer.com |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204641/http://censusviewer.com/state/IN |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data |website=census.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US18 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 90.6% || 87.5% || 84.3% || 77.2%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 7.8% || 8.4% || 9.1% || 9.6%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.7% || 1.0% || 1.6% || 2.5%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.4%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || – || –
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.7% || 1.6% || 2.7% || 3.9%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.2% || 2.0% || 6.4%
|}

[[German-American|German]] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 18.8% of the population reporting that ancestry in the census. Persons listing themselves as [[American ancestry|American]] (7.2%) and those of [[English-American|English]] ancestry (11.1%) are also numerous, as are [[Irish American|Irish]] (9.8%) and [[Poland|Polish]] (2.6%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref> Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of European descent, including many of [[English-American|English]] descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early [[British America|colonial era]], that they identify simply as American.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|SVoAXh-dNuYC|page=PA57|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 |jstor=2061465|s2cid=41503995 |doi-access=free |issn=0070-3370 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 [pp. 44–46] |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 [pp. 82–86] |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004|s2cid=60711423 }}</ref> In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>

The state is home to a growing Hispanic population, making up 7.8% of the total population. The largest Hispanic ancestry in the state is Mexican (5.3%), making up a large majority of the Hispanic population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref>

The majority (62%) of the state's [[African Americans|African American]] population is concentrated in Marion and Lake counties, in and around the cities of [[Indianapolis]] and [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]].<ref>[https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2013/may-jun/article3.asp Exploring Hoosier Minority Groups: Indiana's Black Population]</ref>

===Population growth===
[[File:Indiana population map.png|thumb]]
[[File:Indiana counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Indiana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

'''Non-Hispanic White'''

{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}

{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}

{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}

{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}

{{legend|#410b00|90%+}}

{{col-end}}|266x266px]]

Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area: [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]], [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]], [[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]], and [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]. The other county is [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn County]], which is near [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any county in the states bordering Indiana ([[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Ohio]] and [[Kentucky]]), and is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rainey |first=Joan P |title=Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth |publisher=Indiana University |year=2000 |url=http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2009}}</ref>

With a population of 829,817, [[Indianapolis]] is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] (253,617), [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] (117,429) and [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] (101,168).<ref>{{cite web |title=IU Kelley School: Indiana's largest cities continue to see strong population growth |url=http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/05/indiana-city-populations-2014.shtml |website=IU Newsroom |access-date=January 9, 2016 }}</ref> Since 2000, [[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100%.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web |last=Nevers |first=Kevin |title=Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates |website=[[Chesterton Tribune]] |date=July 11, 2008 |url=http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm |access-date=August 5, 2009}}</ref> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are [[Greenwood, Indiana|Greenwood]] (81%), [[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]] (39.4%), [[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]] (21.4%), [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> (12.8%) and [[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]] (9.3%).

[[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] and [[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]] have had the largest population declines regarding the 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0% and 6.8% respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] (−4.2%), [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]] (−4.0%) and [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] (−3.9%) have also had declines.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns |publisher=Indiana University |date=July 10, 2008 |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html |access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>

Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's [[metropolitan area]]s and the [[Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|33rd-largest]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |publisher=[[United States Census]] |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |access-date=August 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100709020951/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |archive-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref> The [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] encompasses [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

''Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2013|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2014|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2015|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2016|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2017|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]:
| 70,166 (84.4%)
| 70,967 (84.4%)
| 70,741 (84.1%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 63,820 (76.8%)
| 64,076 (76.2%)
| 63,472 (75.5%)
| 62,039 (74.7%)
| 60,515 (73.6%)
| 59,520 (72.9%)
| 58,211 (72.0%)
| 56,290 (71.6%)
| 56,839 (71.1%)
| 55,178 (69.3%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 10,445 (12.6%)
| 10,666 (12.7%)
| 10,656 (12.7%)
| 9,768 (11.8%)
| 9,971 (12.1%)
| 10,242 (12.5%)
| 10,249 (12.7%)
| 9,848 (12.5%)
| 9,991 (12.5%)
| 10,119 (12.7%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 2,364 (2.8%)
| 2,322 (2.8%)
| 2,523 (3.0%)
| 2,426 (2.9%)
| 2,535 (3.1%)
| 2,382 (2.9%)
| 2,285 (2.8%)
| 2,335 (3.0%)
| 2,295 (2.9%)
| 2,458 (3.1%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 127 (0.1%)
| 125 (0.1%)
| 120 (0.1%)
| 85 (0.1%)
| 124 (0.2%)
| 132 (0.2%)
| 117 (0.1%)
| 56 (>0.1%)
| 76 (>0.1%)
| 126 (0.2%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''6,837'' (8.2%)
| ''7,239'' (8.6%)
| ''7,634'' (9.1%)
| ''7,442'' (8.9%)
| ''7,669'' (9.3%)
| ''7,867'' (9.6%)
| ''8,420'' (10.4%)
| ''8,480'' (10.8%)
| ''8,826'' (11.0%)
| ''9,939'' (12.5%)
|-
| '''Total Indiana'''
| '''83,102''' (100%)
| '''84,080''' (100%)
| '''84,040''' (100%)
| '''83,091''' (100%)
| '''82,170''' (100%)
| '''81,646''' (100%)
| '''80,859''' (100%)
| '''78,616''' (100%)
| '''79,946''' (100%)
| '''79,649''' (100%)
|}

* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web |title=Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> From the 2010 U.S. census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref>

===Median income===

{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Geo Map of Median Income by County in Indiana.png|thumb]]

As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |access-date =August 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all households.<ref name="Justis 2006">{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| access-date =October 29, 2009 }}</ref>

Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/>
{{clear}}

===Religion===

[[File:Jrb_20071024_Mennonite_Amish_buggy_Shipshewana_Indiana.JPG|thumb|left|Indiana is home to the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|third largest population]] of [[Amish]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2017/08/Population_Change_2012-2017.pdf|website=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College|title=Amish Population Change 2012-2017|type=PDF|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>]]

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most Hoosiers are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the [[United Methodist Church]], with 355,043.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112163800/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> A study by the Graduate Center at the [[City University of New York]] found 20% are Catholic, 14% belong to [[Baptist]] churches, 10% are other Christians, 9% are [[Methodist]], and 6% are [[Lutheran]]. The study found 16% are affiliated with [[Irreligion|no religion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Religious Identification Survey |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219030815/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2006 }}</ref>

Indiana is home to the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] [[St. Meinrad Archabbey]], one of two Catholic [[archabbey]]s in the United States and 11 in the world. The [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] has one of its two seminaries in [[Concordia Theological Seminary|Fort Wayne]]. Two evangelical Methodist denominations, the [[Free Methodist Church]] and the [[Wesleyan Church]], are headquartered in Indianapolis, as is the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Christian Church]].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.</ref>

The [[Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches]] maintains offices and publishing work in [[Winona Lake, Indiana|Winona Lake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=[[Lancaster New Era]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> [[Huntington, Indiana|Huntington]] serves as the home to the [[Church of the United Brethren in Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|website=[[The News-Sentinel]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]] is home to the headquarters of the [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|website=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The headquarters of the [[Missionary Church]] is in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church|date=October 6, 2003|website=The News-Sentinel|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref>

The [[Friends United Meeting]] of the [[Religious Society of Friends]], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=[[Earlham College]]|access-date=August 15, 2009|archive-date=April 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403160459/http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|url-status=dead}}</ref> which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the [[Earlham School of Religion]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The [[Islamic Society of North America]] is headquartered in [[Plainfield, Indiana|Plainfield]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible" style="text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Indiana (2014)<ref>{{cite web |author = USA |url = https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/indiana/ |title = Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center |publisher = Pewforum.org |access-date = May 29, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col"| Affiliation
! scope="col" colspan="2"|% of Indiana population
|-
! scope="row"| [[Christianity]]
| {{bartable|72||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Protestant]]
| {{bartable|52||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]
| {{bartable|31||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Mainline Protestant]]
| {{bartable|16||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Black church|Black Protestant]]
| {{bartable|5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Catholic]]
| {{bartable|18||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Mormon]]
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;;"| [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| Other Christianity
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Judaism]]
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Buddhism]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Islam]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Hinduism]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| Other faiths
| {{bartable|1||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
! scope="row"| Don't know / No answer
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkorange}}
|}
{{clear}}

==Law and government==

{{Main|Government of Indiana}}
{{See also|United States congressional delegations from Indiana|Indiana's congressional districts}}
[[File:IndianaStateHouse1.jpg|thumb|The [[Indiana Statehouse]] in [[Indianapolis]], seat of [[Government of Indiana|Indiana's state government]], hosts the [[Indiana General Assembly]], the [[Indiana Supreme Court]], and the [[Governor of Indiana]].]]
[[File:1816 Indiana Constitution - DPLA - 638529f8d3cb7f846cb4d281a6314e78 (page 10).jpg|thumb|[[Constitution of Indiana]] (1816)]]

Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.

The [[Governor of Indiana]] serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|lieutenant governor]] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms.<ref name="ST"/> The governor works with the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the [[Indiana Guard Reserve]] or the [[Indiana National Guard]] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=August 3, 2009|archive-date=March 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318110223/http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =March 10, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090310200401/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| url-status =dead}}</ref>

The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.<ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.</ref>

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member [[Indiana Senate|Senate]] and 100-member [[Indiana House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The Senate is the [[upper house]] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the [[lower house]].<ref name="ST" /> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 1, 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180801103208/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.<ref name="ST" /> Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets a particular community.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11</ref> The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.</ref>

The [[Indiana Supreme Court]] is made up of five judges with a [[Indiana Court of Appeals|Court of Appeals]] composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST" /> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have [[original jurisdiction]] and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 2, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090802221214/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |title=Appellate Process |publisher=State of Indiana |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=August 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723101408/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |archive-date=July 23, 2009 }}</ref>

The state is divided into 92 [[County (United States)|counties]], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own [[circuit court]] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate [[superior court]]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered [[courts of record]]. County officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|title=Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=May 4, 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172406/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017 Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|title=Best States for Government|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112135/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a 2020 study, Indiana was ranked as the 10th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Abortion in Indiana|Abortion]] is illegal in Indiana with limited exceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state/indiana/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights}}</ref>

===Military installations===

[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 090826-D-8719J-45.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Indiana National Guard]] at the [[Muscatatuck Urban Training Center]] near [[Butlerville, Indiana|Butlerville]]]]

Indiana is home to several current and former [[Military base|military installations]]. The largest of these is the [[Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division]], approximately 25 miles southwest of [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], which is the third-largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/Who-We-Are/|title=About Us|website=www.navsea.navy.mil}}</ref> Located inside NSWC Crane is Constitution Grove, a 64,000-acre forest containing approximately 120 old-growth [[white oak]] trees selected for the maintenance of the [[USS Constitution]], the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=USS Constitution |date=2015-05-11 |title=The "Wooden Walls" of USS Constitution |url=https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2015/05/11/the-wooden-walls/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=USS Constitution Museum |language=en}}</ref>

Other active installations include [[Air National Guard]] fighter units at [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], and [[Terre Haute]] airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the [[Base Realignment and Closure, 2005|2005 BRAC proposal]], with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The [[Army National Guard]] conducts operations at [[Camp Atterbury]] in [[Edinburgh, Indiana]], helicopter operations out of [[Shelbyville, Indiana|Shelbyville]] Airport and urban training at [[Muscatatuck Urban Training Center]]. The Army's [[Newport Chemical Depot]], which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.

Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; [[Grissom Air Force Base]] near Peru (realigned to an [[Air Force Reserve]] installation in 1994) and [[Fort Benjamin Harrison]] near Indianapolis, now closed, though the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] continues to operate a large finance center there ([[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]]).

==Politics==

{{Main|Politics of Indiana}}
{{See also|Political party strength in Indiana|United States presidential elections in Indiana}}
[[File:130410-Z-9531S-013.jpg|thumb|[[Mike Pence]] at the Indiana State Fair, 2014|alt=An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.]]

From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative [[William Hayden English]] was nominated for vice president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the [[1880 United States presidential election|1880 election]].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 23.</ref> Former Indiana Governor [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] was elected vice president in 1884. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President [[Grover Cleveland]].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 82.</ref> In 1888, former Senator from Indiana [[Benjamin Harrison]] was elected president and served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] until 1909.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 118.</ref> Fairbanks made another run for vice president with [[Charles Evans Hughes]] in 1916, but they both lost to [[Woodrow Wilson]] and former Indiana Governor [[Thomas R. Marshall]], who served as vice president from 1913 until 1921.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 162.</ref> Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of Indiana when Senator [[Dan Quayle]] was elected vice president and served one term with [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref name="FW"/> Governor [[Mike Pence]] was elected vice president in 2016 and served one term with [[Donald Trump]].

Indiana has long been considered a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purnick |first=Joyce |title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 |date=October 21, 2006 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> particularly in Presidential races. The [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] (CPVI) now rates Indiana as R+9. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican [[Wendell Willkie]] in 1940.<ref name="FW"/> On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20 percentage points.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 2000 and 2004 [[George W. Bush]] won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has supported a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] for president only five times since 1900. In 1912, [[Woodrow Wilson]] became the first Democrat to win the state in the 20th century, with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican [[Herbert Hoover]]. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] over Republican [[Barry Goldwater]]. Forty-four years later, Democrat [[Barack Obama]] narrowly won the state against [[John McCain]] 50% to 49%.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPhee |first=Laura |date=November 12, 2008 |title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |url=https://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/indianas-historic-vote-for-obama/Content?oid=1263801 |access-date=August 10, 2009 |website=[[NUVO (newspaper)|NUVO]]}}</ref> In the [[2012 US presidential election|following election]], Republican [[Mitt Romney]] won back the state for the Republican Party with 54% of the vote over the incumbent President Obama who won 43%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.gov/apps/sos/election/general/general2012?page=office&countyID=-1&officeID=36&districtID=-1&candidate= |title=Election Results: Indiana General Election, November 6, 2012 |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats [[List of Governors of Indiana|were elected governor]] during that time. Before [[Mitch Daniels]] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the [[Indiana's congressional districts|districts]] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison |url=https://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 |access-date=August 11, 2009 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] was ranked second and [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] came in at 83. Among conservative cities, [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] was 44th, [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] was 60th and [[Indianapolis]] was 82nd on the list.<ref>{{cite news |last=Modie |first=Neil |title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |website=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Arts===
{{See also|Golden Age of Indiana Literature}}
The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s.<ref name = artsummary/> [[Edward Eggleston]] wrote ''The Hoosier Schoolmaster'' (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the state. Many more followed, including [[Maurice Thompson]]'s ''Hoosier Mosaics'' (1875) and [[Lew Wallace]]'s ''[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ|Ben-Hur]]'' (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with [[Booth Tarkington]]'s ''The Gentleman from Indiana'' (1899), [[Meredith Nicholson]]'s The Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's ''Alice of Old Vincennes'' (1900).<ref name = artsummary/> [[James Whitcomb Riley]], known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including ''[[Little Orphant Annie]]''. A unique art culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the [[Hoosier Group|Hoosier School]] of landscape painting and the [[Richmond Group]] of impressionist painters. The painters, including [[T. C. Steele]], whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors.<ref name = artsummary>{{cite encyclopedia|title=INDIANA|year=2000|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century|editor= Farmington, Gale|author=Furlong, Patrick J.|location=Michigan}}</ref> Prominent musicians and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including [[Paul Dresser]], whose most popular song, "[[On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away]]", was later adopted as the official state song.<ref name=ihspauldresser>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Clayton W|url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser/|title=Paul Dresser|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]]|access-date=March 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828223523/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser|archive-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sports===

{{Main|Sports in Indiana}}

====Motorsports====

[[File:Dallara DW12 (Fernando Alonso) 2017 Indianapolis 500.jpg|thumb|Indianapolis is home to the annual [[Indianapolis 500]] race.]]

Indiana has an extensive history with [[auto racing]]. Indianapolis hosts the [[Indianapolis 500]] mile race over [[Memorial Day]] weekend at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the [[Brickyard 400]] ([[NASCAR]]) and the [[Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix]]. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the [[United States Grand Prix]] ([[Formula One]]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious [[drag race]], the [[NHRA U.S. Nationals|NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals]], held each [[Labor Day]] weekend at [[Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis]] in [[Clermont, Indiana]]. Indiana is also host to a major [[hydroplane racing|unlimited hydroplane racing]] power boat race circuits in the major [[H1 Unlimited]] league, the [[Madison Regatta]] ([[Madison, Indiana]]).

====Professional sports====

[[File:Andrew Luck 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Indianapolis Colts]] of the [[National Football League]] have been based in the state since 1984.]]

{{as of|2013}} Indiana has produced more [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | website=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | access-date=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}}</ref> It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's [[Indiana Pacers]] play their home games at [[Gainbridge Fieldhouse]]; they began play in 1967 in the [[American Basketball Association]] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues [[ABA-NBA merger|merged]] in 1976. Although [[James Naismith]] developed basketball in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Massachusetts]] in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions [[1954 Milan High School basketball team|Milan High School]]. Professional basketball player [[Larry Bird]] was born in [[West Baden Springs, Indiana|West Baden Springs]] and was raised in [[French Lick, Indiana|French Lick]]. He went on to lead the [[Boston Celtics]] to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087|title=Larry Bird|website=Biography|date=April 20, 2021 }}</ref>

Indianapolis is home to the [[Indianapolis Colts]]. The Colts are members of the [[AFC South|South Division]] of the [[American Football Conference]]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the [[Dayton Triangles]]. They became an official team after moving to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland|MD]], in 1953. In 1984, the [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Colts]] [[Baltimore Colts relocation controversy|relocated]] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the [[Baltimore Ravens]]. After calling the [[RCA Dome]] home for 25 years, the Colts play their home games at [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won [[Super Bowl V]]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won [[Super Bowl XLI]], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Indiana was home to two charter members of the [[National Football League]] teams, the [[Hammond Pros]] and the [[Muncie Flyers]]. Another early NFL franchise, the [[Evansville Crimson Giants]] spent two seasons in the league before folding.

====Professional teams====

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional leagues]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue (capacity)
|-
|''[[Indianapolis Colts]]''
|American football
|[[National Football League]]
| [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] (62,400)
|-
|''[[Indiana Pacers]]''
|Basketball
|[[National Basketball Association]]
| [[Gainbridge Fieldhouse]] (18,165)
|-
|[[Evansville Otters]]
|Baseball
|[[Frontier League]]
| [[Bosse Field]] (5,181)
|-
|[[Evansville Thunderbolts]]
|Ice hockey
|[[SPHL]]
| [[Ford Center (Evansville)|Ford Center]] (9,000)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne Komets]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
| [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum]] (10,480)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne Mad Ants]]
|Basketball
|[[NBA G League]]
| [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum|War Memorial Coliseum]] (13,000)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne TinCaps]]
|Baseball
|[[High-A Central]]
| [[Parkview Field]] (8,100)
|-
|[[Gary SouthShore RailCats]]
|Baseball
|[[American Association of Professional Baseball|American Association]]
| [[U.S. Steel Yard]] (6,139)
|-
|[[Indy Eleven]]
|Soccer
|[[United Soccer League]]
| [[Michael A. Carroll Stadium]] (10,524)
|-
|[[Indiana Fever]]
|Basketball
|[[Women's National Basketball Association]]
| [[Gainbridge Fieldhouse]] (18,165)
|-
|[[Indy Fuel]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
| [[Indiana Farmers Coliseum]] (6,300)
|-
|[[Indianapolis Indians]]
|Baseball
|[[Triple-A East]]
| [[Victory Field]] (14,230)
|-
|[[Indianapolis Enforcers]]
|Arena Football
|[[American Arena League|AAL]]
|[[Indiana Farmers Coliseum]]
|-
|[[South Bend Cubs]]
|Baseball
|[[High-A Central]]
| [[Four Winds Field]] (5,000)
|}
The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of 30,000:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Facility
!Capacity
!Municipality
!Tenants
|-
|[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
|257,327
|[[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]]
|{{ubl|[[Indianapolis 500]]|[[Grand Prix of Indianapolis]]|[[Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400]]|[[Lilly Diabetes 250]]}}
|-
|[[Notre Dame Stadium]]
|84,000
|[[Notre Dame, Indiana|Notre Dame]]
|[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]]
|-
|[[Lucas Oil Stadium]]
|62,421
|[[Indianapolis]]
|[[Indianapolis Colts]]
|-
|[[Ross–Ade Stadium]]
|57,236
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]]
|[[Purdue Boilermakers football]]
|-
|[[Memorial Stadium (Indiana)|Memorial Stadium]]
|52,929
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|[[Indiana Hoosiers football]]
|}

====College athletics====

{{See also|Hoosier Hysteria}}
[[File:Indiana Assembly Hall interior (16100187018).jpg|thumb|[[Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall]], home to [[Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball]]]]
[[File:Fans and players gather for a football game Sept. 6, 2014, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Ind 140906-D-KC128-220.jpg|thumb|[[Notre Dame Stadium]], home to the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Fighting Irish]]]]
[[File:Ross-Ade Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Ross-Ade Stadium]], home of the [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue Boilermakers]], before the 2023 renovations]]

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.

In men's basketball, the [[Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball|Indiana Hoosiers]] have won five NCAA national championships and 22 [[Big Ten Conference]] championships. The [[Purdue Boilermakers]] were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 26 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.

In college football, the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]] have won 11 consensus national championships, as well as the [[Rose Bowl Game]], [[Cotton Bowl Classic]], [[Orange Bowl]] and [[Sugar Bowl]]. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships and have won the Rose Bowl and [[Peach Bowl]].

Schools fielding [[NCAA Division I]] athletic programs include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Program
!Division
!Conference
!City
|-
|[[Ball State Cardinals]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Mid-American Conference]]
[[Missouri Valley Conference]] (men's swimming & diving)
|[[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]]
|-
|[[Butler Bulldogs]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Big East Conference]]
[[Pioneer Football League]]
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
|[[Evansville Purple Aces]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]
|-
|[[Indiana Hoosiers]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Big Ten Conference]]
[[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] (women's water polo)
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|-
|[[Indiana State Sycamores]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
[[Missouri Valley Football Conference]]
|[[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]]
|-
|[[IU Indy Jaguars]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Horizon League]]
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
|[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
[[Big Ten Conference]] (men's ice hockey)

[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]] (football)
|[[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]
|-
|[[Purdue Boilermakers]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Big Ten Conference]]
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]]
|-
|[[Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Horizon League]]
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]
|-
|[[Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Ohio Valley Conference]]
[[Summit League]] (men's soccer, swimming & diving)

[[Horizon League]] (men's tennis)
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]
|-
|[[Valparaiso Beacons]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
[[Pioneer Football League]]

[[Mid-American Conference]] (men's swimming)

[[Conference USA]] (women's bowling)
|[[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]]
|}

==Economy and infrastructure==

{{Main|Economy of Indiana}}
[[File:Indiana Dunes State Park, on the southern tip of Lake Michigan.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Michigan]]'s beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.]]
[[File:Campo de maiz, Walker, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-20, DD 03.jpg|thumb|Indiana is the fifth largest corn-producing state in the U.S., with over a billion bushels harvested in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indiana Agriculture Products|publisher=Journal Communications, Inc.|url=http://www.farmflavor.com/indiana/indiana-agribusiness/top-10-indiana-agriculture-products/|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>]]

In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4{{spaces}}million, the 15th largest in the United States. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4%, lower than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force Overview (NSA): STATS Indiana|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view1.html|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |title=Apps Test | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |website=Bea.gov |date= |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |url-status=dead }}</ref> A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | access-date=January 11, 2007}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]], nearly 17% of the state's non-farm workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=The States Leading the U.S. Manufacturing Resurgence|first=Mark|last=Crawford|publisher=AreaDevelopment|url=http://www.areadevelopment.com/RegionalReports/Q1-2013/states-leading-US-manufacturing-resurgence-2665542.shtml?Page=2|date=Winter 2013|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric machinery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Positioning, 2015: Indiana's Export Activity|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/exports/2015.asp|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional [[Rust Belt]] manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{citation |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref>

===Business===

In 2016, Indiana was home to seven [[Fortune 500]] companies with a combined $142.5{{spaces}}billion in revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Businesses Shuffle on Fortune 500|first=Dan|last=McGowan|publisher=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/32221981/indiana-businesses-shuffle-around-on-fortune-500|date=June 14, 2016|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]-based [[Cummins, Inc.]] and Indianapolis-based [[Eli Lilly and Company]] and [[Simon Property Group]] were recognized in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' publication's "2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Indiana companies make Fortune's 2017 World's Most Admired Companies List|first=Allison|last=Carter|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2017/02/20/3-indiana-companies-make-fortunes-2017-worlds-most-admired-companies-list/98149374/|date=February 20, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>

[[Northwest Indiana]] has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since 1975 and accounted for 27% of American-made steel in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana leads nation in steel production|first=Joseph|last=Pete|publisher=Northwest Indiana Times|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/business/steel/indiana-leads-nation-in-steel-production/article_def40810-528e-5a98-acc2-ebab79de08a2.html|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wndu.com/news/112005/news_46007.php|title=WNDU-TV: News Story: Bayer is leaving Elkhart – November 16, 2005|website=Wndu.com|access-date=July 29, 2022}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716101025/http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 16, 2006 | access-date=January 30, 2007 }}</ref>

Indiana is in the U.S. [[Corn Belt]] and [[Grain Belt]]. It has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, [[soybeans]] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as [[Indianapolis]] and Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | access-date=November 20, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state  |archive-date = February 23, 2007}}</ref> Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in southern Indiana.

In 2011, ''CEO'' magazine ranked Indiana first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business | ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>

===Taxation===

{{See also|Taxation in Indiana}}

Tax is collected by the [[Indiana Department of Revenue]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DOR: Home|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/|access-date=June 4, 2020|website=www.in.gov}}</ref>

Indiana has a flat state [[income tax]] rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. The state [[sales tax]] rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|publisher=Money-Zine.com|access-date=January 26, 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121539/http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA Retail Sales Tax & Use Tax |url=http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |website=Indiana Department of Revenue |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125021729/http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 }}</ref>

[[Property tax]]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/tax-forms/property-tax/|title=DOR: Property Tax|date=June 22, 2020 |accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref> Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits property taxes to 1% of assessed value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.

===State budget===

Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a [[Rainy Day Fund]] and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six U.S. states to not allow a [[Line-item veto in the United States|line-item veto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|title=Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)|publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129031718/http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold [[Bond credit rating#Credit rating tiers|AAA bond credit ratings]] with the [[Big Three (credit rating agencies)|Big Three]] credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.<ref>{{cite news|title=S&P Reaffirms State's Credit Rating|first=Alex|last=Brown|newspaper=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/31621461/sp-reaffirms-states-credit-rating|date=April 1, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>

===Energy===

{{See also|List of power stations in Indiana}}
[[File:Clifty Creek Power Plant Complex.jpg|thumb|[[fossil fuel power station|Coal-fired electric plants]], like [[Clifty Creek Power Plant]] in [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], produced about 85 percent of Indiana's energy supply in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/state_one_pager/Indiana.pdf|title=2014 EIA reports and publications – Indiana|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref>]]

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal power plant, [[Gibson Generating Station]], across the Wabash River from [[Mount Carmel, Illinois]]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the [[R. Gallagher Generating Station|Gallagher]] power plant, just west of New Albany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|title=50 Dirtiest U.S. Power Plants Named|last=staff|website=Ens-newswire.com|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200756/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons, and state mining operations produced 35 million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=[[Purdue University]]|access-date=October 19, 2010}}</ref> Indiana also has at least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves in the [[Trenton Gas Field|Trenton Field]], though they are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been [[coal gasification]] plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

[[Wind power in Indiana|Wind power]] has been growing rapidly. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref>[http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html Indiana's Renewable Energy Resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209233955/http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html |date=February 9, 2014 }} Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> By the end of 2011, Indiana had installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |title=WINDExchange: U.S. Installed Wind Capacity |website=windpoweringamerica.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233108/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |archive-date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref> In 2020, this total had more than doubled to 2,968 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neo.ne.gov/programs/stats/inf/205.htm |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Wind Energy Installed Capacity by State }}</ref>

===Transportation===

====Airports====

{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}}

[[Indianapolis International Airport]] serves the greater Indianapolis area. It opened in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | access-date=January 6, 2007 | archive-date=February 2, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202010611/http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other major airports include [[Evansville Regional Airport]], [[Fort Wayne International Airport]] (which houses the [[122d Fighter Wing]] of the [[Air National Guard]]), and [[South Bend International Airport]]. A long-standing proposal to turn [[Gary Chicago International Airport]] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48{{spaces}}million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding |publisher=CBS Channel 2 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |access-date=October 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218014515/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |archive-date=February 18, 2006 }}</ref>

No airlines operate out of [[Terre Haute Regional Airport]] but it is used primarily for general aviation. Since 1954, the [[181st Fighter Wing]] of the Indiana [[Air National Guard]] was stationed there, but the [[Base Realignment and Closure]] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and [[F-16]] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.

[[Louisville International Airport]], across the Ohio River in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], serves southern Indiana, as does [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]] in [[Hebron, Kentucky]]. Many residents of [[Northwest Indiana]], which is primarily in the [[Chicago Metropolitan Area]], use Chicago's airports, [[O'Hare International Airport]] and [[Chicago Midway International Airport]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

====Highways====

[[File:I-69 Construction Indiana.jpg|thumb|The [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|Interstate 69]] extension project in [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe County]]]]

The U.S. [[List of Interstate Highways in Indiana|Interstate highways in Indiana]] are [[Interstate 64 in Indiana|I-64]], [[Interstate 65 in Indiana|I-65]], [[Interstate 265 in Indiana|I-265]], [[Interstate 465|I-465]], [[Interstate 865|I-865]], [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|I-69]], [[Interstate 469|I-469]], [[Interstate 70 in Indiana|I-70]], [[Interstate 74 in Indiana|I-74]], [[Interstate 80 in Indiana|I-80]], [[Interstate 90 in Indiana|I-90]], [[Interstate 94 in Indiana|I-94]], and [[Interstate 275 (Ohio–Indiana–Kentucky)|I-275]]. The various highways intersecting in and around [[Indianapolis]], along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many [[List of U.S. Routes in Indiana|U.S. routes]] and [[List of State Roads in Indiana|state highways]] maintained by the [[Indiana Department of Transportation]]. These are numbered according to the same convention as [[U.S. Highways]]. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and [[Indiana State Road 64]] both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

A $3 billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six sections, with the first five sections (linking [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] to [[Martinsville, Indiana|Martinsville]]) now complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional {{convert|142|mi|km|}} through the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lange|first=Kaitlin|title=I-69 completion date pushed back|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/13/-69-completion-date-pushed-back/97850844/|access-date=September 3, 2017|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>

====County roads====

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the [[9-1-1]] system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.

====Rail====

{{See also|List of Indiana railroads}}
[[File:07 21 09 006xRP - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg|thumb|A [[South Shore Line|South Shore]] commuter train in [[Michigan City, Indiana|Michigan City]]]]

Indiana has more than {{convert|4,255|mi||adj=pre|railroad route }}, of which 91% are operated by [[Class I railroad]]s, principally [[CSX Transportation]] and the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]. Other Class{{spaces}}I railroads in Indiana include the [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Soo Line Railroad]], a [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City|CPKC]] subsidiary, as well as [[Amtrak]]. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore Line]] is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to [[South Bend]]. Indiana is implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the [[Parsons Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Rail Plan | publisher=Indiana Department of Transportation | url=http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | access-date=August 24, 2009 | archive-date=August 18, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818033454/http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Many recreational trails, such as the [[Monon Trail]] and [[Cardinal Greenway]], have been created from [[rails-to-trails|abandoned rails routes]].

====Ports====

[[File:Towboat Ben McCool upbound on Ohio River with two tank barges (1 of 6) 87j082.jpg|thumb|Barges are a common sight along the [[Ohio River]]. Ports of Indiana manages three maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.]]

Indiana annually ships more than 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portsofindiana.com/culture/faq/#1620269721897-2019f81f-f9d9|title=FAQ - Ports of Indiana|accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref> More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The [[Port of Indiana|Ports of Indiana]] manages three major ports which include [[Burns Harbor, Indiana|Burns Harbor]], [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], and [[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | access-date=January 7, 2007}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Indiana}}

===Public schools===

[[File:Shortridge High School Indianapolis Aug 2016.jpg|thumb|Established in 1864, [[Shortridge High School]] in Indianapolis is Indiana's oldest free public high school.<ref>{{cite web |last=Herron |first=Arika |title=Shortridge named state's 'most beautiful' public high school |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2017/09/18/shortridge-named-states-most-beautiful-public-high-school/678804001/ |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref>]]

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded [[public school (government funded)|public school]] system. It also allotted one township for a public university.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Indiana History: Indiana, the Nineteenth State (1816)
|publisher=Center for History
|url=http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|access-date=August 26, 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027053723/http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|archive-date=October 27, 2012
}}</ref> However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, [[Caleb Mills]] pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of [[Union Literary Institute]] and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students themselves.<ref name="cepr.indiana.edu">{{cite web|title=Examining the Cross-roads: School Segregation in Indiana: Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research: Indiana University Bloomington|url=https://cepr.indiana.edu/segregation.html|access-date=February 10, 2022|website=Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research|language=en-US}}</ref> The Indiana General Assembly authorized separate but equal schools for Black students in 1869, and in 1877 language in the law changed to allow for integrated schools.<ref name="cepr.indiana.edu"/>

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and [[parochial school]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/doe/about/news/indiana-k-12-school-enrollment-grows-for-2021-2022-school-year/#:~:text=More%20than%2083%2C000%20students%20currently,comprises%207.4%25%20of%20Indiana's%20students.|title=Indiana K-12 School Enrollment grows for 2021-2022 School Year|date=January 20, 2022 |accessdate=November 12, 2022}}</ref> About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.

Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana Academic Standards |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |website=Indiana Department of Education |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012744/https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |url-status=dead }}</ref> State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are among the top, prioritized standards. In 2022, the [[Indiana Department of Education]] reported that the state's overall graduation rate was 86.7%, down one percent from 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Mary |title=State Releases 2021 Graduation Rates |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/state-releases-2021-graduation-rates |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Inside INdiana Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

The rate of Indiana high school students attending college fell to 53% in 2022, a significant decline from 65% in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/che/files/2021_College_Readiness_Report_04_21_2021a.pdf|title=Indiana College Readiness Report 2021|website=In.gov|access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> Indiana's college-going rates have fallen further than most states'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiana |first=Helen Rummel, Chalkbeat |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college drops to 53% |url=https://nuvo.newsnirvana.com/news/rate-of-indiana-high-school-students-headed-to-college-drops-to-53/article_89f15974-e9d4-11ec-a877-a7ced5f94de7.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=NUVO |date=June 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=brooke.mcafee@newsandtribune.com |first=BROOKE MCAFEE |title=Local college enrollment reflects Indiana decline |url=https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/local-college-enrollment-reflects-indiana-decline/article_7530346c-eb62-11ec-87c8-07171aed778c.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=News and Tribune |date=June 13, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Trends reveal widening gaps for ethnic minorities and low-income families.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Vocational schools===
Indiana has a strong vocational school system. [[Charles Allen Prossor]], known as the father of [[vocational education]] in the United States, was from [[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]]. The [[Charles Allen Prosser School of Technology]] is named in his honor. There are vocational schools in every region of Indiana, and most Indiana students can freely attend a vocational school during their high school years and receive training and job placement assistance in trade jobs. The International Union Of Operating Engineers (IUOE) has seven local unions in Indiana, offering apprenticeship and training opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Unions by State/Province|url=https://www.iuoe.org/join-iuoe/local-unions-by-state-province|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=www.iuoe.org}}</ref> According to the Electrical Training Alliance website, there are ten electrical training centers in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web|title=electrical training ALLIANCE for the IBEW and NECA|url=http://electricaltrainingalliance.org/AboutUs|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=electricaltrainingalliance.org}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Indiana}}
The state's community college system, [[Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana]], serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ivy Tech Reports Record Enrollment |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017093819/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |website=Insideindianabusiness.com}}</ref> In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Hoosier State Gets Coordinated |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/16/indiana |access-date=March 21, 2014 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref>

The largest non-community educational institution is [[Indiana University]], a multi-campus university system; its [[Indiana University Bloomington|flagship campus at Bloomington]] was endorsed as the Indiana Seminary in 1820. [[Indiana State University]] was established in Terre Haute as the state's [[Normal School]] in 1865. [[Purdue University]] was chartered in West Lafayette as the state's [[land-grant university]] in 1869 and is also now a multi-campus institution. The three other independent state universities are [[Vincennes University]] (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), [[Ball State University]] (founded 1918 as the East Division of Indiana State), and the [[University of Southern Indiana]] (founded 1965 as the Evansville campus of Indiana State).

Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious organizations. The [[University of Notre Dame]], [[Marian University (Indiana)|Marian University]], and the [[University of Saint Francis (Indiana)|University of Saint Francis]] are [[Roman Catholic school]]s. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include [[Anderson University (Indiana)|Anderson University]], [[Butler University]], [[Huntington University (United States)|Huntington University]], [[Manchester University (Indiana)|Manchester University]], [[Indiana Wesleyan University]], [[Taylor University]], [[Franklin College (Indiana)|Franklin College]], [[Hanover College]], [[DePauw University]], [[Earlham College]], [[Valparaiso University]], the [[University of Indianapolis]],<ref name="ST"/> and the [[University of Evansville]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About UE |publisher=[[University of Evansville]] |url=http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106123440/http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref>

The state has several universities ranked among the best by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. The University of Notre Dame ranks among the top 20, Purdue University among the top 50, and Indiana University Bloomington among the top 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Notre Dame |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-notre-dame-1840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue University-West Lafayette |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/purdue-university-west-lafayette-1825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana University-Bloomington |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-university-bloomington-1809}}</ref> [[Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis]] (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked fourth in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023-2024 Best Engineering Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/eng-rankings |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=US News & World Report}}</ref> In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and [[Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology]] has been considered the nation's top undergraduate engineering school for 25 consecutive years.<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities National University Ranking|Top National Universities|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |date=May 21, 2011 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest Regional University Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Universities Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |date=October 29, 2015 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest Regional College Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Colleges Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130182816/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest |date=January 30, 2013 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs|Rankings|UsNews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930205000/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate |date=September 30, 2016 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Sept-17</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Survey Says: Rose-Hulman No. 1 in U.S. News' Engineering Rankings for 24th Straight Year |url=https://www.rose-hulman.edu/news/2022/the-survey-says-rose-hulman-number-one-in-us-news-engineering-rankings-for-24th-straight-year.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=www.rose-hulman.edu |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, the University of Notre Dame had the [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|seventh largest endowment]] among private postsecondary institutions in the U.S. (11th overall).

The state is also home to the largest [[Medical school in the United States|medical school]] system in the country (the [[Indiana University School of Medicine]]) and a smaller, [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|osteopathic]] medical school (Marian University's [[Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine]]). In addition, Indiana boasts one [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary medical]] school (the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine), one [[optometry]] school (Indiana University School of Optometry), three [[pharmacy]] schools (the [[Purdue University College of Pharmacy|Purdue College of Pharmacy]], Butler College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Manchester College of Pharmacy, Natural, and Health Sciences) and four [[law school]]s ([[Indiana University Maurer School of Law|IU Maurer School of Law]], [[Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law|IU McKinney School of Law]], [[Notre Dame Law School]], and [[Purdue Global Law School]]).

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sample Gates, Indiana University Bloomington, 2010.jpg
| alt1 = Sample Gates on the Indiana University Bloomington campus
| caption1 = [[Indiana University Bloomington]]
| image2 = Engineering Fountain Purdue University 2016 02.jpg
| alt2 = Engineering Fountain on the Purdue University campus
| caption2 = [[Purdue University]] in West Lafayette
| image3 = Winter Dome.jpg
| alt3 = Main Building on the University of Notre Dame campus
| caption3 = [[University of Notre Dame]]
| header =
| header_align =
| header_background =
| footer =
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==Sister jurisdictions==
Indiana has three official partner jurisdictions:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title=Sister Partnerships By US State – Indiana |publisher=East-West Center |access-date=August 16, 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Zhejiang]], China (1987)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Tochigi Prefecture]], Japan (1999)
* {{flagdeco|India}} [[Karnataka]], India (2017)

== See also ==
{{portal|Indiana|United States}}
* [[Index of Indiana-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Indiana]]
* [[List of people from Indiana]]
* [[USS Indiana|USS ''Indiana'']], 4 ships
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|author2=Barrows, Robert Graham|author3=Vanderstel, David Gordon|year=1994|publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press|isbn=978-0-253-31222-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Brill, Marlene Targ|year=2005|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|isbn=978-0-7614-2020-0}}
* {{Cite book| last =Carmony| first =Donald F.| title =Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era| publisher =[[Indiana Historical Society]]| year =1998| location =Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-87195-124-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hoosiers in the Civil War|author=Funk, Arville L|year=1967|isbn=978-0-9623292-5-8|publisher=Adams Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gray, Ralph D|title=Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940| year=1977 |publisher=[[Indiana Historical Bureau]]|isbn=978-1-885323-29-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana History: A Book of Readings|author=Gray, Ralph D|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32629-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2005|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2007|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book| author =Indiana Writer's Project| title =Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State|series=American Guide Series| date=1973 |orig-year =1937}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last =Jackson| editor-first =Marion T.| title =The Natural Heritage of Indiana| publisher=Indiana University Press| year =1997| location =Bloomington| isbn =978-0-253-33074-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|author=Logan, William Newton|author2=Cumings, Edgar Roscoe|author3=Malott, Clyde Arnett|author4=Visher, Stephen Sargent|author5=Tucker, William Motier|author6=Reeves, John Robert|year=1922|publisher=William B. Burford}}
* Madison, James H. ''Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014.
* {{Cite book| last = Madison| first =James H.| title =The Indiana Way: A State History| publisher=Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society| year =1990| location =Bloomington and Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-253-20609-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Century of Indiana|author=Moore, Edward E|year=1910|publisher=American Book Company}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|editor=Pell|year=2003|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-1582-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indianapell00pell}}
* {{Cite book | last =Skertic | first = Mark |author2=John J. Watkins | title=A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana| year = 2003}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last =Taylor| editor-first =Robert M.| title =Indiana: A New Historical Guide| publisher=Indiana Historical Society| year = 1990| location =Indianapolis| isbn=978-0-87195-048-2}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last = Taylor| editor-first = Robert M.| title =The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =2001| location = Indianapolis}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}
* {{official website|https://www.in.gov}}
* [https://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/const/articles/001/ Indiana Constitution]
* [https://www.visitindiana.com/ Indiana Travel and Tourism Information]
* [https://archive.today/20121213061908/http://www.in.gov/dnr/2329.htm Indiana State Parks]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/indiana-state-guide Indiana State Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* {{OSM relation|161816}}

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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Admitted on December 11, 1816 (19th)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mississippi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Geographic location
| Northwest = [[Lake Michigan]]
| North = {{flag|Michigan}}
| Northeast =
| West = {{flag|Illinois}}
| Centre = '' Indiana'': [[Outline of Indiana|Outline]] • [[Index of Indiana-related articles|Index]]
| East = {{flag|Ohio}}
| Southwest =
| South = {{flag|Kentucky}}
| Southeast =
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Topics related to Indiana{{break}}''The Hoosier State''
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{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Indiana| ]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
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Indian Springs School

2024-09-25T14:02:46Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 178.164.65.249 (talk) to rev. 1240926499 by 81.100.4.88: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{distinguish|Indian Springs High School}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| logo =
| name = Indian Springs School
| native_name =
| motto = Discere Vivendo
| motto_translation = ''Learning Through Living''
| established = {{start date and age|1952|p=1}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[Boarding school|boarding]] and [[day school|day]], [[Secondary school|secondary]] school
| gender_label =
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| affiliations =
| affiliation =
| head_of_school = Scott Schamberger
| teaching_staff = 38
| enrollment = 324<ref name="indian springs about"/>
| enrollment_as_of = 2022-2023
| ratio = 8:1<ref name="indian springs about"/>
| grades = 8–12<ref name="indian springs about"/>
| streetaddress = 190 Woodward Drive
| city = [[Indian Springs, Alabama]]
| zipcode = 35124
| country = United States
| ceeb = 011440
| coordinates = {{coord|33.3409|-86.7715|type:edu_region:US-AL|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| pushpin_map = Alabama
| accreditation = AdvancED, NCA CASI, NWAC, SACS CASI
| campus = {{convert|350|acre|ha}} with an {{convert|11|acre|ha|adj=on}} lake
| colors = Maroon and grey {{color box|maroon|border=silver}}{{color box|grey|border=silver}}
| athletics = Boys' and girls' cross country, basketball, bowling, tennis, and soccer Boys' baseball and golf Girls' volleyball and softball 
| nickname = Springs
| yearbook = Khalas
| newspaper = Woodward Post
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiansprings.org/}}
}}

'''Indian Springs School''' is a rural [[private school]] for grades eight through twelve, near [[Birmingham, Alabama]], United States. It has both [[Boarding school|boarding]] and [[Day school|day]] students, and is located in [[Indian Springs Village, Alabama|Indian Springs Village]], [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby County]], [[Alabama]].

==History==
Indian Springs School was founded in 1952, endowed by [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] businessman Harvey G. Woodward, an alumnus of [[MIT]]. He died in 1930 and, in his [[Will (law)|will]] bequeathed the funds and instructions for creating the school. Woodward wanted to make the school available to all classes of students. He stipulated that the school could admit only [[Religious segregation|Christian]], [[Racial segregation|white]] [[Sex segregation|boys]], at a time when racial segregation was statewide in public facilities.<ref name="jones"/> He instructed that the school should use a [[holistic]] approach to learning (the school's motto is "''Discere Vivendo''", or "Learning through Living").

During its first years, the school was based on a working farm, where students carried out all the work needed, in addition to other studies. This element was soon eliminated. Indian Springs opened in 1952 with ten staff members and sixty students. The first director of the school was Louis "Doc" Armstrong. He made several changes to Woodward's original plans for the school. He developed a curriculum as a [[University-preparatory school|preparatory]] school and opened admissions to [[Jews|Jewish boys]].

When the school was founded, most private and public facilities were segregated in Alabama. The restrictions on enrollment were sequentially abolished by 1976, both by actions of the first director and to comply with the Supreme Court ruling and later federal civil rights legislation in 1964.<ref name="jones">[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4113/is_200507/ai_n14779024 "Where There's a Will: The Story of Indian Springs School"] by Pam Jones, ''[[Alabama Heritage Magazine]],'' Number 77, Summer 2005, 26-33.</ref>

==Campus==
Indian Springs School's campus is on {{convert|350|acre|ha}} in northern Shelby County, {{convert|15|mi|km}} south of downtown Birmingham. Through the 1970s, the school was remote and surrounded by the woodlands of its campus, in addition to [[Oak Mountain State Park]] abutting its southern boundary. In the late 1970s, facing increasing debts and possible bankruptcy because of decreased enrollment, the school sold hundreds of acres surrounding the campus.

Instruction takes place in seven academic buildings, which house 23 classrooms, a science center, a concert hall, a theater, a student lounge, a college center, a technology lab, a 19,000-volume library, and special studios for chorus, art, photography, and drama. The athletic facilities include two gymnasiums, with two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and two weight rooms. The campus has six tennis courts, a competition soccer field, a baseball field, a softball field, a cross country track, and a practice field/track. A new organic orchard, Fertile Minds, complements the greenhouse in producing food for the students. In 2006, new dorms for both boys and girls were opened.

For school year 2022–2023, the tuition per year is $27,300 for day students, $50,400 for Alabama resident boarding students, $56,500 for non-Alabama domestic boarding students, and $63,200 for international boarding students. There are annual bus and meal plan fees that are not included. Tuition fluctuates yearly.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiansprings.org/admission/tuition-and-financial-aid | title=Learn about the costs for attending Indian Springs School }}</ref>

==Sexual misconduct allegations==
In 2019, after an internal investigation by a third party, Indian Springs released a report accusing former faculty members of sexual misconduct.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Remkus |first1=Ashley |title=5 former Alabama private school employees accused of sexual misconduct |url=https://www.al.com/news/2019/06/5-former-alabama-private-school-employees-accused-of-sexual-misconduct.html |website=al.com |date=June 19, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robert Sherman, Phil Pinarski |title=Indian Springs School finds sexual abuse evidence of 5 educators |date=June 19, 2019 |url=https://www.cbs42.com/news/local/indian-springs-school-finds-sexual-abuse-evidence-of-5-educators/ |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Seale |first1=Michael |title=Indian Springs releases report on sexual misconduct investigation |url=https://patch.com/alabama/pelham-al/indian-springs-releases-report-sexual-misconduct-investigation |website=Patch.com |date=June 19, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref>

==Enrollment Numbers==
For the 2022–2023 school year:<ref name="indian springs about">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Springs School! |url=https://www.indiansprings.org/about |access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref>

* Total students: 324
* Day students: 242
* Boarding students: 82
* States represented: 9
* Countries represented: 11
* Faculty: 38
* Student-Teacher ratio: 8 to 1

The demographic breakdown of the 323 students enrolled in 2021-2022 was:<ref name="niche - students">{{cite web |title=Indian Springs School Students - Niche |url=https://www.niche.com/k12/indian-springs-school-indian-springs-al/students/ |access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref>
*White: 63.2%
*Asian: 24.5%
*Black: 4.4%
*Hispanic: 3.7%
*Multiracial: 2.5%

==Representation in other media==
*Young adult author [[John Green]]'s debut novel, ''[[Looking for Alaska]]'', is set at a school based on his attendance at Indian Springs School in 1995.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdjmNPlePVE "Looking for Alaska at My High School"] by John Green, Uploaded on August 6, 2010. Quote: The school in my novel is "almost inch for inch the same place as Indian Springs School was in 1995."</ref>

==Notable people==
===Alumni===
Notable alumni<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiansprings.org/notable-alumni | title=Springs imaginations have built companies, penned books, and saved lives }}</ref> include:
*[[Daniel Alarcón]], author<ref name="springs">[https://www.al.com/entertainment/2014/06/indian_springs_school_proud_of.html Indian Springs School shines as 'The Fault in Our Stars' reaches meteoric levels] al.com, June 10, 2014. Quote: "Green is only one of a number of notable Springs alumni; others include fellow author Daniel Alarcon, director John Badham, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia CEO and president Charles Plosser, Continental Bakery owner Carole Griffin, ''Game of Thrones'' TV show writer David Hill, Russell Lands chairman and CEO Ben Russell and many more."</ref><ref>[https://www.indiansprings.org/news-detail?pk=787157 Daniel Alarcón '95 Named 2015 Outstanding Alum ] indiansprings.org, June 4, 2015</ref>
*[[Katrina Armstrong]]
*[[John Badham]], director<ref name="springs"/><ref name="harvey">[https://www.al.com/aharvey/2010/07/directors_john_badham_michael.html Directors John Badham, Michael McCullers will attend Indian Springs School event in Birmingham] Harvey, Alec, al.com, July 29, 2010.</ref>
*[[Howard Cruse]], cartoonist<ref>Cooke, John B. (Spring 2016) "Finding the Muse of the Man Called Cruse". ''Comic Book Creator'' No. 12, p. 32-39</ref><ref>Cruse, Howard (April 25, 2011) "[http://www.howardcruse.com/loosecruse/?p=647 Book Promotion Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505015448/http://www.howardcruse.com/loosecruse/?p=647 |date=2021-05-05 }}" ''Loose Cruse'' weblog - accessed June 28, 2019</ref>
*[[Hanelle Culpepper]], filmmaker; the first woman and the first African American to direct the first ([[Television pilot|pilot]]) episode of any ''[[Star Trek]]'' series.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cook|first=Sarah|date=Summer 2017|title=Hanelle Culpepper Meier '88: From School Plays to Hollywood Productions|journal=Indian Springs, A Magazine for Alumni and Friends of Indian Springs School|publisher=Indian Springs School|location=Indian Springs, Alabama|volume=15|issue=2|page=49|url=https://issuu.com/indianspringsschool/docs/summer_2017_magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boucher |first1=Geoff |title='Star Trek': Hanelle Culpepper Will Direct Picard Pilot, First Woman To Launch Starfleet Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/star-trek-hanelle-culpepper-will-direct-picard-pilot-1202568013/ |website=Deadline |language=en |date=March 1, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Mark Gitenstein]], American diplomat
*[[John Green]], young adult author<ref name="springs" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Talbot |first1=Margaret |title=The Teen Whisperer |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/06/09/the-teen-whisperer |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en |date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>
*[[Sarah Urist Green]], creator and host of the [[PBS]] program ''[[The Art Assignment]] ''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observer.com/2005/11/countdown-to-bliss-45/|title=Countdown to Bliss|date=November 7, 2005|website=observer.com|access-date=June 26, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Ken Grimwood]], author{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
*[[Preston Haskell]], design-build construction executive in Jacksonville, Florida, and part-owner of the NFL [[Jacksonville Jaguars]]
*[[Perry Lentz]], author and professor emeritus at [[Kenyon College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum Awards at Indian Springs School {{!}} Birmingham, AL |url=https://indiansprings.myschoolapp.com/page/outstanding-alum-awards?siteId=1207&ssl=1 |access-date=August 7, 2023 |website=indiansprings.myschoolapp.com}}</ref>
*[[Elaine Luria]], member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Virginia]]'s [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]]<ref>[http://www.sjlmag.com/2018/03/another-way-to-serve-after-20-years-in.html "Another way to serve: After 20 years in Navy, Elaine Luria running for Congress"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185547/http://www.sjlmag.com/2018/03/another-way-to-serve-after-20-years-in.html |date=November 7, 2018 }} ''Southern Jewish Life'', March 7, 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/birmingham/2018/11/mountain-brook-native-elaine-luria-wins-virginia-congressional-seat.html |title="Mountain Brook native Elaine Luria wins Virginia Congressional seat" |publisher=al.com |date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Michael McCullers]], film director and screenwriter<ref name="harvey"/>
*[[David Y. Oh]], lead flight director for Mars [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']] rover and project systems engineer for NASA [[Psyche (spacecraft)|Psyche]] mission<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al.com/spotnews/2012/08/mars_rover_flight_director_say.html|title=KMars rover flight director says Indian Springs School helped launch career|date=August 21, 2012 |publisher=AL.com, Advance Local Media LLC.}}</ref>
*[[Charles I. Plosser]], president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia<ref name="springs" />
*[[Mona Singh (scientist)|Mona Singh]], professor at [[Princeton University]]<ref name=alumni/>
*[[Clark Robert Smith]], wine industry pioneer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/businessnews/2009/10/wine_rebel_teaches_classes_at.html |title=Wine rebel teaches classes at alma mater Indian Springs School | al.com |publisher=Blog.al.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2012}}</ref>

===Faculty===

*[[Hugh Thomas (choral conductor)|Hugh Thomas]], choral conductor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsc.edu/communications/news/2002/20020725_thomas.htm|title=BSC Press Release|work=bsc.edu|access-date=October 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234101/http://www.bsc.edu/communications/news/2002/20020725_thomas.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/indianspringsschool/docs/iss_magazine_spring_2012/13|title=ISS Magazine - Spring 2012|work=issuu.com|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|United States|Schools}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.indiansprings.org/ Indian Springs School's official site]
*[http://www.indianspringssurvivors.org/ Springs Survivors’ official site]
*[http://www.nais.org/ National Association of Independent Schools]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415125501/https://www.nais.org/ |date=April 15, 2021 }}

{{AHSAA Class 3A}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private high schools in Alabama]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Alabama]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]
[[Category:Schools in Shelby County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Private middle schools in Alabama]]
[[Category:Preparatory schools in Alabama]]
[[Category:Segregation academies in Alabama]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Alabama]]

User talk:2A0A:EF40:6F6:5F01:11CB:44E8:77A3:B444

2024-09-25T13:58:53Z

WinterWarp: Notice: Not using edit summary (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==
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Miss You 2

2024-09-25T13:58:26Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 2A0A:EF40:6F6:5F01:11CB:44E8:77A3:B444 (talk) to rev. 1245410131 by ShelfSkewed: reason for change is unclear, likely good faith though (RW 16.1)

{{Infobox song
| name = Miss You 2
| cover =
| type = single
| artist = [[Gabrielle Aplin]] and [[Nina Nesbitt]]
| album =
| released = 3 January 2020
| recorded =
| genre =
| length = 3:16
| label = {{hlist|[[Never Fade Records|Never Fade]]|[[AWAL]]}}
| writer = Liz Horsman, [[Gabrielle Aplin]], [[Nina Nesbitt]]
| producer = Liz Horsman, [[Mike Spencer]]
| chronology = [[Gabrielle Aplin]] singles
| prev_title = [[Losing Me (Gabrielle Aplin and JP Cooper song)|Losing Me]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = Good Days Bad Days
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Nina Nesbitt]]
| type = single
| prev_title = [[Together Forever (Rick Astley song)|Together Forever]]
| prev_year = 2020
| title = Miss You 2
| year = 2020
| next_title = Cry Dancing
| next_year = 2020
}}
}}
"'''Miss You 2'''" is a song by English singer-songwriter [[Gabrielle Aplin]] and Scottish singer-songwriter [[Nina Nesbitt]], released on 3 January 2020 through [[Never Fade Records]] and [[AWAL]].<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/miss-you-2-single/1490907623|title=Miss You 2 - Single by Gabrielle Aplin & Nina Nesbitt on Apple Music|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Miss-You-2/dp/B082BHT3NS|title=Miss You 2 by Gabrielle Aplin & Nina Nesbitt on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|accessdate=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/13LBDvOZQHzlVxwddnWGar|title=Miss You 2|publisher=[[Spotify]]|accessdate=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
The song is a new version of 2016's "[[Miss You (Gabrielle Aplin song)|Miss You]]". Aplin and Nesbitt have been long-term friends and a collaboration is something that both fans and the artists have wanted for years. When talking about the song, Nesbitt said, "I'm so excited to be featuring on Gabrielle's new version of 'Miss You'. We have known each other for a long time and one of my first ever gigs was supporting her at a gig in 2011. I've always been a big fan of her work and I'm so happy we've finally had the chance to collaborate." Aplin said, "I'm so happy to have Nina on 'Miss You'. We came through as artists around the same time. We have been of both sides of an ever-changing industry and both decided to independently take control of our careers and success. The initial release of 'Miss You' feels like the start of that for me, and I'm thrilled that Nina has added her voice to a new version of one of my favourite songs of mine."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianleak/2020/01/03/nina-nesbitt-joins-gabrielle-aplin-for-new-version-of-miss-you/#4bbd33756c26|title=Nina Nesbitt Joins Gabrielle Aplin For New Version Of 'Miss You'|work=[[Forbes]]|date=3 January 2020|accessdate=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Gabrielle-Aplin-Nina-Nesbitt-Share-New-Single-Miss-You-2-20200103|title=Gabrielle Aplin & Nina Nesbitt Share New Single 'Miss You 2'|website=broadwayworld.com|date=3 January 2020|accessdate=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==Music Video==
The music video is based around a [[lesbian]] couple who have broken up and are now dating Aplin and Nesbitt respectively, while still not being over each other. The music video is opened and [[intercut]] with clips of Aplin and Nesbitt singing together

The storyline starts with Aplin sitting with her date in silence in a car. The video then jumps to Aplin sitting opposite her date in a [[cafe]] looking frustrated, noticing her date has zoned out and is not paying attention to her. It’s revealed her date is thinking about her ex girlfriend, and the scene cuts to a [[flashback (narrative)|flashback]] of her with her ex on a date in the same place together, enjoying themselves. The video then jumps back to the present, where the girl is sat by herself, after Aplin has decided to leave.

The next scene shows Nesbitt with the second girl, having an argument. The girl then thinks about the past, where it’s shown in another flashback that she was kissing her ex girlfriend in the same place she is arguing with Nesbitt now. The girl then looks into the distance alone, suggesting Nesbitt has left her there. Later, Nesbitt reappears, but the girl is texting her ex partner. Nesbitt smiles, suggesting the girl has her blessing.

The text on the phone from the second girl to her ex-lover is revealed to say “miss you.” However, the first girl doesn’t see it, as she’s left the phone on a table in the cafe that she was in with Aplin at the start of the video.

The first girl is then shown having a breakdown over her ex, with Aplin comforting her, suggesting that she knows her date isn’t over her ex and has chosen to support her.

The video ends with the second girl exiting a doorway, wondering if she will ever hear back from her.<ref> https://youtube.com/ALjgwjvNevI?si=SK1Dktkc2JrsODMo</ref>

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2020)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Hot Singles ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4803|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=13 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020}}</ref>
| 30
|}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format
! scope="col"| Label
|-
! scope="row"| United Kingdom
| 3 January 2020
| {{hlist|[[Music download|Digital download]]|[[Streaming media|streaming]]}}
| {{hlist|[[Never Fade Records|Never Fade]]|[[AWAL]]}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gabrielle Aplin}}
{{Nina Nesbitt}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2020 songs]]
[[Category:2020 singles]]
[[Category:Gabrielle Aplin songs]]
[[Category:Nina Nesbitt songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Gabrielle Aplin]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Mike Spencer]]

User talk:162.213.147.253

2024-09-19T18:01:37Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

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Robert B. Elliott

2024-09-19T18:01:30Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 162.213.147.253 (talk) to rev. 1237457995 by JJMC89 bot III: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|American politician}}
{{Other people|Robert Elliott}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Robert Brown Elliott
| image name = Robert Brown Elliott.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|8|11|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|U.K.]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1884|8|9|1842|8|11|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| restingplace = [[St. Louis Cemetery]] No. 2
| office1 = [[South Carolina Attorney General]]
| term_start1 = December 14, 1876
| term_end1 = May 29, 1877
| governor1 = Contested between [[Daniel Henry Chamberlain]] and [[Wade Hampton III]]
| predecessor1 = Samuel W. Melton
| successor1 = [[James Conner (general)|James Conner]]
| office2 = 28th Speaker of the [[South Carolina House of Representatives]]
| term2 = November 24, 1874 – April 14, 1876
| governor2 = [[Franklin I. Moses, Jr.]] Daniel Henry Chamberlain
| predecessor2 = Samuel J. Lee
| successor2 = [[William Henry Wallace]] / [[Edmund William McGregor Mackey]] ''disputed''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/mackey-edmund-william-mcgregor/|title = Mackey, Edmund William McGregor}}</ref>
| office3 = Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from [[Aiken County, South Carolina|Aiken County]]
| term3 = November 24, 1874 – April 14, 1876
| office4 = Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from [[Barnwell County, South Carolina|Barnwell County]]
| term4 = November 24, 1868 – March 1, 1870
| state = [[South Carolina]]
| district = [[South Carolina's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]
| term = March 4, 1871 – November 1, 1874
| preceded = [[Solomon L. Hoge]]
| succeeded = [[Lewis C. Carpenter]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| profession = [[lawyer]], [[civil servant]]
| signature = Robert Brown Elliott signature.svg
| allegiance = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States|name=United States of America|1867|size=23px}}}}
| branch = {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Carolina.svg}} [[South Carolina National Guard]]
| rank = [[Commanding General]]
| serviceyears = 1869–1871
| battles = [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]]
}}

'''Robert Brown Elliott''' (August 11, 1842{{spnd}}August 9, 1884) was a British-born American politician of [[British African-Caribbean people|British Afro-Caribbean]] ethnic background. He was a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] from [[South Carolina]], serving from 1871 to 1874.

==Early life and education==
He was born in 1842 in [[Liverpool]], [[England]], to parents likely from the British [[West Indies]]. He attended [[High Holborn Academy]] in London, England and then studied law, graduating from [[Eton College]] in 1859.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} From there he joined the British Royal Navy. Elliott arrived in [[Boston]] in 1867, and by late that year he was living in [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/elliott-robert-brown-1842-1884/|title=ROBERT BROWN ELLIOTT (1842–1884)|last=Cho|first=Nancy|date=June 4, 2008}}</ref><ref name="BAIC">Black Americans in Congress - Robert Brown Elliott: Representative, 1871–1874, Republican from South Carolina http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/E/ELLIOTT,-Robert-Brown-(E000128)/</ref> He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1868 and began practicing law in Columbia, the state capital.

==Career==
Elliott arrived in [[South Carolina]] in 1867 at the age of 25, where he established a law practice. Elliott helped organize the local [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and served in the state [[South Carolina Constitution|constitutional convention]] in 1868 as a delegate from the Edgefield district.<ref name="BAIC"/> In the late 1860s he was hired by AME bishop and fellow future congressman [[Richard H. Cain]] to be an associate editor of the paper, the ''South Carolina Leader'' (renamed the ''Missionary Record'' in 1868), along with another future congressman, [[Alonzo J. Ransier]].<ref>CAIN, Richard Harvey. History, Art & Archives, United States House of Representatives. [http://history.house.gov/People/Detail/10470?ret=True]</ref> Around the same time, Elliott formed the nation's first known African-American law firm, Whipper, Elliott, and Allen, with [[William James Whipper|William Whipper]] and [[Macon Bolling Allen|Macon B. Allen]].<ref>Hornby, D. Brock (Spring 2020). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3639320 "History Lessons: Instructive Legal Episodes From Maine's Early Years — Episode 1: Becoming a Lawyer."] Green Bag 2d. 23: 195.</ref>

In 1868, he was elected to the [[South Carolina House of Representatives]]. The next year he was appointed assistant [[Adjutant general#United States|adjutant-general]]; he was the first African-American [[Commanding General|commanding general]] of the [[South Carolina National Guard]]. As part of his job, he helped form a state militia to fight the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref name="BAIC"/>

Elliott was elected as a Republican to the [[Forty-second United States Congress]], defeating Democrat [[John E. Bacon (South Carolina politician)|John E. Bacon]]. He was re-elected to the [[43rd United States Congress|Forty-third United States Congress]], defeating Democrat William H. McCann. In Congress in April 1871 he gave a notable speech on the "[[Second Enforcement Act of 1871|Bill to Enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution]]", also known as the "Ku Klux Bill".<ref>Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p466-473</ref> He again "delivered a celebrated speech" in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_elliott.html |accessdate=August 27, 2009 |title=Biographical Sidebar: Robert B. Elliott |work=America's Reconstruction - People and Politics After the Civil War |publisher=[[University of Houston]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905202939/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_elliott.html |archivedate=September 5, 2008 }}</ref> He resigned on November 1, 1874, to serve as sheriff and fight [[political corruption]] in South Carolina. He served again in the South Carolina House of Representatives, where he was elected as Speaker of the House.<ref name="BAIC"/>
[[File:United States Congressman Robert Brown Elliott of South Carolina in 1872 (cropped).png|left|thumb|324x324px|United States Congressman Robert Brown Elliott of South Carolina in 1872]]
He ran successfully for [[State Attorney General|South Carolina Attorney General]] in 1876. In the state elections that year, white Democrats regained dominance of the state legislature. The following year, 1877, when the last of the federal troops were withdrawn from South Carolina, he was forced out of office.<ref name="BAIC"/> In 1878 he formed a law partnership with [[D. Augustus Straker]] and [[T. McCants Stewart]].<ref>Simmons 1887, p744-751</ref>

He continued to be involved in politics, working on then-Treasury Secretary [[John Sherman]]'s campaign for President in 1880, and was a delegate to the [[1880 Republican National Convention]]. In January 1881 he was part of a black delegation that met with President [[James Garfield]] to protest the lack of civil and political rights in the South. However, his law practice faltered. In 1879, he was appointed a customs inspector for the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. He contracted malaria while working in that capacity on a trip to Florida. In 1881, he was transferred to New Orleans, and in 1882 he was dismissed. In New Orleans he again attempted to practice law, but found few clients. Impoverished, he died in New Orleans on August 9, 1884.<ref name="BAIC"/>

== Legacy ==
In 1998, the South Carolina House of Representatives unveiled a portrait of Elliott, painted by South Carolina artist [[Larry Francis Lebby]]. The portrait now hangs in the gallery of the House chambers.<ref>"Robert Brown Elliott 1842-1884". ''South Carolina State House Gallery Portraits''. 2023.</ref><ref>[[Larry Francis Lebby#cite note-6:~:text="Week In Review" (PDF). March 24, 1998. Retrieved August 9, 2023.|"Week In Review" (PDF). March 24, 1998. Retrieved August 9, 2023.]]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of African-American United States representatives]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |chapter=Robert Brown Elliott |title=Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 |others=Prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives |location=Washington |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-16-080194-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Lamson |first=Peggy |title=The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1973 |isbn=0-393-05451-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gloriousfailureb00lams }}
* Black Americans in Congress - Robert Brown Elliott: Representative, 1871–1874, Republican from South Carolina http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/E/ELLIOTT,-Robert-Brown-(E000128)/

==External links==
{{CongBio|E000128}}
*[http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/490/Robert_B_Elliott_a_talented_political_force/ African American Registry Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310135638/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/490/Robert_B_Elliott_a_talented_political_force |date=March 10, 2005 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
|state=South Carolina
|district=3
|before=[[Solomon L. Hoge]]
|years=1871–1874
|after=[[Lewis C. Carpenter]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliot, Robert B.}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American state legislators in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Speakers of the South Carolina House of Representatives]]
[[Category:African-American members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:South Carolina attorneys general]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Aiken County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Barnwell County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American legislators]]
[[Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Politicians from Liverpool]]
[[Category:Black British politicians]]
[[Category:American politicians of Caribbean descent]]

User talk:117.230.156.42

2024-09-19T18:01:21Z

WinterWarp: Note: Manual of style (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, please note that there is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] that should be followed to maintain a consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style, as you did in [[:Mr. Manaivi]], disturbs uniformity among articles and may cause readability or accessibility problems. Please take a look at the [[Help:Getting started|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 18:01, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
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Mr. Manaivi

2024-09-19T18:01:11Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 117.230.156.42 (talk) to rev. 1246324365 by 2402:8100:2866:8296:0:0:2D8E:DFDC: Manual of Style issues (RW 16.1)

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mr. Manaivi.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = '''Dialogue''' Rathi Bala
| director = Sulaimaan (Episode 1-225 & 474) A. Jawahar (November 7th 2023 to July 29th 2024; Episode 226 to 473 approx.)
| screenplay = Rathi Bala
| starring = [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan]] Pavan Ravindra
| opentheme = "Kaatre Poongatre" Sridhar Ramesh M.M Monisha (Vocal) [[Pa. Vijay]] (Lyrics)
| theme_music_composer = Visu
| editor = Aravind Anbazhagan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = Vinoth Bharathi
| producer = Vaidehi Ramamurthy
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Vision Time India Private Limited
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| related =
}}

'''''Mr. Manaivi''''' or '''''Mister Manaivi''''' ({{translation| Mister/Mr. Wife}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] television series which premiered on 6 March 2023 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from Monday to Sunday. The series stars [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan]] with Pavan Ravindra in the lead role. It is also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]].

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around a newly married couple as they face challenges and problems in their daily life. Anjali, a strong and independent woman, who expects equality in the society, manages her life on her own, while Vicky, who aspires to be a Homemaker (Mr Homemaker / Mr. Manaivi), faces many issues in his role of Homemaker. The main plot revolved around this theme.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan]] as Anjalidevi "Anjali" : Vicky's wife ; Ranjitham's granddaughter
* Pavan Ravindra as Vigneshkumar "Vicky" (Mr. Manaivi) : Anjali's husband ; Maragatham's grandson ; Swetha's ex-love interest (2023–Present)
** Aalam as young Vicky (2023)

===Recurring===
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Ranjitham: Anjali's grandmother; Vedhanayagam's mother (2023–present)
*Latha Sathupathy as Maragatham: Vicky, Naresh and Viji's grandmother; Rajmohan and Chandramohan's mother (2023–present)
*A. Venkatesh as Vedhanayagam: Ranjitham's elder son; Anjali's maternal uncle (2023–present)
*Lokesh Baskaran as Akilan Vedhanayagam: Anjali's ex-fiancé; Vedhanayagam's son (2023–present)
*Maansi Joshi as Swetha: Anjali's arch-rival (2023–present)
*Smriti Kashyap as Kavi Malar Slvakumar: Anjali's half-sister (2023–present)(Antagonist)
*Jeeva Ravi as Slvakumar alias (Slva): Muthulakshmi and Gunavathi's wife, Anjali's and Kavi Malar's father (2023–present)
* Sabitha Anand as Gunavathi Slvakumar alias (Guna): Slvakumar's Second wife; Anjali's step mother, Kavi malar's mother (2023–present)(Antagonist)
*Lakshmi Vasudevan as Gayathri: Slvakumar's sister
* Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan as Mahesh: Kavi Malar's fiancé
* Tharani as Chitra: Vedhanayagam's wife (2023–present)
* Sree Priya as Sathya: Vedhanayagam's daughter (2023–present)
* Sanjay Kumar Asrani as Rajmohan: Vicky's father (2023–present)
* Rajkanth as Chandramohan: Rajmohan's brother; Vicky's uncle (2023–present)
* Ammu Ramachandran as Saranya Chandramohan: Vicky's aunt (2023–present)
* VJ Aswath as Nareshkumar Chandramohan alias Naresh: Chandramohan's son, Viji's brother and Vicky's younger cousin brother (2023–present)
*Punitha Balakrishnan / Jayashree as Vijayalakshmi Chandramohan alias Viji: Naresh's younger sister and Vicky's younger cousin sister (2023–present)
*Aravind Akash as Advocate Surya (2023–present)
*Geetha Ravishanker as Surya's mother (2023–present)
*Tamil Selvan as Paper rose: Anjali's friend work mate (2023–present)
*Jenny as Anu: Anjali's friend and work mate (2023–present)
*Bhanumathy as Karthigai Srinivasan: Swetha's mother (2023–present)
*V.Dasarathy as Srinivasan: Swetha's father; Rajmohan's friend (2023)
*Shravnitha as Vennila: Anjali's neighbour (2023)
*Sabari as Anjali's neighbour and enemy; Vedhanayagam's friend (2023)
*Gayatri Jayaraman as Muthulakshmi Slvakumar: Sivakumar's first wife; Anjali's mother (Dead; Photographic Appearance)

===Special appearances===
* Maanya Anand as Tulasi (2023)
* Ashwanth Karthi as Rajapandi (2023)
* [[Chaitra Reddy]] as Kayal (2023)

==Production==

=== Development ===
On end 2022, [[Sun Network]] confirmed through a press release that it would distribute new Tamil serial, to be produced by Vision Time India Pvt Ltd. Initially, the title of the serial was named Jodi. Later renamed as Mr.Manaivi.

===Casting===
''[[Sembaruthi]]'' fame Shabana Shajahan<ref>{{cite web |title=ஷபானாவின் புது சீரியல்.. டைட்டில் கொஞ்சம் கூட எதிர்பார்க்கலையே! இப்படி மிரட்டுறாங்களே?கதை இதுதானா?|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-shabana-sun-tv-serial-mr-manaivi-promo-and-fans-reaction-499610.html|website=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=வருகிறது 'செம்பருத்தி' நாயகி ஷபானாவின் மற்றுமோர் புதிய சீரியல்.. மகிழ்ச்சியின் உச்சத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்..!|url=https://cinesamugam.com/sembaruthi-heroine-shabanas-yet-another-new-serial-is-at-the-peak-of-happiness-for-fans-1676885674|website=cinesamugam.com|language=ta}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role as Anjali<ref>{{cite web |title=செம்பருத்தி நாயகியின் புதிய தொடர் மிஸ்டர் மனைவி|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/21/sun-tv-new-serial-mr-manaivi-lead-by-sembaruthi-serial-shabana-4004849.html|website=www.dinamani.com|language=ta}}</ref> However, she left the show in May 2024, because of some reason.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shabana quits 'Mr Manaivi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shabana-quits-mr-manaivi-says-thanks-to-everyone-once-again/articleshow/109216558.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> Actor ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' fame Pavan Ravindra plays the title role alongside her, making his debut in [[Tamil television drama]]s. Kannada actress Maansi Joshi was selected to portray the main antagonist. Actress [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] was cast as Ranjitham, who is Anjali's grandmother, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] was cast as Maragatham and [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] was cast as Vedhanayagam. In end of September 2023, Actor [[Aravind Akash]] was cast in cameo.<ref>{{cite web |title=அரவிந்த் ஆகாஷ் நட்புக்காக நடிக்கும் தொடர்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/sep/26/tamil-serial-news-aravind-aakash-act-in-mr-manaivi-serial-in-sun-tv-4078910.html|website=www.dinamani.com|language=ta}}</ref> In begin December 2023, Actress Smriti joins the cast as Kavi Malar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Smriti joins the cast of 'Mr. Manaivi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-smriti-joins-the-cast-of-mr-manaivi/articleshow/105805117.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 20 February 2023, in which we see the protagonist, two grandmothers in a temple talking about their grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mister Manaivi (Mr. Manaivi) Serial Promo Added By Sun TV – Launch Date, Story, Star Cast|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/mister-manaivi-serial-star-cast/|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=செம்பருத்தி ஷபானாவின் ‘மிஸ்டர் மனைவி’….,வைரலாகும் ப்ரோமோ…,|url=https://enewz.in/sembaruthi-shabana-new-serial-mister-manaivi|website=enewz.in|language=ta}}</ref>

== Airing history ==
The show started airing on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 6 March 2023 From Monday to Saturday at 20:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) replacing ''[[Kannana Kanne]]'' time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=எண்டு கார்டு போடப்படும் சன் டிவி சீரியல்கள்... புதிய சீரியல்களின் வருகைதான் காரணமா?|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/sun-tv-popular-serials-abiyum-nannum-and-kannana-kanne-is-being-replaced-by-new-serials-malar-aand-mister-manaivi-103581|website=tamil.abplive.com|language=ta}}</ref> From Monday 2 October 2023, the show was shifted to 22:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) replacing ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]'' time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியின் பிரபல சீரியல்களின் நேரம் மாற்றம்.. ரசிகர்கள் கடும் அதிருப்தி..!|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sun-tv-famous-serials-anbe-vaa-mr-manaivi-time-change-142267|website=tamil.abplive.com|language=ta}}</ref>now it is aring at 22:30.

== Reception ==
The show got a TVR of 8.95 in July 2023 becoming the channel's No 5 series. And became the No 6 serial of all Tamil serial U+R market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethirneechal To Mr. Manaivi: Here Is The List Of This Week's Top 10 Tamil TV Serials Based On TRP Rating|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2023/ethirneechal-to-mr-manaivi-here-is-the-list-of-this-weeks-top-10-tamil-tv-serials-based-on-trp-ra-357679.html?story=3|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref> In April 2023, [[The Times of India|ETimes TV]] conducted a poll to find the TV show that is the Tamil audience's favourite television show. Interestingly, the romantic love drama series 'Mr. Manaivi' got 46% of the netizens shared that their favourite show.<ref>{{cite web |title=ETimes TV's poll results: Netizens select Mr Manaivi as their favourite daily soap; take a look at the other TV shows on the list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/etimes-tvs-poll-results-netizens-select-mr-manaivi-as-their-favourite-daily-soap-take-a-look-at-the-other-tv-shows-on-the-list/articleshow/99777465.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Ref
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Ninnishtam Ennishtam'' നിന്നിഷ്ടം എന്നിഷ്ടം
| 7 August 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
| 20 January 2024
| rowspan="2"| Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya TV Serial Ninnishttam Ennishtam Actors and Characters – Ameen Madathil as Vicky, Sandra Babu as Anjali|url=https://www.keralatv.in/ninnishttam-ennishtam-serial-actors/|website=www.keralatv.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Preetiya Arasi'' ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಅರಸಿ
| 16 October 2023
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 14 January 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethiya Arasi – New Serial Promo {{!}} 16 Oct 2023 @ 9 PM {{!}} Udaya TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjl6qLNBjB8|access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26766577}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

User talk:129.222.0.128

2024-09-19T17:58:38Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/129.222.0.128|your recent contributions]] to [[:Action-adventure game]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 17:58, 19 September 2024 (UTC)
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Action-adventure game

2024-09-19T17:58:30Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 129.222.0.128 (talk) to rev. 1246304944 by HMSLavender: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|Video game genre}}{{Redirect|Action-adventure|other uses|Action-adventure (disambiguation)}}
{{Original research|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{VG Action}}

An '''action-adventure game''' is a [[video game genre|video game hybrid genre]] that combines core elements from both the [[action game]] and [[adventure game]] genres.

Typically, classical adventure games have situational problems for the player to explore and solve to complete a storyline, involving little to no [[combat|action]]. If there is action, it is generally confined to isolated instances. Classical action games, on the other hand, have gameplay based on real-time interactions that challenges the player's [[reflex|reflexes]] and [[eye-hand coordination]]. Action-adventure games combine these genres by engaging both eye-hand coordination and [[problem-solving]] skills.

== Definition ==
An action adventure game can be defined as a game with a mix of elements from an [[action game]] and an [[adventure game]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rollins |first1=A. |last2=Morris |first2=D. |title=Game Architecture and Design |publisher=Coriolis Ed |year=2000}}</ref> especially crucial elements like puzzles<ref>{{cite web |last=Luban |first=Pascal |date=2002-12-06 |title=Designing and Integrating Puzzles in Action-Adventure Games |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/designing-and-integrating-puzzles-in-action-adventure-games |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Game Developer |language=en}}</ref> inspired by older adventure games.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Chap. 1 — Game Genres |url=https://www.di.ubi.pt/~agomes/tjv/teoricas/01-genres.pdf |publisher=[[University of Beira Interior]] |page=8}}</ref> Action-adventures require many of the same physical skills as action games, but may also offer a storyline, numerous characters, an inventory system, dialogue, and other features of adventure games.<ref name="fundamentals">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Fundamentals of Game Design|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2006|url=http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html|isbn=0-13-168747-6}}</ref> They are typically faster-paced than pure adventure games, because they include both physical and conceptual challenges.<ref name="fundamentals" /> Action-adventure games normally include a combination of complex story elements, which are often displayed for players using audio and video. The story is heavily reliant upon the [[player character|player character's]] movement, which triggers story events and thus affects the flow of the game.<ref name=Puzzle2>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2917/designing_and_integrating_puzzles_.php?page=2|title=Designing and Integrating Puzzles in Action-Adventure Games|last=Luban|first=Pascal|page=2|work=Gamasutra|publisher=Think Services Game Group|date=2002-12-06|access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Popular examples of action-adventure games include ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'', ''[[God of War (franchise)|God of War]]'',<ref name="fundamentals" /> and ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' series.<ref name="Gal">{{cite book |last1=Gal |first1=Viviane |last2=Le Prado |first2=Cécile |last3=Natkin |first3=Stéphane |last4=Vega |first4=Liliana |title=Writing for Video Games |publisher=Proceedings Laval Ritual (IVRC) |year=2002 |url=http://cedric.cnam.fr/PUBLIS/RC359.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030706103927/http://cedric.cnam.fr/PUBLIS/RC359.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Relationship to other genres ===
There is a good deal of controversy over what actually constitutes an action-adventure game.<ref name="Rollings" /> One definition of the term "action-adventure" may be '"An action/adventure game is a game that has enough action in it not to be called an adventure game, but not enough action to be called an action game."<ref name=justadventure>{{cite web|url=http://www.justadventure.com/articles/ActionAdventures/AA.shtm|title=A Brief – But Comprehensive – History of the Action/Adventure Genre|author=Aya|date=2005-08-02|access-date=2009-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129103800/http://justadventure.com/articles/ActionAdventures/AA.shtm|archive-date=2009-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some cases an action game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game, but if these puzzles are quite simple they might be classified as an action game.<ref name="fundamentals" /><ref name="NGen15">{{cite magazine|title=The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=15 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1996|pages=28–42|quote=Action-adventure – A game which is nearly all action (see action game), but that also includes a good deal of strategy and more advanced problem solving.}}</ref> Others see action games as a pure genre, while an action-adventure is an action game that includes situational problem-solving.<ref name=justadventure /><ref name="NGen15" /> Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure.<ref name="fundamentals" /> Regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term "action-adventure" is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope.

== Subgenres ==
{{Original research|date=August 2020}}
Although action-adventure games are diverse and difficult to classify, there are some distinct subgenres. Many games with gameplay<ref name=":0" /> similar to those in [[The Legend of Zelda|The Legend of Zelda series]] are called '''''Zelda clones'''''<ref>{{cite web |last=Fontes |first=Renan |date=2019-12-29 |title=5 Zelda Clones Better Than The Real Thing (& 5 That Are So Much Worse) |url=https://www.thegamer.com/legend-zelda-clone-games-better-real-thing-worse-alundra-dark-cloud/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref> or ''Zelda like'' games.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robson |first=Daniel |date=2020-03-12 |title=Genshin Impact: Hands-on With the Zelda Clone That's not Really a Zelda Clone |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/genshin-impact-hands-on-with-the-zelda-clone-thats-not-really-a-zelda-clone |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Commerce |first=Stack |date=2020-09-09 |title=This Online Course Teaches You How to Create a Game Like The Legend of Zelda |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/this-online-course-teaches-you-how-to-create-a-game-like-the-legend-of-zelda |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=16 Games Zelda Fans Should Try |language=en |work=GameSpot |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/games-like-the-legend-of-zelda/1100-6499092/ |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> Popular subgenres include:

=== Grand Theft Auto clone ===
A '''[[Grand Theft Auto clone]]''' belongs to a [[Video game genres|subgenre]] of [[open world]] action-adventure [[video game]]s in the [[Third-person (video games)|third-person perspective]]. They are characterized by their likeness to the [[Grand Theft Auto|''Grand Theft Auto'' series]] in either gameplay or overall design.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.findmesimilar.com/2013/04/games-like-gta-grand-theft-auto.html | title = 25+ Games Like GTA (Grand Theft Auto) | date = 12 April 2013 | publisher = Find Me Similar }}</ref><ref name="crackdownqa">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=74595 |title=Crackdown Community Q&A |author=Bramwell, Tom |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |date=2007-03-27 |access-date=2008-07-25 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014432/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=74595 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In these types of open world games, players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting.<ref>Sources that refer to Grand Theft Auto popularizing or inventing a genre include: i. {{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/ps2/f/battle-of-the-gta-clones/a-2007032712758324075/g-2005120719070657885742 |title= Battle of the GTA clones |date = 2007-03-27 | author = Reparaz, Mikel | publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |access-date=2008-07-21}}; ii. {{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8241 |publisher=[[Gamasutra]] |title=Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers |author= Cifaldi, Frank |date=2006-02-21 |access-date=2008-08-21}}; iii. {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3762350.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Hunt for Grand Theft Auto pirates |date=2004-10-21 |access-date=2008-08-26}}</ref><ref>Sources that refer to games similar to Grand Theft Auto as action-adventure games include: i. {{cite web |url=http://www.pcw.co.uk/personal-computer-world/software/2154224/godfather |title=Review: The Godfather 3D action game |author=Parkyn, Jonathan |publisher=[[Personal Computer World]] |date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2008-07-25 |archive-date=22 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922191244/http://www.pcw.co.uk/personal-computer-world/software/2154224/godfather |url-status=dead }} ii. {{cite web |url=http://wham.canoe.ca/wii/2007/03/30/3871537-torsun.html |author=Steve Tilley |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer|CANOE]] |title=Wii 'Godfather' for newbies only |date=2007-04-01 |access-date=2008-07-25 |archive-date=23 June 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070623032604/http://wham.canoe.ca/wii/2007/03/30/3871537-torsun.html |url-status=usurped }}; iii. {{cite web |url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/403/403367p1.html |title=E3 2003: True Crime: Streets of L.A. Update |author=Bishop, Sam |date=2003-05-16 |publisher=[[IGN]] |access-date=2008-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201141421/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/403/403367p1.html |archive-date=2009-02-01 }} iv. {{cite web |url=http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/saints-row/729563p1.html |title=GameSpy Review – Saints Row |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |author=Will Tuttle |date=2006-08-30 |access-date=2008-07-25 }}; v. {{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=158948 |publisher=[[GamePro]] |title=Just Cause 2 announced for Xbox 360, PS3, PC |author=Snow, Blake |date=2008-01-30 |access-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201011432/http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=158948 |archive-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Navarro, Alex (2004-11-11). {{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/scrapland/review.html |title=Scrapland Review |access-date=2009-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010023540/http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/scrapland/review.html |archive-date=2011-10-10}} Scrapland Review], [[GameSpot]], Retrieved on 2009-6-17</ref>

=== Metroidvania ===
'''[[Metroidvania]]''' is a portmanteau of ''Metroid'' and ''Castlevania''; such games are sometimes referred to as "search action",<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gematsu.com/2019/02/touhou-luna-nights-leaves-steam-early-access-version-1-0-now-available | title = Touhou Luna Nights leaves Steam Early Access, version 1.0 now available | first = Sal | last = Romano | date = February 26, 2019 | accessdate = October 10, 2021 | work = Gematsu | archive-date = October 10, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010140817/https://www.gematsu.com/2019/02/touhou-luna-nights-leaves-steam-early-access-version-1-0-now-available | url-status = live }}</ref> and are generally based on two-dimensional platformers. They emphasize both exploration and puzzle-solving with traditional platform gameplay.<ref name="gamasutra history">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/236410/The_undying_allure_of_the_Metroidvania.php | title = The undying allure of the Metroidvania | first = Christian | last = Nutt | date = February 13, 2015 | access-date = February 13, 2015 | publisher = [[Gamasutra]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150512033009/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/236410/The_undying_allure_of_the_Metroidvania.php | archive-date = May 12, 2015 }}</ref>

=== Survival horror ===
'''[[Survival horror]]''' games emphasize "inventory management" and making sure the player has enough ammunition and recovery items to "[[Survival game|survive]]" the [[horror fiction|horror]] setting. This is a thematic genre with diverse gameplay, so not all survival horror games share all the features.<ref>{{cite web|title=Survival Horror vs. Action Horror|url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/manifesto/survival-horror-vs-action-horror-10399|publisher=gamerevolution.com|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Evil Within preview – 'real survival horror'|date=25 June 2013|url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/06/25/the-evil-within-preview-real-survival-horror-3855378/|publisher=metro.co.uk|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Horror Show – Survival Horror vs. Action Horror|url=http://www.zero1gaming.com/2013/05/01/survival-horror-vs-action-horror/|publisher=zero1gaming.com|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721110927/http://www.zero1gaming.com/2013/05/01/survival-horror-vs-action-horror/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=6 Upcoming Horror Games That Look Absolutely Terrifying|date=21 April 2013|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3229453/6-upcoming-horror-games-that-look-absolutely-terrifying/|publisher=blooody-disgusting.org|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> The ''[[Resident Evil]]'' franchise popularized this subgenre.

== Gameplay ==
{{See also|Adventure game#Common objectives and gameplay|Action game#Defining elements}}
Action-adventure games are faster-paced than pure adventure games, and include physical as well as conceptual challenges<ref name="Rollings">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design|publisher=New Riders |year=2003|page=446|isbn=1-59273-001-9}}</ref> where the story is enacted rather than narrated.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://gamestudies.org/0101/ryan/|title=Beyond Myth and Metaphor – The Case of Narrative in Digital Media|last=Ryan|first=Marie-Laure|journal=Game Studies|volume=1|issue=1|year=2002|publisher=The International Journal of Computer Game Research|access-date=2009-02-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202121033/http://gamestudies.org/0101/ryan/| archive-date= 2 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> While motion-based, often reflexive, actions are required,<ref name=Puzzle2 /> the gameplay still follows a number of adventure game genre tropes (gathering [[item (game)|items]], exploration of and interaction with one's environment, often including an [[overworld]] connecting areas of importance, and puzzle-solving).<ref name="Puzzle1">{{cite web |last=Luban |first=Pascal |date=2002-12-06 |title=Designing and Integrating Puzzles in Action-Adventure Games |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2917/designing_and_integrating_puzzles_.php?page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221140043/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2917/designing_and_integrating_puzzles_.php?page=1 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=2009-02-05 |work=Gamasutra |publisher=Think Services Game Group |page=1}}</ref> While the controls are [[Arcade genre|arcade-style]] (character movement, few action commands) there is an ultimate goal beyond a high score.<ref name=Puzzle1 /> In most action-adventure games, the player controls a single [[avatar (computing)|avatar]] as the [[protagonist]].<ref name="fundamentals" /> This type of game is often quite similar to [[role-playing video game]]s.<ref name="meg">{{cite web | url=http://alldidigames.com/video-games-industry-infographics/ | publisher=ESRB | work=ESRB Infographics | author=Bob Johnstone | title=Video Games Industry Infographics | access-date=2014-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155950/http://alldidigames.com/video-games-industry-infographics/ | archive-date=2014-10-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

They are distinct from [[Graphic adventure game|graphic adventures]], which sometimes have free-moving central characters, but also a wider variety of commands and fewer or no action game elements and are distinct too from [[text adventures]], characterized by many different commands introduced by the user via a complex [[text parser]] and no free-moving character. While they share general gameplay dynamics, action-adventures vary widely in the design of their viewpoints, including [[bird's-eye view|bird's eye]], side-scrolling, first-person, [[third-person shooter|third-person]], over-the-shoulder, or even a 3/4 [[Isometric video game graphics|isometric view]].

Many action-adventure games simulate a conversation through a [[conversation tree]]. When the player encounters a [[non-player character]], they are allowed to select a choice of what to say. The NPC gives a scripted response to the player, and the game offers the player several new ways to respond.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

Due to the action-adventure subgenre's broad and inclusive nature, it causes some players to have difficulty finishing a particular game. Companies have devised ways to give the player help, such as offering clues or allowing the player to skip puzzles to compensate for this lack of ability.<ref name=Puzzle3>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2917/designing_and_integrating_puzzles_.php?page=3|title=Designing and Integrating Puzzles in Action-Adventure Games|last=Luban|first=Pascal|page=3|work=Gamasutra|publisher=Think Services Game Group|date=2002-12-06|access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1979–1988 ===
Brett Weiss cites [[Atari]]'s ''[[Superman (1979 video game)|Superman]]'' (1979) as an action-adventure game,<ref name="weiss">{{cite book | first = Brett | last = Weiss | title = Classic Home Video Games, 1972–1984: A Complete Reference Guide | pages = 119, 126 | publisher = [[McFarland & Co.]] | url = https://books.google.com/books}}</ref> with ''Retro Gamer'' crediting it as the "first to utilize multiple screens as playing area".<ref name="retgamer">{{cite web|url=https://www.retrogamer.net/retro_games70/superman-2/|title=Superman|last=LMozejko|first=Michal|work=[[Retro Gamer]]|date=April 16, 2009|access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> Mark J.P. Wolf credits ''[[Adventure (Atari 2600)|Adventure]]'' (1980) for the [[Atari VCS]] as the earliest-known action-adventure game.<ref>{{cite book|title=Video Game Theory Reader|editor1-last=Wolf|editor1-first=Mark J. P.|editor2-last=Perron|editor2-first=Bernard|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-96578-0|page=x|chapter=Foreword|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PurLg5KfPioC}}</ref> The game involves exploring a 2D environment, finding and using items which each have prescribed abilities, and fighting dragons in real-time like in an [[action game]].<ref name=justadventure /> [[Muse Software]]'s ''[[Castle Wolfenstein]]'' (1981) was another early action-adventure game, merging exploration, combat, stealth,<ref>{{cite book|title=High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games|first1=Rusel|last1=DeMaria|first2=Johnny L.|last2=Wilson|year=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=0-07-223172-6|page=224|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJNvZLvpCEQC}}</ref> and [[maze game]] elements,<ref name="Maynard">{{cite book |last1=Maynard |first1=Ashley E. |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Kaveri |last3=Greenfield |first3=Patricia M. |chapter=Technology and the Development of Intelligence: From the Loom to the Computer |editor1-last=Sternberg |editor1-first=Robert J. |editor2-last=Preiss |editor2-first=David D. |title=Intelligence and Technology: The Impact of Tools on the Nature and Development of Human Abilities |date=13 May 2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-77805-6 |pages=29–54 (38) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZgVId2jGXIC&pg=PA38}}</ref> drawing inspiration from arcade [[shoot 'em ups]] and maze games (such as maze-shooter ''[[Berzerk (video game)|Berzerk]]'') and [[war films]] (such as ''[[The Guns of Navarone (film)|The Guns of Navarone]]'').<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Boardman |first1=Krist |last2=Bernstein |first2=Harvey |url=https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Games_Volume_01_Number_04_1982-06_Reese_Communications_US |title=Inside Gaming |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=June 1982 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=22–3}}</ref>

According to ''[[Wizardry]]'' developer Roe R. Adams, early action-adventure games "were basically [[arcade games]] done in a [[fantasy]]" setting.<ref name="CGW76">{{citation|first=Roe R.|last=Adams|magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]]|date=November 1990|issue=76|pages=83–84 [83]|title=Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is): An Overview of the Evolution of CRPGs on Dedicated Game Machines|quote=Action adventures were basically arcade games done in a fantasy setting such as ''Castlevania'', ''Trojan'', and ''Wizards & Warriors''.}}</ref> ''[[Tutankham]]'', debuted by [[Konami]] in January 1982,<ref name="GM194">{{cite magazine|title=Overseas Readers Column – Konami And Stern Pact On "Tutankham" Video|magazine=[[:ja:ゲームマシン|Game Machine]]|issue=194|publisher=[[:ja:アミューズメント通信社|Amusement Press, Inc.]]|date=15 August 1982|page=26|lang=ja|url=https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19820815p.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131232141/https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19820815p.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> was an action-adventure released for [[Arcade game|arcades]].<ref name="Retro">{{cite magazine |title=Minority Report: Tutankham |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=127 |date=January 2014 |page=51 |url=https://issuu.com/michelfranca/docs/retro_gamer____127}}</ref> It combined maze, shoot 'em up, [[Puzzle video game|puzzle-solving]] and adventure elements,<ref name="CVG"/><ref name="weiss"/><ref name="Video">{{cite magazine |last1=Kunkel |first1=Bill |author-link1=Bill Kunkel (journalist)|last2=Katz |first2=Arnie |author-link2=Arnie Katz|date=December 1983 |title=Arcade Alley: Super Gifts for Gamers |magazine=[[Video (magazine)|Video]] |publisher=Reese Communications |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=28–9 |issn=0147-8907|url=http://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/articles/arcade_alley/arcade_alley_dec83.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123023104/http://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/articles/arcade_alley/arcade_alley_dec83.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with a 1983 review by ''[[Computer and Video Games]]'' magazine calling it "the first game that effectively combined the elements of an adventure game with frenetic shoot 'em up gameplay."<ref name="CVG">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]]|title=Fine Time in Tombs of Tut! Tutankham|page=31|issue=26 (December 1983)|date=16 November 1983|url=https://archive.org/details/computer-video-games-magazine-026/page/n30/mode/1up}}</ref> It inspired the similar ''[[Time Bandit]]'' (1983).<ref name="legend">{{cite web |title=Harry Lafnear Interview |url=https://www.atarilegend.com/interviews/interviews_detail.php?selected_interview_id=4 |website=Atari Legend |date=September 5, 2003}}</ref> ''[[Action Quest]]'', released in May 1982, blended puzzle elements of adventure games into a [[joystick]]-controlled, arcade-style action game, which surprised reviewers at the time.<ref name="anderson">{{cite magazine |last1=Anderson |first1=John J. |title=Atari Arcade |magazine=Computer Gaming World |date=May 1982 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=18 |url=https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_2.3/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_2.3/page/n19/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=ca>{{cite book |title=The Creative Atari |date=1983 |publisher=Creative Computing Press |pages=177–178 |isbn=9780916688349 |url=https://archive.org/details/ataribooks-the-creative-atari/page/n177/mode/2up}}</ref>

While noting some similarities to ''Adventure'', [[IGN]] argues that ''[[The Legend of Zelda (1986 video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' (1986) by [[Nintendo]] "helped to establish a new subgenre of action-adventure", becoming a success due to how it combined elements from different genres to create a compelling hybrid, including exploration, adventure-style inventory [[Puzzle game|puzzles]], an action component, a [[monetary system]], and simplified RPG-style [[Experience point#Level-based progression|level building]] without the [[experience point]]s.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author= Travis Fahs |url=http://retro.ign.com/articles/939/939361p1.html |title=IGN Presents the History of Zelda – Retro Feature at IGN |website=[[IGN]] |date=2010-08-27 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' series was the most prolific action-adventure game franchise through to the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most-prolific action-adventure video game series|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/most-prolific-action-adventure-video-game-series|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=17 April 2012|date=1 Jan 2007}}</ref> Roe R. Adams also cited the arcade-style [[side-scrolling]] fantasy games ''[[Castlevania]]'' (1986), ''[[Trojan (video game)|Trojan]]'' (1986) and ''[[Wizards & Warriors]]'' (1987) as early examples of action-adventure games.<ref name="CGW76"/>

Games like ''Brain Breaker'' (1985), ''[[Xanadu (video game)|Xanadu]]'' (1985), ''[[Metroid (video game)|Metroid]]'' (1986) and ''[[Vampire Killer]]'' (1986) combined a side-scrolling [[platformer]] format with adventure exploration, creating the [[Metroidvania]] platform-adventure subgenre. Similarly, games like ''[[005]]'' (1981), ''Castle Wolfenstein'' and ''[[Metal Gear (video game)|Metal Gear]]'' (1987) combined action-adventure exploration with stealth mechanics, laying the foundations for the [[stealth game]] subgenre, which would later be popularized in 1998 with the releases of ''[[Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)|Metal Gear Solid]]'', ''[[Tenchu: Stealth Assassins]]'', and ''[[Thief: The Dark Project]]''.

=== 1989–present ===
The [[cinematic platformer]] ''[[Prince of Persia (1989 video game)|Prince of Persia]]'' (1989) featured action-adventure elements, inspiring games such as ''[[Another World (video game)|Another World]]'' (1991) and ''[[Flashback (1992 video game)|Flashback]]'' (1992). ''[[Alone in the Dark (video game)|Alone in the Dark]]'' (1992) used [[3D computer graphics|3D graphics]], which would later be popularized by ''[[Resident Evil (1996 video game)|Resident Evil]]'' (1996) and ''[[Tomb Raider (1996 video game)|Tomb Raider]]'' (1996). ''[[Resident Evil]]'' in particular created the [[survival horror]] subgenre, inspiring titles such as ''[[Silent Hill (video game)|Silent Hill]]'' (1999) and ''[[Fatal Frame (video game)|Fatal Frame]]'' (2001).<ref name=justadventure />

Action-adventure games have gone on to become more popular than the pure [[adventure game]]s and pure [[platform game]]s that inspired them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adams |first=Ernest |date=2009-07-09 |title=The Designer's Notebook: Sorting Out the Genre Muddle |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/the-designer-s-notebook-sorting-out-the-genre-muddle |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Game Developer |language=en}}</ref> Recent examples include the ''[[Uncharted]]'' franchise, ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild]]'' and ''[[Ark: Survival Evolved]]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscatinline|Action-adventure games}}

{{VideoGameGenre}}

[[Category:Action-adventure games| ]]
[[Category:Video game genres]]

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Politics of Texas

2024-09-19T17:58:09Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 76.65.216.174 (talk) to rev. 1246092235 by Woko Sapien: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|Politics of a U.S. state}}
{{Politics of Texas}}
For about a hundred years, from after [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] until the 1990s, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] dominated [[Texas]] politics, making it part of the [[Solid South]]. In a reversal of alignments, since the late 1960s, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] has grown more prominent. By the 1990s, it became the state's dominant political party and remains so to this day, as Democrats have not won a statewide race since [[Bob Bullock]] won the 1994 Lieutenant gubernatorial election.

Texas is a majority Republican state with Republicans controlling every statewide office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/texas-governor-race-2022-midterm-elections-1aba86e87ccd8384655d4319fd14f3fb | title=GOP's Abbott wins 3rd term as Texas governor, beats O'Rourke | website=[[Associated Press]] | date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> Texas Republicans have majorities in the State House and Senate, an entirely Republican Texas Supreme Court, control of both Senate seats in the US Congress. Texas is America's most-populous Republican state.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://texasscorecard.com/state/texas-is-entering-third-decade-of-republican-control/ | title=Texas is Entering Third Decade of Republican Control | date=23 November 2022 }}</ref> A number of political commentators had suggested that Texas is trending Democratic since 2016, however, Republicans have continued to win every statewide office through 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/11/09/texas-election-results/ | title= Republican victories show Texas is still far from turning blue | website=[[The Texas Tribune]] | date=9 November 2022 }}</ref>

The 19th-century culture of the state was heavily influenced by the [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] culture of the ''[[Old South]],'' dependent on [[African-American]] [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]], as well as the ''patron'' system once prevalent (and still somewhat present) in northern Mexico and South Texas. In these societies, the government's primary role was seen as being the preservation of social order. Solving individual problems in society was seen as a local problem with the expectation that the individual with wealth should resolve his or her own issues.<ref name="Maxwell 2009 p. 22"/> These influences continue to affect Texas today. In their book, ''Texas Politics Today 2009-2010,'' authors Maxwell, Crain, and Santos attribute Texas' traditionally low voter turnout among whites to these influences.<ref name="Maxwell 2009 p. 22">Maxwell (2009), p. 22.</ref> But beginning in the early 20th century, voter turnout was dramatically reduced by the state legislature's [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement]] of most blacks, and many poor whites and Latinos.<ref name="utexas1">[http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/6_5_3.html ''Texas Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting''], accessed 11 Apr 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402060131/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/html/vce/0503.html |date=April 2, 2008 }}</ref>

==History==
===Democratic dominance: 1845–mid-1990s===
From [[U.S. presidential election, 1848|1848]] until [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s victory in [[U.S. presidential election, 1952|1952]], Texas voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except [[U.S. presidential election, 1928|1928]], when it did not support Catholic [[Al Smith]]. The Democrats were pro-slavery pre-Civil War, as Abraham Lincoln was a Republican in the North. Most Republicans were Abolitionists. In the mid-20th century [[U.S. presidential election, 1952|1952]] and [[U.S. presidential election, 1956|1956]] elections, the state voters joined the landslide for [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. (Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the [[United States Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml|title=Presidential Election Results|website=www.sos.state.tx.us}}</ref>

In the post-Civil War era, two of the most important Republican figures in Texas were African Americans [[George T. Ruby]] and [[Norris Wright Cuney]]. Ruby was a black community organizer, director in the federal [[Freedmen's Bureau]], and leader of the Galveston [[Union League]]. His protégé Cuney was a person of [[Multiracial people|mixed-race]] descent whose wealthy, white planter father freed him and his siblings before the Civil War and arranged for his education in Pennsylvania. Cuney returned and settled in Galveston, where he became active in the [[Union League]] and the Republican party; he rose to the leadership of the party. He became influential in Galveston and Texas politics, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential black leaders in the [[American South|South]] during the 19th century.

From 1902 through 1965, Texas had virtually [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] most Black, many Latino, and poor White people through the imposition of the [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] and [[white primaries]]. Across the South, Democrats controlled congressional apportionment based on total population, although they had disenfranchised the black population. The [[Solid South]] exercised tremendous power in Congress, and Democrats gained important committee chairmanships by seniority. They gained federal funding for infrastructure projects in their states and the region, as well as support for numerous military bases, as two examples of how they brought federal investment to the state and region.

In the post-Reconstruction era, by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] became non-competitive in the South, due to Democrat-dominated legislatures' [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement]] of blacks and many poor whites and Latinos. In Texas, the Democrat-dominated legislature excluded them through passage of a [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] and [[white primary]]. Voter turnout in Texas declined dramatically following these disenfranchisement measures, and Southern voting turnout was far below the national average.<ref name="utexas1"/>

Although black people made up 20 percent of the state population at the turn of the century, they were essentially excluded from formal politics.<ref name=HTO>[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pkaan W. Marvin Dulaney, "African Americans"], ''Handbook of Texas Online'', accessed 22 February 2014</ref> Republican support in Texas had been based almost exclusively in the free black communities, particularly in Galveston, and in the German counties of the rural [[Texas Hill Country]] inhabited by [[German American|German]] immigrants and their descendants, who had opposed slavery in the antebellum period. The German counties continued to run Republican candidates. [[Harry M. Wurzbach]] was elected from the [[Texas's 14th congressional district|14th district]] from 1920 to 1926, contesting and finally winning the election of 1928, and being re-elected in 1930.

Some of the most important American political figures of the 20th century, such as President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], Vice-President [[John Nance Garner]], Speaker of the House [[Sam Rayburn]], and Senator [[Ralph Yarborough]] were Texas Democrats. But, the Texas Democrats were rarely united, being divided into [[American conservatism|conservative]], [[moderate]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] factions that vied with one another for power.

===Increasing Republican strength: 1960–1990===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Political party strength in Texas counties 1968–1990.svg|thumb|300px|Summary of statewide election results for presidential, senatorial, and gubernatorial elections between 1968 and 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kingston |first1=Mike |title=The Texas Almanac's Political History of Texas |last2=Attlesey |first2=Sam |last3=Crawford |first3=Mary G. |date=1992 |publisher=Eakin Press |isbn=089015855X |edition=1st |location=Austin, Texas |pages=319–325 |language=en}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000ff|Won by the Democrats 19+ elections}}
{{legend|#80a0ff|Won by the Democrats in 13–18 elections}}
{{legend|#a000a0|Won by each party in 10–12 elections}}
{{legend|#ff8080|Won by the Republicans in 13–18 elections}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Won by the Republicans in 19+ elections}}
]]
Beginning in the late 1960s, Republican strength increased in Texas, particularly among residents of the expanding "country club suburbs" around [[Dallas]] and [[Houston]]. The election, to Congress, of Republicans such as [[John Tower]], (who had switched from the Democratic Party) and [[George H. W. Bush]] in 1961 and 1966, respectively, reflected this trend. Nationally, outside of the South, Democrats supported the [[civil rights movement]] and achieved important passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s. In the South, however, Democratic leaders had opposed changes to bring about black voting or desegregated schools and public facilities and in many places exercised resistance. Following the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], southern white voters began to align with the Republican Party, a movement accelerated after the next year, when Congress passed the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], providing for federal enforcement of minorities' constitutional right to vote. Voter registration and turnout increased among blacks and Latinos in Texas and other states.

Unlike the rest of the South, however, Texas voters were never especially supportive of the various third-party candidacies of Southern Democrats. It was the only state in the former Confederacy to back Democrat [[Hubert Humphrey]] in the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]]. During the 1980s, a number of conservative Democrats defected to the GOP, including Senator [[Phil Gramm]], Congressman [[Kent Hance]], and GOP Governor [[Rick Perry]], who was a Democrat during his time as a state lawmaker.

[[John Tower]]'s 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans. Republican Governor [[Bill Clements]] and Senator [[Phil Gramm]] (also a former Democrat) were elected after him. Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white-majority Texas. The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]]. In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992 election]], [[Bill Clinton]] became the first Democrat to win the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes. This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level, as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable.

===Republican dominance: mid-1990s–present===
{{Graph:Chart
| width=500 | height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisTitle=Vote
| x=1952,1956,1960,1964,1968,1972,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992,1996,2000,2004,2008,2012,2016,2020
| y1=46.7,44,50.5,63.3,41.1,33.2,51.1,41.5,36.2,43.4,37.1,43.8,38.1,38.3,43.7,41.4,43.2,46.5
| y2=53.1,55.3,48.5,36.5,39.9,66.2,48,55.3,63.6,56,40.6,48.8,59.3,61.1,55.5,57.2,52.2,52.1
| y1Title=Democratic
| y2Title=Republican
| colors=blue,red
}}

{{PresHead|place=Texas|whig=yes| source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=1852&fips=48&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Presidential General Election Results Comparison - Texas|website=Uselectionatlas.org|access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref>}}

{{PresRow|2020|Republican|5,890,347|5,259,126|175,813|Texas}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|4,685,047|3,877,868|430,940|Texas}}
{{PresRow|2012|Republican|4,569,843|3,308,124|121,690|Texas}}
{{PresRow|2008|Republican|4,479,328|3,528,633|79,830|Texas}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|4,526,917|2,832,704|51,144|Texas}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|3,799,639|2,433,746|174,252|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1996|Republican|2,736,167|2,459,683|415,794|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1992|Republican|2,496,071|2,281,815|1,376,132|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|3,036,829|2,352,748|37,833|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|3,433,428|1,949,276|14,867|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|2,510,705|1,881,147|149,785|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|1,953,300|2,082,319|36,265|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|2,298,896|1,154,291|19,527|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|1,227,844|1,266,804|584,758|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|958,566|1,663,185|5,060|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|1,121,310|1,167,567|22,207|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|1,080,619|859,958|14,968|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|1,102,878|969,228|3,840|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|303,467|824,235|121,730|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|191,425|821,605|137,301|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|212,692|909,974|1,865|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|104,661|739,952|5,123|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|97,959|760,348|5,119|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|367,036|341,032|931|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1924|Democratic|130,023|484,605|42,881|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1920|Democratic|114,538|288,767|83,336|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|64,999|286,514|20,948|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|28,530|219,489|53,769|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1908|Democratic|65,666|217,302|10,789|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1904|Democratic|51,242|167,200|15,566|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1900|Democratic|130,641|267,432|25,633|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1896|Democratic|167,520|370,434|6,832|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1892|Democratic|81,144|239,148|101,853|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1888|Democratic|88,422|234,883|34,208|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1884|Democratic|93,141|225,309|6,855|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1880|Democratic|57,893|156,428|27,405|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1876|Democratic|44,800|104,755|0|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1872|Democratic|47,468|66,546|2,580|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1860|Southern Democratic|0|0|62,986|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1856|Democratic|0|31,169|15,639|Texas}}
{{PresRow|1852|Democratic|4,995|13,552|0|Texas}}
{{PresFoot|1848|Democratic|4,509|10,668|0|Texas}}

{{unreferenced section|date=February 2018}}
Despite increasing Republican strength in national elections, after the 1990 [[census]], Texas Democrats still controlled both houses of the State Legislature and most statewide offices. As a result, they directed the redistricting process after the decennial census.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=J. Michael |date=1990-11-07 |title=Democrat Richards Wins Bitter Contest With Williams : Texas: The governor's race was the state's longest, most expensive and perhaps most rancorous. GOP oilman's verbal gaffes damaged his chances. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-07-mn-3553-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317032609/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-07-mn-3553-story.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Although Congressional Texas Democrats received an average of 45 percent of the votes, Democrats consistently had a majority in the state delegation, as they had in every election since at least the end of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]].

In 1994, In the midst of the [[Republican Revolution]], Democratic Governor [[Ann Richards]] lost her [[1994 Texas gubernatorial election|bid for re-election]] against Republican [[George W. Bush]], ending an era in which Democrats controlled the governorship for all but eight of the past 120 years. Republicans have won the governorship ever since. In [[1998 Texas gubernatorial election|1998]], Bush won re-election in a landslide victory, with Republicans sweeping to victory in all the statewide races. Republicans won the Texas Senate for the first time since Reconstruction in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barboza |first=David |date=1996-11-29 |title=Republicans Strike Deep In the Heart Of Texas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/29/us/republicans-strike-deep-in-the-heart-of-texas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317043219/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/29/us/republicans-strike-deep-in-the-heart-of-texas.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 1996 |title=Rep. Stockman loses in Texas Congress runoff GOP claims majority in one house of state legislature, 1st since 1872 |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-12-12-1996347131-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317043229/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-12-12-1996347131-story.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref>

After the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], the Republican-controlled [[Texas Senate|state Senate]] sought to draw a congressional district map that would guarantee a Republican majority in the state's delegation. The Democrat-controlled [[Texas House of Representatives|state House]] desired to retain a plan similar to the existing lines. There was an impasse. With the Legislature unable to reach a compromise, the matter was settled by a panel of federal court judges, who ruled in favor of a district map that largely retained the status quo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |date=October 12, 2001 |title=Texas Judge Revises Redistricting Proposal; Fewer Democratic Seats in Jeopardy |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/409171816 |access-date=March 17, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |pages=A3 |id={{ProQuest|409171816}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 15, 2001 |title=Parties Agree Texas Redistricting Ruling Favors Democrats |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A80074405/AONE?u=txshracd2548 |access-date=March 17, 2023 |work=Congress Daily AM |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group LLC |via=Gale Academic OneFile}}</ref> Republicans controlled the Legislative Redistricting Board, which defines the state legislative districts, by a majority of four to one. They used their voting strength to adopt maps for the state legislature that strongly favored them, as Democrats had done before.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Attlesey |first=Sam |date=2001 |title=New maps could give GOP large majority in both houses Texas board OKs redistricting plans despite criticism |access-date= |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |pages=1}}</ref>

In [[2002 Texas House of Representatives election|2002]], Republicans gained control of the Texas House of Representatives for the first time since Reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Halbfinger |first1=David M. |last2=Yardley |first2=Jim |date=2002-11-07 |title=THE 2002 ELECTIONS: THE SOUTH; Vote Solidifies Shift of South To the G.O.P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/07/us/the-2002-elections-the-south-vote-solidifies-shift-of-south-to-the-gop.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208013508/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/07/us/the-2002-elections-the-south-vote-solidifies-shift-of-south-to-the-gop.html |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barta |first1=Carolyn |url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162511/m1/395 |title=Texas Almanac, 2004-2005 |last2=Alvarez |first2=Elizabeth Cruce |publisher=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |year=2004 |location=Dallas, Texas |pages=395–396 |language=en |chapter=Republicans Take Total Control of State Government |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317053725/https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162511/m1/395/ |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The newly elected Republican legislature engaged in an unprecedented mid-decade [[2003 Texas redistricting|redistricting]] plan. Democrats said that the redistricting was a blatant partisan [[gerrymander]], while Republicans argued that it was a much-needed correction of the partisan lines drawn after the 1990 census. But, the Republicans ignored the effects of nearly one million new citizens in the state, basing redistricting on 2000 census data. The result was a gain of six seats by the Republicans in the [[2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas|2004 elections]], giving them a majority of the state's delegation for the first time since Reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |last2=Rosenbaum |first2=David E. |date=2004-11-03 |title=With Texas Redistricting as a Backdrop, Republicans Retain Their Majority in the House |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/03/politics/campaign/with-texas-redistricting-as-a-backdrop-republicans-retain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317193449/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/03/politics/campaign/with-texas-redistricting-as-a-backdrop-republicans-retain.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In December 2005, the [[US Supreme Court]] agreed to hear an appeal that challenged the legality of this redistricting plan. While largely upholding the map, it ruled the [[El Paso]]-to-[[San Antonio]] [[Texas's 23rd congressional district|23rd District]], which had been a protected majority-Latino district until the 2003 redistricting, was unconstitutionally drawn. The ruling forced nearly every district in the El Paso-San Antonio corridor to be reconfigured.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |date=2006-06-29 |title=Justices Uphold Most Remapping in Texas by G.O.P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/29/washington/29district.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317215400/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/29/washington/29district.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Partly due to this, Democrats picked up two seats in the state in the [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas|2006 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giroux |first=Greg |title=Rodriguez's Upset Win in Texas 23 Yields Another Seat for Dems - New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cq/2006/12/12/cq_2034.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317215400/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cq/2006/12/12/cq_2034.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref>

In 2018, Democratic Congressman [[Beto O'Rourke]] lost his Senate bid to the incumbent [[Ted Cruz]] by 2.6%, the best result for a Democratic Senate candidate since [[Lloyd Bentsen]] won in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how Texas voted in every U.S. Senate election since 1961|newspaper=The Texas Tribune|access-date=2022-11-22|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/11/05/heres-how-texas-voted-every-us-senate-election-1961/ |date=2022-11-05}}</ref> O'Rourke's performance in 2018 led analysts to predict greater gains for the Democrats going into the 2020s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Article from the Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2018-11-09 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-texas-beto-orourke-loses-the-race-for-senate-but-still-makes-a-mark/2018/11/07/b3ff967c-e23f-11e8-b759-3d88a5ce9e19_story.html |date=2018-11-07}}</ref> In the 2020 elections, Texas voted for the Republican nominee for president Donald Trump by a narrower margin than in 2016, and re-elected the Republican incumbent senator, John Cornyn. In the 2022 governor race, the Republican governor [[Greg Abbott]] easily won reelection against Beto O'Rourke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2022 |title=2022 US Governor Election Results: Live Map |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2022-us-governor-election-results-live-map/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> As of the latest statewide elections in 2022, Texas is a solid Republican state. Both Texas U.S. senators are Republican, as are all statewide elected officials. Texas Republican dominance has continued unabated. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Party_control_of_Texas_state_government | title=Party control of Texas state government }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://texaspolitics.utexas.edu/blog/some-notes-political-geography-2022-election-texas | title=Some Notes on the Political Geography of the 2022 Election in Texas | date=29 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Issues==
===Capital punishment===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Texas}}

Texas has a reputation for strict "[[Law and order (politics)|law and order]]" sentencing. Texas leads the nation in executions in raw numbers, with 578 executions from 1976 to 2022. The second-highest ranking state is [[Oklahoma]] at 119.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Executions by State and Region Since 1976 |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/executions-overview/number-of-executions-by-state-and-region-since-1976 |website=death penalty info}}</ref> A 2002 ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' poll of Texans found that when asked "Do you support the death penalty?" 69.1% responded that they did, 21.9% did not support and 9.1% were not sure or gave no answer.{{Citation needed|reason=A reference to the mentioned Houston Chronicle article is missing here.|date=August 2024}}

===Secessionist sentiment===
{{Main|Texas secession movements}}
Texas has a long history with secession. It was originally a [[Spanish Texas|Spanish province]], which in 1821 seceded from Spain and helped form the [[First Mexican Empire]]. In 1824 Texas became a state in the new [[First Mexican Republic|Mexican republic]]. In 1835 [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] assumed dictatorial control over that republic and several states openly rebelled against the changes:{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} [[Coahuila y Tejas]] (the northern part of which would become the [[Republic of Texas]]), [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Querétaro]], [[Durango]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Michoacán]], [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], [[Jalisco]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Tamaulipas]], and [[Zacatecas]]. Several of these states formed their own governments: the [[Republic of the Rio Grande]], the [[Republic of Yucatan]], and the Republic of Texas. Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence.

Some Texans believe that because it joined the United States as a country, the Texas state constitution includes the right to [[Secession in the United States|secede]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/041809dntexsecession.3f59869.html|title=Despite state mythology, Texas lacks right to secede|last=Hoppe|first=Christy|date=April 18, 2009|work=The Dallas Morning News|access-date=2009-07-01}}</ref> However, neither the ordinance of [[Texas Annexation|The Texas Annexation of 1845]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texan03.asp |title=Ordinance of the Convention of Texas, signed July 4, 1845 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref> nor ''The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1, 1845''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/two/texannex.htm|title=The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1, 1845|work=Archives of the West: 1806-1848|publisher=PBS|access-date=2009-07-01}}</ref> included provisions giving Texas the right to secede. Texas did originally retain the right to divide into as many as five independent States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texan02.asp |title=Avalon Project - Joint Resolution of the Congress of Texas, June 23, 1845 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref> and as part of the [[Compromise of 1850]] continues to retain that right while ceding former claims westward and northward along the full length of the [[Rio Grande]] in exchange for $10 million from the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1850 Boundary Act|url=http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/earlystate/boundary.html|publisher=[[Texas State Library & Archives Commission]]|work=Texas Treasures|date=2009-03-06|access-date=2010-12-29}}</ref> See [[Texas divisionism]].

The United States Supreme Court's primary ruling on the legality of secession involved a case brought by Texas involving a Civil War era bonds transfer.<ref>Schwartz (1995), p. 134.</ref> In deciding the 1869 [[Texas v. White]] case, the Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether Texas had in fact seceded when it joined the Confederacy. In a 5–3 vote the Court "held that as a matter of constitutional law, no state could leave the Union, explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate States that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states."<ref>Zuczek (2006), p. 649.</ref> In writing the majority opinion Chief Justice [[Salmon Chase]] opined that:
<blockquote>When, therefore, Texas became one of the United States, she entered into an indissoluble relation. All the obligations of perpetual union, and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union, attached at once to the State. The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body. And it was final. The union between Texas and the other States was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0074_0700_ZO.html ''Texas v. White''], 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at [[Cornell University Law School]] Supreme Court collection.</ref> </blockquote>

However, as the issue of secession per se was not the one before the court, it has been debated as to whether this reasoning is merely [[dictum|dicta]] or a binding ruling on the question.<ref>Currie (1985), p. 315.</ref> It is also worth noting that Salmon Chase was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and was a staunch anti-secessionist. It is unlikely that he or his Republican appointed court would have approved of the Confederacy and Texas' choice to join it.

The state's organized secessionist movement is growing, with a notable minority of Texans holding secessionist sentiments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Perry's secession remarks light up blogosphere |publisher=San Antonio Express-News |access-date=2009-04-19 |url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/politics/Perrys_secession_remarks_light_up_blogosphere.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420155031/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/politics/Perrys_secession_remarks_light_up_blogosphere.html |archive-date=2009-04-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2009 poll found that 31% of Texans believe that Texas has the legal right to secede and form an independent country and 18% believe it should do so.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Texas, 31% Say State Has Right to Secede From U.S., But 75% Opt To Stay |publisher=Rasmussen Reports |access-date=2009-04-17 |url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/states_general/texas/in_texas_31_say_state_has_right_to_secede_from_u_s_but_75_opt_to_stay |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419013203/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/states_general/texas/in_texas_31_say_state_has_right_to_secede_from_u_s_but_75_opt_to_stay |archive-date=April 19, 2009 }}</ref> The Texas Nationalist Movement has been working towards Texas independence for 15 years. In January 2021, State Representative Kyle Biedermann filed HB 1359, which would bring a vote for Texas independence to the citizens of Texas in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=TEXIT Referendum Bill Is Now Official|url=https://tnm.me/news/political/texit-referendum-bill-is-now-official/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The TNM|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Budget===
Until 2010, Texas had weathered the Great Recession fairly well, buffered by its vast oil and gas industries. It avoided the housing industry meltdown and its unemployment rate continues to be below the national level. It benefited from having a two-year budget cycle, allowing officials create budget plans with more time to focus on issues of importance. However, Texas was impacted by the economic downturn just like many other states, and by 2011 was suffering from tens of billions of dollars in budget deficits. In order to deal with this deficit, a supermajority of Republicans led to a massive cost cutting spree.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luhby |first=Tami |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/01/19/news/economy/texas_budget_deficit/index.htm |title=Even budget deficits are bigger in Texas. |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2011-01-19 |access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref> In order to draw new businesses to the state, Texas has developed a program of tax incentives to corporations willing to move there.<ref>{{cite web|last=Story |first=Louise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/us/winners-and-losers-in-texas.html |title=Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza. |location=Texas;Austin (Tex) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2012-12-02 |access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref> These efforts, along with Texas focusing on developing their natural energy resources, has led to a surplus as Texas begins its next two year budget cycle.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-07/texas-starts-budget-debate-flush-with-energy-boom-cash.html | work=Bloomberg | first=David | last=Mildenberg | title=Texas Starts Budget Debate Flush With Energy Boom Cash | date=2013-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/us/texas-budget-surplus-proves-as-contentious-as-a-previous-shortfall.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Manny | last=Fernandez | title=Texas Budget Surplus Proves as Contentious as a Previous Shortfall | date=2013-01-08}}</ref>

;Major revenue sources
For FY 2011, the top Texas revenue sources by category were approximately:<ref>[http://www.texastransparency.org/moneyfrom/revenue_category.php State Revenue by Category], Texas Transparency, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</ref>
Federal Income:
$42,159,665,863.56
Sales Tax:
$21,523,984,733.17
Investments:
$10,406,151,499.48
Other Revenue:
$8,569,805,443.66
Licenses, Fees, Fines and Penalties:
$7,741,880,095.57

As of 2008, Texas residents paid a total of $88,794 million dollars in income taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0493.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235311/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0493.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> This does not include Federal taxes paid by Texas businesses.

Besides sales tax, other taxes include franchise, insurance, natural gas, alcohol, cigarette and tobacco taxes. Texas has no personal state income tax.

;Major spending categories
For FY 2011, the top Texas State Agency spending categories were approximately:<ref>[http://www.texastransparency.org/moneygoes/spending_category.php State Spending by Category], Texas Transparency, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</ref>
Public Assistance Payments:
$26,501,123,478.54
Intergovernmental Payments:
$21,014,819,852.52
Interfund Transfers/Other:
$12,319,487,032.40
Salaries and Wages:
$8,595,912,992.82
Employee Benefits:
$5,743,905,057.61

==Current state political parties==
* [[Republican Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]])
* [[Texas Democratic Party]] (State Affiliate of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]])
* [[Libertarian Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]])
* [[Constitution Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]])
* Texas Independence Party (State Affiliate of [[Independence Party of America]])
* [[Green Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Green Party of the United States]])
* [[Reform Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Reform Party of the United States of America]])
* [[Socialist Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Socialist Party USA]])
* [[Communist Party of Texas]] (State Affiliate of [[Communist Party of the United States of America]])
* Southern Independence Party (State Specific)
* Confederate Party of Texas (state Specific)

== Federal representation==
Texas currently has 38 [[Texas's congressional districts|House districts]]. In the 118th Congress, 13 of Texas's seats are held by Democrats and 25 are held by Republicans:

*[[Texas's 1st congressional district]] represented by [[Nathaniel Moran]] (R)
*[[Texas's 2nd congressional district]] represented by [[Dan Crenshaw]] (R)
*[[Texas's 3rd congressional district]] represented by [[Keith Self]] (R)
*[[Texas's 4th congressional district]] represented by [[Pat Fallon]] (R)
*[[Texas's 5th congressional district]] represented by [[Lance Gooden]] (R)
*[[Texas's 6th congressional district]] represented by [[Jake Ellzey]] (R)
*[[Texas's 7th congressional district]] represented by [[Lizzie Fletcher]] (D)
*[[Texas's 8th congressional district]] represented by [[Morgan Luttrell]] (R)
*[[Texas's 9th congressional district]] represented by [[Al Green (politician)|Al Green]] (D)
*[[Texas's 10th congressional district]] represented by [[Michael Cloud]] (R)
*[[Texas's 11th congressional district]] represented by [[August Pfluger]] (R)
*[[Texas's 12th congressional district]] represented by [[Kay Granger]] (R)
*[[Texas's 13th congressional district]] represented by [[Ronny Jackson]] (R)
*[[Texas's 14th congressional district]] represented by [[Randy Weber]] (R)
*[[Texas's 15th congressional district]] represented by [[Monica De La Cruz]] (R)
*[[Texas's 16th congressional district]] represented by [[Veronica Escobar]] (D)
*[[Texas's 17th congressional district]] represented by [[Pete Sessions]] (R)
*[[Texas's 18th congressional district]] represented by [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] (D)
*[[Texas's 19th congressional district]] represented by [[Jodey Arrington]] (R)
*[[Texas's 20th congressional district]] represented by [[Joaquin Castro]] (D)
*[[Texas's 21st congressional district]] represented by [[Chip Roy]] (R)
*[[Texas's 22nd congressional district]] represented by [[Troy Nehls]] (R)
*[[Texas's 23rd congressional district]] represented by [[Tony Gonzales]] (R)
*[[Texas's 24th congressional district]] represented by [[Beth Van Duyne]] (R)
*[[Texas's 25th congressional district]] represented by [[Roger Williams]] (R)
*[[Texas's 26th congressional district]] represented by [[Michael C. Burgess|Michael Burgess]] (R)
*[[Texas's 27th congressional district]] represented by [[Michael Cloud]] (R)
*[[Texas's 28th congressional district]] represented by [[Henry Cuellar]] (D)
*[[Texas's 29th congressional district]] represented by [[Sylvia Garcia]] (D)
*[[Texas's 30th congressional district]] represented by [[Jasmine Crockett]] (D)
*[[Texas's 31st congressional district]] represented by [[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]] (R)
*[[Texas's 32nd congressional district]] represented by [[Colin Allred]] (D)
*[[Texas's 33rd congressional district]] represented by [[Mark Veasey]] (D)
*[[Texas's 34th congressional district]] represented by [[Vicente Gonzalez (politician)|Vicente Gonzalez]] (D)
*[[Texas's 35th congressional district]] represented by [[Greg Casar]] (D)
*[[Texas's 36th congressional district]] represented by [[Brian Babin]] (R)
*[[Texas's 37th congressional district]] represented by [[Lloyd Doggett]] (D)
*[[Texas's 38th congressional district]] represented by [[Wesley Hunt]] (R)

Texas's two United States senators are Republicans [[John Cornyn]] and [[Ted Cruz]], serving since 2002 and 2013, respectively.

Texas is part of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Texas]], the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas]], the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas]], and the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas]] in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the New Orleans–based [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]].

==See also==
* [[Government of Texas]]
* [[Political party strength in Texas]]
* [[Elections in Texas]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Cunningham, Sean P. ''Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right.'' (2010).
* {{cite book|last=Currie|first=David|title=The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The First Hundred Years, 1789-1888|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1985}}
* {{cite book | title=Texas Politics Today 2009-2010 |author1=Maxwell, William Earl |author2=Crain, Ernest |author3=Santos, Adolfo |date=14 January 2009 | publisher=Wadsworth | edition=14th | isbn=978-0-495-57025-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xITIR0UFBHcC}}
* {{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|title=A History of the Supreme Court|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509387-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE51nSQp-vMC}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuczek|first=Richard|title=Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era|publisher=Greenwood Press|date=August 2006|volume=A-L|isbn=0-313-33074-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H80eQweo0V4C}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809175257/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/11_1_0.html Texas Politics], the TxP project at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]

{{Texas}}
{{Politics in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Texas}}
[[Category:Politics of Texas| ]]

User talk:Jamiestheman16

2024-09-19T17:57:42Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== September 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Frost|Frost]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/Jamiestheman16|your recent contributions]]—specifically [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorcycle&diff=1246558353 this edit] to [[:Motorcycle]]—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:Frost|'''''Frost''''']] 17:52, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

:Yeah my fault it was a dare it wont happen again. [[User:Jamiestheman16|Jamiestheman16]] ([[User talk:Jamiestheman16#top|talk]]) 17:56, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Jamiestheman16|your recent contributions]] to [[:J. L. Mann High School]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use [[User:Jamiestheman16/sandbox|your sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 17:57, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

J. L. Mann High School

2024-09-19T17:57:34Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by Jamiestheman16 (talk) to rev. 1246558725 by Frost: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = James L. Mann High School
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1965|7|1|p=1}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| colors = {{Color box|#6699cc|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#CC0000|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} Carolina Blue, Patriot Red, and Summit White
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.80740104|-82.3373094|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| principal = Shannon Gibson
| teaching_staff = 108.80 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| faculty = 130<ref>{{cite web|title=J.L. Mann School Portfolio|url=http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/gcsd/schools/profiles/jlmann.pdf}}</ref>
| enrollment = 1,956 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=4502310&SchoolPageNum=4&ID=450231000568|title=J. L. Mann High Academy|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=August 16, 2021}}</ref>
| ratio = 17.98<ref name=NCES/>
| mascot = The Patriot
| yearbook = Talismann
| newspaper = Mannuscript
| rivals = Greenville High School
| grades = 9–12
| address = 160 Fairforest Way
| city = [[Greenville, South Carolina]]
| zipcode = 29607
| country = United States
| website = {{URL|http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/jlmann}}
| district = [[Greenville County School District]]
}}

'''J. L. Mann High School''' is one of fourteen high schools in the [[Greenville County School District]], [[South Carolina]], United States. It is named after James Lewis Mann (1872–1943), former superintendent of Greenville County Schools. J.L. Mann is also a [[magnet school]] for math, science, and technology, allowing students to receive honorary distinction in one of the three areas when they graduate.<ref>http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/jlmann/main.asp?titleid=magnet</ref>

==Facilities==
J. L. Mann High School opened on July 1, 1965, in the East Parkins Mill Road area of Greenville. On January 5, 2008, students and faculty moved into a new building, which replaced the original high school constructed in 1964. The J. L. Mann football stadium is located next to the old high school, about one mile from the new building.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of J.L. Mann|url=http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/jlmann/about/schlhist.asp|accessdate=28 February 2011}}</ref>

As of the 2017–2018 school year, the campus comprises two separate facilities: "Building A", the new building completed in 2008; and "Building B", an addition completed in fall of 2017. Building B, intended for tech-integrated [[project-based learning]] (including the New Tech program), sports a more modern interior design, and is only accessible to students and visitors via an elevated "sky bridge" connecting it to the second floor of Building A. The addition of Building B was accompanied by a new [[running track]] and [[tennis court]].

==Principals==
As of the 2010–2011 school year, J.L. Mann High School has had 10 principals.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of J.L. Mann|url=http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/jlmann/about/schlhist.asp}}</ref>
*Larkin Bruce
*Ronald Siefred
*Milton Diehl
*Rudolph Gordon
*Bill Stubbs
*David Vickery: 1984–1989
*Fred Crawford: 1989–2000
*Leroy Elrod: 2000–2001
*Susan Hughes: 2001–2009
*Charles Mayfield: 2009 - 2022
*Shannon Gibson: 2022–present

==Athletics==
J.L. Mann sports programs include cross country, track and field, swimming, softball, baseball, tennis, wrestling, soccer, football, basketball, golf, lacrosse, and volleyball. Their mascot is the Patriot.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.L. Mann Sports|url=http://jlmannsports.net/|accessdate=28 February 2011}}</ref>

==''Mannuscript''==
J.L. Mann's student newspaper has won many awards including Best SC Scholastic Newspaper by the South Carolina Scholastic Press Association in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scspa.sc.edu/pdfs/perspective/2013/issue3.pdf|title = SCSPA - College of Information and Communications | University of South Carolina}}</ref> Under adviser Phillip Caston from 2006 to 2013, Mannuscript received the Palmetto Award six times for best in its class from SCSPA as well as six All-State ratings. Mannuscript also received All-Southern ratings in 2012 and 2013 from the Southern Interscholastic Press Association. In 2012, SIPA awarded the Mannuscript staff the Joseph W. Shoquist Freedom of the Press Award for their special issue coverage of a controversy involving Spirit Week funds and an after-school bus program despite unsuccessful attempts of censorship by the J.L. Mann administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sipa.sc.edu/pdf/accents/2011/issue32012.pdf|title = SIPA - College of Information and Communications | University of South Carolina}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Dextor Clinkscale]] {{mdash}} former [[National Football League|NFL]] player
* [[Emilio Pagan]] {{mdash}} current [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] pitcher
* [[Quinn McNeill]] {{mdash}} former [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] midfielder

==External links==
*[http://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/jlmann/index.asp Official website]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Greenville CSD}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Public high schools in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Schools in Greenville County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in South Carolina]]

User:WinterWarp/redwarnConfig.js

2024-08-29T15:44:49Z

WinterWarp: Updating user configuration (RW 16.1)

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User talk:2A01:5A8:431:8C74:DD34:CF5B:4A2F:BC28

2024-08-29T15:36:07Z

WinterWarp: Note: Editing tests (RW 16.1)

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Turan

2024-08-29T15:35:59Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 2A01:5A8:431:8C74:DD34:CF5B:4A2F:BC28 (talk) to rev. 1237139642 by MehCheniti: test edits (RW 16.1)

{{short description|Historical region in Central Asia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Hatnote|For the nationalist ideology, see [[Turanism]].}}

'''Turan''' ({{lang-ae|Tūiriiānəm}}; {{lang-pal|Tūrān}}; {{lang-fa|توران|Turân}}, {{IPA-fa|tʰuːˈɾɒːn|pron}}, {{lit|The Land of [[Tur (Shahnameh)|Tur]]}}) is a [[historical region]] in [[Central Asia]]. The term is of [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] origin<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tūrān |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206 |date=1913–1936 |doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206 |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M. Th. |edition=First |quote=an Iranian term applied to the country to the north-east of Iran. |editor-first2=T.W. |editor-last2=Arnold |editor-first3=R. |editor-last3=Basset |editor-first4=R. |editor-last4=Hartmann}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Emeri |last=van Donzel |title=Islamic Reference Desk |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Brill Academic |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/461 461] |isbn=9789004097384 |quote=Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.}}</ref> and may refer to a particular prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The [[Turya (Avesta)|original Turanians]] were an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward A. |last=Allworth |title=Central Asia: A Historical Overview |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1994 |page=86 |isbn=978-0-8223-1521-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=I. M. |last=Diakonoff |title=The Paths of History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=100 |isbn=978-0-521-64348-1 |quote=Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the ''Avesta''. However, in [[Ferdowsi|Firdousi]]’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Gherardo |last=Gnoli |quote=Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis |title=Zoroaster's Time and Homeland |location=Naples |publisher=Instituto Univ. Orientale |year=1980 |oclc=07307436}}</ref> tribe of the [[Avestan period|Avestan age]].

== Overview ==
[[File:Iran Turan map 1843.jpg|thumb|450px|German "Map of [[Iran]] and Turan", dated 1843 (during the [[Qajar dynasty]]), Turan territory indicated by orange line (here enhanced).

According to the legend (bottom right of the map), Turan encompasses regions including modern [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], northern parts of [[Afghanistan]] and [[northern Pakistan]]. This area roughly corresponds to what is called [[Central Asia]] today.

List of the areas mentioned in the map as part of Turan: 1. [[Khwarazm]] 2. [[Bukhara]] with [[Balkh]] 3. [[Shahrisabz|Shehersebz]] (near [[Bukhara]]) 4. [[Hisor|Hissar]] 5. [[Kokand]] 6. [[Darvaz (region)|Durwaz]] 7. [[Karategin]] 8. [[Kunduz]] 9. [[Kafiristan]] 10. [[Chitral]] 11. [[Gilgit]] 12. [[Iskardu]] 13. & 14. The northern steppes ([[Kazakhstan]]).]]

In ancient Iranian mythology, Tūr or Turaj (''Tuzh'' in [[Middle Persian]])<ref>[[Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda|Dehkhoda]] dictionary: Turaj</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2021}} is the son of the emperor [[Fereydun]]. According to the account in the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', the nomadic tribes who inhabited these lands were ruled by Tūr. In that sense, the Turanians could be members of two Iranian peoples both descending from Fereydun, but with different geographical domains and often at war with each other.{{r|Yarshater2004_EI|Menges1989_EI}} Turan, therefore, comprised five areas: the [[Kopet Dag]] region, the [[Atrek]] valley, parts of [[Bactria]], [[Sogdia]] and [[Margiana]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |last=Possehl |first=Raymond |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira Press |pages=276}}</ref>

A later association of the original Turanians with [[Turkic peoples]] is based primarily on the subsequent [[Turkification]] of Central Asia, including the above areas.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/firdausi/f52ek/part8.html |author=Firdawsi |title=The Epic of Kings |translator-first=Helen |translator-last=Zimmern |translator-link=Helen Zimmern |via=eBooks@Adelaide |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613012457/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/firdausi/f52ek/part8.html |archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Edgar Burke |last=Inlow |title=Shahanshah: A Study of the Monarchy of Iran |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub |date=1979 |pages=17 |quote=Faridun divided his vast empire between his three sons, Iraj, the youngest receiving Iran. After his murder by his brothers and the avenging Manuchihr, one would have thought the matter was ended. But, the fraternal strife went on between the descendants of Tur and Selim (Salm) and those of Iraj. The former – the Turanians – were the Turks or Tatars of Central Asia, seeking access to Iran. The descendants of Iraj were the resisting Iranians.}}</ref> According to [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], however, there was no cultural relationship between the ancient Turkic cultures and the Turanians of the [[Shahnameh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |year=1973 |chapter=Barbarian Incursions: The Coming of the Turks into the Islamic World |editor-last=Richards |editor-first=D.S. |title=Islamic Civilization |publisher=Oxford |page=2 |quote=Hence as Kowalski has pointed out, a Turkologist seeking for information in the Shahnama on the primitive culture of the Turks would definitely be disappointed. |chapter-url=http://www.medievalists.net/2009/01/barbarian-incursions-the-coming-of-the-turks-into-the-islamic-world/}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Ancient literature ===
==== Avesta ====
{{Main|Turya (Avesta)}}
The oldest existing mention of Turan is in the Farvardin ''[[yasht]]s'', which are in the [[Avestan#Forms and stages of development|Young Avestan]] language and have been dated by linguists to about 2500 years ago.<ref>Prods Oktor Skjærvø, "Avestan Quotations in Old Persian?" in S. Shaked and A. Netzer, eds., ''Irano-Judaica IV'', Jerusalem, 1999, pp. 1–64</ref> According to [[Gherardo Gnoli]], the ''Avesta'' contains the names of various tribes who lived in proximity to each other: "the [[Iranian peoples#Name|Airyas]] [Aryans], Tuiryas [Turanians], [[Sarmatians|Sairimas]] [Sarmatians], [[Sakas|Sainus]] [Sacae] and [[Dahae|Dahis]] [Dahae]".<ref name="ReferenceA">G. Gnoli, ''Zoroaster's time and homeland'', Naples 1980</ref> In the hymns of the ''[[Avesta]]'', the adjective ''Tūrya'' is attached to various enemies of [[Zoroastrism]] like Fraŋrasyan (Shahnameh: [[Afrasiab|Afrāsīāb]]). The word occurs only once in the ''[[Gathas]]'', but 20 times in the later parts of the ''Avesta''. The Tuiryas as they were called in Avesta play a more important role in the ''Avesta'' than the Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis. Zoroaster himself hailed from the Airya people but he also preached his message to other neighboring tribes.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>M. Boyce, ''History of Zoroastrianism''. 3V. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. (Handbuch Der Orientalistik/B. Spuler)</ref>

According to [[Mary Boyce]], in the Farvardin Yasht, "In it (verses 143–144) are praised the fravashis of righteous men and women not only among the Aryas (as the "Avestan" people called themselves), but also among the Turiyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis; and the personal names, like those of the people, all seem Iranian in character".<ref>M. Boyce, ''History of Zoroastrianism''. 3V. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. (''Handbuch Der Orientalistik''/B. Spuler)., pg 250</ref> Hostility between Tuirya and Airya is indicated also in the Farvardtn Yast (vv. 37-8), where the Fravashis of the Just are said to have provided support in battle against the Danus, who appear to be a clan of the Tura people.<ref>G. Gnoli, ''Zoroaster's time and homeland'', Naples 1980, pg 107</ref> Thus in the ''Avesta'', some of the Tuiryas believed in the message of Zoroaster while others rejected the religion.

Similar to the ancient homeland of Zoroaster, the precise geography and location of Turan is unknown.<ref>G. Gnoli, ''Zoroaster's time and homeland'', Naples 1980, pg 99–130</ref> In post-Avestan traditions they were thought to inhabit the region north of the [[Amu Darya|Oxus]], the river separating them from the Iranians. Their presence accompanied by incessant wars with the Iranians, helped to define the latter as a distinct nation, proud of their land and ready to spill their blood in its defense.<ref name="Ehsan Yarshater 1983">Ehsan Yarshater, "Iranian National History," in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' 3(1)(1983), 408–409</ref> The common names of Turanians in Avesta and ''[[Shahnameh]]'' include Frarasyan,{{r|Yarshater1984_EI}} Aghraethra,{{r|Khaleghi1984_EI}} Biderafsh,{{r|Tafazzoli1989_EI}} Arjaspa{{r|Tafazzoli1986_EI}} Namkhwast.{{r|Tafazzoli1989_EI}} The names of Iranian tribes including those of the Turanians that appear in [[Avesta]] have been studied by [[Manfred Mayrhofer]] in his comprehensive book on Avesta personal name etymologies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mayrhofer, Manfred |year=1977 |title=Iranisches Personennamenbuch |volume=I/1 – Die altiranischen Namen/Die Avestischen Namen |location=Vienna |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |language=de |pages=74f}} Reviewed in {{cite journal |author=Dresden, Mark J. |title=Iranisches Personennamenbuch |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=1981 |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=466 |doi=10.2307/601282 |jstor=601282}}</ref>

==== Sassanian Empire ====
From the 5th century CE, the [[Sasanian Empire]] defined "Turan" in opposition to "Iran", as the land where lay its enemies to the northeast.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |first=Michael |last=Maas |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284 |pages=284|isbn=9781316060858 }}</ref>

The continuation of nomadic invasions on the north-eastern borders in historical times kept the memory of the Turanians alive.<ref name="Ehsan Yarshater 1983" /> After the 6th century the Turks, who had been pushed westward by other tribes, became neighbours of Iran and were identified with the Turanians.<ref name="Ehsan Yarshater 1983" /><ref>{{cite book|first=R. |last=Frye |title=The Heritage of Persia: The pre-Islamic History of One of the World's Great Civilizations |publisher=World Publishing Company |location=New York |date=1963 |pages=41}}</ref> The identification of the Turanians with the Turks was a late development, possibly made in the early 7th century; the Turks first came into contact with the Iranians only in the 6th century.{{r|Yarshater1984_EI}}

=== Middle literature ===
==== Early Islamic era ====
According to Clifford E. Bosworth:{{r|Bosworth1990_EI}}

{{blockquote|In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the ''Shahnama'' of Ferdowsi is regarded as the land allotted to Fereydun's son Tur. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Turan"). Turan thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.}}

The terms "Turk" and "Turanian" became used interchangeably during the Islamic era. ''The Shahnameh'', or the Book of Kings, the compilation of Iranian mythical heritage, uses the two terms equivalently. Other authors, including Tabari, Hakim Iranshah and many other texts follow like. A notable exception is the Abl-Hasan Ali ibn Masudi, an Arab historian who writes: "The birth of Afrasiyab was in the land of Turks and the error that historians and non-historians have made about him being a Turk is due to this reason".<ref>{{cite book|author=Abi al-Ḥasan Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Ali al-Masudi |title=Muruj al-dhahab wa-maadin al-jawhar |location=Beirut, Lebanon |publisher=Dar al-Marifah |date=2005}}</ref> By the 10th century, the myth of Afrasiyab was adopted by the Qarakhanid dynasty.{{r|Yarshater1984_EI}} During the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] era, following the common geographical convention of the ''Shahnameh'', the term Turan was used to refer to the domain of the Uzbek empire in conflict with the Safavids.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Some linguists derive the word from the Indo-Iranian root *''tura-'' "strong, quick, sword(Pashto)", [[Pashto]] ''turan (thuran)'' "swordsman". Others link it to old Iranian *''tor'' "dark, black", related to the New Persian ''tār(ik)'', Pashto ''tor (thor)'', and possibly English ''dark''. In this case, it is a reference to the "dark civilization" of Central Asian nomads in contrast to the "illuminated" [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] civilization of the settled Ārya.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==== Shahnameh ====
{{Main|Shahnameh|Tur (Shahnameh)}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
In the Persian epic ''Shahnameh'', the term ''Tūrān'' ("land of the Tūrya" like ''[[Iran|Ērān, Īrān]]'' = "land of the [[Arya (Iran)|Ārya]]") refers to the inhabitants of the eastern-Iranian border and beyond the [[Amu Darya|Oxus]]. According to the foundation myth given in the ''Shahnameh'', King Firēdūn (= Avestan [[Fereydun|Θraētaona]]) had three sons, [[Salm (Shahnameh)|Salm]], [[Tur (Shahnameh)|Tūr]] and ''[[Iraj]]'', among whom he divided the world: [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] was given to Salm, Turan to Tur and Iran to Īraj. The older brothers killed the younger, but he was avenged by his grandson, and the Iranians became the rulers of the world. However, the war continued for generations. In the ''Shahnameh'', the word Turan appears nearly 150 times and that of Iran nearly 750 times.

Some examples from the ''Shahnameh'':

{{blockquote|نه خاکست پیدا نه دریا نه کوه

ز بس تیغداران توران گروه

No earth is visible, no sea, no mountain,

From the many blade-wielders of the Turan horde}}

{{blockquote|تهمتن به توران سپه شد به جنگ

بدانسان که نخجیر بیند پلنگ

Tahamtan (Powerful-Bodied) [[Rostam]] took the fight to the Turan army

Just as a leopard sights its prey.}}

=== Modern literature ===
==== Geography ====
[[File:Stielers Handatlas 1891 59.jpg|thumb|Another 19th-century "Map of [[Iran]] and Turan", drawn by [[Adolf Stieler]]]]
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Western languages borrowed the word ''Turan'' as a general designation for modern [[Central Asia]], although this expression has now fallen into disuse. Turan appears next to [[Iran]] on numerous maps of the 19th century<ref>[[:File:Iran Turan map 1843.jpg]]</ref> to designate a region encompassing modern [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and northern parts of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. This area roughly corresponds to what is called [[Central Asia]] today.

The phrase ''Turan Plain'' or ''[[Turan Depression]]'' became a geographical term referring to a part of Central Asia.

==== Linguistics ====
{{Main|Turanian languages}}

The term ''Turanian'', now obsolete, formerly{{When|date=June 2013}} occurred in the classifications used by European (especially [[Germany|German]], [[Hungary|Hungarian]], and [[Slovakia|Slovak]]) [[Ethnology|ethnologists]], [[Linguistics|linguists]], and [[Romanticism|Romantics]] to designate populations speaking non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]], and non-[[Hamites|Hamitic languages]]<ref>[[Abel Hovelacque]], ''The Science of Language: Linguistics, Philology, Etymology'', pg 144, [https://archive.org/details/sciencelanguage01hovegoog/page/n160 ]</ref> and specially speakers of [[Altaic languages|Altaic]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and other languages.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Elisabeth |last1=Chevallier |first2=François |last2=Lenormant |title=A Manual of the Ancient History of the East |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & co. |date=1871 |pages=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqQYvJBoLjwC&dq=turanian+dravidian&pg=PA68}}</ref>

[[Max Müller]] (1823–1900) identified different sub-branches within the Turanian language family:
* the Middle [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] division branch, comprising Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic.
* The Northern [[Uralic languages|Ural]] Samoyedic, Ugriche and Finnic.
* the Southern branch consisted of Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and other Dravidian languages.
* the [[languages of the Caucasus]] which Müller classified as the ''scattered languages of the Turanian family''.

Müller also began to muse whether [[Chinese language|Chinese]] belonged to the Northern branch or Southern branch.<ref>{{cite book|first=George |last=van Driem |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik |language=de |trans-title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |date=2001 |pages=335–336 |isbn=9004120629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC&dq=that+the+turanian+language+was+%27named+after+the+descendants+of+tur%27&pg=PA335}}</ref>

The main relationships between Dravidian, Uralic, and Altaic languages were considered [[Linguistic typology|typological]]. According to Crystal & Robins, "Language families, as conceived in the historical study of languages, should not be confused with the quite separate classifications of languages by reference to their sharing certain predominant features of grammatical structure."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crystal |first1=David |last2=Robins |first2=Robert Henry |title=Language |at=5 – Linguistic change / Language typology |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Linguistic-change#ref27199}}</ref>
{{As of | 2013}} linguists classify languages according to the method of [[comparative linguistics]] rather than using their typological features. According to ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Max's Müller's "efforts were most successful in the case of the Semites, whose affinities are easy to demonstrate, and probably least successful in the case of the Turanian peoples, whose early origins are hypothetical".<ref>"religions, classification of." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> {{As of | 2014}} the scholarly community no longer uses the word ''Turanian'' to denote a classification of language families. The relationship between Uralic and Altaic, whose speakers were also designated as Turanian people in 19th-century European literature, remains uncertain.<ref>"Ural–Altaic languages." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007</ref>

==== Ideology ====
{{Main|Turanid race}}

In European discourse, the words ''Turan'' and ''Turanian'' can designate a certain mentality, i.e. the [[nomad]]ic in contrast to the [[Urbanization|urbanized]] [[Agriculture|agricultural]] civilizations. This usage probably{{original research inline|date=June 2013}} matches the Zoroastrian concept of the ''Tūrya'', which is not primarily a linguistic or ethnic designation, but rather a name of the infidels that opposed the civilization based on the preaching of [[Zoroaster]].

Combined with physical anthropology, the concept of the Turanian mentality has a clear potential for cultural polemic. Thus in 1838 the scholar J.W. Jackson described the ''Turanid'' or ''Turanian'' race in the following words:<ref>"The Iran and Turan", ''Anthropological Review'' 6:22 (1868), p. 286</ref>

{{blockquote|The Turanian is the impersonation of material power. He is the merely muscular man at his maximum of collective development. He is not inherently a savage, but he is radically a barbarian. He does not live from hand to mouth, like a beast, but neither has he in full measure the moral and intellectual endowments of the true man. He can labour and he can accumulate, but he cannot think and aspire like a Caucasian. Of the two grand elements of superior human life, he is more deficient in the sentiments than in the faculties. And of the latter, he is better provided with those that conduce to the acquisition of knowledge than the origination of ideas.}}

Polish philosopher [[Feliks Koneczny]] claimed the existence of a distinctive '''Turanian civilization''', encompassing both Turkic and some [[Slavs]], such as [[Russians]]. This alleged civilization's hallmark would be militarism, [[anti-intellectualism]] and an absolute obedience to the ruler. Koneczny saw this civilization as inherently inferior to Latin (Western European) civilization.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==== Politics ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
In the declining days of the [[Ottoman Empire]], some Turkish nationalists adopted the word ''Turanian'' to express a pan-Turkic ideology, also called [[Turanism]]. {{As of | 2013}} Turanism forms an important aspect of the [[ideology]] of the Turkish [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (''MHP''), whose members are also known as [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].

In recent times{{When|date=June 2013}}, the word ''Turanian'' has sometimes expressed a pan-Altaic nationalism (theoretically including [[Manchu people|Manchus]] and [[Mongols]] in addition to [[Turkic peoples|Turks]]), though no political organization seems to have adopted such an ambitious platform.

==== Names ====
[[File:Poster Turandot.jpg|thumb|Poster of the opera by [[Giacomo Puccini]], ''[[Turandot]]'' (1926)]]
''Turandot'' – or ''Turandokht'' – is a female name in Iran and it means ''"Turan's Daughter"'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] (it is best known in the West through [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s famous opera ''[[Turandot]]'' (1921–24)).

[[Turan (name)|Turan]] is also a common name in the [[Middle East]], and as family surnames in some countries including [[Bahrain]], Iran, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] and [[Turkey]].

The [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler [[Saladin]] had an older brother with the name [[Turan-Shah]].

Turaj, whom ancient Iranian myths depict as the ancestor of the Turanians, is also a popular name and means ''Son of Darkness''. The name Turan according to Iranian myths derives from the homeland of Turaj. The Pahlavi pronunciation of Turaj is Tuzh, according to the Dehkhoda dictionary. Similarly, [[Iraj]], which is also a popular name, is the brother of Turaj in the ''Shahnameh''. An altered version of Turaj is ''Zaraj'', which means ''son of gold''.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Scythia]]
* [[Ariana]]
* [[Bactria]]
* [[Dahae|Dahistan]]
* [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
* [[Khwarazm]]
* [[Margiana]]
* [[Parthia]]
* [[Sogdia]]
* [[Tokharistan]]
* [[Transoxiana]]
* [[Turkestan]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Yarshater2004_EI">{{cite web |author=Yarshater, Ehsan |year=2004 |title=Iran iii. Traditional History of Persia |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-iii-traditional-history}}</ref>
<ref name="Menges1989_EI">{{cite web |author=Menges, Karl Heinrich |author-link=Karl Heinrich Menges |year=1989 |title=Altaic |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/altaic-the-altaic-peoples-and-languages-are-distributed-around-45-north-latitude-from-eastern-europe-to-the-pacific-ocean |quote=In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th–7th centuries.}}</ref>
<ref name="Khaleghi1984_EI">{{cite web |author=Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal |year=1984 |title=Aḡrēraṯ |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/agrerat}}</ref>
<ref name="Tafazzoli1989_EI">{{cite web |author=Tafażżolī, Aḥmad |author-link=Ahmad Tafazzoli |year=1989 |title=Bīderafš |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biderafs-pahl}}</ref>
<ref name="Tafazzoli1986_EI">{{cite web |author=Tafażżolī, Aḥmad |year=1986 |title=Arjasp |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arjasp}}</ref>
<ref name="Bosworth1990_EI">{{cite web |author=Bosworth, Clifford Edmund |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=1990 |title=Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv}}</ref>
<ref name="Yarshater1984_EI">{{cite web |last1=Yarshater |first1=Ehsan |year=1984 |title=Afrāsīāb |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afrasiab-turanian-king |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Biscione |first=R. |chapter=Centre and Periphery in Late Protohistoric Turan: the Settlement Pattern |editor-last=Härtel |editor-first=H. |title=South Asian Archaeology 1979 : Papers from the fifth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists |location=Berlin |publisher=D. Reimer |year=1981 |isbn=3-496-00158-5 }}
* ''Archäologie in Iran und Turan'', Verlag Philipp von Zabern GmbH. Publisher – Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH (Volume 1–3) {{ISSN|1433-8734}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.zoroastrian.org/articles/Iran_Turan_in_Avesta.htm Iranians and Turanians in the Avesta]

{{Shahnameh}}

[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Places in Shahnameh]]
[[Category:Locations in Persian mythology]]

Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey

2024-08-29T15:35:17Z

WinterWarp: Restoring revision 1240543701 by 71.190.46.122: rollback multi-edit vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Sandy
| image = Sandy 2012-10-29 2015Z.png
| caption = Satellite image of Sandy at 4:15 p.m. EDT on October 29 as it was about to make landfall on the [[Jersey Shore]]
| duration = October 28–29, 2012
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 70
| gusts = 85
| pressure = 945
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2012
| fatalities = 38 total (12 direct)
| losses = 30000000000
| areas = [[New Jersey]], particularly along the [[Jersey Shore]] in [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean]], [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth]],
| refs = <ref name="TotalEconomicLoss">{{cite web|author=Ed Beeson and Tom De Poto|work=The Star-Ledger|publisher=New Jersey On-Line|date=November 1, 2012|access-date=November 1, 2012|title=Price tag of Sandy's damage to N.J. businesses could reach $30B|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/price_tag_of_sandys_damage_to.html}}</ref>
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season]]
| related = {{Hurricane Sandy related}}
}}
[[Hurricane Sandy]] was the costliest natural disaster in the [[history of New Jersey]], with economic losses to businesses of up to $30 billion. The most intense storm of the [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season]], Sandy formed in the [[Caribbean Sea]] on October 22. For days ahead of its eventual [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], the hurricane was expected to turn toward New Jersey, as anticipated by [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s and the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC). On October 29, Sandy lost its characteristics of a [[tropical cyclone]] and transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] while approaching the New Jersey coast. About two and a half hours later, the former hurricane moved ashore New Jersey near [[Brigantine, New Jersey|Brigantine]] in Atlantic County, just north of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], producing wind gusts as strong as {{convert|91|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.

Over two million households in the state lost power in the storm, 346,000 homes were damaged or destroyed,<ref name="chris smith">{{cite web|url=http://chrissmith.house.gov/uploadedfiles/floor_remarks_on_sandy_jan_2_2013.pdf|title=Floor statement on Sandy supplemental|publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]]|author=Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|date=January 2, 2013|author-link=Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)}}</ref> and 38 people were killed. [[Storm surge]] and [[flooding]] affected a large swath of the state. Governor [[Chris Christie]] said the losses caused by Sandy were "going to be almost incalculable...The devastation on the Jersey Shore is probably going to be the worst we've ever seen."<ref name="The Washington Examiner">{{cite web|title=Christie: Damage costs 'almost incalculable' but 'New Jersey's a tough place'|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/state/Christie_Damage_costs_almost_incalculable_but_New_Jerseys_a_tough_place.html?page=all|publisher=The Bergen Record|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>

== Background and preparations ==
[[File:NJ National Guard Prepares for Hurricane Sandy.jpg|thumb|left|Airmen of the [[New Jersey Air National Guard]] 108th Wing prepare to go to assist at emergency shelters.]]
Hurricane Sandy [[Tropical cyclogenesis|originated]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] on October 22. By a day later, the [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] [[tropical cyclone prediction model|computer model]] anticipated that the hurricane would eventually strike New Jersey. Early on October 25, Hurricane Sandy moved across eastern Cuba as a major hurricane and emerged into the western Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="tcr">{{cite report|author=Blake, Eric S|author2=Kimberlain, Todd B|author3=Berg, Robert J|author4=Cangialosi, John P|author5=Beven II, John L|date=February 12, 2013|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|format=PDF|title=Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012|author6=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 17, 2013|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL182012_Sandy}}|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}}</ref> Later that day, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) first forecast a [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in New Jersey, due to the anticipated interaction between Sandy and an approaching trough, as well as the presence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over [[New England]]. The forecast reflected the majority of computer models, which had previously suggested a northeast track across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al18/al182012.discus.014.shtml?|title=Hurricane SANDY}}</ref><ref name="nws"/><ref name="tcr"/>

The NHC expected that Sandy would become [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] at some point before hitting the coast, but there was uncertainty in the timing. To avoid potential confusion, the agency did not issue [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane and tropical cyclone warnings]]; instead, the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS) offices in [[Mount Holly, New Jersey|Mount Holly]] and New York City issued [[Gale warning#Land|high wind warnings]] for the state, reflecting the expectation of wind gusts over {{convert|58|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=High+Wind+Warning|title=Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service|first=NOAA's National Weather|last=Service|website=w1.weather.gov}}</ref> The NWS issued a flood watch and a coastal flood watch on October 27 for much of the state. These were upgraded to warnings as Sandy approached the state.<ref name="nws">{{cite report|title=Storm Summary for Superstorm Sandy|publisher=Philadelphia/Mount Holly National Weather Service|access-date=November 22, 2021|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/phi/StormReports/October292012.pdf}}</ref> The NHC anticipated a [[storm surge]] of {{convert|4|to|8|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/>

On October 26, or three days before landfall, [[Governor of New Jersey|then-Governor]] [[Chris Christie]] issued a voluntary evacuation order for all [[barrier island]]s along the [[Jersey Shore]], which were upgraded to a mandatory evacuation a day later. About 115,000 people were under evacuation orders, of whom about 15,000 people used emergency shelters. A woman in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]] died of a heart attack while evacuating on a bus. On October 27, Christie declared a [[state of emergency]], activating 2,000 [[New Jersey Army National Guard|National Guard troops]].<ref name="ncdc"/>

The passage of Sandy prompted the closure of all [[List of New Jersey state parks|state parks and historic sites]], state offices, courts, and all 580 school districts.<ref name="ncdc"/> All Atlantic City casinos closed on the day before landfall and remained closed for six days until November 3.<ref name="ncdc"/> This led to a 28% drop in revenue during the month of November. It was the biggest monthly drop in 34 years.<ref>Parry, Wayne. [http://www.katv.com/story/20306868/sandy-causes-record-drop-in-nj-casino-revenues "Sandy causes record drop in NJ casino revenues"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. katv.com. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.</ref>

Tolls were suspended on the northbound [[Garden State Parkway]] and the westbound [[Atlantic City Expressway]] starting at 6:00 a.m. on October 28.<ref>{{cite news|agency=CBS2|title=Christie Declares State of Emergency; Orders Evacuations In Some Parts of N.J|date=October 27, 2012|access-date=October 27, 2012|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/10/27/evacuations-begin-in-some-areas-of-new-jersey-for-hurricane-sandy/}}</ref> In [[Cape May County, New Jersey]], officials advised residents on [[barrier island]]s to evacuate on October 26, becoming a mandatory evacuation on October 28. There was also a voluntary evacuation for [[Mantoloking, New Jersey|Mantoloking]], [[Bay Head, New Jersey|Bay Head]], [[Barnegat Light, New Jersey|Barnegat Light]], [[Beach Haven, New Jersey|Beach Haven]], [[Harvey Cedars, New Jersey|Harvey Cedars]], [[Long Beach Township, New Jersey|Long Beach]], [[Ship Bottom, New Jersey|Ship Bottom]], and [[Stafford, New Jersey|Stafford]] in [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean County]].<ref name="Ocean County">{{cite news|agency=Asbury Park Press|title=Ocean County towns issue voluntary evacuations|date=October 27, 2012|author=Staff |access-date=October 27, 2012|url=http://www.app.com/article/20121026/NJNEWS/310260086/Ocean-County-towns-issue-voluntary-evacuations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=ABC7|title=Shore towns issue voluntary evac orders|date=October 26, 2012|access-date=October 26, 2012|url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/8860237/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075742/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=weather&id=8860237|archive-date=October 29, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bay Head">{{cite news|publisher=Point Pleasant Patch|title=Bay Head and Mantoloking Advising Voluntary Evacuations. Mantoloking police department urging residents to leave ahead of Sandy|date=October 26, 2012|author=Denise Di Stephan |access-date=October 27, 2012|url=http://pointpleasant.patch.com/articles/mantoloking-advising-voluntary-evacuations}}</ref> On October 28, [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] mayor [[Dawn Zimmer]] ordered an evacuation of all basement and street level residential units, due to possible flooding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hoboken mayor announces evacuation of all basements and street-level residences|date=29 October 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2012/10/hoboken_mayor_announces_evacua.html|publisher=NewJersey.com|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> Similarly, [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] mayor [[Jerramiah Healy]] ordered an evacuation of all basement and 1st-floor units east of Greene Street, south of Columbus Drive, and east of Washington Boulevard north of Columbus Drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jersey City mayor orders mandatory evacuation for some residents in coastal areas|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2012/10/jersey_city_mayor_orders_manda.html|publisher=NewJersey.com|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> On October 29, a mandatory evacuation was put in effect for residents in some parts of [[Logan Township, New Jersey|Logan Township]].<ref>[http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2012/10/portions_of_logan_township_iss.html Hurricane Sandy: Portions of Logan Township issued evacuation order]</ref> On November 1, Governor Christie lifted mandatory evacuation orders in [[Atlantic County, New Jersey|Atlantic]] and [[Cape May County, New Jersey|Cape May]] counties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gov. Christie lifts mandatory evacuation for parts of Atlantic, Cape May counties|date=2 November 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/gov_christie_lifts_mandatory_e.html|publisher=NJ.com|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Ahead of the storm, officials warned residents of the potential for power outages lasting over a week.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=ABCNews|author=Cindy Lupkin|title=Hurricane Sandy: New Jersey Warned of 7- to 10- Day Power Outages|accessdate=December 18, 2021|date=October 27, 2012|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/hurricane-sandy-jersey-prepares-10-day-power-outages/story?id=17579827}}</ref> [[Jersey Central Power & Light]] told employees to be prepared for extended shifts. Most schools, colleges, and universities were closed October 29 and at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern utilities brace for expected super storm|url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/eastern-utilities-brace-for-expected-super-storm/article/feed/2042415#.UIofOm_WIm8|publisher=The Washington Examiner|access-date=26 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006202623/http://washingtonexaminer.com/eastern-utilities-brace-for-expected-super-storm/article/feed/2042415#.UIofOm_WIm8|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=NewsWorks>{{cite web|title=Sandy makes landfall near Atlantic City; 348K N.J. homes without power|url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local//item/46253-power-outages-spread-as-sandy-accelerates-toward-new-jersey-shore/|publisher=NewsWorks|access-date=October 29, 2012|date=October 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504104638/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local//item/46253-power-outages-spread-as-sandy-accelerates-toward-new-jersey-shore/|archive-date=May 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early morning hours of October 29, [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] and [[New Jersey Transit]] services were suspended in preparation for the hurricane.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/hurricane-sandy-causes-evacuations-closings-throughout-east-coast/2012/10/29/8eac52ba-2162-11e2-8448-81b1ce7d6978_story.html?hpid=z1|title=Sandy slams into NJ|date=29 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Fredrick|last1=Kunkle|first2=Laura|last2=Vozzella|first3=Jeremy|last3=Borden}}</ref> Also, the [[Garden State Parkway]] was completely shut down south of the [[Atlantic City Expressway]] due to flooding.<ref>[https://www.nj.com/news/2012/10/garden_state_parkway_southboun.html Garden State Parkway closed from AC Expressway south], [[NJ.com]], October 29, 2012</ref>

President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey. The declaration allows the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken prior to Sandy's landfall.<ref>{{cite web|title=President signs emergency declaration for NJ|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/region-state/president-signs-emergency-declaration-for-nj-1.4162619|work=Newsday|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

== Impact ==
[[File:Mantoloking NJ devastation.jpg|thumb|right|Damage in [[Mantoloking, New Jersey|Mantoloking]], where high waves created a new temporary inlet]]
On October 29, about two and a half hours from its New Jersey landfall, Sandy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it encountered cooler waters and a cold air mass. At about 23:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (6:30 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]), the center of former hurricane Sandy made landfall near [[Brigantine, New Jersey|Brigantine]] in Atlantic County, with [[maximum sustained wind]]s of about {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/> The highest wind gust in the state was {{convert|91|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Atlantic City.<ref name="ncdc"/> At the Atlantic City Marina, a [[barometer]] recorded a minimum [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] of {{convert|945.5|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}, which set a record for the city, and was the lowest pressure ever recorded in the United States north of North Carolina. The state capital [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] also recorded its lowest ever pressure – {{convert|958.7|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/> Sandy dropped heavy rainfall across the state as it approached and later moved across the state.<ref name="nws"/> The statewide peak precipitation total was {{convert|11.91|in|mm|abbr=on}}, recorded in [[Wildwood Crest, New Jersey|Wildwood Crest]].<ref name="tcr"/> This made it the 6th wettest tropical cyclone in the state.

The most damaging aspects of Sandy were from its high waves, estimated from {{convert|12|to|24|ft|abbr=on}}, as well as its [[storm surge]], which is the rise in water above the normally expected high [[tide]].<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="ncdc"/> Record-high water levels occurred in the state due to the storm's fast motion toward the coast and its passage during the regular high tide.<ref name="nws"/> The highest water levels occurred north of the landfall point in Monmouth and Middlesex Counties, especially along the [[Raritan Bay]], where the surge reached an estimated {{convert|4|to|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="ncdc"/> Along [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] at the northern end of Monmouth County, a tide gauge on a pier recorded a water level of {{convert|13.31|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the [[Chart datum#Mean lower low water|average low tide]], at which point the pier collapsed and the gauge stopped reporting. This indicated a storm surge of {{convert|8.57|ft|m|abbr=on}}, which broke the previous record high tide there by {{convert|2.87|ft|m|abbr=on}}, set by [[Hurricane Donna]] in 1960. The highest [[High water mark]] in the state was {{cvt|8.9|ft|m}}, measured at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] station in Sandy Hook.<ref name="ncdc"/><ref name="tcr"/><ref name="nws"/> The most significant flooding in the state occurred in the areas around [[Lower New York Bay]], [[Raritan Bay]], and the [[Raritan River]]. Along the Jersey Shore, the high water levels inundated several [[barrier island]]s, with a new temporary inlet created in [[Mantoloking, New Jersey|Mantoloking]].<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="ncdc"/> Most coastal towns in New Jersey suffered [[beach erosion]] due to Sandy's waves, and on average, beaches were {{convert|30|to|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} narrower after the storm. However, some beaches in the extreme southern end of the state grew in size.<ref name="ncdc"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sand shift from Sandy shows up in Cape May County|author=Richard Degener|date=August 6, 2013|access-date=November 27, 2021|url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/top_three/sand-shift-from-sandy-shows-up-in-cape-may-county/article_c1cc9f15-5e58-5d44-b5dd-b0a46ad93213.html|newspaper=The Press of Atlantic City}}</ref> As Sandy entered Pennsylvania, a strong southeasterly flow produced record flooding along the [[Delaware Bay]] and [[Delaware River]].<ref name="nws"/>

Across New Jersey, 38 people died due in part to Sandy, including 12 fatalities directly related to the hurricane's impacts.<ref name="tcr"/> The large swath of strong winds and widespread flooding produced the costliest natural disaster in the [[history of New Jersey]], with damage estimated at $29.4 billion.<ref name="ncdc">{{cite report|title=Coastal Flood Event Report|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=416939|access-date=November 27, 2021|publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}</ref> This far surpassed the $1 billion damage total [[Hurricane Irene]] from the 2011, the state's previous costliest natural disaster.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Storm Event Report|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=344138|access-date=November 27, 2021|publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}</ref> Damage was heaviest in [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean]] and Monmouth counties.<ref name="ncdc"/> Statewide, Sandy damaged 346,000 homes,<ref name="dep"/> with about 30,000 homes and businesses destroyed or significantly damaged.<ref name="ncdc"/> The storm's high winds and heavy rainfall knocked down or damaged more than 113,000 trees across the state, many of which fell onto power lines, leaving about 2.7 million New Jerseyans without power.<ref name="ncdc"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Jim Fitzgerld|date=November 19, 2012|accessdate=December 18, 2021|title=Sandy Uprooted Trees by the Thousands|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Weather.com|url=https://weather.com/news/news/sandy-trees-20121119}}</ref> The power outages affected 70 water systems and 80 sewage systems. High waters sank 1,400 boats.<ref name="dep"/>

[[File:Hurricane Sandy damage Atlantic City US 40-US 322.jpg|thumb|right|Flooding and damage along Albany Avenue in Atlantic City]]
An analysis of aerial imagery conducted by the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)]] indicated that approximately 72,000 homes and business in New Jersey were damaged or destroyed by the storm, with over 40,000 of the buildings affected being in [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean County]]. Based on this analysis, 507 buildings were destroyed, 5051 suffered major structural damage, and 66,212 incurred limited damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/hurricane_sandys_destruction_a.html|title=Hurricane Sandy's destruction: Aerial assessment shows nearly 72K buildings damaged in N.J.|publisher=[[Star Ledger]]|author=Eric Sagara|date=November 18, 2012}}</ref> U.S. Congressman [[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]] stated on January 2, 2013, that 346,000 homes in New Jersey were damaged by Sandy, of which 22,000 were rendered uninhabitable.<ref name="chris smith"/>

===Atlantic County===
Former Hurricane Sandy made landfall in Atlantic County, just north of Atlantic City. Most of the eastern portion of the county suffered from the effects of high winds and tides. Atlantic City recorded a storm surge of {{convert|5.82|ft|m|abbr=on}}, as well as {{convert|8.15|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall. The highest tide – {{convert|8.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} above mean low water – was the second-highest ever recorded at the station, only behind the [[December 1992 nor'easter]]. High floodwaters temporarily cut off travel between the city and the mainland. High waves destroyed the northern end of the Atlantic City boardwalk, which was already scheduled to be removed.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="ncdc"/> In the city, more than 5,000 housing units were damaged during Sandy, which represented 11% of the statewide number of damaged units.<ref name="press33">{{cite news|date=March 3, 2013|title=Report says Atlantic City has highest number of Sandy-damaged homes in state|newspaper=The Press of Atlantic City|author=Sarah Watson|url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/report-says-atlantic-city-has-highest-number-of-sandy-damaged-homes-in-state/article_7de17cc4-8389-11e2-9464-0019bb2963f4.html|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref> Significant tidal damage also occurred elsewhere on [[Absecon Island]], which includes the municipalities of Ventnor, Margate, and Longport.<ref name="ncdc"/> An elderly man in [[Ventnor, New Jersey|Ventnor]] struck his head and died while moving his car away from floodwaters.<ref name="dead">{{cite news|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/12/forty_of_our_own_the_new_jerse.html|title=Forty of our own: The New Jerseyans killed by Sandy, and their stories|date=December 2, 2012|publisher=NJ.com|accessdate=December 1, 2021|agency=New Jersey Star-Ledger}}</ref> Part of the [[Ocean Drive (New Jersey)|Ocean City-Longport Bridge]] was closed when high seas washed boulders onto it.<ref name="ncdc"/> A travel ban was put into effect after sunset due to the storm.<ref>[https://www.nj.com/news/2012/10/travel_ban_and_curfew_in_atlan.html Hurricane Sandy: Travel ban and curfew in Atlantic City as night falls], [[NJ.com]], October 29, 2012</ref>

===Ocean County===
[[File:Superstorm_Sandy_damage_in_Seaside_Heights_New_Jersey_-_Star_Jet_1.jpg|thumb|left|The submerged [[Star Jet]] roller coaster at the damaged [[Casino Pier]] in [[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]]]]
In Ocean County, located north of Atlantic County, damage was severest in the eastern portion of the county, including [[Long Beach Island]], the [[Barnegat Peninsula]], and along the [[Barnegat Bay]]. Damage in the county was worst along the Barnegat Peninsula, with parts of [[Seaside Park, New Jersey|Seaside Park]] inundated by {{convert|4.4|ft|m|abbr=on}} of floodwaters. High tides in Mantoloking created a temporary inlet and swept away several homes, with such severe damage that residents were not allowed to move back until February 2013, or about three months after the storm.<ref name="ncdc"/> Also in Mantoloking, ruptured natural gas lines ignited fires, destroying 14 homes.<ref name="ncdc"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Fire That Destroyed NJ Shore Homes Rekindled|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/fire-breaks-storm-damaged-nj-shore-town-17605073#.UJEQ2G_WIm8|work=ABC News|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref>

In [[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]], toward the southern end of the Barnegat Peninsula, the storm washed away a {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} portion of Fun Pier, a local amusement park. Damage surpassed $1 million, with 40 of the 44 rides damaged. In the same city, a portion of [[Casino Pier]] collapsed into the ocean due to intense waves, with all of its roller coasters damaged, and a haunted house washed ashore nine miles (15 km) away. The [[Star Jet]] roller coaster fell off the damaged pier into the ocean but remained largely intact.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=NJ.com|accessdate=December 17, 2021|title=50 feet of Seaside Heights' Funtown Pier collapse from Hurricane Sandy|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-nov-07-a-trb-hurricane-superstorm-sandy-new-jersey-new-york-pier-11201207-story.html|date=October 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name="lat117">{{cite news|agency=Los Angeles Times|date=November 7, 2012|title=Superstorm Sandy: Tallying the damage at amusement piers|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-nov-07-a-trb-hurricane-superstorm-sandy-new-jersey-new-york-pier-11201207-story.html|author=Brady McDonald}}</ref> Most of the rides in these amusement parks were destroyed, including roller coasters.<ref>Zezima, Katie. [http://www.wday.com/event/article/id/70802/group/homepage/ "Storm washes away much of 'Jersey Shore' town"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130217011336/http://www.wday.com/event/article/id/70802/group/homepage/|date=2013-02-17}}. wday.com. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref>

The seaside communities on [[Long Beach Island]] were among the hardest-hit. Scores of homes and business were destroyed and the storm surge deposited up to four feet of sand on island streets, making them impassable.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hutchins|first=Ryan|title=Extensive damage from Sandy litters Long Beach Island|work=The Star-Ledger|location=Newark, NJ|date=October 31, 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/10/extensive_damage_from_sandy_li.html|access-date=October 31, 2012}}</ref> Governor Christie issued a mandatory evacuation on October 28, and residents and business owners were prohibited from returning until November 10. The island's estimated monetary damage was over $750 million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lassonde|first=Victoria|title=Long Beach Island Damage Could Reach $1 Billion, Mayor Says|url=http://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/news/story/barnegat-light-spared-from-worst-of-hurricane/918758|access-date=10 November 2012|newspaper=The Sandpaper|date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Mantoloking, New Jersey|Mantoloking]] was especially hard hit, suffering severe "wash over" including the creation of two new, temporary inlets. Approximately two dozen oceanfront houses in Mantoloking were completely removed from their foundations and destroyed.

As of May 18, homeowners of [[Dover Beaches South, New Jersey|Ortley Beach]] still had not been allowed onto the Barrier Island to check on their properties. Ortley Beach was declared "Ground Zero" because of the unbelievable amount of devastation.

Two people drowned on the Ocean County mainland – a 72-year-old in [[Mystic Island, New Jersey|Mystic Island]], and a 61-year-old in his house in [[Brick Township, New Jersey|Brick Township]]. Also in Brick, a 61-year-old died while attempting to remove a tree stump. Wind gusts reached {{convert|88|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Tuckerton, New Jersey|Tuckerton]].<ref name="ncdc"/> The [[Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station]] in [[Lacey Township]] issued an alert, the second-lowest on a four-level warning system, when storm waters rose {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal and entered the plant's [[intake]] system. The plant was not generating electricity at the time due to maintenance, and due to storm-related power outages, workers used generators to keep the reactor cool.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|author=Scott Lituchy|newspaper=New Jersey Star-Ledger|title=Superstorm Sandy puts NJ's Oyster Creek nuclear power plant on alert; NY's Indian Point plant shut down |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/10/superstorm_sandy_puts_njs_oyst.html|at=NJ.com|access-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kevin Osnos|title=Sandy, Fukushima, and the Nuclear Industry|magazine=The New Yorker|date=November 2, 2012|accessdate=January 21, 2022|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/sandy-fukushima-and-the-nuclear-industry#ixzz2B5DCWPM2}}</ref>

===Monmouth County===
High waters occurred on the ocean and the bay coastlines of Monmouth County. There was a high water mark of {{convert|7.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} in [[Keyport, New Jersey|Keyport]].<ref name="tcr"/> In [[Keansburg, New Jersey|Keansburg]], the storm washed {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} of sand in Keansburg Amusement Park.<ref name="lat117"/> Hurricane Sandy forced the Sandy Hook section of [[Gateway National Recreation Area]] to close for six months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandy Hook Reopens More Than Six Months After Hurricane Sandy |url=https://www.njspotlightnews.org/video/sandy-hook-reopens-more-than-six-months-after-hurricane-sandy/ |access-date=December 19, 2022 |publisher=NJ Spotlight News |date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> The [[Belmar, New Jersey|Belmar]] boardwalk was also destroyed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belmar's boardwalk destroyed by Hurricane Sandy|url=http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2012/10/belmars_boardwalk_destroyed_by_hurricane_sandy.html |publisher=The Newark Star-Ledger|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>

===Middlesex County===

Significant tidal flooding occurred along the [[Raritan River]] in [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey|Perth Amboy]] and [[Sayreville, New Jersey|Sayreville]], destroying Perth Amboy's marina and waterfront<ref>{{cite news |title=Fire Chief: Perth Amboy waterfont devastated; marina destroyed |url=http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2012/10/fire_chief_perth_amboy_waterfo.html|publisher=The Newark Star-Ledger|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> and forcing people to leave their homes.<ref name="ncdc"/> High waters damaged a fuel tank at the [[Sewaren, New Jersey|Sewaren]] terminal, spilling {{convert|378000|USgal|litre|abbr=off}} of low-sulfur diesel into the waterway; it was the largest oil spill in New Jersey in more than a decade. About {{convert|255,180|USgal|litre|abbr=off}} – the equivalent of 30 tanker trucks – spilled into the [[Arthur Kill]] and its tributaries, the tidal waterway separating New Jersey from [[Staten Island, New York]]. Within 24 hours, hundreds of workers used skimmers, trucks, barges, and other means to contain the spill, ultimately recovering {{convert|457,519|USgal|litre|abbr=on}} of oily water; much of the remaining spilt oil evaporated or dissipated. The spill killed at least seven birds and covered another seven birds. There was also a small oil spill at the [[Kinder Morgan]] terminal in [[Carteret, New Jersey|Carteret]].<ref name="njoil">{{cite news|date=November 14, 2012|title=Oil spills, other Hurricane Sandy damage present N.J. with potential pollution headaches|at=NJ.com|author=Ryan Hutchins|newspaper=The Star-Ledger|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/11/hurricane_sandy_oil_spills.html}}</ref><ref name="dep">{{cite report|title=Damage Assessment Report on the Effects of Hurricane Sandy on the State of New Jersey's Natural Resources|publisher=New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection|date=May 2015|url=https://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/hurricane-sandy-assessment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="reutoil">{{Cite news|work=Reuters|date=November 5, 2012|title=Fuel spill reported at NJ refinery after Sandy|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-sandy-energy-spill/fuel-spill-reported-at-nj-refinery-after-sandy-idUSBRE8A41E620121105}}</ref>

=== Counties along the Delaware ===
At the southern tip of the state, [[Cape May County, New Jersey|Cape May County]] experienced high tides and flooding, although to a lesser extent than counties farther north. Coastal towns experienced some beach erosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2012/10/30/cape-may-breathes-sigh-of-relief-in-sandys-aftermath/ |title=Cape May Breathes Sigh Of Relief In Sandy's Aftermath « CBS Philly |publisher=Philadelphia.cbslocal.com |date=2012-10-30 |access-date=2013-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Central PA |url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/10/cape_may_nj_quaint_town_was_la.html |title=Cape May, N.J.: Quaint town was largely spared from Hurricane Sandy damage |date=31 October 2012 |publisher=PennLive.com |access-date=2013-02-10}}</ref> In [[Wildwood, New Jersey|Wildwood]], floodwaters and storm debris caused minor damage to [[Morey's Piers]].<ref name="lat117"/>

In [[Salem County, New Jersey|Salem County]], the [[Salem Nuclear Power Plant]] was shut down by workers after high floodwaters and storm debris blocked four of the six water-circulating pumps.<ref>{{cite news|title=3 nuclear power reactors shut down during Hurricane Sandy|date=October 30, 2012|author=Steven Mufson|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/3-nuclear-power-reactors-shut-down-during-sandy/2012/10/30/7ddd3a94-22b6-11e2-8448-81b1ce7d6978_story.html|accessdate=January 21, 2022}}</ref> High tides also damaged the pier to the [[Fort Mott (New Jersey)|Fort Mott]] [[Forts Ferry Crossing|ferry crossing]], causing it to be rerouted to [[Port of Salem|Barber's Basin]] in [[Salem, New Jersey|Salem]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Gallo Jr. | first = Bill | title = Passenger ferry service to link Salem City with 2 historic Delaware sites | newspaper = South Jersey Times | date = April 17, 2013 | url = http://www.nj.com/salem/index.ssf/2013/04/new_passenger_ferry_service_to.html#incart_river | access-date = 2013-07-22 }}</ref> The ferry returned to Fort Mott in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delaware City – Salem Ferry Changes Name to Forts Ferry Crossing|publisher=Delaware River and Bay Authority|date=March 13, 2015|url=http://decitysalemferry.com/Portals/0/Users/007/07/7/cmlf_dcsf_fortsferrycrossing15rel.pdf|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611134443/http://decitysalemferry.com/Portals/0/Users/007/07/7/cmlf_dcsf_fortsferrycrossing15rel.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hudson Waterfront===
[[File:NJ National Guard in Hoboken during Hurricane Sandy.jpg|thumb|right|New Jersey National Guard in flooded [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] following Hurricane Sandy]]
Communities along the [[Hudson Waterfront]] were flooded by the storm surge through [[New York Bay]] and into the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]]. There were massive power outages in [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]], [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]], and [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Sandy: Hudson county flooding, evacuations, power outages and more – latest updates|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2012/10/hurricane_sandy_hudson_county.html#incart_river|publisher=The Jersey Journal|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> forcing the evacuation of patients from [[Palisades Medical Center]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Palisades Medical Center under evacuation after two generators fail|date=30 October 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2012/10/palisades_medical_center_under.html|publisher=The Jersey Journal|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Power problems cause closure of North Jersey hospital|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/10/power_problems_cause_closure_o.html|agency=Associated Press|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>

Half of Jersey City lost power, while large sections of the [[Downtown Jersey City|Downtown]], including City Hall and the [[Jersey City Medical Center]], flooded and had to be evacuated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fire Chief: Chaos in Jersey City as flood waters rise, officials investigate reports of building collapses|date=30 October 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2012/10/chaos_in_jersey_city_as_flood.html#incart_m-rpt-2|publisher=The Newark Star-Ledger|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> As high tide approached, the Hudson River overflowed the wall at [[Exchange Place (Jersey City)|Exchange Place]]. Around the same time, Liberty Harbor spilled into the southern part of Marin Boulevard. Both breaches caused water to rush down Columbus Drive and Marin Boulevard where they met near the Historic Downtown. From there, the flood spread throughout the low-lying areas of Jersey City. At approximately 10:30{{nbsp}}pm EST, the water reached maximum height. In Paulus Hook, there were only a few intersections spared. Those included the rectangle of intersections from Greene/Montgomery through Warren/Morris with the exception of Warren/Montgomery, which only flooded about a foot. Power was lost several hours after Paulus Hook became an island, at around 9:30{{nbsp}}pm EST on October 29.

Half the city of Hoboken was flooded and the city government evacuated two of its fire stations. Hoboken's mayor asked for [[New Jersey National Guard|National Guard]] help.<ref>{{cite news|title=Superstorm Sandy Slams into New Jersey Coast |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030211337/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> By late night October 30, an estimated 20,000 people were stranded in Hoboken, surrounded by water. The [[New Jersey National Guard]] was deployed and began assisting in rescues on October 31.

In [[Weehawken]], the downtown neighborhood known as the Shades incurred terrible damage, with nearly every resident forced to temporarily relocate.<ref>''[[Year in Review: The Hudson Reporter]]''. December 30, 2012. p. 18</ref>

The storm was ranked #5 on ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]'''s 2013 list of the 50 most influential people and entities in [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]].<ref>Cruz, Vanessa; DeChiaro, Dean; Rambay Fernandez, Adriana; Palasciano, Amanda; Sullivan, Al; Wright, E. Assata (January 13, 2013). "Power Surge". ''The Union City Reporter''. pp. 1, 5-7, 10.</ref>

In the early morning of October 30, authorities in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], were evacuating residents after a [[berm]] overflowed and flooded several communities. Jeanne Baratta, Chief of Staff for Bergen County Executive [[Kathleen Donovan]], said there were up to {{convert|5|ft|m}} of water in the streets of [[Moonachie, New Jersey|Moonachie]] and [[Little Ferry, New Jersey|Little Ferry]]. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues also were underway in [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bergen Co. Police: Possible levee breach could mean 1,000 in need of rescue, some from roofs of homes|url=http://startingpoint.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/30/bergen-co-police-possible-levee-breach-could-mean-1000-in-need-of-rescue-some-from-roofs-of-homes|publisher=CNN|access-date=30 October 2012|date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Levee breaks in Northern New Jersey, floods three towns|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-levee-moonachie-break-idUSBRE89T0L020121030|publisher=Reuters|access-date=30 October 2012|date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>

Damaged tanks spilled around {{convert|7700|USgal|L}} of fuel spilled from [[Phillips 66]]'s [[Bayway Refinery]] in [[Linden, New Jersey|Linden]], and its smell was noticeable in nearby homes. Workers repaired the tank and used vehicles to collect some of the fuel from the waterway.<ref name="reutoil"/>

===Other areas===
[[File:Hurricane Sandy photos Summit NJ 6.jpg|thumb|right|Downed tree in [[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]]]]
In [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]], sustained winds peaked at {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} with gusts to {{convert|68|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Other peaks gusts include <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/19961329/sandys-final-numbers-include-94-mph-winds-two-feet-of-snow?clienttype=printable|title=Sandy's final numbers include 94 mph winds, two feet of snow – Fox 2 News Headlines |publisher=Myfoxdetroit.com |date=2012-10-31 |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Clifton, {{convert|78|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Newark, {{convert|74|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Point Pleasant, and {{convert|61|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Basking Ridge. Gusts along Long Beach Island peaked between {{convert|75|and|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cliffviewpilot.com/hurricane-sandy-dispatches-from-north-jersey/|title=Hurricane Sandy dispatches from North Jersey |publisher=Cliffviewpilot.com |date=2012-10-29 |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> Many buildings and homes were damaged especially to siding and roof surfaces. Hundreds of thousands of trees were downed across the state, especially in Morris and Sussex Counties in the northern half. In downtown Morristown, the Morris County Courthouse had a portion of its roof blown off in high gusts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Francis P. Alai says |url=http://morristowngreen.com/2012/10/29/roof-blows-off-morris-county-courthouse/ |title=Roof blows off Morris County Courthouse |publisher=Morristown Green |date=2012-10-29 |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> In Edison, New Jersey, wind gusts near 86 mph knocked two large trees into each other, downing power lines that triggered explosions. The two trees slammed onto a resident's car, completely blowing out windows and smashing the trunk.

The rail operations center of [[New Jersey Transit]] was flooded by {{convert|8|ft|m}} of water and an emergency generator was submerged. Floodwater damaged at least 65 locomotive engines and 257 rail cars. It was expected to be weeks before the resumption of service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandy pummels West Virginia as grueling recovery begins on East Coast|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/31/us/tropical-weather-sandy/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=31 October 2012|date=November 1, 2012}}</ref>

Basking Ridge New Jersey and the Somerset Hills area suffered numerous downed trees, downed power lines and road closures lasting for up to 2 weeks.

===Transportation===
As of early morning October 31, nearly 3,000 flights had been cancelled. [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark Liberty Airport]] reopened in the afternoon of October 31. [[Teterboro Airport]] remained closed until November 1.<ref>{{cite news|title=Superstorm Sandy: nearly 3,000 flights cancelled today|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9645191/Superstorm-Sandy-nearly-3000-flights-cancelled-today.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=31 October 2012|location=London|date=October 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://stream.wsj.com/story/2012-storm-season/SS-2-48537/SS-2-88828/ Live updates: Sandy] ''The Wall Street Journal'', Nov 1, 2011</ref>
[[New Jersey Transit]] was shut down in its entirety. Rail service was partly restored on Nov 1. [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] services were also shut down.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Long gas lines in Summit NJ in aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.jpg|thumb|right|Line at gas station in [[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]]]]
Hurricane Sandy created the [[List of major power outages|largest power outage]] in American history, with 8.5 million residents across 21 states affected,<ref name="nj1116">{{cite news|title=After Sandy, power in N.J. restored faster than elsewhere following previous major storms|date=November 16, 2012|publisher=NJ.com|accessdate=December 18, 2021|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/11/power_not_so_slow_to_be_restor.html|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> including 2.7 million households and businesses in New Jersey.<ref name="ncdc"/> This became a health hazard due to cool indoor temperatures.<ref name="njh1223">{{cite news|agency=New Jersey Herald|date=December 23, 2012|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jersey-central-power--light-submits-rate-filing-for-hurricane-sandy-restoration-costs-192570221.html|title=JCP&L post-Sandy performance undergoing further scrutiny|author=Eric Obernauer|accessdate=December 18, 2021}}</ref> The power outages led to at least 13 fatalities in the state – four from hypothermia, three from carbon monoxide poisoning, two in a house fire caused by a generator, two in a house fire caused by candles, and two senior citizens from lack of oxygen.<ref name="ncdc"/><ref name="dead"/> Electric companies worked immediately to restore the power grid, cutting down at least 93,000 trees and replacing more than 2,400 power poles.<ref name="ncdc"/> By a week after the storm, about 775,000 people in the state were still without power,<ref>{{cite web|title=In the wake of Sandy, 775K in New Jersey still in the dark even as recovery continues|date=5 November 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/more_than_775k_customers_in_nj.html|publisher=NJ1|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Power restoration was disrupted by a [[November 2012 nor'easter|nor'easter]] that swept the region 10 days after Sandy; the subsequent nor'easter produced heavy snowfall and {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} gusts, causing additional power outages and tree damage, and forcing some coastal residents to evacuate again.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nor'easter Evacuations for Some New York, New Jersey Residents|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/noreaster-evacuations-york-jersey-residents/story?id=17662588#.UJp2zG_WIm9|work=ABC News|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/weather/2012/11/08/noreaster-more-wind-water-to-storm-battered-east-coast/ |title=Nor'easter brings more wind, water to storm-battered East Coast |agency=Associated Press |date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2011-11-08 |work=Fox News}}</ref> Within 11 days of the storm, 95% of the state had their power restored; this was a faster rate of restoration than other widespread outages from natural disasters.<ref name="nj1116"/> Some places remained without power for two weeks, such as [[Hopatcong, New Jersey|Hopatcong]] in the state's northernmost county, [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]].<ref name="njh1223"/> Jersey Central Power & Light spent about $670 million in response to the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jersey Central Power & Light Submits Rate Filing For Hurricane Sandy Restoration Costs|agency=FirstEnergy Corp.|date=February 22, 2013|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jersey-central-power--light-submits-rate-filing-for-hurricane-sandy-restoration-costs-192570221.html|accessdate=December 18, 2021|publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> About 60% of the state's gas stations were closed after Sandy, forcing people to wait in line for hours to get fuel.<ref>Halbfinger, David M. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/nyregion/new-jersey-continues-to-cope-with-hurricane-sandy.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "New Jersey Reels From Storm's Thrashing"]. nytimes.com. October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-hurricane-sandy-east-coast-20121102,0,4543643.story "Post-Sandy misery: Power out, toilets clogged, temperatures falling"]. latimes.com. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</ref>

On October 29, the same day as Sandy's landfall, Governor Christie requested an expedited federal disaster declaration, which would allocate funds for individual public assistance and debris removal. The request included the four counties bordering the Atlantic Ocean – Cape May, Atlantic, Ocean, and Monmouth – as well as four counties in North Jersey – Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, and Union. United States President [[Barack Obama]] approved the disaster declaration on October 30, a day after Sandy's landfall.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency|url=https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/pda_report_fema_4086_dr_nj.pdf|title=New Jersey – Hurricane Sandy FEMA-4086-DR|accessdate=December 17, 2021}}</ref> On October 31, Governor Christie welcomed President Obama to see the damaged areas along the [[Jersey Shore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Sandy: U.S. East Coast faces challenge of rebuilding: 'I lost everything'|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1280151--hurricane-sandy-u-s-east-coast-faces-challenge-of-rebuilding-i-lost-everything|work=TheStar.com|access-date=31 October 2012|location=Toronto|date=October 31, 2012}}</ref> Ultimately, about 130,000 applied for assistance through FEMA.<ref name="ncdc"/>

Governor Christie signed an [[executive order]] postponing [[Halloween]] until November 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Jersey Halloween Moved To Next Monday: Christie|url=http://www.wopular.com/new-jersey-halloween-moved-next-monday-christie|publisher=Wpopular|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> On the night of November 2, Governor Christie took action to prevent a fuel shortage and ease the problem of extended wait times and lines at gas stations by signing [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 108, declaring a limited state of energy emergency with regard to the supply of motor fuel and implementing [[odd-even rationing]] for gasoline purchases in 12 New Jersey counties. Odd-even fuel sales took effect in the following counties at noon on November 3: Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Monmouth, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union, and Warren counties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Odd-even gas rationing for 12 NJ counties|url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/8869757/|publisher=WABC TV|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210205/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Fnew_jersey&id=8869757|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> This ended at 6{{nbsp}}a.m. EST November 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Jersey to end odd-even gas rationing in 12 counties at 6 a.m. Tuesday|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/New-Jersey-to-end-odd-even-gas-rationing-in-12-4029853.php|publisher=SFGate|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> Governor Christie signed an executive order to suspend the Bergen County Sunday [[blue laws]] on November 4, allowing stores and malls to be open for the benefit of those severely affected by the hurricane. A week later, the blue laws were put back into effect.<ref>Sullivan, S. P. [http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2012/11/bergen_blue_laws_are_back_paramus_mayor_says_gov_christie_has_lifted_executive_order.html "Bergen blue laws are back: Paramus mayor says Gov. Christie has reinstated Sunday shopping ban"], NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], November 13, 2012. Accessed January 28, 2018.</ref> Governor Christie's approval rating increased from 48 percent in October to 67 percent on November 21.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-sandy-christie-idUSBRE8AK07B20121121 "After Sandy, a surge of support for New Jersey's Christie"]. reuters.com. November 21, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.</ref> The governor estimated the cost to repair storm damage at $36.8 billion at the end of November 2012, requesting that amount from the federal government.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=CBS News|title=Christie: NJ's Damage From Sandy Nearly $37 Billion|accessdate=December 18, 2021|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/11/28/christie-njs-damage-from-sandy-nearly-37-billion/}}</ref> The New Jersey government investigated many reports of [[price gouging]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Jersey investigating reports of price gouging|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/new-jersey-investigating-reports-price-gouging-1C6791587|work=NBC News|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> As of December 19, the state had filed lawsuits against 24 businesses: 13 hotels and 11 gas stations.<ref>Pizzi, Jenna. [http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/12/west_windsor_hotel_named_in_po.html "New Jersey accuses six more businesses of post-Hurricane Sandy price gouging"]. nj.com. December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.</ref>

After a week, angry residents on the island communities, like [[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]] and [[Lavallette, New Jersey|Lavallette]], wanted to know when they could go back to their property.<ref>{{cite web|title=Angered residents of N.J.'s barrier islands want to know: When can they return?|date=6 November 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/angered_residents_of_njs_barri.html|publisher=NJ1|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> Two people died after they were struck by a debris-cleaning vehicle.<ref name="dead"/><ref name="ncdc"/>

Because of the storm, New Jersey allowed electronic voting on Election Day on November 6. Election officials were overwhelmed with requests and many votes were not counted.<ref>Curry, Colleen. [https://abcnews.go.com/US/OTUS/jersey-storm-victims-struggled-votes-counted/story?id=17658607#.UJqrA2_O0l8 "Email Voting for N.J. Storm Victims Failed, Votes Not Counted Tuesday"]. abcnews.go.com. November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.</ref> Voter turnout in the election was 67 percent, which was the lowest turnout for a presidential election in the state's history. Monmouth County suffered the largest decline in turnout, at 9.2 percent.<ref>Symons, Michael. [http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20121209/NJNEWS1102/312090037/Another-Sandy-casualty-N-J-voter-turnout "Another Sandy casualty: N.J. voter turnout"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130121063816/http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20121209/NJNEWS1102/312090037/Another-Sandy-casualty-N-J-voter-turnout |date=2013-01-21 }}. dailyrecord.com. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:New Jersey National Guard - Flickr - The National Guard (5).jpg|thumb|[[New Jersey National Guard]] workers clearing sand from streets in [[Holgate, New Jersey|Holgate]] on [[Long Beach Island]]]]
Starting November 1, [[New Jersey Transit]] restored bus service on 68 bus routes in northern and central New Jersey and 18 bus routes in southern New Jersey, providing service over the entire routes with no detours or truncations. Partial service was scheduled to be restored on 58 bus routes in northern and central New Jersey and 17 routes in southern New Jersey, to operate with detours or truncations due to the impact from Hurricane Sandy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Limited MTA Subway service to resume|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=weather&id=8863734|publisher=WABC TV New York|access-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101231823/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=weather&id=8863734|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On November 1, it was announced the state would receive $10 million in emergency transportation funding to help repair roads and bridges.<ref>{{cite web|title=N.J. to get $10M in emergency relief to repair roads, bridges in wake of Sandy|date=2 November 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/nj_to_get_10m_in_emergency_rel.html|publisher=NJ.com|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

On November 2, NJ Transit began to run very limited service to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]]. Trains on the [[Northeast Corridor Line]], [[North Jersey Coast Line]], and [[Raritan Valley Line]] all ran some trains to [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Limited NJ Transit rail service to resume|url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/8866635/|publisher=WABC TV|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103134031/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=resources%2Ftraffic&id=8866635|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

By November 4, NJ Transit was running limited service on the [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main Line]] and the Metro-North [[Port Jervis Line]], making all local stops and terminating at [[Secaucus Junction]]. The Port Jervis trains ran on the Main Line only; the [[Bergen County Line]] remained closed until further notice. The Raritan Valley Line operated only between Raritan and Newark. Although the modified Northeast Corridor service continued operating, the [[Princeton Branch]] shuttle remained out of service. Further south, the [[Atlantic City Line]] resumed operating normal service.<ref name=njtro114>{{cite web|title=Christie Administration Announces NJ TRANSIT to Resume Service on Four Rail Lines Sunday Morning|url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PressReleaseTo&PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2805|work=njtransit.com|publisher=NJ TRANSIT}}</ref> The North Jersey Coast Line also resumed operating on November 4 only as far as [[Woodbridge (NJT station)|Woodbridge]] (and skipping [[Avenel (NJT station)|Avenel]]); however, after one day, this service was discontinued due to severe overcrowding, and NJCL passengers were directed instead to [[Metropark Station|Metropark station]].<ref>{{cite web|last=@NJ_TRANSIT|title=Due to overcrowding, #NJCL service is temp suspended & Woodbridge customers should utilize Metropark for service to/from Newark & NY|url=https://twitter.com/NJ_TRANSIT/status/265425484161114112|work=New Jersey Transit on Twitter|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

[[SEPTA]] loaned 31 buses to NJ Transit to support shuttle service for New Jersey commuters going to New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=A state-by-state look at superstorm's effects|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-05/a-state-by-state-look-at-superstorms-effects|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119015213/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-05/a-state-by-state-look-at-superstorms-effects|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> [[DART First State]] loaned 20 buses from its [[DART First State Sussex County bus routes|Resort Transit]] service that had already ended for the season to NJ Transit to assist in transporting passengers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delaware buses head to help shuttle NJ storm victims|publisher=WHYY|url=https://whyy.org/articles/delaware-buses-head-to-help-shuttle-nj-storm-victims/|access-date=May 13, 2018}}</ref>

As on November 6, part of PATH rail service to and from [[Midtown Manhattan]] resumed.<ref>{{cite web|title=PATH service to Midtown Manhattan returns Tuesday|date=6 November 2012|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/path_service_to_midtown_manhat.html|publisher=NJ1|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

PATH train service between Manhattan and the Newark Penn and Harrison stations resumed in full on November 12.<ref>{{cite web|title=Additional PATH train service resuming Monday|url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/8881686/|publisher=WABC TV|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115134614/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=resources%2Ftraffic&id=8881686|archive-date=15 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Daytime PATH train service was scheduled to be restored to the [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center]] station starting Monday, November 25 at 5{{nbsp}}a.m. EST.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Announces Grant Program For Sandy-Affected Small Businesses|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/172794/bloomberg-announces-grant-program-for-sandy-affected-small-businesses|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130163306/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/172794/bloomberg-announces-grant-program-for-sandy-affected-small-businesses|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|publisher=NY1|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

On January 28, 2013, PATH trains resumed overnight between Newark and the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overnight PATH Service Resumes Between Newark, WTC|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/transit/176096/overnight-path-service-resumes-between-newark--wtc|publisher=NY1|access-date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202084217/http://www.ny1.com/content/transit/176096/overnight-path-service-resumes-between-newark--wtc|archive-date=2 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On January 30, 2013, full PATH train service between [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] and the World Trade Center resumed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hoboken-World Trade Center PATH service to resume|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/20791603/hoboken-world-trade-center-path-service-to-resume|publisher=WNYW|access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>

On February 1, 2013, [[New Jersey Route 35|Route 35]] through [[Mantoloking, New Jersey|Mantoloking]] was fully reopened after being closed since October 29, 2012 from damage from Hurricane Sandy.<ref name="r35">{{cite web|title=Route 35 Through Hurricane-Ravaged Mantoloking To Fully Reopen Friday|date=31 January 2013|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/01/31/route-35-through-mantoloking-to-fully-reopen-friday-morning/|publisher=CBS News New York|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Relief efforts ===
[[Time Warner Cable]] donated $500,000 to the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City, and $50,000 each to the Red Cross of Northeastern New York and the Red Cross of Northern New Jersey. They also sent out vehicles with mobile charging stations and free [[WiFi]] access points, and opened all its WiFi spots in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=TWC Donates $600K To Relief Efforts, Rolls Out Charging Stations|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/171707/twc-donates--600k-to-relief-efforts--rolls-out-charging-stations|publisher=NY1|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112034826/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/171707/twc-donates--600k-to-relief-efforts--rolls-out-charging-stations|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About 300 [[Marines]] from the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] based out of [[Camp Lejeune, North Carolina]] landed in New Jersey and joined rescue, relief, and cleanup efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Storm Aftermath: Live Updates|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/10/28/nyregion/hurricane-sandy.html?smid=tw-nytimes#sha=c5d4b7366|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 November 2012|date=October 28, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Massachusetts]] federally-owned [[TS Kennedy]] was sent to [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]] on November 4. The ship served as a "hotel" for emergency workers, power crews, and others helping the area.<ref>{{cite news|title=A STATE-BY-STATE LOOK AT SUPERSTORM'S EFFECTS|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/state-state-look-superstorms-effects-1|agency=Associated Press|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316005425/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/state-state-look-superstorms-effects-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

FEMA stated that, as of November 4, $31 million in federal aid was approved for residents of New Jersey.<ref>Johnson, Danielle. [http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/2-FEMA-Centers-Open-to-NJ-Sandy-Victims-177157701.html "2 FEMA Centers Open to NJ Sandy Victims"]. nbcphiladelphia.com. November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</ref>

===Long term aftermath===
{{update section|date=September 2016}}
As of April 2013, many houses on Mantoloking remained damaged, although the post office was reopened and about 40 residents were able to move back by April 2013. By that time, about 39,000 families statewide were still unable to return to their homes, down from 161,000 after Sandy struck. Towns had to borrow money to pay for power restoration and police and fire workers before the federal government compensated them. There were new regulations on how high new homes had to be rebuilt to prevent future flooding. Boardwalks were rebuilt and beaches were restored, the latter due to a combination of natural processes and bulldozers.<ref>{{cite news|author=Wayne Parry|date=2013-04-27|title=6 Months After Sandy, Thousands Homeless in NY, NJ|agency=Associated Press|work=ABC News|access-date=2013-04-27|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/months-sandy-thousands-homeless-ny-nj-19056756#.UXwIZrXqmh2}}</ref> The roller coaster at [[Casino Pier]] in [[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]] was demolished on May 14, 2013, after sitting in the ocean for nearly six months. As of the 2016 summer, many oceanfront homes in Mantoloking had been rebuilt, while a stretch of several blocks had empty lots where homes once stood near the Mantoloking Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2013/05/iconic-seaside-heights-roller-coaster-torn-down/#1 |title=Iconic Seaside Heights roller coaster torn down |publisher=Darkroom.baltimoresun.com |access-date=2013-05-20}}</ref>

In July 2021, a nature preserve at [[Liberty State Park]] finally re-opened after a nearly 9 year closure.<ref>[https://www.nj.com/hudson/2021/07/more-than-8-years-after-sandy-liberty-state-park-nature-center-reopens-to-the-public.html More than 8 years after Sandy, Liberty State Park nature center reopens to the public], [[NJ.com]], July 12, 2021</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Effects of Hurricane Irene in New Jersey]]
* [[List of New Jersey hurricanes]]
* [[Stronger than the Storm]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey}}
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/SANDY.shtml? National Hurricane Center advisories] (FEMA Hurricane Sandy Timeline)
* [https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/sandy/photo-comparisons/newjersey.php USGS photos]

{{Hurricane Sandy series}}

[[Category:Hurricane Sandy|New Jersey]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in New Jersey|Sandy (2012)]]
[[Category:2012 in New Jersey]]
[[Category:2012 natural disasters in the United States|Hurricane Sandy]]
[[Category:Effects of hurricanes in the United States|Sandy]]

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Mongol invasion of Europe

2024-08-29T15:30:21Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 86.84.239.233 (talk) to rev. 1242927613 by Bruce1ee: Joke edit (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|1220s–1240s military campaign}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mongol invasion of Europe
| partof = the [[Mongol invasions and conquests]]
| image = 1236-1242 Mongol invasions of Europe.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mongol invasion of Europe 1236–1242
| date = 1220s–1240s
| place = [[Eastern Europe]], [[Northern Europe]], [[Central Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], and the [[Balkans]]
| territory = [[Volga Bulgaria]], [[Cumania]], [[Alania]], and the [[Kievan Rus']] principalities conquered and become [[vassals]] of the Mongol Empire. The [[Kingdom of Georgia]] subjugated. Parts of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] temporarily controlled by Mongol Empire. Eastern and Central Europe and the [[North Caucasus]] repeatedly subject to raids and invasions.
| result = '''Mongol victory'''
*Numerous European political entities destroyed, subjugated, or raided and forced to pay tribute.
*Devastation of the populations, cultures, and political structures in most of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Europe. Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe (1242).
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
*[[File:Alex K Kyiv Michael 2.svg|20px]] [[Kievan Rus']]
**[[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
**[[Principality of Kiev]]
**[[Galicia-Volhynia]]
**[[Novgorod Republic]]
**[[Principality of Smolensk|Smolensk]]
**[[Principality of Rostov|Rostov]]
**[[Principality of Turov and Pinsk|Turov and Pinsk]]
**[[Principality of Chernigov|Chernigov]]
**[[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]]
**[[Principality of Pereyaslavl|Pereyaslavl]]
**[[Cumans]] (1223)
*{{flagicon image|Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] 
*{{flagicon image|Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svg}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg}}[[Kingdom of Hungary]]
*[[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Kingdom of Croatia]]
{{flagicon image|State flag of Saxony before 1815.svg}} [[Margravate of Meissen]] 
*[[File:Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg|25px]][[Second Bulgarian Empire]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbia (1281).svg}} [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Kingdom of Serbia]] 
[[File:Coat of arms of Cumania.svg|22x22px]] [[Cumania]] 
Supported by:
*[[File:Coat of arms of the archduchy of Austria.svg|20px]] [[Duchy of Austria]]
*{{flagicon image|Banner of the Margraviate of Moravia.svg}} [[Margraviate of Moravia]]
*{{flagicon image|Bandeira Templária.svg}} [[Knights Templar]]
*{{flagicon image|Königsbanner 14Jh.svg}} [[Holy Roman empire]]
*{{flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg|border=}} [[Byzantine Empire]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Mongol Empire]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mongol invasions}} {{Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Rus'}} {{Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Poland}} {{Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Hungary}}
}}

From the 1220s into the 1240s, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] conquered the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] states of [[Volga Bulgaria]], [[Cumania]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] state of [[Alania]], and various principalities in [[Eastern Europe]]. Following this, they began their invasion into [[Central Europe]] by launching a two-pronged invasion of [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|then-fragmented Poland]], culminating in the [[Battle of Legnica]] (9 April 1241), and the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]], culminating in the [[Battle of Mohi]] (11 April 1241).{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Invasions were also launched into the [[Caucasus]] against the [[Kingdom of Georgia]], the [[Chechens]], the [[Ingush people|Ingush]], and [[Circassia]] though they [[Mongol invasion of Circassia|failed to fully subjugate the latter]]. More invasions were launched in [[Southeast Europe]] against [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]], and the [[Latin Empire]]. The operations were planned by General [[Subutai]] (1175–1248) and commanded by [[Batu Khan]] ({{circa}} 1207–1255) and [[Kadan]] (d. {{circa}} 1261), two grandsons of [[Genghis Khan]]. Their conquests integrated much of [[Eastern Europe]]an territory into the empire of the [[Golden Horde]]. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.<ref>
{{cite book
|author= Francis Dvornik
|title= The Slavs in European History and Civilization
|url= https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor
|url-access= registration
|year= 1962|publisher= Rutgers UP|page= [https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor/page/26 26]
|isbn= 9780813507996
}}
</ref> After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and [[punitive expedition]]s continued into the late 13th century.

[[:ja:メリク_(オゴデイ家)|Melik]], one of the princes from the [[House of Ögedei|Ögedei family]] who participated in the expedition, invaded the [[Transylvania]] region of the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian kingdom]], called Sasutsi in sources.<ref>new yuan history episode 270</ref>

==General overview==
{{Further|Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe}}
{{wide image|Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|600px|Mongol expansion}}

==Invasion of Kievan Rus'==
{{Main|Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'}}
[[File:suzdal-invasion2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yaroslav II of Vladimir|Yaroslav II]] returns to [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] after Mongol destruction, miniature from the ''[[Kazan Chronicle]]'']]
[[File:Capture of the Mongol-Tatars Russian city.jpg|left|thumb|The Mongol army captures a city, miniature from the [[Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]]]

In 1223, Mongols routed a near 50,000 army of [[Kievan Rus']] at the [[Battle of the Kalka River]], near modern-day [[Mariupol]]{{fact|date=July 2024}}, before turning back for nearly a decade.

[[Ögedei Khan]] ordered Batu Khan to conquer Rus' in 1235.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofnovgo00michrich | title=The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471 | publisher=London, Offices of the society | work=Michell | date=1914 | access-date=4 June 2014 |author1=Michell, Robert |author2=Forbes, Nevell | page=64}}</ref> The main force, headed by [[Jochi]]'s sons, and their cousins, [[Möngke Khan]] and [[Güyük Khan]], arrived at [[Ryazan]] in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, and the Mongols sacked it and then stormed [[Suzdalia]]. Many Rus' armies were defeated; Grand Prince [[Yuri II of Vladimir|Yuri]] was killed on [[Battle of the Sit River|the Sit River]] (March 4, 1238). Major cities such as [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]], [[Torzhok]], and [[Kozelsk]] were captured.

Afterward, the Mongols turned their attention to the steppe, crushing the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Alans]], and sacking [[Crimea]]. Batu appeared in Kievan Rus' in 1239, sacking [[Pereiaslav|Pereyaslavl]] and [[Chernihiv|Chernigov]]. The [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|Mongols sacked Kiev]] on December 6, 1240, destroyed [[Sutiejsk]], and conquered [[Halych|Galicia]] along with [[Volodymyr (city)|Vladimir-Volynsky]]. Batu sent a small detachment to probe the [[Polish people|Poles]] before passing on to [[Central Europe]]. One column was routed by the Poles while the other defeated the Polish army and returned.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eddie Austerlitz|title=History of the Ogus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aM1Kp--SXQC&pg=PA27|year= 2010|page=27|publisher=Eddie Austerlitz |isbn=9781450729345}}</ref>

==Invasion of Central Europe==
{{anchor|Central Europe}}
The attack on Europe was planned and executed by Subutai, who achieved perhaps his most lasting fame with his victories there. Having devastated the various Rus' principalities, he sent spies into Poland and Hungary, and as far as eastern Austria, in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe.<ref>Bitwa pod Legnicą Chwała Oręża Polskiego Nr 3. Rzeczpospolita and Mówią Wieki. Primary author Rafał Jaworski. 12 August 2006 {{in lang|pl}}. p. 8</ref> Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he prepared an attack nominally commanded by Batu Khan and two other familial-related princes. Batu Khan, son of [[Jochi]], was the overall leader, but Subutai was the strategist and commander in the field, and as such, was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus' principalities.<ref>Bitwa pod Legnicą Chwała Oręża Polskiego Nr 3. Rzeczpospolita and Mówią Wieki. Primary author Rafał Jaworski. 12 August 2006 {{in lang|pl}}. p. 4</ref> He also commanded the central column that moved against Hungary. While [[Kadan]]'s northern force won the [[Battle of Legnica]] and [[Güyük Khan|Güyük's]] army triumphed in [[Transylvania]], Subutai was waiting for them on the Hungarian plain. The newly reunited army then withdrew to the [[Sajó]] river where they inflicted a decisive defeat on King [[Béla IV of Hungary]] at the [[Battle of Mohi]]. Again, Subutai masterminded the operation, and it would prove one of his greatest victories.

===Invasion of Poland===
{{main|First Mongol invasion of Poland}}
[[File:Henryk Pobozny.jpg|right|thumb|Henry II the Pious who lost his life at the battle of Legnica, 19th-century painting by [[Jan Matejko]]]]
[[File:HedwigManuscriptLiegnitz b.jpg|thumb|left|The Mongols at [[Legnica]] display the head of [[Henry II the Pious|Henry II]] of the [[Duchy of Silesia]] and [[High Duke of Poland]]|alt=]]

The Mongols invaded Central Europe with three armies. One army defeated an alliance which included forces from [[fragmented Poland]] and their allies, led by [[Henry II the Pious]], [[Duke of Silesia]] in the [[Battle of Legnica]]. A second army crossed the [[Carpathian mountains]] and a third followed the [[Danube]]. The armies re-grouped and crushed Hungary in 1241, defeating the Hungarian army at the [[Battle of Mohi]] on April 11, 1241. The devastating Mongol invasion killed half of Hungary's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary|title=Hungary – Culture, History, & People|website=britannica.com|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512114337/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary|archive-date=12 May 2008}}</ref> The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in early 1242 regained impetus and extended their control into [[Dalmatia]] and [[Moravia]]. The Great Khan had, however, died in December 1241, and on hearing the news, all the "Princes of the Blood," against Subutai's recommendation, went back to Mongolia to [[kuriltai|elect the new Khan]].<ref name=Hildinger>Hildinger, Erik. [http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm/2 Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722115114/http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm/2 |date=2008-07-22 }}. First published as: "The Mongol Invasion of Europe" in ''Military History'', (June, 1997).</ref>

After sacking [[Kiev]],<ref>[https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html The Destruction of Kiev] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html |date=2011-04-27 }}</ref> Batu Khan sent a smaller group of troops to Poland, destroying [[Lublin]] and defeating an inferior Polish army. Other elements—not part of the main Mongol force—saw difficulty near the Polish-Halych border.

The Mongols then reached Polaniec on the [[Czarna Hańcza]], where they set up camp.<ref>Trawinski, Allan. ''The Clash of Civilizations''. Page Publishing, Inc. (March 20, 2017). Section 15. {{ISBN|978-1635687118}}</ref> There, the [[Voivode]] attacked them with the remaining Cracovian knights, which were few in number, but determined to vanquish the invader or die. Surprise gave the Poles an initial advantage and they managed to kill many Mongol soldiers. When the invaders realized the actual numerical weakness of the Poles, they regrouped, broke through the Polish ranks and defeated them. During the fighting, many Polish prisoners of war found ways to escape and hide in the nearby woods. The Polish defeat was partly influenced by the initially successful Polish knights having been distracted by looting.

===Invasion of German lands===
On 9 April 1241, Mongol detachments entered the [[Margravate of Meissen]] and the [[March of Lusatia]] following a decisive Mongol victory at the [[Battle of Legnica]] in Poland.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=John Joseph Saunders |first=J. J. |last=Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |year=1971 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmongolc0000saun/page/n5/mode/2up|page=85|isbn=9780710070739 }}</ref> The Mongol [[reconnaissance|light reconnaissance]] units, led by [[Orda Khan]], pillaged through Meissen and burned most of the city of [[Meissen]] to the ground.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Frank McLynn |first=Frank |last=McLynn|title=Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy}}</ref> The ''[[Chronica sancti Pantaleonis]]'' records these attacks.

===Invasion of Lands of the Bohemian crown (Bohemia, Moravia)===
After the defeat of the European forces at Legnica, the Mongols then continued pillaging throughout Poland's neighboring states, particularly [[Moravia]]. King [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]] returned to protect his kingdom after arriving in Legnica a day late. He gathered reinforcements from [[Duchy of Thuringia|Thuringia]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] on his way back. He stationed his troops in the mountainous border regions of Bohemia where the Mongols would not be able to utilize their cavalry effectively.<ref name="Geng">de Hartog, Leo. ''Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World''. Tauris Parke Paperbacks (January 17, 2004). p. 173. {{ISBN|978-1860649721}}</ref>

By that time, Mongolian forces had divided into two, one led by Batu and Subutai who were planning to invade [[Hungary]], and another led by Baidar and Kadan who were ravaging their way through Silesia and [[Moravia]]. When they arrived to attack [[Bohemia]], the kingdom's defenses discouraged them from attacking and they withdrew to the town of [[Otmuchów]] in Poland.<ref name="Geng"/><ref>Hildinger, Eric. ''Warriors Of The Steppe: Military History Of Central Asia, 500 Bc To 1700 Ad''. Da Capo Press; 3rd printing edition (July 21, 1997). p. 144. {{ISBN|978-1885119438}}</ref> A small force of Mongolians did attack the strategically located (on the way to the mountain passes) Bohemian town of [[Kłodzko|Kladsko]] (Kłodzko) but Wenceslaus' cavalry managed to fend them off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-legnica-2360732|title=Mongol Invasions: Battle of Legnica|publisher=ThoughtsCO.com|author=Hickman, Kenneth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000122/https://www.thoughtco.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-legnica-2360732|archive-date=2017-04-29}} August 29, 2016</ref><ref>Zimmermann, Wilhelm. ''A Popular History of Germany from the Earliest Period to the Present Day ''. Nabu Press (February 24, 2010). p. 1109. {{ISBN|978-1145783386}}</ref> The Mongols then tried to take the town of [[Olomouc]], but Wenceslaus with the aid of Austrian Babenbergs repulsed the raid.<ref name="Geng"/><ref>Maurice, Charles Edmund. ''The Story of Bohemia from the Earliest Times to the Fall of National Independence in 1620: With a Short Summary of Later Events – Primary Source Edition''. Nabu Press (March 18, 2014). p. 75. {{ISBN|978-1294890225}}</ref><ref>Berend, Nora, ''Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300 ''. [[Cambridge University Press]] (February 17, 2014). p. 447. {{ISBN|978-0521786959}}</ref> A Mongol commander was captured in a sortie near Olomouc.<ref>Długosz, The Annals, 181.</ref> Under Wenceslaus' leadership during the Mongol invasion, Bohemia remained one of a few central European kingdoms that was never pillaged by the Mongols even though most countries around it such as Poland and Hungary were ravaged.<ref name="Geng"/> Such was his success that chroniclers sent messages to Emperor Frederick II of his victorious defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brrp.org/proceedings/brrp7/hlavacek.pdf|title=Christianity, Europe, and (Utraquist) Bohemia|website=brrp.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428213715/http://www.brrp.org/proceedings/brrp7/hlavacek.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> After these failed attempts, Baidar and Kadan continued raiding Moravia (via the [[Moravian Gate]] route into the valley of the river [[Morava (river)|Morava]] towards the [[Danube]]) before finally going southward to reunite with Batu and Subutai in [[Hungary]].

===Invasion of Hungary===
{{main|First Mongol invasion of Hungary}}
The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when [[Andrew II of Hungary|King Andrew II]] granted asylum to some fleeing Ruthenian [[boyars]]. Some Magyars (Hungarians), left behind during the main migration to the [[Pannonian plain|Pannonian basin]], still lived on the banks of the upper [[Volga]] (it is believed by some{{who|date=August 2018}} that the descendants of this group are the modern-day [[Bashkirs]], although this people now speaks a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language, not Magyar). In 1237 a [[Dominican Order|Dominican friar]], [[Friar Julian|Julianus]], set off on an expedition to lead them back, and was sent back to King Béla with a letter from Batu Khan. In this letter, Batu called upon the Hungarian king to surrender his kingdom unconditionally to the [[Tatar]] forces or face complete destruction. Béla did not reply, and two more messages were later delivered to Hungary. The first, in 1239, was sent by the defeated [[Cumans|Cuman]] tribes, who asked for and received asylum in Hungary. The second was sent in February 1241 by the defeated Polish princes.

Only then did King Béla call upon his magnates to join his army in defense of the country. He also asked the papacy and the Western European rulers for help. Foreign help came in the form of a small knight-detachment under the leadership of [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria]], but it was too small to change the outcome of the campaign. The majority of the Hungarian magnates also did not realize the urgency of the matter. Some may have hoped that a defeat of the royal army would force Béla to discontinue his centralization efforts and thus strengthen their own power.

Although the Mongol danger was real and imminent, Hungary was not prepared to deal with it; in the minds of a people who had lived free from nomadic invasions for the last few hundred years, an invasion seemed impossible, and Hungary was no longer a predominantly soldier population. Only rich nobles were trained as heavy-armored cavalry. The Hungarians had long since forgotten the light-cavalry strategy and tactics of their ancestors, which were similar to those now used by the Mongols. The Hungarian army (some 60,000 on the eve of the [[Battle of Mohi]]) was made up of individual knights with tactical knowledge, discipline, and talented commanders. Because his army was not experienced in nomadic warfare, King Béla welcomed the Cuman King Kuthen (also known as [[Kotony]]) and his fighters. However, the Cuman invitation proved detrimental to the Hungarians because Batu Khan considered this acceptance of a group he considered rebels as justifications for his invasion of Hungary. After rumors began to circulate in Hungary that the Cumans were agents of the Mongols, some hot-headed Hungarians attacked the Cuman camp and killed Kotony. This led the enraged Cumans to ride south, ravaging the countryside, and slaughtering the unsuspecting Magyar population. The Austrian troops retreated to Austria shortly thereafter to gain more western aid. The Hungarians now stood alone in the defense of their country.

[[File:Battle of Mohi 1241.PNG|250px|thumb|right|Battle of Mohi in a Medieval-era depiction]]

The 1241 Mongol invasion first affected [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] (situated east and south of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]]). Tens of thousands of Wallachians and Moldavians lost their lives defending their territories from the [[Golden Horde]]. Crops and goods plundered from Wallachian settlements seem to have been a primary supply source for the Golden Horde. The invaders killed up to half of the population and burned down most of their settlements, thus destroying much of the cultural and economic records from that period. Neither the Wallachians nor the army of Hungary offered much resistance against the Mongols.<ref name='VioletaEpure'>{{cite web |url=http://rocsir.goldenideashome.com/archiv/2004_1-2/2VioletaEpure2004.pdf |title=''Invazia mongolă în Ungaria şi spaţiul românesc'' |access-date=2009-02-05 |last=Epure |first=Violeta-Anca |work=ROCSIR – Revista Româna de Studii Culturale (pe Internet) |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014083856/http://rocsir.goldenideashome.com/archiv/2004_1-2/2VioletaEpure2004.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-14 }}</ref> The swiftness of the invasion took many by surprise and forced them to retreat and hide in forests and the enclosed valleys of the Carpathians. In the end, however, the main target of the invasion was the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref name='VioletaEpure'/>

The Hungarian army arrived and encamped at the [[Sajó]] River on April 10, 1241, without having been directly challenged by the Mongols. The Mongols, having largely concealed their positions, began their attack the next night; after heavier-than-expected losses inflicted by Hungarian crossbowmen, the Mongols adjusted their strategy and routed the Hungarian forces rapidly. A major Hungarian loss was imminent, and the Mongols intentionally left a gap in their formation to permit the wavering Hungarian forces to flee and spread out in doing so, leaving them unable to effectively resist the Mongols as they picked off the retreating Hungarian remnants. While the king escaped with the help of his bodyguard, the remaining Hungarian army was killed by the Mongols or drowned in the river as they attempted escape. Following their decisive victory, the Mongols now systematically occupied the [[Great Hungarian Plain]]s, the slopes of the northern [[Carpathian Mountains]], and [[Transylvania]]. Where they found local resistance, they killed the population. Where the locale offered no resistance, they forced the men into servitude in the Mongol army. Still, tens of thousands avoided Mongol domination by taking refuge behind the walls of the few existing [[fortresses]] or by hiding in the forests or large marshes along the rivers. The Mongols, instead of leaving the defenseless and helpless people and continuing their campaign through [[Pannonia]] to Western Europe, spent time securing and pacifying the occupied territories. On [[Christmas]] 1241, the costly [[Siege of Esztergom (1241)|siege of Esztergom]] destroyed the capital and economic center of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], forcing the capital to be moved to [[Buda]].<ref>"Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy"by Frank Lynn</ref>

During the winter, contrary to the traditional strategy of nomadic armies which started campaigns only in spring-time, they crossed the [[Danube]] and continued their systematic occupation, including [[Pannonia]]. They eventually reached the Austrian borders and the Adriatic shores in [[Dalmatia]]. The Mongols appointed a ''[[darughachi]]'' in Hungary and minted coins in the name of the Khagan.<ref>[[Michael Prawdin]], Gerard (INT) Chaliand ''The Mongol Empire'', p.268</ref> According to [[Michael Prawdin]], the country of Béla was assigned to Orda by Batu as an [[appanage]]. At least 20–40% of the population died, by slaughter or epidemic. [[Rogerius of Apulia]], an [[Italian people|Italian]] monk and chronicler who witnessed and survived the invasion, pointed out not only the genocidal element of the occupation, but also that the Mongols especially "found pleasure" in humiliating local women.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Bessel| author1-link = Richard Bessel |author2=Dirk Schumann|title=Life after death: approaches to a cultural and social history of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilW70Yol74C&pg=PA143|access-date=1 October 2011|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00922-5|pages=143–}}</ref> But while the Mongols claimed control of Hungary, they could not occupy fortified cities such as [[Székesfehérvár|Fehérvár]], [[Veszprém]], [[Tihany]], [[Győr]], [[Pannonhalma]], [[Mosonmagyaróvár|Moson]], [[Sopron]], [[Vasvár]], [[Újhely]], Zala, [[Léka]], [[Pozsony]], [[Nyitra]], [[Komárom]], [[Fülek]] and [[Abaújvár]]. Learning from this lesson, fortresses came to play a significant role in Hungary. King Béla IV rebuilt the country and invested in fortifications. Facing a shortage of money, he welcomed the settlement of Jewish families, investors, and tradesmen, granting them citizenship rights. The King also welcomed tens of thousands of Kun (Cumans) who had fled the country before the invasion. Chinese [[fire arrow]]s were deployed by Mongols against the city of Buda on December 25, 1241, which they overran.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hMtbFlKW5AC&q=mongol++hungary+chinese+gunpowder&pg=PT11|title=This Is Rocket Science: True Stories of the Risk-Taking Scientists Who Figure Out Ways to Explore Beyond Earth |author=Gloria Skurzynski|access-date=2011-11-28 |edition=illustrated |year=2010 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-1-4263-0597-9 |page=1958 |quote=In A.D. 1232 an army of 30,000 Mongol warriors invaded the Chinese city of Kai-fung-fu, where the Chinese fought back with fire arrows...Mongol leaders learned from their enemies and found ways to make fire arrows even more deadly as their invasion spread toward Europe. On Christmas Day 1241 Mongol troops used fire arrows to capture the city of Buda in Hungary, and in 1258 to capture the city of Baghdad in what's now Iraq. }}</ref>

The Mongolian invasion taught the Magyars a simple lesson: although the Mongols had destroyed the countryside, the forts and fortified cities had survived. To improve their defense capabilities for the future, they had to build forts, not only on the borders but also inside the country. In the siege of [[Esztergom]], the defenses managed to hold off the Mongolians despite the latter having overwhelming numerical superiority and 30 siege machines which they had just used to reduce the wooden towers of the city.<ref name="Poww">Stephen Pow, Lindsay – Deep Ditches and Well-built walls. pp. 72, 132</ref><ref name="Zark">Z. J. Kosztolnyik -- Hungary in the 13th Century, East European Monographs, 1996. p. 174</ref> During the remaining decades of the 13th century and throughout the 14th century, the kings donated more and more royal land to the magnates with the condition that they build forts and ensure their defenses.

====Invasion of Croatia====
[[File:Klis 0807 3.jpg|thumb|upright|At [[Klis Fortress]] the Mongols experienced defeat in 1242.<ref name="Zark"/>]]
During the Middle Ages, the [[Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Kingdom of Croatia]] was in a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union]] with the Kingdom of Hungary, with [[Béla IV]] as a king.<ref name=Encarta>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Croatia (History)|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577939_6/Croatia.html#p40|encyclopedia=[[Encarta]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031230139/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577939_6/Croatia.html|archive-date=2009-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=58576a72-3bb3-47bf-b159-23daa7dc1cd2&articleId=07451a0b-fbed-4269-a7cb-3883dfa477b5|title=CEEOL - Obsolete Link|first=ICB - InterConsult Bulgaria|last=Ltd.|website=www.ceeol.com|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040147/https://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=58576a72-3bb3-47bf-b159-23daa7dc1cd2&articleId=07451a0b-fbed-4269-a7cb-3883dfa477b5|archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Croatia (History)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia/223953/History|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165359/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia/223953/History|archive-date=2014-08-14}}</ref>

After being routed on the banks of the [[Sajó]] river in 1241 by the Mongols, Béla IV fled to today's [[Zagreb]] in [[Croatia]]. Batu sent a few tumens (roughly 20,000 men at arms) under Khadan in pursuit of Bela. The major objective was not the conquest but the capture of the Arpad king. The poorly fortified Zagreb was unable to resist the invasion and was destroyed, its [[cathedral]] burned by Mongols.<ref name="mirror.veus.hr">[http://mirror.veus.hr/stamps/1992/bula.html 750th Anniversary of the Golden Bull Granted by Bela IV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428125414/http://mirror.veus.hr/stamps/1992/bula.html |date=April 28, 2005 }}</ref> In preparation for a second invasion, [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] was granted a royal charter or [[Golden Bull of 1242]] by King Béla IV, after which citizens of Zagreb engaged in building defensive walls and towers around their settlement.<ref name="Klaić V">Klaić V., Povijest Hrvata, Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta Zagreb 1982{{in lang|hr}}</ref>

The Mongols' pursuit of Béla IV continued from Zagreb through [[Pannonia]] to [[Dalmatia]]. While in pursuit, the Mongols under the leadership of [[Kadan]] (Qadan) attacked [[Klis Fortress]] in Croatia in March 1242. Due to the strong fortifications of Klis, the Mongols dismounted and climbed over the walls using nearby cliffs. The defenders were able to inflict a number of casualties on the Mongols, which enraged the latter and caused them to fight hand to hand in the streets and gather a sizable amount of loot from houses. As soon as they learned that King Bela was elsewhere, they abandoned the attack and split off to attack Split and Trogir.<ref>Thomas of Split, Historia Salonitana.</ref> The Mongols pursued Béla IV from town to town in Dalmatia, while [[Croatian nobility]] and Dalmatian towns such as [[Trogir]] and [[Rab (town)|Rab]] helped Béla IV to escape. After being defeated by the Croatian soldiers, the Mongols retreated and Béla IV was awarded Croatian towns and nobility. Only the city of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] did not aid Béla IV in his escape from the Mongols. Some historians claim that the mountainous terrain of Croatian Dalmatia was fatal for the Mongols because of the great losses they suffered from [[Croat]] ambushes in mountain passes.<ref name="Klaić V"/> In any case, though much of Croatia was plundered and destroyed, long-term occupation was unsuccessful.

[[Saint Margaret of Hungary|Saint Margaret]] (January 27, 1242 – January 18, 1271), a daughter of Béla IV and [[Maria Laskarina]], was born in Klis Fortress during the Mongol invasion of Hungary-Croatia in 1242.<ref name="građevinar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/dokumenti/200109/6.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202355/http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/dokumenti/200109/6.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Klis – A gateway to Dalmatia|archivedate=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's two million population at that time were victims of the Mongol invasion of Europe.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hungary - History |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |access-date=18 February 2023 |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/Consolidation-and-expansion |quote=The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly lightly.}}</ref>

===Invasion of Austria===
{{main|Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire}}
The subjugation of Hungary opened a pathway for the Mongol Horde to invade [[Vienna]]. Using similar tactics during their campaigns in previous Eastern and Central European countries, the Mongols first launched small squadrons to attack isolated settlements in the outskirts of Vienna in an attempt to instill fear and panic among the populace.<ref name="Viennana">{{cite web|url=http://mapwalk2013.clevelandhistory.org/vienna/|title=Map Walk 20132013: The Conquests of the Mongols|publisher=Cleveland History|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064952/http://mapwalk2013.clevelandhistory.org/vienna/|archive-date=2017-03-09}}</ref> In 1241 the Mongols raided [[Wiener Neustadt]] and its neighboring districts, located south of Vienna. Wiener Neustadt took the brunt of the attack and, like previous invasions, the Mongols committed horrible atrocities on the relatively unarmed populace. The city of [[Korneuburg]], just north of Vienna, was also pillaged and destroyed.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=John Joseph Saunders |first=J. J. |last=Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |year=1971 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=9780710070739 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmongolc0000saun/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref> The Duke of Austria, [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria|Frederick II]], had previously engaged the Mongols in Olomouc and in the initial stages of the Battle of Mohi. Unlike in Hungary however, Vienna under the leadership of Duke Frederick and his knights, together with their foreign allies, managed to rally quicker and annihilate the small Mongolian squadron.<ref>Jackson, Peter. ''The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410''. Routledge; 1 edition (April 9, 2005). p. 67. {{ISBN|978-0582368965}}</ref><ref name="Howo">Howorth, Henry Hoyle. ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 1 the Mongols Proper and the Kalmyks''. Cosimo Classics (January 1, 2013). p. 152. {{ISBN|978-1605201337}}</ref> After the battle, the Duke estimated that the Mongols lost 300 to upwards of 700 men, while the defending Europeans lost 100.<ref>{{cite book |first=Johannes |last=Giessauf |chapter=Herzog Friedrich II von Österreich und die Mongolengefahr 1241/42 |title=Forschungen zur Geschichte des Alpen-Adria-Raumes |editor1=H. Ebner |editor2=W. Roth |location=Graz |year=1997 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48981531/Friedrich_II..pdf |pages=173–199 [1–30] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Austrian knights also subsequently defeated the Mongols at the borders of the [[River March]] in the district of [[Devín|Dévény]] (Devín).<ref>Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle. ''History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 1''. Forgotten Books (June 15, 2012). p. 152. ASIN B008HHQ8ZY</ref> After the failed initial raids, the rest of the Mongols retreated after learning of the Great Khan [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei's]] death.{{Disputed inline|date=January 2021}}

===Invasion of Bulgaria===
{{main|Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia|Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire}}
During his withdrawal from Hungary back into Ruthenia, part of Batu Khan's army invaded Bulgaria. A Mongolian force was defeated by the Bulgarian army under Tsar [[Ivan Asen II]].<ref>Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). {{ISBN|954-427-216-X}}.pp. 192–193</ref> A larger force returned to raid Bulgaria again the same year, though little is known of what happened. According to the Persian historian [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], the Bulgarian capital of Tarnovo was sacked. This is unlikely, but rumor of it spread widely, being repeated in Palestine by Bar Hebraeus.<ref>Peter Jackson. The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. 2005. p.65</ref> The invasion of Bulgaria is mentioned in other contemporary sources, such as Philippe Mouskès, Thomas of Cantimpré and Ricoldo of Montecroce.<ref>Jackson, p.79</ref> Contemporary documents indicate that by 1253, [[Kaliman I of Bulgaria|Kaliman I]] was a tribute-paying vassal of the Mongols, a status he had probably been forced to accept during the invasion of 1242.<ref>Jackson, p.105</ref>

==European tactics against Mongols==
The traditional European method of warfare of [[melee]] combat between knights ended in catastrophe when it was deployed against the Mongol forces as the Mongols were able to keep a distance and advance with superior numbers. The ''New Encyclopædia Britannica'', Volume 29 says that "Employed against the Mongol invaders of Europe, knightly warfare failed even more disastrously for the Poles at the Battle of Legnica and the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi in 1241. Feudal Europe was saved from sharing the fate of [[China]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] not by its tactical prowess but by the [[Ögedei Khan#Death and aftermath|unexpected death]] of the Mongols' supreme ruler, Ögedei, and the subsequent eastward retreat of his armies."<ref name="inc2003">{{cite book|author=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIxAQAAIAAJ&q=china+muscovy|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-961-6|page=663}}</ref>

However, during the initial Mongol invasion and the subsequent raids afterwards, heavily armored knights and cavalry proved more effective at fighting the Mongols than their light-armored counterparts. During the Battle of Mohi, for example, while the Hungarian light cavalry and infantry were decimated by Mongol forces, the heavily armored knights in their employ, such as the [[Knights Templar]], fought significantly better.<ref>Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank – ''A History of Hungary''. p.27: "The majority of the Hungarian forces consisted of light cavalry, who appeared 'foreign' to the Western observers. Yet this army had given up nomadic battle tactics and proved useless when facing the masters of this style of warfare. Hungarian tactics were a mix of eastern and western military traditions, as were the ineffective walls of clay bricks and palisades. Two elements of the Hungarian defense had proved effective, however: close combat with mass armored knights and stone fortifications".</ref> During the [[Battle of Legnica]], the Knights Templar that numbered between 65 and 88 during the battle lost only three knights and 2 [[Sergeant#History|sergeants]].<ref>Jackson, Peter (2005). ''The Mongols and the West'', 1221–1410. Longman. p. 205. {{ISBN|0-582-36896-0}}.</ref> Austrian knights under Duke Frederick also fared better in fighting the Mongol invasion in Vienna.<ref name="Howo"/>

[[Béla IV of Hungary|King Béla IV of Hungary]] hired the help of the [[Knights Hospitaller]], as well as training his own better-armed local knights, in preparation for the [[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary]].<ref>Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank – ''A History of Hungary'' pp. 28–29</ref> In the decades following the Mongolian raids on European settlements, Western armies (particularly Hungary) started to adapt to the Mongol tactics by building better fortifications against siege weapons and improving their heavy cavalry.<ref>Stephen Pow, Lindsay – ''Deep Ditches and Well-built walls'' pp. 59, 76</ref> After the division of the Mongol Empire into four fragments, when the [[Golden Horde]] attempted the next invasion of Hungary, Hungary had increased their proportion of knights (led by [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]]) and they quickly defeated the main Golden Horde Army in the hills of western Transylvania.<ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik – ''Hungary in the 13th Century, East European Monographs'', 1996, p. 286</ref>

By this time as well, many Eastern and Central European countries had ended their hostilities with one another and united to finally drive out the remnants of the Golden Horde.<ref>Peter Jackson. ''The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. 2005''. p.205</ref> [[Guerrilla warfare]] and stiff resistance also helped many Europeans, particularly those in [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary#Mongol invasion|Croatia]] and [[Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia|Durdzuketia]], in preventing the Mongols from setting a permanent hold and driving them off.<ref>Anchalabze, George. ''The Vainakhs''. Page 24</ref><ref>Klaić V., Povijest Hrvata, Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta Zagreb 1982. (Croatian)</ref>

==Possible Mongol diffusion of gunpowder to Europe==
Several sources mention the Mongols deploying firearms and gunpowder weapons against European forces at the Battle of Mohi in various forms, including bombs hurled via catapult.<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UnWOmL1a48C&pg=PA28|title=Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land|author=Michael Kohn|year=2006|publisher=RDR Books|page=28|isbn=978-1-57143-155-4|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RsPrzrsAvoC&q=mongol+invasion+hungary+chinese+gunpowder&pg=PA492|title=The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community|author=William H. McNeill|year=1992|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|page=492|isbn=978-0-226-56141-7|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxpaGuxtGggC|title=Experience of War|author=Robert Cowley|editor=Robert Cowley|year=1993|publisher=Random House Inc|edition=reprint|page=86|isbn=978-0-440-50553-2|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref> Professor Kenneth Warren Chase credits the Mongols for introducing gunpowder and its associated weaponry into Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA58|title=Firearms: a global history to 1700|author=Kenneth Warren Chase|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=illustrated|page=58|isbn=978-0-521-82274-9|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref> A later legend arose in Europe about a mysterious [[Berthold Schwarz]] who is credited with the invention of [[gunpowder]] by 15th- through 19th-century European literature.<ref>Kelly (2005), p.23</ref>

==End of the Mongol advance==
During 1241, most of the Mongol forces were resting on the Hungarian Plain. In late March 1242, they began to withdraw. The most common reason given for this withdrawal is the Great Khan [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]]'s death on December 11, 1241. [[Ögedei Khan]] died at the age of fifty-six after a binge of drinking during a hunting trip, which forced most of the Mongolian army to retreat back to Mongolia so that the princes of the blood could be present for the election of a new great khan. This is attested to by one primary source: the chronicle of [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine]], who after [[Europeans in Medieval China|visiting the Mongol court]], stated that the Mongols withdrew for this reason; he further stated that [[God]] had caused the Great Khan's death to protect Latin Christendom.<ref>John of Plano Carpini, "History of the Mongols," in ''The Mission to Asia'', ed. Christopher Dawson (London:
Sheed and Ward, 1955), 44</ref> As Stephen Pow pointed out in his analysis of this issue, by Carpini's account, a messenger would have to be able to make the journey from Mongolia to Central Europe in a little over three months at a minimum; the messenger would have to arrive in March, meaning he took about three months in the middle of winter from the time of the khan's death. Carpini himself accompanied a Mongol party in a much shorter journey (from Kiev to Mongolia) in 1246, where the party "made great speed" in order to reach the election ceremony in time, and made use of several horses per person while riding nearly all day and night. It took five months.<ref>Carpini, ''History of the Mongols'', 60; Pow, Deep ditches and well-built walls, pp. 19-21</ref>

[[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid Al-Din]], a historian of the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]], explicitly states in the Ilkhanate's official histories that the Mongols were not even aware of Ogedei's death when they began their withdrawal.<ref>Rashid al-Din, Successors, 70–71.</ref> Al-Din, writing under the auspices of the Mongol Empire, had access to the official Mongol chronicle when compiling his history, the ''[[Altan Debter]]''. John Andrew Boyle asserts, based on the orthography, that Al-Din's account of the withdrawal from central Europe was taken verbatim from Mongolian records.<ref>Rashid al-Din, Successors, 10–11. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Boyle's preamble notes: "There are not infrequent interpolations from the Mongolian chronicle, and he even adopts its faulty chronology, in accordance with which the events of the European campaign take place a year later than in reality. In the present volume, Juvaini is down to the reign of Mongke (1251–1259) Rashid al-Din's main authority, but with considerable additional material from other sources. Thus the earlier historian's account of the invasion of eastern Europe (1241–1242) is repeated almost verbatim and is then followed, in a later chapter, by a much more detailed version of the same events, based, like the preceding description of the campaigns in Russia (1237–1240), on Mongol records, as is evident from the orthography of the proper names."</ref>

Another theory is that weather data [[Dendrochronology|preserved in tree rings]] points to a series of warm, dry summers in the region until 1242. When temperatures dropped and rainfall increased, the local climate shifted to a wetter and colder environment. That, in turn, caused flooding of the formerly dry grasslands and created a marshy terrain. Those conditions would have been less than ideal for the nomadic Mongol cavalry and their encampments, reducing their mobility and pastureland, curtailing their invasion into Europe west of the Hungarian plain,<ref name="climate change">{{cite web|title=Climate probably stopped Mongols cold in Hungary, Science News, Science Ticker: Climate, Anthropology|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-ticker/climate-probably-stopped-mongols-cold-hungary?tgt=nr|year=2016|work=By Helen Thompson|access-date=26 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803134208/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-ticker/climate-probably-stopped-mongols-cold-hungary?tgt=nr|archive-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> and hastening their retreat.

The true reasons for the Mongol withdrawal are not fully known, but numerous plausible explanations exist. The Mongol invasion had bogged down into a series of costly and frustrating sieges, where they gained little loot and ran into stiff resistance. They had lost a large number of men despite their victories (see above). Finally, they were stretched thin in the European theater, and were experiencing a rebellion by the [[Cumans]] (Batu returned to put it down, and spent roughly a year doing so).<ref>Rashid al-Din, Successors, 71–72.</ref> Others argue Europe's bad weather had an effect: Hungary has a high water table so it floods easily. An analysis of tree rings there found that Hungary had cold wet weather in early 1242, which likely turned Hungary's central plain into a huge swamp; so, lacking pastures for their horses, the Mongols would have had to fall back to Rus' in search of better grasslands.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Climatic and environmental aspects of the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE|first1=Ulf|last1=Büntgen|first2=Nicola|last2=Di Cosmo|date=26 May 2016|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|pages=25606|doi=10.1038/srep25606|pmid = 27228400|pmc=4881396|bibcode=2016NatSR...625606B}}</ref>

Regardless of their reasons, the Mongols had completely withdrawn from Central Europe by mid-1242, though they still launched military operations in the west at this time, most notably the 1241–1243 [[Mongol invasion of Anatolia]]. Batu specifically decided against attending the [[kurultai]] in favor of staying in Europe, which delayed the ceremony for several years.<ref>J. J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), 79.</ref>

The historian [[Jack Weatherford]] claims that the Mongol invasion concluded when the geography was no longer in their favor. To venture farther would have put their army at a disadvantage. This was because there was no more pastureland, which their methods of warfare relied upon, and the more humid coastal climate would weaken the [[Mongol bow]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Weatherford |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World}}</ref> However, a counter to this assertion is that the Mongols were willing to fight in the densely populated areas of Song China and India. Furthermore, the Mongols were able to conquer Southern China which is located in a tropical climate zone and would have received far more rainfall and humidity than anywhere in Europe. The territory of Western Europe had more forests and castles than the Mongols were accustomed to, and there were opportunities for the European heavy cavalry to counter-attack.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Also, despite the steppe tactics of the Avars and early Hungarians, both were defeated by Western states in the 9th and 10th centuries, though many states conquered by the Mongols have also faced steppe tactics successfully before. A significant number of important castles and towns in Hungary had also resisted the formidable and infamous Mongol siege tactics.

[[John Keegan]] thought that Europeans had an advantage due to more food surpluses enabling better campaigns, and larger horses.<ref>Sir John Keegan (1987) The Mask of Command, Viking: London, page 118</ref>

Some historians believe that the reason for Batu's stopping at the Mohi River was that he never intended to advance further.<ref name="deremilitari">{{cite web|title=The Mongols in the West, Journal of Asian History v.33. n.1|url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/sinor1.htm|year=1999|work=By Denis Sinor|access-date=16 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020511/http://deremilitari.org/resources/articles/sinor1.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> He had made the new Rus' conquests secure for the years to come, and when the Great Khan died and Batu rushed back to Mongolia to put in his claim for power, it ended his westward expansion. Subutai's recall at the same time left the Mongol armies without their spiritual head and primary strategist. Batu Khan was not able to resume his plans for conquest to the "Great Sea" (the Atlantic Ocean) until 1255, after the turmoil after Ögedei's death had finally subsided with the election of [[Möngke Khan]] as Great Khan.

[[File:MongolMap.jpg|thumb|260px|Mongol successor khanates]]

From 1241 to 1248, a state of almost open warfare existed between Batu, son of Jochi, and [[Güyük Khan|Güyük]], son of Ögedei. The Mongol Empire was ruled by a regency under Ögedei's widow [[Töregene Khatun]], whose only goal was to secure the Great Khanate for her son, Güyük. There was so much bitterness between the two branches of the family that when Güyük died in 1248, he was on his way to confront Batu to force him to accept his authority. Batu also had problems in his last years with the Principality of Halych-Volhynia, whose ruler, [[Danylo of Halych]], adopted a policy of confronting the Golden Horde and defeated some Mongol assaults in 1254. He was finally defeated in 1259, when [[Berke]] ruled the Horde. Batu Khan was unable to turn his army west until 1255, after Möngke had become Great Khan in 1251, and he had repaired his relations with the Great Khanate. However, as he prepared to finish the invasion of Europe, he died. His son did not live long enough to implement his father and Subutai's plan to invade Europe, and with his death, Batu's younger brother [[Berke]] became Khan of the [[Kipchak Khanate]]. Berke was not interested in invading Europe as much as stopping his cousin [[Hulagu Khan]] from ravaging the [[Holy Land]]. Berke had converted to Islam and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the spiritual head of Islam as far as Berke was concerned. The [[Mamluk]]s of Egypt, learning through spies that Berke was both a Muslim and not fond of his cousin, appealed to him for help and were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate.

Both entities were [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] in origin.<ref name="Amitai-Preiss">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. ''The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War''</ref> Many of the Mamluks were of Turkic descent and Berke's Khanate was almost totally Turkic also. Jochi, Genghis Khan's oldest son, was of disputed parentage and only received 4,000 Mongol warriors to start his Khanate. His warriors were virtually all [[Turkic people]] who had submitted to the Mongols. Thus, the Khanate was Turkic in culture and had more in common with their Muslim Turkic Mamluks brothers than with the Mongol [[shamanist]] Hulagu and his horde. Thus, when Hulagu Khan began to mass his army for war against the Mamluk-controlled Holy Land, they swiftly appealed to Berke Khan who sent armies against his cousin and forced him to defend his domains in the north.

Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, had to turn north to face Berke Khan, suffering severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263, after Berke Khan had lured him north and away from the Holy Land. Thus, the Kipchak Khanate never invaded Europe, keeping watch to the south and east instead. Berke sent troops into Europe only twice, in two relatively light raids in 1259 and 1265, simply to collect booty he needed to pay for his wars against Hulagu from 1262 to 1265.

==Europe at the time of the Mongol invasion==
[[File:Gregory IX.jpg|thumb|Pope Gregory IX sanctioned a small Crusade against the Mongols in mid-1241|180x180px]]
The Papacy had rejected the pleas of Georgia in favor of launching crusades in Iberia and the Middle East, as well as preaching a Crusade against Kievan Rus in 1238 for refusing to join his earlier Balkan Crusade. Meanwhile, [[Emperor Frederick II]], a well-educated ruler, wanted to annex Italy to unite his separated kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire and Sicily. In addition to calling a council to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Pope Gregory IX and his successor Innocent IV excommunicated Frederick four times and labeled him the [[Antichrist]].<ref>Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015); Chris Peers, the Mongol War Machine (2015); Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016). pp. 448–51</ref>

In the 1240s the efforts of Christendom were already divided between five Crusades, only one of which was aimed against the Mongols. Initially, when Bela sent messengers to the Pope to request a Crusade against the Mongols, the Pope tried to convince them to instead join his Crusade against the Holy Roman Emperor. Eventually [[Pope Gregory IX]] did promise a Crusade and the Church finally helped sanction a small Crusade against the Mongols in mid-1241, but it was diverted when he died in August 1241. Instead of fighting the Mongols, the resources gathered by the Crusade was used to fight a Crusade against the Hohenstaufen dynasty after the German barons revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor's son Conrad in September 1241.<ref>Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015); Chris Peers, the Mongol War Machine (2015); Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016). pp. 450–1.</ref>

==Later raids==
The [[Golden Horde]] raids in the 1280s (those in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland), were much greater in scale than anything since the 1241–1242 invasion, thanks to the lack of civil war in the Mongol Empire at the time. They have sometimes been collectively referred to as "the second Mongol invasion of Europe", "the second Tatar-Mongol invasion of central and south-eastern Europe",<ref>Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", 2005. Page 199</ref> or "the second Mongol invasion of central Europe."<ref name="Victor Spinei 1986. Pages 121–122">Victor Spinei. "Moldavia in the 11th–14th centuries." Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Bucharest, 1986. Pages 121–122.</ref>

===Against Poland (1259 and 1287)===
{{One source section|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Meczennicy Sandomierscy.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Martyrdom of Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs of Sandomierz during the Second Mongol invasion of Poland]]

{{main|Mongol invasion of Lithuania|Second Mongol invasion of Poland}}
In 1259, eighteen years after the first attack, two tumens (20,000 men) from the [[Golden Horde]], under the leadership of Berke, attacked Poland after raiding Lithuania.<ref>Stanisław Krakowski, ''Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku'', MON, 1956, pp. 181–201</ref> This attack was commanded by general [[Burundai]] with young princes [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]] and [[Talabuga]]. [[Lublin]], [[Sieradz]], [[Sandomierz]], [[Zawichost]], [[Kraków]], and [[Bytom]] were ravaged and plundered. Berke had no intention of occupying or conquering Poland. After this raid the [[Pope Alexander IV]] tried without success to organize a crusade against the Horde.

{{main|Third Mongol invasion of Poland}}
An unsuccessful invasion followed in 1287, led by [[Talabuga]] and Nogai Khan. 30,000 men (three tumens) in two columns under Nogai (10,000 Mongol cavalry) and Talabuga (20,000 Mongols and Ruthenians) respectively raided Lesser Poland to plunder the area and meet up north of [[Kraków]]. Lublin, [[Mazovia]], and [[Sieradz]] were successfully raided, but the Mongols failed to capture Sandomierz and Kraków and were repulsed with heavy casualties when they attempted to assault the cities, although the cities were devastated. Talabuga's main army (the rest of his column having dissolved across the countryside for raiding) was defeated by Duke [[Leszek II the Black|Leszek II]] at the [[Battle of Łagów]]. After this severe setback, Talabuga linked back up with the raiding parties and fled Poland with the loot that was already taken. Nogai's column, after suffering losses during the assault on Kraków, split up to raid the lands both north and south of the city. One detachment headed towards the town of [[Stary Sącz]], another to [[Podolínec]], and others to the [[Duchy of Sieradz]]. The first detachment was surprised and defeated by the Poles and their Hungarian allies in the [[Battle of Stary Sącz]], while the second devastated the area of [[Podhale]] while skirmishing with the locals. After the defeat at Stary Sącz, Nogai's whole column retreated into Ruthenia.<ref>Stanisław Krakowski, ''Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku'', MON, 1956.</ref>

===Against Byzantine Thrace (1265, 1324 and 1337)===
{{main|Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace}}
During the reign of Berke there was also a raid against [[Thrace]]. In the winter of 1265, the Bulgarian czar, Constantine Tych, requested Mongol intervention against the Byzantines in the Balkans. [[Nogai Khan]] led a Mongol raid of 20,000 cavalry (two ''tumens'') against the territories of Byzantine eastern Thrace. In early 1265, [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] confronted the Mongols, but his smaller squadron apparently had very low morale and was quickly routed. Most of them were cut down as they fled. Michael was forced to retreat to Constantinople on a Genoese ship while Nogai's army plundered all of Thrace. Following this defeat, the Byzantine emperor made an alliance with the [[Golden Horde]] (which was massively beneficial for the latter), giving his daughter [[Euphrosyne Palaiologina (daughter of Michael VIII)|Euphrosyne]] in marriage to Nogai. Michael also sent much valuable fabric to Golden Horde as tribute.<ref>René Grousset The Empire of Steppes, page 399–400</ref>

Thrace also suffered raids in 1324 and 1337, during the reign of [[Uzbeg Khan]].<ref>Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West." ''Journal of Asian History'' (1999) pp: 1–44.</ref>

===Against Bulgaria (1271, 1274, 1280 and 1285)===
The successors of Tsar Ivan Asen II – the regency of Kaliman Asen I decided to pay tax to the [[Golden Horde]]. In 1271 Nogai Khan led a successful raid against the country, which was a vassal of the Golden Horde until the early 14th century. Bulgaria was again raided by the Mongols in 1274, 1280 and 1285. In 1278 and 1279 Tsar [[Ivailo]] led the Bulgarian army and crushed the Mongol raids before being surrounded at [[Silistra]].<ref>Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). {{ISBN|954-427-216-X}}.pp. 222</ref> After a three-month siege, he managed to once again break through the elite Mongol forces, forcing them to retreat north of the Danube. In 1280 a rebellion inspired by Byzantium left [[Ivailo]] without much support, and so he fled to [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]]'s camp, asking him for help before being killed by the Mongols. Tsar [[George I of Bulgaria|George I]], however, became a Mongol vassal before the Mongol threat was finally ended with the reign of [[Theodore Svetoslav]].
[[File:MongolsInHungary1285.jpg|thumb|[[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongol invasion of Hungary]] in 1285 ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)]]

===Against Hungary (1285)===
{{Main|Second Mongol invasion of Hungary}}
In 1285 Nogai Khan led a raid of Hungary alongside [[Talabuga]]. Nogai lead an army that ravaged [[Transylvania]] with success: Cities like [[Reghin]], [[Brașov]] and [[Bistrița]] were plundered and ravaged. However Talabuga, who led the main army in Northern Hungary, was stopped by the heavy snow of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] and the invading force was defeated<ref>Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton: ''The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526'', I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, London, pp. 109
[https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&q=%22in+1285+he+succeeded+in+driving+back+the+second+Mongol+invasion%22&pg=PA109]</ref> near [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]] by the royal army of [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]] and ambushed by the [[Székelys|Székely]] in the return. Nogai's own column suffered serious casualties. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force. The outcome could not have contrasted more sharply with the 1241 invasion, mostly due to the reforms of [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]], which included advances in military tactics and, most importantly, the widespread building of stone [[castle]]s, both responses to the defeat of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1241. The failed Mongol attack on Hungary greatly reduced the Golden Horde's military power and caused them to stop disputing Hungarian borders.<ref name="Victor Spinei 1986. Pages 121–122"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&q=cumans&pg=PA37 The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500 – By Ion Grumeza] Google Books.</ref>

===Against Serbia (1291)===
{{Main|Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde}}
[[File:Victory of king Milutin over Tatars.jpg|thumb|200px|Serbian king Uroš II Milutin after victory over Mongols]]
In 1291 a large Mongol-Bulgarian alliance raided into Serbia, where Serbian king [[Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia|Stefan Uroš II Milutin]] defeated the Mongolian contingent. However, after a threat that Nogai himself will return with the Golden Horde, the Serbian king acknowledged Nogai's supremacy and sent his son as hostage to prevent further hostility when Nogai threatened to lead a punitive expedition himself.<ref>István Vásáry ''Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365'', p.89</ref>

===Against Germany (1340)===
Contemporary Swiss historian [[John of Winterthur]] reports attacks by the Mongols on Hungary, the [[March of Brandenburg]] and [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] during the period of 1340–1341.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Jackson |title=The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |pages=206, 227}}</ref>

===Counter-invasions of Europe===
By the mid-14th century the grip of the Golden Horde over Central and Eastern Europe had started to weaken. Several European kingdoms started various incursions into Mongol-controlled lands with the aim of reclaiming captured territories as well as adding new ones from the Empire itself. The Kingdom of Georgia, under the leadership of King [[George V the Brilliant]], restored Georgian dominance in their own lands and even took the [[Empire of Trebizond]] from Mongol hands.<ref>D. Kldiashvili, ''History of the Georgian Heraldry'', Parlamentis utskebani, 1997, p. 35.</ref> [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], taking advantage of internal strifes in the Golden Horde, started an invasion of their own, defeating the Mongols at the [[Battle at Blue Waters]], as well as conquering territories of the Golden Horde such as the [[Principality of Kiev]] all the way to the Dnieper River, before being halted after their defeat at the [[Battle of the Vorskla River]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Borys |last=Cherkas |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/12/30/66894/ |script-title=uk:Битва на Синіх Водах. Як Україна звільнилася від Золотої Орди |trans-title=Battle at Blue Waters. How Ukraine freed itself from the Golden Horde |language=uk |publisher=istpravda.com.ua |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053623/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/12/30/66894/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''. [[University of Washington Press]]. p. 380. {{ISBN|0-295-97290-4}}.</ref> The [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Duchy of Moscow]] also started to reclaim many Rus' lands, eventually developing into the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. In 1345, the Kingdom of Hungary took the initiative and launched their own invasion force into Mongolian territory, capturing what would become [[Moldavia]].<ref>Kortüm, Hans-Henning. ''Transcultural Wars: from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century'' Akademie Verlag (March 22, 2006). p. 227</ref>

By this point, some Western European armies also started to meet the Mongols in their conquered territories. In the [[siege of Caffa]] for example, when the Mongols under [[Janibeg]] besieged [[Caffa]] in [[Crimea]], a relief force of a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] army came and defeated the Mongols, killing 15,000 of their troops and destroying their siege engines. A year later, the Genoese blockaded Mongol ports in the region, forcing Janibeg to negotiate, and in 1347 the Genoese were allowed to reestablish their colony in [[Tanais|Tana]] on the [[Sea of Azov]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa|first=Mark|last=Wheelis|date=1 September 2002|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=8|issue=9|pages=971–975|doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536|pmc=2732530|pmid=12194776}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:RYAZAN.JPG|[[Golden Horde]] raid at old [[Ryazan]].
File:Siege of Kiev (1240).png |[[Golden Horde]] raid at Kiev
File:Oborona Kozelska.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid at Kozelsk
File:Mongols vladimir.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid Vladimir
File:Ephrosinia of Suzdal.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid Suzdal
File:MongolsInHungary1241.jpg|The Hungarian King [[Béla IV]] on the flight from the Mongols under general [[Kadan]] of the [[Golden Horde]].
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Slave trade in the Mongol Empire]]
*[[Franco-Mongol alliance]]
*[[Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe]]
**[[List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus']]
*[[Mongol invasions and conquests]]
*[[Mongol military tactics and organization]]
*[[Romania in the Early Middle Ages]]
*[[Timeline of the Golden Horde]]
*[[Timeline of the Mongol Empire]]
*[[War of the Heavenly Horses]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. 8: 109–17 [p. 115]. {{ISBN|978-1-84383-596-7}}.

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=PA4|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=9780521602709|date=2004-03-25}}
* Atwood, Christopher P. ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'' (2004)
* Chambers, James. ''The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe'' (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979)
* Christian, David. ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire'' (Blackwell, 1998)
* Cook, David, "Apocalyptic Incidents during the Mongol Invasions", in Brandes, Wolfram / Schmieder, Felicitas (hg), ''Endzeiten. Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen'' (Berlin, de Gruyter, 2008) (Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies / Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. / Studies in the Culture and History of the First Millennium C.E., 16), 293–312.
* Halperin, Charles J. ''Russia and the golden horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history'' ([[Indiana University Press]], 1985)
* May, Timothy. ''The Mongol conquests in world history'' ([[Reaktion Books]], 2013)
* Morgan, David. ''The Mongols'', {{ISBN|0-631-17563-6}}
* Nicolle, David. ''The Mongol Warlords'', Brockhampton Press, 1998
* Reagan, Geoffry. ''The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles'', Canopy Books, New York (1992)
* Saunders, J.J. ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971, {{ISBN|0-8122-1766-7}}
*{{cite journal|author=Sinor, Denis|title=The Mongols in the West|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=33|issue=1|year=1999|url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/sinor1.htm|access-date=April 21, 2007|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605022421/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/sinor1.htm|url-status=dead}}; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117 also in JSTOR]
* Vernadsky, George. ''The Mongols and Russia'' ([[Yale University Press]], 1953)
**Halperin, Charles J. "George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia." ''Slavic Review'' (1982): 477–493. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497020 in JSTOR]
*{{cite book|author=Craughwell, Thomas J.|title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan almost conquered the world|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1616738510|publisher=Fair Winds|isbn=9781616738518|date=2010-02-01}}
*{{cite book|author=Kauffman, JE|title=The medieval Fortress:Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the medieval ages|date=April 14, 2004|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-81358-0}}\
*{{cite book|author=Fagan, Brian|title=The Great Warming:Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilization|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-59691-780-4|date=2010-08-01}}
*{{cite book|author=Penn, Imma|title=Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies:An Unveiled History of Catholicism|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4343-0874-0|year=2007}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131222201352/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/goldenHorde.html The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde]

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{History of Europe}}
{{Middle Ages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongol Invasion Of Europe}}
[[Category:Expeditionary warfare]]
[[Category:Mongol invasion of Europe| ]]
[[Category:13th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Military history of Mongolia|Invasion of Europe]]
[[Category:13th century in Poland]]
[[Category:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages]]
[[Category:13th century in the Mongol Empire|Invasion of Europe]]
[[Category:Military history of the Teutonic Order]]

User talk:Mhbiugjfc

2024-08-29T15:29:51Z

WinterWarp: Note: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

== August 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Mhbiugjfc|your recent contributions]] to [[:Miso soup]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use [[User:Mhbiugjfc/sandbox|your sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 15:29, 29 August 2024 (UTC)

Miso soup

2024-08-29T15:29:45Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by Mhbiugjfc (talk) to rev. 1240737249 by ClueBot NG: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{short description|Japanese soup flavored with miso}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Miso soup
| image = Miso Soup 001.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Miso soup with [[tofu]], ''[[wakame]]'', and [[onion]]
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Japan]]
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Soup]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = ''[[Dashi]]'' [[Stock (food)|stock]], [[miso]] paste
| variations =
| calories =
| similar_dish = ''[[Doenjang-guk]]'', [[doenjang-jjigae]]
| other =
}}

{{nihongo|'''Miso soup'''|味噌汁 or お味噌汁|misoshiru or omisoshiru|お-/o- being an ‘honorific prefix’}} is a traditional [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] [[soup]] consisting of a [[dashi]] [[Stock (food)|stock]] into which softened [[miso]] paste is mixed. In addition, there are many optional ingredients (various vegetables, [[tofu]], ''[[abura-age]]'', etc.) that may be added depending on regional and seasonal recipes, and personal preference. In Japanese food culture, miso soup is a representative of soup dishes served with rice. Miso soup is also called {{Nihongo|''omiotsuke''|御味御付}}.

Along with ''[[suimono]]'' (clear soup seasoned with a small amount of soy sauce and salt in a dashi stock), miso soup is considered to be one of the two basic soup types of Japanese cuisine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sakai |first1=Sonoko |title=Japanese Home Cooking: Simple Meals, Authentic Flavors |date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Roost Books |page=118 |isbn=9780834842489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWusDwAAQBAJ&q=Miso+suimono+soup+basic&pg=PA118}}</ref>

== Miso paste ==
{{Main|Miso}}
The type of miso paste chosen for the soup defines a great deal of its character and flavor. Miso pastes (a traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and the fungus ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'', known in Japanese as ''{{ill|kōjikin|ja|麹菌}}'' (麹菌), and sometimes rice, barley, or other ingredients) can be categorized into red (''akamiso''), white (''shiromiso''), or mixed (''awase'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miso-paste_n_571e54ede4b0d0042da9e115|title=What Is Miso Paste, Anyway, And How Do I Use It? Help!|date=2016-04-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164406/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miso-paste_n_571e54ede4b0d0042da9e115|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many variations within these themes, including regional variations, such as [[Shinano Province|Shinshū]] miso or {{ill|Sendai miso|ja|仙台味噌}}.

The amount of time taken also affects its flavor: a miso paste that has been fermented for a shorter period of time, such as a white miso, provides a lighter, sweeter flavor, while one which has been fermented for a longer period, such as a red miso, gives the miso soup a stronger, deeper one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/how-to-use-miso|title=5 Ways to Use Miso That Don't Involve Soup|last=Delany|first=Alex|website=Bon Appetit|date=27 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214165725/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/how-to-use-miso|url-status=live}}</ref>

More than 80% of Japan's annual production of miso is used in miso soup, and 75% of all Japanese people consume miso soup at least once a day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William|author-link=William Shurtleff|last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko|author-link2=Akiko Aoyagi |date=2001 |title=The Book of Tofu & Miso |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=1-58008-358-7 }}</ref>

== Stock ==
{{Main|Dashi}}

The most common ''dashi'' soup stocks for miso soup are made of [[niboshi]] (dried baby [[Sardines as food|sardines]]), [[kombu]] (dried [[kelp]]), [[katsuobushi]] (thin shavings of dried and smoked [[bonito]] (similar to [[skipjack tuna]])), or hoshi-shiitake (dried [[shiitake]]). The kombu can also be used in combination with katsuobushi or hoshi-shiitake. The kelp and/or shiitake ''dashi'' serve as a vegetarian soup stock.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-miso-soup-cooking-lessons-from-the-kitchn-13786|title=How To Make Miso Soup|website=Kitchn|language=en|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214213936/https://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-miso-soup-cooking-lessons-from-the-kitchn-13786|url-status=live}}</ref>

When the ingredients involve shellfish such as Asari clam (''[[Venerupis philippinarum]]''), Shijimi (''[[Corbicula japonica]]''), or Hamaguri (''[[Meretrix lusoria]]'') they will impart flavorings that serve the role of ''dashi'' and thus it is not necessary to prepare any stock in advance.

Outside Japan, American or European style miso soup is sometimes made by dissolving miso in a Western vegetable stock. The stock might include ingredients such as ''[[Allium fistulosum|negi]]'', [[carrot]], [[potato]] and ''[[daikon]]'' radish. In some versions of the dish, chicken stock, Western-style fish stock, and other non-''dashi'' bases can even be used, but there is some debate over whether or not miso soups made using these non-traditional bases count as true miso soup.

== Other ingredients ==
[[File:Villorita cyprinoides 004 Black clam miso soup in a Japanese restaurant in Tokyo.JPG|thumb|[[Shijimi (clam)|Shijimi]] miso soup at a Tokyo restaurant]]

According to [[Japan]]ese custom, ingredients are chosen to reflect the seasons and to provide contrasts of color, texture, and flavor. Thus [[Welsh onion|negi]] and [[tofu]], a strongly flavored ingredient mixed with a mildly flavored ingredient, are often combined. Ingredients that float, such as [[wakame]] seaweed, and ingredients that sink, such as potatoes, are also combined. Ingredients may include mushrooms ([[Pholiota microspora|nameko]] or [[shiitake]]), potato, [[taro]], seaweed, [[green laver]], onion, [[Allium tuberosum|nira]], [[Phaseolus vulgaris|common bean]], [[Cryptotaenia japonica|mitsuba]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]], [[Fish as food|fish]], clams, and sliced [[daikon]]. Almost any Japanese ingredient may be added to some type of miso soup. However typical miso soup recipes contain a small number of additional ingredients beyond ''dashi'' stock and miso.

If [[pork]] is added to miso soup it is called ''[[tonjiru]]'', meaning ‘pork soup’. Tonjiru is a soup served for dinner and lunch and not usually eaten for breakfast.

Hearty and robust cold-weather variations may include [[daikon]], deep-fried tofu called ''[[abura-age]]'', potatoes, onions and dark miso. Lighter variations are better suited for spring and summer and made with ingredients such as [[cabbage]], [[Oenanthe javanica|seri]] [[myoga]] and/or [[eggplant]].

== Preparation and serving ==
Miso soup can be prepared in several ways, depending on the chef and the style of soup. Japanese recipes usually call for most vegetables to be cooked in the simmering ''dashi'', particularly mushrooms, daikon, carrots, potatoes, tofu, and fish. The miso is suspended separately in some ''dashi'' stock removed from the simmering mix, to keep the miso paste from cooking, which alters the flavour, kills beneficial bacteria, and reduces the health benefits of biologically active miso paste. When the vegetables are cooked, the stock is removed from heat, the miso suspension is added and mixed into the soup, any uncooked ingredients are added, and the dish is served.

In Japan, miso soup and white [[rice]] make up the central dishes of the traditional Japanese breakfast. The soup has been a favorite of commoners and royalty alike for many centuries, but there are also many other dishes involving breakfast. They are all quite small, some include egg, fish, and [[nattō]] which is a fermented soybean. The soup is usually served in [[lacquer]] [[bowl]]s with lids and drunk directly from the bowl, though the solid ingredients are eaten with [[chopsticks]]. The bowl sometimes has a lid to keep heat and aroma in as well as to improve the presentation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matsune |first1=Kaz |title=Why Is Miso Soup Sometimes Served With a Lid? |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/10/why-is-miso-soup-sometimes-served-with-a-lid.html |work=Slate |date=21 October 2016 }}</ref>

=== Instant miso soup ===
Instant miso soup is available in single-serving packets. It is usually sold in dehydrated powder and paste forms, though it is sometimes also sold [[Freeze-drying|freeze dried]]. It generally contains dried toppings such as wakame and tofu with soybeans that reconstitute rapidly on the addition of hot water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matcha-jp.com/en/849|title=A Great Souvenir! Learn How To Make Instant Miso Soup|website=MATCHA - JAPAN TRAVEL WEB MAGAZINE|language=en|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164619/https://matcha-jp.com/en/849|url-status=live}}</ref> These are popular in the Japanese workplace, where miso soup can be made with lunch as easily as green tea and using the same water. Instant miso soup is available in many grocery stores outside Japan. It has a shelf life of 3 to 12 months.

===''Wappani''===
{{nihongo||わっぱ煮|''Wappani''}} is a miso-soup-based dish unique to [[Awashimaura, Niigata|Awashima island]] off the coast of [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]], [[Japan]]. A cedar flask (''{{ill|wappa|ja|わっぱ)|quote=y}}'') is filled with miso soup, fish and vegetables. It is then heated by dropping in hot rocks, which quickly brings it to a simmer. Hot rocks retain their heat for hours after being taken from the fire, so a hot meal can be prepared without the use of fire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kyoudo-ryouri.com/en/food/601.html|title=Wappani - 【郷土料理ものがたり】|website=kyoudo-ryouri.com|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164159/http://kyoudo-ryouri.com/en/food/601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Health benefits ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}
In 2003, researchers at Japan's National Cancer Centre suggested that eating three or more bowls of miso soup every day could lower the risk of breast cancer in women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2999852.stm|title=Miso soup 'cuts breast cancer risk'|date=2003-06-18|access-date=2018-12-14|language=en-GB|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729211134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2999852.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Studies in 2020 showed that habitual consumption of miso soup has the effect of lowering blood pressure and heart rate,<ref>{{Harvnb|Ito|2020}}</ref> causing proliferation of good bacteria in the intestines and helping to prevent constipation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ichikawa|2020}}</ref>

A 2003 epidemiology study in Japan discovered that persons who consume miso soup daily have a lower risk of stomach cancer and heart disease. In 2019 research concluded that fermented soy foods, such as miso, have antidiabetic, antioxidant (anti aging), anti-obesity, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer and antihypertensive (lowering blood pressure) properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saeed |first1=Farhan |last2=Afzaal |first2=Muhammad |last3=Shah |first3=Yasir Abbas |last4=Khan |first4=Mujahid Hassan |last5=Hussain |first5=Muzzamal |last6=Ikram |first6=Ali |last7=Ateeq |first7=Huda |last8=Noman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Saewan |first9=Shamaail A. |last10=Khashroum |first10=Ashraf O. |title=Miso: A traditional nutritious & health-endorsing fermented product |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |date=December 2022 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=4103–4111 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.3029 |pmid=36514754 |pmc=9731531 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[List of Japanese soups and stews]]
* [[List of soups]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
*{{cite journal |last=Ito |first=Koji |date=2020-08-31 |title=Review of the health benefits of habitual consumption of miso soup: focus on the effects on sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate |url= |journal= Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=45 |doi=10.1186/s12199-020-00883-4 |pmid=32867671 |pmc=7461326 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020EHPM...25...45I }}
*{{cite journal |last=Ichikawa |first=Tomomi |date=2020-03-25 |title=若年女性における排便状況と食事からの発酵食品摂取の関係 |trans-title=A Study of the Relationship between Constipation Assessment and the Intake of Fermented Foods in the Diet of Young Women |url=http://harp.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/hju/metadata/12320 |language=ja |journal=Journal of the Faculty of Human Life Studies |volume=7 |pages=17–21 }}

== Further reading ==
* ''The Miso Book: The Art of Cooking with Miso'', by John Belleme & Jan Belleme, Square One Publishers

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q471866|c=Category:Miso soup|b=Cookbook:Miso Soup|q=no|n=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|wikt=miso}}

{{Japanese food and drink}}
{{Soy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Japanese soups and stews]]
[[Category:Soy-based foods]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of Japan]]

Prosigns for Morse code

2024-08-12T04:28:46Z

WinterWarp: /* top */remove apparent vandalosm

{{Short description|Predefined shorthand signals}}
[[File:L-Telegraph1.png|thumb|right|200px|Diagram of a [[telegraph key]] used to send messages in Morse code]]
'''Procedural signs''' or '''prosigns''' are shorthand signals used in [[Morse code]] [[telegraphy]], for the purpose of simplifying and standardizing procedural protocols for landline and radio communication. The procedural signs are distinct from conventional [[Morse code abbreviations]], which consist mainly of [[brevity code]]s that convey messages to other parties with greater [[data compression|speed]] and [[ambiguity|accuracy]]. However, some [[Morse code|codes]] are used ''both'' as prosigns and as single letters or punctuation marks, and for those, the distinction between a prosign and abbreviation is ambiguous, even in context.

==Overview==
In the broader sense prosigns are just standardised parts of short form radio protocol, and can include any abbreviation. Examples would be '''{{sc|K}}''' for "okay, heard you, continue" or '''{{sc|R}}''' for "message, received".<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> In a more restricted sense, "prosign" refers to something analogous to the nonprinting [[control characters]] in [[teleprinter]] and computer [[character set]]s, such as [[Baudot code|Baudot]] and [[ASCII]]. Different from abbreviations, those are universally recognizable across language barriers as distinct and well-defined [[semiotics|symbols]].

At the coding level, prosigns admit any form the Morse code can take, unlike abbreviations which have to be sent as a sequence of individual letters, like ordinary text. On the other hand, most prosigns codes are much longer than typical codes for letters and numbers. They are individual and indivisible [[code points]] within the broader Morse code, fully at par with basic letters and numbers.

The development of prosigns began in the 1860s for wired telegraphy. Since telegraphy preceded voice communications by several decades, many of the much older Morse prosigns have acquired precisely equivalent [[Proword|pro''words'']] for use in more recent [[radio telephony|voice protocols]].

Not all prosigns used by telegraphers are standard: There are regional and community-specific variations of the coding convention used in certain radio networks to manage transmission and formatting of messages, and many unofficial prosign conventions exist; some of which might be redundant or ambiguous. One typical example of something which is not an officially recognized prosign, but is yet fairly often used in Europe, is one or two freely timed dits at the end of a message, {{sc|'''I I'''}} or {{morse|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot}}; it is equivalent to the proword ''OUT'', meaning "I'm done; go ahead". However the ''official'' prosign with the same meaning is {{sc|'''{{overline|AR}}'''}}, or {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}, which takes a little longer to send.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>

===Representation in printed material===
Even though represented as strings of letters, prosigns are rendered without the intercharacter [[comma code|commas or pauses]] that would occur between the letters shown, if the representation were (mistakenly) sent as a sequence of letters: In printed material describing their meaning and use, prosigns are shown either as a sequence of dots and dashes for the sound of a telegraph, or by an overlined sequence of letters from the [[International Morse Code]], which when sent ''without'' the usual spacing, sounds like the prosign symbol.

The best-known example of the convention is the standard [[distress call]] preamble: [[SOS|{{sc|'''{{overline|SOS}}'''}}]]. As a prosign it is not really composed of the three separate letters ''S'', ''O'', and ''S'', (in International Morse: {{morse|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dash|dash|dash}} {{morse|dot|dot|dot}}) but is run together as a single symbol {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dash|dash|dot|dot|dot}}, which is a [[semiology|sign]] in its own right.

==History==
In the early decades of telegraphy, many efficiency improvements were incorporated into operations. Each of the early versions of Morse code was an example of that: With only one glaring exception (Intl. Morse '''{{sc|O}}'''), they all encoded more common characters into shorter keying sequences, and the rare ones into longer, thus effecting online [[data compression]]. The introduction of Morse symbols called ''procedural signs'' or ''prosigns'' was then just a logical progression. They were not defined by the developers of Morse code, but were gradually introduced by telegraph operators to improve the speed and accuracy of high-volume message handling, especially those sent over that era's problematic long distance communication channels, such as [[Submarine communications cable|transoceanic cables]] and later [[longwave]] [[wireless telegraphy]].

Among other prosign uses, improvement in the legibility of written messages sent by telegraph (telegrams) using white space formatting was supported by the procedural symbols. To become an efficient [[telegraphist|telegraph operator]] it was important to master the Morse code prosigns, as well as the [[Morse code abbreviations|many standard abbreviations]] used to facilitate checking and re-sending sections of text.

==Notation and representations==
There are at least three methods used to represent Morse prosign symbols:
# Unique dot/dash sequences, e.g. {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot|dash}} 
# Unique audible sounds, e.g. ''dah di di di dah'' 
# Non-unique printed or written [[Overline|overlined]] character groups,{{efn|
When overlining is not available, the same characters can be written in <angle brackets> or underlined, hence '''{{overline|{{sc|BT}}}}''' ({{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot|dash}}) is equivalent to both <'''{{sc|BT}}'''> and '''{{sc|BT}}'''.
}} e.g. '''{{overline|{{sc|BT}}}}'''

Although some of the prosigns as-written appear to be simply two adjacent letters, ''most'' prosigns are transmitted as [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] that have '''''no''''' pauses between the patterns that represent the "combined" letters, and are most commonly written with a single bar over the merged letters (if more than one single character) to indicate this.<ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/> The only difference between what is transmitted for the Morse code prosign vs. the separate letter signs is the presence or absence of an inter-letter space between the two "dit" / "dah" sequences.
Although the difference in the transmission is subtle, the difference in meaning is gross:
: For example, the unofficial prosign '''{{overline|{{sc|AA}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash}}) indicates that the receiving Morse operator should begin a new line,{{efn|
name=AA_ARRL_note|
The prosign {{overline|'''{{sc|AA}}'''}} is only used for multi-line addresses inside message headings of [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] batched message format, where sending the more common {{overline|'''{{sc|BT}}'''}} prosign would prematurely terminate the heading.<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
:
The sequence produced by {{overline|'''{{sc|AA}}'''}} {{=}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash}} has also been in non-ITU (hence "unofficial") use in [[German language]] Morse for the letter '''{{sc|Ä}}''', for eastern European railway telegraphy.
}} but the two separate letter sign or abbreviation '''{{sc|AA}}''' ({{morse|dot|dash}}{{morse|dot|dash}}) indicates either the voice procedure words ''ALL AFTER'', used to indicate what part of the previously transmitted message needs to be re-transmitted.{{efn|
Only when sent with ship-to-ship signal lights does the abbreviation '''{{sc|AA}}''' have the same meaning as the voice [[procedure word]] ''UNKNOWN STATION''.<ref name=ICS-102/>
}}

Because no letter boundaries are transmitted with the codes counted as ''prosigns'', their representation by two letters is usually arbitrary, and may be done in multiple equivalent ways. Normally, one particular form is used by convention, but some prosigns have multiple forms in common use:
: For example, '''{{overline|{{sc|AA}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dash}}+{{morse|dot|dash}}) is exactly equivalent to '''{{overline|{{sc|EK}}}}''' ({{morse|dot}}+{{morse|dash|dot|dash}}) and '''{{overline|{{sc|RT}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dash|dot}}+{{morse|dash}}).

: Although the well-known calling prosign for emergency messages '''{{overline|{{sc|SOS}}}}''' is always represented by the three letters "[[SOS]]", it ''could'' just as well be written '''{{overline|{{sc|VZE}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash}}+{{morse|dash|dash|dot|dot}}+{{morse|dot}}), '''{{overline|{{sc|VGI}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash}}+{{morse|dash|dash|dot}}+{{morse|dot|dot}}), or even '''{{overline|{{sc|3B}}}}''' ({{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dash}}+{{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}}); all of these render the same single code {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dash|dash|dot|dot|dot}}.

Many Morse code prosigns do not have written or printed textual character representations in the original source information, even if they do represent characters in other contexts. For example, when embedded in text the Morse code sequence {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot|dash}} represents the "double hyphen" character (normally "'''='''", but also {{nobr|"'''– –'''"}}).<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> When the same code appears alone it indicates the action of spacing down two lines on a page in order to create the white space indicating the start of a new paragraph<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> or new section in a message heading.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> When used as a prosign, there is no actual written or printed character representation or symbol for a new paragraph (i.e. no symbol corresponding to "{{big|[[¶]]}}"), other than the two-line white space itself.

Some prosigns are in unofficial use for special characters in languages other than [[English language|English]], for example {{overline|'''{{sc|AA}}'''}} is used unofficially for both the "next line" prosign{{efn|name=AA_ARRL_note}} and for "'''{{sc|Ä}}'''",<ref name="Deutsch-Österreich-Telegr-1851"/><ref name=Smithsonian-Report-1879/> neither of which is in the international standard.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> Other prosigns are officially designated for both characters and prosigns, such as {{overline|'''{{sc|AR}}'''}} equiv. "'''+'''", which marks the end of a message.{{efn|name=AR_EOM}}<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> Some genuinely have only one use, such as {{overline|'''{{sc|CT}}'''}} or the equivalent {{overline|'''{{sc|KA}}'''}} ({{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash}}), the International Morse prosign that marks the start of a new transmission<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> or new message.<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>

== International Morse code ==
The procedure signs below are compiled from the official specification for Morse Code, ITU-R M.1677, International Morse Code,<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> while others are defined the [[ITU Radio Regulations|International Radio Regulations for Mobile Maritime Service]], including ITU-R M.1170,<ref name=ITU-R-M-1170/> ITU-R M.1172,<ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/> and the Maritime [[International Code of Signals]],<ref name=ICS-102/> with a few details of their usage appearing in [[ACP 131]],<ref name=ACP131F/> which otherwise defines [[operating signals]], not procedure signals.

=== Prosigns ===
The following table of prosigns includes '''{{sc|K}}''' and '''{{sc|R}}''', which could be considered either abbreviations (for "okay, go ahead", and for "received") or prosigns that are also letters. All of the rest of the symbols are not letters, but in some cases are also used as punctuation.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ General-use procedure signs
! Prosign
! Matching voice procedure word
! Code symbol
! Reference
! Explanation
|-
| '''{{overline|AA}}'''
| ''UNKNOWN STATION''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ICS-102/>
| This meaning is '''''only''''' used for directional signal lights.<ref name=ICS-102/> It has no official use in radio telegraphy,<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> where it is ''unofficially'' used to represent an accented letter '''{{sc|Ä}}''' or '''{{sc|Á}}''',<ref name="Deutsch-Österreich-Telegr-1851"/><ref name=Smithsonian-Report-1879/> or the prosign for "next line", and then only when it is embedded inside a heading section in amateur traffic.<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
|-
| '''R'''
| ''ROGER''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Means the last transmission has been received, but does ''not'' necessarily indicate the message was understood or will be complied with. {{Listen|filename=R morse code.ogg|title={{morse|dot|dash|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''K'''
| ''OVER''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Invitation to transmit after terminating the call signal. (e.g. {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}{{morse|dash|dot|dash}}). {{Listen|filename=K morse code.ogg|title={{morse|dash|dot|dash}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|AR}}'''
| ''OUT''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| End of transmission / End of message / End of telegram.{{efn|name=AR_EOM|
{{overline|'''{{sc|AR}}'''}} was used to mark the end of individual telegrams within a batched-message.
}} (Same as {{overline|'''{{sc|EC}}'''}} "end copy", and character '''+'''.){{efn|
As of 2017 the is a proposal that (perhaps inadvertently) changes {{overline|AR}} protocol.<ref name=Benedktsn-Kjartnsn-2014-09-27/>
}} {{Listen|filename=Morse Code - Plus.ogg|title={{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|AS}}'''
| ''WAIT''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1170/><ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| "I must pause for a few minutes."{{efn|
{{overline|'''{{sc|AS}}'''}} may optionally be followed by the estimated number of minutes of waiting time.
}}
Also means "I am engaged in a contact with another station [that you may not hear]; please wait quietly." {{Listen|filename=Morse Code - Ampersand.ogg|title={{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|AS}}''' '''{{overline|AR}}'''
| ''WAIT'' ''OUT''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ACP124/>
| I must pause for more than a few minutes.
|-
| '''{{overline|VE}}'''
| ''VERIFIED''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Message is verified. {{Listen||filename=Morse Prosign - Understood.oga|title={{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''?'''
| ''SAY AGAIN?''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dash|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ACP124/>
| When standing alone, a note of interrogation or request for repetition of the immediate prior transmission that was not understood.
When '''?''' is placed ''after'' a coded signal, modifies the code to be a question or request. {{Listen|filename=Morse Code - Question Mark.ogg|title={{morse|dot|dot|dash|dash|dot|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|INT}}'''
| ''INTERROGATIVE''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ACP124/><ref name=ACP131F/><ref name=Op-Guide-2009/>
| Military replacement for the '''?''' prosign; equivalent to Spanish [[¿|'''¿''' punctuation mark]]. When placed ''before'' a signal, modifies the signal to be a question/request.<ref name=FM24-6/>{{efn|
1945 procedural use: "The correctness of a short portion of a message may be questioned directly by the receiving operator using the interrogatory prosign {{overline|'''{{sc|INT}}'''}}, but this method should not be used to question a part of a message for which a receipt has been given.<ref name=FM24-6/>
}}
|-
| '''{{overline|HH}}''' ...
| ''CORRECTION'' (''kor-rek-shun'')
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Preceding text was in error. The following is the corrected text. (Same as {{overline|'''{{sc|IIII}}'''}} or {{overline|'''{{sc|EEEEEEEE}}'''}}.) {{Listen||filename=Morse Prosign - Error.oga|title={{morse|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|HH}}''' '''{{overline||AR}}'''
| ''DISREGARD THIS TRANSMISSION'' ''OUT''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
| The entire message just sent is in error, disregard it. (Same as {{overline|'''{{sc|EEEEEEEE}}'''}} {{overline|'''{{sc|AR}}'''}}.){{efn|
The prowords {{overline|'''{{sc|HH}}'''}} {{overline|'''{{sc|AR}}'''}} may ''not'' be used to cancel a message after it has already been completely transmitted, and receipt acknowledged.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
}}
|-
| '''{{overline|BT}}'''
| ''BREAK''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Start new section of message. Same as character '''=''' or rarely '''– –'''.
|-
| '''{{overline|KA}}'''
| ''ATTENTION''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Message begins / Start of work / New message (Starting signal that precedes every transmission session. Sometimes written as {{overline|'''{{sc|CT}}'''}}.) {{Listen||filename=Morse Prosign - Starting Signal.oga|title={{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash}}|plain=yes}}
|-
| '''{{overline|SK}}'''
| ''OUT''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| End of contact / End of work / Line is now free / {{nobr|Frequency no longer in use}} (Ending signal that follows every transmission session. Occasionally written {{overline|'''{{sc|VA}}'''}}.)
|}

=== Abbreviations for message handling ===
The following table lists standard abbreviations used for organizing radiotelegraph traffic, however none of them are actual prosigns, despite their similar purpose. All are strictly used as normal strings of one to several letters, never as [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] symbols, and have standard meanings used for the management of sending and receiving messages. Dots following indicate that in use, the abbreviation is always followed by more information.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ General-use abbreviations and letter-codes
! Abbrev.
! Matching voice procedure word
! Code symbol
! Reference
! Explanation
|-
| '''DE''' ...
| ''{{grey|[THIS IS]}} FROM''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Used to precede the name or other identification of the station sending the transmission ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbreviation]]).
|-
| '''NIL'''
| ''NOTHING HEARD''
| {{morse|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
| General-purpose response to any request or inquiry for which the answer is "nothing" or "none" or "not available" ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]). Also means "I have no messages for you."
|-
| '''CL'''
| ''CLOSING''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Announcing station shutdown ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|-
| '''CQ'''
| ''CALLING''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| General call to any station ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|-
| '''CP''' ... ...
| ''CALLING FOR''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/>
| Specific call to two or more named stations ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|-
| '''CS''' ...
| ''CALLING STATION''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/>
| Specific call to exactly one named station ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|-
| '''CS ?'''
| ''WHO ?''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dash|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/>
| What is the name or identity signal of your station? ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]) In many contexts, the question mark is optional.
|-
| '''WA''' ...
| ''WORD AFTER''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dash}} {{morse|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| '''WB''' ...
| ''WORD BEFORE''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dash}} {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| '''AA''' ...
| ''ALL AFTER''
| {{morse|dot|dash}} {{morse|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows the text ... ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| '''AB''' ...
| ''ALL BEFORE''
| {{morse|dot|dash}} {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| The portion of the message to which I refer is all that precedes the text ... ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| {{nobr|'''BN''' ... ...}}
| ''ALL BETWEEN''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| The portion of the message to which I refer is all that falls between ... and ... ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| '''C'''
| ''CORRECT'' / ''YES'' / ''AFFIRMATIVE'' / ''CONFIRM''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Answer to prior question is "yes". ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]])
|-
| '''N'''
| ''NO'' / ''NEGATIVE''
| {{morse|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ICS-102/><ref name=ACP131F/>
| Answer to prior question is "no". ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]){{efn|When Morse was still being used in aeronautics, the entire word '''{{sc|NO}}''' ({{morse|dash|dot}}{{morse|dash|dash|dash}}) was sent instead of the abbreviation '''{{sc|N}}'''.}}
|-
| '''ZWF''' ...
| ''WRONG''
| {{morse|dash|dash|dot|dot}}{{morse|dot|dash|dash}}{{morse|dot|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ACP131F/>
| Your last transmission was wrong. The correct version is ...
|-
| '''QTR ?'''
| ''REQUEST TIME CHECK''
| {{morse|dash|dash|dot|dash}}{{morse|dash}}{{morse|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dash|dot|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ACP131F/>
| Time-check request. / What is the correct time? (Time is always [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], unless explicitly requested otherwise, e.g. {{sc|'''QTR'''}} [[Hawaii Standard Time|{{sc|'''HST'''}}]] {{sc|'''?'''}})
|-
| '''QTR''' ...
| ''TIME IS''
|{{morse|dash|dash|dot|dash}} {{morse|dash}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ACP131F/>
| The following is the correct [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] in HHMM 24 hour format
|-
| '''BK'''
| ''BREAK-IN''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}} {{morse|dash|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Signal used to interrupt a transmission already in progress ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]). [[NATO]] nets use '''{{sc|AX}}'''.<ref name=ACP131F/> Some military networks use {{morse|zerodash}} {{math|≈}} {{overline|'''{{sc|TTTT}}'''}} instead.
|-
| '''CFM'''
| ''CONFIRM'' / ''I ACKNOWLEDGE''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Message received ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]). (Same as {{sc|'''R'''}}.)
|-
| '''WX''' ...
| ''WEATHER IS''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dash}} {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Weather report follows ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|-
| '''{{sc|INTERCO}}'''
| ''INTERCO''
(''in-tur-ko'')
| {{morse|dot|dot}} {{morse|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash}} {{morse|dot}} {{morse|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash|dash|dash}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=ICS-102/><ref name=ITU-R-M-1172/>
| Groups of abbreviations from the ''International Code of Signals''<ref name=ICS-102/> follow ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
|}

== Amateur radio National Traffic System ==
For the special purpose of exchanging [[ARRL Radiogram]]s during [[National Traffic System]] nets, the following prosigns and signals can be used, most of which are an exact match with [[ITU-R]] and [[Combined Communications Electronics Board]] (military) standards; a few have no equivalent in any other definition of Morse code procedure signals or abbreviations.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table of Morse code prosigns and useful [[Morse code abbreviations]]<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
|-
! Prosign
! Code symbol
! Meaning
! Comments
! Verbalization
! As text
|-
| '''{{overline|AA}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
| Start new line
| Space down one line; typewritten as [[Carriage Return]], [[Line Feed]] (CR-LF). Only used instead of '''{{overline|{{sc|BT}}}}''' in [[American Radio Relay League|ARRL]] batched messages, where '''{{overline|{{sc|BT}}}}''' would prematurely start a pending next section.<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|RT}}'''}}.
| {{small|''di dah di dah''}}
|'''{{sc|Ä}}''', '''{{sc|Á}}'''{{efn|name=non-Latin|Non-ITU Code adopted nationally for languages with letters not used in Latin, English, or Italian.}}
|-
| '''{{overline|AR}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot|}}
| Message separator, start new message / telegram.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| New Page, space down several lines.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/> Decoder software may show "'''+'''".<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> Alternative for "Break" in conversational Morse.<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|RN}}'''}}.
| {{small|''di dah di dah dit''}}
| '''+'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| '''{{overline|AS}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot|dot}}
| Wait<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| Respond with: {{overline|'''{{sc|SN}}'''}}, or characters "'''{{sc|R}}'''" (Received) or "'''{{sc|C}}'''" (Confirmed).<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
| {{small|''di dah di di dit''}}
| '''&'''{{efn |name=nonStdUS|Proposed double-use as punctuation {{underline|a}}mper{{underline|s}}and; non-standard. Abbreviation "'''{{sc|E{{hair space}}S}}'''" is typically used instead.}}
|-
| '''{{overline|BT}}'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot|dash}}
| Start new section<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> / new paragraph.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Space down two lines; typewritten CR-LF-LF. Decoder software may show "'''='''".<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
| {{small|''dah di di di dah''}}
| '''=''', '''–{{hair space}}–''' <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| '''{{overline|CT}}'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
| Start of transmission<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> Start of new message.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Attention<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> commencing transmission. Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|KA}}'''}}.
| {{small|''dah di dah di dah''}}
|  
|-
| '''{{overline|HH}}''' ...
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot}}
| Error / correction<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| Always followed by correct text.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/> Equivalent to both  {{overline|'''{{sc|IIII}}'''}}  and  {{overline|'''{{sc|EEEEEEEE}}'''}} . Sometimes transcribed as "???".
|colspan=2| {{nowrap|{{small|''di di di di di di di dit''}} }}
|-
| '''K'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash}}
| Invitation for any station to transmit<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Lone alphabetic character "'''{{sc|K}}'''" at the end of a transmission.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| {{small|''dah di dah''}}
| '''{{sc|K}}'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| '''X'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dash}}
| Full stop<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| Lone alphabetic character "'''{{sc|X}}'''" surrounded by word spaces.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> Substitute for period {{overline|'''{{sc|AAA}}'''}} in ARRL batched messages.
| {{small|''dah di di dah''}}
| '''{{sc|X}}'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| '''?'''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dash|dot|dot}}
| Please say again<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Lone question mark "'''?'''" from the receiving station in response to a transmission; possibly followed by {{nobr|'''{{sc|AA}}''' ...}} or {{nobr|'''{{sc|AB}}''' ... .}}<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| {{small|''di di dah dah di dit''}}
| '''?'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
|-
| '''{{overline|KN}}'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dash|dot}}
| Invitation for named station to transmit<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| Go ahead, specific named station.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/> Decoder software may show equivalent character "'''('''".<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
| {{small|''dah di dah dah dit''}}
| '''(''' <ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| '''{{overline|NJ}}'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dash|dash|dash}}
| Shift to [[Wabun code]]
| Shift from [[Morse code]] to [[Wabun code]] [[Kana]] characters. Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|XM}}'''}}.
|colspan=2| {{small|''dah di di dah dah dah''}}
|-
| '''{{overline|SK}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot|dash}}
| End of contact<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/> / End of work<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
| Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|VA}}'''}}.
| {{small|''di di di dah di dah''}}
|  
|-
| '''{{overline|SN}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot}}
| Understood.<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/> Verify / verified.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
| Message received and checks okay. Alternatively shift from [[Wabun code|Wabun]] to Morse code. "{{overline|'''{{sc|SN}}'''}}'''?'''" verification requested. Also written {{overline|'''{{sc|VE}}'''}}.
| {{small|''di di di dah dit''}}
| '''{{sc|Š}}''', '''{{sc|Ś}}'''{{efn|name=non-Latin}}
|-
| '''{{overline |[[SOS]]}}'''
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dash|dash|dot|dot|dot}}
| Start of distress signal<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/><ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| Only used by the original distressed station, and only for imminent danger to life or property.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> ({{Audio|SOS morse code.ogg|listen}})
|colspan=2| {{nowrap|{{small|''di di di dah dah dah di di dit''}} }}
|-
| '''{{overline|DDD}}'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dash|dot|dot|dash|dot|dot}}
| Start of a distress signal relayed from another station
| Used to forward a copy of a received "{{overline|'''{{sc|[[SOS]]}}'''}}".
|colspan=2| {{nowrap|{{small|''dah di di dah di di dah di dit''}} }}
|-
| '''BK'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dot|dot}}{{morse|dash|dot|dash}}
| Break in conversation<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/>
| [[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbreviation]] for "back-to you" ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/> In conversational Morse some use any of {{overline|'''{{sc|AR}}'''}}, {{overline|'''{{sc|BT}}'''}}, {{overline|'''{{sc|KN}}'''}}, or "'''{{sc|K}}'''" instead.
| {{small|{{nobr|''dah di di dit''}} &ensp; {{nobr|''da di dah''}} }}
| '''{{sc|BK}}'''
|-
| '''CL'''
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}}{{morse|dot|dash|dot|dot}}
| Closing down<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man/><ref name=ARRL_Send_CW/>
| Abbreviation for "closing station" ([[Morse code abbreviations|Morse abbr.]]).
| {{small|{{nobr|''dah di dah dit''}} &ensp; {{nobr|''di dah di dit''}} }}
| '''{{sc|CL}}'''
|}

==Obsolete prosigns==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical Morse code prosigns
|-
! Prosign
! Matching voice procedure word
! Former code symbol
! Explanation
! Reference
|-
| {{sc|'''[[CQD]]'''}}
| Distress call
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot}} {{morse|dash|dash|dot|dash}} {{morse|dash|dot|dot}}
| Obsolete code used to call all stations during distress (see '''{{sc|CQ}}'''). Replaced by [[SOS|'''{{overline|{{sc|SOS}}}}''' in 1906]] (see above).
|-
| {{sc|'''{{overline|VE}}'''}}
| General call
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot}}
| Code re-used for "Message verified" or "Message understood" (see '''{{overline|{{sc|SN}}}}''' above).<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> Replaced by '''{{sc|CQ}}''' (see above).<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|rowspan="6"| 1937 Royal Navy Signal Card<ref name=R-N-1937-card-htm>
{{cite report
|title=Signal Card
|date=1937
|type=military reference
|place=UK
|publisher=Royal Navy
|url=http://www.forposterityssake.ca/RCN-DOCS/SIGNAL_CARD_1937.htm
}}
</ref><ref name=R-N-1937-card-jpg>
{{cite AV media
|title=Signal Card
|medium=image
|date=1937
|place=UK
|publisher=Royal Navy
|url=https://hatchfive.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/e676af9a-0708-4c10-bbe1-fce8667ea652.jpg
}}
</ref>
|-
| {{sc|'''{{overline|NNNNN}}'''}}
| Answering sign
| {{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash|dot}}
| Dropped.
|-
| '''i i'''
| Separative sign break
| {{morse|dot|dot}} {{morse|dot|dot}}
| Generally replaced by '''{{overline|{{sc|BT}}}}''', although it is still used in [[Military Auxiliary Radio System|MARS]] CW operations,<ref name=Op-Guide-2009/> and other military standards.<ref name=ACP124/> Later re-used for both a [[:wikt:ditto|"ditto"]] mark and to represent the warning "I repeat" before a duplicated transmission.
|-
| {{sc|'''{{overline|EEEEE}}'''}}
| Digit 5
| {{morse|dot|dot|dot|dot|dot}}
| Exactly five dits (code for digit '''5'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>). Replaced by '''{{overline|{{sc|HH}}}}'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> (exactly eight dits, '''{{overline|{{sc|EEEEEEEE}}}}'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>).
|-
| {{sc|'''{{overline|RRRRR}}'''}}
| Receipt sign
| ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ 
| Replaced by '''{{sc|R}}'''.<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/>
|-
| {{sc|'''É'''}} (printed as {{overline|e}})
| Further message sign
| {{morse|dot|dot|dash|dot|dot}}
| Re-purposed original ITU symbol for '''{{sc|É}}'''<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec/> not used in English.
|}

==See also==
{{div col begin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Morse code abbreviations]]
* [[Brevity code]]
* [[Procedure word]] (proword)
* [[Q code]]
* [[QSA and QRK code]]
* [[Z code]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name=ACP124>
{{cite report
|title=Communication Instructions Radio Telegraph Procedure
|id=ACP 124
|type=military manual
|url=http://www.navy-radio.com/manuals/acp/acp124d.pdf
|via=Navy-Radio
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ACP131F>
 
{{cite report
|title=Communications Instructions Operating Signals
|date=April 2009
|id=ACP 131(F)
|publisher=[[NATO]] [[Combined Communications Electronics Board]]
|type=military manual
|url=http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp131/ACP131F09.pdf |url-status=dead 
|via=jcs.dtic.mil
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215140321/http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp131/ACP131F09.pdf
|archive-date=2013-02-15
}}
: Also, see article [[ACP 131]].
</ref>

<ref name=ARRL_Oper_Man>
 
{{cite book
|title=ARRL Operating Manual
|edition=10th
|date=8 October 2012
|type=textbook
|place=Newington, CT
|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]
|isbn=978-0872595965
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ARRL_Send_CW>
 
{{cite book
|section=Chapter 3: Sending messages in CW
|title=ARRL Network Reference Manual
|date=25 September 2002
|type=procedure manual
|place=Newington, CT
|publisher=[[American Radio Relay League]]
|section-url=http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Public%20Service/MPG304A.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Benedktsn-Kjartnsn-2014-09-27>
{{cite conference
|last1=Benediktsson |first1=Kristjan, (TF3KB)
|last2=Kjartansson |first2=Villi
|collaboration=Iceland Radio Association
|date=21–27 September 2014
|title=Resolution on conflicting CW procedure
|conference=International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 2014 General Conference
|place=Varna-Albena, Bulgaria
|id=paper VA14 C3 40
|url=http://www.ira.is/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/VA14_C3_40-IRA-Conflicting-CW-Procedure.pdf
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Deutsch-Österreich-Telegr-1851">
{{cite report
|title=[No title cited]
|publisher=Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein (German-Austrian Telegraph Union)
|year=1851
|lang=DE
|quote=The Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein officially adopted Gerke's redaction / revision of Morse code in 1851.
}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2021}} 
</ref>

<ref name=FM24-6>
{{cite book
|title=Radio Operator's Manual
|year=1945
|id=FM24-6
|series=United States War Department
|type=military field manual
|publisher=Army Field Printing Plant, CAS
|place=Fort Monroe, VA
|url=https://archive.org/details/Fm24-6
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ICS-102>
 
{{cite report
|title=International Code of Signals
|orig-date=1855, 1969 |year=2003 |edition=United States
|id=pub 102
|series=Maritime Safety Information Division
|place=Bethesda, MD
|publisher=National Imagery and Mapping Agency
|url=http://www.seasources.net/PDF/PUB102.pdf
|via=SeaSources.net
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ITU_MC_Rec>
 
{{cite report
|title=International Morse Code
|date=October 2009
|series=ITU Recommendation
|id=ITU-R M.1677-1
|type=international standard
|place=Geneva, CH
|publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]]
|department=[[ITU-R|Radiocommunication Sector]]
|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1677/en |lang=en
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ITU-R-M-1170>
{{cite report
|title=Morse Telegraphy Procedures in the Maritime Mobile Service
|date=March 2012
|department=[[ITU-R|Radiocommunication Sector]]
|series=ITU Recommendation
|id=ITU-R M.1170-1
|type=international standard
|place=Geneva, CH
|publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]]
|url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1170-1-201203-I!!PDF-E.pdf |lang=en
|via=ITU.int
}}
</ref>

<ref name=ITU-R-M-1172>
 
{{cite report
|title=Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals to be used for Radiocommunications in the Maritime Mobile Service
|department=[[ITU-R|Radiocommunication Sector]]
|series=ITU Recommendation
|id=ITU-R M.1172
|type=international standard
|location=Geneva, CH
|publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]]
|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1172/en |lang=en
|via=ITU.int
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Op-Guide-2009>
{{cite report
|editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Knight
|editor2-first=Jerry |editor2-last=Ryan
|title=Radiotelegraph Operations Guide
|date=May 2009
|series=[[Military Auxiliary Radio System|MARS]] Training Manual
|publisher=[[United States Air Force]]
|type=military procedure manual
|url=http://www.qsl.net/aga6la/Radiotelegraph%20Operations%20Guide%20May%202009.pdf
|via=QSL.net
}}
</ref>



<ref name=Smithsonian-Report-1879>
{{cite report
|title=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year 1878
|year=1879
|pages=358–360
|place=Washington, DC
|publisher=Smithsonian Institution
|via=Archive.org
|url=https://archive.org/details/annualreportofbo1878smit/page/358/mode/2up
|access-date=2021-03-17
}}
</ref>

}} 

{{Morse code}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prosigns for Morse Code}}
[[Category:Morse code]]
[[Category:Operating signals]]

Pointing and calling

2024-06-11T22:23:09Z

WinterWarp: /* top */Fixed grammar

{{Short description|Railway safety technique}}
[[Image:Train Driver in Japan Pointing.jpg|thumb|right|Train driver pointing]]
[[File:Organs involved during Pointing and Calling.jpg|thumb|right|Pointing and calling requires co-action and co-reaction among the operator's brain, eyes, hands, mouth, and ears.]]
[[File:201812 China Railways Point and Call HXD3D-0683.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese train engineers do pointing and calling.]]
[[File:Pointing and Calling Japanese Safety Standard at Railway Companies & Toyota (HD).webm|thumb|right|(video) different train operators and factory workers using Pointing and Calling.]]
'''Pointing and calling''' is a method in [[occupational safety]] for avoiding mistakes by pointing at important indicators and verbally calling out their status. It is particularly common on [[Rail transport in Japan|Japanese railways]], where it is referred to as ''shisa kanko'' ({{lang|ja|指差喚呼}}), ''shisa kakunin kanko'' ({{lang|ja|指差確認喚呼}}) or ''yubisashi koshō'' ({{lang|ja|指差呼称}}); and in [[Rail transport in China|Chinese railways]], where it is called "{{lang|zh|指差呼唤}}" ([[Pinyin]]'': {{Pinyin|zhi3cha1 hu1huan4}}''). Gesturing at and verbalizing these indicators helps with focus. The method was first used by train drivers and is now commonly used in Japanese industry. It is recommended by the {{ill|Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association|ja|中央労働災害防止協会}} (JISHA, {{lang|ja|中央労働災害防止協会}}),<ref name="japantimes">{{cite web |last=Gordenker |first=Alice |date=October 21, 2008 |title=JR gestures |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/10/21/reference/jr-gestures/#.VL7Xg-d2MTk |access-date=2008-12-05 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Terminal Evaluation - Latin America and the Caribbean |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jica_archive/project/term/latin_america/mexico_2001_3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110716123642/http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jica_archive/project/term/latin_america/mexico_2001_3.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2008-12-05 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]}}</ref> and a part of railway management regulations in China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=铁路技术管理规程（电子版） - 百度文库 |url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/621c1de9172ded630b1cb6db.html |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=wenku.baidu.com}}</ref> It is not common in other countries, though it is used in the [[New York City Subway]] system, Toronto's [[Toronto subway|TTC subway]] and [[GO Transit rail services|GO Transit]] and many systems built in Chinese standards, for example [[Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway|Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway]].

Pointing and calling requires co-action and co-reaction among the operator's [[human brain|brain]], [[human eye|eyes]], [[hands]], [[mouth]], and [[ears]].

== History ==
The method originated in Japan in the early 1900s, with train drivers calling out the status of signals. Back in those days [[steam locomotive]]s were common in use, with loud noises, steam and smoke making the cooperation between the two drivers difficult, and also making rail journeys dangerous. Drivers had to call out loudly to hear each other. The pointing was added a few decades later.<ref name="japantimes" /> During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese occupation of China]] and the [[South Manchuria Railway]]'s operation, the system was introduced to China, which slightly changed to fit the Chinese Railway system.

== Asia ==
[[File:KAI Commuter Pointing and calling.jpg|thumb|A [[KAI Commuter]] conductor pointing and calling after closing the train door at [[Cakung railway station|Cakung station]].]]
The method is widely used in Asian countries, especially in dangerous works such as elevator maintenance and railway operations. The Chinese variant became much more complex including pointing (using both forefinger and middle finger instead of forefinger-only as in Japan, and used when checking signals, doors, speed and other major aspects) and caution (bending the right elbow by 90° and lifting the forearm upright, used when a checking procedure is finished or caution signals).<ref name=":0" />

The method is also used in Indonesia by national rail operator [[Kereta Api Indonesia]] and its subsidiary ([[KAI Commuter]] and KAI Bandara) following the company's reform in 2015, and also by newer regional rail operators such as [[Jakarta MRT]] and [[Jakarta LRT]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pratama|first=TB Gemilang|date=2021-02-06|title=Lahirnya Sistem Tunjuk Sebut dan Perkembangan Penerapannya di Indonesia|url=https://redigest.web.id/2021/02/lahirnya-sistem-tunjuk-sebut-dan-perkembangan-penerapannya-di-indonesia/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Railway Enthusiast Digest|language=id-ID}}</ref> The method also used in [[Kereta Cepat Indonesia China|KCIC]] for the [[High-speed rail in Indonesia|WHOOSH]] train. In India, the forefinger is used for pointing and calling the signals.

In Japan the pointing and calling has become a part of the railway culture, and is featured in many events like the opening of a new railway company, such as the departing ceremony of [[Osaka Metro]].

== North America ==
In North America, transit workers perform a similar procedure, known as "point and acknowledge".

=== New York City ===
[[File:NYC subway conductor pointing at zebra board.jpg|thumb|A [[NYC subway]] conductor points at a "zebra board" at [[34th Street–Penn Station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|34th Street-Penn Station]].|upright=0.5]]
[[File:NYC subway zebra board.png|thumb|A zebra board used on the NYC subway. Upon arriving, the conductor is required to point at the board prior to opening the doors.|upright=0.7]]
In the [[MTA (NYC)|MTA]], before opening the train doors, subway [[Conductor (rail)|conductors]] are required to point to a black-and-white striped board located opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The boards are located at the middle of the platform such that when the conductor can see the sign, both ends of the train have reached the platform and that it is safe to open the train doors. The procedure was implemented in 1996 after a series of incidents where doors opened in the tunnel. The procedure shows that the conductor is paying attention. If the conductor cannot see the striped board, they are not permitted to open the doors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subway Conductors Point the Way to Safety |url=http://www.mta.info/news/2013/11/12/subway-conductors-point-way-safety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328091234/http://www.mta.info/news/2013/11/12/subway-conductors-point-way-safety |archive-date=2023-03-28 |date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

=== Toronto ===
In the [[Toronto subway|TTC]], before opening the train doors, subway guards are required to point to a green triangle installed on the platform wall opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The procedure was implemented after a series of incidents where conductors opened the doors on the wrong side of the train. The procedure is used to focus the conductor's attention.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Committee_meetings/Audit_Risk_Management/2015/September_11/Reports/2014_TTC_APTA_Audit.pdf|title=2014 TTC APTA Audit|date=September 11, 2015|website=TTC.ca}}</ref>

[[Streetcar]] operators are required to confirm [[Railroad switch|track switch]] alignments by stopping at a switch, pointing to the switch with their index finger, and then proceeding. This is done to focus the operator's attention to ensure that the streetcar does not go to a different route.<ref name=":1" />

[[GO Transit]] adopted the practice in March 2021.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Point and Call – Metrolinx introduces the practice of Shisa Kanko to GO Transit trains |url=https://blog.metrolinx.com/2021/03/15/point-and-call-metrolinx-introduces-the-practice-of-shisa-kanko-to-go-transit-trains/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=Metrolinx Blog |publisher=[[Metrolinx]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> Upon entering a station, but before opening the doors, the Customer Service Ambassador (CSA) is required to point towards both ends of the train and announce that the platform is clear as a way to confirm that the train is stopped properly. After the CSA closes the doors, the same process is repeated to confirm that nobody is caught in the doors. According to Metrolinx, incorporating the pointing and calling procedure within GO Transit's daily operations is an important way to enhance safety, "especially as the transit agency gets ready to launch the largest expansion of GO service in {{sic|i|t's}} history".<ref name=":2" />

== Effectiveness ==
A 1994 study by the [[Railway Technical Research Institute]] showed that pointing and calling reduced mistakes by almost 85 percent when doing a simple task.<ref name="japantimes" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* "田辺肇 "危険予知活動実践マニュアル" 1984, [[Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association]]
* "今村一郎 "機関車と共に" 1962、ヘッドライト社, page 78
* "神戸鉄道管理局 "機関車乗務員教範" 1913年, pages 259-262
* {{cite journal |journal= International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics |volume= 43 |issue= 2 |date= March 2013 |pages= 129–136 |title= The effects of "finger pointing and calling" on cognitive control processes in the task-switching paradigm |author1= Kazumitsu Shinoharaa |author2=Hiroshi Naitoa |author3=Yuko Matsuib |author4=Masaru Hikonob |doi= 10.1016/j.ergon.2012.08.004}}
*"Railway Management Regulations(铁路技术管理规程)" 1992, China Railways

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* {{cite video |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LmdUz3rOQU |title= Pointing and Calling Japanese Safety Standard at Railway Companies & Toyota |author= AllAboutLean.com |publisher= Youtube |date= Jan 4, 2014}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.jniosh.go.jp/icpro/jicosh-old/english/zero-sai/eng/index.html |title= Concept of "Zero-accident Total Participation Campaign" |publisher= Japan International Center for Occupational Safety and Health }}
* {{cite video |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9jIsxQNz0M |title= The New York Subway Signs Experiment
|author= Yosef Lerner |date= Oct 30, 2013 |publisher= Youtube |quote= In NYC, subway conductors have to point at a black and white sign to prove that they're paying attention. They do it at every hour, at every stop. It's kind of silly, so we decided to make their day.}}
* {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/adding-japanese-shisa-kanko-techniques-modern-cockpits |title= Adding Japanese 'Shisa Kanko' Techniques To Modern Cockpits |date= Jun 22, 2017 |author= James Albright |work= Aviation Week Network}}

[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
[[Category:Railway safety]]
[[Category:Railway culture in Japan]]
[[Category:Attention]]

Baka

2024-04-29T21:00:16Z

WinterWarp: /* Other uses */ Seemingly accidental phrase removed (test edit?)

{{wikt|baka|Baka|båkå}}
'''Baka''', '''baká''' or '''BAKA''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Ethnicities and languages==
* [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)]], an African ethnic group
* [[Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)]], an African ethnic group
* [[Baka language]], a dialect cluster of Cameroon and Gabon
* [[Baka language (South Sudan)]], a Central Sudanic language of South Sudan

== People with the name ==
* [[Józef Baka]], 18th century poet, Jesuit priest and missionary
* [[Latifa Baka]] (born 1964), Moroccan author
* [[Bikheris]] or Ba-Ka, Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh
* [[Baka (prince)]], Fourth Dynasty Egyptian prince who might be the above-named Bikheris
* [[Baka Prase]] (born 1996), Serbian YouTuber, rapper, gamer and entertainer

==Fictional and mythical characters==
* [[Bakasura]], a mythical demon in the ''Mahabharata'' also known as Baka
* Baka Brahma, a deity in Buddhism - see [[Brahmā (Buddhism)]]
* Bākā, a character from ''[[Juken Sentai Gekiranger]]''
* [[Cirno]], a fictional character from the ''Touhou Project'' who is often referred to by its fans and creator as "baka"

==Places==
* [[Baka, Burkina Faso]], a village in Gnagna Province
* [[Baka, Iran]], a village in Hormozgan Province
* [[Baka, Jerusalem]], a neighborhood in southern Jerusalem, Israel
* [[Baka, Slovakia]], a village in Dunajská Streda District
* [[Bakkah]], also transliterated Baka, another name for Mecca, Saudi Arabia
* Baká, one of the [[municipalities of Nicaragua]]

==Other uses==
*[[Baka (Japanese word)|''Baka'' (Japanese word)]], meaning "fool; idiot; foolish"
*[[Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka|Yokosuka MXY-7 ''Ohka'']], or Baka, Japanese suicide planes
* [[BAKA]], the Muslim chaplain service of the Royal Malaysian Police
* Baka indigobird (''Vidua larvaticola''), a variant spelling of [[barka indigobird]], an African species of bird
* ''Baka'', the 1990 debut album of the world-music group [[Outback (group)]]

==See also==
* [[The Baka Boyz]] (Nick and Eric Vidal), nationally syndicated radio hosts in the US
* ''Baka Rangers'', a group of ''[[Negima! Magister Negi Magi]]'' characters
* [[Bakas]], a village in Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Amalia Bakas]] (1897–1979), Greek singer born Mazaltov Matsa
* [[Rifaiz Bakas]] (born 1982), Dutch former cricketer

{{disambiguation|geo|surname}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

User talk:108.184.70.22

2024-04-27T17:57:41Z

WinterWarp: Note: Manual of style (RW 16.1)

== April 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, please note that there is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] that should be followed to maintain a consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style, as you did in [[:For King & Country (band)]], disturbs uniformity among articles and may cause readability or accessibility problems. Please take a look at the [[Help:Getting started|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 17:57, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

For King & Country (band)

2024-04-27T17:57:26Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 108.184.70.22 (talk) to rev. 1220710105 by Audaciter: Manual of Style issues (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|Australian-American pop duo}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = For King & Country
| image = For KING AND COUNTRY 2018.jpg
| caption = For King & Country performing in 2018
| origin = [[Nashville]], Tennessee, U.S.
| genre = {{hlist|[[Christian pop]]|[[alternative rock]]|[[soft rock]]}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| label = [[Fervent Records|Fervent]]/[[Curb Records|Curb]]
| associated_acts = [[Rebecca St. James]]
| website = {{URL|forkingandcountry.com}}
| current_members = [[Joel Smallbone|Joel David Smallbone]]<ref name=ASCAP>{{cite web|url=http://ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=883355282&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=25&start=1|title=Busted Heart|author=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]]|publisher=ASCAP|access-date=4 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Luke James Smallbone<ref name=ASCAP/>
}}

'''For King & Country''', stylised as '''for KING & COUNTRY''' and formerly known as '''Joel & Luke''' as well as '''Austoville''', is a [[Christian pop]] duo composed of Australian brothers [[Joel Smallbone|Joel]] (born 5 June 1984) and Luke Smallbone (born 22 October 1986).<ref name="for King & Country 4kingandcountry">{{cite web|title=@rochellesheree I'm (Joel) 25, and Luke's almost 23.|url=https://twitter.com/4kingandcountry/status/3282040284|author=For King & Country (4kingandcountry)|via=[[Twitter]]|access-date=23 January 2015|date=12 August 2009}}</ref> The brothers were born in Australia and immigrated to the United States as children, settling in the [[Nashville]] area.

After releasing a short EP as ''Joel and Luke'', in 2012 they released their debut record ''[[Crave (For King & Country album)|Crave]]''. The band was declared by [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']] as one of the "New Artists to Watch" for 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forkingandcountry.com/news/king-country-billboards-artist-watch-2012 |title=for KING & COUNTRY: Billboard's Artist To Watch In 2012! |website=Forkingandcountry.com |date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000010/http://www.forkingandcountry.com/news/king-country-billboards-artist-watch-2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[American Songwriter]]'' described them as "Australia's answer to [[Coldplay]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/11/live-at-american-songwriter-ken-will-morton-for-king-and-country-jack-tempchin-garland-jeffreys/ |title=Live at American Songwriter—Ken Will Morton, For King & Country, Jack Tempchin, Garland Jeffreys |website=Americansongwriter.com |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In 2014, they released their second studio album, ''[[Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.]]'', which won a [[Grammy]] award.

In 2018, they released ''[[Burn the Ships]]'', which achieved gold status. The album featured four singles, including "[[God Only Knows (For King & Country song)|God Only Knows]]", which achieved platinum status, and "[[Joy (For King & Country song)|Joy]]" and "[[Burn the Ships (song)|Burn the Ships]]", which reached gold status. In 2020, they released a full-length Christmas album, ''[[A Drummer Boy Christmas]]''. In 2022, they released their fifth studio album, ''[[What Are We Waiting For?]]''

The band has collaborated with many artists on their work, including [[Dolly Parton]], [[Timbaland]], [[Tori Kelly]], [[Lecrae]], [[Needtobreathe]], and others.

== History ==
=== Early music career ===
The brothers supplied [[background vocals]] and other supporting roles for their sister and family members, [[Rebecca St. James]], and various bands in concerts across America.<ref name="crossrythms" /> Shortly after Luke graduated from high school, the brothers decided to explore the possibility of forming a band, and in 2007, they began performing as their band. They began their career as "Joel & Luke", which they later changed to "Austoville", before settling on their current name.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Susnik |first1=Martin |title=God was at the Grammys in 2020 |date=29 January 2020 |url=https://aleteia.org/2020/01/29/god-was-at-the-grammys-in-2020/ |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

In 2008, "Joel & Luke" released a six-song EP titled ''A Tale of Two Towns''. Three of those songs ("Missing", "Sane", and "Love's to Blame") appeared on ''Crave'' with slightly different melodies and lyrics. The other three songs were "Broken Lullabies", "Believe Me Now", and "Something's Gotta Give". ''Love's to Blame'' was co-written by St. James.<ref name="crossrythms" />

=== Rename to "for King & Country" and ''Crave'' ===
In 2009, they signed on with [[Warner Music Group]] with Ben Glover as their producer. They changed their name to "For King & Country", after a British battle cry. Luke said,

<blockquote>"We wanted a band name that carried more meaning. We were in the studio recording our debut record that Joel had the idea of All The King's Men, like the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. Our producer overheard our conversation and swung around in his chair and said, 'What about For King & Country?' And we all felt a sense of providence at that moment. "For King and Country" was the battle cry of English soldiers willing to lay down their lives for their king and their country. And now it has become our mission, to lay down our lives for our [[Christ|King]] and our country."<ref name="crossrythms"/></blockquote>

In 2011, they released ''For King & Country: The EP''. Their song "[[Busted Heart (Hold On to Me)]]" was released as a single and peaked at No. 3 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Christian Songs chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2012-03-10 |title=Billboard 3/10/2012 |magazine=Billboard |date=10 March 2012 |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> They described "Busted Heart" as "really a universal cry of humanity for something greater than ourselves...We think we've got it all sorted out, and life will deal you those blows."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newreleasetoday.com/article.php?article_id=784|title=#296 – "Busted Heart" by for KING & COUNTRY|website=newreleasetoday.com|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> "Busted Heart" was the fastest-rising single of 2011 in their genre, climbing the Top 10 for weeks.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Their debut album ''[[Crave (For King and Country album)|Crave]]'' was released on 28 February 2012. The album hit No. 2 on the iTunes Top Christian & Gospel albums on its day of release and No. 42 on the overall chart. It peaked at No. 4 on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Christian Albums]] chart, and remained on the chart for 41 weeks.<ref name="For King & Country – Chart history">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/302289/king-country/chart?f=310 |title=For King & Country – Chart history |magazine=Billboard |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> It also reached No. 128 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart.<ref name="For King & Country – Chart history"/> The album [[Crave (For King and Country album)#Critical review|has received positive reviews from critics]]. Shortly after ''Crave''{{'}}s release, they released "[[The Proof of Your Love]]" as a single, remixed and titled "The Proof of Your Love: The Monologue Mix". The single differs from the album version with a [[monologue]] spoken by Joel from {{Plain link|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2013:1-7&version=MSG 1 Corinthians 13:1–7}} ([[The Message (Bible)|The Message]]) as the [[Bridge (music)|bridge]] instead of the guitar riff on the album version. The single reached No. 8 on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Hot Christian Songs]] chart and spent 29 weeks on the chart.<ref name="singlescharthistory">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/for-king-country/chart-history/ico/ |title=For King & Country – Chart history (The Proof of Your Love) |magazine=Billboard |access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> The band toured on the 2012 [[Winter Jam Tour Spectacular]]. In May 2012, they appeared on the ''[[Huckabee]]'' show on [[Fox News Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/huckabee/index.html#/v/1661927652001/light-it-up/?playlist_id=162037 |title=For King & Country on 'Huckabee' |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

Their debut hit song, "Busted Heart (Hold On to Me)" was featured on 28 October 2012 episode of VH1's ''Rehab with Dr. Drew''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/rehab_with_dr_drew/show_music.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011002710/http://www.vh1.com/shows/rehab_with_dr_drew/show_music.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Rehab With Dr. Drew {{pipe}} Songs By Episode |publisher=VH1 |date=11 November 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> Among other television placements, their songs "People Change" and "Love's To Blame" have been featured on [[The CW]]'s ''[[Vampire Diaries]]'', and "Light It Up" and "Sane" have been featured on the [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] show ''[[Drop Dead Diva]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicnewsnashville.com/for-king-country-releases-debut-record-on-feb-28 |title=For King & Country Releases Debut Record on Feb. 28 |publisher=Music News Nashville |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211201539/http://www.musicnewsnashville.com/for-king-country-releases-debut-record-on-feb-28/ |archive-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forkingandcountry.com/bio |title=Biography {{pipe}} for KING & COUNTRY |publisher=Forkingandcountry.com |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101033555/http://www.forkingandcountry.com/bio |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2012, they announced The Proof of Your Love Tour with [[Jason Castro (singer)|Jason Castro]] and [[Dara Maclean]] to visit 30 cities from September through November 2012.<ref name=POYLT>{{cite web |url=http://breathecast.christianpost.com/articles/3656/20120712/king-country-jason-castro-and-dara-maclean-proof-of-your-love-tour-christian-music-news.htm |title='Proof of your Love Tour' Brings three of Christian music's brightest new Artists – for King & Country, Jason Castro, and Dara Maclean |work=The Christian Post |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103130253/http://breathecast.christianpost.com/articles/3656/20120712/king-country-jason-castro-and-dara-maclean-proof-of-your-love-tour-christian-music-news.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2012, they released an original Christmas song: "Baby Boy"; it reached No. 20 on the Hot Christian Songs chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2012-12-22 |title=Christian Songs, Billboard.com, issue date December 22, 2012 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> During the summer of 2013, the band was forced to take time off when the {{height|ft=6|in=4|abbr=yes}} Luke dropped to {{convert|125|lb}} due to an attack of [[ulcerative colitis]].<ref name="Adams 2013-12-12">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeastoutlook.org/days_ahead/article_b3b7ee82-62a9-11e3-a5dc-001a4bcf6878.html |title=For King & Country returning to Southeast Dec. 21–22 |first=Brent |last=Adams |work=The Southeast Outlook |publisher=[[Southeast Christian Church (Louisville, Kentucky)|Southeast Christian Church]] |location=Middletown, Kentucky |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-date=5 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805205141/http://www.southeastoutlook.org/days_ahead/article_b3b7ee82-62a9-11e3-a5dc-001a4bcf6878.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2013, Joel Smallbone appeared in a non-singing role as King Xerxes in the film, ''The Book of Esther'' from Pure Flix Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianactivities.com/pure-flix-entertainment-presents-book-esther |title=Pure Flix Entertainment Presents 'The Book of Esther', Christianactivities.com, issue date June 8, 2013 |publisher=ChristianActivities.com |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000011/http://www.christianactivities.com/pure-flix-entertainment-presents-book-esther |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2013, the band released ''Hope Is What We Crave: Live'', a live album and DVD, both recorded at The Factory in Nashville on the last night of the band's first headlining tour. They also released "Hope Is What We Crave" as a single. It is a reworked version of "Crave" from their album.<ref name="crave">{{cite web|url=http://newsoundmagazine.com/features/item/403-for-king-and-country|title=FOR KING & COUNTRY|publisher=New Sound Magazine|access-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129221154/http://newsoundmagazine.com/features/item/403-for-king-and-country|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> They toured with [[Casting Crowns]] starting in February 2014.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

=== Rise in popularity ===
[[File:For King & Country 12 16 2016 -23 (31621479740).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Joel & Luke alongside band members Vincent Dicarlo and Benjamin Backus in 2016.]]
For King and Country released a new album ''[[Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.]]'' on 16 September 2014.<ref name="Adams 2013-12-12" /> The album spent 17 weeks on the ''Billboard'' 200, peaking at No. 13,<ref name="billboard200history">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/302289/king-country/chart?f=305|title=For King & Country – Chart history – Billboard|magazine=Billboard|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> and reached No. 12 on the [[Digital Albums Chart]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/302289/king-country/chart?f=400|title=For King & Country – Chart history – Billboard|magazine=Billboard|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> The band performed their songs "Run Wild" and "[[Fix My Eyes]]" on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] on 25 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breathecast.com/articles/for-king-country-perform-fix-my-eyes-on-jimmy-kimmel-live-tonight-and-so-it-begins-band-says-on-facebook-pictures-26177/ |title=for King & Country Perform 'Fix My Eyes' on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' Tonight; 'And so it begins!' Band Says on Facebook [PICTURES] : Music |website=Breathecast.com |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forkingandcountry.com/updates/catch-king-country-jimmy-kimmel-live-tonight-22746 |title=Catch for KING & COUNTRY on Jimmy Kimmel LIVE! Tonight! {{pipe}} for KING & COUNTRY Latest Updates |website=Forkingandcountry.com |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121230/http://www.forkingandcountry.com/updates/catch-king-country-jimmy-kimmel-live-tonight-22746 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They were part of the Winter Jam Tour 2015 in the central and eastern parts of the United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Winter Jam 2015 Lineup Announced: Skillet Headlines Tour as Event Celebrates 20th Year |url=https://www.breathecast.com/news/winter-jam-2015-lineup-announced-skillet-headlines-tour-as-event-celebrates-20th-year.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.breathecast.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and part of Winter Jam 2016.<ref>[http://music.blog.ajc.com/2016/02/03/winter-jam-2016-spotlights-crowder-for-king-country-matthew-west/ Winter Jam 2016 spotlights Crowder, For King & Country, Matthew West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412215243/http://music.blog.ajc.com/2016/02/03/winter-jam-2016-spotlights-crowder-for-king-country-matthew-west/ |date=12 April 2016}} (Atlanta Journal Constitution)</ref> The duo released a deluxe anniversary edition of the album on 23 October 2015, including three new songs: "Priceless", "Ceasefire" and "Wholehearted", as well as a reworked version of "It's Not Over Yet", called "The Encore".<ref>{{cite web |title=Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong. Anniversary Edition |url=https://www.christianbook.com/for-king-country/live-free-love-strong-anniversary-edition/pd/CD42912 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.christianbook.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Curb Records]] acquired Warner Music Group's stake in the band's record label, Word Entertainment, thus becoming King & Country's [[record label]].<ref>[https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/music-business/article/20490885/curb-acquires-warners-stake-in-word-entertainment Curb acquires Warner's stake in Word Entertainment] (Nashville Post)</ref>

After releasing their second album, the brothers focused much of their time on the feature film ''[[Priceless (2016 film)|Priceless]]'', which stars Joel in a story about human trafficking. They wrote several songs for the film, part of the reason it took four years to release their next studio album.<ref name="billboard51818"/> They also wrote a song, accompanied by a music video, entitled "Ceasefire" for the 2016 adaptation of ''[[Ben-Hur (2016 film)|Ben-Hur]]''; the song was used in the second official trailer for the film and released as part of the official soundtrack.<ref>[https://ew.com/article/2016/07/13/ben-hur-king-country-music-video-exclusive/ Ben-Hur: For King & Country call for Ceasefire in the music video] (EW.com)</ref>

On 27 October 2017, they released ''[[Christmas: Live from Phoenix]]'', and shortly thereafter embarked on "A Glorious Christmas" tour with Casting Crowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=2548|title=Casting Crowns and for KING & COUNTRY Join Forces on 'A Glorious Christmas' Tour|website=newreleasetoday.com|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>
=== Continued success ===
The band announced that they had begun writing their third studio album, in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=2067|title=for KING & COUNTRY Begins Work on Third Studio Album|website=newreleasetoday.com|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref> The album's lead single, "[[joy (For King & Country song)|Joy]]", was released on 18 May 2018.<ref name="billboard51818">[https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8456563/for-king-and-country-interview-joy-song-premiere For King & Country Are on a 'Passionate Pursuit of Joy' With New Music: Hear Their Lead Single 'Joy'] (Billboard)</ref> It reached No. 35 on ''Billboard'''s [[Adult Top 40]] chart and No. 2 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. ''[[Burn the Ships]]'' was released on 5 October 2018. The brothers described it as the "most mature record that we've made just in understanding who we are as a duo, who we are as men and maybe understanding life because we are a bit older than we were last time around."<ref name="billboard10818">[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8478875/for-king-country-burn-the-ships-interview For King & Country on the Struggles That Informed 'Burn the Ships,' Their 'Most Mature Record' Yet] ''Billboard''</ref> Two of the songs were written about the weighty topics of addiction and suicide, and two were written to and about their wives (who sing in the final track, "Pioneers", and appear in the accompanying music video).<ref name="billboard10818"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2018/09/27/king-country-burn-ships-nashville-ryman-auditorium-suicide-anxiety/1293796002/|title=For King & Country 'Burn the Ships,' confront suicide and anxiety on personal new album|website=[[The Tennessean]] |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> The album contains ten songs and they released five music videos to accompany them.<ref name="billboard10818" /> "Joy" was nominated for the [[61st Annual Grammy Awards|2019 Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song|Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song]].<ref name="Grammy2019">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/8489045/2019-grammy-nominees-full-list|title=Grammys 2019 Nominees: The Complete List|magazine=Billboard|date=7 December 2018|first=Joe|last=Lynch|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

On 11 January 2019, "[[God Only Knows (For King & Country song)|God Only Knows]]" was released to radio becoming the second single from the album.<ref>{{cite tweet |user= 4kingandcountry |number= 1083811288315236354 |date= 11 January 2019 |title="'God Only Knows' released to radio today, which couldn't have come at a better time as it's |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> The song had crossover success, reaching the Billboard Hot 100 and peaking at #17 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The band collaborated with [[Dolly Parton]], who was featured on a new version of "God Only Knows".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/for-king-and-country-dolly-parton-god-only-knows-grammy-nomination/|title=Dolly Parton Changed Everything About For King & Country's 2020 Plans|first=Jacklyn|last=Krol|website=Taste of Country|date=18 January 2020 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> They also released new versions of the song featuring collaborations with [[Timbaland]] and [[Echosmith]].

The ''Burn the Ships'' album won a Grammy in 2019, as did the single "God Only Knows".

In 2020, after cancelling its scheduled tour due to the [[coronavirus pandemic]], the band performed [[drive-in]] style outdoor concerts where attendees listened and watched from their cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pollstar.com/article/how-for-king-countrys-q1-drive-in-smash-kept-the-christmas-spirit-alive-147706|title=Pollstar|website=www.pollstar.com|date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> The band announced they had reached over one billion digital streams of their songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicrow.com/2020/09/for-king-country-celebrate-one-billion-streams-announce-a-drummer-boy-christmas-album-exclusive|title=For King & Country Celebrate One Billion Streams, Announce 'A Drummer Boy Christmas' Album [Exclusive]|website=musicrow.com|date=9 September 2020 |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, the band released ''[[A Drummer Boy Christmas]]'', a full-length Christmas album featuring collaborations with [[Needtobreathe]] and [[Gabby Barrett]].

In 2021, ''Burn the Ships'' achieved [[RIAA certification|RIAA gold certification]]. The band also released a deluxe edition featuring remixes and collaborations with Parton, Timbaland, Echosmith, [[Tori Kelly]], [[Lecrae]], and [[Kirk Franklin]]. Also in 2021, the band released "[[Relate (song)|Relate]]", a single from their forthcoming studio album ''[[What Are We Waiting For?]]'', which was released in March 2022. "Relate" became the band's seventh straight number one hit on the Christian Airplay chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/for-king-and-country-christian-airplay-relate-1235007372/|title=for King & Country Scores Record-Extending Seventh Straight Christian Airplay No. 1 With 'Relate'|first1=Jim|last1=Asker|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=8 December 2021|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> On 24 September 2021, the band released a single titled "[[For God Is with Us]]", which would eventually also be on ''What Are We Waiting For?''. The song peaked at 1 on the Christian Airplay chart, which became their eighth straight single to reach the mark.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |title=For King & Country |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/for-king-country/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> The band then embarked on a fall tour titled Relate | The Fall Tour | promoting these two singles.

On 7 January 2022, the band released a promotional single titled "[[Unsung Hero (song)|Unsung Hero]]", which is about their mom.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOR KING + COUNTRY to Launch Pre-Order of New Album Jan. 7 |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2022/01/06.forKINGandCOUNTRYtoLaunchPre-OrderofNewAlbumJan7.asp |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=2022-03-11 |title=for King & Country Talk Making an Album to Comfort Listeners Through 'Dark, Dark Days' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/country/for-king-and-country-album-family-1235042907/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> The song peaked at 42 on the [[Hot Christian Songs]] chart.<ref name=":0"/> On the same date, pre-ordering for the new album started. On 18 February 2022, the band released their second promotional single from the album, titled "[[Love Me Like I Am]]". The song originally charted at 38 on the [[Hot Christian Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=devops |date=2013-01-02 |title=Hot Christian Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 3 March 2022, they became the first Christian act to perform at [[RodeoHouston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/rodeo/rodeo-review-for-king-country-s-first-16976305|title=Rodeo Review: For King & Country's first RodeoHouston earns high praise|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=for KING & COUNTRY Setlist at Houston Rodeo & Livestock Show 2022 |url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/for-king-and-country/2022/nrg-stadium-houston-tx-438993d3.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=setlist.fm |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Joel Smallbone 2022.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Joel performing at Rock the Universe in 2022.]]
The band's fifth studio album, ''[[What Are We Waiting For?]]'', was released 11 March 2022. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Christian albums chart and #7 on the Billboard 200.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/for-king-country-what-are-we-waiting-for-number-one/|title=For King & Country Adds Second Top Christian Albums No. 1 With 'What Are We Waiting For?'|first1=Jim|last1=Asker|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=24 March 2022|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> One of the songs, "Broken Halos" peaked at 37 on the [[Hot Christian Songs]] chart, as a music video was released along with the song.<ref name=":0" />

On 7 October 2022, the band re-released their song "[[Love Me Like I Am]]" as a single featuring American singer and actress, [[Jordin Sparks]] who was the winner of [[American Idol (season 6)|season 6]] of [[American Idol]]. In addition to featuring Sparks, the song included reworked instruments. The song peaked at No. 10 on the [[Hot Christian Songs]] chart.<ref name=":0" />

On 16 June 2023, the band released the single "What Are We Waiting For?", which had not previously been a track on an album. On 10 August, the band announced the deluxe version of the album alongside the release of the music video for "What Are We Waiting For?". It is slated to be released on 15 September, and feature 4 additional songs, including "What Are We Waiting For?", collaborations with [[Hillary Scott]] and Jordin Sparks on "[[For God Is with Us]]" and "Love Me Like I Am", respectively, and an unreleased track, titled "Better Man".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Cindy |date=August 10, 2023 |title=For KING + COUNTRY Unveil Cinematic 'What Are We Waiting For?' Video as They Announce Deluxe Album (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/for-king-country-announce-deluxe-album-exclusive-what-are-we-waiting-for-music-video-7642309 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>

==Music and influences==
''[[SUSIE Magazine]]'' stated, "It takes only one listen to the brothers' rich, upbeat, alternative sounds and thoughtful lyrics to understand their sudden popularity."{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In a 2012 interview, they described their philosophy:
<blockquote>"The power of music can impact our mood, emotions, our day. But when you merge the strength of music with the heart, hope and passion of the Gospel... it has the ultimate power not only to change someone's day, but to impact them for eternity. This is why we write music and sing songs – we hope that people will be moved, encouraged and stirred to live a life for Someone greater than themselves."<ref name="crossrythms">{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/For_King__Country_From_Rebecca_St_James_sidemen_to_CCM_success_/48617/p1/|title=For King & Country: From Rebecca St James sidemen to CCM success|date=23 May 2012|website=Crossrhythms.co.uk|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

They cite [[U2]], [[Mutemath]], [[OneRepublic]], [[the Beatles]], [[Goo Goo Dolls]], and [[Switchfoot]], as well as [[film scores]], such as those from ''[[Braveheart]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'', as their musical influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/02/writer-of-the-week-for-king-country/ |title=Writer of the Week: for KING & COUNTRY |website=Americansongwriter.com |date=7 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>
Also in an interview with Jesus Music, member Joel Smallbone discussed the 80's hair metal band Stryper and their early influence on the band.

==Personal lives==
Joel David Smallbone was born on 5 June 1984<ref name="ASCAP" /><ref>{{cite web|title=RT about Joel's birthday. Joel from @joelandluke is turning 26 this year. I think he's starting to feel a little old! -L #happybirthday|url=https://twitter.com/4kingandcountry/status/15500519896|author=for King & Country (4kingandcountry)|via=[[Twitter]]|access-date=23 January 2015|date=5 June 2010}}</ref> and Luke James Smallbone was born on 22 October 1986.<ref name="ASCAP" /><ref name="for King & Country 4kingandcountry" /><ref>{{cite web|title=In the last year Luke faced severe illness & became a dad! He's one of the most hope-filled people I know! Happy birthday little brother! -J|url=https://twitter.com/4kingandcountry/status/392772440734330880|author=for King & Country (4kingandcountry)|via=[[Twitter]]|access-date=23 January 2015|date=22 October 2013}}</ref> Both were born in [[Sydney]], to David and Helen Smallbone, and moved to [[Nashville, Tennessee]] in 1991, after their father's job relocation.<ref name="crossrythms" /> Their father was a music promoter, and Joel recalls, "going to these rock concerts, sitting on my father's shoulders, plugging my ears...Honestly, in a lot of ways, I feel like music chose me and as I grew older, I made a clear decision to fully lean into it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forkingandcountry.com/bio|title=Biography {{pipe}} for KING & COUNTRY|website=Forkingandcountry.com|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101033555/http://www.forkingandcountry.com/bio|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Smallbones are the younger brothers of Christian recording artist and speaker [[Rebecca St. James]], and the brothers-in-law of [[Cubbie Fink|Jacob Fink]], former bassist for the band [[Foster the People]]. They were raised with another sister, Libby, and three other brothers, Ben, Dan, and Josh.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Cindy|last=Watts|title=For King & Country gives thanks for family, early trials|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/11/27/king-country-rebecca-st-james/70106770/|journal=[[The Tennessean]] |access-date=23 January 2016|date=27 November 2014}}</ref>

On 26 June 2010, Luke married Courtney Helm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixbook.com/photo-books/wedding/simple-wedding-5629944 |title=Simple Wedding – Wedding Photo Book |website=Mixbook.com |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> Their first child was born on 19 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2012/12/20.ITS%20A%20BOY%20FOR%20LUKE%20SMALLBONE%20OF%20AUSSIE%20DUO%20FOR%20KING%20and%20COUNTRY.asp |title=Music News, December 2012: IT'S A BOY FOR LUKE SMALLBONE OF AUSSIE DUO FOR KING & COUNTRY |website=Jesusfreakhideout.com |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> They also have a son.<ref>{{cite web|author=Janet Van Vleet |url=http://www.reporternews.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/11/02/christian-pop-group-king-country-play-abilene/93189778/ |title=Christian pop group For King & Country to play Abilene |work=Abilene Reporter News |access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://quizlet.com/111859121/smallbonefink-flash-cards/ |publisher=Quizlet |title=Smallbone/Fink Flashcards |access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> In late 2016, Luke announced via social media that he and his wife are expecting their third child.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefishla.com/content/music/luke-smallbone-family-growing-3rd-child-coming |publisher=The Fish 95.9 fm |title=Luke Smallbone Family Growing – 3rd Child Coming! |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024838/http://www.thefishla.com/content/music/luke-smallbone-family-growing-3rd-child-coming |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 2013 to 2015, Luke battled a life-threatening case of [[ulcerative colitis]], pushing him near death and causing him to miss 40 of the band's live shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2016/06/02/king-countrys-luke-smallbone-nearly-died-illness/84971670/|title=For King & Country's Luke Smallbone nearly died from illness|first=Brad|last=Schmitt|website=The Tennessean|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> He went into [[Remission (medicine)|remission]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/religion/for-king-and-countrys-luke-smallbone-keeps-the-faith-20181031/|title=For King and Country's Luke Smallbone keeps the faith|website=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> He and his wife also nearly lost their two-month-old son in 2018; he has since made a full recovery after skull reconstruction surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/for-king-countrys-new-song-luke-smallbone-cried-out-to-god-after-baby-son-became-lifeless.html|title=for King & Country's New Song: Luke Smallbone Cried Out to God After Baby Son Became Lifeless|first1=Jeannie Ortega|last1=Law|first2=Christian Post|last2=Reporter|date=25 October 2018|website=The Christian Post|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

On 7 July 2013, Joel married [[Moriah Peters]], who is also a recording artist, in California.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dinger |first=Anna |url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/131/20130708/king-countrys-joel-smallbone-married-moriah-peters-july-7-photo.htm |title=For King & Country's Joel Smallbone Married Moriah Peters on July 7 [Photo] : Articles |publisher=MusicTimes |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> They now reside in [[Franklin, Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dinger |first=Anna |url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/131/20130708/king-countrys-joel-smallbone-married-moriah-peters-july-7-photo.htm |title=For King & Country's Joel Smallbone Married Moriah Peters on July 7 [Photo] : Articles |work=MusicTimes |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref>

Both brothers are [[Multiple citizenships|dual citizens]] of Australia and the United States.<ref name="billboard51818"/>

==Discography==
{{Main|For King & Country discography}}

=== Studio Albums ===
* ''[[Crave (For King & Country album)|Crave]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Burn the Ships]]'' (2018)
* ''[[A Drummer Boy Christmas]]'' (2020)
* ''[[What Are We Waiting For?]]'' (2022)

=== Live Albums ===

* Hope Is What We Crave: Live (2013)
* ''[[Christmas: Live from Phoenix]]'' (2017)

== Other media ==
===Film===
In 2014, Joel Smallbone starred in the movie "Like A Country Song" which also starred multi-platinum selling recording artist [[Billy Ray Cyrus]] and [[Two And A Half Men]]'s Jennifer Taylor. Joel Smallbone was the lead actor in a 2016 drama about [[human trafficking]] entitled ''[[Priceless (2016 film)|Priceless]]'', which was released in theatres in October 2016. Luke was one of the producers (together with their father) and their brother Ben directed the movie. Some of the music for the film was written by For King & Country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/3176696/joel-smallbone-of-for-king-country-to-star-in-priceless-movie/|title=Joel Smallbone to star in Priceless Movie|work=Inquisitr|date=6 June 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, it was announced that the brothers were working on a musical under the title ''The Drummer Boy'' with the [[Erwin brothers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christianheadlines.com/contributors/michael-foust/filmmaker-erwin-brothers-announce-4-new-movies-launch-studio.html|title=Filmmaker Erwin Brothers Announce 4 New Movies, Launch Studio|last=Foust|first=Michael|date=28 March 2019|access-date=12 July 2019|work=Christian Headlines}}</ref> though no new information has since been released.

On 30 November 2022, the brothers announced via social media that they had made a movie with their brother Ben, called ''Unsung Hero'', which is about their mother, although they didn't announce a release date.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOR KING + COUNTRY on Instagram: "WE MADE A MOVIE!" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/ClmRru7v1JJ/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> On 1 August 2023, the brother announced via their social media that the movie was going to be released via [[Lionsgate]] on 26 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Longs |first=Herb |date=2023-08-03 |title=For KING & COUNTRY's 'Unsung Hero' Movie Coming To Theaters April 26, 2024 |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-countrys-unsung-hero-movie-coming-to-theaters-april-26-2024/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=2023-08-01 |title=Lionsgate Nabs 'Unsung Hero' Drama from Music Duo For King + Country (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/unsung-hero-king-country-movie-1235548803/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Novel===
A novel, ''Priceless: She's Worth Fighting For'', based on the film ''Priceless'', was released on 6 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/news/2154-for-king-country-announce-priceless-novel|title=For KING & COUNTRY Announce "Priceless" Novel|first=Herb|last=Longs|website=thechristianbeat.org|date=2 June 2016 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
In December 2012, iTunes selected ''Crave'' as their Breakthrough Christian & Gospel Album of 2012<ref name=stupidaward>{{cite web|last=Shi|first=Tony|title=For King & Country Is Named Breakthrough Artist of the Year at the First-Ever K-Love Fan Awards|url=http://breathecast.christianpost.com/articles/king-country-named-breakthrough-artist-year-first-8728/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616004442/http://breathecast.christianpost.com/articles/king-country-named-breakthrough-artist-year-first-8728/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|work=The Christian Post|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> while at the inaugural K-LOVE Fan Awards held 1 June 2013, they collected the "Breakthrough Artist of the Year".<ref name=stupidaward /> In 2015, they won two Grammy Awards at the [[57th Grammy Awards]], one for [[Best Contemporary Christian Music Album]] and one for [[Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song]].<ref name="GRAMMYS2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.gospelherald.com/articles/54306/20150208/grammy-awards-2015-christian-artists-lecrae-king-country-erica-campbell-win-big-in-gospel-music-categories.htm|title=Grammy Awards 2015 Winners: Lecrae, for King & Country, Erica Campbell Win Big In Christian Gospel Categories|work=Christian News, The Gospel Herald|date=8 February 2015 }}</ref>

===''Billboard'' Music Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[2019 Billboard Music Awards|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8505581/billboard-music-awards-2019-nominations|title=Cardi B Leads 2019 Billboard Music Awards Nominations With 21|last=Warner|first=Denise|website=Billboard.com|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
| For King & Country
| Top Christian Artist
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''Burn the Ships''
| Top Christian Album
| {{nominated}}
|-
| "Joy"
| Top Christian Song
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[2020 Billboard Music Awards|2020]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Nakamura |first=Reid |date=October 15, 2020 |title=2020 Billboard Music Awards: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.thewrap.com/2020-billboard-music-awards-complete-winners-list/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| For King & Country
| Top Christian Artist
| {{nominated}}
|-
| "God Only Knows"
| Top Christian Song
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[2021 Billboard Music Awards|2021]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Warner|first=Denise|date=May 23, 2021|title=Here Are All the Winners From the 2021 Billboard Music Awards|url=https://billboard.com/amp/articles/news/awards/9576742/2021-billboard-music-awards-winners-list|url-status=live|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523190901/https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/news/awards/9576742/2021-billboard-music-awards-winners-list |archive-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>
| For King & Country
| Top Christian Artist
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| "Together" {{small|(with [[Tori Kelly]] and [[Kirk Franklin]])}}
| Top Christian Song
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022 Billboard Music Awards|2022]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/billboard-awards-2022-winners-list-1235266875/|title=Billboard Music Awards 2022: Full Winners|last=Shafer|first=Elise|date=May 15, 2022|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516040852/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/billboard-awards-2022-winners-list-1235266875/|archive-date=May 16, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>
| For King & Country
| Top Christian Artist
| {{Nominated}}
|}

===Grammy Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|2015]]<ref name="GRAMMYS2015"/>
| ''Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.''
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Album
| {{won}}
|-
| "Messengers" {{small|([[Lecrae]] featuring for King & Country)}}
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|title=59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees |url=https://www.grammy.com/nominees |website=The GRAMMYs |access-date=24 January 2017 |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213051242/https://www.grammy.com/nominees |archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
| "Priceless"
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[61st Annual Grammy Awards|2019]]<ref name="Grammy2019" />
| "Joy"
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020]]<ref>{{cite web |title=62nd Annual GRAMMY Awards |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/62nd-annual-grammy-awards-2019 |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 27, 2020 |date=November 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120183813/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/62nd-annual-grammy-awards-2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| "God Only Knows" {{small|(For King & Country and [[Dolly Parton]])}}
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{won}}
|-
| ''Burn the Ships''
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Album
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[65th Annual Grammy Awards|2023]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Complete Winners & Nominees List (Updating Live) |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2023-grammy-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list |website=www.grammy.com |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116125127/https://www.grammy.com/news/2023-grammy-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list |url-status=live}}</ref>
| "For God Is with Us" {{small|(For King & Country and [[Hillary Scott]])}}
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[66th Annual Grammy Awards|2024]]<ref>https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>
| "Love Me Like I Am" {{small|(For King & Country and [[Jordin Sparks]])}}
| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
| {{nominated}}
|}

===GMA Dove Awards===
{{awards table}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[44th GMA Dove Awards|2013]]
| rowspan="2" | "The Proof of Your Love"
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| Contemporary Christian Performance
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''Crave''
| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Caught Dreaming" {{small|([[Andy Mineo]] featuring For King & Country)}}
| Rap/Hip-Hop Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| For King & Country
| New Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| "The Proof of Your Love"
| Short Form Music Video of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[46th GMA Dove Awards|2015]]
| For King & Country
| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| ''Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.''
| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[47th GMA Dove Awards|2016]]
| For King & Country
| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[50th GMA Dove Awards|2019]]
| "Joy"
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| For King & Country {{small|(credited as Luke Smallbone and [[Joel Smallbone]]}}
| Songwriter of the Year (Artist)
| {{nom}}
|-
| For King & Country
| Artist of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| "God Only Knows"
| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| ''Burn the Ships''
| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[51st GMA Dove Awards|2020]]
| "Burn the Ships"
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | For King & Country
| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| "Burn the Ships"
| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Solo Dios Sabe (God Only Knows)" {{small|(featuring [[Miel San Marcos]])}})
| Spanish Language Recorded Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| "God Only Knows"
| Short Form Video of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[52nd GMA Dove Awards|2021]]
| "Together"
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | For King & Country
| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| "Together" {{small|(with [[Tori Kelly]] and [[Kirk Franklin]])}}
| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''A Drummer Boy Christmas''
| Christmas / Special Event Album of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| Recorded Music Packaging of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''Burn The Ships Concert Film''
| Long Form Video of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[53rd GMA Dove Awards|2022]]
| For King & Country
| Artist of the Year
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | "[[Relate (song)|Relate]]"
| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Concept)
| {{Won}}
|-
| ''[[What Are We Waiting For?]]''
| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
| {{Won}}
|-
| "[[For God Is with Us]]"
| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Performance)
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| ''[[What Are We Waiting For?|What Are We Waiting For? {{!}} The Worldwide Special]]''
| Long Form Video of the Year
| {{Won}}
|-

! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[54th GMA Dove Awards|2023]]
| For King & Country
| Artist of the Year
| {{Pending}}
|-
| "[[Love Me Like I Am]]" {{small|(featuring [[Jordin Sparks]])}}
| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
| {{Pending}}
|-
| [[Do You Hear What I Hear?]]
| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Performance)
| {{Pending}}
|-
|}

== Tours ==

=== Headlining ===

* The Proof of Your Love Tour (2012) (featuring [[Dara Maclean]] and [[Jason Castro (singer)|Jason Castro]])<ref name=POYLT/>
* You Matter | The Tour (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=For King & Country's 'You Matter Tour' Sells Out in 13 Locations; Concerts Support 'RUN WILD. LIVE FREE. LOVE STRONG.' [SCHEDULE] |url=https://www.breathecast.com/news/king-countrys-matter-tour-sells-out-13-locations-concerts-support.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.breathecast.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Kim |date=July 18, 2014 |title=for KING & COUNTRY Says You Matter |url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/7726/20140718/for-king-country-matter-tour.htm |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=Music Times}}</ref>
* Priceless: The Tour (2015–2016) (featuring [[KB (rapper)|KB]] and [[Jordan Feliz]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=2016-06-24 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Launch Fall Headline Tour |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-announce-fall-tour-dates-for-the-priceless-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref>
* A For King & Country Christmas (2016) (featuring [[Lauren Daigle]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesusfreakhideout.com Concert Reviews and Photos: A For King & Country Christmas 2016 |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/AForKingandCountryChristmas2016.asp |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref>
* [[Burn the Ships World Tour]] (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=2018-08-03 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Announces 'Burn The Ships' Album Release Tour |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/aeg-presents-for-king-country-s-burn-the-ships-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Longs |first=Herb |date=2018-11-28 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Launch Burn The Ships World Tour 2019 |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-launch-burn-the-ships-world-tour-2019/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=After COVID, For King & Country isn't taking concerts for granted anymore |url=https://www.inforum.com/lifestyle/arts-and-entertainment/after-covid-for-king-country-isnt-taking-concerts-for-granted-anymore |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=InForum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Longs |first=Herb |date=2019-12-14 |title=For KING & COUNTRY's "Little Drummer Boy" Soars To #1 |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-s-little-drummer-boy-soars-to-1/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Little Drummer Boy | The Christmas Tour (2018) (featuring [[Cory Asbury]] and [[Zach Williams (musician)|Zach Williams]])<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=for King & Country presents "The Little Drummer Boy" Christmas Tour |url=https://themorningthing.com/2018/12/05/for-king-country-presents-the-little-drummer-boy-christmas-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Rise and Shine |language=en}}</ref>
* Together Again (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=TOGETHER: A Drive In Tour |url=https://www.forkingandcountry.com/pages/together-drive-in-tour |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=for KING & COUNTRY |language=en}}</ref>
* [[A Drummer Boy Christmas Tour]] (2020–2023)<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-10-07 |title=for King & Country To Launch Holiday Drive-In Tour In November |url=https://musicrow.com/2020/10/for-king-country-to-launch-holiday-drive-in-tour-in-november/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=MusicRow.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Longs |first=Herb |date=2021-07-26 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Announce 2021 'A Drummer Boy Christmas Tour' |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-announce-2021-a-drummer-boy-christmas-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=2022-07-26 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Announces 2022 Christmas Tour |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-announces-2022-christmas-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=2023-07-17 |title=For KING + COUNTRY Announces 2023 Christmas Tour |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-announces-2023-christmas-tour/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Relate: The Fall Tour (2021)<ref>{{cite web |last=Cluver |first=Ross |date=2021-07-07 |title=for KING & COUNTRY Announces 'RELATE {{!}} The 2021 Fall Tour' |url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/for-king-country-announces-relate-the-2021-fall-tour/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=CCM Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[What Are We Waiting For Tour]] (2022–2023) (featuring [[Dante Bowe]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Longs |first=Herb |date=2021-10-11 |title=For KING & COUNTRY Unveils New Album & Tour In 2022 |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/for-king-country-unveils-new-album-tour-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TCB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="What Are We Waiting For" Spring Tour 2023 |url=https://www.forkingandcountry.com/pages/what-are-we-waiting-for-spring-tour-2023 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=for KING & COUNTRY |language=en}}</ref>
* Unsung Hero Promotional Tour (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2024 |title=We're off to the races on the @UnsungHeroMovie Promotional Tour! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C4HC5b9J1iP/?igsh=MW1yN2hsNzR5cDRhdg== |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* The Homecoming Tour (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melilli |first=Jacquelin |date=2024-02-08 |title=For King + Country - Australia and NZ Homecoming Tour 2024 |url=https://vision.org.au/articles/for-king-country-australia-and-nz-homecoming-tour-2024/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Vision Christian Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Co-headlining ===

* [[Winter Jam Tour Spectacular|Winter Jam 2016]] (with [[Matthew West]]) (featuring [[Crowder (musician)|Crowder]], [[Lauren Daigle]], [[Red (band)|Red]], [[KB (rapper)|KB]], [[Tedashii]], [[Trip Lee]], [[Sidewalk Prophets]], and [[NewSong]])<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-10-12 |title=Winter Jam 2016 Tour Spectacular |url=https://www.platformtickets.com/tour/winter-jam-2016-tour-spectacular |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Platform Tickets |language=en}}</ref>
* A Glorious Christmas (2017) (with [[Casting Crowns]])<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-09-12 |title=Casting Crowns, for King & Country Announce A Glorious Christmas Tour |url=https://thefishoc.com/content/music/casting-crowns-for-king-country-announce-a-glorious-christmas-tour |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=The Fish Base Station}}</ref>
* The Roadshow 2018 (with [[Matthew West]], [[Natalie Grant]], [[Bethel Music]], [[Zach Williams (musician)|Zach Williams]], and [[Social Club Misfits]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Roadshow 2018 Lineup Announced |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=2746 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.newreleasetoday.com}}</ref>
* joy.UNLEASHED (2018) (with [[Skillet (band)|Skillet]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Skillet joy.UNLEASHED Tour Tickets On Sale Now |url=https://www.skillet.com/news/joyunleashed-tour-tickets-sale-now-114821 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Skillet Official Website |language=en}}</ref>

=== Supporting ===

* [[Winter Jam Tour Spectacular|Winter Jam Fall Tour 2011]] ([[Newsboys]], [[Kutless]], [[Matthew West]], [[Red (band)|Red]], [[Fireflight]], [[KJ-52]], [[NewSong]], [[Dara Maclean]], and [[Patrick Ryan Clark]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesusfreakhideout.com Music News, June 2011: RECORD-BREAKING WINTER JAM HEADS WEST FOR FIRST-EVER FALL TOUR |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2011/06/21.RECORD-BREAKING%20WINTER%20JAM%20HEADS%20WEST%20FOR%20FIRST-EVER%20FALL%20TOUR.asp |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref>
* [[Winter Jam Tour Spectacular|Winter Jam 2012]] ([[Skillet (band)|Skillet]], [[Sanctus Real]], [[Peter Furler]], [[Kari Jobe]], [[NewSong]], [[Building 429]], and [[Group 1 Crew]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesusfreakhideout.com Concert Reviews and Photos: Winter Jam 2012 |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/WinterJam2012.asp |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref>
* RESTART Tour (2013) ([[Newsboys]]) (supporting with [[Rapture Ruckus]], [[Moriah Peters]], and CAMPBELL)<ref>{{cite web |title=Newsboys New Album 'RESTART' Release, Fall 'RESTART' Tour 2013 Dates featuring for KING & COUNTRY, See Dates Here (VIDEO) |url=https://www.breathecast.com/news/newsboys-new-album-restart-release-fall-tour.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.breathecast.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[K-Love]] Christmas Tour (2013) ([[Big Daddy Weave]]) (supporting with [[Meredith Andrews]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesusfreakhideout.com Music News, September 2013: 25 ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES SECOND ANNUAL K-LOVE CHRISTMAS TOUR |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2013/09/25.25%20ENTERTAINMENT%20ANNOUNCES%20SECOND%20ANNUAL%20K-LOVE%20CHRISTMAS%20TOUR%20.asp |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref>
* The Thrive Tour (2014) ([[Casting Crowns]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Casting Crowns 2014 'Thrive' Spring Tour Dates Announced, See Full Cities Here |url=http://www.hallels.com/articles/918/20140124/casting-crowns-2014-thrive-spring-tour-dates-announced-see-full-cities-here.htm |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.hallels.com |date=2 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Winter Jam Tour Spectacular|Winter Jam 2015]] ([[Skillet (band)|Skillet]], [[Jeremy Camp]], [[Francesca Battistelli]], [[Building 429]], [[NewSong]], and [[Family Force 5]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesusfreakhideout.com Concert Reviews and Photos: Winter Jam 2015 |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/WinterJam2015.asp |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref>

=== Other live performances ===
In addition to performing on a number of concert tours over the years, the band usually spends the summers performing at summer festivals across the United States and Canada. The band is a regular performer at [[Lifest]] in [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin]],<ref>{{cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Lifest – What a great night with for KING & COUNTRY {{!}} Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Lifest/posts/10155897705391374/?paipv=0&eav=AfZoUJ2U-IaB9bisOAIAZFzTo2D6397haVrdl9XJZ7bdb6AXd-lKZO6zU9J64wfe23U&_rdr |access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref> [[Alive Festival]] in [[Mineral City, Ohio]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Alive Music Festival marks 35th year with worship, TobyMac, for King & Country, Skillet |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/entertainment/2022/07/13/alive-music-festival-2022-features-tobymac-king-country-skillet/7818530001/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Unity Christian Music Festival]] in [[Muskegon, Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Main Stage Presented by Country Dairy {{!}} |url=https://www.unitymusicfestival.com/attend/main-stage-schedule/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Unity Christian Music Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> The band has also performed at a number of non-christian music festivals such as the [[Florida Strawberry Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Willie Nelson, Train, For King & Country To Headline Strawberry Fest |url=https://patch.com/florida/plant-city/willie-nelson-train-king-country-headline-strawberry-fest |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Plant City, FL Patch |language=en}}</ref> [[Kentucky State Fair]],<ref>{{cite web |title=For King & Country at Kentucky State Fair with The Young Escape |url=https://do502.com/events/2019/8/19/for-king-country-at-kentucky-state-fair-with-the-young-escape |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=do502}}</ref> [[L.A. County Fair]],<ref>{{cite web |title=End of Summer Concert Series @ LA County Fair – Los Angeles County Fair |url=https://www.performingartslive.com/Events/End-of-Summer-Concert-Series-LA-County-Fair-Fairplex |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=Performing Arts Live}}</ref> and [[Summerfest]].<ref>{{cite web |title=See photos of Thomas Rhett, For King & Country and more on Summerfest 2022's last day |url=https://www.jsonline.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/festivals/summerfest/2022/07/10/see-photos-thomas-rhett-for-king-and-country-ryan-hurd-more-summerfest-2022-last-day-milwaukee/7752588001/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.jsonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.forkingandcountry.com}}

{{For King & Country|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:For King and Country (band)}}

[[Category:Alternative rock groups from Tennessee]]
[[Category:American multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:American performers of Christian music]]
[[Category:American pop music groups]]
[[Category:Australian Christian rock groups]]
[[Category:Australian alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Australian performers of Christian music]]
[[Category:Christian musical groups]]
[[Category:Christian rock groups from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Christians from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Curb Records artists]]
[[Category:Fervent Records artists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]
[[Category:Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Musicians from Sydney]]
[[Category:Performers of contemporary Christian music]]
[[Category:Sibling duos]]
[[Category:American Christian musical groups]]

Dextromethorphan

2024-04-26T15:26:16Z

WinterWarp:

{{Short description|Cough suppressant, anti-depressent, and dissociative drug}}
{{Redirect|DXM|the cricket bats|Gunn & Moore}}
{{Distinguish|dextrorphan|dexamethasone}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 470624518
| image = Dextromethorphan.svg
| alt =
| image2 = Dextromethorphan-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png
| alt2 = 
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɛ|k|.|s|t|r|oʊ|.|m|ə|ˈ|θ|ɔː|ɹ|ˌ|f|æ|n}} {{respell|DEK|stroh|məth|OR|fan}}
| tradename = Robitussin, Delsym, others
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|dextromethorphan}}
| MedlinePlus = a682492
| DailyMedID = Dextromethorphan
| pregnancy_AU = A
| addiction_liability = Low – moderate
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]
| class = [[Antitussive]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dextromethorphan.html|title=Dextromethorphan Monograph for Professionals|website=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Windhab LG, Gastberger S, Hulka LM, Baumgartner MR, Soyka M, Müller TJ, Seifritz E, Mutschler J | title = Dextromethorphan Abuse Among Opioid-Dependent Patients | journal = Clinical Neuropharmacology | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 127–133 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32947422 | doi = 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000403 | s2cid = 221798401 | url = https://boris.unibe.ch/150461/ }}</ref> [[antidepressant]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Brian|date=2023-11-30 |title=Dextromethorphan-bupropion (Auvelity) for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37859435/ |journal=Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience|volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=609–616 |pmid=37859435}}</ref>, [[NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[dissociative]]; [[hallucinogen]]; [[sedative]]. [[stimulant]]
| ATC_prefix = R05
| ATC_suffix = DA09

| legal_UK = P
| legal_AU = S2
| legal_US = OTC
| legal_CA = OTC
| legal_UN = Unscheduled
| legal_status = OTC

| bioavailability = 11%<ref name="pmid15500572">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kukanich B, Papich MG | title = Plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan after intravenous and oral administration in healthy dogs | journal = Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 337–341 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15500572 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00608.x }}</ref>
| metabolism = [[Liver]] enzymes: major [[CYP2D6]], minor [[CYP3A4]], and minor [[CYP3A5]]
| metabolites = * [[Dextrorphan]]
* [[ 3-methoxymorphinan]]
| elimination_half-life = 2–4 hours ([[extensive metabolizer]]s); 24 hours ([[poor metabolizer]]s)<ref name = MSR>{{cite web|title=Balminil DM, Benylin DM (dextromethorphan) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=15 April 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/balminil-dm-benylin-dm-dextromethorphan-343401#showall}}</ref>
| excretion = [[Kidney]]

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 125-71-3
| PubChem = 5360696
| IUPHAR_ligand = 6953
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00514
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 13109865
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 7355X3ROTS
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D03742
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 4470
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 52440
| synonyms = DXM, 3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan

| IUPAC_name = (4b''S'',8a''R'',9''S'')-3-Methoxy-11-methyl-6,7,8,8a,9,10-hexahydro-5''H''-9,4b-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene
| C = 18
| H = 25
| N = 1
| O = 1
| SMILES = CN1CC[C@@]23CCCC[C@@H]2[C@@H]1Cc4c3cc(cc4)OC
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C18H25NO/c1-19-10-9-18-8-4-3-5-15(18)17(19)11-13-6-7-14(20-2)12-16(13)18/h6-7,12,15,17H,3-5,8-11H2,1-2H3/t15-,17+,18+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = MKXZASYAUGDDCJ-NJAFHUGGSA-N

| melting_point = 111
}}

'''Dextromethorphan''' ('''DXM''') is a [[cough suppressant]] used in many [[cough]] and [[Common cold|cold]] medicines.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dicpinigaitis |first=P |date=2022-09-12 |title=The Current and Emerging Treatment Landscape for Chronic Cough |url=https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-current-and-emerging-treatment-landscape-for-chronic-cough |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |series=Uncovering the Economic Burden of Chronic Cough and the Promising Role of Emerging Targeted Therapies |language=en |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=S159–S165 |doi=10.37765/ajmc.2022.89244 |pmid=36198074 |s2cid=252736111 |quote=By sales, dextromethorphan is the most widely used OTC antitussive drug in the United States, and approximately 85% to 90% of OTC cough medicines contain dextromethorphan}}</ref> It affects [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], [[NMDA]], and sigma-1 receptors in the brain, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In 2022, the FDA approved the combination [[dextromethorphan/bupropion]] to serve as a rapid acting antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Majeed A, Xiong J, Teopiz KM, Ng J, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, Phan L, Cao B, McIntyre RS | title = Efficacy of dextromethorphan for the treatment of depression: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical trials | journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–74 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33682569 | doi = 10.1080/14728214.2021.1898588 | s2cid = 232141396 }}</ref>

It is in the [[morphinan]] class of medications with [[sedative]], [[dissociative]], and [[stimulant]] properties (at lower doses). Dextromethorphan does not have a significant affinity for the [[Μ-opioid receptor|mu-opioid receptor]] activity typical of morphinan compounds and exerts its therapeutic effects through several other receptors.<ref name="urlPharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor CP, Traynelis SF, Siffert J, Pope LE, Matsumoto RR | title = Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 164 | pages = 170–182 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27139517 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as a white powder.<ref name="urlReference Tables: Description and Solubility - D">{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-13.html|title=Reference Tables: Description and Solubility - D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704164745/http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-13.html|archive-date=2017-07-04|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-05-06 }}</ref>

When exceeding approved dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a [[dissociative|dissociative hallucinogen]]. It has multiple [[mechanism of action|mechanisms of action]], including actions as a nonselective [[serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]<ref name="Schwartz, Pizon, Brooks 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwartz AR, Pizon AF, Brooks DE | title = Dextromethorphan-induced serotonin syndrome | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 771–773 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 19238739 | doi = 10.1080/15563650701668625 | s2cid = 37817922 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and a [[sigma-1 receptor]] agonist.<ref name="pmid17386960">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin EJ, Nah SY, Chae JS, Bing G, Shin SW, Yen TP, Baek IH, Kim WK, Maurice T, Nabeshima T, Kim HC | title = Dextromethorphan attenuates trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity via sigma1 receptor activation in rats | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 791–799 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17386960 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.008 | s2cid = 43230896 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15723099">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin EJ, Nah SY, Kim WK, Ko KH, Jhoo WK, Lim YK, Cha JY, Chen CF, Kim HC | title = The dextromethorphan analog dimemorfan attenuates kainate-induced seizures via sigma1 receptor activation: comparison with the effects of dextromethorphan | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 908–918 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15723099 | pmc = 1576070 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705998 }}</ref> Dextromethorphan and its major [[metabolite]], [[dextrorphan]], also block the [[NMDA receptor]] at high doses, which produces effects similar to other [[dissociative anesthetics]] such as [[ketamine]], [[nitrous oxide]], and [[phencyclidine]].


It was patented in 1949 and approved for medical use in 1953.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title= Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=527 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA527 |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Medical uses==
[[File:Dextrometorfano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Store brand dextromethorphan cough syrup]]

===Cough suppression===
The primary use of dextromethorphan is as a [[cough suppressant]], for the temporary relief of cough caused by minor throat and bronchial irritation (such as commonly accompanies the [[influenza|flu]] and [[common cold]]), or from inhaled particle irritants, as well as chronic cough at a higher dosage.<ref name="Young Smith 2011 pp. 224–230">{{cite journal | vauthors = Young EC, Smith JA | title = Pharmacologic therapy for cough | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 224–230 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21724464 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2011.06.003 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref><ref name = AMH>{{cite book | title = Australian Medicines Handbook | year = 2013 | publisher = The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust | isbn = 978-0-9805790-9-3 | place = Adelaide | editor = Rossi, S }}{{page needed|date=April 2015}}</ref> Dextromethorphan is available alone in the form of [[cough syrup]] and [[pill (pharmacy)|pill]]s as well as in combination with other agents.

===Pseudobulbar affect===
In 2010, the FDA approved the combination drug [[dextromethorphan/quinidine]] under the brand name Nuedexta<ref name="Nuedexta FDA label">{{cite web | title=Nuedexta- dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate capsule, gelatin coated | website=DailyMed | date=23 June 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=484e0918-3442-49dc-8ccf-177f1f3ee9f3 | access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> for the treatment of [[pseudobulbar affect]] (uncontrollable laughing/crying). Dextromethorphan is the actual therapeutic agent in the combination; [[quinidine]] merely serves to inhibit the [[enzymatic]] [[catabolism|degradation]] of dextromethorphan and thereby increase its circulating concentrations via inhibition of [[CYP2D6]].<ref name="NguyenThomas2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nguyen L, Thomas KL, Lucke-Wold BP, Cavendish JZ, Crowe MS, Matsumoto RR | title = Dextromethorphan: An update on its utility for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 159 | pages = 1–22 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26826604 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.016 }}</ref>

===Major depressive disorder ===
The combination medicine [[dextromethorphan/bupropion]] is approved for [[treatment-resistant major depressive disorder|major depressive disorder]] under the brand name Auvelity.<ref name="Auvelity Label">{{cite web | title=Auvelity (dextromethorphan hydrobromide/bupropion hydrochloride) | website=Axsome Therapeutics | url=https://www.axsome.com/auvelity-prescribing-information.pdf | access-date=19 August 2022 | archive-date=21 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821043349/https://www.axsome.com/auvelity-prescribing-information.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pmid36301443">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keam SJ |title=Dextromethorphan/Bupropion: First Approval |journal=[[CNS Drugs]] |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1229–1238 |date=November 2022 |pmid=36301443 |doi=10.1007/s40263-022-00968-4|s2cid=253158902 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Dextromethorphan_Bupropion_First_Approval/21320970 }}</ref>

==Contraindications==
Because dextromethorphan can trigger a [[histamine]] release ([[allergic reaction]]), [[atopic]] children, who are especially susceptible to allergic reactions, should be administered dextromethorphan only if absolutely necessary, and only under the strict supervision of a healthcare professional.<ref name="nhtsa" />{{better|date=March 2024}}

==Adverse effects==
Side effects of dextromethorphan at normal therapeutic doses can include:<ref name = MSR/><ref name = AMH/><ref name="nhtsa">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/injury/research/job185drugs/dextromethorphan.htm|title=Dextromethorphan|work=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801054711/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/injury/research/job185drugs/dextromethorphan.htm|archive-date=2008-08-01}}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* body [[rash]]/[[itching]] (see [[#Contraindications|above]])
* [[nausea]]
* [[vomiting]]
* [[drowsiness]]
* [[dizziness]]
* [[constipation]]
* [[diarrhea]]
* [[sedation]]
* [[confusion]]
* [[wikt:nervousness|nervousness]]
* [[closed-eye hallucination]]
}}

A rare side effect is [[respiratory depression]].<ref name = AMH/>

===Neurotoxicity===

Dextromethorphan was once thought to cause [[Olney's lesions]] when administered [[intravenously]]; however, this was later proven inconclusive, due to lack of research on humans. Tests were performed on rats, giving them 50 mg or more every day for as long as a month. Neurotoxic changes, including vacuolation, have been observed in [[posterior cingulate]] and [[retrosplenial cortex|retrosplenial cortices]] of rats administered other [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s such as PCP, but not with dextromethorphan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Olney JW, Labruyere J, Price MT | title = Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs | journal = Science | volume = 244 | issue = 4910 | pages = 1360–1362 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2660263 | doi = 10.1126/science.2660263 | bibcode = 1989Sci...244.1360O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carliss RD, Radovsky A, Chengelis CP, O'Neill TP, Shuey DL | title = Oral administration of dextromethorphan does not produce neuronal vacuolation in the rat brain | journal = Neurotoxicology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 813–818 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17573115 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.03.009 }}</ref>

===Dependence and withdrawal===
In many documented cases{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}, dextromethorphan has produced [[substance dependence|psychological dependence]] in people who used it recreationally. It is considered less addictive than other common cough suppressants, such as the weak opiate [[codeine]].<ref name = MSR/> Since dextromethorphan also acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, users report that regular recreational use over a long period of time can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those of [[antidepressant discontinuation syndrome]]. Additionally, disturbances have been reported in sleep, senses, movement, mood, and thinking.

==Overdose==
Adverse effects of dextromethorphan in [[overdose]] at doses 3 to 10 times the recommended therapeutic dose:<ref name="webmd">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/parenting/teen-abuse-cough-medicine-9/teens-and-dxm-drug-abuse?page=3|title=Teen Drug Abuse: Cough Medicine and DXM (Dextromethorphan)|publisher=webmd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121023716/https://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/teens-and-dxm-drug-abuse|archive-date=2017-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2018}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* mild [[nausea]]
* restlessness
* [[insomnia]]
* talking fast
* [[Mydriasis|dilated pupils]]
* glassy eyes
* dizziness
}}

At doses 11 to 75 times the recommended therapeutic dose:<ref name = webmd/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2018}}<ref name="Dextromethorphan in Cough Syrup: Th">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinak B, Bolis RA, Black JR, Fargason RE, Birur B | title = Dextromethorphan in Cough Syrup: The Poor Man's Psychosis | journal = Psychopharmacology Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 59–63 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28936010 | pmc = 5601090 }}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[hallucinations]]
* [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]]
* [[vomiting]]
* [[blurred vision]]
* [[diplopia|double vision]]
* bloodshot eyes
* [[Mydriasis|dilated pupils]]
* [[sweating]]
* [[fever]]
* [[bruxia]] (teeth grinding)
* [[hypotension]]
* [[hypertension]]
* [[tachycardia]]
* [[hypoventilation|shallow respiration]]
* [[diarrhea]]
* [[urinary retention]]
* [[muscle spasms]]
* [[sedation]]
* [[paresthesia]]
* blackouts
* inability to focus eyes
* skin rash
* severe itchiness
* acute psychosis
}}

Episodic [[acute psychosis]] can occur when high doses of dextromethorphan are taken for recreational use, and an abundance of psychiatric symptoms can result, including [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]] and other PCP-like symptoms.<ref name="Dextromethorphan in Cough Syrup: Th"/>
==Interactions==
[[Serotonin syndrome]] may result from the combined use of dextromethorphan and [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] antidepressants such as [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRIs) or [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOIs).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dy P, Arcega V, Ghali W, Wolfe W | title = Serotonin syndrome caused by drug to drug interaction between escitalopram and dextromethorphan | journal = BMJ Case Reports | volume = 2017 | pages = bcr–2017–221486 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28784915 | pmc = 5747823 | doi = 10.1136/bcr-2017-221486 }}</ref> Further research is needed to determine whether doses of dextromethorphan beyond those normally used therapeutically are needed to produce this effect.<ref name="Schwartz, Pizon, Brooks 2008"/> In any case, dextromethorphan should not be taken with MAOIs due to the possibility of this complication.<ref name="nhtsa" /> Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur rapidly, due to a buildup of an excessive amount of [[serotonin]] in the body.

Patients who are taking dextromethorphan should exercise caution when drinking [[grapefruit]] juice or eating grapefruit, as [[Grapefruit drug interactions|compounds in grapefruit affect a number of drugs]], including dextromethorphan, through the inhibition of the [[cytochrome P450]] system in the liver, and can lead to excessive accumulation of the drug which both increases and prolongs effects. Grapefruit and grapefruit juices (especially white grapefruit juice, but also including other citrus fruits such as [[Bergamot orange|bergamot]] and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], as well as a number of noncitrus fruits<ref name="GANFYD.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Inhibitors_of_CYP3A4|title=Inhibitors of CYP3A4|publisher=ganfyd.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720174834/http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Inhibitors_of_CYP3A4|archive-date=2017-07-20|url-status=live|access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref>) generally are recommended to be avoided while using dextromethorphan and numerous other medications.

==Pharmacology==

===Pharmacodynamics===
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Dextromethorphan and metabolite<ref name="PDSP">{{cite web | title = PDSP Ki Database | work = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP)|author1-link=Bryan Roth | vauthors = Roth BL, Driscol J | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | access-date = 14 August 2017 | url = https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=dextromethorphan&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query}}</ref><ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/><ref name="pmid17689532">{{cite journal | vauthors = Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ | title = A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder | journal = Experimental Neurology | volume = 207 | issue = 2 | pages = 248–257 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17689532 | doi = 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.013 | s2cid = 38476281 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27139517">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor CP, Traynelis SF, Siffert J, Pope LE, Matsumoto RR | title = Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 164 | pages = 170–182 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27139517 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
! Site !! {{abbr|DXM|Dextromethorphan}} !! {{abbrlink|DXO|Dextrorphan}} !! Species !! Ref
|-
| [[NMDA receptor|{{abbr|NMDAR|N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor}} (MK-801)]] || 2,120–8,945 || 486–906 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[Sigma-1 receptor|σ1]] || 142–652 || 118–481 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[Sigma-2 receptor|σ2]] || 11,060–22,864 || 11,325–15,582 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|MOR|μ-Opioid receptor}} || 1,280 {{abbr|ND|No data}} || 420 >1,000 || Rat Human || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/> <ref name="pmid7815359">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raynor K, Kong H, Mestek A, Bye LS, Tian M, Liu J, Yu L, Reisine T | title = Characterization of the cloned human mu opioid receptor | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 272 | issue = 1 | pages = 423–428 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7815359 }}</ref>
|-
| {{abbrlink|DOR|δ-Opioid receptor}} || 11,500 || 34,700 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|KOR|κ-Opioid receptor}} || 7,000 || 5,950 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}} || 23–40 || 401–484 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} || ≥240 || ≥340 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}} || >1,000 || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT1A]] || >1,000 || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT1B]]/[[5-HT1D receptor|1D]] || 61% at 1 μM || 54% at 1 μM || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT2A]] || >1,000 || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α1]] || >1,000 || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α2]] || 60% at 1 μM || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[Beta-adrenergic receptor|β]] || >1,000 || 35% at 1 μM || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[D2 receptor|D2]] || >1,000 || >1,000 || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| [[H1 receptor|H1]] || >1,000 || 95% at 1 μM || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|mAChRs|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors}} || >1,000 || 100% at 1 μM || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|nAChRs|Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors}} || 700–8,900 ([[IC50|IC50]]) || 1,300–29,600 (IC50) || Rat || <ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/>
|-
| {{abbrlink|VDSCs|Voltage-dependent sodium channels}} || >50,000 (IC50) || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || Rat || <ref name="pmid17346698">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JH, Shin EJ, Jeong SM, Lee BH, Yoon IS, Lee JH, Choi SH, Kim YH, Pyo MK, Lee SM, Chae JS, Rhim H, Oh JW, Kim HC, Nah SY | title = Effects of dextrorotatory morphinans on brain Na+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 564 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 7–17 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17346698 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.088 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23139844">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gao XF, Yao JJ, He YL, Hu C, Mei YA | title = Sigma-1 receptor agonists directly inhibit Nav1.2/1.4 channels | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = e49384 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23139844 | pmc = 3489664 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0049384 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...749384G }}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" style="width: 1px;" | Values are Ki (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.
|}

Dextromethorphan has been found to possess the following actions (<1 μM) using rat tissues:<ref name="NguyenThomas2016"/><ref name="pmid24648790" />

* [[Uncompetitive inhibitor|Uncompetitive antagonist]] of the [[NMDA receptor]] via the [[dizocilpine|MK-801]]/{{abbrlink|PCP|phencyclidine}} site<ref name="pmid24648790">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burns JM, Boyer EW | title = Antitussives and substance abuse | journal = Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation | volume = 4 | pages = 75–82 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24648790 | pmc = 3931656 | doi = 10.2147/SAR.S36761 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* {{abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}} and {{abbrlink|NET|norepinephrine transporter}} [[reuptake inhibitor|blocker]] (cf. [[serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]])
* [[Sigma receptor|Sigma]] [[Sigma-1 receptor|σ1 receptor]] [[agonist]]
* [[Negative allosteric modulator]] of [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]]s
* [[Ligand (biochemistry)|Ligand]] of the [[serotonin]] [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT1B]]/[[5-HT1D receptor|1D]], [[histamine]] [[H1 receptor|H1]], [[alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α2-adrenergic]], and [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s

Dextromethorphan is a [[prodrug]] of [[dextrorphan]], which is the actual mediator of most of its [[dissociative]] effects through acting as a more potent NMDA receptor antagonist than dextromethorphan itself.<ref name="pmid10064839">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou YC, Liao JF, Chang WY, Lin MF, Chen CF | title = Binding of dimemorfan to sigma-1 receptor and its anticonvulsant and locomotor effects in mice, compared with dextromethorphan and dextrorphan | journal = Brain Research | volume = 821 | issue = 2 | pages = 516–519 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10064839 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01125-7 | s2cid = 22762264 }}</ref> What role, if any, (+)-[[3-methoxymorphinan]], dextromethorphan's other major metabolite, plays in its effects is not entirely clear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmider J, Greenblatt DJ, Fogelman SM, von Moltke LL, Shader RI | title = Metabolism of dextromethorphan in vitro: involvement of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A3/4, with a possible role of 2E1 | journal = Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–240 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9113345 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1099-081X(199704)18:3<227::AID-BDD18>3.0.CO;2-L | s2cid = 5638973 }}</ref>

===Pharmacokinetics===
Following oral administration, dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the [[gastrointestinal tract]], where it enters the [[bloodstream]] and crosses the [[blood–brain barrier]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

At therapeutic doses, dextromethorphan acts [[central nervous system|centrally]] (meaning that it acts on the [[brain]]) as opposed to locally (on the [[respiratory tract]]). It elevates the threshold for coughing, without inhibiting [[cilia]]ry activity. Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted into the active metabolite dextrorphan in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme [[CYP2D6]]. The average dose necessary for effective antitussive therapy is between 10 and 45 mg, depending on the individual. The International Society for the Study of Cough recommends "an adequate first dose of medication is 60 mg in the adult and repeat dosing should be infrequent rather than [[List of medical abbreviations: Q|qds]] recommended."<ref name="MoriceCough">{{cite web|url=http://www.issc.info/cough.html|title=Cough| vauthors = Morice AH |publisher=International Society for the Study of Cough|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509013127/http://www.issc.info/cough.html|archive-date=2017-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dextromethorphan has an [[elimination half-life]] of approximately 4 hours in individuals with an extensive metabolizer phenotype; this is increased to approximately 13 hours when dextromethorphan is given in combination with [[quinidine]].<ref name="pmid27139517" /> The [[duration of action]] after oral administration is about three to eight hours for dextromethorphan hydrobromide, and 10 to 12 hours for dextromethorphan polistirex.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Around one in 10 of the Caucasian population has little or no CYP2D6 enzyme activity, leading to long-lived high drug levels.<ref name=MoriceCough/>

====Metabolism====
[[File:DXM metabolism.png|thumb|440x440px|Main metabolic pathways of dextromethorphan degradation, which are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ([[CYP3A4]] and [[CYP2D6]]) and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase (UGT)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strauch K, Lutz U, Bittner N, Lutz WK | title = Dose-response relationship for the pharmacokinetic interaction of grapefruit juice with dextromethorphan investigated by human urinary metabolite profiles | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 1928–1935 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19445995 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.004 }}</ref>]]

The first pass through the [[hepatic portal vein]] results in some of the drug being metabolized by O-demethylation into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan called dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this metabolite. Dextromethorphan also undergoes N-demethylation (to 3-methoxymorphinan or MEM),<ref name="DXMdualprobe">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu A, Haining RL | title = Comparative contribution to dextromethorphan metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoforms in vitro: can dextromethorphan be used as a dual probe for both CTP2D6 and CYP3A activities? | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = 1514–1520 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11602530 | url = http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11602530 | access-date = 2015-04-26 | archive-date = 2020-03-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200312134718/http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/29/11/1514.long | url-status = dead }}</ref> and partial conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate ions. Hours after dextromethorphan therapy, (in humans) the metabolites (+)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan, (+)-3-morphinan, and traces of the unchanged drug are detectable in the urine.<ref name="nhtsa" />

A major metabolic catalyst involved is the cytochrome P450 enzyme known as 2D6, or CYP2D6. A significant portion of the population has a functional deficiency in this enzyme and are known as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. O-demethylation of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan contributes to at least 80% of the dextrorphan formed during dextromethorphan metabolism.<ref name="DXMdualprobe"/> As CYP2D6 is a major [[metabolic pathway]] in the inactivation of dextromethorphan, the duration of action and effects of dextromethorphan can be increased by as much as three times in such poor metabolizers.<ref name="pmid8841152">{{cite journal | vauthors = Capon DA, Bochner F, Kerry N, Mikus G, Danz C, Somogyi AA | title = The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–307 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8841152 | doi = 10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90056-9 | s2cid = 10147669 }}</ref> In one study on 252 Americans, 84.3% were found to be "fast" (extensive) metabolizers, 6.8% to be "intermediate" metabolizers, and 8.8% were "slow" metabolizers of dextromethorphan.<ref name="DXMpolymorphicmetabolism">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodworth JR, Dennis SR, Moore L, Rotenberg KS | title = The polymorphic metabolism of dextromethorphan | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–143 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3680565 | doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb02174.x | s2cid = 37950361 }}</ref> A number of [[allele]]s for CYP2D6 are known, including several completely inactive variants. The distribution of alleles is uneven amongst [[CYP2D6#Ethnic factors in variability|ethnic groups]].

A large number of medications are potent [[CYP2D6#Ligands|inhibitors of CYP2D6]]. Some types of medications known to inhibit CYP2D6 include certain SSRIs and [[tricyclic]] [[antidepressant]]s, some [[antipsychotics]], and the commonly available [[antihistamine]] [[diphenhydramine]]. Therefore, the potential of interactions exists between dextromethorphan and medications that inhibit this enzyme, particularly in slow metabolizers.

Dextromethorphan is also metabolized by [[CYP3A4]]. N-demethylation is primarily accomplished by CYP3A4, contributing to at least 90% of the MEM formed as a primary metabolite of dextromethorphan.<ref name="DXMdualprobe" />

A number of other CYP enzymes are implicated as minor pathways of dextromethorphan metabolism. CYP2D6 is more effective than CYP3A4 at N-demethylation of dextromethorphan, but since the average individual has a much lower CYP2D6 content in the liver compared to CYP3A4, most N-demethylation of dextromethorphan is catalyzed by CYP3A4.<ref name="DXMdualprobe" />

==Chemistry==
Dextromethorphan is the [[dextrorotation|dextrorotatory]] [[enantiomer]] of [[levomethorphan]], which is the methyl [[ether]] of [[levorphanol]], both [[opioid]] [[analgesic]]s. It is named according to [[IUPAC]] rules as (+)-3-methoxy-17-methyl-9α,13α,14α-[[morphinan]]. As its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as an odorless, opalescent white powder. It is freely soluble in [[chloroform]] and insoluble in [[water]]; the hydrobromide salt is water-soluble up to 1.5 g/100 mL at 25 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim179.htm|title=Dextromethorphan (PIM 179)|website=www.inchem.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310190514/http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim179.htm|archive-date=2017-03-10|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> Dextromethorphan is commonly available as the monohydrated hydrobromide salt, and is also available in extended-release formulations (sold as dextromethorphan polistirex) contain dextromethorphan bound to an [[ion-exchange resin]] based on [[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate|polystyrene sulfonic acid]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} Dextromethorphan's [[specific rotation]] in water is +27.6° (20 °C, Sodium D-line).{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

===Synthesis===
Several routes exist for the synthesis of Dextromethorphan. Even though many of the syntheses have been known since the middle of the 20th century, researchers are still working today to further develop the synthesis of Dextromethorphan and, for example, to make it more [[Green chemistry|environmentally friendly]].

This includes the synthesis by means of ionic liquids.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

====Racemate separation====
Since only one of the stereoisomers has the desired effect, the separation of a racemic mixture of hydroxy N- methyl morphinan using tartaric acid and subsequent methylation of the hydroxyl group is a suitable method. By using (D)-tartrate, the (+)-isomer remains as the product.
[[File:Racemate separation for synthesis of Dextromethorphan.svg|center|Racemate separation for synthesis of Dextromethorphan|650px]]
This synthetic pathway was patented by [[Roche]] in 1950.

====Traditional synthesis====
The traditional synthetic route uses Raney nickel and has been further improved over time, for example by the use of ibuprofen and AlCl3.

[[File:Traditional synthesis of Dextromethorphan.svg|center|700px]]

Overall, it is a cost-effective method with moderate reaction conditions that is easy to handle and suitable for industrial production.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

====Grewe's cyclization====
[[File:Synthesis of Dextromethorphan via Grewe's cyclization.svg|center|750px]]

Grewe's cyclization is easier to handle in terms of the chemicals used, produces higher yields and higher purity of the product.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Meuzelaar GJ, Neeleman E, Maat L, Sheldon RA |date=2010-06-17|title=ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Substituted 1-Benzyloctahydroisoquinolines by Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization of N-[2-(Cyclohex-1-enyl)ethyl]-N-styrylformamides. |journal= ChemInform |volume=30 | issue=5 |pages=no |doi=10.1002/chin.199905129 |issn=0931-7597}}</ref>

====Improved Grewe's cyclization====
Formylation of octabase prior to cyclization avoids ether cleavage as a side reaction and yields higher than without N-substitution or N-methylation. In this example, the purification was done by formation of a brucine salt.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Synthesis of Dextromethorphan via improved Grewe's cyclization.svg|center|650px]]

This process has also been patented by Roche.

==History==
The [[racemic]] parent compound [[racemorphan]] was first described in a Swiss and US patent application from [[Hoffmann-La Roche]] in 1946 and 1947, respectively; a patent was granted in 1950. A resolution of the two isomers of racemorphan with [[tartaric acid]] was published in 1952,<ref name="Morris">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris H, Wallach J | title = From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | journal = Drug Testing and Analysis | volume = 6 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 614–632 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24678061 | doi = 10.1002/dta.1620 }}</ref> and dextromethorphan was successfully tested in 1954 as part of [[US Navy]] and [[CIA]]-funded research on nonaddictive substitutes for [[codeine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/NCB/02-A-0846_RELEASE.pdf|title=Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010918/http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/NCB/02-A-0846_RELEASE.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-16|url-status=live|access-date=2013-07-28}}</ref> Dextromethorphan was approved by the FDA in 1958 as an [[over-the-counter]] antitussive.<ref name=Morris/> As had been initially hoped, dextromethorphan was a solution for some of the problems associated with the use of [[codeine phosphate]] as a cough suppressant, such as sedation and [[opioid dependence|opiate dependence]], but like the dissociative anesthetics [[phencyclidine]] and [[ketamine]], dextromethorphan later became associated with nonmedical use.<ref name="Morris"/><ref name="cesar">{{cite web|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/dxm.asp|title=Dextromethorphan (DXM)|publisher=Cesar.umd.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073947/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/dxm.asp|archive-date=2018-01-06|access-date=2013-07-28}}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, dextromethorphan became available in an over-the-counter tablet form by the brand name Romilar. In 1973, Romilar was taken off the shelves after a burst in sales because of frequent misuse. A few years later, products with an unpleasant taste were introduced (such as Robitussin, Vicks-44, and Dextrotussion), but later the same manufacturers began producing products with a better taste.<ref name="cesar"/> The advent of widespread internet access in the 1990s allowed users to rapidly disseminate information about dextromethorphan, and online discussion groups formed around use and acquisition of the drug. As early as 1996, dextromethorphan hydrobromide powder could be purchased in bulk from online retailers, allowing users to avoid consuming dextromethorphan in syrup preparations.<ref name=Morris/>

FDA panels considered moving dextromethorphan to prescription status due to its potential for abuse, but voted against the recommendation in September 2010, citing lack of evidence that making it prescription-only would curb abuse.<ref>Nordqvist C. FDA panel: cough meds should stay over the counter. Sept. 14, 2010. Medical News Today Website. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/201227.php. Accessed May 18, 2020. </ref> Some states have restricted the sale of dextromethorphan to adults or put other restrictions on its purchase in place, similar to those for [[pseudoephedrine]]. As of January 1, 2012, dextromethorphan is prohibited for sale to minors in the State of California and in the State of Oregon as of January 1, 2018, except with a doctor's prescription.<ref name="urlwww.leginfo.ca.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0501-0550/sb_514_bill_20110831_chaptered.pdf|title=Senate Bill No. 514|work=An act to add Sections 11110 and 11111 to the Health and Safety Code, relating to nonprescription drugs.|publisher=State of California, Legislative Counsel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308012049/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0501-0550/sb_514_bill_20110831_chaptered.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> Several [[Dextromethorphan regulation by state|other states]] have also begun regulating sales of dextromethorphan to minors.

In [[Indonesia]], the [[National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia|National Agency of Drug and Food Control]] (BPOM-RI) prohibited single-component dextromethorphan drug sales with or without prescription. Indonesia is the only country in the world that makes single-component dextromethorphan illegal even by prescription<ref>{{cite web | title = BPOM Tetap Batalkan Izin Edar Obat Dekstrometorfan | trans-title = BPOM Still Cancels Dextromethorphan Drug Distribution Permit | language = Indonesian | date = 22 May 2014 | work = VIVAnews | url = http://nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/506418-bpom-tetap-batalkan-izin-edar-obat-dekstrometorfan | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150528120821/http://nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/506418-bpom-tetap-batalkan-izin-edar-obat-dekstrometorfan |archive-date=2015-05-28 }}</ref> and violators may be prosecuted by law. [[National Anti-Narcotics Agency (Indonesia)|National Anti-Narcotics Agency (BNN RI)]] has even threatened to revoke pharmacies' and drug stores' licenses if they still stock dextromethorphan, and will notify the police for criminal prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daerah.sindonews.com/read/878465/21/bnn-ancam-tutup-apotek-penjual-dextromethorphan-1404129585%5B%5D|title=SINDOnews {{!}} Berita Daerah Dan Provinsi Di Indonesia|website=daerah.sindonews.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-12-10}} {{Dead link|date=March 2018}}</ref> As a result of this regulation, 130 medications have been withdrawn from the market, but those containing multicomponent dextromethorphan can still be sold over the counter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pom.go.id/files/edaran_dektrome_2013.pdf|title=Pimpinan dan Apoteker Penanggung Jawab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810021225/http://www.pom.go.id/files/edaran_dektrome_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pom.go.id/new/index.php/view/pers/231/Penjelasan-Terkait-Produk-Obat-Batuk-yang-Beredar--dan--Mengandung-Bahan-Dekstrometorfan-Tunggal-.html|title=Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan - Republik Indonesia|website=www.pom.go.id|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203184008/http://www.pom.go.id/new/index.php/view/pers/231/Penjelasan-Terkait-Produk-Obat-Batuk-yang-Beredar--dan--Mengandung-Bahan-Dekstrometorfan-Tunggal-.html|archive-date=2017-02-03|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

==Society and culture==

===Marketing===
It may be used in [[generic drug|generic]] labels and [[store brand]]s, [[Benylin]] DM, Mucinex DM, Camydex-20 tablets, [[Robitussin]], [[NyQuil]], [[Dimetapp]], [[Vicks]], [[Coricidin]], Delsym, [[TheraFlu]], Charcoal D, Cinfatós and others. It has been used in counterfeit medications.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Recreational use===
[[File:DXM Doses.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dextromethorphan gel capsules]]
{{Main|Recreational use of dextromethorphan}}

[[Over-the-counter substance|Over-the-counter]] preparations containing dextromethorphan have been used in manners inconsistent with their labeling, often as a recreational drug.<ref name="cesar" /> At doses much higher than medically recommended, dextromethorphan and its major metabolite, [[dextrorphan]], acts as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], which produces dissociative [[hallucinogenic drug|hallucinogenic]] states somewhat similar to [[ketamine]] and [[phencyclidine]].<ref name=dea1>{{cite web |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/dextro_m/dextro_m.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016221008/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/dextro_m/dextro_m.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-16 |title=Dextromethorphan |work=Drugs and Chemicals of Concern |publisher=[[Drug Enforcement Administration]] |date=August 2010 }}</ref>

It may produce distortions of the visual field – feelings of [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], distorted bodily perception, excitement, and a loss of sense of time. Some users report stimulant-like [[euphoria]], particularly in response to music. Dextromethorphan usually provides its recreational effects in a non-linear fashion, so that they are experienced in significantly varied stages. These stages are commonly referred to as "plateaus". These plateaus are numbered from one to four, with the first having the mildest effects to fourth being the most intense. Each plateau is said to come with different related effects and experiences.<ref name="Giannini_1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Giannini AJ | title = Drugs of abuse | date = 1997 | publisher = Practice Management Information Corp. | location = Los Angeles | isbn = 1570660530 | edition = 2nd }}{{Page needed|date=March 2011}}</ref>

The first plateau is said to induce music euphoria and mild stimulation, likened to that of [[MDMA]]. The second plateau is likened to a state of being on moderate amounts of alcohol and cannabis at the same time, featuring euphoria, sedation and minor hallucinations. The third plateau induces a significant dissociative state which can often cause anxiety in users. Reaching the fourth plateau is said to cause extreme sedation and a significant hallucinatory state as well as complete dissociation from reality. Teenagers tend to have a higher likelihood to use dextromethorphan-related drugs as they are easier to access, and an easier way to cope with psychiatric disorders.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Akerman SC, Hammel JL, Brunette MF |date=2010-12-20|title=Dextromethorphan Abuse and Dependence in Adolescents|journal=Journal of Dual Diagnosis|volume=6|issue=3–4|pages=266–278|doi=10.1080/15504263.2010.537515|s2cid=70666093}}</ref>

==Research==
The combination drug [[dextromethorphan/quinidine]] (AVP-923),<ref name="pmid20373255">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olney N, Rosen H | title = AVP-923, a combination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect and neuropathic pain | journal = IDrugs | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 254–265 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20373255 | doi = }}</ref><ref name="pmid33615952">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khoury R, Marx C, Mirgati S, Velury D, Chakkamparambil B, Grossberg GT | title = AVP-786 as a promising treatment option for Alzheimer's Disease including agitation | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 22 | issue = 7 | pages = 783–795 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33615952 | doi = 10.1080/14656566.2021.1882995 | s2cid = 231987025 }}</ref> traditionally used to treat [[pseudobulbar affect]], is under investigation for the treatment of a variety of other neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including [[agitation (dementia)|agitation]] associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]], among others.<ref name="NguyenThomas2016" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murrough JW, Wade E, Sayed S, Ahle G, Kiraly DD, Welch A, Collins KA, Soleimani L, Iosifescu DV, Charney DS | title = Dextromethorphan/quinidine pharmacotherapy in patients with treatment resistant depression: A proof of concept clinical trial | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 218 | pages = 277–283 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28478356 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.072 | s2cid = 46777150 }}</ref> In 2013, a randomized clinical trial found that dextromethorphan may reduce the overall discomfort and duration of withdrawal symptoms associated with [[opioid use disorder]]. When combined with [[clonidine]], dextromethorphan reduced the overall time needed for withdrawal symptoms to peak by 24 hours while reducing severity of symptoms compared to clonidine alone.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malek A, Amiri S, Habibi Asl B | title = The therapeutic effect of adding dextromethorphan to clonidine for reducing symptoms of opioid withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | volume = 2013 | pages = 546030 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23864983 | pmc = 3706070 | doi = 10.1155/2013/546030 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Antitussives}}
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User talk:86.12.191.164

2024-04-26T15:13:17Z

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George Fenwick (Parliamentarian)

2024-04-26T15:12:25Z

WinterWarp: Restoring revision 1198607337 by Tom.Reding: Rollback multi-edit vandalism by 86.12.191.164 (RW 16.1)

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= George Fenwick
|image =
|caption =
|order1 =
|office1 = [[List of colonial governors of Connecticut|2nd Governor of Saybrook Colony]]
|term_start1 = 1639
|term_end1 = 1644
|predecessor1 = [[John Winthrop the Younger]]
|successor1 = [[Theophilus Eaton]] (New Haven Colony)
|office2 = [[New England Confederation|Commissioner]] for [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut River Colony]]
|term_start2 = 1643
|term_end2 = 1645
|alongside2 = [[Edward Hopkins]], John Brown
|term_start3 = 1647
|term_end3 = 1648
|alongside3 = Edward Hopkins, John Mason, William Whiting, John Brown, [[Roger Ludlow]]
|office4 = [[Long Parliament|Member of Parliament]] for [[Morpeth (UK Parliament constituency)|Morpeth]]
|term_start4 = 1645
|term_end4 = 1648
|predecessor4 = [[John Fenwick (MP for Morpeth)|John Fenwick]]
|successor4 = [[Robert Mitford]]
| birth_name =
|birth_date = 1603?
|birth_place = [[England]]
|death_date = 1657
|death_place = [[England]]
|party =
|profession = [[Roundheads|Parliamentarian]] and governor
|religion =
}}

'''George Fenwick''' (1603?–1657), was an English [[Roundheads|Parliamentarian]], and a leading colonist in the short-lived [[Saybrook Colony]].

==Early life==
Fenwick was the son of George Fenwick of [[Brinkburn]], Northumberland, and Dorothy, daughter of John Forster of Newham, was born about 1603.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Hodgson, ''Northumberland'', ii. ii. 115</ref> Fenwick was called to the bar at [[Gray's Inn]] on 21 November 1631, and admitted ancient on 24 May 1650.

==Settlement in America==
He took an active part in the scheme for colonising Connecticut, signed the agreement of the patentees with [[John Winthrop the Younger]] in 1635, and visited Boston in 1636.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Massachusetts Historical Collections'', 5th ser. i. 223, 482</ref> In 1639 he settled with his wife and family in the [[Saybrook Colony]] at the mouth of the [[Connecticut River]], as agent for the patentees and governor of the fort of Saybrook.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Winthrop, ''History of New England'', i. 306</ref> In 1642 upon the death of Native American leader, [[Wequash Cook]], Fenwick took in Cook's son, Wenamoag, to raise, but it is unknown what happened to Wenamoag after Fenwick's wife died and Fenwick returned to England in 1645.<ref>Katherine Dimancescu, ''Denizens: A Narrative of Captain George Denison and His New England ...'' (2018), p. 124
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0989616983</ref>

Letters written by him during his residence in America are printed in the ''Massachusetts Historical Collections'', iv. 6, 365, v. 1, 223, and in the publications of the [[Prince Society]], ''Hutchinson Papers'', i. 120. At the meeting of the commissioners of the united colonies in 1643, Fenwick, as agent of the patentees, was one of the two representatives of Connecticut.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Trumbull, Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, i. 90</ref> On 5 December 1644 he sold the fort at Saybrook and its appurtenances to the [[Colony of Connecticut]], pledging himself at the same time that all the lands mentioned in the patent should fall under the jurisdiction of Connecticut if it came into his power. The non-fulfilment of this promise led to numerous disputes, and in 1657 the colony refused to give his heirs possession of his estate until they paid 500[[Pound sign|£]] for non-fulfilment of the agreement and gave an acquittance of all claims.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Connecticut Records'', i. 119, 266, 569, 584</ref> Fenwick returned to England in 1645. While living at Saybrook he lost his first wife; her monument is said to be still extant there.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Winthrop, i. § 306</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
On 20 Oct 1645 Fenwick was elected to the [[Long Parliament]] as member for [[Morpeth (UK Parliament constituency)|Morpeth]]. During the [[Second English Civil War]] he commanded a regiment of northern militia, took part in the defeat of Sir Richard Tempest by Lambert, relieved [[Lindisfarne|Holy Island]], and recaptured [[Fenham Castle]].<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Rushworth, vii. 1177, 1253</ref> On the surrender of Berwick he became governor of that place, apparently at first as deputy for [[Arthur Haselrig|Sir Arthur Haslerig]].<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Moderate Intelligencer'', 5–12 October 1648</ref> Fenwick was appointed one of the commissioners for the trial of [[Charles I of England|the king]], but did not act.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Nalson, Trial of Charles I, p. 3</ref> In 1650 he took part in [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s invasion of Scotland, was made [[Governor of Leith]] and [[Edinburgh Castle]] in December 1650, and took [[Hume Castle]] in February 1651.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''[[Mercurius Politicus (1650)|Mercurius Politicus]]'', Nos. 31, 37</ref> He was also one of the eight commissioners appointed for the government of Scotland in December 1651, after the [[Tender of Union]].<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Old Parliamentary History'', xx. 82</ref>

In the two Protectorate parliaments of 1654 and 1656 he represented [[Berwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Berwick]], and was one of the members excluded from the second of those parliaments.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Whitelocke, iv. 280, ed. 1853; Thurloe, v. 453</ref>

==Private life==
[[File:Coat of Arms of George Fenwick.svg|175px|thumb|Coat of Arms of George Fenwick]]
According to his monument in the parish church of Berwick, Fenwick died on 15 March 1657, and this is confirmed by the fact that a new writ for Berwick was moved on 26 March 1657.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Scott, ''Hist. of Berwick'', 1888, p. 215; Return of members of parliament, pt. i. p. 505</ref> His will, signed 8 March 1657.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Public Records of Connecticut'' i. 341, 574</ref> In some accounts Fenwick is confused with Lieutenant-colonel [[Roger Fenwick (Roundhead)|Roger Fenwick]], who was killed in the [[Battle of the Dunes (1658)|Battle of Dunkirk]], 4 June 1658.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: ''Mercurius Politicus'', 3–10 June 1658</ref>

Fenwick was twice married: first, to [[Elizabeth Apsley|Alice, daughter of Sir Edward Apsley]] of [[Thakeham]], Sussex, and widow of Sir John Boteler of [[Teston]], Kent (he died 2 August 1634).<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Hasted, Kent, ii. 291; Berry, Sussex Genealogies, p. 150)</ref> Secondly, to Catherine, eldest daughter of Sir Arthur Haslerig, born in 1635, who married, after the death of Fenwick, Colonel Philip Babington, and died in 1670.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1889|p=328}} cites: Hodgson, Northumberland, ii. i. 346.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
;Attribution
{{DNB|first=Charles Harding |last=Firth|wstitle=Fenwick, George |volume=18 |page=328}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Winthrop the Younger]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of colonial governors of Connecticut|Governor of the Saybrook Colony]]|years=1639–1644}}
{{s-non|reason=Colony merged with the [[Connecticut Colony]]}}
{{s-par|en}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[John Fenwick (MP for Morpeth)|John Fenwick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Morpeth (UK Parliament constituency)|Morpeth]]|years=1640–1652|with=[[John Fiennes]]}}
{{s-vac|reason=Morpeth not represented in [[Barebones Parliament]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|reason=Berwick-upon-Tweed not represented in [[Barebones Parliament]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Berwick-upon-Tweed (UK Parliament constituency)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]]|years=1654–1657}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Rushworth]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenwick, George}}
[[Category:1600s births]]
[[Category:1657 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Northumberland]]
[[Category:Roundheads]]
[[Category:Settlers of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Colonial governors of Connecticut]]
[[Category:English MPs 1640–1648]]
[[Category:English MPs 1648–1653]]
[[Category:English MPs 1654–1655]]
[[Category:English MPs 1656–1658]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the Thirteen Colonies]]

User:WinterWarp

2024-04-24T00:02:35Z

WinterWarp: Reword lead to add some things (this is officially one of the worst edit summaries I have ever written)

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User talk:WinterWarp

2024-04-23T23:59:32Z

WinterWarp: Get a Clue, Bot! (III)

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== Noam Bettan ==
People do not want to know about our nationality, our customs, our music and our singers, so why continue maintaining something if the majority votes to eliminate this article. I have worked on it 100% since its creation and the responses are deleted. This frustrates me. --[[User:Acartonadooopo|Acartonadooopo]] ([[User talk:Acartonadooopo|talk]]) 21:08, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

:I do understand your frustration, but we have a process for reviewing deletion nominations, and deleting most of an article is not a good way to speed up it's review.
:[[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp#top|talk]]) 21:19, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

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Happy editing! [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp#top|talk]]) 17:54, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

User talk:JamesJones9999

2024-04-23T23:43:47Z

WinterWarp: Note: Using improper humor (RW 16.1)

== April 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] [[Help:Introduction|Welcome]], and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia, and articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to [[:Patrick Bateman]]. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, please use [[User:JamesJones9999/sandbox|your sandbox]] instead, where you are given a [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|certain degree of freedom]] in what you write.  [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 23:43, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Patrick Bateman

2024-04-23T23:43:37Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by JamesJones9999 (talk) to rev. 1217539993 by JJMC89 bot III: Joke edit (RW 16.1)

{{Short description|Fictional character from American Psycho}}
{{for|the EP|Patrick Bateman (EP)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Patrick Bateman
| image = [[File:American-psycho-patrick-bateman.jpg|frameless]]
| caption = [[Christian Bale]] as Patrick Bateman
| first = ''[[The Rules of Attraction]]'' (1987)
| last = ''[[Lunar Park]]'' (2005)
| creator = [[Bret Easton Ellis]]
| portrayer = {{plainlist|
* [[Christian Bale]] (''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]'')
* Dechen Thurman (''[[Bret Easton Ellis#Filmography|This Is Not an Exit]]'')
* Michael Kremko (''[[American Psycho 2]]'')
* [[Casper Van Dien]] (''[[The Rules of Attraction (film)|The Rules of Attraction]]'', deleted scene)
* [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]] & [[Benjamin Walker (actor)|Benjamin Walker]] (''[[American Psycho (musical)|American Psycho: The Musical]]'')
* [[Casey Cott]] (as [[Kevin Keller (character)|Kevin Keller]] in ''[[Chapter One Hundred and Twelve: American Psychos|Riverdale: American Psychos]]''<ref name="riverdaleinamericanpsycho">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2022/06/riverdale-season-6-episode-17-review-chapter-one-hundred-and-twe/amp/|title=Riverdale Season 6 Episode 17 Review: Chapter One Hundred And Twelve: American Psychos|last=Carreiro|first=Justin|work=TV Fanatic|date=June 13, 2022|access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>)
}}
| aliases = Pat Bateman Marcus Halberstam (Marcus Halberstram) Paul Owen (Paul Allen)
| gender = Male
| occupation = [[Investment banking|Investment banker]]
| title = [[Vice President]]
| family = [[The Rules of Attraction#Sean Bateman|Sean Bateman]] (younger brother)
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| lbl21 = Education
| data21 = [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] [[Harvard College]] [[Harvard Business School]]
}}
'''Patrick Bateman''' is a fictional character created by novelist [[Bret Easton Ellis]]. He is the [[villain protagonist]] and [[unreliable narrator]] of Ellis's 1991 novel ''[[American Psycho]]'' and is played by [[Christian Bale]] in [[American Psycho (film)|the 2000 film adaptation of the same name.]]

Bateman is a wealthy and [[Economic materialism|materialistic]] [[yuppie]] and Wall Street [[investment banking|investment banker]] who, supposedly, leads a secret life as a [[serial killer]]. He has also briefly appeared in other Ellis novels and their film and theatrical adaptations.

==Biography and profile==
Bateman, at the beginning of ''American Psycho'', is a 27-year-old specialist in [[mergers and acquisitions]] at the fictional [[Wall Street]] investment firm of Pierce & Pierce (also Sherman McCoy's firm in ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities]]''<ref>{{cite news|first=Hermione|last=Hoby|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/10/bonfire-of-vanities-tom-wolfe|title= The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=January 9, 2010|access-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>) and lives at 55 West 81st Street, [[Upper West Side]] on the 11th floor of the American Gardens Building (where he is a neighbor of actor [[Tom Cruise]]). In his secret life, however, Bateman is a serial killer murdering a variety of people, including colleagues, the homeless, and prostitutes. His crimes—including [[rape]], [[torture]], [[necrophilia]], and [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]]—are graphically described in the novel.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/1319297 | title=Serial Masculinity: Psychopathology and Oedipal Violence in Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho | journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|first=Chris|last=Schaffer|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore, Maryland|volume=54|issue=2|date=Summer 2008|pages=378–397|doi=10.1353/mfs.0.0014| s2cid=143568176 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-07-08 |title=What's attracting young men to Patrick Bateman? |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/whats-attracting-young-men-to-patrick-bateman |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ustaer |first=Feyyaz |date=2023-03-16 |title=The Reason Gen-Z Embraces Patrick Bateman And The Sigma Male |url=https://theredcarpet.net/why-gen-z-embraces-patrick-bateman-and-the-sigma-male/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Red Carpet |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bateman was born on 23 October 1962 and comes from a wealthy family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Amrita |date=2022-12-24 |title=What does sigma mean on TikTok? Viral Patrick Bateman trend explored |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/what-sigma-mean-tiktok-viral-patrick-bateman-trend-explored |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Patrick Bateman22">Guardian Unlimited; [http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,,-61,00.html BRET EASTON ELLIS].</ref><ref name="Patrick Bateman12">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Peter |date=April 19, 2000 |title=Psycho killer is no pop culture anti-hero |url=http://www.thefreeradical.ca/americanPsycho/psychoKillerNoHero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806084918/http://www.thefreeradical.ca/americanPsycho/psychoKillerNoHero.html |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Villalba |first=Juanjo |date=2023-01-11 |title=Why are Gen Z men obsessed with Patrick Bateman from 'American Psycho'? |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-01-11/why-are-gen-z-men-obsessed-with-the-main-character-of-american-psycho.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trudon |first=Taylor |date=2023-05-05 |title=Christian Bale, Gen-Z Heartthrob |url=https://www.thecut.com/2023/05/why-gen-z-loves-christian-bale.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Cut |language=en-us}}</ref> His parents have a house on Long Island, and he mentions a summer house in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]]. His parents [[divorce]]d sometime earlier, while his mother became sick and now resides at a [[sanatorium]]. His father, who first appeared in Ellis's preceding novel ''[[The Rules of Attraction]]'', grew up on an estate in [[Connecticut]], and now owns an apartment in the [[Carlyle Hotel]] in [[Manhattan]]. He is assumed to be dead as he is mentioned only in the past tense during the novel.<ref>{{cite web|first=Lynsay|last=Smith|url=http://www.gothic.stir.ac.uk/blog/i-am-blameless-the-failure-of-the-father-in-american-psycho-part-2-of-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824135316/http://www.gothic.stir.ac.uk/blog/i-am-blameless-the-failure-of-the-father-in-american-psycho-part-2-of-2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 24, 2018|title='I am blameless': The Failure of the Father in American Psycho (Part 2 of 2)|website=The Gothic Imagination|publisher=University of Stirling, Scotland|location=Stirling, Scotland|date=March 29, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref> In [[Mary Harron|Mary Harron's]] [[American Psycho (film)|2000 adaptation]], however, it is mentioned that Bateman's father "practically owns" the company that Patrick Bateman works at, implying that Bateman's father is still alive. Bateman's younger brother [[Sean Bateman|Sean]] attends Camden College and is a protagonist of ''The Rules of Attraction'', in which Patrick Bateman was first introduced. Bateman attended prominent [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] for prep school. He graduated from [[Harvard College]] and [[Harvard Business School]], and moved to [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Lisa|last=Desai|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/08/26/corporate.psychopaths/index.html|title='Corporate psychopaths' at large|website=[[CNN]]|date=September 3, 2004|accessdate=January 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Sigma grindset: TikTok's toxic worshipping of Patrick Bateman is another sign young men are lost |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/sigma-grindset-tiktok-trend-2022 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}</ref>

By the end of the novel, he believes he is about to be arrested for murdering a colleague named Paul Allen (Paul Owen in the novel) and leaves a message on his lawyer's answering machine confessing to his supposed crimes. When he runs into his lawyer at a party, however, the man mistakes him for somebody else and tells him that the message must have been a joke, as he had met with Allen only days earlier. Bateman realizes that the punishment and notoriety he desires will be forever out of his reach, and that he is trapped inside a meaningless existence: "This is not an exit".<ref>{{cite book|first=Brett Easton|last=Ellis|author-link=Brett Easton Ellis|title=American Psycho|url=https://archive.org/details/americanpsychono00elli|url-access=limited|publisher=Vintage|date=1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanpsychono00elli/page/399 399]|isbn=9780679735779}}</ref><ref name="Patrick Bateman22"/><ref name="Patrick Bateman12"/>

==Personality==

As written by Ellis, Bateman is the ultimate stereotype of [[yuppie]] [[greed]]; wealthy, conceited, and addicted to [[Sex addiction|sex]], [[Drug addiction|drugs]], and [[conspicuous consumption]]. All of his friends look alike to him, to the point that he often confuses one for another; they often confuse him for other people as well.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Liam|last=Springer-Jones|url=https://www.filminquiry.com/madness-bateman-american-psycho/|title=The Madness Of Patrick Bateman: How ''American Psycho'' Redefined the Horror Villain|magazine=Film Inquiry|date=May 13, 2020|accessdate=January 25, 2022}}</ref> While Bateman delights in obsessively detailing virtually every single feature of his wealthy lifestyle, including designer clothes, workout routine, business cards, alcoholic drinks, elaborate high-end stereo and [[Home cinema|home theater]] sound system, he cannot recognise his own friends, work colleagues and acquaintances. He is engaged to an equally wealthy, shallow woman named Evelyn Williams and has a mistress on the side named Courtney Lawrence, the girlfriend of Luis Carruthers, a [[Closeted|closeted homosexual]] whom Bateman despises, and has regular liaisons with prostitutes and women he encounters at clubs, many of whom end up being his victims. The one woman (and possibly the one person) in his life for whom he has anything approaching feelings is his secretary, Jean. He feels that she is the only person in his life who is not completely shallow, so he cannot bring himself to seduce or kill her. He casually acknowledges her as "Jean, my secretary who is in love with me" and introduces her in the narration as someone whom he "will probably end up married to someday".

Despite his affluence and high social status, Bateman is constantly plagued by unsettling feelings of [[anxiety]] and [[low self-esteem]]. He kills many of his victims because they make him feel inadequate, usually by having better taste than he does. He is hated by others as well—his friends mock him as the "boy next door"; his own lawyer refers to him as a "bloody ass-kisser... a brown-nosing goody-goody"; and he is often dismissed as "yuppie trash" by people outside his social circle.

Bateman often expresses doubts regarding his own [[sanity]] and he has periodic attacks of [[psychosis]], during which he [[Hallucination|hallucinates]]. It is left open to reader interpretation whether Bateman actually commits the crimes he describes, or whether he is merely hallucinating them; he is, therefore, an [[unreliable narrator]].<ref name="Dissolve">{{cite magazine|first=Tasha|last=Robinson|url=https://thedissolve.com/features/movie-of-the-week/515-the-reality-of-american-psycho-isnt-as-compelling-/|title=The reality of ''American Psycho'' isn't as compelling as the conversation|magazine=[[The Dissolve]]|date=April 17, 2014|accessdate=January 25, 2022}}</ref> In the [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] of the story, Bateman calls his lawyer and leaves a lengthy, detailed message confessing all of his crimes. He later runs into his lawyer, who mistakes him for someone else and dismisses the confession as a joke, whilst also claiming to have had dinner with one of Bateman's victims after he had supposedly killed him, leaving the supposed reality of Bateman's acts open to audience interpretation.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kyle|last=Buchanan |url=http://movieline.com/2010/05/18/bret-easton-ellis-on-american-psycho-christian-bale-and-his-problem-with-women-directors|title=Bret Easton Ellis on American Psycho, Christian Bale, and His Problem with Women Directors |work=Movieline |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 18, 2000 |access-date=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

Although Bateman often claims that he is devoid of emotion, he also describes experiencing moments of extreme rage, panic or grief—being on the "verge of tears"—often over trivial inconveniences such as remembering to return videotapes or trying to obtain dinner reservations. In the middle of dismembering a victim, he breaks down, sobbing that he "just wants to be loved". He takes [[psychotropic]]s, like [[Xanax]], to control these emotions. He publicly espouses a philosophy of tolerance, equality, and "traditional moral values" because he thinks it will make him more likable, but is in fact virulently [[Racism|racist]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]], and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]. Bateman compensates for his anxiety through obsessive vanity and personal grooming, with unwavering attention to detail. He buys the most fashionable, expensive clothing and accessories possible (e.g., [[Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A.|Salvatore Ferragamo]], [[Alan Flusser]] and [[Valentino SpA|Valentino suits]], [[Oliver Peoples]] glasses and [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], [[Louis Vuitton]], and [[Bottega Veneta]] leather goods) as a means of effecting some "control" over his otherwise chaotic life. Likewise, whilst often being confused about people’s names and identities, he categorizes them by what they wear and how they look because they are more easily "understood" in terms of labels and stereotypes. Bateman's apartment also is firmly controlled in terms of look and taste, with the latest music, food, and art.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra|last=Fišerová|url=http://universitypublications.net/hssr/0802/pdf/P8RS193.pdf|title=From Toxic to Politically Correct: Masculinities In ''American Psycho'' And ''Darkly Dreaming Dexter''|journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Review|publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]]|location=Bingley, West Yorkshire, England|volume=8|issue=2|date=2018}}</ref>

Bateman kills more or less indiscriminately, with no preferred type of victim, somewhat targeting any woman and man who gets in his way, and no consistent or preferred method of killing. Throughout the novel, he kills men, women, animals, and, in one instance, a child. Bateman murders women mostly for [[Sexual sadism disorder|sadistic sexual pleasure]], often during or just after sex. He kills men because they upset or annoy him or [[Humiliation|make him feel inferior]]. In the case of the child, Bateman wished to see if he would enjoy it but found it unsatisfactory since the child's death would not affect as many people as an adult would. Periodically, he matter-of-factly confesses his crimes to his friends, co-workers, and even complete strangers ("I like to dissect girls, did you know I'm utterly insane") just to see if they are actually listening to him. They either are not, or they think that he is joking.<ref name="Dissolve"/>

==Outside ''American Psycho''==
Bateman made his first appearance in Ellis's 1987 novel ''[[The Rules of Attraction]]'' (in which Sean, his brother, is the protagonist); no indication is given that he is a serial killer. Bateman also makes a short appearance in Ellis's 1998 novel ''[[Glamorama]]'', with "strange stains" on the lapel of his Armani suit.

Bateman also appeared in the ''American Psycho 2000'' e-mails, which were written as an advertisement campaign for the movie. Although they are often mistakenly credited to Ellis, they were actually written by one or more unnamed authors and approved by Ellis before being sent out. ''American Psycho 2000'' served as a sort of "e-sequel" to the original novel. The e-mails take place in 2000, a little over a decade since the novel. Bateman is in psychotherapy with Dr M. He is also married to Jean, his former secretary. They have a son, Patrick Bateman Jr. (P.B.), who is eight years old. In the story, Bateman talks about therapy, trying to get a divorce from Jean, his renewed feelings about murder, and idolizing his son. In the end, it is revealed that the "real" Bateman, who "writes" the e-mails, is the owner of the company that produces the movie.<ref>{{cite news|first=Christopher|last=Hooten|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/read-patrick-bateman-s-lost-emails-from-american-psycho-film-9983104.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/read-patrick-bateman-s-lost-emails-from-american-psycho-film-9983104.html |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Read Patrick Bateman's lost emails from American Psycho film|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=January 16, 2015|accessdate=January 25, 2022}}</ref>

Bateman appeared in Ellis's 2005 novel ''[[Lunar Park]]'', in which the fictionalized Bret Easton Ellis confesses that writing ''American Psycho'' felt like channeling the words of a violent spirit rather than writing anything himself. This ghost—Bateman—haunts Ellis's home. A character also comes to Ellis's Halloween party dressed as Patrick Bateman, and a copycat killer is seemingly patterning himself on Bateman. Toward the novel's end, Ellis writes the "last" Bateman story as a way of confronting and controlling the character, as well as the issues Ellis created Bateman as a means of countering. Bateman, for all intents and purposes, dies in a fire on a boat dock.

==In film, on stage and screen==
Though [[Christian Bale]] had been the first choice for the part by both Ellis and Harron, the role amused him after his agent told him that the role would be a "professional suicide". The producers also offered the part to the likes of [[Keanu Reeves]], [[Edward Norton]], and [[Brad Pitt]]. [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] was set to play the character, but Ellis (as explained in the ''American Psycho'' DVD) decided he would appear too young, especially immediately after ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''. In addition, his managers thought the role was "too violent" and could potentially hurt his career. Bateman was also portrayed by Dechen Thurman, a brother of [[Uma Thurman]], in the 2000 documentary ''This Is Not an Exit: The Fictional World of Bret Easton Ellis''. Michael Kremko played Bateman in the [[standalone sequel]] ''[[American Psycho 2]]'', in which the character is killed by a would-be victim. Aside from the character appearing in the film, the sequel has no other connection to the previous film and has been denounced by Ellis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/08/21/bret-easton-ellis-speaks-out-on-the-american-psycho-sequel|title= Bret Easton Ellis Speaks Out on the American Psycho Sequel|website=[[IGN]] |date=August 21, 2001 |access-date=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

Scenes with the character were shot for the 2002 [[The Rules of Attraction (film)|film adaptation]] of ''[[The Rules of Attraction]]''. Ellis revealed in an interview that director [[Roger Avary]] asked Bale to reprise the role, but Bale turned down the offer, and Avary asked Ellis himself to portray Bateman. Ellis refused, stating that he "thought it was such a terrible and gimmicky idea", and Avary eventually shot the scenes with [[Casper Van Dien]]. The scenes, however, were ultimately cut from the final version of the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Padraig|last=Cotter|url=https://screenrant.com/rules-attraction-movie-patrick-bateman-cut-casper-van-dien/|title=Why Patrick Bateman Was Cut From Rules Of Attraction & Who Played Him (Not Bale)|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=February 16, 2021|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref>

In a 2009 interview with ''Black Book'', director [[Mary Harron]] said, "We talked about how [[Martian]]-like [the character] Patrick Bateman was, how he was looking at the world like somebody from another planet, watching what people did and trying to work out the right way to behave, and then one day [Christian] called me and he had been watching [[Tom Cruise]] on [[David Letterman]], and he just had this very intense friendliness with nothing behind the eyes, and he was really taken with this energy."<ref>{{cite web|first=Helen|last=Weston |url=http://www.bbook.com/film/mary-harron-reveals-inspiration-behind-patrick-bateman/|title=Christian Bale's inspiration for 'American Psycho': Tom Cruise |work=[[BlackBook]]|publisher=McCarthy LLC|location=New York City|date=October 19, 2009|access-date=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

''[[Doctor Who]]'' star [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24431026 | title=Matt Smith cast in American Psycho musical | publisher=[[BBC News]] | work=bbc.co.uk/news | date=October 7, 2013 | access-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref> played the role in the [[American Psycho (musical)|2013 stage musical version of the novel]], with music and lyrics by [[Duncan Sheik]] and a book by [[Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa]], at [[London]]'s [[Almeida Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web | first=James | last=Lachno| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/10360881/Matt-Smith-swaps-Doctor-Who-for-American-Psycho.html | title=Matt Smith swaps Doctor Who for American Psycho | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location=London, England| date=October 7, 2013 | access-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref> In 2016, [[Benjamin Walker (actor)|Benjamin Walker]] portrayed Bateman in a Broadway production of the musical, which ran from March 21 – June 5, 2016.

In the television series ''[[Riverdale (2017 TV series)|Riverdale]]'', [[Kevin Keller (comics)|Kevin Keller]] (portrayed by [[Casey Cott]]) performs in a musical production of ''American Psycho'' as Bateman in the sixth season episode "Chapter One Hundred and Twelve: American Psychos".<ref name="riverdaleinamericanpsycho"/> In the [[Showtime (TV channel)|Showtime]] series ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'', protagonist [[Dexter Morgan]], himself a serial killer, uses the alias "Dr. Patrick Bateman" to acquire [[Etorphine|M-99]] for the use of incapacitating his victims.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jordan|last=Williams|url=https://screenrant.com/dexter-new-blood-retcon-ketamine-m99-mistake/|title=''New Blood'' Retcons Dexter's Bay Harbor Butcher Drug|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=December 27, 2021|accessdate=January 26, 2022}}</ref>

There is a recurring character in the video game ''[[Criminal Case (video game)|Criminal Case]]'' named Christian Bateman (a combination of the names [[Christian Bale]] and Patrick Bateman) modeled after the character.

American [[metalcore]] band [[Ice Nine Kills]] released a single titled "Hip to Be Scared" based upon the film adaptation for their album ''[[The Silver Scream 2: Welcome to Horrorwood]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Paul 'Browny'|date=July 8, 2021|title=Ice Nine Kills Drop 'Hip To Be Scared' feat. Jacoby Shaddix|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/07/09/ice-nine-kills-drop-hip-to-be-scared-feat-jacoby-shaddix/|access-date=September 27, 2021|website=Wall Of Sound|language=en-US}}</ref>

In February of 2024, it was announced a remake of the 2000 film was in development. A screenwriter was being sought after, and the film will take place in modern times.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3801174/lionsgate-reportedly-planning-new-versions-of-american-psycho-and-the-dead-zone/ | title=Lionsgate Reportedly Planning New Versions of 'American Psycho' and 'The Dead Zone' | date=February 24, 2024 }}</ref>

== Cult following ==
While initially gaining attention upon the novel's release, Patrick Bateman's influence expanded among [[Gen Z]]. The film's [[cult following]] among young viewers propelled Bateman into the realm of a [[cultural icon]], capturing the imaginations of conservative Gen Zs in unique ways. He is seen as the character who played an important part for the rise of the [[sigma male]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villalba |first=Juanjo |date=2023-01-11 |title=Why are Gen Z men obsessed with Patrick Bateman from 'American Psycho'? |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-01-11/why-are-gen-z-men-obsessed-with-the-main-character-of-american-psycho.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trudon |first=Taylor |date=2023-05-05 |title=Christian Bale, Gen-Z Heartthrob |url=https://www.thecut.com/2023/05/why-gen-z-loves-christian-bale.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Cut |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Sigma grindset: TikTok's toxic worshipping of Patrick Bateman is another sign young men are lost |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/sigma-grindset-tiktok-trend-2022 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Amrita |date=2022-12-24 |title=What does sigma mean on TikTok? Viral Patrick Bateman trend explored |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/what-sigma-mean-tiktok-viral-patrick-bateman-trend-explored |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

The rise of [[internet culture]] and social media platforms has propelled Patrick Bateman's character into the realm of [[Memetics|memetic]] culture. Memes featuring Bateman's iconic quotes, facial expressions, and memorable scenes have proliferated across various online communities, further cementing his status as a cultural touchstone.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-07-08 |title=What's attracting young men to Patrick Bateman? |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/whats-attracting-young-men-to-patrick-bateman |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ustaer |first=Feyyaz |date=2023-03-16 |title=The Reason Gen-Z Embraces Patrick Bateman And The Sigma Male |url=https://theredcarpet.net/why-gen-z-embraces-patrick-bateman-and-the-sigma-male/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Red Carpet |language=en-US}}</ref> From [[Viral video|viral videos]] and remixes to humorous reinterpretations of his infamous monologues, Bateman's character has found a place in the digital zeitgeist.

==Chronology==
*1980: Bateman graduates from [[Phillips Exeter Academy]].
*1984: Bateman graduates from [[Harvard University]].
*1985: Bateman has a short discussion with his estranged brother [[Sean Bateman|Sean]] about his future.
*1986: Bateman graduates from [[Harvard Business School]].
**From the time of his graduation, through the end of ''American Psycho'', Bateman works at Pierce & Pierce.
*{{Circa|1996}}: Bateman shows up at Victor's club in ''[[Glamorama]]'' with "strange stains" on his suit.
*2000: Bateman enters therapy with a Dr M. This appears in the ''American Psycho 2000'' e-mails. In these emails, he is divorcing Jean, to whom he has been married for at least five years, and with whom he has a son. He has started his own brokerage firm and seems to be wealthier than he was in the original novel. His tastes are even more refined. His homicidal tendencies (or thoughts) seem to have cooled a little with the birth of his son and have mellowed as he has gotten older, but have not disappeared completely.
*2003: Ellis kills off Patrick Bateman by writing an account of the serial killer being trapped in a pier fire. See ''[[Lunar Park]]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{American Psycho}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bateman, Patrick}}
[[Category:American Psycho]]
[[Category:Bret Easton Ellis characters]]
[[Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Fictional bankers]]
[[Category:Fictional cannibals]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with mental disorders]]
[[Category:Fictional cocaine users]]
[[Category:Fictional criminals in films]]
[[Category:Male film villains]]
[[Category:Fictional rapists]]
[[Category:Fictional murderers of children]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Fiction about narcissism]]
[[Category:Fictional socialites]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from Manhattan]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1987]]
[[Category:Male horror film villains]]
[[Category:Male literary villains]]
[[Category:Male characters in film]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2022]]

User talk:2A02:587:8908:13D4:48C5:6DEE:8656:B115

2024-04-23T23:41:58Z

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== April 2024 ==

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Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)

2024-04-23T23:41:36Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 2A02:587:8908:13D4:48C5:6DEE:8656:B115 (talk) to rev. 1220467651 by Classicwiki: Statements were sources with WP:RS. (RW 16.1)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|War memorial and military cemetery in Berlin, Germany}}
{{Infobox Military Memorial
|name=Soviet War Memorial
|body=[[Treptower Park]]
|image=9mai treptow 015.jpg
|caption=Visitors at the 65th [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] celebration laying flowers
|commemorates=[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] war dead of the [[Battle of Berlin]]
|use_dates=April–May 1945
|coordinates= {{coord|52|29|15|N|13|28|06|E|display=inline,title}}
|nearest_town=[[Berlin]]
|designer=Yakov Belopolsky
|inscription=
|established= {{Start date|1949|05|08|df=y}}
|unveiled=
|total=
|unknowns=
|commemorated=
|by_country=
|by_war=
|source=
}}[[File:The Soviet Union 1951 CPA 1609 stamp (The Stockholm Appeal by the World Peace Council. The Soviet War Memorial in Berlin's Treptower Park).jpg|thumb|The statue depicted on a 1951 Soviet stamp, with the text of the [[Stockholm Appeal]]]]
The '''Soviet War Memorial''' ({{lang-de|Sowjetisches Ehrenmal}}) is a [[war memorial]] and military [[cemetery]] in [[Berlin]]'s [[Treptower Park]]. It was built to the design of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] architect [[Yakov Belopolsky]] to commemorate 7,000 of the 80,000 [[Red Army]] soldiers who fell in the [[Battle of Berlin]] in April–May 1945. It opened four years after the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, on 8 May 1949. The Memorial served as the central war memorial of [[East Germany]]. Locally it is also nicknamed the '''Memorial to Rapists''' or the '''Tomb of the Unknown Rapist''',<ref name="BBC 2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32529679|title=The rape of Berlin|first=Lucy |last=Ash |date=1 May 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2002">{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3293251/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html |title=Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps|first=Daniel |last=Johnson |date=24 January 2002 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> with references to [[Rape during the occupation of Germany|mass rapes committed by Soviet occupation troops]]. There have been discussions over demolition of the monument, like other Soviet propaganda monuments, with renewed discussion following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/ein-abriss-schafft-nur-neue-mythen-denkmalpfleger-pladiert-fur-erhaltung-sowjetischer-ehrenmale-458850.html|title=„Ein Abriss schafft nur neue Mythen“: Denkmalpfleger plädiert für Erhaltung sowjetischer Ehrenmale|via=Tagesspiegel}}</ref>

The monument is one of three Soviet memorials built in Berlin after the end of the war. The other two memorials are the [[Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten)|Tiergarten memorial]], built in 1945 in the [[Tiergarten, Berlin|Tiergarten]] district of what later became [[West Berlin]], and the [[Soviet War Memorial (Schönholzer Heide)|Schönholzer Heide Memorial]] in Berlin's [[Pankow]] district.

Together with the ''[[Rear-front Memorial]]'' in [[Magnitogorsk]] and ''[[The Motherland Calls]]'' in [[Volgograd]], the monument is a part of a [[triptych]].

==History==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-V08566, Berlin-Treptow, Einweihung sowjetisches Ehrenmal.jpg|thumb|left|1949]]
[[File:0628 1989 Berlin (28 dec) (14122050538).jpg|thumb|Anti-Soviet graffiti on the memorial, 28 December 1989.]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0105-300, Berlin, Demonstration am sowjetischen Ehrenmal.jpg|thumb|Protest-demonstration with around 250,000 East Berliners against "right-wing extremism", January 1990.]]
At the conclusion of World War II, three Soviet war memorials were built in the city of Berlin to commemorate Soviet deaths in [[World War II]], especially the 80,000 that died during the [[Battle of Berlin]]. The memorials also serve as cemeteries for those killed.

A competition was announced shortly after the end of the war for the design of the park. The competition attracted 33 entries, with the eventual design a hybrid of the submissions of the architect [[Jakow S. Belopolski]], sculptor [[Yevgeny Vuchetich]], painter [[Alexander A. Gorpenko]] and engineer [[Sarra S. Walerius]]. The sculptures, reliefs, and {{cvt|2.5|m|adj=on}} diameter flame bowls were cast at the [[Lauchhammer]] {{lang|de|Kunstgießerei}} (Art Foundry) in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kunstguss.de/referenzen.php|title = Referenzliste, Lauchhammer Kunstguss|language = de|trans-title=Reference list, Lauchhammer Art Foundry|access-date = 15 July 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101024143727/http://www.kunstguss.de/referenzen.php|archive-date = 24 October 2010}}</ref> The memorial itself was built in Treptower Park on land previously occupied by a sports field. The memorial was completed in 1949.

It was rumoured that the remains of the [[Reich Chancellery#New Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]] had been used for the construction of the memorial, but this was not the case.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kitchen |year=2015 |title = [[Speer: Hitler's Architect]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0300190441 |page=56}}</ref>

For over three years, some 1,200 workers, 200 stonemasons, and 90 sculptors worked on the complex.<ref name=cs>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Christian |title=Treptow-Kopenick |date=2020 |publisher=Elsengold Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3962010546 |pages=10–11}}</ref>

Around the time of the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], unknown persons vandalised parts of the memorial with anti-Soviet [[graffiti]]. The Spartacist party ([[:de:Spartakist-Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands|de]]) claimed that the vandals were right-wing extremists and arranged a demonstration on 3 January 1990, which the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]] supported; 250,000 East German citizens participated. Through the demonstrations, the newly formed party stayed true to the communist roots of its founding party, and attempted to gain political influence.<ref>

{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Tim |title=Der Antifaschismus der PDS aus antiextremistischer Sicht |year=2006 |location=Wiesbaden |language=de |trans-title=The anti-fascism of the PDS from an anti-extremist point of view |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |section=60}}</ref>
The [[International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)|International Communist League]] spoke to the crowd, noting that "for the first time in 60 years" Trotskyists addressed a mass audience in a workers state. Participants and those listening on radio and TV heard two counterposed programs: that of the Stalinist [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]], and that of the Trotskyist ICL".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://icl-fi.org/english/wv/948/1989.html|title= Workers Soviets Must Rule in All Germany!|author= |date= 4 December 2009 |website= Sparticist League |publisher= ICL |access-date= 26 March 2019 }}</ref> PDS chairman [[Gregor Gysi]] took this opportunity to call for a {{lang|de|Verfassungsschutz}} ("Constitution Protection") for the GDR, and questioned whether the {{lang|de|Amt für Nationale Sicherheit}} (Office for National Security, the successor of the [[Stasi]]) should be reorganized or phased out. Historian [[Stefan Wolle]] believes that Stasi officers may have been behind the vandalism, since they feared for their jobs and needed a pretext, such as the threat of "fascists", to justify their continued oppression of the population.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stefan |last=Wolle| title=Die heile Welt der Diktatur, Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR 1971–1989 |lang=de |trans-title=The Ideal World of Dictatorship, Everyday Life and Rule in the GDR 1971-1989 |publisher=Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bd. 349, -|location=Bonn|year=1998|section=333}}</ref>

As part of the [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|Two Plus Four Agreement]], Germany agreed to assume maintenance and repair responsibility for all war memorials in the country, including the Soviet memorial in Treptower Park. However, as part of the agreement, Germany must consult [[Russia]] before making any changes to the memorial.

Since 1995, an annual vigil has taken place at the memorial on 9 May, organised by (among others) the {{Langnf|de|Bund der Antifaschisten Treptow e.V|Anti-fascist Coalition of Treptow}}). The motto of the event is the "Day of Freedom", corresponding to [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]], a Russian holiday and the final surrender of German soldiers at the end of World War II.

In 2003–2004, the memorial underwent a thorough renovation. The main statue was removed and sent by boat to a workshop on the island of [[Rügen]] for refurbishment, at a cost of approximately €1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-05-04|title=Die Heimkehr des Bronze-Riesen|language=de|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/die-heimkehr-des-bronze-riesen/513098.html|access-date=2021-11-14|issn=1865-2263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Ruin, Restoration, and Return: Aesthetic Unification in Post-Socialist East Berlin.|url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/94028|date=2012|language=en-US|first=Courtney Glore|last=Crimmins|hdl=2027.42/94028}}</ref> On 4 May 2004, ahead of [[Victory in Europe Day|"Day of Liberation"]] celebrations on the 8th, the statue was returned to its position in the park, having been cleaned using water jets and glass beads, a patina restored and protective wax coating applied, had 2200 screws replaced, and an additional stainless steel structure added.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-05-05|title=Zuletzt kam der Kopf auf den Soldaten|language=de-DE|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/zuletzt-kam-der-kopf-auf-den-soldaten/513416.html|access-date=2021-11-14|issn=1865-2263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotarmist, grundsaniert Großer Soldat... {{!}} F.A.Z. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|url=https://www.genios.de/presse-archiv/artikel/FAZ/20040505/rotarmist-grundsaniert-grosser-sold/FD2200405052315184.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.genios.de|language=de}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Panorama of the Russian War Memorial at Treptow.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Panorama of the Soviet War Memorial at Treptow]]
The focus of the ensemble is a monument by Soviet sculptor [[Yevgeny Vuchetich]]: a 12-m tall bronze statue of a Soviet soldier with a sword holding a German child, standing over a broken [[swastika]]. According to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Vasily Chuikov]], the Vuchetich statue commemorates the deeds of Sergeant of Guards {{ill|Nikolai Masalov|de|Nikolai Iwanowitsch Massalow|ru|Масалов, Николай Иванович|sv|Nikolaj Masalov|tr|Nikolay Masalov|uk|Масалов Микола Іванович}}, who during the final storm on the centre of Berlin risked his life under heavy German machine-gun fire to rescue a three-year-old German girl whose mother had apparently disappeared.<ref>Chuikov, Vasili I. ''The Fall of Berlin: With the Russian Army in Berlin, The Last Battle of Nazi Germany''. Ballantine Books, New York, 1967. Translated by Ruth Kirsch. Masalov's actions are summarized on pages 210–212.</ref>

Before the monument is a central area lined on both sides by 16 stone [[sarcophagi]], one for each of the then 16 [[Soviet Republics]]<ref group=Note>Between 1940–56 (up to the reorganization of the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]] into the [[Karelian ASSR]] and its incorporation into the [[Russian SFSR]]) there were 16 union republics</ref> with relief carvings of military scenes and quotations from [[Joseph Stalin]], on one side in [[Russian language|Russian]], on the other side the same text in [[German language|German]]: "Eternal glory to the combatants of the Soviet Army, who gave up their lives in the battle to free humanity from fascist enslavement". The area is the final resting place for some 5,000 soldiers of the [[Red Army]].

At the opposite end of the central area from the statue is a portal consisting of a pair of stylized [[Soviet flag]]s built of red granite. These are flanked by two statues of kneeling soldiers. Beyond the flag monuments is a further sculpture, along the axis formed by the soldier monument, the main area, and the flags, is another figure, of the Motherland weeping at the loss of her sons.
[[File:20 year coin for end of WW2.tif|thumb|160px|The memorial depicted on a 1965 [[Soviet ruble|1 rouble]] coin from the [[Soviet Union]].]]

== In literature ==
The Soviet War Memorial is described in detail in [[M.M. Kaye]]'s novel ''[[Death in Berlin]]'', written in 1955 and based on Kaye's first-hand impression of the then freshly inaugurated monument. The protagonists – British officers stationed in Berlin and their wives and families – are far from well disposed towards the Soviets, but are still greatly impressed with what they see: "Below each flag, and at the top of the steps, was a statue of a kneeling Russian soldier, his bared head bent in homage statues, steps and the towering expanse of red marble dwarfing the stream of sightseers to pygmy proportions." One of Kaye's British characters makes the prediction – since then disproven by events – that the Soviet monument would be demolished "five minutes after the Russians move out of East Germany, whenever that is". He then adds that such a demolition would be a great pity, since the monument was "the equal of Karnak, Luxor and the Acropolis".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaye |first1=M.M/ |title=Death in Berlin |date=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Minotaur |location=New York |isbn=978-0312263089 |pages=100–101}}</ref>

== Commemorations ==
[[File:Berlin-alt-treptow sowjetisches-ehrenmal 20050321 885.jpg|Detail: "breaking the swastika" at the bottom of the soldier statue|thumb]]
Rallies and ceremonies are held on the memorial by local Berliners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitberlin.de/en/soviet-memorial-treptow|title=Soviet Memorial Treptow|website=www.visitberlin.de}}</ref> On 31 August 1994, a memorial ceremony was attended by [[Helmut Kohl]] and [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref name=cs/> In 2019, Russia's ambassador to Germany, a deputy of the Moscow City Duma, the Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies of Berlin and the head of the German People’s Union for the Care of War Graves all took part in the a ceremony marking the occasion of the centenary of the German War Graves Commission. Participants laid flowers at the monument to honour the memory of Soviet soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinglobal.org/index.php?wreaths-and-songs-at-the-soviet-military-memorial-in-treptow-park|title=Wreaths and Songs at the Soviet military memorial in Treptow Park|website=www.berlinglobal.org}}</ref>

==Criticism==
This monument has earned some unflattering nicknames, such as the "Tomb of the Unknown Rapist",<ref name="BBC 2015"/><ref name="Telegraph 2002"/> from the local population with references to [[Rape during the occupation of Germany|mass rapes committed by Soviet occupation troops]].<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/><ref name="Allan 2006">{{cite journal|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/2879/1/Berlinmeaningsfinal.pdf|last=Cochrane|first=Allan|year=2006|title=Making up meanings in a capital city: power, memory and monuments in Berlin |journal=European Urban and Regional Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=5–24|doi=10.1177/0969776406060827 |s2cid=8600599 }}</ref><ref name="Aviewoncities.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/berlin/sovietmemorialtiergarten.htm|title=Monument to Soviet Soldiers|first=Kristiaan |last=Van Ermengem|work=A View on Cities}}</ref>

In addition, the funds spent on restoring the statue in 2003–2004 attracted criticism, being contrasted with the lack of restitution paid to those who were transported to the USSR during the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wick |first=Anemi |date=8 March 2004 |title=Verfolgte fordern Umgestaltung des Treptower Ehrenmals |lang=de |trans-title=Victims demand redesign of the Treptow Memorial |work=[[Die Welt]]}}</ref>

There have been discussions over demolition of the monument, like other Soviet propaganda monuments, with renewed discussion following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maz-online.de/brandenburg/abreissen-oder-bewahren-debatte-um-sowjetische-ehrenmale-in-brandenburg-2U63F545GPMG45D2DKEVRRCBQA.html|title=Sowjetische Ehrenmale in Brandenburg: Abreißen oder Bewahren?|first=Märkische Allgemeine|last=Zeitung|date=20 April 2022|website=www.maz-online.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/treptower-park-denkmal-beschmiert-1.5563357|title=Sowjetisches Ehrenmal im Treptower Park in Berlin beschmiert|first=Gustav|last=Seibt|date=8 April 2022|website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3sat.de/uri/1645de7c-c756-4de5-97d4-a7e39da44950|title=Der antisowjetische Denkmalsturz|date=17 December 2022|website=www.3sat.de}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Visual arts}}
* [[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Sowjetisches Ehrenmal (Treptower Park)|Soviet Cenotaph}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.486125,13.471599&spn=0.002508,0.006809&t=k&hl=en Satellite photo of the Memorial] – centred on the statue of a Soviet soldier holding a German girl
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.war-memorial.net/mem_det.asp?ID=98 | title = Sowjetisches Ehrenmal (Soviet War Memorial) | work = The Polynational War Memorial | date = 24 April 2006 | access-date = 2009-04-13 }}

{{Public art in Berlin}}
{{Visitor attractions in Berlin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1949 in Germany]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Treptow-Köpenick]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of East Berlin]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Berlin]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Berlin]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in Germany]]
[[Category:Soviet military memorials and cemeteries in Germany]]
[[Category:Statues in Germany]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art]]
[[Category:Rape in Germany]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in Europe during World War II]]
[[Category:Berlin in World War II]]

User talk:96.248.46.39

2024-04-23T23:41:13Z

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Matthew Modine

2024-04-23T23:41:07Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 96.248.46.39 (talk) to rev. 1216782191 by DumbBOT: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{short description|American actor (born 1959)}}
{{for|the song|Matthew Modine (song)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Matthew Modine
| image = Matthew Modine by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Modine in 2017
| birth_name = Matthew Avery Modine
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1959|03|22}}
| birth_place = [[Loma Linda, California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Mar Vista High School]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer|screenwriter}}
| website = {{url|matthewmodine.com}}
| years_active = 1982–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Caridad Rivera|1980}}
| children = 2, including [[Ruby Modine|Ruby]]
}}
'''Matthew Avery Modine''' (born March 22, 1959)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/matthew-modine-21187367 |title=Matthew Modine - Actor - Biography.com |access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref> is an American actor. He rose to prominence through his role as [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] Private/Sergeant J.T. "Joker" Davis in [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987). Other films include ''[[Birdy (film)|Birdy]]'' (1984), ''[[Vision Quest (film)|Vision Quest]]'' (1985), ''[[Married to the Mob]]'' (1988), ''[[Gross Anatomy (film)|Gross Anatomy]]'' (1989), ''[[Pacific Heights (film)|Pacific Heights]]'' (1990), ''[[Short Cuts (film)|Short Cuts]]'' (1993), ''[[Cutthroat Island]]'' (1995), ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012), and ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023). On television, he portrayed [[Don Francis|Dr. Don Francis]] in the [[HBO]] film ''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]'' (1993), the oversexed Sullivan Groff on ''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]'' (2007), Ivan Turing in ''[[Proof (2015 TV series)|Proof]]'' (2015), and [[Martin Brenner|Dr. Martin Brenner]] in [[Netflix|Netflix's]] ''[[Stranger Things]]'' (2016–2022).

Modine has been nominated twice for a [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television]] for his work in ''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]'' and ''[[What the Deaf Man Heard]]'' and received a special Golden Globe for him and the rest of the ensemble in ''[[Short Cuts (film)|Short Cuts]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dickclarklicensing.com/PropertyDetails.aspx?propertyID=1571 |title=Golden Globes 1994 "Shortcuts" Special Award |access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref> He was also nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special]] for ''And the Band Played On''.

==Early life==
Modine, the youngest of seven<ref>{{cite web|author=The Hollywood Interview.com |url=http://thehollywoodinterview.blogspot.com/2009/10/matthew-modine-hollywood-interview.html |title=The Hollywood Interview (2009) |publisher=Thehollywoodinterview.blogspot.com |date=October 31, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> children, was born on March 22, 1959, in [[Loma Linda, California]], the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed [[drive-in]] theaters. He is the nephew of the stage actress [[Nola Fairbanks|Nola Modine Fairbanks]], and the great-grandson of the prospector and pioneer [[Ralph Jacobus Fairbanks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/54/Matthew-Modine.html |title=Matthew Modine Biography (1959–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=January 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800026030/bio |title=Matthew Modine Biography – Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |access-date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> One of his other great-grandfathers was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] immigrant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvovermind.com/matthew-modine-facts-things-you-didnt-know/ |title=6 Things You Didn't Know About Stranger Things' Matthew Modine |publisher=tvovermind.com |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> Modine lived in [[Utah]] for several years, moving every year or two. The drive-in theaters his father managed were being torn down because the land beneath them exceeded the value of the theaters. The Modine family returned to [[Imperial Beach, California]], where Matthew attended and graduated from [[Mar Vista High School]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/imperialbeach/batman-dark-knight-rises-features-former-ib-resident-874ac965aa |title=Dark Knight Rises Features Former IB Actor Matthew Modine |publisher= patch.com/california/imperialbeach (Imperial Beach Patch) |date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=July 25, 2017}}{{failed verification|date=October 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Film ===
Modine's first film role was in [[John Sayles]]' film ''[[Baby It's You (film)|Baby It's You]]'' (1983). Also that year, he co-starred in the [[sex comedy]] ''[[Private School (film)|Private School]]'', with [[Phoebe Cates]] and [[Betsy Russell]]. His performances caught the eye of director Harold Becker, who cast him in ''[[Vision Quest (film)|Vision Quest]]'' (1985, filmed 1983), based on Terry Davis's novel. The director [[Robert Altman]] propelled Modine to international stardom with his film adaptation of [[David Rabe]]'s play ''[[Streamers (play)|Streamers]]''. Modine played [[Mel Gibson]]'s brother in ''[[Mrs. Soffel]]'' and starred with [[Nicolas Cage]] in [[Alan Parker]]'s ''[[Birdy (film)|Birdy]]''; the film was awarded Grand Prix at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. The actor also famously turned down the role of [[Pete Mitchell (Top Gun)|LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell]] in ''[[Top Gun]]'' (played by [[Tom Cruise]]), because he felt the film's pro-military stance went against his politics.<ref name=nym>{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/encounter/57174/|title=154 Minutes With Matthew Modine|date=June 15–22, 2009|last=Murphy|first=Tim|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref>

[[File:Matthewmodine06.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Modine in April 2006]]
Modine may be best known for his role as Private/Sergeant J.T. "Joker" Davis, the central character of [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s Vietnam War film ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987). Subsequently, Modine played the dangerous young criminal Treat in [[Alan Pakula]]'s film adaptation of [[Lyle Kessler]]'s stageplay ''[[Orphans (Lyle Kessler play)|Orphans]]''. Modine played the goofy, earnest FBI agent Mike Downey in [[Jonathan Demme]]'s screwball comedy ''[[Married to the Mob]]'' opposite [[Michelle Pfeiffer]]. In 1990, he led the cast of ''[[Memphis Belle (film)|Memphis Belle]]'', a fictionalized account of the famous [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]. In 1995, he appeared opposite [[Geena Davis]] in the romantic action-adventure film ''[[Cutthroat Island]]''. Modine made his feature directorial debut with ''[[If... Dog... Rabbit...]]'', which came after the success of three short films debuting at the [[Sundance Film Festival]]: ''[[When I Was a Boy (film)|When I Was a Boy]]'' (co-directed with [[Todd Field]]), ''Smoking'' written by [[David Sedaris]], and ''Ecce Pirate'' written by Modine.

His dark comedy, ''I Think I Thought'', debuted at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]]. The film tells the story of a Thinker (Modine) who ends up in Thinkers Anonymous. Other short films include ''To Kill an American'', ''Cowboy'', and ''The Love Film''. In 2011, he completed ''Jesus Was a Commie'', an avant-garde-[[dialectical]] conversation about the world and the prominent issues of modern society. Modine co-directed the short film with Terence Ziegler, the editor of ''I Think I Thought''. Modine's short films have played internationally.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Labrecque|url= https://ew.com/article/2013/06/03/matthew-modine-short-films-cutthroat-island/ |title=Matthew Modine on his short-films collection and how making 'Cutthroat Island' felt like being kidnapped |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> In 2003, he guest-starred in ''[[The West Wing]]'' episode "[[The Long Goodbye (The West Wing)|The Long Goodbye]]". He portrayed the character Marco, who went to high school with C.J. Cregg ([[Allison Janney]]) and who helped her deal with her father's steady mental decline due to [[Alzheimer's disease]]. Modine agreed to take the role because he is a longtime friend of Janney. (The two appeared together in a theatrical production of the play ''Breaking Up'' directed by Stuart Ross). That same year, he played [[Fritz Gerlich]] in the [[CBS]] miniseries ''[[Hitler: The Rise of Evil]]'' (2003).

In 2004, Modine appeared in ''[[Funky Monkey (film)|Funky Monkey]]'' as ex-football star turned spy Alec McCall, who teams up with super-chimp Clemens and his friend Michael Dean ([[Seth Adkins]]) to take down the villainous Flick ([[Taylor Negron]]). The film was critically panned, yet has gained a cult status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiebum.wordpress.com/2011/05/18/an-essay-on-the-brilliance-of-funky-monkey/ |title=An Essay on the Brilliance of "Funky Monkey" | |publisher=Indiebum.wordpress.com |date=May 18, 2011 |access-date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, [[Abel Ferrara]]'s ''[[Mary (2005 film)|Mary]]'' won the Special Jury Prize at the [[Venice Film Festival]]. In the film, Modine portrays a director recounting the story of [[Mary Magdalene]] ([[Juliette Binoche]]). The following year, he guest-starred in the ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' episode "Rage" as a [[serial killer]] of young girls. In 2010, Modine appeared in ''[[The Trial (2010 film)|The Trial]]'', which was awarded the [[Parents Television Council]]'s Seal of Approval™. The PTC said: "'The Trial' combines the best features of courtroom drama, murder mystery, and character story. 'The Trial' is a powerful drama which shows the power of healing and hope." Modine played a corrupt Majestic City developer named "Sullivan Groff" throughout Season 3 on ''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]''. Groff has affairs with [[Nancy Botwin]] ([[Mary-Louise Parker]]) and Celia Hodes ([[Elizabeth Perkins]]). Also in 2010, Modine appeared in HBO's ''[[Too Big to Fail (film)|Too Big to Fail]]'', a film about the [[Wall Street]] [[2008 recession|financial crisis]]. Modine stars as [[John Thain]], former Chairman and CEO of [[Merrill Lynch]].

In 2011, Modine completed two independent films, ''[[Family Weekend]]'' and ''[[Girl in Progress]]'', opposite [[Eva Mendes]].<ref name=Fango>{{cite news|url=http://www.fangoria.com/new/qa-matthew-modine-talks-his-first-horror-experience-in-altar/|title=Q&A: Matthew Modine Talks His First Horror Experience in "ALTAR"|date=February 19, 2015|last=Gingold|first=Michael|publisher=Fangoria}}</ref> In 2012, he appeared in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' as Deputy Commissioner Peter Foley, a [[Gotham City]] police officer and peer to [[Gary Oldman]]'s [[Jim Gordon (character)|Commissioner James Gordon]]. In February 2013, Modine was cast in [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s animated film ''[[Last Days of Coney Island]]'' after coming across the film's [[Kickstarter]] campaign online.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|title=Matthew Modine Joins Ralph Bakshi's Crowdsourced 'Last Days Of Coney Island'|first=Jen|last=Yamato|date=February 16, 2013|url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/02/matthew-modine-ralph-bakshi-last-days-of-coney-island/}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=February 28, 2013|title=Ralph Bakshi's Kickstarter movie needs your help|first=Jeff|last=Labrecque|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/02/28/ralph-bakshi-last-days-of-coney-island/|access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> In 2014, he co-starred with [[Olivia Williams]], [[Richard Dillane]], and [[Steve Oram]] in the horror mystery film ''[[Altar (film)|Altar]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/90828/altar-dvd/|title=ALTAR|date=February 19, 2015|last=Gingold|first=Michael|publisher=Fangoria}}</ref>

In 2016, Modine played Dr. Martin Brenner in the Netflix original series ''[[Stranger Things]]''. In 2017, he and his ''Stranger Things'' castmates won the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series]]. In 2017, Matthew Modine was featured in the music video for "[[1-800-273-8255 (song)|1-800-273-8255]]", a song by American hip hop artist [[Logic (musician)|Logic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/17/video-logic-alessia-cara-khalid-1-800-273-8255/|title=Video: Logic feat. Alessia Cara & Khalid – '1-800-273-8255'|work=[[Rap-Up]]|date=August 17, 2017|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011503/http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/17/video-logic-alessia-cara-khalid-1-800-273-8255/|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Modine was part of ''[[Speed Kills]]'' released in November 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/speed-kills-review-john-travolta-1203030361/|title=Film Review: 'Speed Kills'|last=Harvey|first=Dennis|date=November 17, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> as well as several upcoming films such as ''[[Foster Boy]]'', ''[[Miss Virginia (film)|Miss Virginia]]'', and ''The Martini Shot''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/matthew-modine-cast-surveillance-cbs-nsa-spy-drama-pilot-1202498686/|title=Matthew Modine To Co-Star In CBS' NSA Spy Drama Pilot 'Surveillance'|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=November 9, 2018|work=Deadline|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> In 2023 he portrayed [[Vannevar Bush]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s biographical thriller ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''.

=== Theater ===
Modine appeared in [[Arthur Miller]]'s ''[[Finishing the Picture]]'' at Chicago's [[Goodman Theatre]], in Miller's ''[[Resurrection Blues]]'' at London's [[Old Vic]], and in a stage adaptation of [[Harper Lee]]'s ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (as [[Atticus Finch]]) at Connecticut's Hartford Stage (This production of ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' became the most successful play in the theatre's 45-year history), and in 2022/23 at London's [[Gielgud Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rizzo |first1=Frank |title=Modine flies to 'Mockingbird' |url=https://variety.com/2009/legit/news/modine-flies-to-mockingbird-1117998342/ |website=Variety |access-date=18 June 2020 |date=11 January 2009}}</ref> In 2010, he starred with [[Abigail Breslin]] in the 50th Anniversary Broadway revival of ''[[The Miracle Worker]]''<ref name=":0">[http://www.miracleworkeronbroadway.com/ The Miracle Worker on Broadway] Official Web Site</ref> at the [[Circle in the Square]] theatre.

In fall 2013, Modine starred in a self-parodying comedy, ''Matthew Modine Saves the Alpacas'' at Los Angeles' Geffen Theatre.<ref name=nym/>

==Personal life==
Modine married Caridad Rivera, a makeup and wardrobe stylist, in 1980. They have two children, Boman, an assistant director for films, and actress, singer and ballet dancer [[Ruby Modine]].<ref name="RM">{{cite journal| last1=Murphy| first1=Desiree| title='Shameless' Star Ruby Modine Explains Why She's Proud of Her Puerto Rican Roots, Teases Season 8 (Exclusive)| url=http://www.etonline.com/shameless-star-ruby-modine-explains-why-shes-proud-her-puerto-rican-roots-teases-season-8-exclusive| journal=[[Entertainment Tonight]]| access-date=October 21, 2017| language=en|date=October 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last1=Pena| first1=Xochitl|title=Matthew Modine talks 'Super Sex' and his daughter playing a prostitute| url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/movies/shortfest/2017/06/19/matthew-modine-talks-super-sex-and-his-daughter-playing-prostitute/409837001/| newspaper=[[The Desert Sun]]| location=Palm Springs| access-date=October 21, 2017| language=en| date=June 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rubywyldermodine.com |title=Ruby Wylder Rivera Modine |website=www.rubywyldermodine.com}}</ref>

Modine is the subject of the 2005 song "[[Matthew Modine (song)|Matthew Modine]]" by [[Pony Up]].<ref name=VillageVoice>{{cite news| url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2005/04/12/songs-about-going-down-on-celebrities-not-so-simple/| title=Songs About Going Down on Celebrities Not So Simple| first=Jessica| last=Grose| newspaper=[[the Village Voice]]| date=April 12, 2005| access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Pitchfork>{{cite journal| url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/6560-pony-up/| title=Pony Up!| journal=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]| first=Peter| last=Macia| date=March 21, 2005| access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

===Activism===
[[File:Matthew Modine from Full Metal Jacket checking out a Freewheelin bike (2800852879) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Modine participating in a [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike sharing]] event during the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]]]]
Cycling has been Modine's main mode of transportation since he moved to New York City from Utah in 1980. He heads a pro-bike organization called "Bicycle for a Day" and was honored for his work on June 2, 2009, by the environmental arts and education center on the [[East River]], [[Solar 1]].<ref name=nym/>

In 2019, Modine ran unsuccessfully for [[SAG-AFTRA]] national presidential election, challenging incumbent [[Gabrielle Carteris]]. Modine's campaign manager and a number of other union members filed protests after the result, alleging election violations.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/sag-aftra-election-labor-complaint-matthew-modine-campaign-gabrielle-carteris-1202767541/| title=Matthew Modine's Campaign Manager Files SAG-AFTRA Election Complaint With U.S. Labor Department – Update| first=David| last=Robb| date=October 23, 2019| journal=Deadline}}</ref> The complaints were unsuccessful, and the investigation found no reason to set aside Cateris's election. Modine ran again in 2021 and was defeated by [[Fran Drescher]] by a margin of 52.5% to 47.5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sagaftra.org/sag-aftra-members-elect-fran-drescher-president-union-and-joely-fisher-secretary-treasurer|title=SAG-AFTRA Members Elect Fran Drescher President of Union and Joely Fisher as Secretary-Treasurer|date=2021-09-02|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.sagaftra.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maddaus|first=Gene|title=Fran Drescher Elected President of SAG-AFTRA, Rival Joely Fisher Wins Secretary-Treasurer|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/fran-drescher-president-sag-aftra-joely-fisher-1235054675/|date=2021-09-02|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class=unsortable |Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1983
| ''[[Baby It's You (film)|Baby It's You]]''
| Steve
|
|-
| ''[[Private School (film)|Private School]]''
| Jim Green
|
|-
| ''[[Streamers (film)|Streamers]]''
| Billy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1984
| ''[[The Hotel New Hampshire (film)|The Hotel New Hampshire]]''
| Chip Dove / Ernst
|
|-
| ''[[Birdy (film)|Birdy]]''
| 'Birdy'
|
|-
| ''[[Mrs. Soffel]]''
| Jack Biddle
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Vision Quest (film)|Vision Quest]]''
| Louden Swain
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
| ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]''
| Private/Sergeant J.T. "Joker" Davis
|
|-
| ''[[Orphans (1987 film)|Orphans]]''
| Treat
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
| ''[[Married to the Mob]]''
| FBI Agent Mike Downey
|
|-
| ''[[The Gamble (1988 film)|The Gamble]]''
| Francesco Sacredo
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Gross Anatomy (film)|Gross Anatomy]]''
| Joe Slovak
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
| ''[[Memphis Belle (film)|Memphis Belle]]''
| Captain Dennis Dearborn
|
|-
| ''[[Pacific Heights (film)|Pacific Heights]]''
| Drake Goodman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''[[Equinox (1992 film)|Equinox]]''
| Henry Petosa / Freddy 'Ace'
|
|-
| [[Wind (1992 film)|''Wind'']]
| Will Parker
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
| ''[[When I Was a Boy (film)|When I Was a Boy]]''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short film Co-writer, co-director and co-producer
|-
| ''[[The Tree (1993 film)|The Tree]]''
| Boy as Middle-Aged Man / Boy as Old Man
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Short Cuts]]''
| Dr. Ralph Wyman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
| ''[[The Browning Version (1994 film)|The Browning Version]]''
| Frank Hunter
|
|-
| ''Smoking''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short film Director and producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
| ''[[Bye Bye Love (film)|Bye Bye Love]]''
| Dave Goldman
|
|-
| ''[[Fluke (film)|Fluke]]''
| Thomas P. Johnson / Voice of Fluke
|
|-
| ''[[Cutthroat Island]]''
| William Shaw
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1997
| ''Ecce Pirate''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short film Writer, director and producer
|-
| ''[[The Blackout (1997 film)|The Blackout]]''
| Matty
|
|-
| ''[[The Maker (film)|The Maker]]''
| Walter Schmeiss
|
|-
| ''[[The Real Blonde]]''
| Joe
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999
| ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]''
| Movie-Within-Movie Actor
| Uncredited
|-
|''[[If... Dog... Rabbit...]]''
| Johnnie Cooper
| Also writer and director
|-
| ''[[Any Given Sunday]]''
| Dr. Ollie Powers
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
| ''[[Very Mean Men]]''
| Bartender
|
|-
| ''[[Bamboozled]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
| ''[[Nobody's Baby (2001 film)|Nobody's Baby]]''
| 'Sonny'
|
|-
| ''[[In the Shadows (2001 film)|In the Shadows]]''
| Eric O'Byrne
|
|-
| ''[[The Shipment (film)|The Shipment]]''
| Mitch Garrett
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
| ''[[Overnight (2003 film)|Overnight]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Le Divorce]]''
| Tellman
|
|-
| ''[[Hollywood North (film)|Hollywood North]]''
| Bobby Myers
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Funky Monkey (film)|Funky Monkey]]''
| Alec McCall
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
| ''[[Transporter 2]]''
| Senator Jeff Billings
|
|-
| ''[[Mary (2005 film)|Mary]]''
| Tony Childress / [[Jesus]]
|
|-
| ''[[Opa!]]''
| Eric
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kettle of Fish (film)|Kettle of Fish]]''
| Mel
| Also executive producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
| ''[[Go Go Tales]]''
| Johnie Ruby
|
|-
| ''Have Dreams, Will Travel''
| Ben's Father
|
|-
| ''The Neighbor''
| Jeff
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
| ''I Think I Thought''
| Joe
| Short film Also writer, director and producer
|-
| ''To Kill an American''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Writer, director and producer
|-
| ''Cowboy''
| Cowboy
| Short film Also writer and director
|-
| ''[[Mia and the Migoo]]''
| Mr. Houston / Godfrey
| Voice, English dub
|-
| ''[[The Garden of Eden (2008 film)|The Garden of Eden]]''
| David's Father
|
|-
| ''Santa, the Fascist Years''
| Narrator
| Short film Voice
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Little Fish, Strange Pond]]''
| Mr. Jack
| Also executive producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
| ''[[The Trial (2010 film)|The Trial]]''
| Mac
| Also producer
|-
| ''[[A Cat in Paris]]''
| Lucas
| Voice, English dub
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''Jesus Was a Commie''
| John Doe
| Short film<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jesuswasacommiefilm.com| title=Jesus Was A Commie| website=Official Site}}</ref> Also writer, director and producer
|-
| ''Sunchasers''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Producer
|-
| ''[[Wrinkles (film)|Wrinkles]]''
| Juan
| Voice, English dub
|-
| ''The Flying House''
| 'Bertie'
| Short film Also executive producer
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
| ''Somebody''
| rowspan="2" |{{TableTBA|None}}
| rowspan="2" |Short film Writer, director and producer
|-
| ''Plastic Jesus''
|-
| ''[[Girl in Progress]]''
| Dr. Harford
|
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]''
| Peter Foley
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| ''[[Jobs (film)|Jobs]]''
| [[John Sculley]]
|
|-
| ''[[Family Weekend]]''
| Duncan Dungy
|
|-
| ''[[Cheatin' (film)|Cheatin'<nowiki/>]]''
| rowspan="2" |{{TableTBA|None}}
| Executive producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''Hyperion''
| Short film Associate producer
|-
| ''[[Altar (film)|Altar]]''
| Alec Hamilton
|
|-
| ''Guests''
| Theodore Foster
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
| ''[[The Brainwashing of My Dad]]''
| Narrator
| Documentary film Also producer
|-
| ''[[The Heyday of the Insensitive Bastards]]''
| Theodore Foster
|
|-
| ''[[Last Days of Coney Island]]''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short film Executive producer
|-
| ''[[Merry Xmas (film)|Merry Xmas]]''
| Abe
| Also writer and producer
|-
| ''[[Unity (film)|Unity]]''
| Narrator
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
| ''[[The Confirmation]]''
| Kyle
|
|-
| ''[[Alex & Co: How to Grow Up Despite Your Parents]]''
| Bob Riley
|
|-
| ''[[Revengeance (film)|Revengeance]]''
| Sid
| Uncredited Also executive producer
|-
| ''[[Super Sex (film)|Super Sex]]''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short film Writer, director and producer
|-
| ''[[Army of One (2016 film)|Army of One]]''
| Dr. Ross
|
|-
| ''Stars in Shorts: No Ordinary Love''
| Abe
| Also co-writer, co-director and co-producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[The Hippopotamus (film)|The Hippopotamus]]''
| Michael Logan
|
|-
| ''[[47 Meters Down]]''
| Captain Taylor
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Sicario: Day of the Soldado]]''
| James Riley
|
|-
| ''[[Speed Kills]]''
| [[George H. W. Bush]]
|
|-
| ''[[An Actor Prepares (film)|An Actor Prepares]]''
| Charlie
|
|-
| ''[[Backtrace (film)|Backtrace]]''
| MacDonald
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| ''Keepers of the Wild''
| {{TableTBA|None}}
| Short documentary film Executive producer
|-
| ''[[Foster Boy]]''
| Michael Trainer
|
|-
| ''[[Miss Virginia (film)|Miss Virginia]]''
| Congressman Cliff Williams
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''Guardians of Life''
| Senior Physician<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/feb/06/guardians-of-nature-review-joaquin-phoenix|title=Guardians of Life review – Joaquin Phoenix's climate call goes down in flames|date=2020-02-06|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=2020-02-12|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Chance (2020 film)|Chance]]''
| Mike
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| ''The Martini Shot''
| Steve
|
|-
| ''[[Breaking News in Yuba County]]''
| Carl Buttons
|
|-
| ''[[Wrong Turn (2021 film)|Wrong Turn]]''
| Scott Shaw
|
|-
| ''[[Operation Varsity Blues: The College Admissions Scandal|Operation Varsity Blues: The College Admissions Scandal]]''
| [[Rick Singer]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[My Love Affair with Marriage]]''
|Bo
|Voice; also executive producer
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
| ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
| [[Vannevar Bush]]
|
|-
| ''[[Retribution (2023 film)|Retribution]]''
| Anders Muller
|
|-
| ''[[Hard Miles (film)|Hard Miles]]''
| Greg Townsend
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class=unsortable | Notes
|-
|1982
|''[[ABC Afterschool Special]]''
|Randy
|Episode: "Amy & the Angel"
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988
|''[[American Playhouse]]''
|Eugene O'Neill
|Episode: "Journey Into Genius"
|-
|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
|Host
|Episode: "Matthew Modine/[[Edie Brickell & New Bohemians]]"
|-
|1993
|''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]''
|Dr. Don Francis
| rowspan="2" |Television film
|-
|1994
|''[[Jacob (film)|Jacob]]''
|[[Jacob]]
|-
|1995–1998
|''The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes''
|[[Sherlock Holmes]]
|Voice 78 episodes
|-
|1997
|''[[What the Deaf Man Heard]]''
|Sammy Ayers
|Television film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''[[American Experience]]''
|Lawrence Svobida
|Episode: "Surviving the Dust Bowl"
|-
|''[[The American (novel)#Theatrical and TV adaptations|The American]]''
| Christopher Newman
| rowspan="2" | Television film
|-
|2000
|''[[Flowers for Algernon (film)|Flowers for Algernon]]''
|Charlie Gordon
|-
|2001
|''[[Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story]]''
|Jack Robinson
|2 episodes
|-
| 2002
|''Redeemer''
| Paul Freeman
| Television film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
|''[[The West Wing]]''
| Marco Arlens
| Episode: "The Long Goodbye"
|-
|''[[Hitler: The Rise of Evil]]''
|[[Fritz Gerlich]]
|2 episodes
|-
|''Expert Witness''
|
| rowspan="2" |Television film
|-
| 2004
|''[[The Winning Season (2004 film)|The Winning Season]]''
| Honus Wagner
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
|''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Gordon Rickett
| Episode: "Rage"
|-
|''[[Into the West (miniseries)|Into the West]]''
|Samson Wheeler
|Episode: "Dreams and Schemes"
|-
|2006
|''[[The Bedford Diaries]]''
|Professor Jake Macklin
|8 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
|''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]''
| rowspan="2" | Sullivan Groff
| 12 episodes
|-
|''Good Morning Agrestic''
|Short television series
Episode: "Majestic: Gates of Hell"
|-
|2008
|''[[Sex and Lies in Sin City]]''
|Ted Binion
| rowspan="2" |Television film
|-
|2011
|''[[Too Big to Fail (film)|Too Big to Fail]]''
|[[John Thain]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''CAT. 8''
|Dr. Michael Ranger
|2 episodes
|-
|''Anatomy of Violence''
|Convict #3
|Television film
|-
|2015
|''[[Proof (2015 TV series)|Proof]]''
|Ivan Turing
|10 episodes
|-
|2016–2017, 2022
|''[[Stranger Things]]''
| Dr. Martin Brenner
| 21 episodes
|-
| 2017
|''[[Idiotsitter]]''
| Dr. J. Lowe
| 3 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Sanctuary''
|Dr. Fisher
|8 episodes
|-
|''Surveillance''
|The Man in the Red Tie
|Television film
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Artist
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|"[[Crazy for You (Madonna song)|Crazy for You]]"
| rowspan="2" |[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
| rowspan="2" |From the film ''[[Vision Quest (film)|Vision Quest]]''
|
|-
|"[[Gambler (song)|Gambler]]"
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2017
| "[[1-800-273-8255 (song)|1-800-273-8255]]"
|[[Logic (rapper)|Logic]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammys-hip-hop-logic-1-800-music-video-don-cheadle-20180126-story.html|title=Inside Logic's Grammy-nominated suicide prevention video, with Don Cheadle, Matthew Modine and a mission|date=2018-01-26|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"[[What a Man Gotta Do]]"
|[[Jonas Brothers]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/jonas-brothers-what-a-man-gotta-do-details-references-music-video-2020-1|title=The Jonas Brothers' 'What a Man Gotta Do' music video is packed with hidden references. Here's every detail you may have missed.|last=Singh|first=Olivia|website=Insider|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Theater===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Play
!Role
!Venue
!Ref.
|-
|2004
|''[[Finishing the Picture]]''
|Paul
|[[Goodman Theatre]], [[Chicago]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodmantheatre.org/Templates/Pages/PlayDetails.aspx?id=1484&epslanguage=en|title=Finishing the Picture| website=Goodman Theatre|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''[[Resurrection Blues]]''
|Skip
|[[The Old Vic]], [[London]]
|<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/modine-joins-cast-of-londons-resurrection-blues-com-130038|title=Modine Joins Cast of London's Resurrection Blues|last=Nathan|first=John|date=January 3, 2006|journal=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]''
|[[Atticus Finch]]
|[[Hartford Stage]], [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Matthew-Modine-Stars-at-Atticus-Finch-in-To-Kill-a-Mockingbird-at-Hartford-Stage-20090218|title=Matthew Modine Stars as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird at Hartford Stage|author=BWW News Desk|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[The Miracle Worker]]''
|Captain Keller
|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[New York City|New York]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2013
|''Matthew Modine Saves the Alpacas''
|Himself
|[[Geffen Playhouse]], [[Los Angeles]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/legit/markets-festivals/matthew-modine-saves-the-alpacas-1200476084/|title=Matthew Modine Saves the Alpacas|last1=Verini|first1=Bob|date=2009-09-17|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''
|Atticus Finch
|[[Gielgud Theatre]], [[London]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/matthew-modine-to-play-atticus-finch-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird|title=Matthew Modine to play Atticus Finch in 'To Kill a Mockingbird'|author=London Theatre|website=londontheatre.co.uk|date=October 10, 2022 |language=en|access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Association
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|1983
| rowspan="2" |[[Venice Film Festival]]
|[[Volpi Cup for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Streamers (film)|Streamers]]''
| {{win}}
|-
|1993
|Special Volpi Cup for Best Ensemble Cast
| rowspan="2" |''[[Short Cuts]]''
| {{Won|Recipient}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
| rowspan="2" |[[Golden Globe Awards]]
|Special Award for Ensemble Cast {{small|(non-competitive)}}
| {{Won|Recipient}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television]]
|''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Independent Spirit Awards]]
|[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead|Best Male Lead]]
|''[[Equinox (1992 film)|Equinox]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Primetime Emmy Award]]s
|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
|''And the Band Played On''
| {{nom}}
|-
|1997
|[[Golden Globe Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
|''[[What the Deaf Man Heard]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|2000
|[[Satellite Awards]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television]]
|''[[Flowers for Algernon (film)|Flowers for Algernon]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|2008
|[[Tribeca Film Festival]]
|Best Narrative Short
|''I Think I Thought''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|[[Traverse City Film Festival]]
|Founders Prize for Best Short Film
| rowspan="2" |''Jesus Was a Commie''
| {{win}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Oldenburg International Film Festival]]
|Best Short Film
| {{nom}}
|-
|Walk of Fame
| {{N/A}}
| {{win}}
|-
|2012
|[[New Media Film Festival]]
|Best Short
|''Jesus Was a Commie''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Tribeca Film Festival]]
|Best Narrative Short Film
| rowspan="3" |''[[Super Sex (film)|Super Sex]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[New Media Film Festival]]
|Best Short
| {{win}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Coronado Island Film Festival]]
|Audience Favorite Award – Favourite Short Film
| {{win}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series]]
|''[[Stranger Things]]''
| {{win}}
|-
|[[Dublin International Film Festival]]
|Special Mention for International Short
|''Super Sex''
| {{win}}
|-
|2023
|[[Heartland International Film Festival]]
|Jimmy Stewart Legacy Award, Pioneering Spirit Award
|''Hard Miles''
|Won
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Matthew Modine}}
* {{Official website|https://www.matthewmodine.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|546}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* [http://www.bicycleforaday.com Bicycle for a Day]
* [http://www.fullmetaljacketdiary.com Full Metal Jacket Diary]

{{Volpi Cup for Best Actor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modine, Matthew}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Salt Lake City]]
[[Category:People from Loma Linda, California]]
[[Category:People from Imperial Beach, California]]
[[Category:Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners]]
[[Category:Volpi Cup winners]]

User talk:66.219.121.194

2024-04-23T16:49:48Z

WinterWarp: Final Warning: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

{{Shared IP edu|Middle Michigan Network for Educational Telecommunications, US}}

== February 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/66.219.121.194|your recent contributions]] to [[:Philippine–American War]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333]] ([[User talk:JohnLaurensAnthonyRamos333|correct me if I'm wrong]]) 19:12, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

== April 2024 ==

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Dolph Ziggler]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Filmssssssssssss|Filmssssssssssss]] ([[User talk:Filmssssssssssss|talk]]) 13:57, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]].
* If you are engaged in an article [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|content dispute]] with another editor, discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the [[:Talk:Kenny Omega|article's talk page]], and seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] page, and ask for independent help at one of the [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution#Ask for help at a relevant noticeboard|relevant noticeboards]].
* If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, seek assistance at Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents|Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].
If you continue to disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Kenny Omega]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]].  [[User:Cowboygilbert|'''Cowboygilbert''']] - [[User talk:Cowboygilbert| (talk) ♥]] 14:06, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Kenny Omega]].  [[User:WinterWarp|WinterWarp]] ([[User talk:WinterWarp|talk]]) 16:49, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

Kenny Omega

2024-04-23T16:49:36Z

WinterWarp: Reverting edit(s) by 66.219.121.194 (talk) to rev. 1220388470 by Cowboygilbert: non-constructive (RW 16.1)

{{short description|Canadian-born professional wrestler}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kenny Omega
| image = All Elite Wrestling Executive Vice President - Kenny Omega (headshot).jpg
| caption = Omega in 2019
| birth_name = Tyson Smith
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|10|16|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada
| citizenship = {{flatlist|
* Canada
* Japan
}}
| employer = [[All Elite Wrestling]]
| title = [[Executive Vice President]]
| module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
|names = '''Kenny Omega''' Scott Carpenter<ref name="SC"/>

|height = 6 ft 0 in<ref name="ITR"/>
|weight = 218 lb<ref name="ITR"/>
|billed = Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada<ref name="AXS"/><ref name="Miami"/> "Just north-west of [[North Carolina]]"
|trainer = Bobby Jay<ref name="slam-van dre griend"/> [[Dave Taylor (wrestler)|Dave Taylor]]<ref name="slam-van dre griend"/>
|debut = February 2000<ref name="NJPW"/>
|retired =
|module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
|embed = yes
|channel_name = thecleanerscorner
|years_active = 2024–present
|genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* Just Chatting}}
|followers = 21K
|stats_update = April 2, 2024
}}}}}}

'''Tyson Smith''' (born October 16, 1983), better known by the [[ring name]] '''Kenny Omega''', is a Canadian-born [[professional wrestler]]. He is signed to [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW), where he is also an executive vice president. He is currently out of action indefinitely due to [[diverticulitis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/1472351/former-aew-world-champion-kenny-omega-out-indefinitely-injury/ | title=Former AEW World Champion Kenny Omega 'Out Indefinitely' with Diverticulitis | date=December 15, 2023 }}</ref>

Before joining AEW in 2019, Omega was known for his tenure in [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW) from 2014 to 2019, during which he held the [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]], [[IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship]], as well as other titles. A member and one-time leader of the [[Bullet Club]] [[Professional wrestling stable|stable]], he incorporates elements from video games in his persona. Throughout his career, Omega has also performed as part of [[independent circuit|independent promotions]] worldwide, including [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]], [[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]], and [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]], as well as larger promotions, such as [[Ring of Honor]], [[Impact Wrestling]], and [[Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide]]. While wrestling in the last two promotions, he held the [[Impact World Championship]] and [[AAA Mega Championship]], and during the spring and summer of 2021 he held the AEW World, Impact World, and AAA Mega titles simultaneously as a triple champion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Philip |title=What's Next for AEW, Impact Partnership After Kenny Omega's World Title Win? |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2940955-whats-next-for-aew-impact-partnership-after-kenny-omegas-world-title-win |website=Bleacher Report |access-date=April 27, 2021}}</ref> In AEW, he has held the [[AEW World Championship]], [[AEW World Tag Team Championship]], and [[AEW World Trios Championship]], making him AEW's inaugural [[Triple Crown (professional wrestling)|Triple Crown winner]].<ref name = "KOTC">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUGI7-9S4QE#t=1h26m03s|title=AEW All Out Media Scrum|website=Youtube|date=September 4, 2022|access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref>

Hailed as one of the best professional wrestlers in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/upstart-aew-is-taking-wwe-head-on--with-a-focus-on-diversity-and-inclusion/2019/09/25/304d0204-d958-11e9-ac63-3016711543fe_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Upstart AEW is taking WWE head on — with a focus on diversity and inclusion|last=Kelly|first=Chris|date=September 26, 2019|url-access=limited|quote=Along with Rhodes and the Young Bucks, AEW would eventually tout ... Kenny Omega, one of the world's best wrestlers who built his career in Japan.|access-date=March 11, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927042813/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/upstart-aew-is-taking-wwe-head-on--with-a-focus-on-diversity-and-inclusion/2019/09/25/304d0204-d958-11e9-ac63-3016711543fe_story.html|archive-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name="instantclassic"/> Omega was named ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''{{'}}s Wrestler of the Year in 2017 and topped ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]''{{'}}s [[PWI 500|list of top 500 male wrestlers]] the following year and in 2021. He has also attained the latter publication's [[PWI Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] distinction three times; one of those matches, in which Omega competed against [[Kazuchika Okada]] in a [[2 out of 3 falls match|two out of three falls match]] at [[Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall]] in June 2018, received a [[List of professional wrestling matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer|seven-star rating]] from sports journalist [[Dave Meltzer]], the highest rating Meltzer has ever awarded a professional wrestling match. He was inducted into the [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame|''Wrestling Observer Newsletter'' Hall of Fame]] in 2020.

==Early life==
Tyson Smith was born in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], on October 16, 1983.<ref name=HeraldWPG>{{Cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/our-communities/herald/Transconas-Omega-man-294417621.html|title=Transcona's Omega man|last=Birnie|first=Sheldon|date=February 27, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2015|work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304151540/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/our-communities/herald/Transconas-Omega-man-294417621.html|archive-date=March 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Garrett|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/wrestling/kenny-omega/kenny-omega-feature/|title=Kenny Omega Unleashed His Final Form in 2016. Will It Return at Wrestle Kingdom 11?|work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=January 3, 2017|access-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815095815/https://www.pastemagazine.com/wrestling/kenny-omega/kenny-omega-feature/|archive-date=August 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dark Angelita|url=https://superluchas.com/feliz-cumpleanos-kenny-omega/|title=Feliz Cumpleaños Kenny Omega|work=[[Súper Luchas]]|language=es|date=October 16, 2014|access-date=August 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815100911/https://superluchas.com/feliz-cumpleanos-kenny-omega/|archive-date=August 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Transcona, Winnipeg|Transcona]], a Winnipeg suburb.<ref name="suburb">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2018/08/31/kenny-omega-career-njpw-future-wwe|title=What does the future hold for Kenny Omega?|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|last=Barrasso|first=Justin|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=February 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214233408/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2018/08/31/kenny-omega-career-njpw-future-wwe|archive-date=February 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2016, Smith's mother works in family services while his father works for the Canadian government as a transport officer.<ref name="SIJuly2016">{{cite magazine|last1=Barrasso|first1=Justin|url=https://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/07/12/kenny-omega-new-japan-wwe-new-day-elite-young-bucks|title=Kenny Omega on New Japan, WWE, and the New Day|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=July 12, 2016|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713174339/http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/07/12/kenny-omega-new-japan-wwe-new-day-elite-young-bucks|archive-date=July 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He has a younger sister.<ref name="ITR">{{cite web|url=https://itrwrestling.com/bio/kenny-omega/|title=Kenny Omega: 2023 Biography, News, Net Worth|work=Inside the Ropes|date=October 30, 2022 |access-date=June 12, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612021128/https://itrwrestling.com/bio/kenny-omega/|archive-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref><ref name="SIJuly2016"/> Smith's affinity toward [[professional wrestling]] began during childhood when he watched tapes of [[WWE]] (then-WWF)'s ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event]]'', which became his favorite program.<ref name="SIJuly2016"/> Growing up, Smith played [[ice hockey]] as a goalie.<ref name=HeraldWPG/> He also worked at branches of retailers [[IGA (supermarkets)|IGA]] and [[Costco]].<ref name="AXS">{{cite web|last1=Freeborn|first1=Jeremy|url=https://www.axs.com/5-things-you-didn-t-know-about-kenny-omega-133693|title=5 things you didn't know about Kenny Omega|publisher=[[AXS (company)|AXS]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153427/https://www.axs.com/5-things-you-didn-t-know-about-kenny-omega-133693|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Smith first became interested in a career in professional wrestling after one of his friends from [[Transcona Collegiate Institute]] (TCI) began training with Top Rope Championship Wrestling (TRCW) in Winnipeg.<ref name=HeraldWPG/> Smith ended his ice hockey career plans, turning down a scholarship offer from [[Bemidji State University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erdman |first=Corey |date=2017-02-03 |title=Kenny Omega's Journey from Canadian Junior Hockey Goalie to Wrestling Superstar |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgjyey/kenny-omegas-journey-from-canadian-junior-hockey-goalie-to-wrestling-superstar |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> and began training under TRCW promoter Bobby Jay,<ref name=HeraldWPG/> whom he met while he was stacking shelves at an IGA store.<ref name="slam-van dre griend">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2009/04/20/9176016.html|title=Kenny Omega finds a home in ROH|date=April 20, 2009|last=Van Der Griend|first=Blaine|access-date=February 14, 2019|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210073114/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2009/04/20/9176016.html|archive-date=February 10, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> After training with Jay for a year, 16-year-old Smith made his professional wrestling debut in the year 2000.<ref name="NJPW">{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/data/detail_profile.php?f=580|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|script-title=ja:ケニー・オメガ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124092437/http://www.njpw.co.jp/data/detail_profile.php?f=580|archive-date=November 24, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Miami">{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article158550689.html|title=Kenny Omega audio Q&A; NJPW's first U.S. event live on AXS TV|last=Varsallone|first=Jim|work=[[Miami Herald]]|date=June 27, 2011|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930051534/https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article158550689.html|archive-date=September 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to wrestle as part of TRCW for two years, where he developed the [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#gimmick|gimmick]] of a Hawaiian [[surfer]] named Kenny Omega.<ref name="slam-van dre griend"/><ref name="SLAM">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2005/12/03/1335752.html|title=Slam! Wrestling: Winnipeg's Omega signs WWE deal|author=Turenne, Paul|date=December 3, 2005|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083916/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2005/12/03/1335752.html|archive-date=February 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The surfer aspect was later dropped and replaced with an [[otaku]]-influenced gimmick.<ref name="slam-van dre griend"/> In 2001, he graduated from TCI and enrolled in university but dropped out during his first year in order to fully pursue professional wrestling.<ref name=HeraldWPG/>

==Professional wrestling career==
===Independent circuit and WWE (2001–2011)===
In 2001, Omega debuted in the Winnipeg-based promotion Premier Championship Wrestling (PCW).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sichler|first1=Jay|url=http://vulturehound.co.uk/2016/08/the-evolution-of-kenny-omega/|title=The Evolution of Kenny Omega|work=[[VultureHound]]|date=August 17, 2016|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507143523/http://vulturehound.co.uk/2016/08/the-evolution-of-kenny-omega/|archive-date=May 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the PCW Heavyweight Championship and the PCW Tag Team Championship in 2003 and 2004, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=80503|title=PCW Back To School Bash 2 « Events Database|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212142/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=80503|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PCW2004>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/2004.php|title=History of 2004|access-date=March 11, 2010|publisher=Premier Championship Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304065239/http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/2004.php|archive-date=March 4, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He unsuccessfully challenged [[Petey Williams]] for the [[TNA X Division Championship]] at the [[NWA Anniversary Show#2004|National Wrestling Alliance's 56th Anniversary Show]] on October 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=7869|title=NWA/CWF 56th Anniversary Show – Tag 2 « Events Database|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925221324/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=7869|archive-date=September 25, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He later won an eight-man tournament, defeating Nate Hardy, [[Chris Sabin]], and [[Amazing Red]], to win the Premier Cup and the NWA Canada X-Division Championship on June 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=76627|title=PCW « Events Database|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212130/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=76627|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After competing for [[Harley Race]]'s promotion [[World League Wrestling]] in September 2005, losing to [[Keith Walker (wrestler)|Keith Walker]] in a match, Omega was invited to a week-long tryout by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).<ref name=HeraldWPG/>

In October 2005, Smith was sent to [[Deep South Wrestling]] (DSW), WWE's then-[[developmental territory]] for a tryout, after which he was offered a developmental contract and subsequently assigned to DSW full-time.<ref name="SLAM"/> In August 2006, he requested his release from his contract.<ref name="instantclassic">{{cite web|last1=Atkin|first1=Nicolas|url=http://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/18466436/wwe-interested-independent-star-kenny-omega-says-triple-h|title=WWE interested in independent star Kenny Omega says Triple H|quote=Omega solidified his stock as one of the greatest professional wrestlers in the world following his instant-classic main-event match against Kazuchika Okada at Wrestle Kingdom 11 on Jan. 4 at the Tokyo Dome.|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 14, 2017|access-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523011646/http://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/18466436/wwe-interested-independent-star-kenny-omega-says-triple-h|archive-date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> Omega later stated that his time in DSW was poor, particularly criticizing promoters [[Bill DeMott]] and [[Jody Hamilton]], and trainer [[Hardcore Holly|Bob Holly]].<ref name="SIJuly2016"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/39525-kenny-omega-talks-wwe-developmental-new-japan-bob-holly|title=Kenny Omega talks WWE developmental, New Japan, Bob Holly|last=Prout|first=Evan|date=October 21, 2014|access-date=January 11, 2016|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024084648/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/39525-kenny-omega-talks-wwe-developmental-new-japan-bob-holly|archive-date=October 24, 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, he expressed praise for trainer [[Dave Taylor (wrestler)|Dave Taylor]].<ref name="slam-van dre griend"/> WWE has since reportedly approached him with contracts in the spring of 2014, three times in 2015, and in early 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Meltzer | first = Dave | author-link = Dave Meltzer | date = November 3, 2014 | title = Nov 3 2014 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: WWE direction leading to WrestleMania, Hell in a Cell review and analysis, tons more | magazine = [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] | location = [[Campbell, California]] | issn = 1083-9593 | page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/506705/|script-title=ja:ＩＣ王者・ケニーＷＷＥ移籍より飯伏と再戦|date=February 16, 2016|access-date=February 16, 2016|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219041725/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/506705/|archive-date=February 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rose|first1=Bryan|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/kenny-omega-reveals-aew-contract-details-talks-njpw-and-wwe-276516|title=Kenny Omega reveals AEW contract details, talks NJPW and WWE|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=May 31, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611132248/https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/kenny-omega-reveals-aew-contract-details-talks-njpw-and-wwe-276516|archive-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Kenny Omega - JAPW Heavyweight Champion.jpg|thumb|right|Omega as the [[JAPW Heavyweight Championship|JAPW Heavyweight Champion]] in November 2008]]
After his release from WWE, Omega intended to forge a career in [[mixed martial arts]] and entered [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] tournaments before deciding to return to professional wrestling.<ref name=HeraldWPG/> He then reinvented his wrestling persona and developed a new distinct move set.<ref name=HeraldWPG/> On March 8, 2008, Omega competed for [[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]] (JAPW) and captured the [[JAPW Heavyweight Championship]] by defeating [[Low Ki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=18676|title=JAPW Caged Fury 2008 « Events Database|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217084910/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=18676|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 19, he retained his title against [[Frankie Kazarian]] at ''Spring Massacre''.<ref name="Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyprowrestling.com/results/2008.html|title=Results: 2008|year=2008|work=NYProWrestling.com: Results|publisher=NYProWrestling.com|access-date=August 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706121935/http://www.nyprowrestling.com/results/2008.html|archive-date=July 6, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Omega lost the JAPW Heavyweight Championship to [[Jay Lethal]] at Jersey City Rumble on February 28, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/117810|title=Break It Down: JAPW Jersey City Rumble|date=October 20, 2009|last=Rozanski|first=Ryan|access-date=March 11, 2010|website=411Mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607022034/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/117810|archive-date=June 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Omega competed in a six-way elimination match for the [[JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship]] on December 10, 2010, during which he was eliminated by the eventual winner, [[Jushin Thunder Liger]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=53486&p=3|title=Complete JAPW Anniversary coverage from New Jersey: Jushin Liger wins JAPW gold and more|date=December 10, 2010|last=Johnson|first=Mike|access-date=December 11, 2010|website=PWInsider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825100738/http://pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=53486&p=3|archive-date=August 25, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 15, 2011, he defeated Liger in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] during [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]'s [[NJPW Invasion Tour 2011|inaugural US tour]] to win the JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship.<ref name=JAPWLH>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1305557577 |title=5/15 New Japan Pro Wrestling Results: Philly, PA |last=Martin |first=Adam |date=May 16, 2011 |access-date=May 16, 2011 |work=Wrestleview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610122633/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1305557577 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref> That same year, Omega wrestled in tapings for [[Wrestling Revolution Project]], performing under the ring name Scott Carpenter.<ref name="SC">{{cite magazine|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=October 24, 2011|title=October 24 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: 2011 Hall of Fame issue, GSP down, Bound for Glory and Bobby Roode, Hogan vs. Sting, giant issue|periodical=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|location=[[Campbell, California]]|issn=1083-9593|page=37|quote=Jeff Katz's Wrestling Revolution Project taped its first season in Los Angeles this past week. ... Kenny Omega, known as Scott Carpenter, was the star, with strong matches against Chris Masters (known as Concrete) and Killshot (Karl Anderson).}}</ref> JAPW declared the Light Heavyweight Championship vacant in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japw.net/history/championships/japw-light-heavyweight-championship/|title=JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship|publisher=[[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]]|date=May 25, 2017|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930061501/https://www.japw.net/history/championships/japw-light-heavyweight-championship/|archive-date=September 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to make appearances during PCW events in October 2018 and March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Satin|first1=Ryan|author-link1=Ryan Satin|url=https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/don-callis-turns-omega-video/|title=Full Video of Don Callis Turning On Kenny Omega In Winnipeg|website=Pro Wrestling Sheet|date=October 21, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621084331/http://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/don-callis-turns-omega-video/|archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/don-callis-pins-kenny-omega-video/|title=Don Callis Pins Kenny Omega at Local Event in Winnipeg (VIDEO)|first=Ryan|last=Satin|author-link1=Ryan Satin|website=Pro Wrestling Sheet|date=March 31, 2019|access-date=May 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925025630/https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/don-callis-pins-kenny-omega-video/|archive-date=September 25, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===DDT Pro-Wrestling (2008–2014)===
{{main|Golden Lovers}}
[[File:Omega and Ibushi reunited, 2018.png|thumb|upright|230px|The [[Golden☆Lovers]] (Omega and [[Kota Ibushi]]) embracing]]
In 2006, Omega became captivated by Japanese wrestler [[Kota Ibushi]] after watching him perform as part of Japanese promotion [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]], so he uploaded videos of himself having a DDT-style match to YouTube, in hopes they would interest Ibushi into working with him.<ref name=BeginJapanology>{{cite episode|title=Japanophiles – Kenny Omega|series=Begin Japanology|network=[[NHK World]]|date=August 15, 2013|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/tv/japanology/archives201503030300.html|access-date=May 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512103924/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/tv/japanology/archives201503030300.html|archive-date=May 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> After seeing the videos, DDT invited Omega to Japan to wrestle Ibushi, which Omega accepted; he made his first appearance for the promotion in August 2008.<ref name=BeginJapanology/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/columns/81820/The-Navigation-Log-8.03.08:-New-Japan-vs.-All-Japan,-New-Japan-vs.-ZERO1,-and-Shingo-Rules-Dragon-Gate.htm|title=The Navigation Log 8.03.08: New Japan vs. All Japan, New Japan vs. Zero1, and Shingo Rules Dragon Gate|author=Short, Matt|date=August 3, 2008|website=411Mania|access-date=August 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812072831/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/columns/81820/The-Navigation-Log-8.03.08:-New-Japan-vs.-All-Japan,-New-Japan-vs.-ZERO1,-and-Shingo-Rules-Dragon-Gate.htm|archive-date=August 12, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega stated that wrestling in Japan had been one of his dreams, as the local scene appealed to his creative side, feeling that he was able to show his personality and express himself.<ref name=HeraldWPG/><ref name=BeginJapanology/> He and Ibushi then formed a tag team named the [[Golden☆Lovers]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bell|first1=Brian|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/wrestling/golden-lovers/kenny-omega-and-kota-ibushis-relationship-is-a-cru/|title=Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi's Relationship Is a Crucial Step for Queer Representation in Wrestling|work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=March 22, 2018|access-date=September 6, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906042556/https://www.pastemagazine.com/wrestling/golden-lovers/kenny-omega-and-kota-ibushis-relationship-is-a-cru/|archive-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref>

In 2011, Omega competed in a match against a nine-year-old girl named Haruka. A video of the match went viral, making international news and receiving polarizing responses, after which Omega received death threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2012/03/10/19486701.html|title=Omega can't live down match with 9-year-old-girl|last=Lunney|first=Doug|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|date=March 10, 2012|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930063804/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2012/03/10/19486701.html|archive-date=September 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wrestler [[Mick Foley]], conversely, praised Omega's work as a heel, asking why he was not on national television.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/03/09/lunney-losing-to-a-9-year-old-girl|title=Lunney: Losing to a 9-year-old-girl?|last=Lunney|first=Todd|date=March 9, 2012|access-date=December 30, 2015|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063026/http://www.torontosun.com/2012/03/09/lunney-losing-to-a-9-year-old-girl|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega later stated that he was asked to work with Haruka due to the safe nature of his work and that he personally trained her before their match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-talks-about-wrestling-nine-year-old-girl-and-blow-doll|title=Kenny Omega Talks About Wrestling A Nine-Year Old Girl And A Blow-Up Doll|last=Pawlowski|first=Alex|date=January 23, 2017|access-date=September 30, 2019|publisher=Fightful|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930065551/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-talks-about-wrestling-nine-year-old-girl-and-blow-doll|archive-date=September 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Omega represented DDT in [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]'s [[AJPW Junior League#2011|2011 Junior League]], making his debut for the promotion on September 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=183 |script-title=ja:『2011Flashing Tour～富士急 presents 2011 ジュニア・ヘビー級リーグ戦～』|date=September 11, 2011|work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]|access-date=September 30, 2011|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924150032/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=183|archive-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref> After three wins and two losses, he finished second in his block and did not advance to the finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/news/detail.php?id=714 |script-title=ja:『2011 Flashing Tour ～富士急 presents 2011 ジュニア・ヘビー級リーグ戦』星取り表（全日程終了）|date=September 25, 2011|work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]|access-date=September 30, 2011|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924045047/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/news/detail.php?id=714|archive-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref>

On October 23, Omega defeated [[Kai (wrestler)|Kai]] to become the new [[World Junior Heavyweight Championship (AJPW)|World Junior Heavyweight Champion]].<ref name=AJPW102311>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=201 |script-title=ja:『プロレスLove in 両国 vol.13』 |date=October 23, 2011 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |access-date=October 23, 2011 |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001839/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=201 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref> He lost the title back to Kai on May 27, 2012, in his sixth title defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=269 |title=40th Anniversary year Rise Up Tour 2012 |date=May 27, 2012 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |access-date=May 27, 2012 |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031025542/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=269 |archive-date=October 31, 2012 }}</ref> On December 23, Omega defeated [[El Generico]] to win the [[KO-D Openweight Championship]] for the first time.<ref name=NeverMind2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1356252329/|title=Never Mind 2012|work=[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=December 23, 2012|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121083722/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1356252329/|archive-date=January 21, 2013}}</ref> On January 27, 2013, Omega defeated [[Isami Kodaka]] in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Winner Takes All match|title vs. title match]], retaining his title and winning the [[DDT Extreme Championship]] held by Kodaka.<ref name=DDT012713>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1359265996/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130215193026/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1359265996/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 15, 2013 | title = Sweet Dreams! 2013 | access-date = January 27, 2013 | work = [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] | language = ja }}</ref> He lost the KO-D Openweight Championship to [[Shigehiro Irie]] on March 20, 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1363759193/ | title = Judgement 2013 | access-date = March 20, 2013 | work = [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] | language = ja | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130410180730/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1363759193/ | archive-date = April 10, 2013 }}</ref> On May 26, Omega, Ibushi, and [[Gota Ihashi]] defeated [[Yuji Hino]], [[Antonio Honda]], and [[Daisuke Sasaki]] to win the [[KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship]].<ref name=DDT052613>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1369565513/ |script-title=ja:Road to Ryogoku 2days in Hiroshima～ドラマティック・ドリーム・とうかさん～ | access-date = May 26, 2013 | work = [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] | language = ja | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130615081057/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1369565513/ | archive-date = June 15, 2013 }}</ref> Omega's team lost the championship to Hino, Honda, and [[Hoshitango Imachi|Hoshitango]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1371967036/ | title = What are you doing 2013 | access-date = June 23, 2013 | work = [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] | language = ja | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130624214517/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1371967036/ | archive-date = June 24, 2013 }}</ref> On August 25, Omega lost the DDT Extreme Championship to [[Danshoku Dino]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1377409198/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826201122/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1377409198/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 26, 2013 | script-title=ja:夏休みの思い出 2013 | access-date=August 26, 2013 | language=ja | title=DDT ProWrestling }}</ref>

On January 26, 2014, the Golden☆Lovers defeated the respective teams of Kodaka and [[Yuko Miyamoto]] as well as [[Konosuke Takeshita]] and [[Tetsuya Endo (wrestler)|Tetsuya Endo]] in a three-way match to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/6570/|script-title=ja:【後楽園リポート】Harashimaが入江退けKO-D無差別防衛、高梨が次期挑戦に名乗りあげるも...／G☆Lvs二丁拳銃2・2名古屋でKO-Dタッグ再戦決定／光留、旅立ちの日／ハードヒット2・28新木場に中井光義参戦／世IV虎は赤井に完勝「ただの親の七光りにしか思えない」|date=January 26, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2014|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202141315/http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/6570/|archive-date=February 2, 2014|url-status=live|title=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref> The team of the Golden☆Lovers and Sasaki won the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship from Irie, [[Keisuke Ishii]], and [[Soma Takao]] in April but lost the title to [[Kudo (wrestler)|Kudo]], [[Masa Takanashi]], and [[Yukio Sakaguchi]] the following month.<ref name=DDT041214>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/8854/|script-title=ja:DDTプロレスさいたまスーパーアリーナへの道2|access-date=April 12, 2014|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135218/http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/8854/|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead|title=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/9549/|script-title=ja:Road to Ryogoku in Sendai〜ドラマティック・ドリーム・タン〜|access-date=May 4, 2014|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172549/http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/9549/|archive-date=May 4, 2014|url-status=live|title=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref> On September 28, the Golden☆Lovers lost the KO-D Tag Team Championship to Takeshita and Endo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/14986/|script-title=ja:DDTドラマティック総選挙2014最終投票日〜最後のお願いスペシャル〜|access-date=September 28, 2014|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072208/http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/14986/|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live|title=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref> Omega returned to DDT for the promotion's [[Ultimate Party 2019|Ultimate Party]] event on November 3, 2019, during which he and [[Riho]] scored a victory over Honda and [[Miyu Yamashita]] in a tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/ddt-ultimate-party-2019-113-results-kenny-omega-returns-ddt|title=DDT Ultimate Party 2019 (11/3) Results: Kenny Omega Returns To DDT|publisher=Fightful|last=Toro|first=Carlos|date=November 3, 2019|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104131447/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/ddt-ultimate-party-2019-113-results-kenny-omega-returns-ddt|archive-date=November 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2008–2014)===
[[File:Kenny Omega BOLA 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Omega during his entrance in PWG's [[Battle of Los Angeles (professional wrestling)|Battle of Los Angeles]] in 2008]]
On November 1, 2008, Omega appeared for [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] (PWG) during the [[Battle of Los Angeles 2008|2008 Battle of Los Angeles]], where he was defeated in the first round of the tournament by local talent Brandon Bonham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/89374/Pro-Wrestling-Guerrilla:-Battle-of-Los-Angeles-2008-Night-One-Results.htm|title=Pro Wrestling Guerrilla: Battle of Los Angeles 2008 Night One Results|access-date=September 8, 2009|work=411Mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817172211/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/89374/Pro-Wrestling-Guerrilla:-Battle-of-Los-Angeles-2008-Night-One-Results.htm|archive-date=August 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The next night, during a three-way tag team match in which Omega competed, he was [[Irish whip]]ped into the ropes by [[Davey Richards]], only for the force to snap the middle and bottom ropes, throwing Omega out of the ring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/89465/Pro-Wrestling-Guerrilla:-Battle-of-Los-Angeles-2008---Night-Two-Results.htm|title=Pro Wrestling Guerrilla: Battle of Los Angeles 2008 – Night Two Results|date=November 3, 2008|last=Domingo|first=Bayani|work=411Mania|access-date=January 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829104654/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/89465/Pro-Wrestling-Guerrilla:-Battle-of-Los-Angeles-2008---Night-Two-Results.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Three months later, Omega returned to the promotion at ''Express Written Consent'', where he was defeated by El Generico after referee Rick Knox hit him with a leaping clothesline after Knox grew tired of Omega abusing him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2009/show0098.html|title=Express Written Consent|access-date=November 22, 2009|publisher=[[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927233151/http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2009/show0098.html|archive-date=September 27, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PWGEWC>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/111076/Break-It-Down:--PWG-Express-Written-Consent.htm|title=Break It Down: PWG Express Written Consent|work=411Mania|access-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726130318/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/111076/Break-It-Down:--PWG-Express-Written-Consent.htm|archive-date=July 26, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> At PWG's hundredth show on April 12, 2009, he lost to [[Bryan Danielson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2009/show0100.html|title=One Hundred|access-date=November 22, 2009|publisher=[[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927234826/http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2009/show0100.html|archive-date=September 27, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 20, 2009, Omega entered [[Battle of Los Angeles (2009)|the year's Battle of Los Angeles]], which was contested for the vacant [[PWG World Championship]], defeating [[Kevin Steen]], [[Scott Lost]], and [[Joey Ryan (wrestler)|Joey Ryan]] in the first, quarter, and semifinal rounds, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1258915456.php?style=dark|title=11/20 PWG Results: Reseda, CA|access-date=November 22, 2009|last=Martin|first=Adam|date=November 22, 2009|work=Wrestleview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220347/http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1258915456.php?style=dark|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> He defeated [[Roderick Strong]] in the final round to win the tournament and become the PWG World Champion.<ref name=BOLA2009>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_36919.shtml|title=PWG News: Results from the Battle of Los Angeles tournament to determine the new PWG champion|access-date=November 22, 2009|last=Caldwell|first=James|date=November 22, 2009|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123093253/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_36919.shtml|archive-date=November 23, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=3198&start=114|title=PWG's Kurt Russellmania at Wrestlereunion 4 on January 30, 2010!|date=December 22, 2009|access-date=December 28, 2009|publisher=[[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323110407/http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=3198&start=114|archive-date=March 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 27, 2010, Omega lost the championship to Richards at ''As the Worm Turns'' in his first defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2010/show0110.html|title=As the Worm Turns|access-date=February 28, 2010|publisher=[[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411223817/http://www.prowrestlingguerrilla.com/results/2010/show0110.html|archive-date=April 11, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 27, 2012, Omega made his first appearance for PWG in over two and a half years at ''Failure to Communicate'' when he teamed with El Generico in a tag team match, where they defeated [[The Young Bucks]] (Matt and Nick Jackson).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_66238.shtml|title=Show Results: 10/27 PWG in Reseda, Calif.: Steen defends PWG Title, Kenny Omega returns, Callihan vs. Richards|last=Settles|first=Patrick|date=October 28, 2012|access-date=October 28, 2012|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211014922/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_66238.shtml|archive-date=December 11, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega returned to PWG to compete in the [[2014 Battle of Los Angeles]] on August 29,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80494.shtml|title=Show results – 8/29 PWG Battle of Los Angeles Night 1: A.J. Styles vs. former WWE star, Elgin, Daniels & Kaz, more|date=August 30, 2014|access-date=August 30, 2014|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112347/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80494.shtml|archive-date=September 3, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> advancing all the way to the semifinals until he was eliminated by the eventual winner of the tournament, [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80502.shtml|title=Show results – 8/30 PWG Battle of Los Angeles Night 2: Sabin returns, Sydal vs. Hero, Bucks vs. Daniels & Kaz main event|date=August 31, 2014|access-date=January 4, 2017|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510185535/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80502.shtml|archive-date=May 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80512.shtml|title=Show results – 8/31 PWG Battle of Los Angeles Night 3: The Finals of huge tournament with Styles, former WWE stars, PWG champ, ROH champ, mega-tag match, Willie Mack says good-bye|date=August 31, 2014|access-date=September 1, 2014|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112251/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_80512.shtml|archive-date=September 3, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He returned again for the [[Battle of Los Angeles (professional wrestling)#2017|2017 Battle of Los Angeles]] on September 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/indies/kenny-omega-returning-pwg-second-night-bola-weekend-239421|title=Kenny Omega returning to PWG on second night of BOLA weekend|last=Currier|first=Joseph|date=July 17, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2017|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720054739/http://www.f4wonline.com/indies/kenny-omega-returning-pwg-second-night-bola-weekend-239421|archive-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> teaming with The Young Bucks and defeating [[Flamita]], [[Pentagón Jr.|Penta 0M]], and [[Fénix (wrestler)|Rey Fenix]] in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/indies/pwg-bola-night-two-results-elite-vs-penta-0m-rey-fenix-flamita-242161|title=PWG BOLA night two results: The Elite vs. Penta 0M, Rey Fenix & Flamita|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=September 3, 2017|access-date=September 3, 2017|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903211148/http://www.f4wonline.com/indies/pwg-bola-night-two-results-elite-vs-penta-0m-rey-fenix-flamita-242161|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Ring of Honor (2008–2019)===
====Sporadic appearances (2008–2014)====
On July 25, 2008, Omega appeared for the promotion [[Ring of Honor]] (ROH), losing to [[Delirious (wrestler)|Delirious]] in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_26338.shtml|title=7/25 ROH in Toronto: "That show was the first thing to make me proud to be a wrestling fan in a LONG time."|last=Hogan|first=James|date=July 26, 2008|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|access-date=March 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606071918/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_26338.shtml|archive-date=June 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The following night, Omega competed at [[ROH New Horizons]], losing to Silas Young.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2008/07/26/6273151.html|title=Slam! Wrestling: The Ring of Honor breaks in Detroit, literally|author=Schramm, Chris|date=July 27, 2008|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201000/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2008/07/26/6273151.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year, he defeated [[Austin Aries]], [[Jay Briscoe]], and Roderick Strong in a [[3-Way Dance|Four-Corner Survival match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/109249/Dark-Pegasus-Video-Review:-Ring-of-Honor-%97-Double-Feature:-The-Hunt-Begins.htm|title=Ring of Honor — Double Feature: The Hunt Begins|access-date=September 8, 2009|website=411Mania|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826122521/https://411mania.com/wrestling/dark-pegasus-video-review-ring-of-honor-double-feature-the-hunt-begins/|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 14, 2009, Omega competed against Aries for the [[ROH World Championship]] but was defeated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1258266135.php|title=11/14 ROH Results: Missaussaga, Ont|access-date=January 31, 2010|work=Wrestleview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120060837/http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1258266135.php|archive-date=January 20, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Final Battle 2009]], he competed in a Four-Corner Survival match, which was won by [[Claudio Castagnoli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/font_color_770000_RADICAN_S_TAKE_font_35/article_37524.shtml|title=Radican's ROH Final Battle PPV Blog 12/19: Complete coverage of Aries vs. Black, Briscoes vs. Wolves|date=December 19, 2009|last1=Radican|first1=Sean|access-date=December 18, 2020|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062611/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/font_color_770000_RADICAN_S_TAKE_font_35/article_37524.shtml|archive-date=August 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2010, Omega competed for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), losing to [[Prince Devitt]] in a match for Devitt's [[IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=2031 | title= (Results) New Japan, 9/3/10 | date= September 3, 2010 | access-date= September 3, 2010 | work= Strong Style Spirit | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327035104/http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=2031 | archive-date= March 27, 2012 | url-status= dead }}</ref> On October 11 at [[Destruction '10]], the Golden☆Lovers defeated [[Apollo 55]] (Devitt and [[Ryusuke Taguchi]]) to win the [[IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship]].<ref name=NJPW101110>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=2154|title=(Results) New Japan, 10/11/10|work=Strong Style Spirit|date=October 11, 2010|access-date=October 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014184056/http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=2154|archive-date=October 14, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 23, 2011, at ''[[Fantastica Mania 2011]]'', an NJPW and [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]] co-promoted event in Tokyo, the Golden☆Lovers lost title back to Apollo 55.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=134|title=NJPW Presents CMLL Fantastica Mania 2011|date=January 23, 2011|access-date=January 23, 2011|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126224413/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=134|archive-date=January 26, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> He also competed in the [[2010 Best of the Super Juniors|2010]] and [[2011 Best of the Super Juniors]] tournaments.<ref name="Super">{{cite web|last1=Counihan|first1=Alan|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/man-japan-kenny-omegas-road-tokyo-dome-pt-3-224681|title=The Man In Japan: Kenny Omega's Road To The Tokyo Dome, pt. 3|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|date=November 16, 2016|access-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042218/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/man-japan-kenny-omegas-road-tokyo-dome-pt-3-224681|archive-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref>

Omega returned to NJPW in May 2013 to take part in the [[Best of the Super Juniors#2013|2013 Best of the Super Juniors]], where he managed to win five out of his eight round-robin matches, advancing to the semifinals of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=726|title=Best of the Super Jr. XX|access-date=June 6, 2013|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609081716/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=726|archive-date=June 9, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On June 9, Omega was defeated in his semifinal match by Devitt, following interference from Devitt's stable, [[Bullet Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=727 |title=Best of the Super Jr. XX |access-date=June 9, 2013 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615005439/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=727 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 }}</ref> A year later, he took part in New Japan's [[Best of the Super Juniors#2014|2014 Best of the Super Juniors]] tournament from May 30 to June 6, finishing with a record of three wins and four losses, with a loss against [[Taichi (wrestler)|Taichi]] on the final day, which cost him a spot in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=843|title=Best of the Super Jr.XXI|access-date=June 6, 2014|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182308/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=843|archive-date=May 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=849|title=Best of the Super Jr.XXI|access-date=June 6, 2014|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000655/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=849|archive-date=June 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bullet Club and various championship reigns (2014–2017)====
{{main|Bullet Club|The Elite (professional wrestling)}}
[[File:BULLET CLUB 2015.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Omega (far right) as a member of [[Bullet Club]] in 2015]]
On October 3, 2014, NJPW held a press conference to announce that Omega was set to sign with the promotion once his DDT contract expired on October 26.<ref name=NJPWSigning>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=12473 |script-title=ja:「新日本に100パーセント集中したい」ケニー・オメガが10月でDDTとの契約終了、"主戦場"を新日本プロレスへ！【会見全文】 |date=October 3, 2014 |access-date=October 3, 2014 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072117/http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=12473 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Omega, dubbing himself the Cleaner, made his debut under contract on November 8 at [[Power Struggle (2014)|Power Struggle]], where he was revealed as the newest member of Bullet Club, despite having previously dismissed the idea of joining the villainous foreigner stable, claiming that he did not consider himself a ''[[gaijin]]''.<ref name=NJPWSigning/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=898 |title=Power Struggle |access-date=November 8, 2014 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183551/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=898 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=PowerStruggle2014WON>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/39803-new-japan-power-struggle-live-coverage-from-osaka-more-matches-made-for-tokyo-dome-new-bullet-club-member-uwf-dream-match-announced-2-osaka-ppvs-announced|title=New Japan Power Struggle live coverage from Osaka – More matches made for Tokyo Dome, New Bullet Club member, UWF dream match announced, 2 Osaka PPVs announced|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=November 7, 2014|access-date=November 9, 2014|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110235949/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/39803-new-japan-power-struggle-live-coverage-from-osaka-more-matches-made-for-tokyo-dome-new-bullet-club-member-uwf-dream-match-announced-2-osaka-ppvs-announced|archive-date=November 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega defeated Ryusuke Taguchi to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship for the first time at [[Wrestle Kingdom 9|Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome]] on January 4, 2015.<ref name=WK9>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=902 |script-title=ja:Wrestle Kingdom 9 in 東京ドーム |access-date=January 4, 2015 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104154549/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=902 |archive-date=January 4, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_82579.shtml|title=Caldwell's NJPW Tokyo Dome show results 1/4: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Wrestle Kingdom PPV – Tanahashi vs. Okada, Bullet Club, Nakamura, Jim Ross, more|last=Caldwell|first=James|date=January 4, 2015|access-date=January 4, 2015|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104162144/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_82579.shtml|archive-date=January 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He retained the title over Taguchi in a rematch on February 11 at [[The New Beginning in Osaka (2015)|The New Beginning in Osaka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=934 |title=The New Beginning in Osaka |access-date=February 11, 2015 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213111320/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=934 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_83264.shtml|title=NJPW news: Bullet Club takes top titles at "New Beginning" – Styles new IWGP World Champ, other title changes|last=Caldwell|first=James|date=February 11, 2015|access-date=February 11, 2015|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211142403/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_83264.shtml|archive-date=February 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the following months, he successfully defended the title against [[Máscara Dorada]] at [[Invasion Attack 2015]] and [[Alex Shelley]] at [[Wrestling Dontaku 2015]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_84294.shtml|title=Show results – 4/5 NJPW "Invasion Attack" in Tokyo, Japan: A.J. Styles defends IWGP World Title in main event, ROH tag teams win both Tag Titles, Bullet Club in action, more|date=April 5, 2015|access-date=April 5, 2015|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407213915/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_84294.shtml|archive-date=April 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=968 |script-title=ja:レスリングどんたく 2015 |access-date=May 3, 2015 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225146/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=968 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 }}</ref>

Omega lost the title to [[Kushida (wrestler)|Kushida]] on July 5 at [[Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/new-japan-dominion-live-coverage-osaka-jo-hall-styles-vs-okada-iwgp-title-nakamura-vs-goto-ic|title=New Japan Dominion live coverage from Osaka Jo Hall – Styles vs. Okada for IWGP title, Nakamura vs. Goto for IC title and notes on biggest event since the Tokyo Dome, plus all G-1 main events|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=July 5, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2015|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501195406/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/new-japan-dominion-live-coverage-osaka-jo-hall-styles-vs-okada-iwgp-title-nakamura-vs-goto-ic|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 23 at [[Destruction in Okayama (2015)|Destruction in Okayama]], he regained the title from Kushida, following an interference from Bullet Club stablemate [[Karl Anderson]].<ref name=Okayama2015>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result_game.php?e=1036&c=7883|title=Destruction in Okayama|access-date=September 23, 2015|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925070712/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result_game.php?e=1036&c=7883|archive-date=September 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 4, 2016, Omega once again lost the title to Kushida at [[Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1065|script-title=ja:Wrestle Kingdom 10 in 東京ドーム|access-date=January 4, 2016|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107013028/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1065|archive-date=January 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The following day, Omega teamed with Bullet Club leader [[A.J. Styles]] to defeat [[Shinsuke Nakamura]] and [[Yoshi-Hashi]] in a tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result_game2.php?e=1073&c=8260|title=New Year Dash !!|access-date=January 5, 2016|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107221927/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result_game2.php?e=1073&c=8260|archive-date=January 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After the match, Bullet Club turned on Styles, with Omega taking over the leadership of the stable.<ref name=NYDashWON>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-new-years-dash-report-big-bullet-club-angle-never-trios-titles-defended-205001|title=NJPW New Year's Dash report: Big Bullet Club angle, NEVER trios titles defended|last=Rose|first=Bryan|date=January 5, 2016|access-date=January 5, 2016|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106231612/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-new-years-dash-report-big-bullet-club-angle-never-trios-titles-defended-205001|archive-date=January 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

At [[The New Beginning in Niigata]] on February 14, 2016, Omega defeated [[Hiroshi Tanahashi]] to win the vacant [[IWGP Intercontinental Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/99806/gallows-anderson-depart-njpw-title-changes-and-more-njpw-new-beginning-in-niigata-report.html?p=1|title=Gallows & Anderson depart NJPW, title changes and more: NJPW New Beginning in Niigata report|last1=Macklin|first1=Matthew|date=February 14, 2016|access-date=February 14, 2016|work=PWInsider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319184631/http://www.pwinsider.com/article/99806/gallows-anderson-depart-njpw-title-changes-and-more-njpw-new-beginning-in-niigata-report.html?p=1|archive-date=March 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Six days later, he and The Young Bucks–the Bullet Club subgroup known as [[The Elite (professional wrestling)|The Elite]]–won the [[NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship]] from [[The Briscoe Brothers]] and [[Toru Yano]] at [[Honor Rising: Japan 2016]], an event co-produced by NJPW and ROH.<ref name=HonorRising2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpwroh-honor-rising-results-roderick-strong-defends-tv-title-against-tomohiro-ishii-207866|title=NJPW/ROH Honor Rising results: Roderick Strong defends TV title against Tomohiro Ishii|last1=Rose|first1=Bryan|date=February 19, 2016|access-date=February 19, 2016|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525082750/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpwroh-honor-rising-results-roderick-strong-defends-tv-title-against-tomohiro-ishii-207866|archive-date=May 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> That same month, Omega had signed on to become a regular competitor for ROH.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-set-for-expanded-roh-schedule/|title=Kenny Omega Set For Expanded ROH Schedule|access-date=February 5, 2016|website=411Mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206054557/http://411mania.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-set-for-expanded-roh-schedule/|archive-date=February 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Elite lost the title to Tanahashi, [[Michael Elgin]], and [[Yoshi Tatsu|Yoshitatsu]] on April 10 at [[Invasion Attack 2016]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-invasion-attack-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-tetsuya-naito-iwgp-championship-210736 | title=NJPW Invasion Attack live results: Kazuchika Okada vs. Tetsuya Naito for the IWGP Championship | last=Meltzer | first=Dave | author-link=Dave Meltzer | date=April 9, 2016 | access-date=April 10, 2016 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411230350/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-invasion-attack-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-tetsuya-naito-iwgp-championship-210736 | archive-date=April 11, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> On April 27, Omega retained the IWGP Intercontinental Championship over Elgin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1119|script-title=ja:Road to レスリングどんたく 2016|access-date=April 27, 2016|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502084054/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1119|archive-date=May 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which marked the first time two Canadians main evented an NJPW event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2016/05/20/22634995.html|title=Canadians Elgin vs Omega made history in Japan|last=Laprade|first=Patric|date=May 20, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2016|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530184059/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2016/05/20/22634995.html|archive-date=May 30, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On May 3 at [[Wrestling Dontaku 2016]], The Elite regained the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship.<ref name=WrestlingDontaku2016>{{cite web | url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1123 | script-title=ja:レスリングどんたく 2016 | access-date=May 3, 2016 | publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] | language=ja | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505093337/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=1123 | archive-date=May 5, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> On June 19 at [[Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall]], Omega lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship to Elgin in NJPW's inaugural [[ladder match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-dominion-live-results-tetsuya-naito-vs-kazuchika-okada-iwgp-hw-championship-214876|title=NJPW Dominion live results: Tetsuya Naito vs Kazuchika Okada for the IWGP HW Championship|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=June 18, 2016|access-date=June 19, 2016|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620155747/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-dominion-live-results-tetsuya-naito-vs-kazuchika-okada-iwgp-hw-championship-214876|archive-date=June 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 3, The Elite lost the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship to [[Matt Sydal]], Ricochet, and [[Satoshi Kojima]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-kizuna-road-2016-live-results-katsuyori-shibata-defends-never-title-young-bucks-kenny | title=NJPW Kizuna Road 2016 live results: Katsuyori Shibata defends NEVER title, Young Bucks, Kenny Omega | last=Meltzer | first=Dave | author-link=Dave Meltzer | date=July 2, 2016 | access-date=July 3, 2016 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705052634/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-kizuna-road-2016-live-results-katsuyori-shibata-defends-never-title-young-bucks-kenny | archive-date=July 5, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref>

From July to August, Omega took part in the [[2016 G1 Climax]], where he advanced to the finals after winning his block with a record of six wins and three losses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/g1climax2016/|title=2016 New Japan G1 Climax Results|access-date=August 13, 2016|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814170209/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/g1climax2016/|archive-date=August 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In the final round, he defeated [[Hirooki Goto]] and earned an opportunity to compete for the [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]].<ref name=G12016>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-climax-26-finals-live-results-hirooki-goto-vs-kenny-omega-218636|title=NJPW G1 Climax 26 finals live results: Hirooki Goto vs. Kenny Omega|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=August 13, 2016|access-date=August 14, 2016|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815153648/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-climax-26-finals-live-results-hirooki-goto-vs-kenny-omega-218636|archive-date=August 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega not only won the tournament in his first attempt but also became the first non-Japanese G1 Climax winner in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=17156|script-title=ja:【8月14日（日）両国全カード！】『G1』決勝は後藤vsケニー！オカダ＆矢野＆丸藤組！ L・I・J揃い踏み！ノア・潮崎、谷口、北宮が緊急参戦！【G126】|date=August 14, 2016|access-date=August 14, 2016|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826122522/https://www.njpw.co.jp/news|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/580952/ |script-title=ja:【新日Ｇ１】初出場初優勝！ケニー・オメガが史上初の外国人覇者に |date=August 15, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |work=[[Tokyo Sports]] |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815140542/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/580952/ |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Towards the end of the year, despite having the opportunity to return to ROH, Omega was asked by NJPW not to take any outside bookings heading into [[Wrestle Kingdom 11]] in Tokyo Dome. Due to this, Omega did not appear for ROH for the rest of 2016.<ref>{{cite episode | title = WOR: Kenny Omega talks Tokyo Dome, G-1, more! | series=Wrestling Observer Radio | last1=Alvarez | first1=Bryan | author-link1=Bryan Alvarez | last2=Meltzer | first2=Dave | author-link2=Dave Meltzer | airdate=January 19, 2017 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | minutes=13}}</ref> He lost to IWGP Heavyweight Champion [[Kazuchika Okada]] in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 11 on January 4, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-wrestle-kingdom-11-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-kenny-omega-227626 |title=NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 11 live results: Kazuchika Okada vs. Kenny Omega |last1=Rose |first1=Bryan |last2=Currier |first2=Joseph |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 4, 2017 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105173414/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-wrestle-kingdom-11-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-kenny-omega-227626 |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> At 46 minutes and 45 seconds, the match was, at the time, the longest in the history of the [[January 4 Tokyo Dome Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/636006/|script-title=ja:【新日１・４ドーム】オカダ史上最長４６分４５秒の死闘制しＩＷＧＰ２度目の防衛！|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 5, 2017|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107194834/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/636006/|archive-date=January 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Sports journalist [[Dave Meltzer]] gave the match a six-star rating in the ''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'', adding that Omega and Okada "may have put on the greatest match in pro wrestling history".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/january-9-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-ronda-rousey-loses|title=January 9, 2017 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Ronda Rousey loses potential final fight, NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 11 review|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 5, 2017|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010933/http://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/january-9-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-ronda-rousey-loses|archive-date=January 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The match was also praised by wrestlers Bryan Danielson, Mick Foley, and [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/wwe/story/wwe-john-cena-kenny-omega-royal-rumble-hint-instagram-010817|title=John Cena trolls wrestling fans worldwide on his Instagram|last=Schwartz|first=Nick|date=January 8, 2017|access-date=January 27, 2017|work=[[Fox Sports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116192436/http://www.foxsports.com/wwe/story/wwe-john-cena-kenny-omega-royal-rumble-hint-instagram-010817|archive-date=January 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/2017/01/20/transcona-pro-wrestler-kenny-omega-greatest-match.html|title=Winnipeg wrestler Kenny Omega wins 'greatest match in pro wrestling history'|last=Allen|first=Taylor|date=January 23, 2017|access-date=January 27, 2017|work=Metro Winnipeg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126224704/http://www.metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/2017/01/20/transcona-pro-wrestler-kenny-omega-greatest-match.html|archive-date=January 26, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Dissension within Bullet Club and departure (2017–2019)====
On January 6, 2017, Omega stated that he would be "stepping away from Japan to reassess [his] future", adding that he was "weighing all options".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/106939/omega-teases-exiting-new-japan-fantasticamania-lineups-released.html?p=1|title=Omega teases exiting New Japan, Fantasticamania lineups released|last1=Johnson|first1=Mike|last2=Macklin|first2=Matthew|date=January 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017|website=PWInsider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100154/http://pwinsider.com/article/106939/omega-teases-exiting-new-japan-fantasticamania-lineups-released.html?p=1|archive-date=January 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 26, Omega announced on ''[[Wrestling Observer Radio]]'' that he would be flying back to Japan in February to negotiate a new deal with NJPW for "at least one more year".<ref>{{cite episode | title = WOR: Kenny Omega talks the decision he has made on his wrestling future | series=Wrestling Observer Radio | last1=Alvarez | first1=Bryan | author-link1=Bryan Alvarez | last2=Meltzer | first2=Dave | author-link2=Dave Meltzer | airdate=January 26, 2017 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer]]/[[Figure Four Online]]}}</ref> He returned during the first night of [[Honor Rising: Japan 2017]] in February.<ref name="return">{{cite web|last=Rose|first=Bryan|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpwroh-honor-rising-results-return-kenny-omega-230766|title=NJPW/ROH Honor Rising results: The return of Kenny Omega|date=February 26, 2017| access-date=February 26, 2017|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163355/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpwroh-honor-rising-results-return-kenny-omega-230766|archive-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> Omega competed against Kazuchika Okada in a match for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on June 11 at [[Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall]], which ended in a 60-minute time limit draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-dominion-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-kenny-omega-237066|title=NJPW Dominion live results: Kazuchika Okada vs. Kenny Omega|last=Rose|first=Bryan|date=June 10, 2017|access-date=June 11, 2017|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614000824/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-dominion-live-results-kazuchika-okada-vs-kenny-omega-237066|archive-date=June 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The match was rated 6{{frac|1|4}} stars by Dave Meltzer, higher than their previous match, making it the highest-rated match by Meltzer at that time.<ref name=WON061917>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/dave-meltzers-top-rated-match-2017-omega-vs-okada-ii-248976|title=Dave Meltzer's top-rated match of 2017: Omega vs. Okada II|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=December 31, 2017|access-date=December 31, 2017|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101045045/https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/dave-meltzers-top-rated-match-2017-omega-vs-okada-ii-248976|archive-date=January 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Cody turns on Omega, NJPW, 2018.gif|thumb|upright|240px|[[Cody Rhodes|Cody]] attacking Omega at [[The New Beginning in Sapporo (2018)|The New Beginning in Sapporo]] in 2018 during their feud over Bullet Club leadership]]
During the [[G1 Special in USA]] in July 2017, Omega defeated Michael Elgin, Jay Lethal, and Tomohiro Ishii in an [[IWGP United States Championship#Inaugural tournament|eight-man tournament]] to become the inaugural [[IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship|IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/19776391/the-ultimate-guide-new-japan-pro-wrestling-g1-special-usa-shows-long-beach|publisher=[[ESPN]]|title=The ultimate guide to New Japan Pro Wrestling's 'G1 Special in USA' shows|last=Fiorvanti|first=Tim|date=July 1, 2017|access-date=April 15, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214180321/https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/19776391/the-ultimate-guide-new-japan-pro-wrestling-g1-special-usa-shows-long-beach|archive-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> The event also saw signs of dissension between Omega and new Bullet Club member [[Cody Rhodes|Cody]].<ref name=G1SpecialWON>{{cite web | url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-special-live-results-first-iwgp-us-champion-crowned-238471 | title=NJPW G1 Special live results: The first IWGP US Champion is crowned | last1=Fontaine | first1=Paul | last2=Currier | first2=Joseph | date=July 2, 2017 | access-date=July 2, 2017 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703054438/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-special-live-results-first-iwgp-us-champion-crowned-238471 | archive-date=July 3, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> On August 12, Omega won his block in the [[2017 G1 Climax]] tournament with a record of seven wins and two losses, advancing to the finals,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/08/14/2017-new-japan-g1-climax-results/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094711/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/08/14/2017-new-japan-g1-climax-results/ | title = 2017 New Japan G1 Climax Standings, Results, Viewing Guide | archive-date=August 22, 2017 | date=August 12, 2017 | access-date=November 11, 2021 | work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|url-status=live}}</ref> where he was eventually defeated by [[Tetsuya Naito]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-climax-27-finals-live-results-tetsuya-naito-vs-kenny-omega-240871 | title=NJPW G1 Climax 27 finals live results: Tetsuya Naito vs. Kenny Omega | last=Rose | first=Bryan | date=August 12, 2017 | access-date=August 13, 2017 | publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813145101/http://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-climax-27-finals-live-results-tetsuya-naito-vs-kenny-omega-240871 | archive-date=August 13, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> He successfully defended his title against [[Juice Robinson]] on September 24 at [[Destruction in Kobe (2017)|Destruction in Kobe]] and against Yoshi-Hashi on October 15 at the NJPW and ROH-co-produced [[Global Wars 2017|Global Wars: Chicago]] event.<ref name="DestructioninKobe2017">{{cite web | url = https://www.njpw.co.jp/tornament/101354?showResult=1?showResult=1 | title = Destruction in Kobe | access-date = November 11, 2021 | publisher = [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] | language = ja | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210117155818/https://www.njpw.co.jp/tornament/101354?showResult=1%3FshowResult%3D1 | archive-date = January 17, 2021 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GlobalWars">{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/roh-results/roh-global-wars-chicago-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-yoshi-hashi-244586|title=ROH Global Wars Chicago live results: Kenny Omega vs. Yoshi-Hashi|last1=Meltzer|first1=Dave|author-link1=Dave Meltzer|last2=Currier|first2=Joseph|date=October 15, 2017|access-date=October 15, 2017|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070819/http://www.f4wonline.com/roh-results/roh-global-wars-chicago-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-yoshi-hashi-244586|archive-date=October 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

At [[Wrestle Kingdom 12]] on January 4, 2018, Omega defeated the debuting [[Chris Jericho]] in a [[no disqualification match]] to retain the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-wrestle-kingdom-12-live-results-okada-naito-omega-jericho-249171|title=NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 12 live results: Okada-Naito, Omega-Jericho|last=Renner|first=Ethan|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 4, 2018|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105051650/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-wrestle-kingdom-12-live-results-okada-naito-omega-jericho-249171|archive-date=January 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The bout was credited as having grown international interest in NJPW, particularly from North America.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Blake |date= January 4, 2018 |title=Jericho-Omega Deliver on the Hype at a Near Flawless Wrestle Kingdom 12 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ev5b7k/jericho-omega-deliver-on-the-hype-at-a-near-flawless-wrestle-kingdom-12 |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111015105/https://www.vice.com/en/article/ev5b7k/jericho-omega-deliver-on-the-hype-at-a-near-flawless-wrestle-kingdom-12|archive-date=November 11, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 28, Omega lost the title to [[Jay White]] at [[The New Beginning in Sapporo (2018)|The New Beginning in Sapporo]]. After the match, Omega accepted defeat and stopped Bullet Club member [[Adam Page]] from confronting White, which brought out Cody. After months of tension over leadership of the Bullet Club faction,<ref name="ROHwrestling Civil War">{{cite web |url=https://www.rohwrestling.com/news/feud-year-cody-vs-kenny-omega |title=Feud Of The Year: Cody vs Kenny Omega |date=January 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Ring of Honor]] |access-date=November 10, 2021 |quote=Cody obviously wanted to supplant Omega as the leader of the faction, and it forced their fellow Bullet Club members to choose sides in a civil war that played out in both Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153331/https://www.rohwrestling.com/news/feud-year-cody-vs-kenny-omega|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2018/02/02/breaking-cody-and-kenny-omega-to-face-off-at-roh-super-card-of-honor/ |title=Cody and Kenny Omega to Face Off at ROH Supercard of Honor XII with Fate of Bullet Club Hanging in the Balance |last=Gallagher |first=Marilee |date=February 2, 2018 |publisher=Last Word on Sports |access-date=November 10, 2018 |quote=Bullet Club Civil War: How Did We Get Here?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111015454/https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2018/02/02/breaking-cody-and-kenny-omega-to-face-off-at-roh-super-card-of-honor/|archive-date=November 11, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Cody hit Omega with a [[Cutter (professional wrestling)#Rolling cutter|rolling cutter]]. When Page attempted to assist Cody in attacking Omega, Kota Ibushi returned to the ring after competing earlier in the night to save his former partner, leading to an embrace between Omega and Ibushi and a rekindling of their friendship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/01/30/radicans-njpw-new-beginning-sapporo-night-2-top-match-spotlight-full-highlights-analysis-iwgp-u-s-champion-omega-vs-white-gedos-genius-booking-leading-golden-lovers-reunio/|title=Radican's NJPW "The New Beginning In Sapporo: Night 2" top match spotlight – full highlights and analysis of IWGP U.S. Champion Omega vs. White, Gedo's genius booking leading into Golden Lovers reunion|last=Radican|first=Sean|date=January 30, 2018|access-date=February 16, 2019|website=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217084931/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/01/30/radicans-njpw-new-beginning-sapporo-night-2-top-match-spotlight-full-highlights-analysis-iwgp-u-s-champion-omega-vs-white-gedos-genius-booking-leading-golden-lovers-reunio/|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Ian |date=July 2, 2018 |title=Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi's Friendship is Why We Love Pro Wrestling |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pamdpg/kenny-omega-and-kota-ibushis-friendship-is-why-we-love-pro-wrestling |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111015734/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pamdpg/kenny-omega-and-kota-ibushis-friendship-is-why-we-love-pro-wrestling|archive-date=November 11, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega returned to ROH for the [[Supercard of Honor XII]] event on April 7, 2018, where he lost to Cody.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pageot|first=Harley R.|title=4/7 ROH Supercard Of Honor XII PPV report: Ongoing live coverage including Cody vs. Omega, Castle vs. Scurll for world title, first Women Of Honor Champion|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/04/07/4-7-roh-supercard-of-honor-xii-ppv-report-ongoing-live-coverage-including-cody-vs-omega-castle-vs-scurll-for-world-title-first-women-of-honor-champion/|work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]]|date=April 7, 2018|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205734/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/04/07/4-7-roh-supercard-of-honor-xii-ppv-report-ongoing-live-coverage-including-cody-vs-omega-castle-vs-scurll-for-world-title-first-women-of-honor-champion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 9, Omega defeated Okada in a [[2 out of 3 falls match|two out of three falls match]] with no time limit for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at [[Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall]], becoming the first Canadian wrestler to win the title in the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/wjb74m/kenny-omega-beat-kazuchika-okada-in-one-of-the-best-wrestling-matches-ever-at-new-japan-pro-wrestling-dominion-event|title=Kenny Omega Beat Kazuchika Okada in One of the Best Wrestling Matches Ever|first1=Blake|last1=Murphy|first2=Chris|last2=Toman|date=June 11, 2018|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330160410/https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/wjb74m/kenny-omega-beat-kazuchika-okada-in-one-of-the-best-wrestling-matches-ever-at-new-japan-pro-wrestling-dominion-event|archive-date=March 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The match received a seven-star rating from Meltzer, which remains the highest rating ever given to a match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/dave-meltzers-top-rated-match-2018-omega-vs-okada-iv-273491|title=Dave Meltzer's top-rated match of 2018: Omega vs. Okada IV|last=Nason|first=Josh|website=Wrestling Observer Newsletter|date=December 31, 2018|access-date=February 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035330/https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/dave-meltzers-top-rated-match-2018-omega-vs-okada-iv-273491|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega then defeated Cody to retain his title at NJPW's [[G1 Special in San Francisco]] on July 7. Following the match, Bullet Club members [[Tama Tonga]], [[Tanga Loa]], [[Bad Luck Fale]], and [[Tonga Fifita|King Haku]] attacked Omega, Cody, and every other Bullet Club member who tried to aid them, forming their own branch within the stable.<ref name="reconcile">{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-special-san-francisco-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-cody-261176|title=NJPW G1 Special in San Francisco live results: Kenny Omega vs. Cody|date=July 7, 2018|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810040909/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-g1-special-san-francisco-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-cody-261176|archive-date=August 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2018/07/11/wwe-njpw-news-tama-tonga-bullet-club-interview |title=The Week in Wrestling: Tama Tonga Says Bullet Club Civil War 'Has Been a Long Time Coming' |last=Barrasso |first=Justin |date=July 11, 2018 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |access-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109184357/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2018/07/11/wwe-njpw-news-tama-tonga-bullet-club-interview|archive-date=November 9, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega and Cody subsequently reconciled alongside the rest of Bullet Club.<ref name="reconcile"/>

In September 2018, Omega appeared at the independent event [[All In (professional wrestling event)|All In]], where he defeated Penta El Zero.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=John |title=Moore's All In live review: Kenny Omega vs. Pentagon Jr., Nick Aldis vs. Cody for the NWA Championship, Young Bucks and Kota Ibushi vs. Rey Mysterio, Fenix, Bandido, Kazuchika Okada vs. Marty Scurll, Christopher Daniels vs. Stephen Amell |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/09/01/moores-all-in-live-review-kenny-omega-vs-pentagon-jr-nick-aldis-vs-cody-for-the-nwa-championship-young-bucks-and-kota-ibushi-vs-rey-mysterio-fenix-bandido-kazuchika-okada-vs-marty-sc/ |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net |date=September 1, 2018|access-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902011951/https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/09/01/moores-all-in-live-review-kenny-omega-vs-pentagon-jr-nick-aldis-vs-cody-for-the-nwa-championship-young-bucks-and-kota-ibushi-vs-rey-mysterio-fenix-bandido-kazuchika-okada-vs-marty-sc/ |archive-date=September 2, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He successfully defended the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Ishii at [[Destruction (2018)|Destruction]] later that month as well as against Cody and Ibushi in a three-way match at [[King of Pro-Wrestling (2018)|King of Pro-Wrestling]] the next month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-destruction-hiroshima-live-results-omega-vs-ishii-265861|title=NJPW Destruction in Hiroshima live results: Omega vs. Ishii|date=September 15, 2018|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418181511/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-destruction-hiroshima-live-results-omega-vs-ishii-265861|archive-date=April 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-king-pro-wrestling-live-results-omega-vs-cody-vs-ibushi-267356|title=NJPW King of Pro Wrestling live results: Omega vs. Cody vs. Ibushi|date=October 8, 2018|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222034/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/njpw-king-pro-wrestling-live-results-omega-vs-cody-vs-ibushi-267356|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revealed in October that Cody, Page, and [[Marty Scurll]] would be known alongside Omega and The Young Bucks as part of The Elite,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/misc-news/117685-the-elite-distance-themselves-from-bullet-club-jay-lethal-record/|title=The Elite distance themselves from Bullet Club, Jay Lethal reaches new record in ROH|first=Adam|last=Martin|date=October 31, 2018|work=Wrestleview|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153152/https://www.wrestleview.com/misc-news/117685-the-elite-distance-themselves-from-bullet-club-jay-lethal-record/|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with the group also stating that they were "no longer affiliated with Bullet Club".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Satin|first1=Ryan|author-link1=Ryan Satin|url=https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/all-elite-wrestling-jericho-jr/|title='All Elite Wrestling' – Jericho and Jim Ross Involvement Blown Out of Proportion|website=Pro Wrestling Sheet|date=November 21, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2021|quote=The group has said they want to stay together and during a recent interview with Chris Jericho announced The Elite is no longer affiliated with Bullet Club.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706051520/http://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/all-elite-wrestling-jericho-jr/|archive-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'' named Omega the No. 1 professional wrestler of 2018 in its annual [[PWI 500|list of the top 500 male wrestlers]].<ref name="2018PWI">{{cite web|last1=Dark Angelita|url=https://superluchas.com/kenny-omega-es-el-luchador-1-de-2018-segun-pwi/|title=Kenny Omega es el luchador #1 de 2018 según PWI|work=[[Súper Luchas]]|language=es|date=August 30, 2018|access-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214125359/https://superluchas.com/kenny-omega-es-el-luchador-1-de-2018-segun-pwi/|archive-date=February 14, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to Hiroshi Tanahashi at [[Wrestle Kingdom 13]] on January 4, 2019, ending his reign at 209 days.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Martínez|first1=Sebastían|url=https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/77393-hiroshi-tanahashi-se-convierte-en-el-nuevo-campeon-iwgp-peso-pesado|title=Hiroshi Tanahashi se convierte en el nuevo campeón IWGP Peso Pesado|publisher=[[Solowrestling.com]]|language=es|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224230504/https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/77393-hiroshi-tanahashi-se-convierte-en-el-nuevo-campeon-iwgp-peso-pesado|archive-date=February 24, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> He departed NJPW after his contract expired at the end of January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/kenny-omega-says-hes-leaving-njpw-273961|title=Kenny Omega says he's leaving NJPW|date=January 6, 2019|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153400/https://www.f4wonline.com/japan/kenny-omega-says-hes-leaving-njpw-273961|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===All Elite Wrestling (2019–present)===
====Early storylines and world championship reigns (2019–2021)====
[[File:The ELITE (professional wrestling).jpg|right|thumb|175px|Omega alongside [[The Young Bucks]] (Matt and Nick Jackson)]]
Omega signed a four-year contract with [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) on February 7, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-confirms-four-year-deal-aew-discusses-negotiations-between-aew-njpw-and-wwe|title=Kenny Omega Confirms Four-Year Deal With AEW; Discusses Negotiations Between AEW, NJPW, And WWE|first=Jeremy|last=Lambert|publisher=Fightful|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=February 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011934/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-confirms-four-year-deal-aew-discusses-negotiations-between-aew-njpw-and-wwe|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He serves as an executive vice president of the promotion as well as one of its in-ring talents.<ref name="AEW">{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/kenny-omega-signs-all-elite-wrestling-276461|title=Kenny Omega signs with All Elite Wrestling|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|first=Joseph|last=Currier|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124507/https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/kenny-omega-signs-all-elite-wrestling-276461|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He competed at the promotion's inaugural event, [[Double or Nothing (2019)|Double or Nothing]], where he lost to Chris Jericho in the main event, after which both men were attacked by [[Jon Moxley]].<ref name="DoubleorNothing">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega vs. Chris Jericho, The Young Bucks vs. Pentagon Jr. and Fenix for the AAA Tag Titles, Cody vs. Dustin Rhodes, Britt Baker vs. Nyla Rose vs. Kylie Rae|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/05/25/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-chris-jericho-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody-vs-dustin-rhodes-britt-baker-vs-nyla-r/|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525234651/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/05/25/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-chris-jericho-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody-vs-dustin-rhodes-britt-baker-vs-nyla-r/|archive-date=May 25, 2019|url-status=live|date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> A scheduled match between Omega and Moxley for the [[All Out (2019)|All Out]] [[pay-per-view]] did not take place due to Moxley suffering an [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-jon-moxley-reaction-video/|website=Pro Wrestling Sheet|title=Watch: Kenny Omega Reacts To Jon Moxley Pulling Out Of All Out|last1=Satin|first1=Ryan|author-link1=Ryan Satin|date=August 26, 2019|access-date=May 31, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103213358/https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-jon-moxley-reaction-video/|archive-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> Omega instead competed against [[Pac (wrestler)|Pac]] at All Out, where he was defeated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/129004/the-former-neville-pac-vs-kenny-omega-set-for-all-aew-all-out.html?p=1|title=The Former Neville, PAC vs. Kenny Omega Set for All AEW All Out|first=Mike|last=Johnson|website=PWInsider|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823214032/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/129004/the-former-neville-pac-vs-kenny-omega-set-for-all-aew-all-out.html%3Fp%3D1|archive-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="All Out">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW All Out results: Powell's live review of Chris Jericho vs. Hangman Page to become the first AEW Champion, Pentagon Jr. and Fenix vs. The Young Bucks in a ladder match for the AAA Tag Titles, Cody vs. Shawn Spears, Kenny Omega vs. Pac|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/08/31/aew-all-out-results-powells-live-review-of-chris-jericho-vs-hangman-page-to-become-the-first-aew-champion-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-vs-the-young-bucks-in-a-ladder-match-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody/|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=August 31, 2019|access-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831223149/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/08/31/aew-all-out-results-powells-live-review-of-chris-jericho-vs-hangman-page-to-become-the-first-aew-champion-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-vs-the-young-bucks-in-a-ladder-match-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody/|archive-date=August 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On the premiere episode of ''[[AEW Dynamite|Dynamite]]'' on October 2, Omega was taken out by a returning Moxley during a six-man tag team match, with Omega's team later losing the contest.<ref>{{cite web|title=AEW Dynamite results, recap, grades: Jon Moxley returns, Jack Hager debuts in first TNT episode|url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/aew-dynamite-results-recap-grades-jon-moxley-returns-jack-hager-debuts-in-first-tnt-episode/|website=[[CBSSports.com]]|publisher=[[CBS Sports]]|date=October 2, 2019|access-date=October 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003174654/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/aew-dynamite-results-recap-grades-jon-moxley-returns-jack-hager-debuts-in-first-tnt-episode/|archive-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the main event of [[Full Gear (2019)|Full Gear]] on November 9, Omega lost to Moxley in an [[Unsanctioned match|unsanctioned]] [[Lights Out match]].<ref name="Full Gear">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2019/11/10/22802508.html|title=Moxley, Omega take unsanctioned violence to a crescendo to close out AEW Full Gear|last=Tylwalk|first=Nick|date=November 10, 2019|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|access-date=March 11, 2020|quote=Mox lifted Omega for an elevated Paradigm Shift on the wood, and it finally brought an insane battle to an end.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311093353/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2019/11/10/22802508.html|archive-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2019/11/13/aew-wwe-news-jim-ross-full-gear-main-event|title=Jim Ross: Jon Moxley-Kenny Omega Main Event Match 'a Breath of Fresh Air'|last=Barrasso|first=Justin|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=November 13, 2019|access-date=March 11, 2020|quote=Moxley and Omega battled for nearly 40 minutes in an unsanctioned "Lights Out" match, incorporating barbed wire, broken glass, and mousetraps into an unforgettable encounter that some of the wrestling audience loved and others hated.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218081415/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2019/11/13/aew-wwe-news-jim-ross-full-gear-main-event|archive-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>

At [[Chris Jericho's Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea Part Deux: Second Wave]] in January 2020, Omega and Adam Page defeated [[SoCal Uncensored (professional wrestling)|SoCal Uncensored]] (Frankie Kazarian and [[Scorpio Sky]]) to win the [[AEW World Tag Team Championship]], marking the first title change in the promotion's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/spoiler-notes-and-results-jericho-cruise-aew-dynamite-taping-302301|title=Spoiler notes and results from Jericho cruise AEW Dynamite taping|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|first=Bryan|last=Rose|date=January 21, 2020|access-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213050834/https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/spoiler-notes-and-results-jericho-cruise-aew-dynamite-taping-302301|archive-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> After defeating him in a rematch on the November 27 episode of ''Dynamite'',<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=AEW Dynamite Results November 27, 2019 |url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-november-27-2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=All Elite Wrestling}}</ref> Pac began relentlessly pursuing a [[wiktionary:rubber match|rubber match]] with Omega. After attacking Omega's friend [[Michael Nakazawa]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Renner |first=Ethan |date=18 December 2019 |title=AEW Dynamite live results: Jericho vs. Jungle Boy, Tag title match |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-results/aew-dynamite-live-results-jericho-vs-jungle-boy-tag-title-match-299791 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=Wrestling Observer Newsletter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 2020 |title=AEW Dynamite Results January 8, 2020 |url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-january-8-2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=allelitewrestling.com}}</ref> Omega agreed to the match on 5 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rose |first=Bryan |date=5 February 2020 |title=Omega vs. PAC iron man match set for February 26 AEW Dynamite |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/omega-vs-pac-iron-man-match-set-february-26-aew-dynamite-303551 |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=Wrestling Observer Newsletter}}</ref> The two wrestled in a 30-minute [[Iron Man match]] on the 26 February episode of ''Dynamite'', which Pac lost after the match went to [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death overtime]] thus ending the feud. At [[Revolution (2020)|Revolution]] on February 29, Omega and Page retained the championship against The Young Bucks.<ref name="Revolution">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/02/29/aew-revolution-results-powells-live-review-of-chris-jericho-vs-jon-moxley-for-the-aew-championship-kenny-omega-and-hangman-page-vs-the-young-bucks-for-the-aew-tag-titles-cody-vs-mjf-nyla-rose/|title=AEW Revolution results: Powell's live review of Chris Jericho vs. Jon Moxley for the AEW Championship, Kenny Omega and Hangman Page vs. The Young Bucks for the AEW Tag Titles, Cody vs. MJF, Nyla Rose vs. Kris Statlander for the AEW Women's Championship, Pac vs. Orange Cassidy|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Jason|last=Powell|date=February 29, 2020|access-date=February 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229230552/https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/02/29/aew-revolution-results-powells-live-review-of-chris-jericho-vs-jon-moxley-for-the-aew-championship-kenny-omega-and-hangman-page-vs-the-young-bucks-for-the-aew-tag-titles-cody-vs-mjf-nyla-rose/|archive-date=February 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega, Page, and The Young Bucks competed alongside [[Matt Hardy]] against [[The Inner Circle (professional wrestling)|The Inner Circle]]–which comprises Jericho, [[Sammy Guevara]], [[Jake Hager]], and [[Santana and Ortiz]]–in a [[Stadium Stampede match]] on May 23 at [[Double or Nothing (2020)|Double or Nothing]], where Omega's team was victorious.<ref name="DoN2020">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Cody vs. Lance Archer to become the first TNT Champion (Mike Tyson presents the belt), Jon Moxley vs. Brodie Lee for the AEW Championship, The Elite vs. The Inner Circle in a Stadium Stampede match|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/05/23/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-cody-vs-lance-archer-to-become-the-first-tnt-champion-mike-tyson-presents-the-belt-jon-moxley-vs-brodie-lee-for-the-aew-championship-the-e/|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=May 23, 2020|access-date=May 23, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526084416/https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/05/23/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-cody-vs-lance-archer-to-become-the-first-tnt-champion-mike-tyson-presents-the-belt-jon-moxley-vs-brodie-lee-for-the-aew-championship-the-e/|archive-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> On September 5 at [[All Out (2020)|All Out]], Omega and Page lost the AEW World Tag Team Championship to [[FTR (professional wrestling)|FTR]] ([[Cash Wheeler]] and [[Dax Harwood]]).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toro|first1=Carlos|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/new-aew-tag-team-champions-crowned-all-out|title=FTR Beats Kenny Omega And Hangman Page To Win AEW Tag Team Titles At All Out|publisher=Fightful|date=September 5, 2020|access-date=September 6, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906032937/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/new-aew-tag-team-champions-crowned-all-out|archive-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref>

Following the loss to FTR, Omega stated that he was going to return to singles competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-september-9-2020|title=AEW Dynamite Results for September 9, 2020|date=September 9, 2020|publisher=[[All Elite Wrestling]]|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911041806/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-september-9-2020|archive-date=September 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> From October to November 2020, he participated in a tournament to determine the number one contender for the [[AEW World Championship]] and won it by defeating Adam Page in the final round at [[Full Gear (2020)|Full Gear]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-announces-eight-man-tournament-crown-number-contender-aew-title-finals-full-gear|title=AEW Announces Eight-Man Tournament To Crown Number One Contender For AEW Title, Finals At Full Gear|publisher=Fightful|first=Jeremy|last=Lambert|date=September 30, 2020|access-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105200644/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-announces-eight-man-tournament-crown-number-contender-aew-title-finals-full-gear|archive-date=November 5, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WorldChamp">{{cite web|last=Renner|first=Ethan|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/kenny-omega-wins-title-eliminator-tournament-aew-full-gear-324611|title=Kenny Omega wins title eliminator tournament at AEW Full Gear|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|date=November 7, 2020|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108045426/https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/kenny-omega-wins-title-eliminator-tournament-aew-full-gear-324611|archive-date=November 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Winter Is Coming (2020)|Winter Is Coming]] on December 2, Omega defeated Jon Moxley to become the AEW World Champion for the first time, with the help of [[Don Callis]], and turned heel.<ref name="AEWC">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Mike|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/141844/new-aew-champion-crowned.html?p=1|title=New AEW Champion Crowned|work=PWInsider|date=December 2, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203031042/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/141844/new-aew-champion-crowned.html?p=1|archive-date=December 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Joseph|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-asks-fans-why-their-favorite-dont-move-the-needle/|title=Kenny Omega Asks Fans Why Their Favorites Don't Move The Needle|quote=Omega completely turned heel on last week's AEW Dynamite by cheating to beat Jon Moxley with the help of Don Callis.|website=411Mania|date=December 10, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211120633/https://411mania.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-asks-fans-why-their-favorite-dont-move-the-needle/|archive-date=December 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Revolution (2021)|Revolution]] in March, Omega retained the title over Moxley in an [[Exploding Barbed Wire Deathmatch]].<ref>{{cite web|last=DeFelice|first=Robert|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-revolution-2021-aew-world-championship-exploding-barbed-wire-deathmatch-result|title=AEW Revolution 2021 – AEW World Championship – Exploding Barbed Wire Deathmatch Result|publisher=Fightful|date=March 7, 2021|access-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052300/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-revolution-2021-aew-world-championship-exploding-barbed-wire-deathmatch-result|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

At [[Double or Nothing (2021)|Double or Nothing]], Omega successfully defended the AEW World Championship against Pac and [[Orange Cassidy]] in a [[three-way match]].<ref name="DoN2021">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega vs. Orange Cassidy vs. Pac for the AEW Championship, Hikaru Shida vs. Britt Baker for the AEW Women's Title, Miro vs. Lance Archer for the TNT Title, The Young Bucks vs. Jon Moxley and Eddie Kingston for the AEW Tag Titles, The Pinnacle vs. The Inner Circle in a Stadium Stampede match|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/05/30/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-orange-cassidy-vs-pac-for-the-aew-championship-hikaru-shida-vs-britt-baker-for-the-aew-womens-title-miro-vs-lance-archer/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=May 30, 2021|access-date=May 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530233917/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/05/30/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-orange-cassidy-vs-pac-for-the-aew-championship-hikaru-shida-vs-britt-baker-for-the-aew-womens-title-miro-vs-lance-archer/|archive-date=May 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[All Out (2021)|All Out]] in September, Omega defeated [[Christian Cage]] to retain the AEW World Championship.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Andrew|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/09/05/bryan-danielson-adam-cole-make-aew-debuts-at-all-out/|title=Bryan Danielson & Adam Cole make AEW debuts at All Out|publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]|date=September 5, 2021|access-date=September 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906055846/https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/09/05/bryan-danielson-adam-cole-make-aew-debuts-at-all-out/|archive-date=September 6, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> He lost the title to Page in November at [[Full Gear (2021)|Full Gear]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Andrew|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/11/14/hangman-adam-page-defeats-kenny-omega-for-aew-world-title-at-full-gear/|title=Hangman Adam Page defeats Kenny Omega for AEW World Title at Full Gear|publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]|date=November 14, 2021|access-date=November 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114094920/https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/11/14/hangman-adam-page-defeats-kenny-omega-for-aew-world-title-at-full-gear/|archive-date=November 14, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, ''Pro Wrestling Illustrated'' ranked him No. 1 on its list of the top 500 male professional wrestlers for the second time.<ref name="2021PWI">{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=Jeremy|title=Kenny Omega Tops PWI 500 In 2021, Second Time Ranked Number One|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-tops-pwi-500-2021-second-time-ranked-number-one|date=September 8, 2021|access-date=September 8, 2021|publisher=Fightful|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909023805/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-tops-pwi-500-2021-second-time-ranked-number-one|archive-date=September 9, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega took a hiatus from competing in November 2021 due to injuries.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beltrán|first1=William|url=https://superluchas.com/kenny-omega-anuncia-su-positivo-a-covid-19/|title=Kenny Omega anuncia su positivo a covid-19|work=[[Súper Luchas]]|language=es|date=January 11, 2022|access-date=February 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111080908/https://superluchas.com/kenny-omega-anuncia-su-positivo-a-covid-19/|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> He underwent hernia and knee surgeries.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tessier|first1=Colin|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/matt-jackson-teases-kenny-omega-s-return-being-elite|title=Matt Jackson Teases Kenny Omega's Return On 8/15 Being The Elite|publisher=Fightful|date=August 15, 2022|access-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815175224/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/matt-jackson-teases-kenny-omega-s-return-being-elite|archive-date=August 15, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Various feuds and diverticulitis (2022–present)====
Omega returned on the August 17, 2022, episode of ''Dynamite'' as a face to team with The Young Bucks who had also turned face, in the [[inaugural AEW World Trios Championship tournament]], where they defeated [[La Facción Ingobernable]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Skylar|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-return-article|title=Kenny Omega Returns On 8/17 AEW Dynamite, Teams With The Young Bucks In AEW Trios Tournament Match|publisher=Fightful|date=August 17, 2022|access-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818014937/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-return-article|archive-date=August 18, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> After defeating [[United Empire]] in the second round,<ref>{{cite web|date=September 1, 2022|title=AEW Dynamite Results for August 31, 2022|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-august-31-2022|access-date=September 7, 2022|website=[[All Elite Wrestling]]|archive-date=September 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907131657/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-august-31-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega and The Young Bucks defeated Adam Page, Alex Reynolds, and [[John Silver (wrestler)|John Silver]] at [[All Out (2022)|All Out]] to become the inaugural [[AEW World Trios Champions]], and with that Omega also became [[Triple Crown (professional wrestling)|the first AEW Triple Crown Champion]] by virtue of winning the World, Tag Team, and Trios Championships.<ref name = "KOTC" /><ref name="AllOut2022">{{cite web |last=Mueller |first=Doc-Chris |title=AEW All Out 2022 Results: Winners, Grades, Reaction and Highlights |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10047640-aew-all-out-2022-results-winners-grades-reaction-and-highlights |access-date=September 7, 2022 |website=Bleacher Report |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123151445/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10047640-aew-all-out-2022-results-winners-grades-reaction-and-highlights |url-status=live }}</ref> After the All Out post-event [[media scrum]], Omega and The Young Bucks clashed with AEW World Champion [[CM Punk]] and producer [[Ace Steel]] in a legitimate physical altercation following comments Punk had made about them during the scrum. As a result, AEW President [[Tony Khan]] suspended all involved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Mike |title=Lots of stories of backstage fight at AEW PPV, here is what we know |url=https://pwinsider.com/article/162804/lots-of-stories-of-backstage-fight-at-aew-ppv-here-is-what-we-know.html?p=1 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=PWInsider |date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906002539/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/162804/lots-of-stories-of-backstage-fight-at-aew-ppv-here-is-what-we-know.html?p=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VanBoom">{{cite news |last1=Van Boom |first1=Daniel |title=Why CM Punk Isn't AEW Champion: Injury and Backstage Fight Explained |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/cm-punks-explosive-aew-press-conference-comments-explained/ |access-date=June 18, 2023 |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=September 14, 2022 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207230042/https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/why-cm-punk-isnt-aew-champion-injury-and-backstage-fight-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both the AEW World Championship and AEW World Trios Championship were then vacated.<ref name="VanBoom"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Barrasso |first=Justin |url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2022/09/07/aew-members-receive-suspensions-altercation-cm-punk-kenny-omega |title=Report: AEW Members receive suspensions after 'All Out' altercation |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=September 7, 2022|accessdate=September 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229034952/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2022/09/07/aew-members-receive-suspensions-altercation-cm-punk-kenny-omega|archive-date=December 29, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Omega and The Young Bucks returned at [[Full Gear (2022)|Full Gear]] that November, challenging [[Death Triangle]] for the AEW World Trios Championship in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-full-gear-live-results-jon-moxley-vs-mjf-the-elite-vs-death-triangle | title=AEW Full Gear live results: Jon Moxley vs. MJF, the Elite return |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] | date=November 19, 2022 | access-date=April 11, 2023 | archive-date=March 30, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330154615/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-full-gear-live-results-jon-moxley-vs-mjf-the-elite-vs-death-triangle | url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first match in a best-of-seven series between the two teams, which concluded in an Escalera De La Muerte ladder match on ''Dynamite'' on January 11, 2023, where Omega's team won the match, the series (4–3), and the AEW World Trios Championship.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/01/11/aew-dynamite-escalera-de-la-muerte-adam-cole-returns/ | title=AEW Dynamite: Escalera de la Muerte, Adam Cole returns, MJF roasts celebrities |publisher=[[POST Wrestling]] | date=January 12, 2023 | access-date=April 11, 2023 | archive-date=March 30, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330154613/https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/01/11/aew-dynamite-escalera-de-la-muerte-adam-cole-returns/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023 at [[Revolution (2023)|Revolution]], Omega and The Young Bucks lost the title to [[House of Black]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Flanagan|first1=Neal|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/03/05/house-of-black-wins-the-aew-world-trios-titles-at-revolution/|title=House of Black wins the AEW World Trios Titles at Revolution|publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]|date=March 5, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164924/https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/03/05/house-of-black-wins-the-aew-world-trios-titles-at-revolution/|archive-date=March 7, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Omega's team failed to regain the championship later that month on ''Dynamite'', losing to the retaining House of Black in a three-way-trios match that also involved [[The Jericho Appreciation Society]]. After the match, the [[Blackpool Combat Club]] (BCC) and Page appeared and brawled, leading Omega and The Young Bucks to help Page.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Howard|first1=Ryan|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-dynamite-live-results-trios-title-match|title=AEW Dynamite live results: Trios title match|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|date=March 15, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612104725/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-dynamite-live-results-trios-title-match|archive-date=June 12, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 10 on ''Dynamite'', Omega lost to the BCC's Jon Moxley in a steel cage match after Don Callis betrayed Omega by stabbing him with a screwdriver.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=Jeremy|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/don-callis-screws-kenny-omega-510-aew-dynamite|title=Don Callis Screws Kenny Omega On 5/10 AEW Dynamite, Jon Moxley Victorious In Cage Match|publisher=Fightful|date=May 10, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511125511/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/don-callis-screws-kenny-omega-510-aew-dynamite}}</ref> At [[Double or Nothing (2023)|Double or Nothing]], Moxley, Bryan Danielson, Claudio Castagnoli, and [[Wheeler Yuta]] of the BCC defeated Omega, The Young Bucks, and Page in an [[Anarchy in the Arena match]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Andrew|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/05/28/konosuke-takeshita-helps-blackpool-combat-club-defeat-the-elite-at-aew-double-or-nothing/|title=Konosuke Takeshita helps Blackpool Combat Club defeat The Elite at AEW Double or Nothing|publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]|date=May 28, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529050339/https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/05/28/konosuke-takeshita-helps-blackpool-combat-club-defeat-the-elite-at-aew-double-or-nothing/}}</ref> On July 19 on ''[[Blood & Guts (2023)|Dynamite: Blood & Guts]]'', the Elite, along with [[Kota Ibushi]], defeated the Blackpool Combat Club, [[Konosuke Takeshita]], and [[Pac (wrestler)|Pac]] in a [[Blood and Guts match|Blood & Guts match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/10083296-aew-blood-guts-2023-results-winners-live-grades-reaction-and-highlights.amp.html|title=AEW Blood & Guts 2023 Results: Winners, Live Grades, Reaction and Highlights|work=Bleacher Report|author=Erik Beaston|date=July 19, 2023|access-date=August 2, 2023|archive-date=July 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720140926/https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/10083296-aew-blood-guts-2023-results-winners-live-grades-reaction-and-highlights.amp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 2, 2023, it was announced that Omega, the Young Bucks, and Adam Page had all signed multi-year contract extensions with AEW.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/news/the-elite-renew-contracts-with-aew|title=The Elite renew contracts with AEW|author=Justin Barrasso|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=August 2, 2023}}</ref>

On August 27 at [[All In (2023)| All In]], Omega, Adam Page and Kota Ibushi was defeated by [[Bullet Club Gold]] ([[Jay White]] and [[Juice Robinson]]) and Konosuke Takeshita in a trios match.<ref>[https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/08/27/aew-all-in-results-powells-live-review-of-mjf-vs-adam-cole-for-the-aew-world-championship-will-ospreay-vs-chris-jericho-cm-punk-vs-samoa-joe-for-the-real-world-title-stadium-stampede/ All In Results - Pro Wrestling.Net]</ref> On September 3 at [[All Out (2023)|All Out]], Omega was defeated by Takeshita losing twice on pay per view in the span of a week - In a six man tag team match at All In and in a singles match at All Out.<ref name="AllOut2023">{{cite web|last=Howard|first=Ryan|title=AEW All Out live results: Orange Cassidy vs. Jon Moxley, Bryan Danielson returns|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-all-out-live-results-orange-cassidy-vs-jon-moxley-bryan-danielson-returns|website=F4WOnline.com|date=September 3, 2023|access-date=September 4, 2023}}</ref> On October 1 at [[WrestleDream (2023)|WrestleDream]], Omega along with Kota Ibushi and [[Chris Jericho]] lost to The Don Callis Family members Takeshita, Will Ospreay and [[Sammy Guevara]].<ref name="WD">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW WrestleDream results: Powell's live review of Darby Allin vs. Christian Cage in a best of three falls match for the TNT Title, Bryan Danielson vs. Zack Sabre Jr., Swerve Strickland vs. Hangman Page|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/10/01/aew-wrestledream-results-powells-live-review-of-darby-allin-vs-christian-cage-in-a-best-of-three-falls-match-for-the-tnt-title-bryan-danielson-vs-zack-sabre-jr-swerve-strickland-vs-hangman-pa/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=October 1, 2023|access-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002104751/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/10/01/aew-wrestledream-results-powells-live-review-of-darby-allin-vs-christian-cage-in-a-best-of-three-falls-match-for-the-tnt-title-bryan-danielson-vs-zack-sabre-jr-swerve-strickland-vs-hangman-pa/|archive-date=October 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 25 episode of ''Dynamite'', Omega challenged AEW World Champion [[Maxwell Jacob Friedman|MJF]] to an title match on the October 28 edition of ''Collision'' which MJF accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-dynamite-live-results-mjf-vs-juice-robinson|title=AEW Dynamite live results: MJF vs. Juice Robinson|date=October 25, 2023|last=Howard|first=Ryan|work=F4W Online}}</ref> Omega was unsuccessful at winning the title against MJF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/aew/2023/10/28/23934877/aew-collision-results-live-blog-oct-28-2023-mjf-kenny-omega-world-title|title=AEW Collision results, live blog (Oct. 28, 2023): MJF vs. Kenny Omega|date=October 28, 2023|last=Mrosko|first=Geno|work=cagesideseats}}</ref> On November 18 at [[Full Gear (2023)|Full Gear]], Omega and Jericho, known as The Golden Jets, defeated The Young Bucks, receiving a AEW World Tag Team Championship match.<ref name="FG2023">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=AEW Full Gear results: Powell's live review of MJF vs. Jay White for the AEW World Championship, Hikaru Shida vs. Toni Storm for the AEW Women's Title, Swerve Strickland vs. Hangman Page in a Texas Death Match|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/11/18/aew-full-gear-results-powells-live-review-of-mjf-vs-jay-white-for-the-aew-world-championship-hikaru-shida-vs-toni-storm-for-the-aew-womens-title-swerve-strickland-vs-hangman-page-in-a-texas/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=November 18, 2023|access-date=November 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119080347/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/11/18/aew-full-gear-results-powells-live-review-of-mjf-vs-jay-white-for-the-aew-world-championship-hikaru-shida-vs-toni-storm-for-the-aew-womens-title-swerve-strickland-vs-hangman-page-in-a-texas/|archive-date=November 19, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On the December 5th episode of ''Collision'' he defeated [[Ethan Page]],<ref>[https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-collision-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-ethan-page "Kenny Omega and Ethan Page result"]. ''Wrestling Observer Newsletter''. Retrieved April 1st, 2024.</ref> which would be his final match in 2023 as later in December, Omega underwent treatment to help battle problems with diverticulitis.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://cultaholic.com/posts/kenny-omega-was-close-to-50-chance-of-dying-from-diverticulitis|title=Kenny Omega Was Close To 50% Chance Of Dying From Diverticulitis|author=Andrew Kelly|magazine=Cultaholic|date=December 23, 2023}}</ref> During his absence, he was removed from The Elite stable on the March 7th episode of ''Dynamite''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Kulkarni |first= Ojas |date= 2024-03-08 |title=Kenny Omega Reacts to His Dismissal from The Elite |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/kenny-omega-reacts-dismissal-elite-060703541.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGFQa2xX90g7j8loCz2OkqBwtjMUNxJ8h-JLwl23OqHwcVHqjeSWiBpHYmo4ZD7udocwtAw88fBtwh3lPPrUblaya_EliaCdtZcsdMUJn5wqvm2FsdHrjpVvBv1N_yphiBpYjn8mTptv4pWBJ4QYKz5O28p_o-WqgH4ZGqgk4LwP |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Yahoo! News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10111982-aew-dynamite-results-winners-live-grades-reaction-and-highlights-after-revolution|title=AEW Dynamite Results: Winners, Live Grades, Reaction and Highlights After Revolution|author=Chris Mueller|date=March 6, 2024|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 2024-03-07 |title=Kenny Omega kicked out of The Elite in a shocking announcement by The Young Bucks|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/aew/news-kenny-omega-kicked-the-elite-shocking-announcement-the-young-bucks |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=SportsKeeda |language=en}}</ref>

===Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2019–2021)===
In 2019, AEW announced a partnership with [[Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide]], and Omega made his debut for the latter promotion at its [[Triplemanía XXVII]] event, teaming with Matt and Nick Jackson in a losing effort against Fénix, Pentagón Jr., and [[Laredo Kid]].<ref name="Mega">{{cite web|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2019/10/20/kenny-omega-defeats-fenix-to-win-aaa-mega-championship/|title=Kenny Omega defeats Fénix to win AAA Mega Championship|publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]|date=October 20, 2019|access-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812002234/https://www.postwrestling.com/2019/10/20/kenny-omega-defeats-fenix-to-win-aaa-mega-championship/|archive-date=August 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rose|first1=Bryan|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-triplemania-xxvii-live-results-cain-velasquez-debuts-289356|title=AAA Triplemania XXVII live results: Cain Velasquez debuts|date=August 3, 2019|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805073435/https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-triplemania-xxvii-live-results-cain-velasquez-debuts-289356|archive-date=August 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Héroes Inmortales XIII]] in October, Omega won the [[AAA Mega Championship]] from Fénix.<ref name="Mega"/> He retained the title against Dragon Lee at [[Triplemanía Regia]] in December and against Laredo Kid at [[Triplemanía XXVIII]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aaa-triplemania-regia-results-121-kenny-omega-faces-dragon-lee-monster-clown-unmasked|title=AAA Triplemania Regia Results (12/1): Kenny Omega Faces Dragon Lee, Monster Clown Unmasked|date=December 2, 2019|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|publisher=Fightful|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203211654/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aaa-triplemania-regia-results-121-kenny-omega-faces-dragon-lee-monster-clown-unmasked|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/12/13/12-12-aaa-triplemania-results-kenny-omega-vs-laredo-kid-for-the-aaa-mega-championship-chessman-vs-pagano-in-a-hair-vs-hair-match-marvel-themed-match-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-vs-myzteziz-jr-and/|title=12/12 AAA Triplemania results: Kenny Omega vs. Laredo Kid for the AAA Mega Championship, Chessman vs. Pagano in a hair vs. hair match, Marvel themed match, Pentagon Jr. and Fenix vs. Myzteziz Jr. and Octagon Jr. vs. Texano Jr. and Rey Escorpion in a three-way tag match for the AAA Tag Titles|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Jason|last=Powell|date=December 13, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213175740/https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/12/13/12-12-aaa-triplemania-results-kenny-omega-vs-laredo-kid-for-the-aaa-mega-championship-chessman-vs-pagano-in-a-hair-vs-hair-match-marvel-themed-match-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-vs-myzteziz-jr-and/|archive-date=December 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He defeated Andrade El Idolo to remain the AAA Mega Champion at [[Triplemanía XXIX]] in August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-triplemania-xxix-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-andrade-el-idolo-349941|title=AAA TripleMania XXIX Live Results: Kenny Omega Vs. Andrade El Idolo|date=August 14, 2021|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|last1=Reneo|first1=Juan C.|access-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815084214/https://www.f4wonline.com/mexico/aaa-triplemania-xxix-live-results-kenny-omega-vs-andrade-el-idolo-349941|archive-date=August 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In November, Omega vacated the AAA Mega Championship due to injuries, ending his reign as the title's longest-reigning holder.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|title=Kenny Omega Officially Vacates AAA Mega Championship, Omega Comments|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-officially-vacates-aaa-mega-championship|publisher=Fightful|date=November 22, 2021|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122212127/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-officially-vacates-aaa-mega-championship|archive-date=November 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Barrasso|first1=Justin|url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2021/11/22/aew-kenny-omega-injury-aaa-mega-championship-vacated|title=Kenny Omega: AEW star vacates AAA mega title, won't face Vikingo|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=November 22, 2021|access-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122201206/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2021/11/22/aew-kenny-omega-injury-aaa-mega-championship-vacated|archive-date=November 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Impact Wrestling (2020–2021) ===
On the December 8 episode of its program, ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact!]]'', Omega made his [[Impact Wrestling]] debut, appearing in a segment with Don Callis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quarrinton |first1=Norm |date=December 8, 2020 |title=AEW Champion Kenny Omega Appears On IMPACT |url=https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-appears-on-impact |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209033747/https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-appears-on-impact/ |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=[[Pro Wrestling Sheet]]}}</ref> At the [[Hard To Kill (2021)|Hard To Kill]] pay-per-view in January 2021, he competed for the promotion, teaming with fellow former Bullet Club stablemates Karl Anderson and [[Doc Gallows]] to defeat [[Rich Swann]], Chris Sabin, and [[Moose (wrestler)|Moose]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rose |first=Bryan |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Kenny Omega pins Rich Swann at Impact Hard to Kill |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/tna-news/kenny-omega-pins-rich-swann-impact-hard-kill-330466 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117112707/https://www.f4wonline.com/tna-news/kenny-omega-pins-rich-swann-impact-hard-kill-330466 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]}}</ref>

At Impact Wrestling's [[Rebellion (2021)|Rebellion]] pay-per-view in April 2021, Omega defeated Swann in a [[Winner Takes All match]] to retain his AEW World Championship and also win the [[Impact World Championship]].<ref name="ImpactChampion">{{cite web |last=Keller |first=Wade |author-link=Wade Keller |date=April 25, 2021 |title=Kenny Omega captures the Impact World Title in victory over Rich Swann at Impact's Rebellion PPV |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2021/04/25/kenny-omega-captures-the-impact-world-title-in-victory-over-rich-swann-at-impacts-rebellion-ppv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426033407/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2021/04/25/kenny-omega-captures-the-impact-world-title-in-victory-over-rich-swann-at-impacts-rebellion-ppv/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> At [[Slammiversary (2021)|Slammiversary]], Omega defeated [[Sami Callihan]] in a no disqualification match to retain the Impact World Championship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rose |first1=Bryan |date=July 17, 2021 |title=Jay White appears at Slammiversary, stares down Kenny Omega |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/tna-news/jay-white-appears-slammiversary-stares-down-kenny-omega-347271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718033815/https://www.f4wonline.com/tna-news/jay-white-appears-slammiversary-stares-down-kenny-omega-347271 |archive-date=July 18, 2021 |access-date=July 19, 2021 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]}}</ref> On the premiere episode of ''[[AEW Rampage]]'' on August 13, he lost the Impact World Championship to [[Christian Cage]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Andrew |date=August 13, 2021 |title=Christian Cage defeats Kenny Omega for IMPACT World Title on AEW Rampage |url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/08/13/christian-cage-defeats-kenny-omega-for-impact-world-title-on-aew-rampage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814033457/https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/08/13/christian-cage-defeats-kenny-omega-for-impact-world-title-on-aew-rampage/ |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |publisher=[[POST Wrestling]]}}</ref>

=== Return to NJPW (2022–2023) ===
In November 2022 at [[Historic X-Over]], Omega returned to New Japan Pro-Wrestling via a video message, challenging [[IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion]] [[Will Ospreay]], to a match for the title at [[Wrestle Kingdom 17]].<ref>{{cite web |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Kenny Omega vs. Will Ospreay set for NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 17 |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/new-japan/kenny-omega-vs-will-ospreay-set-for-njpw-wrestle-kingdom-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201142113/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/new-japan/kenny-omega-vs-will-ospreay-set-for-njpw-wrestle-kingdom-17 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]}}</ref> At the event, Omega defeated Ospreay, winning the title for the second time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=January 4, 2023 |title=Kenny Omega Bests Will Ospreay, Wins IWGP US Title At NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 17 |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-bests-will-ospreay-wins-iwgp-us-title-njpw-wrestle-kingdom-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104113033/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-bests-will-ospreay-wins-iwgp-us-title-njpw-wrestle-kingdom-17 |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |publisher=Fightful}}</ref> He dropped the title to Ospreay at [[Forbidden Door (2023)|Forbidden Door]] in June.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nason |first1=Josh |date=June 25, 2023 |title=Will Ospreay defeats Kenny Omega at AEW x NJPW Forbidden Door |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/will-ospreay-defeats-kenny-omega-at-aew-x-njpw-forbidden-door |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626035647/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/will-ospreay-defeats-kenny-omega-at-aew-x-njpw-forbidden-door |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]}}</ref>

=== Return to AAA (2023) ===
In 2023, it was announced that Omega would make his return to AAA to challenge AAA Mega Champion [[El Hijo del Vikingo]] for the title at [[Triplemanía XXXI|Triplemanía XXXI: Tijuana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenny Omega vs Hijo del Vikingo for AAA Mega Championship, More Added for TripleMania 31 Tijuana. {{!}} Fightful News |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kenny-omega-vs-hijo-del-vikingo-aaa-mega-championship-more-added-triplemania-31-tijuana |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.fightful.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Professional wrestling style and persona==
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Kenny Omega performs the V-Trigger 01 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Kenny Omega performs the V-Trigger 02.jpg
| image3 = Kenny Omega performs the V-Trigger 03.jpg
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
| caption3 =
| caption_align = center
| footer = Omega performing the ''V-Trigger'' running knee strike on [[Joey Janela]]
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| alt1 =
}}

A fan of [[video games]], Smith incorporates ideas from the medium into wrestling maneuvers, entrance music, and gimmick concepts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geek.com/games/pro-wrestler-kenny-omega-talks-gaming-inspirations-and-2018-gamers-choice-award-nomination-1765087/|title=Pro Wrestler Kenny Omega Talks Gaming Inspirations and 2018 Gamers' Choice Award Nomination|date=December 9, 2018|last=Vincent|first=Brittany|publisher=[[Geek.com]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153610/https://www.geek.com/games/pro-wrestler-kenny-omega-talks-gaming-inspirations-and-2018-gamers-choice-award-nomination-1765087/|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kenny Omega ring name was originally inspired by the character [[Omega Weapon]] from the ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' video game series.<ref name="AXS"/> He named his [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#F|finishing maneuver]] the ''One-Winged Angel'' (a reference to ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'' character [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy)|Sephiroth]]) and the [[Professional wrestling strikes#Bomaye|running knee strike]] he employs as a signature maneuver the ''V-Trigger'' (a technique used in ''[[Street Fighter V]]'');<ref name=BeginJapanology/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/how-kenny-omega-embraces-gaming-culture/|title=From One-Winged Angel to Mega Man, How Kenny Omega Embraces Gaming Culture|date=May 29, 2020|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]|access-date=February 8, 2022|last1=Curran|first1=Robert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122023704/https://www.cbr.com/how-kenny-omega-embraces-gaming-culture/|archive-date=January 22, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> integrated the [[Hadouken]] attack from the ''[[Street Fighter]]'' video game series as a signature move;<ref name="GamesRadar">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/meet-kenny-omega-wrestler-every-gamer-should-know/|title=Meet Kenny Omega, the wrestler every gamer should know|first=Henry|last=Gilbert|website=[[GamesRadar+]]|date=March 26, 2015|access-date=February 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419035312/https://www.gamesradar.com/meet-kenny-omega-wrestler-every-gamer-should-know/|archive-date=April 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and used of variations of ''[[Mega Man (original series)|Mega Man]]'' antagonist [[Dr. Wily]]'s theme music as entrance themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/undertale-developer-helped-make-new-entrance-video-for-new-japan-pro-wrestling-star-kenny-omega|title=Undertale Developer Helped Make New Entrance Video For New Japan Pro Wrestling Star Kenny Omega|first1=Nadia|last1=Oxford|publisher=[[Gamer Network]]|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153123/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/undertale-developer-helped-make-new-entrance-video-for-new-japan-pro-wrestling-star-kenny-omega|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For his final appearance as an NJPW-contracted wrestler at Wrestle Kingdom 13, Smith collaborated with ''[[Undertale]]'' creator [[Toby Fox]] to create a custom entrance video in the style of the game.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tamburro|first1=Paul|url=https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/478405-kenny-omega-uses-undertale-theme-for-wrestle-kingdom-13-extrance|title=Kenny Omega Uses Undertale Entrance for NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 13|date=January 4, 2019|website=[[GameRevolution]]|access-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823020147/https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/478405-kenny-omega-uses-undertale-theme-for-wrestle-kingdom-13-extrance|archive-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to video games, Smith also draws inspiration from the television show ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' and superhero cartoons to develop elements of his in-ring persona.<ref name="GamesRadar"/> At Fyter Fest in June 2019, Smith also donned ring gear that references the character [[Akuma (Street Fighter)|Akuma]] from the ''Street Fighter'' series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/wwe/2019/06/30/kenny-omega-young-bucks-the-elite-street-fighter-gear-aew-fyter-fest/ |title=Kenny Omega, Young Bucks Sport Street Fighter Gear at AEW Fyter Fest |last=Valdez|first=Nick|publisher=[[ComicBook.com]]|date=June 29, 2019|access-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630135410/https://comicbook.com/wwe/2019/06/30/kenny-omega-young-bucks-the-elite-street-fighter-gear-aew-fyter-fest/ |archive-date=June 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/aew-fyter-fest-results-recap-grades-kenny-omega-gets-retribution-on-jon-moxley/ |title=AEW Fyter Fest results, recap, grades: Kenny Omega gets retribution on Jon Moxley |last=Silverstein|first=Adam|date=June 29, 2019|work=[[CBS Sports]]|access-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112145418/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/aew-fyter-fest-results-recap-grades-kenny-omega-gets-retribution-on-jon-moxley/ |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his run in Bullet Club, Smith did his interviews entirely in English,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=12708 |script-title=ja:【WK9】石井vs真壁、田口vsケニーが決定!「暴走キングコングを眠りから起こす！」（石井）、「グッドガイの私はもういない！」（ケニー）【1.4東京ドーム会見】 |date=November 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2014 |publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112224440/http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=12708 |archive-date=November 12, 2014 }}</ref> refusing to speak Japanese.<ref name="slam2016">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2016/06/18/22644039.html|title=Kenny Omega's stardom in Japan about far more than luck|last=Oliver|first=Greg|date=June 18, 2016|access-date=June 18, 2016|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618164023/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2016/06/18/22644039.html|archive-date=June 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview, he stated that he was told that his otaku gimmick was "too bubbly" for Bullet Club, which led to him adopting the Cleaner nickname as a reference to [[Cleaner (crime)|people who clean up crime scenes]]. Smith cited the character [[Albert Wesker]] from the ''[[Resident Evil]]'' video game series as well as [[Sylvester Stallone]]'s character, Marion "Cobra" Cobretti, from the film ''[[Cobra (1986 film)|Cobra]]'' as inspirations for the Cleaner gimmick.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Caro|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/exclusives/golden-heartbreak-kenny-omega-and-art-long-term-storytelling|title=Golden Heartbreak: Kenny Omega And The Art of Long-term Storytelling|publisher=Fightful|date=December 5, 2020|access-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206024933/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/exclusives/golden-heartbreak-kenny-omega-and-art-long-term-storytelling|archive-date=December 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Although Smith originally intended to embody the gimmick straightforwardly, he later integrated comedy into the persona as a response to people who thought he was portraying a janitor, doing so by coming out for his matches holding a mop and a broom.<ref name="slam2016"/>

Over the course of their careers, the relationship between Omega and his Golden☆Lovers tag team partner [[Kota Ibushi]] has been portrayed with romantic undertones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/wrestler-kenny-omega-s-winnipeg-arena-homecoming-transcript-1.6779409 |title=Wrestler Kenny Omega's Winnipeg arena homecoming – Transcript |last=Poisson |first=Jayme |date=March 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=June 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315161727/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/wrestler-kenny-omega-s-winnipeg-arena-homecoming-transcript-1.6779409|archive-date=March 15, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/golden-lovers-hope-their-characters-help-lgbt-viewers-connect-wrestling |title=Golden Lovers Hope Their Characters Help LGBT Viewers Connect With Wrestling |last=Sapp |first=Sean Ross |date=March 23, 2018 |publisher=Fightful |access-date=June 13, 2023 |quote=The Ibushi and Omega characters, while not explicitly mentioning their sexuality, have implied a relationship throughout their run|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415151754/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/golden-lovers-hope-their-characters-help-lgbt-viewers-connect-wrestling|archive-date=April 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/04/05/ppv-primer-roh-supercard-of-honor-xii-4-7-2018-cody-vs-omega-castle-vs-scurll-first-women-of-honor-champion-crowned/ |title=PPV Primer – ROH Supercard of Honor XII (4/7/2018): Cody vs. Omega, Castle vs. Scurll, first Women Of Honor Champion crowned |last=Pageot |first=Harley R. |date=April 5, 2018 |work=[[Pro Wrestling Torch]] |access-date=June 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022636/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/04/05/ppv-primer-roh-supercard-of-honor-xii-4-7-2018-cody-vs-omega-castle-vs-scurll-first-women-of-honor-champion-crowned/|archive-date=June 14, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-results-recap-grades-brock-lesnars-next-match-set-no-1-contender-near/ |title=WWE Raw results, recap, grades: Brock Lesnar's next match set, No. 1 contender near |last= Campbell |first=Brian |date=July 17, 2018 |work=[[CBS Sports]] |access-date=June 13, 2023 |quote=WWE could be on its way to presenting its first same-sex relationship angle with a tasteful undertone. Considering the successful precedent recently set in New Japan Pro-Wrestling with the Golden Lovers (Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi), it's about time, if so.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816092005/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-results-recap-grades-brock-lesnars-next-match-set-no-1-contender-near/|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On the partnership, Omega stated in 2018: "Let people think what they want to think. If [[LGBT people]] can identify with our story, ... I'm good with that." Omega and Ibushi's partnership was chronicled in the 2019 documentary ''Omega Man: A Wrestling Love Story''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nason |first=Josh |date=March 27, 2019 |title='Omega Man': A look at TSN's Kenny Omega documentary |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/omega-man-look-tsns-kenny-omega-documentary-280161 |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] |access-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201213815/https://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/omega-man-look-tsns-kenny-omega-documentary-280161 |url-status=live }}</ref> Omega strives for inclusivity within professional wrestling and believes that "it's important to show in the 21st century that [LGBT people] should feel just as welcome to be a wrestling fan as anyone else".<ref name="Yahoo Doyle">{{cite news |last=Doyle |first=Dave |date=March 23, 2018 |title=The Golden Lovers want to make wrestling more inclusive for the LGBTQ community |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/golden-lovers-want-make-wrestling-inclusive-lgbtq-community-160511498.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609221145/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/golden-lovers-want-make-wrestling-inclusive-lgbtq-community-160511498.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other media==
Smith, during his time with NJPW, promoted one of the new ''[[Bang Dream!]]'' games, during a series of trailers that aired in 2018. Its worth noting that both the franchise and promotion are owned by its parent company [[Bushiroad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.njpw1972.com/31009 | title=Kenny Omega "BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!" Commercial Released! | NEW JAPAN PRO-WRESTLING }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Smith considers himself [[straight edge]] as he avoids the recreational use of alcohol and drugs.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=KennyOmegamanX|number=698863011285458945|access-date=October 18, 2016|date=February 14, 2016|title=@wHyXxSoXxSrS pretty much. No alcohol, tobacco, or drugs|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170511010001/https://twitter.com/kennyomegamanx/status/698863011285458945|archive-date=May 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He has suffered from [[vertigo]] since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last1=DeFelice|first1=Robert|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/report-kenny-omega-worked-aew-full-gear-2021-hurt-shoulder|title=Kenny Omega Confirms Shoulder Injury, Reveals He's Been Wrestling With Vertigo Since 2018|publisher=Fightful|date=November 14, 2021|access-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115031537/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/report-kenny-omega-worked-aew-full-gear-2021-hurt-shoulder|archive-date=November 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> He is close friends with wrestler and former tag team partner [[Michael Nakazawa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/784342/ | script-title=ja:【新日本】ＵＳ王座Ｖ２戦のケニー「挑戦者Yoshi-Hashi」に不満爆発 | date=October 3, 2017 | access-date=October 3, 2017 | work=[[Tokyo Sports]] | language=ja | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003224634/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/784342/ | archive-date=October 3, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Smith is fluent in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. As of August 2018, he lived in the [[Katsushika, Tokyo|Katsushika]] ward of [[Tokyo]].<ref name=BeginJapanology/><ref name="suburb"/> He said in October 2016 that he "loved Japanese culture before even realizing it was, in fact, Japanese culture" and that his favorite video games and cartoons were Japanese.<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/17851597/kenny-omega-breaks-japan-wrestling-barriers-become-true-champion|title=Kenny Omega breaks through Japan's wrestling barriers to become a true champion|last=Fiorvanti|first=Tim|date=October 22, 2016|access-date=October 23, 2016|publisher=[[ESPN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023133638/http://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/17851597/kenny-omega-breaks-japan-wrestling-barriers-become-true-champion|archive-date=October 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He has since acquired Japanese citizenship.<ref name="Citizenship">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/meet-kenny-omega-wrestling-superstar-and-gamer/|title=Meet Kenny Omega, wrestling superstar and gamer|first=Aloysius|last=Low|publisher=[[CNET]]|date=October 15, 2018|access-date=February 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214175951/https://www.cnet.com/news/meet-kenny-omega-wrestling-superstar-and-gamer/|archive-date=February 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his life outside of wrestling, he said in 2016 that he had no time to think about relationships because he was completely focused on wrestling.<ref>{{Citation|title=NJPW OnTheRoad: Kenny Omega #5|date=October 23, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHlUF5oEO5U&t=6m24s|access-date=January 21, 2017|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826122617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHlUF5oEO5U&t=6m24s|url-status=live}}</ref>

A self-professed avid gamer, Smith hosted a YouTube series called ''Cleaner's Corner'', in which he played some of his favorite video games.<ref name="GamesRadar"/> In June 2016, he made a guest appearance at [[Community Effort Orlando]], defeating wrestler [[Xavier Woods]] in a game of ''Street Fighter V''.<ref name=CEO2016>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/esports/story/_/id/16522289/wwe-xavier-ceo-2016-video-games-think-where-today|title=WWE's Xavier Woods at CEO 2016: 'Without video games, I don't think I'd be where I am today'|access-date=July 1, 2016|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702170307/http://espn.go.com/esports/story/_/id/16522289/wwe-xavier-ceo-2016-video-games-think-where-today|archive-date=July 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The two often appear at video game conventions together, where at some point he dressed up as [[Sans (Undertale)|Sans]] for October 30, 2019 in the episode of ''All Elite Wrestling: Dynamite''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gravelle|first1=Cody|url=https://screenrant.com/aew-kenny-omega-undertale-entrance-megalovania/|title=AEW: Kenny Omega's Sans Undertale Entrance Was Perfect|work=[[Screen Rant]]|date=October 31, 2019|access-date=August 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506222300/https://screenrant.com/aew-kenny-omega-undertale-entrance-megalovania/|archive-date=May 6, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> He portrayed the character [[Cody (Final Fight)|Cody Travers]] in a live-action portion of a trailer for ''Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition'' in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kellerman|first1=Austin|url=http://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-street-fighter|title=Watch: Kenny Omega Appears in Trailer for Street Fighter V|website=[[Pro Wrestling Sheet]]|date=May 28, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2021|archive-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104104131/https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/kenny-omega-street-fighter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and voiced a fictionalized version of himself in the third episode of the 2023 animated series ''[[Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix]]''.

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc=
| ko-wins=3
| ko-losses=1
| sub-wins=1
| sub-losses= 2
| dec-wins=
| dec-losses=
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{No2}}Loss
|align=center|4–3
|Brett Jensen
|Submission
|UCE: Round 32 - Episode 2
|{{dts|2008|July|18|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:42
|[[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}} Loss
|align=center|4–2
|[[Travis Fulton]]
|TKO (punches)
|CVFA: Return of the Champions
|{{dts|2007|April|28|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:24
|[[Iowa]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|4–1
|Clayton Swanson
|KO (punch)
|Whiskey Junction Beatdown 8
|{{dts|2007|February|22|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:42
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|3–1
|Larry Zykstra
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Whiskey Junction Beatdown 4
|{{dts|2007|February|8|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:43
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|Jeremy Homan
|TKO (submission to punches)
|rowspan=2|Whiskey Junction Beatdown 3
|rowspan=2|{{dts|2007|February|1|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:24
|rowspan=2|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–1
|Mark Cantrell
|TKO (punches)
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:43
|
|-
|{{No2}}Loss
|align=center|0–1
|[[Dan Severn]]
|Submission
|Action Wrestling Entertainment
|{{dts|2005|October|5|format=mdy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:12
|Canada
|
|-
{{end}}

Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Tyson-Smith-22395|title=Tyson "Kenny Omega" Smith MMA Stats, Pictures, News, Videos|publisher=[[Sherdog]]|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219185124/https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Tyson-Smith-22395|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
{{multiple image
|align = right
|width = 170
|direction = vertical
|image1 = WMC AEWOMEGA-CHAMP.jpg
|caption1 = Omega is a former [[AEW World Champion]]
|image2 = Kenny Omega IWGP Intercontinental Champion.jpg
|caption2 = As part of [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]], he was an [[IWGP Intercontinental Champion]]...
|image3 = Kenny Omega IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion.JPG
|caption3 = ...a [[List of IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champions|two-time]] [[IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion]]...
|image4 = Kenny Omega IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion.jpg
|caption4 = ...and the inaugural and two-time [[IWGP United States Champion]].
|image5 = Kenny Omega Tokyo Dome IWGP Heavyweight Championship challenge right certificate.jpg
|caption5 = Omega is the first and only ''[[gaijin]]'' wrestler to win the [[G1 Climax]] tournament.
}}
* '''[[4 Front Wrestling]]'''
** 4FW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=2906&page=11|title=Titles « Kenny Omega « Wrestlers Database|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217084858/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=2906&page=11|archive-date=February 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[All Elite Wrestling]]'''
** [[AEW World Championship]] ([[List of AEW World Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-championship-history|title=AEW World Championship Title History|publisher=All Elite Wrestling|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120045056/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-championship-history|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[AEW World Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of AEW World Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with [[Adam Page]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-tag-team-championship-his|title=AEW World Tag Team Championship Title History|publisher=All Elite Wrestling|access-date=March 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227113429/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-tag-team-championship-his|archive-date=February 27, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[AEW World Trios Championship]] ([[List of AEW World Trios Champions|2 times, inaugural]]) – with [[The Young Bucks]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-trios-championship|title=Official AEW World Trios Championship History|publisher=[[All Elite Wrestling]]|access-date=January 14, 2023|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114170805/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/aew-world-trios-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Triple Crown (professional wrestling)#All Elite Wrestling| First AEW Triple Crown Champion]]<ref name = "KOTC" />
** [[Full Gear (2020)#AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament|AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament (2020)]]<ref name="WorldChamp"/>
** [[All Out (2022)#AEW World Trios Championship Tournament|AEW World Trios Championship Tournament (2022)]] – with The Young Bucks<ref name="AllOut2022"/>
** [[AEW Dynamite Awards]] (3 times)
*** [[Bleacher Report]] PPV Moment of the Year ([[AEW Dynamite Awards#2021|2021]]) {{small|with [[The Elite (professional wrestling)|The Elite]] vs. [[The Inner Circle (professional wrestling)|The Inner Circle]] at [[Double or Nothing (2020)|Double or Nothing]]}}<ref name="2021Awards">{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/aew-awards-report-winners-revealed-shaq-challenges-cody-331426|title=AEW Awards report: Winners revealed, Shaq challenges Cody|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]]|first=Ethan|last=Renner|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=January 27, 2021|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005430/https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-news/aew-awards-report-winners-revealed-shaq-challenges-cody-331426|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** Biggest WTF Moment (2021) – {{small|winning the AEW World Championship and walking out of AEW at [[Winter Is Coming (2020)|Winter Is Coming]]}}<ref name="2021Awards"/>
*** Wrestler of the Year (2022)
* '''[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]'''
** [[World Junior Heavyweight Championship (AJPW)|World Junior Heavyweight Championship]] ([[World Junior Heavyweight Championship (AJPW)#Title history|1 time]])<ref name="DDT">{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/superstars/omega/|language=ja|script-title=ja:ケニー・オメガ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318004143/http://www.ddtpro.com/superstars/omega/|archive-date=March 18, 2014|access-date=January 28, 2012|title=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref><ref name=AJPW102311/>
* '''Canadian Wrestling's Elite'''
** CWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Danny Duggan]]<ref name="Titles"/>
* '''Canadian Wrestling Federation'''
** CWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref name="CWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwfwrestling.com/history/CWFHeavyweightHistory.htm|title=CWF World Heavyweight Championship history|year=2007|publisher=Canadian Wrestling Federation|access-date=August 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531193258/http://www.cwfwrestling.com/history/CWFHeavyweightHistory.htm|archive-date=May 31, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[CBS Sports]]'''
** Match of the Year (2018) {{small|vs. [[Kazuchika Okada]] on [[Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall (2018)|Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall]]}}<ref name="CBSSportsAwards2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/the-man-comes-around-becky-lynch-breaks-out-for-wwe-as-the-2018-wrestler-of-the-year/|title=The Man comes around: Becky Lynch breaks out for WWE as the 2018 Wrestler of the Year|last=Silverstein|first=Adam|date=December 26, 2018|work=[[CBS Sports]]|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227080132/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/the-man-comes-around-becky-lynch-breaks-out-for-wwe-as-the-2018-wrestler-of-the-year/|archive-date=December 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[DDT Extreme Championship]] ([[DDT Extreme Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=DDT012713/>
** [[KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions|2 times]]) – with [[Gota Ihashi]] and [[Kota Ibushi]] (1),<ref name=DDT052613/> and [[Daisuke Sasaki]] and Kota Ibushi (1)<ref name=DDT041214/>
** [[KO-D Openweight Championship]] ([[KO-D Openweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=NeverMind2012/>
** [[KO-D Tag Team Championship]] ([[KO-D Tag Team Championship#Title history|3 times]]) – with Kota Ibushi (2) and [[Michael Nakazawa]] (1)<ref name="DDT"/><ref name="Titles"/>
** [[Sea of Japan 6-Person Tag Team Championship]] ([[Sea of Japan 6-Person Tag Team Championship#Reigns|1 time]]) – with Mr. #6 and [[Riho]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=52648|title=DDT What Are You Doing? 2010|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604121538/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=52648|archive-date=June 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[King of DDT Tournament]] ([[King of DDT Tournament#2012|2012]])<ref name=KingofDDT2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1341788265/|title=King of DDT Osaka 2012|work=[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=July 8, 2012|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102114420/http://www.ddtpro.com/result/ddt/article/1341788265/|archive-date=January 2, 2013}}</ref>
** Best Match Award (2012) {{small|vs. Kota Ibushi on August 18}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ddtpro.com/report/ddt/article/1356015675/ |script-title=ja:<ヨシヒコ編集ジチョー主義>2012年DDTを各賞で振り返る | date=December 21, 2012 | access-date=December 22, 2012 | work=[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] | language=ja | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110185602/http://www.ddtpro.com/report/ddt/article/1356015675/ | archive-date=January 10, 2013 }}</ref>
* '''[[ESPN]]'''
** Match of the Year (2023) {{small|(shared with [[Will Ospreay]] in a tie between their matches at [[Wrestle Kingdom 17]] and [[Forbidden Door (2023)|Forbidden Door]])}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/39180531/pro-wrestling-2023-awards-which-stars-had-best-year|title=Pro Wrestling 2023 awards: The best male and female wrestler, feud, faction, promo and more|work=[[ESPN]]|author=ESPN.com|date=December 26, 2023|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228102326/https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/39180531/pro-wrestling-2023-awards-which-stars-had-best-year|archive-date=December 28, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Impact Wrestling]]'''
** [[Impact World Championship]] ([[List of Impact World Champions|1 time]])<ref name="ImpactChampion"/>
* '''[[Japan Indie Awards]]'''
** [[Japan Indie Awards#Best Bout Award|Best Bout Award]] (2008) {{small|vs. Kota Ibushi at Beer Garden Pro Wrestling}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kimagure-guda.jugem.jp/?eid=1205/|script-title=ja:【【ﾌﾟﾛﾚｽ】輝く！日本インディー大賞２００８を見ました。|date=December 30, 2008|access-date=September 27, 2017|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005447/http://kimagure-guda.jugem.jp/?eid=1205%2F|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2012) {{small|vs. Kota Ibushi at [[Budokan Peter Pan]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/report/ddt/article/1356977228/ |script-title=ja:【インディー大賞】飯伏vsケニーがベストバウト受賞|date=December 31, 2012|access-date=January 22, 2013|work=[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215192458/http://www.ddtpro.com/report/ddt/article/1356977228/|archive-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2014) {{small|with Kota Ibushi vs. [[Konosuke Takeshita]] and [[Tetsuya Endo (wrestler)|Tetsuya Endo]] at Dramatic General Election}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/18649/|script-title=ja:【後楽園リポート】トーナメント決勝戦は宮本裕向&木高イサミvs火野裕士&岡林裕二!!／インディー大賞MVPはHarashima／Takaのパートナーは小鹿|date=December 31, 2014|access-date=December 31, 2014|language=ja|title=DDT ProWrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231204748/http://www.ddtpro.com/ddtpro/18649/|archive-date=December 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]]'''
** [[JAPW Heavyweight Championship]] ([[JAPW Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name="DDT"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htjapw.html|title=JAPW Heavyweight Title History|author=Tsakiries, Phil|year=2008|publisher=Solie's Title Histories|access-date=August 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006103934/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htjapw.html|archive-date=October 6, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship]] ([[JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=JAPWLH/>
* '''[[Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide]]'''
** [[AAA Mega Championship]] ([[List of AAA Mega Champions|1 time]])<ref name="Mega"/>
* '''[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Heavyweight Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/inter-continental?pageNum=2|title=IWGP Heavyweight Championship History|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|language=ja|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023022243/https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/inter-continental?pageNum=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[IWGP Intercontinental Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Intercontinental Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njpw.co.jp/champions/inter-continental?pageNum=2|title=IWGP Inter Continental ｜歴代チャンピオンクラス|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=August 19, 2022|page=2|language=ja|archive-date=June 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605104135/https://www.njpw.co.jp/champions/inter-continental?pageNum=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champions|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/iwgp-jr?pageNum=2|title=IWGP Jr. Heavyweight Championship History|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|page=2|language=ja|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023115411/https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/iwgp-jr?pageNum=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with Kota Ibushi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/iwgp-jr?pageNum=4|title=IWGP Jr. Heavyweight Tag Team Championship History|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|page=4|language=ja|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023114732/https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/iwgp-jr?pageNum=4|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of IWGP United States Heavyweight Champions|2 times, inaugural]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njpw.co.jp/champions/iwgpus|title=IWGP United States Championship History|date=June 5, 2019|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=June 5, 2019|language=ja|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090400/https://www.njpw.co.jp/champions/iwgpus|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions|2 times]]) – with The Young Bucks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/never-6tag?pageNum=2|title=NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship History|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|access-date=October 5, 2019|page=2|language=ja|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023033653/https://sp.njpw.jp/champions/never-6tag?pageNum=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[G1 Climax]] ([[G1 Climax 26|2016]])<ref name=G12016/>
** [[IWGP United States Championship#Inaugural tournament|IWGP United States Championship Tournament (2017)]]<ref name=G1SpecialWON/>
** New Japan Pro-Wrestling Best Bout (2016) {{small|vs. [[Tetsuya Naito]] at [[G1 Climax 26]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/77944|script-title=ja:「アナタの2016年・新日本プロレス・ベストバウト」Twitterファン投票の結果発表！|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|language=ja|access-date=March 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211300/http://www.njpw.co.jp/77944|archive-date=March 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|date=December 19, 2016 |script-title=ja:オリジナルインタビュー 2016年12月19日もうすぐイッテンヨン！新日本プロレス大忘年会！|language=ja |url=https://njpwworld.com/p/o_original_0008_270|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|time=00:25:34}}</ref>
** New Japan Pro-Wrestling Best Bout (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at [[Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall]]}}<ref>{{cite AV media|date=December 19, 2017 |script-title=ja:オリジナルインタビュー 2017年12月19日もうすぐイッテンヨン！新日本プロレス大忘年会！|language=ja |url=https://njpwworld.com/p/o_original_0008_288|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|time=00:57:56}}</ref>
** New Japan Pro-Wrestling MVP (2017)<ref>{{cite AV media|date=December 19, 2017 |script-title=ja:オリジナルインタビュー 2017年12月19日もうすぐイッテンヨン！新日本プロレス大忘年会！|language=ja |url=https://njpwworld.com/p/o_original_0008_288|publisher=[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]|time=01:05:05}}</ref>
* '''''[[New York Post]]'''''
** Match of the Year (2023) {{small|vs. Will Ospreay at Wrestle Kingdom 17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2023/12/26/sports/the-posts-2024-pro-wrestling-awards/|title=The Post's 2023 pro wrestling awards|work=[[New York Post]]|first=Joseph|last=Staszewski|date=December 26, 2023|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227120049/https://nypost.com/2023/12/26/sports/the-posts-2024-pro-wrestling-awards/|archive-date=December 27, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''[[Nikkan Sports]]'''''
** Match of the Year Award (2016) {{small|vs. Tetsuya Naito at G1 Climax 26}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/1755642.html|script-title=ja:内藤哲也がＭＶＰ＆年間最高試合／日刊バトル大賞|date=December 23, 2016|access-date=December 23, 2016|work=[[Nikkan Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226174038/http://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/1755642.html|archive-date=December 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Match of the Year Award (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at [[Wrestle Kingdom 11]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/201801310000185.html|script-title=ja:オカダ・カズチカが日刊大賞２冠、世界目線で語る夢|date=January 31, 2018|access-date=January 31, 2018|work=[[Nikkan Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131032441/https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/201801310000185.html|archive-date=January 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Match of the Year Award (2018) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/photonews/photonews_nsInc_201901290000815-2.html|title=棚橋弘至が日刊バトル大賞ＭＶＰ「新棚橋誕生！」|date=January 30, 2019|access-date=January 30, 2019|work=[[Nikkan Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130161824/https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/photonews/photonews_nsInc_201901290000815-2.html|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Match of the Year Award (2023) {{small|vs. [[Will Ospreay]] at Wrestle Kingdom 17}}
** Best Tag Team Award (2010) {{small|with Kota Ibushi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/wrestlingscout/home/updates/nikkansportsawards-2010|title=Nikkan Sports Awards – 2010|website=wrestlingscout|date=September 10, 2016|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826122604/https://sites.google.com/site/wrestlingscout/home/updates/nikkansportsawards-2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Premier Championship Wrestling'''
** NWA Canadian X-Division Championship (1 time)<ref name="Titles"/>
** PCW Heavyweight Championship (4 times)<ref name="DDT"/><ref name=PCW2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/2008.php|title=History of 2008|access-date=March 11, 2010|publisher=Premier Championship Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304065243/http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/2008.php|archive-date=March 4, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Titles"/>
** PCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Rawskillz (1)<ref name="Titles"/> and Chris Stevens (1)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1313082779&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&|title=Surprise Returns, Shocking Developments at PCW's Boiling Point!|date=August 11, 2011|access-date=August 13, 2011|publisher=Premier Championship Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401142549/http://www.ijaydesigns.com/PCW/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1313082779&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&|archive-date=April 1, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Premier Cup (2005, 2007)<ref name="Titles"/>
* '''[[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]]'''
** [[PWG World Championship]] ([[List of PWG World Champions|1 time]])<ref name="DDT"/><ref name=BOLA2009/>
** [[Battle of Los Angeles (professional wrestling)|Battle of Los Angeles]] ([[Battle of Los Angeles (2009)|2009]])<ref name=BOLA2009/>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 male singles wrestlers in the ''[[PWI 500]]'' in 2018 and 2021<ref name="2018PWI"/><ref name="2021PWI"/>
** Ranked No. 2 of the top 50 tag teams in the ''[[PWI Tag Team 50]]'' in 2020 {{small|with Adam Page}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=Jeremy|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ftr-tops-first-ever-pwi-tag-team-50|title=FTR Tops First-Ever PWI Tag Team 50|publisher=Fightful|date=November 18, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118213403/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ftr-tops-first-ever-pwi-tag-team-50|archive-date=November 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Decade awards|Feud of the Decade]] (2010s) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Wrestler of the Decade: AJ Styles|journal=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|issue=6|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|date=June 2020}}</ref>
** [[PWI Feud of the Year|Feud of the Year]] (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[PWI Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at [[Wrestle Kingdom 11]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|title=PWI Awards|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=March 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|archive-date=January 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[PWI Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] (2018) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at [[Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://superluchas.com/aj-styles-y-becky-lynch-lideran-los-premios-pwi-2018/|title=AJ Styles y Becky Lynch lideran los premios PWI 2018|first=Self High|last=Five|date=January 11, 2019|access-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150334/https://superluchas.com/aj-styles-y-becky-lynch-lideran-los-premios-pwi-2018/|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[PWI Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] (2020) {{small|with Adam Page vs. The Young Bucks at [[Revolution (2020)|Revolution]]}}<ref>{{cite journal|year=2021|journal=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|title=2020 Achievement Awards|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|pages=28–29}}</ref>
** [[PWI Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (2021)<ref name="PWI2021">{{cite web |last1=Grifol |first1=Ignacio |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated anuncia los ganadores de sus PWI Awards 2021 |url=https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/105053-pwi-awards-2021 |publisher=[[Solowrestling.com]]|language=es |date=January 14, 2022 |access-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115095951/https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/105053-pwi-awards-2021|archive-date=January 15, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Ring of Honor]]'''
** ROH Year-End Award (1 time)
*** Feud of the Year (2018) {{small|vs. [[Cody Rhodes|Cody]]}}<ref name="ROHwrestling Civil War"/>
* '''SoCal Uncensored'''
** Match of the Year (2017) {{small|vs. [[Tomohiro Ishii]] at [[G1 Special in USA]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socaluncensored.com/2018/01/25/announcing-winners-2017-southern-california-pro-wrestling-year-end-awards/|title=Announcing the Winners of the 2017 Southern California Pro-Wrestling Year End Awards|date=January 25, 2018|access-date=January 25, 2018|work=SoCal Uncensored|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070920/http://socaluncensored.com/2018/01/25/announcing-winners-2017-southern-california-pro-wrestling-year-end-awards/|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Match of the Year (2018) {{small|with Kota Ibushi vs. The Young Bucks at [[Strong Style Evolved]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://socaluncensored.com/history/year-end-awards/southern-california-match-of-the-year |title= Southern California Match of the Year |access-date= January 30, 2019 |work= SoCal Uncensored |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220735/http://socaluncensored.com/history/year-end-awards/southern-california-match-of-the-year/ |archive-date= January 30, 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* '''''[[Sports Illustrated]]'''''
** [[Sports Illustrated#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (2017)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2017/12/29/top-10-wrestlers-2017|title=Top 10 Wrestlers of the Year|last=Barrasso|first=Justin|date=December 29, 2017|access-date=December 30, 2017|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229202856/https://www.si.com/wrestling/2017/12/29/top-10-wrestlers-2017|archive-date=December 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''[[Tokyo Sports]]'''''
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Best Bout Award|Best Bout Award]] (2010) {{small|with Kota Ibushi vs. [[Finn Bálor|Prince Devitt]] and [[Ryusuke Taguchi]] at [[Destruction '10]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past5/|script-title=ja: 東京スポーツプロレス大賞（2010～）– 東スポの総合からジャンル別おすすめ記事を掲載|language=ja|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|access-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430100134/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past5/|archive-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Wrestle Kingdom 11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/858178/|script-title=ja:【プロレス大賞】１・４オカダｖｓケニーがベストバウトケニー「権威ある賞」|date=December 14, 2017|access-date=December 13, 2017|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014123/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/858178/|archive-date=December 14, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2018) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/1218922/|script-title=ja:【プロレス大賞】ベストバウトは新日６・９大阪のオカダｖｓケニー２年連続同一カード|date=December 13, 2018|access-date=December 13, 2018|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213050610/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/1218922/|archive-date=December 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Technique Award|Technique Award]] (2016)<ref name=TokyoSports2016Awards>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/628622/|script-title=ja:【プロレス大賞】内藤哲也がＭＶＰ初受賞！ベストバウトはＧ１丸藤ｖｓオカダ|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=December 14, 2016|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710055738/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/628622/|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''''Weekly Pro Wrestling'''''
** Best Bout Award (2010) {{small|with Kota Ibushi vs. Prince Devitt and Ryusuke Taguchi at Destruction '10}}<ref name=DDT110126>{{cite web|url=https://dramaticddt.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/and-the-award-goes-to/|title=And The Award Goes To...|publisher=[[Dramatic Dream Team]]|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055412/https://dramaticddt.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/and-the-award-goes-to/|archive-date=August 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WPW2010>{{cite web|url=http://kakutolog.cocolog-nifty.com/kakuto/2011/01/post-1802.html|script-title=ja:週プロ読者が選ぶ「２０１０プロレスグランプリ」が発表に～駆け抜けたニュージャパン・クオリティ！|date=January 19, 2011|language=ja|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164552/http://kakutolog.cocolog-nifty.com/kakuto/2011/01/post-1802.html|archive-date=August 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2016) {{small|vs. Tetsuya Naito at G1 Climax 26}}<ref name=WPW2016>{{cite web|url=http://aozora-band.com/wpwn/archives/30110|script-title=ja:[週プロ] プロレスグランプリ2016、結果発表|website=aozora-band|language=ja|date=December 28, 2016|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055342/http://aozora-band.com/wpwn/archives/30110|archive-date=August 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Best Bout Award (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Wrestle Kingdom 11}}<ref name=WPW2017>{{cite web|url=http://aozora-band.com/wpwn/archives/32417|script-title=ja:[週プロ] プロレスグランプリ2017 結果発表、ベストバウトは新日本プロレスのオカダ・カズチカvs.ケニー・オメガ|website=aozora-band|language=ja|date=December 20, 2017|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055344/http://aozora-band.com/wpwn/archives/32417|archive-date=August 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Best Foreigner Award (2016–2018)<ref name=WPW2016/><ref name=WPW2017/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ameblo.jp/kingaron320/entry-12428521535.html|script-title=ja:プロレスグランプリ2018|language=ja|date=December 26, 2018|access-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193423/https://ameblo.jp/kingaron320/entry-12428521535.html|archive-date=April 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Best Tag Team Award (2010) {{small|with Kota Ibushi}}<ref name=DDT110126/><ref name=WPW2010/>
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame]] (Class of 2020)<ref name=2020HallofFame>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/november-16-2020-observer-newsletter-2020-observer-hall-fame-issue-325041|title=November 16, 2020 Observer Newsletter: 2020 Observer Hall of Fame Issue|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=November 13, 2020|access-date=November 13, 2020|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114014902/https://www.f4wonline.com/november-16-2020-observer-newsletter-2020-observer-hall-fame-issue-325041|archive-date=November 14, 2020|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Wrestling Maneuver|Best Wrestling Maneuver]] (2016–2018, 2020) {{small|[[Professional wrestling throws#Electric chair driver|One-Winged Angel]]}}<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Meltzer | first = Dave | author-link = Dave Meltzer | date = March 6, 2017 | title = March 6, 2017 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: 2016 Awards issue, talent departing TNA, more | magazine = [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] | location = [[Campbell, California]] | issn = 1083-9593 | page=20}}</ref><ref name=WORAWARD2017/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=97&nr=137|title=Best Wrestling Maneuver|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710100118/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=97&nr=137|archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="WON2020Awards">{{cite web |last1=Meltzer |first1=Dave |author-link1=Dave Meltzer |title=March 1, 2021, Wrestling Observer Newsletter 2020 awards issue, Elimination Chamber |url=https://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/march-1-2021-observer-newsletter-2020-awards-issue-elimination-chamber |publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter|F4Wonline.com]] |access-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426200802/https://account.f4wonline.com/protect/new-rewrite?f=14&url=%2Findex.php&host=members.f4wonline.com&ssl=on |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Feud of the Year|Feud of the Year]] (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada}}<ref name=WORAWARD2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-radio/wor-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-awards-discussion-and-more-253601|title=WOR: 2017 Wretsling Observer Newsletter Awards Discussion and More!|last=Alvarez|first=Bryan|author-link=Bryan Alvarez|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2018|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315141244/https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-radio/wor-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-awards-discussion-and-more-253601|archive-date=March 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Feud of the Year (2021) {{small|vs. Adam Page}}<ref name="WON2021">{{cite web|url=https://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-21-2022-observer-newsletter-2021-awards-issue-cody-and-brandi|title=February 21, 2022 Observer Newsletter: 2021 Awards issue, Cody and Brandi Rhodes leave AEW|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|url-access=subscription|first=Dave|last=Meltzer|authorlink=Dave Meltzer|date=February 18, 2022|accessdate=February 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220015732/https://www.f4wonline.com/newsletters/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-21-observer-newsletter-2021-awards-issue-cod-and-brandi-rhodes-leave-aew|archive-date=February 20, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Japan MVP|Japan MVP]] (2018)<ref name="WON2018">{{cite web|last1=Beltrán|first1=William|url=https://superluchas.com/premios-del-wrestling-observer-estas-son-las-luchas-del-ano-2018/|title=Premios del Wrestling Observer: Estas son las Luchas del Año 2018|language=es|work=[[Súper Luchas]]|date=March 16, 2019|access-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707110951/https://superluchas.com/premios-del-wrestling-observer-estas-son-las-luchas-del-ano-2018/|archive-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Outstanding Wrestler|Most Outstanding Wrestler]] (2018, 2020)<ref name="WON2018"/><ref name="WON2020Awards"/>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Pro Wrestling Match of the Year|Pro Wrestling Match of the Year]] (2017) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Wrestle Kingdom 11}}<ref name=WORAWARD2017/>
** Pro Wrestling Match of the Year (2018) {{small|vs. Kazuchika Okada at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall}}<ref name="WON2018"/>
** Pro Wrestling Match of the Year (2020) {{small|with Adam Page vs. The Young Bucks at Revolution}}<ref name="WON2020Awards"/>
** Pro Wrestling Match of the Year (2023) {{small|vs. [[Will Ospreay]] at Wrestle Kingdom 17}}<ref name= name="Melz23">{{cite web |last1=Meltzer |first1=Dave |title=February 26, 2024 Observer Newsletter: 2023 Observer Awards issue |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/newsletters/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-26-2024-observer-newsletter-2023-observer-awards-issue |work=Wrestling Observer Newsletter |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2024}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#United States/Canada MVP|United States/Canada MVP]] (2021)<ref name="WON2021"/>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (2018, 2021)<ref name="WON2018"/><ref name="WON2021"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.kennyomega.co/}}
* {{IMDb name|2549790}}
* {{NJPW profile|id=1469|name=Kenny Omega|newlink=yes}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|wrestlingdata=1533|iwd=kenny-omega-3453}}

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User talk:Bumhead69420

2024-04-23T16:46:46Z

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