Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Marianne Puglia

2024-11-01T12:38:15Z

Wolverène: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|Venezuelan actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name=Marianne Puglia
| image= VenezEarth06.jpg
| caption=[[Miss Earth - Fire 2006]]
| title=[[Miss Earth Venezuela 2006]] [[Miss Earth 2006|Miss Earth Fire 2006]]
| birth_name= Marianne Pasqualina Puglia Martinez
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|01|26}}
| birth_place= [[La Victoria, Aragua]], Venezuela
| spouse=Hassan Ben Moussa
| height={{height|m=1.75|precision=0}}
| eye_color= Brown
| hair_color= Dark Brown
|competitions= {{Ubl|Miss Earth Venezuela 2006|(Winner)|Miss Earth 2006|(Miss Earth – Fire)}}
}}
'''Marianne Pasqualina Puglia Martinez''' (born 26 January 1985) is a [[Venezuelans|Venezuelan]] actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She won Miss Earth - Fire title in 2006.

==Pageantry & Modelling==

At the age of 20, she won Miss Aragua 2005 title and participated in [[Miss Venezuela 2005]] contest where she made up to the list of top 10.<ref name="modelo-mariannepuglia">{{cite news|title=LA MODELO Y EX MISS, MARIANNE PUGLIA DESMIENTE ACUSACIONES DE EX NOVIO|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rumberos.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D50639%3Ala-modelo-y-ex-miss-marianne-puglia-desmiente-acusaciones-de-ex-novio%26Itemid%3D149&edit-text=|access-date=24 April 2017|publisher=Rumberos.net|date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

Next year she was nominated by [[Sambil]] Model Caracas as [[Miss Earth Venezuela]] 2006 and was sent to [[Miss Earth 2006]] contest in [[Manila]], Philippines. She was ranked as third runner up there and was crowned with [[Miss Earth - Fire 2006]] title. She also received special award of '''Best in Swimsuit''' in the contest.<ref name="modelo-mariannepuglia"/>

In 2007, after completion of her obligations with Sambil Model Caracas, she moved to Italy to continue her career as a model. She became the testimonial of NWY (Never Without You), an Italian fashion brand.

==Debut on Television==
In 2008 she joined the Italian TV programme ''Lucignolo'' as one of two Lucy's Angels. Along with the other Lucy's Angel, Lisa Dalla Via, she was interviewing the various celebrities and VIP personalities for the programme. Both of them have posed for Lucignolo calendar 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romagnaoggi.it%2Feventi%2Fcalendari-2009-parte-la-sfida-ecco-quello-di-lucignolo.html&edit-text= | title =Calendari 2009, parte la sfida: ecco quello di Lucignolo | publisher= RomagnaOggi | first= | last=
| date = 2008-07-17| access-date = 2017-04-24 }}</ref>

She joined the reality show, ''La Fattoria 4'' (the fourth edition of Italian version of The Farm) on Channel 5 in 2009 as one of the competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fspettacoli.tiscali.it%2Ffeeds%2FSeno-ribelle-per-lex-contadina-Marianne-Puglia%2F&edit-text=|title =Seno ribelle per l'ex "contadina" Marianne Puglia| publisher= Tiscali Italia|first=|last=|date =|access-date= 2017-04-24}}</ref> However she was eliminated during the fifth episode. Subsequently, on June 26, she participated in ''Sfilata d'amore e moda'' (Love Parade and fashion), a fashion event of channel 4 where Italy national brands are worn by models and endorsers from the world of entertainment.

She also appeared in music videos of [[Arash (singer)]], [[Pure Love (Arash song)|Pure Love]] and [[Broken Angel (song)|Broken Angel]] in 2010.

==Personal life==

She was born of Venezuelan mother (who is of african,spanish and indigenous ancestry) and Italian father, in La Victoria, Aragua, Venezuela on 26 January 1985. After winning Miss Earth - Fire 2006, she moved to Italy to pursue her modelling career.

She became the center of controversy since she crashed the Italy national football team practice and ran in her bikini along with Lisa Dalla Via as a part of inaugural episode of their TV programme, ''Lucignolo''.

Now she is married to a plastic surgeon and currently lives in Morocco.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{succession box
| before={{flagicon|Nueva Esparta}} [[Alexandra Braun]]
| title=[[Miss Earth Venezuela]]
| years=[[Miss Earth Venezuela 2006|2006]]
| after={{flagicon|Caracas}} [[Silvana Santaella]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = Jessica Jardim
| title = [[Aragua|Miss Aragua]]
| years = [[Miss Venezuela 2005|2005]]
| after = Joshil Morales
}}
{{s-end}}

{{portalbar|Lists}}
{{Miss Earth 2006 delegates}}
{{Venezuela at Miss Earth}}
{{Miss Earth Venezuela titleholders|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puglia, Marianne}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss Earth 2006 contestants]]
[[Category:People from Aragua]]
[[Category:Venezuelan people of Italian descent]]

Funikova Gora

2024-10-31T12:23:08Z

Wolverène: m.

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Funikova Gora
|other_name =
|native_name = Фуникова Гора
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Russia Vladimir Oblast#Russia
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Russia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Russia|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Vladimir Oblast]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Russia|County]]
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Russia|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kirzhachsky District]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of municipalities of Russia|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name4 =
|timezone1 =
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|timezone1_DST =
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|postal_code_type =
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|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|coordinates = {{coord|56|09|N|39|09|E|display=inline}}<ref>[https://mapdata.ru/vladimirskaya-oblast/kirzhachskiy-rayon/ Карта Киржачского района Владимирской области]</ref>
}}
'''Funikova Gora''' ({{langx|ru|Фуникова Гора}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural locality]] (a [[Village#Russia|village]]) in Kiprevskoye Rural Settlement, [[Kirzhachsky District]], [[Vladimir Oblast]], Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.<ref>[http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190114/http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx |date=2016-03-05 }}. {{Retrieved|access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref>

There is the single street, named ''Polevaya''.

The village is probably best-known as the birthplace of [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], Russian-French photographer, a pioneer in [[colour photography]].<ref>''С.П. Гаранина''. «Российская империя Прокудина-Горского. 1905—1916». Изд-во «Красивая страна», 2006. С.6.</ref>

== Geography ==
Funikova Gora is located 25 km east of [[Kirzhach]] (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fetinovo is the nearest rural locality.<ref>[http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_funikova-gora_kirzhach Расстояние от Фуниковы Горы до Киржача]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District]]

{{Kirzhachsky-geo-stub}}

Funikova Gora

2024-10-31T12:22:23Z

Wolverène: according to the map

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Funikova Gora
|other_name =
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|nickname =
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|pushpin_map_caption =
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|subdivision_name2 =
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|subdivision_name3 = [[Kirzhachsky District]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of municipalities of Russia|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name4 =
|timezone1 =
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|timezone1_DST =
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|coordinates = {{coord|56|09|N|39|09|E|display=inline}}<ref>[https://mapdata.ru/vladimirskaya-oblast/kirzhachskiy-rayon/ Карта Киржачского района Владимирской области]</ref>
}}
'''Funikova Gora''' ({{langx|ru|Фуникова Гора}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural locality]] (a [[Village#Russia|village]]) in Kiprevskoye Rural Settlement, [[Kirzhachsky District]], [[Vladimir Oblast]], Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.<ref>[http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190114/http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx |date=2016-03-05 }}. {{Retrieved|access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref>

There is single street, named ''Polevaya''.

The village is probably best-known as the birthplace of [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], Russian-French photographer, a pioneer in [[colour photography]].<ref>''С.П. Гаранина''. «Российская империя Прокудина-Горского. 1905—1916». Изд-во «Красивая страна», 2006. С.6.</ref>

== Geography ==
Funikova Gora is located 25 km east of [[Kirzhach]] (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fetinovo is the nearest rural locality.<ref>[http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_funikova-gora_kirzhach Расстояние от Фуниковы Горы до Киржача]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District]]

{{Kirzhachsky-geo-stub}}

Funikova Gora

2024-10-31T12:21:05Z

Wolverène: book reference

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Funikova Gora
|other_name =
|native_name = Фуникова Гора
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Russia Vladimir Oblast#Russia
|pushpin_label_position =
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|subdivision_name3 = [[Kirzhachsky District]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of municipalities of Russia|Municipality]]
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|timezone1 =
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}}
'''Funikova Gora''' ({{langx|ru|Фуникова Гора}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural locality]] (a [[Village#Russia|village]]) in Kiprevskoye Rural Settlement, [[Kirzhachsky District]], [[Vladimir Oblast]], Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.<ref>[http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190114/http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx |date=2016-03-05 }}. {{Retrieved|access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref> There is 1 street.

The village is probably best-known as the birthplace of [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], Russian-French photographer, a pioneer in [[colour photography]].<ref>''С.П. Гаранина''. «Российская империя Прокудина-Горского. 1905—1916». Изд-во «Красивая страна», 2006. С.6.</ref>

== Geography ==
Funikova Gora is located 25 km east of [[Kirzhach]] (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fetinovo is the nearest rural locality.<ref>[http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_funikova-gora_kirzhach Расстояние от Фуниковы Горы до Киржача]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District]]

{{Kirzhachsky-geo-stub}}

Funikova Gora

2024-10-31T12:14:35Z

Wolverène: +

{{Infobox settlement
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|other_name =
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|subdivision_name2 =
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}}
'''Funikova Gora''' ({{langx|ru|Фуникова Гора}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural locality]] (a [[Village#Russia|village]]) in Kiprevskoye Rural Settlement, [[Kirzhachsky District]], [[Vladimir Oblast]], Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.<ref>[http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190114/http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx |date=2016-03-05 }}. {{Retrieved|access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref> There is 1 street.

The village is probably best-known as the birthplace of [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], Russian-French photographer, a pioneer in [[colour photography]].

== Geography ==
Funikova Gora is located 25 km east of [[Kirzhach]] (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fetinovo is the nearest rural locality.<ref>[http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_funikova-gora_kirzhach Расстояние от Фуниковы Горы до Киржача]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District}}
{{Authority control}}

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Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky

2024-10-31T12:13:01Z

Wolverène: there is the article for this village

{{Short description|Russian chemist and photographer (1863–1944)}}
{{family name hatnote|Mikhaylovich|Prokudin-Gorsky|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
| native_name = {{native name|ru|Сергей Прокудин-Горский|paren=omit}}
| image = Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg
| alt = Prokudin-Gorsky seated on a rock holding a walking cane
| caption = Prokudin-Gorsky in 1912
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|August 30|1863|August 18}}
| birth_place = [[Funikova Gora]], [[Pokrovsky Uyezd]], [[Vladimir Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|9|27|1863|8|30}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| resting_place = [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Early techniques for taking [[colour photographs]]
| occupation = {{ubl|Chemist|photographer}}
}}

'''Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky''' ({{lang-rus|Сергей Михайлович Прокудин-Горский|p=sʲɪrˈɡʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ prɐˈkudʲɪn ˈɡorskʲɪj|a=ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg}}; {{OldStyleDate|August 30|1863|August 18}} – September 27, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in [[colour photography]] and his effort to document early 20th-century Russia.<ref Name=loc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html|title=Photographer to the Tsar: Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii|website=[[Library of Congress]]|date=17 April 2001 |access-date=13 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|author = Brumfield, W.
|url = https://www.rbth.com/travel/330651-resurrection-monastery-uglich
|title = Resurrection Monastery in Uglich: Architectural jewel in chaotic times
|publisher = Russia Beyond the Headlines
|date = 2019-07-12
|access-date = 2020-01-29
}}</ref>

Using a railway-car darkroom provided by [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor]] [[Nicholas II]], Prokudin-Gorsky travelled the [[Russian Empire]] from around 1909 to 1915 using his three-image colour photography to record its many aspects. While some of his negatives were lost, the majority ended up in the US [[Library of Congress]] after his death. Starting in 2000, the negatives were digitised and the colour triples for each subject digitally combined to produce hundreds of high-quality colour images of Russia and its neighbours from over a century ago.

==Biography==

===Early life===
Prokudin-Gorsky was born in the ancestral estate of [[Funikova Gora]], in the [[Pokrovsky Uyezd]] of the [[Vladimir Governorate]] (now [[Kirzhachsky District]], [[Vladimir Oblast]]). His parents were of the [[Russian nobility]], and the family had a long military history.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tatarnikova| first=Annette |date=2006-06-16|url=http://yarcenter.ru/content/view/23/86/ |title=Tsarskiy fotograf|language=ru}}</ref> They moved to [[Saint Petersburg]], where Prokudin-Gorsky enrolled in [[Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology]] to study chemistry under [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. He also studied music and painting at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]].

===Marriage and career in photography===
In 1890, Prokudin-Gorsky married Anna Aleksandrovna Lavrova, and later the couple had two sons, Mikhail and Dmitri, and a daughter, Ekaterina.<ref name=biogaranina>{{cite web |last=Garanina |first=Svetlana |year=2003 |title=Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky Biography |url=http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Biography.pdf |access-date=2009-03-21 |archive-date=2010-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505052308/http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Biography.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anna was the daughter of the Russian industrialist Aleksandr Stepanovich Lavrov, an active member in the [[Imperial Russian Technical Society]] (IRTS).<ref name=biogaranina /> Prokudin-Gorsky subsequently became the director of the executive board of Lavrov's metal works near Saint Petersburg and remained so until the [[October Revolution]]. He also joined Russia's oldest photographic society, the photography section of the IRTS, presenting papers and lecturing on the science of photography.<ref>{{cite web
|author = Prokudin-Gorsky, S.
|url = https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2013/02/20/colorful_memories_of_the_russian_empire_23059
|title = Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky: Colorful memories of the Russian Empire
|publisher = Russia Beyond the Headlines
|date = 2013-02-20
|access-date = 2020-01-29
}}</ref><ref name=ica>{{cite journal |last=Adamson |first=Jeremy |author2=Zinkham, Helena |year=2002 |title=The Prokudin-Gorskii Legacy: Colour Photographs of the Russian Empire, 1905-1915 |journal=Comma |volume=3-4 |issue=Archives and Archival Issues of Russia |pages=107–143 |publisher=[[International Council on Archives]] |isbn=3-598-01357-4 |url=http://www.ica.org/en/node/30480 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624232725/http://www.ica.org/en/node/30480 |archive-date=2009-06-24 }}</ref>

[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii 05599u.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Prokudin-Gorsky in 1906]]

In 1901, Prokudin-Gorsky established a photographic studio and laboratory in Saint Petersburg. The following year, he travelled to Berlin and spent 6 weeks studying colour sensitization and three-colour photography with [[photochemistry]] professor [[Adolf Miethe]], the most advanced practitioner in Germany at that time.<ref name=pgochron>[http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology The chronology at Prokudin-Gorsky.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513142654/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology |date=2014-05-13 }} (accessed 26 September 2012) reports six weeks of study with Miethe in 1902. Other accounts give the year as 1889, but a primary source for that extremely early date is not apparent and it does not accord with the circa 1889 biographical details of either man. The major English-language source reporting 1889 (Adamson and Zinkham, p. 108) describes Miethe as "A brilliant young professor at the Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule..." and states (footnote, same page) that "While in Berlin, Prokudin-Gorskii is said to have given technical courses in photochemistry and spectrum analysis at the Technische Hochschule...", which evidences confusion of the facts somewhere along the line: biographies of Miethe all agree that he, not Prokudin-Gorsky, was the professor of photochemistry and spectroanalysis at the [[Technische Universität Berlin|Königlich Technische Hochschule in Berlin]], a post he accepted by invitation in 1899 after the sudden death (17 December 1898) of its previous longtime occupant, [[Hermann Wilhelm Vogel]], the discoverer of dye sensitization and himself a colour photography experimenter. It was apparently Miethe's first teaching position and the beginning of his involvement with colour photography. Until then he had been employed by optical firms such as Voigtländer but was already a notable author, journal editor and inventor in the field of (black-and-white) photography.</ref> Throughout the years, Prokudin-Gorsky's photographic work, publications and slide shows to other scientists and photographers in Russia, Germany and France earned him praise,<ref name=biogaranina /> and in 1906 he was elected the president of the IRTS photography section and editor of Russia's main photography journal, the ''Fotograf-Liubitel''.<ref name=ica /> Gorsky was a member of the [[Royal Photographic Society]] between 1920 and 1932.<ref>Membership lists of the Royal Photographic Society</ref>

[[File:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lithograph]] print of [[Leo Tolstoy]] in front of Prokudin-Gorsky's camera in [[Yasnaya Polyana]], 1908]]
Perhaps Prokudin-Gorsky's best-known work during his lifetime was his color portrait of [[Leo Tolstoy]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Kington|first=Miles|date=2001-09-25|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/miles-kington/miles-kington--whats-the-russian-for-say-cheese-670621.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727191645/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/miles-kington/miles-kington--whats-the-russian-for-say-cheese-670621.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |title=What's the Russian for: Say Cheese? |work=[[The Independent]] | location=London | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> which was reproduced in various publications, on postcards, and as larger prints for framing.<ref name=biogaranina /><ref name=utoronto>{{cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/tolstoy/colorportrait.htm|title=Prokudin-Gorsky's Color Photographs of Tolstoy: in ''Tolstoy Studies Journal''|publisher=University of Toronto|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210085029/http://www.utoronto.ca/tolstoy/colorportrait.htm|archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref> The fame from this photo and his earlier photos of Russia's nature and monuments earned him invitations to show his work to the Russian [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich]] and [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna]] in 1908, and to [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] and his family in 1909.<ref name=ica /> The Tsar enjoyed the demonstration, and, with his blessing, Prokudin-Gorsky got the permission and funding to document Russia in color.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dikovitskaya|first=Margaret|year=2007|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no14_ses/04_dikovitskaya.pdf |title=Central Asia in Early Photographs: Russian Colonial Attitudes and Visual Culture|journal=Slavic Eurasian Studies|issue=14: ''Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia''|publisher=Sapporo: Slavic Research Center}}</ref> In the course of ten years, he was to make a collection of 10,000 photos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Garanina, S. P.|year=1999|url=http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/ra9/ra9-466-.htm |title=Delo Kantselyarii Soveta Ministrov o priobretenii v kaznoo kollektsii fotograficheskih snimkov dostoprimechatel'nostey Rossii S. M. Prokoodina-Gorskogo, 1910—1912 gg.|publisher=Fundamental Digital Library of Russian Literature and Folklore|language=ru}}</ref> Prokudin-Gorsky considered the project his life's work and continued his photographic journeys through Russia until after the October Revolution.<ref name=biogaranina /> Under the new regime he was forced to accept a professorship and in August 1918 was ordered by the Education Ministry to procure projection equipment in Norway.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Callender |first=R. M. |date=2020 |title=Gorsky: Russia's Pioneer in Colour Photography |magazine=The Photo Historian |number=188 |location=Bristol |publisher=The Royal Photographic Society |issn=0956-1455 |pages=13–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/figes-petersburg.shtml |title=Interview with Orlando Figes, presenter of a BBC documentary about Gorsky|publisher=[[BBC Four]]}}</ref> He still pursued scientific work in color photography, published papers in English photography journals and, together with his colleague {{ill|Sergei Olimpievich Maksimovich|lt=S. O. Maksimovich|ru|Максимович, Сергей Олимпиевич}}, obtained patents in Germany, England, France and Italy.<ref name=biogaranina />

===Later life and death===
In 1920, Prokudin-Gorsky remarried and had a daughter with his assistant Maria Fedorovna née Schedrina. The family finally settled in [[Paris]] in 1922, reuniting with his first wife and children.<ref name=ica /> Prokudin-Gorsky set up a photo studio there together with his three adult children, naming it after his fourth child, Elka. In the 1930s, the elderly Prokudin-Gorsky continued with lectures showing his photographs of Russia to young Russians in France, but stopped commercial work and left the studio to his children, who named it Gorsky Frères. He died in Paris on September 27, 1944, a month after the [[Liberation of Paris]]. He is buried in the [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]].<ref name=biogaranina />

==Photography technique==

===Three-color principle===
[[Image:Alleia Hamerops composite.jpg|thumb|450px|Crop from ''Alleia Hamerops'' showing the red, green and blue [[color channels]] as well as the composite image]]
The method of [[color photography]] used by Prokudin-Gorsky was first suggested by [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in 1855 and demonstrated in 1861, but good results were not possible with the photographic materials available at that time. In imitation of the way a normal human eye [[color vision|senses color]], the [[visible spectrum]] of colors was divided into three channels of information by capturing it in the form of three [[black-and-white]] photographs, one taken through a red [[filter (optics)|filter]], one through a green filter, and one through a blue filter. The resulting three photographs could be projected through filters of the same colors and exactly superimposed on a screen, synthesizing the original range of color [[additive color|additively]]; or viewed as an additive color image by one person at a time through an optical device known generically as a chromoscope or photochromoscope, which contained colored filters and transparent reflectors that visually combined the three into one full-color image; or used to make photographic or mechanical prints in the [[complementary colors]] cyan, magenta and yellow, which, when superimposed, reconstituted the color [[subtractive color|subtractively]].<ref name="Coe">Coe, Brian, ''Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years 1840-1940'', Ash & Grant, 1978. Also published in the U.S., this excellent and amply-illustrated overview of the history of color photography before Kodachrome nevertheless, like other books on the subject, includes a few wrong dates and repeats entrenched but demonstrably erroneous conventional wisdom about the color sensitivity of pre-1906 photographic materials.</ref>

===Early practitioners===
[[Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron|Louis Ducos du Hauron]] conducted early experiments with the three-color principle in the late 1860s. During the period from the 1870s to the 1890s, he created several color prints and photographs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ducos du Hauron - Biography |url=https://www.ducosduhauron.com/en/organization/ducos-du-hauron/lhomme |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Les Amis de Louis Ducos du Hauron}}</ref>

In 1877, [[Edward Bierstadt]] showcased the first successful three-color prints in the United States. His work gained attention in the 1890s when he exhibited color prints of various subjects such as oil and watercolor paintings, floral studies, and [[Portrait photography|portraits from life]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hanson |first=David |title=Edward Bierstadt: color photography and color printing |publisher=The American Printing History Association |year=2013}}</ref>

The first person to widely demonstrate good results by this method was [[Frederic Eugene Ives|Frederic E. Ives]], whose "Kromskop" system of viewers, projectors and camera equipment was commercially available from 1897 until about 1907. Only the viewers and ready-made triple photographs for use in them sold in any significant quantity. [[Still life]] arrangements, unpopulated [[landscape]]s and [[oil painting]]s were the typical subject matter, but a few examples of color portraiture from life were also offered.

Another very notable practitioner was [[Adolf Miethe]], with whom Prokudin-Gorsky studied in Germany in 1902.<ref name=pgochron /> Miethe was a [[photochemistry|photochemist]] who greatly improved the [[panchromatic film|panchromatic]] characteristics of the black-and-white photographic materials suitable for use with this method of color photography. He presented projected color photographs to the [[Kaiser Wilhelm II|German Imperial Family]] in 1902 and was exhibiting them to the general public in 1903,<ref name=pgochron /> when they also began to appear in periodicals and books. Miethe took the first known aerial color photographs, from a [[hot air balloon]], in 1906.

In England in 1899 Ives's former assistant, Edward Sanger-Shepherd, commercialized the application of the three-colour process in the "[[Sanger Shepherd]] process of natural colour photography". With his process in 1903 and 1904 [[Sarah Angelina Acland]] produced the first substantial body of work in colour photography by an amateur photographer. By 1905 seventeen different photographers had shown three-colour slides by the Sanger-Shepherd process at exhibitions of the [[Royal Photographic Society]] in England.<ref>{{cite book|title=Photographic Journal|date=1899–1905}}</ref>

In 1905, the Neue Photographische Gesellschaft established a color photography studio in Berlin. The studio utilized the three-color principle and employed a printing process developed by Robert Krayn. Some of the resulting images were published as postcards, featuring notable individuals including [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] and [[Pope Pius X]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pénichon |first=S. |title=Twentieth-century color photographs : Identification and care |publisher=Getty Conservation Institute |year=2013 |isbn=9781606061565}}</ref>

===Equipment===
[[File:Prokudin-Gorsky with camera.jpg|thumb|Prokudin-Gorsky with his colour camera and an assistant]]
Photographic plates, which had the light-sensitive [[photographic emulsion|emulsion]] coated on a thin sheet of glass, were normally used instead of flexible film, both because a general transition from glass plates to plastic film was still in progress and because glass provided the best dimensional stability for three images intended to match up perfectly when they were later combined.

An ordinary camera could be used to take the three pictures, by reloading it and changing filters between exposures, but pioneering color photographers usually built or bought special cameras that made the procedure less awkward and time-consuming. One of the two main types used [[beam splitter]]s to produce three separate images in the camera, making all three exposures at the same time and from the same viewpoint. Although a camera of this type was ideal in theory, such cameras were optically complicated and delicate, and liable to get out of adjustment. Some designs were also subject to optical phenomena that could cause noticeably uneven color or other defects in the results. The other, more robust type was an essentially ordinary camera with a special sliding holder for the plates and filters that allowed each in turn to be efficiently shifted into position for exposure—an operation sometimes partly or even entirely automated with a pneumatic mechanism or spring-powered motor.<ref name="Coe" />

When the three color-filtered photographs were not taken at the same time, anything in the scene that did not hold steady during the entire operation would exhibit colored "fringes" around its edges in the resulting color image. If it moved continuously across the scene, three separate strongly-colored "ghost" images could result. Such color artifacts are plainly visible in ordinary color composites of many of Prokudin-Gorsky's photographs, but special digital image processing software was used to artificially remove them, whenever possible, from the composites of all 1,902 of the images commissioned by the Library of Congress in 2004.<ref name=prokcompos /> The altered versions have proliferated online and older or third-party versions showing these tell-tale peculiarities are increasingly scarce.<ref>Simple "warts and all" color composites of all the Library of Congress plates are available at [http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=ecatalog Prokudin-Gorsky.org] (accessed 26 September 2012), often accompanied by cleaned-up versions with only overall adjustments to color balance and contrast and manual retouching to remove spots or repair damage, traditional procedures not usually regarded as crossing over the line into historical revisionism.</ref>

Adolf Miethe designed a high-quality, sequential-exposure color camera, which was manufactured by Bermpohl and became available commercially in 1903. Prokudin-Gorsky published an illustration of it in ''Fotograf-Liubitel'' in 1906. The most common model used a single oblong plate 9 cm wide by 24 cm high, the same format as Prokudin-Gorsky's surviving [[negative (photography)|negatives]], and it photographed the images in unconventional blue-green-red sequence, which is also a characteristic of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives if the usual upside-down image in a camera and gravity-compliant downward shiftings of his plates are assumed.<ref>[http://www.vintagephoto.tv/mb.shtml Professor Dr. Miethe's Dreifarben-Camera] (retrieved 12 October 2012) features several photographs of the 9 x 24 cm model and a more detailed description of its operation, along with an abundance of related information. The Miethe-Bermpohl Dreifarbenkamera ("three-color camera") should not be confused with the much later Bermpohl Naturfarbenkamera ("natural color camera"), a very different "one-shot" type that simultaneously exposed three separate plates and was manufactured from 1929 until circa 1950.</ref> An inventor as well as a photographer, Prokudin-Gorsky patented an optical system for cameras of the simultaneous-exposure type,<ref>British patent 185,161, issued in 1922, and U.S. patent 1,456,427, issued in 1923.</ref> and it is often claimed or implied that he invented, or at least built, the camera used for his Russian Empire project. No definite written or photographic documentation of his field equipment is known to exist, only the evidence inherent in the photographs themselves, and no rationale has been suggested for going to the trouble and expense of building a functionally identical copy of a Miethe-Bermpohl camera instead of simply buying one.

Miethe and Bermpohl also produced a matching three-color projector and a chromoscope. The Goerz optical company made a differently configured and more powerful three-color projector for Miethe. It, too, was commercially available.<ref>Wagner, Jens (2006). [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/010_DM/020_Ausstellungen/060_Kommunikation/030_FotoFilm/010_Allgemein/11_additiv_wag.pdf "Die additive Dreifarbenfotografie nach Adolf Miethe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328050934/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/010_DM/020_Ausstellungen/060_Kommunikation/030_FotoFilm/010_Allgemein/11_additiv_wag.pdf |date=2014-03-28 }}. Text in German only. The Bermpohl chromoscope and projector are shown in contemporary line engravings on pages 22 and 23 of the first section of this scholarly thesis. A Miethe-Bermpohl camera and a Miethe-Goerz projector are shown in detailed photographs on pages 1 through 7 of the color illustration section. Examples of Miethe's color photographs, some possibly as early as 1902, can be found in the same section.</ref>

===Exposures===
The required exposure time depended on the lighting conditions, the sensitivity of the photographic plate, and the camera [[f-number|lens aperture]] used. In a letter to Leo Tolstoy requesting a portrait sitting, Prokudin-Gorsky described the exposure as taking one to three seconds, but later, when recollecting his time with Tolstoy, he described a six-second exposure on a sunny day.<ref name=utoronto /><ref>{{citation|last=Garanina, S.|year=1970|url=http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_0350.shtml|title=L.N.Tolstoy na tsvyetnom foto]|publisher=[[Nauka i Zhizn]]|language=ru}}</ref> [[Blaise Aguera|Blaise Agüera y Arcas]] studied one landscape view, photographed in broad daylight but showing a clear, well-defined moon, and used the moon's movement to estimate that the whole procedure of three filtered exposures and two repositionings of the camera's plate holder had taken over a minute.<ref name=prokcompos>{{cite web | author = Blaise Agüera y Arcas | author-link = Blaise Agüera y Arcas | date = September 28, 2004 | url = https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/process.html | title = Reconstructing Prokudin-Gorskii's Color Photography in Software | publisher = [[Library of Congress]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318184132/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/process.html | archive-date = 2012-03-18 | url-status = dead }} Regarding exposure times, although the author states (Figure 1) that "each exposure" in the example
appears to have taken "upward of 20 seconds", it is plain from the animated pair of images that, as is more clearly expressed at the start of the same sentence, most of the moon's motion occurred ''between'' the exposures; the actual exposures account for only a minor fraction of that time. Various causes for an unusual delay or atypically slow operation of the camera's plate-shifting mechanism may be imagined. The moon is effectively invisible in the blue-filtered exposure, in which the sky appears as if white, so the author must necessarily be extrapolating a total time based on the other two exposures.</ref> The lens aperture Prokudin-Gorsky chose to use greatly affected the exposure time required. A small aperture is often used for [[landscape photography]] because it allows objects at various distances to all be sharply imaged at the same time, while the use of a large aperture is common for portraiture and plainly evident in the Tolstoy portrait. All other factors being equal, if for example a 16-second exposure was required when using a {{frac|1|4}}-inch-diameter aperture, an exposure of only 1 second would suffice with a 1-inch aperture.

===Other processes===
Prokudin-Gorsky was also acquainted with the use of [[Autochrome]] color plates, which did not require a special camera or projector. He was one of the favored few the [[Lumière Brothers]] introduced to their new product in 1906, the year before it went into commercial production.<ref>[http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology Prokudin-Gorsky.org chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513142654/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology |date=2014-05-13 }}. Retrieved 26 September 2012. "October 13, 1906: At a meeting of the 5th section of the Imperial Russian Technological Society, Prokudin-Gorsky reports on his trip to the Lumière Brothers in Lyons, manufacturers of photographic plates, and demonstrates slides he had made using the Autochrome method".</ref> Autochrome plates were expensive and not sensitive enough for casual "snapshots" with a hand-held camera, but their use was simple and in expert hands they were capable of producing excellent results. They made color photography truly practical for advanced amateurs and led some pioneering users of color separation cameras to abandon their methods as outmoded, but Prokudin-Gorsky was not won over. No Autochromes by Prokudin-Gorsky are known to survive.

Although photographic color prints of the images were difficult to make at the time and slide show lectures consumed much of the time Prokudin-Gorsky used to demonstrate his work, [[lithography|photomechanical]] color prints of some were published in journals and books, and his studio issued some, most notably the Tolstoy portrait, as postcards and large [[photogravure]]s.<ref name=ica /> Many of the original prints published by his studio still survive.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.temples.ru/pg_416.php|title=Spisok 416: naslyediye S. M. Prokoodina-Gorskogo|publisher=Hrami Rossii|language=ru}}</ref>

Prokudin-Gorsky's own inventions, some of them collaborative, led to the granting of numerous [[patent]]s, most issued during the years of his voluntary exile and not directly related to the body of work on which his fame now rests. Some concern processes for making subtractive color transparencies, which do not require any special projection or viewing equipment. Examples of these were preserved by Prokudin-Gorsky's family and have recently appeared online.<ref>[http://forum.prokudin-gorsky.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=14&start=90 Prokudin-Gorsky.org forum page 10] (retrieved 26 September 2012, text in Russian only) shows twenty different examples. All are apparently glass-bound lantern slides, with at least one in the 3.25-inch-square British standard format. Some were made from negatives now in the Library of Congress, some from lost negatives previously known only from the albums of small black-and-white prints Prokudin-Gorsky routinely made from one of the three elements. Some are still life arrangements of unknown provenance, possibly from the 1920s, and two are circa 1935 portraits of his children.
He appears to have used at least two different processes. In one category of specimens, all except the cyan layer has badly faded, typically contracting and splitting as well. This indicates both the use of unstable dyes and an assemblage of layers somewhat like that in the circa 1900 Sanger-Shepherd process, in which a stable cyan-toned image in an emulsion on glass was laminated with magenta and yellow dye images on very thin sheets of chemically unstable celluloid. The splitting is evocative of an earlier Lumière process that incorporated alternating layers of dissimilar materials. Another category of specimens shows neither drastic differential fading nor splitting. One slide in this latter category bears a labelthat explicitly credits a Prokudin-Gorsky process. The basic principle involved had been patented by [[Louis Ducos du Hauron]] in 1868. Other inventors later patented an array of specific implementations, variations and improvements, but though it sometimes produced excellent results, this kind of process was just too expensively labor-intensive to be practical for the commercial production of color slides.</ref> Most of his patents relate to the production of natural-color [[motion picture]]s, a potentially lucrative application that attracted the attention of many inventors in the field of color photography during the 1910s and 1920s.

==Documentary of the Russian Empire==
Around 1905, Prokudin-Gorsky envisioned and formulated a plan to use the emerging technological advances that had been made in color photography to document the [[Russian Empire]] systematically. Through such an ambitious project, his ultimate goal was to educate the schoolchildren of Russia with his "optical color projections" of the vast and diverse [[history]], [[culture]], and [[modernization]] of the empire.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dennis|first=Nadia|url=http://port-folio.org/part170.htm|title=Tsvyeta ooshyedshyego mira.|language=ru}}</ref>

Outfitted with a specially equipped railroad-car [[darkroom]] provided by [[Tsar Nicholas II|Tsar Nicholas II]] and in possession of two permits that granted him access to restricted areas and cooperation from the empire's bureaucracy, Prokudin-Gorsky documented the Russian Empire between around 1909 and 1915. He conducted many illustrated lectures of his work. His photographs offer a vivid portrait of a lost world—the Russian Empire on the eve of [[World War I|World War I]] and the coming [[Russian Civil War]]. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.<ref name=Diversity>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ethnic.html|title=The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Ethnic Diversity|date=17 April 2001|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/|title=The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibition Home|date=17 April 2001|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

It has been estimated from Prokudin-Gorsky's personal inventory that before leaving Russia, he had about 3,500 negatives.<ref name=minachin /> Upon leaving the country and exporting all his photographic material, about half of the photos were confiscated by Russian authorities for containing material they deemed strategically sensitive for war-time Russia.<ref name=ica /> According to Prokudin-Gorsky's notes, the photos left behind were not of interest to the general public.<ref name=minachin /> Some of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives were given away,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kostinsky|first=Alexander|date=2005-01-11|url=http://www.svoboda.org/programs/sc/2005/sc.011105.asp|title=Rossiya nachala XX vyeka v fotografiyah Syergyeya Prokoodina-Gorskogo i tsifroviye tyehnologii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032535/http://svoboda.org/programs/sc/2005/sc.011105.asp |archive-date=2008-08-30|publisher=[[Radio Svoboda]]|language=ru}}</ref> and some he hid on his departure.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Muir |title=By appointment to the tsar |work=[[The Independent on Sunday]] |pages=24–25 |date=2001-06-24 |quote=Tantalisingly, he hid a dozen or so color plates of the Romanovs but never disclosed where (most likely in St Petersburg) They may yet surface.}}</ref> Outside the Library of Congress collection, none has yet been found.<ref name=minachin />

By the time of Prokudin-Gorsky's death, the Tsar and his family had long since been executed during the Russian civil war, and most of the former empire was now the Soviet Union. The surviving boxes of photo albums and fragile glass plates the negatives were recorded on were finally stored in the basement of a Parisian apartment building, and the family was worried about them getting damaged. The United States [[Library of Congress]] purchased the material from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs in 1948 for $3,500–$5,000 on the initiative of a researcher inquiring into their whereabouts.<ref name=minachin>{{citation|last=Minachin|first=Victor|year=2003|url=http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Collection.pdf|title="The Splendors of Russia Collection" in the Library of Congress|publisher="Restavrator-M" Restoration Center|access-date=2009-03-21|archive-date=2010-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505052329/http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Collection.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The library counted 1,902 negatives and 710 album prints without corresponding negatives in the collection.<ref>{{citation|last=Robb| first=Andrew|date=May 2001|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0105/conservation_corner.html|title=Albums, Photos, Glass Plate Negatives|publisher= Conservation Corner - [[Library of Congress]] Information Bulletin, May 2001 - Vol 60, No. 5}}</ref>

==Digital color rendering==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
Rgb-compose-Alim Khan.jpg|Simple, unretouched color composite of [[Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan|Alim Khan]], last Emir of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]], 1911. At right, the original triple [[negative (photography)|negative]] on glass, shown here in positive form. Prokudin-Gorsky photographed the upper, middle and lower images through blue, green and red filters.
Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg|"Digichromatography" version
</gallery>
Due to the very specialized and labor-intensive processes required to make photographic color prints from the negatives, only about a hundred of the images were used in exhibits, books and scholarly articles during the half-century after the Library of Congress acquired them.<ref name=ica /> Their widest exposure was in the 1980 [[coffee table book]] ''Photographs for the Tsar: The Pioneering Color Photography of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Commissioned by Tsar Nicholas II'',<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-first=Robert H. |editor1-last=Allshouse |title=Photographs for the Tsar: The Pioneering Color Photography of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Commissioned by Tsar Nicholas II |year=1980 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |isbn=0-283-98678-6 }}</ref> in which the color images are combined [[subtractive color|yellow, magenta and cyan]] ink-on-paper [[halftone]]s mass-produced with a multicolor printing press in the usual way.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Arthur|year=1980|title=''Photographs for the Tsar''|publisher=London: Sidgwick & Jackson}}</ref>

It was only with the advent of [[digital image processing]] that multiple images could be quickly and easily combined into one.<ref>{{citation|last=Hubička|first=Jan|year=2008|url=http://sechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz/en/expozice5.html#digichromatography|title=Modern reproductions of photographs by Prokudin-Gorskij}}</ref> The Library of Congress undertook a project in 2000 to make digital scans of all the photographic material received from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs and contracted with the photographer [[Walter Frankhauser]] to combine the monochrome negatives into color images.<ref>{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/prokhtml/prokdig.html|title=Digitizing the Collection|publisher=Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog - Prokudin-Gorskii Collection}}</ref> He created 122 color renderings using a method he called ''digichromatography'' and commented that each image took him around six to seven hours to align, clean and color-correct.<ref>{{citation|last=Austen|first=Ian|date=2001-06-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/14/technology/colors-of-a-lost-empire-are-reborn-digitally.html?pagewanted=all|title=Colors of a Lost Empire Are Reborn, Digitally|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2001, the Library of Congress produced an exhibition from these, ''The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/all/#e|title=All Exhibitions - Exhibitions (Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> The photographs have since been the subject of many other exhibitions in the area where Prokudin-Gorsky took his photos.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2003/03-065.html|title=Library of Congress Exhibition of Russian Photographs Opens in St. Petersburg on April 12, 2003|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Osipov|first=Georgy|date=2003|url=http://www.newtimes.ru/eng/detail.asp?art_id=863 |title=Miracles of the Tsar's Photographer |access-date=2009-03-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031112212801/http://www.newtimes.ru/eng/detail.asp?art_id=863 |archive-date=November 12, 2003|publisher=[[The New Times (Russia)|The New Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Teterin|first=Igor|date=2005-06-03|url=http://www.parnuexpress.ee/arts/arts_1622.html |title=Kakoy ti bila, Rossiya! |access-date=2009-03-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121080322/http://www.parnuexpress.ee/arts/arts_1622.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007|publisher= Pärnu Express|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parnuexpress.ee/arts/arts_3921.html |title=Rossiya: vzglyad chyeryez stolyetiye |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121072646/http://www.parnuexpress.ee/arts/arts_3921.html |archive-date=2007-11-21 |publisher=Pärnu Express|date=2006-04-28|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz/en/expozice5.html|title=Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. A Selection from the Collection 'The Splendors of Russia in Natural Color'—Color Photographs from the Years 1905–1916|publisher=Šechtl & Voseček Museum of Photography|date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://georgia.usembassy.gov/ev-011807.html|title=Exhibition of Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii's at TBC Bank Places History in Full Color|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818194616/http://georgia.usembassy.gov/ev-011807.html |archive-date=2009-08-18|publisher=U.S. Embassy Georgia|date=January 18, 2007}}</ref>

In 2004, the Library of Congress contracted with computer scientist [[Blaise Agüera y Arcas]] to produce an automated color composite of each of the 1,902 negatives from the high-resolution [[digital image]]s of the glass-plate negatives. He applied algorithms to compensate for the differences between the exposures and prepared color composites of all the negatives in the collection.<ref name=prokcompos /> As the library offers the high-resolution images of the negatives freely on the Internet, many others have since created their own color representations of the photos,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/method.html|title=Color Photography Method. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog - Prokudin-Gorskii Collection|website=[[Library of Congress]] |year=1905 }}</ref> and they have become a favorite testbed for computer scientists.<ref>{{citation|last=Girvan|first=Ray|url=http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=33|title=The color of the past|publisher=Scientific Computing World|date=July 2005|access-date=2009-03-21|archive-date=2009-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727215645/http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=33|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
Some of Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky's photographs, digitally processed, made available by the [[Library of Congress]]:

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Sunni Muslim man wearing traditional dress and headgear.jpg|[[Dagestan]]i [[Sunni Muslim]], 1904<ref name=Diversity/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/prk2000001213/|title=Tipy Dagestana|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
File:Group of workers harvesting tea Chakva Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|[[Caucasus Greeks|Greek]] women and children harvesting tea in [[Chakvi]], Georgia, circa 1905–1915
File:Jewish Children with their Teacher in Samarkand.jpg|Jewish children with their teacher in [[Samarkand]], c. 1905–1915
File:Minister of Interior Bukhara.jpg|[[Kush-Beggi]], Minister of the Interior of the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], c. 1905–1915
File:Armenian woman in national costume (crop).jpg|Armenian woman in national costume near [[Artvin]], c. 1905–1915
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg|[[Prison|Zindan]] (prison) in [[Bukhara]], 1907
File:Prokudin20923v Myatusovo1909.jpg|A chapel in [[Myatusovo]], 1909
File:Prokudin 20893v Old Ladoga 1909.jpg|[[Staraya Ladoga]] Fortress, 1909
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg|Russian peasant girls in a rural area along the [[Sheksna River]] near [[Kirillov (town)|Kirillov]], 1909
File:Staraya Ladoga Church.JPG|Church of St. John the Baptist on Malyshevaya Hill; [[Staraya Ladoga]], 1909
File:Gorskii 04422u.jpg|Haymaking farm workers standing near their equipment, taking a break, 1909
File:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - City of Perm. General view (1910).jpg|General view of the city of [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], 1910
File:Prokudin-Gorskii - Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm.jpg|Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm, 1910
File:Prokudin-Gorsky - Perm. Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration.jpg|Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm, 1910
File:Perm. Mary Magdalene Church.png|Mary Magdalene Church in the city of Perm, 1910
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg|[[Kama river]] near [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], 1910. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it.
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg|[[Monastery of St. Nilus]] on [[Stolbny Island]] near [[Ostashkov]], 1910
File:Gorskii 03966u.jpg|Pinchas Karlinskiy, supervisor of a floodgate at [[Chernigov]], 1910
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg|[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] switchman near [[Ust-Katav]], 1910
File:Gorskii 04412u.jpg|Woman in traditional dress standing on rug in front of [[yurt]], 1911
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg|Nomadic [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] family on the [[Mirzachoʻl]] Steppe, 1911
File:Gorskii 20001u.jpg|Madrasah of Muhammad Amin Tupchiboshi (now demolished) in [[Bukhara]], circa 1912
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg|The Village of [[Kolchedan]] in [[Ural Mountains]], 1912
File:Gorskii 04449u.jpg|View of [[Suzdal]] along the [[Kamenka (Nerl)|Kamenka River]], 1912
File:Trinity Monastery in Tiumen (Prokudin-Gorskii).png|The mid-18th century Trinity Monastery in [[Tyumen]], 1912
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-22.jpg|Austro-Hungarian [[prisoner of war|POWs]] in [[Russian Karelia]] during [[World War I]], 1915
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Levi Hill]]
*[[Thomas Sutton (photographer)]]
* [[Albert Kahn (banker)|Albert Kahn]], a patron of photography who funded photographers to travel around the world recording color images and cine film of diverse ethnic societies between 1909 and 1931.
* [[Ansel Adams]], American black-and-white photographer who was commissioned by a number of organizations to document the American West.
* [[Gabriel Veyre]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky}}
* [http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=bio Illustrated biography of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky (2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191813/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=bio |date=2012-03-26 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ ''The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated''] – Library of Congress exhibit
* {{YouTube|id=QaeRj-ApktY|title=Russia in Bloom (Цвет Нации)}} - 2013 documentary by [[Leonid Parfenov]] (with English subtitles)
* [http://www.gridenko.com/pg/ +60 restorated images by Alex Gridenko using digichromatography]
* [https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2014/03/21/archival_footage_of_dagestan_by_sergey_prokudin-gorsky_35279 Dagestan] archival footage by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, between 1905 and 1915
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prokudin-Gorsky, Sergey}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kirzhachsky District]]
[[Category:People from Pokrovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Photographers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Soviet photographers]]
[[Category:Pioneers of photography]]
[[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Technische Universität Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Chemists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]]

Désirée Nosbusch

2024-10-25T10:40:51Z

Wolverène: added Category:Luxembourgian radio presenters using HotCat

{{Short description|Luxembourger actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Expand Luxembourgish|Désirée Nosbusch|date=October 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Désirée Nosbusch
| image = MJK 12586 Désirée Nosbusch (Berlinale 2018).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Désirée Nosbusch (2018)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|1|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], Luxembourg
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Désirée Becker
| known_for =
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = Actress, singer and television presenter
| title =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Harald Kloser]]|1991|2002|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Mehmet Kurtuluş]]|2005|2013|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Tom Bierbaumer|2018}}
}}
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Désirée Nosbusch''' (born 14 January 1965) also known as '''Désirée Becker''', is a Luxembourgish [[actress]] and [[television]] presenter. She was the host of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984]].

== Early and personal life ==
Nosbusch was born in [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]] to a Luxembourgish father and an Italian mother. She speaks [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]], German, French, English, Italian and Spanish.

From 1991 to 2002, Nosbusch was married with [[Harald Kloser]], with whom she had two children. She was later married to [[Mehmet Kurtuluş]]. She has been married to Tom Alexander Bierbaumer since 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Désirée Nosbusch |url=https://www.gala.de/stars/starportraets/d%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e-nosbusch--21393666.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=gala.de |language=de}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nosbusch has acted in both French-language and German-language films and television productions since her mid-teens.<ref name=":1" /> She was a member of the youth drama group of the [[Lycée Hubert Clément]] of Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg).

At twelve years old, she started working at [[RTL Radio|Radio Luxemburg]], and then did a show with [[Anke Engelke]] on [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]. At 16, she held the leading role of the German film ''After Midnight''.<ref name=":1" />

She appeared in some Italian-language TV miniseries. She presented the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984]] in Luxembourg, and hosted a kids' version of the game show [[Ruck Zuck (Game Show)|Ruck Zuck]] called "Kinder Ruck Zuck".

Nosbusch is also a singer. In 1984, she recorded a [[duet (music)|duet]] with Austrian singer [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], "Kann es Liebe sein?".<ref name=":1" />

In 2001, she directed her first short film, ''Ice Cream Sundae''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Désirée Nosbusch prepares Poison, her first fiction feature film as director |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/398186/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[Cineuropa]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, she directed the film ''Succès Fox'' about the actor Fernand Fox.<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, she launched the production of the feature film ''Poison'', an adaptation of Lot Vekemans' play,<ref name=":0" /> starring [[Tim Roth]] and [[Trine Dyrholm]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Roth and Trine Dyrholm to lead the cast of Désirée Nosbusch’s debut Poison |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/423393/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[Cineuropa]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Nosbusch was one of the hosts of the [[Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024|Luxembourg Song Contest]], the national final to select Luxembourg's first Eurovision Song Contest entry after an absence of 31 years. She was also the spokesperson for the Luxembourgish national jury in the Grand Final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spielmann |first=Jeff |last2=Schmit |first2=Sandy |date=22 April 2024 |title=Désirée Nosbusch announces points, Sarah Tapp and Meredith Moss to comment English livestream |url=https://today.rtl.lu/culture/music/a/2188562.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[RTL Group|RTL Today]]}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nosbusch |first=Désirée |title=Endlich noch nicht angekommen |publisher=Ullstein eBooks |year=2022 |language=de |asin=B09KYHZQPK}}

== Selected filmography ==
[[File:2019-01-31-Désirée Nosbusch-DFP 2019-4508.jpg|thumb|200px|Nosbusch at the [[Deutscher Fernsehpreis|German television awards]] in 2019]]
* ''{{Interlanguage link|After Midnight (1981 film)|de|3=Nach Mitternacht (Film)|lt=After Midnight}}'' (1981, directed by [[Wolf Gremm]])
* ''[[Der Fan]]'' (1982, directed by [[Eckhart Schmidt]])
* ''{{ill|The Abduction of the Sabine Women (1983 film)|de|3=Der Raub der Sabinerinnen (1983)|lt=The Abduction of the Sabine Women}}'' (1983, TV film, directed by [[Rolf von Sydow]])
* ''[[Sing Sing (1983 film)|Sing Sing]]'' (1983, directed by [[Sergio Corbucci]])
* ''[[Questo e Quello]]'' (1983, directed by [[Sergio Corbucci]])
* ''[[Good Morning, Babylon]]'' (1987, directed by [[Paolo and Vittorio Taviani]])
* ''{{ill|A.D.A.M. (1988 film)|de|3=A.D.A.M.|lt=A.D.A.M.}}'' (1988, directed by {{Interlanguage link|Herbert Ballmann|de}})
* ''{{Interlanguage link|A Wopbopaloobop A Lopbamboom|lb}}'' (1989, directed by [[Andy Bausch]])
* ''{{Interlanguage link|Jean Galmot, aventurier|fr}}'' (1990, directed by {{Interlanguage link|Alain Maline|fr}})
* ''{{Interlanguage link|La Femme fardée|fr}}'' (1990, directed by [[José Pinheiro (director)|José Pinheiro]])
* ''{{Ill|Ex & Hopp|de|Ex und hopp – Ein böses Spiel um Liebe, Geld und Bier}}'' (1991, TV film, directed by [[Andy Bausch]])
* ''{{Interlanguage link|Piazza di Spagna (TV miniseries)|it|3=Piazza di Spagna (miniserie televisiva)|lt=Piazza di Spagna}}'' (1992, TV miniseries, directed by [[Florestano Vancini]])
* ''[[Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri|Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri 2]]'' (1993, TV miniseries, directed by {{Interlanguage link|Gianfranco Albano|it}} and [[Felice Farina]])
* ''Böses Blut'' (1993, TV film, directed by {{ill|Dagmar Damek|de}})
* ''[[The Way to Dusty Death (film)|The Way to Dusty Death]]'' (1995, TV film, directed by [[Geoffrey Reeve]])
* ''[[Opernball (film)|Opernball]]'' (1998, TV film, directed by [[Urs Egger]])
* ''[[Amico mio]]'' (1998, TV series, directed by [[Paolo Poeti]])
* ''[[Contaminated Man]]'' (2000, directed by [[Anthony Hickox]])
* ''High Explosive'' (2001, directed by [[Timothy Bond]])
* ''[[Hostile Takeover (2001 film)|Hostile Takeover]]'' (2001, directed by [[Carl Schenkel]])
* ''The Code of Life'' (2002, directed by {{ill|Miguel Alexandre|de}})
* ''The Secret of St. Ambrose'' (2006, TV film, directed by {{Ill|Michael Wenning (director)|de|3=Michael Wenning (Regisseur)|lt=Michael Wenning}})
* ''The Cursed Treasure'' (2007, TV film, directed by {{ill|Diethard Küster|de}})
* ''{{Interlanguage link|Avalanche (2008 film)|fr|3=Avalanche (téléfilm)|lt=Avalanche}}'' (2008, TV film, directed by {{Interlanguage link|Jörg Lühdorff|de}})
* ''{{ill|De Superjhemp retörns|nl}}'' (2018, directed by Félix Koch)
* ''[[Bad Banks]]'' (2018, TV series)
* ''[[Capitani (TV series)|Capitani]]'' (2019, TV series)
* ''{{ill|Der Irland-Krimi|de}}'' (since 2019, TV series, 8 episodes)

==See also==
* [[List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*{{IMDb name|0636440}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
| before={{flagicon|Germany}} [[Marlene Charell]]
| title=[[Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision Song Contest presenter]]
| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]]
| after={{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Lill Lindfors]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nosbusch, Desiree}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Esch-sur-Alzette]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian film actresses]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian television actresses]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian television personalities]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Luxembourgian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Luxembourgian actresses]]
[[Category:Luxembourgian radio presenters]]

{{Luxembourg-actor-stub}}

Kolade Dominate Olowu

2024-10-25T10:33:06Z

Wolverène: removed Category:Radio presenters by nationality using HotCat

{{Short description|Nigerian on-air personality}}
{{COI|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Victor Akolade Olowu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|08}}
| other_names = Kolade Dominate, Mr. Dominate
| occupation = Radio Presenter, On-air personality, Talent Manager
| organization = Inspiration 92. 3 FM Lagos,<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://ifm923.com/team_member/kolade-dominate/|title=Kolade Dominate|website=Inspiration 92.3 FM|date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-29}}</ref> 1008 World
| television = AIT & MITV
| website =
}}

'''Victor Akolade Olowu''' (born October 8, 1992) is a Nigerian on-air personality and media entrepreneur, also known as Kolade, Mr. Dominate, or Kolade '''Dominate'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/on-air-personalities-need-to-think-outside-the-box-kolade-dominate/|title=On Air Personalities Need To Think Outside The Box - Kolade Dominate|website=TribuneonlineNG|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on October 8, 1992, in [[Ijebu, Ogun State]], [[Nigeria]]. He attended [[Mayflower School|Mayflower School in]] Ikenne for his secondary education. He pursued studies in a presentation at the [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]]. Additionally, he holds a degree in digital multimedia technology from Highland College of Technology and a degree in mass communication from the Institut Superieur de Communication et de Gestion and the Université Protestante de l'Afrique de l'Ouest in [[Porto-Novo|Porto Novo]], [[Benin]].

==Career==
After completing training in presentation at the [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]], now known as the Broadcasting Academy of Nigeria, he focused on his broadcasting career with DJs such as ShyShy Shyllon and Boombastic. He began his broadcasting career in 2013 at Star FM in [[Lagos]] as the host of the radio drive-time show, where he worked for about two years before moving on to host other radio programs.

After two years of handling radio programs, he worked at Starlite Online Radio, where he managed programming and production for six months. He then transitioned to Nigeria's first private radio station, [[Raypower|Raypower FM]]. After a brief period at the Lagos branch, he moved to Raypower 95.1 FM in [[Ibadan]] in January 2015. During his tenure, he served as the head of production and programs, anchoring shows such as the "Ultimate Morning Show", "Raypower Lounge", "Soul Serenade", and "Power Play".

He resigned on November 30, 2018, and joined [[Splash FM (Nigeria)|Splash 105.5 FM Ibadan]], where he hosted programs such as the Smooth Home Drive on weekdays, Men United, Juicy Friday Night, Morning Splash Xtra, The Splash Music Box and the Spotlight, his show that has hosted Afrobeats artists like 2face, Dbanj, Fireboy, Joeboy, DJ Neptune, DJ Jimmy Jatt, DJ Kaywise, Teni, 9ice, ID Cabasa, Omah Lay, Mayorkun, Oxlade, Tems, Chike, CDQ, and Crayon.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://punchng.com/2020-redefined-me-kolade-dominate/ |title= 2020 redefined me –Kolade Dominate |date=2020-12-19|website=punchng.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-19}}</ref> He resigned in December 2020 and joined Inspiration 92.3 FM Lagos,<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://tribuneonlineng.com/you-need-strategic-partnerships-visibility-and-imaging-to-succeed-in-entertainment-industry/ |title= 'You need strategic partnerships, visibility and imaging to succeed in entertainment industry' |date=2021-01-22|website=tribuneonlineng.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> where he hosts the Breakfast Jam from 6 a.m. to 10:30 a.m., among other radio programs. In 2018, Kolade established 10O8World, a talent promotion, public relations, and management firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/13/media-personality-kolade-dominate-floats-new-company-10o8-world/ |title= Media Personality Kolade Dominate floats new company 10O8 World |date=2019-12-13|website=thisdaylive.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> 10O8 World Limited worked with musicians such as Dotman, T-Classic, Olakira, DJ Neptune, Id Cabasa, Dj Kaywise, Phlex, TM9ja, Lamboginny, Sean Tizzle, Jaywon, Shola Allyson, Phatiah, Naeomi, Uchechi Emelonye, and Lussh.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://independent.ng/kolade-dominate-olowu-astute-media-guru-on-the-rise/ |title= 'Kolade Dominate Olowu: Astute Media Guru On The Rise |date=2022-01-12|website=independent.ng|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref>

In a chat with The Nation, he called on the Nigerian Government to look into the ever-growing Nigerian music industry and structure it. The Radio Personality said if it was structured, it would put the country on a global map, increase the country's tourism revenue and boosts the country's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://thenationonlineng.net/structured-music-industry-will-impact-nigerias-economy-says-kolade-dominate/ |title= 'Structured music industry will impact Nigeria's economy, says Kolade Dominate |date=2022-06-17|website=thenationonlineng.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> He emphasized how the Afrobeats to the world movement has created employment in the country and kept the large youthful population busy. <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1537690-radio-evolvement-oap-kolade-dominate-speaks-media-internet/ |title= "Radio Will Forever Be Around Despite Evolvement": OAP Kolade Dominate Speaks on the Media and Internet |date=2023-06-03|website=legit.ng|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref>

==Music Career==
In 2014, He released the refix version for Rihanna's Diamonds. Later In May that same year, He went on to release another single dubbed "Dominate" produced by Puffy Tee which was widely accepted, the song however enjoy massive rotations on radio stations across Nigeria. The song made it to the MTN Yello Countdown Chart which aired across 52 radio stations in the country. After his surprise exit from Star 101.5 fm Lagos, that same year, He took a few months break from releasing music.
On his return to the music scene in 2015, He worked with Oritsefemi on the remix of his song "Dominate 2.0" produced by Puffy Tee, followed up In 2016 with a birthday release, produced by ID CABASA titled Olofofo.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://mystreetzmag.com/kolade-dominate-the-most-enthralling-voice-on-splash-105-5fm-ibadan/ |title= Kolade Dominate – The Most Enthralling Voice On Splash 105.5FM Ibadan |date=2020-04-03|website=mystreetzmag.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> Kolade Dominate has worked with a lot of people such as Terry G, Indomix, Dapiano, Sheyman, and has A&R sessions for top music producers and artiste across Nigeria.

==Awards==
In 2017, Kolade won the On-Air Personality of the Year at the [[MAYA awards|MAYA Awards]]. He also won the 2018 Eminence Awards and the 2018 and 2020 editions of the Cool Wealth Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/despite-all-2020-has-been-a-great-year-for-me-kolade-dominate/ |title= Despite all, 2020 has been a great year for me – Kolade Dominate |date=2020-12-09|website=vanguardngr.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olowu, Kolade Dominate}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Mayflower School alumni]]
[[Category:Talent managers]]
[[Category:Nigerian journalists]]
[[Category:Nigerian musicians]]
[[Category:Nigerian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Nigerian music industry executives]]

Eva Elfie

2024-10-25T09:43:34Z

Wolverène: /* External links */ m.

{{Short description|Russian pornographic film actress}}
{{expand Russian|topic=bio}}
{{notability|Bio|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eva Elfie
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age| df=yes|1997|05|27}}
| birth_place = [[Omsk]], Russia
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Pornographic film actor|Pornographic actress]]|[[Erotic photography model|nude model]]|social media personality}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| height_ft =
| children =
}}

'''Yulia Sergeyevna Romanova'''{{efn|name=a|Also [[romanization of Russian|transliterated]] as '''Yuliya'''}} ({{lang-ru|Юлия Сергеевна Романова}};<ref name="NO01">{{cite web |url=https://newsomsk.ru/news/108745-bla_tixoney_ni_s_kem_ne_obchshalas_odnoklassniki_o/ |title=«Была тихоней, ни с кем не общалась» — одноклассники об омичке, которая стала самой популярной порноактрисой СНГ |author=Наталья Коробова |date=2020-11-02 |publisher=Новый Омск |accessdate=2020-11-25 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506201647/https://newsomsk.ru/news/108745-bla_tixoney_ni_s_kem_ne_obchshalas_odnoklassniki_o/}}</ref><ref name="NO02">{{cite web |url=https://newsomsk.ru/news/109806-pornoaktrisa_iz_omska_eva_elfie_po_drujbe_snyalas_/ |title=Порноактриса из Омска Eva Elfie «по дружбе» снялась в рекламе местной бургерной |author=Наталья Коробова |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=Новый Омск |accessdate=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117015150/https://newsomsk.ru/news/109806-pornoaktrisa_iz_omska_eva_elfie_po_drujbe_snyalas_/}}</ref><ref name="NO03">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmiR5atba8M |title=Поменялся с Eva Elfie на 24 часа ПИТАНИЕМ и не ТОЛЬКО 😏 |first=Алексей |last=Столяров |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2022-01-13 |access-date=2024-03-07 |url-status=live |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227174625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmiR5atba8M }}</ref> born 27 May 1997),{{efn|name=b|According to the data of the personal profile on the site {{URL|Acmodasi.ru.}}}}<ref name="NO01" /><ref name="TV">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-village.ru/people/homeporno/373483-eva-elfie |title=Eva Elfie: Уехать из Омска в 19 лет и стать порнозвездой Антресоли в хрущёвке и свадьба в Вегасе |author=Игорь Залюбовин |editor=под ред. Кирилла Рукова |date=2020-02-11 |publisher={{ill|The Village (Russian online media)|lt=The Village|ru|The Village|uk|The Village}}|accessdate=2020-11-25 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201145218/https://www.the-village.ru/people/homeporno/373483-eva-elfie}}</ref><ref>https://www.instagram.com/theevaelfie/p/CAirwZaliVU/</ref> known professionally as '''Eva Elfie''', is a Russian [[Pornographic film actor|pornographic actress]], [[Erotic photography model|nude model]], and [[YouTuber]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Была тихоней, ни с кем не общалась" – одноклассники об омичке, которая стала самой популярной порноактрисой СНГ |url=https://newsomsk.ru/news/108745-bla_tixoney_ni_s_kem_ne_obchshalas_odnoklassniki_o/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=newsomsk.ru}}</ref> She is the winner of the [[AVN Awards]] in the category Best New Foreign Starlet in 2021.

==Career==
After graduating from high school, Elfie moved to [[Moscow]] in 2018, where she worked as a manager and a waitress. Previously, she also worked as a correspondent for a TV channel in her native city of [[Omsk]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=МУХИН |first=Станислав |date=2020-02-13 |title="Мама у меня очень строгая": Девушка из Омска рассказала о своей карьере в порно |url=https://www.omsk.kp.ru/online/news/3764961/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=omsk.kp.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

Elfie's first erotic modeling took place in 2018. She subsequently accepted an offer to film a [[masturbation]] scene. Months later she agreed to record traditional and lesbian sex scenes, for which she traveled to [[Czech Republic]] where she did several shoots for popular porn site ClubSweethearts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AVN |first=Dan Miller |title=Eva Elfie On Video Games, 'Booty Calls', Creating Content AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/eva-elfie-feature-886907.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=AVN}}</ref> After returning to Moscow, she decided to shoot amateur porn. In February 2019, Elfie created her channel on [[Pornhub]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Омичка хотела быть журналисткой, но стала самой популярной порноактрисой СНГ |url=https://newsomsk.ru/news/108727-devushka_iz_omska_stala_samoy_populyarnoy_pornoakt/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=newsomsk.ru}}</ref> Her first video became very popular and by February 2020, it had more than 53 million views. At the beginning of November 2020, Elfie was ranked fourth in the Pornhub ranking, making her one of the most popular actresses on the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Девушка из Омска стала одной из самых популярных порноактрис в СНГ |url=https://life.ru/p/1352474 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Life.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

In October 2020, Elfie won her first award, [[XBIZ]] Europa Award in the category "Female Clip Artist of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |last=XBIZ |date=2020-10-22 |title=2020 XBIZ Europa Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/255161/2020-xbiz-europa-awards-winners-announced |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, she won the [[AVN Awards|AVN Award]] for "Best New Foreign Starlet".<ref>{{cite news |last1=AVN |first1=AVN Staff |title=2021 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-avn-award-winners-announced-895732.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=AVN |date=23 January 2021}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*2020 XBIZ Europa Award – Female Clip Artist of the Year
*2021 [[AVN Award]] – Best New Foreign Starlet
*2022 AVN Award – Favorite Indie Clip Star
*2022 [[Pornhub Award]] – Most Popular Female Performer by Women
*2022 Pornhub Award – Nicest Pussy
*2023 [[XBIZ Award]] – Clip Artist of the Year
*2023 Pornhub Award – Most Popular Female Performer by Women
*2024 AVN Award – Best International All-Girl Sex Scene {{small|(with [[Little Caprice]])}} – ''Dollhouse 2''

==Outside pornography==
In 2020, Elfie appeared as a playable character in [[Nutaku]]'s dating sim Booty Calls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AVN |first=John Roland |title=Eva Elfie Character Goes Live in Nutaku's 'Booty Calls' Game AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/technology/eva-elfie-character-goes-live-in-nutakus-booty-calls-game-885776.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=AVN}}</ref> In 2021, she presented the football kit of the Italian club [[Venezia F.C.|Venezia]], which made it to [[Serie A]] for the first time in 19 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riberto |first=Matteo |date=2021-10-21 |title=Venezia, la pornostar Eva Elfie è tifosa degli arancioneroverdi |url=https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/venezia-mestre/cultura-tempo-libero/21_ottobre_21/venezia-porno-star-eva-elfie-tifosa-arancioneroverdi-31689b60-323b-11ec-a6f5-9b70c9df1bcb.shtml |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Corriere del Veneto |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Русская порнозвезда Ева Эльфи снялась в форме итальянского футбольного клуба. Фото – 20 октября 2021 – Sport24 |url=https://sport24.ru/news/football/2021-10-20-yeva-elfi-foto-yeva-elf-yeva-elviya-yeva-eyfel-foto |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=sport24.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

Elfie is engaged in the esports community. She planned to contribute funds from her [[OnlyFans]] account to the ''[[Dota 2]]'' TI12 tournament prize pool, though the winners (Team Spirit) turned her down.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zulkiflee|first=Sarah "KZ"|url=https://esports.gg/news/dota-2/adult-star-eva-elfie-to-donate-her-onlyfans-money-to-dota-2s-ti12-prize-pool/|title=Adult star Eva Elfie to contribute OnlyFans earnings to Dota 2's TI12 prize pool|website=esports.gg|date=27 October 2023|accessdate=4 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Cole|url=https://dotesports.com/dota-2/news/team-spirit-turned-down-eva-elfies-ti-prize-boost-and-now-she-might-run-a-dota-2-event|title= Team Spirit turned down Eva Elfie's TI prize boost, and now she might run a Dota 2 event |work=[[Dot Esports]]|date=1 November 2023|accessdate=4 May 2024}}</ref> She also appeared in ad campaign alongside [[Aurora Gaming]]'s ''[[Counter-Strike 2]]'' team.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mclaughlin|first=Declan|url=https://www.dexerto.com/counter-strike-2/fans-call-esports-org-ad-with-eva-elfie-misogynistic-2367375/|title=Fans call esports org ad with Eva Elfie "misogynistic"|work=Dextero|date=3 November 2023|accessdate=4 May 2024}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name}}
* [https://evaelfie.website/ Official Website]
{{Portal|Erotica and pornography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elfie, Eva}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Russian pornographic film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Russian female adult models]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Dorothy Jenkin

2024-10-24T04:44:25Z

Wolverène: ,

{{short description|New Zealand artist and printmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Dorothy Jenkin
| image = File:Photograph of Dorothy Jenkin.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dorothy Catherine Wentworth Venning
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|10|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paddington]], London, United Kingdom
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|04|13|1892|10|23|df=y}}
| death_place = New Zealand
| education =
| field = [[Painting]], [[Printmaking]], [[Botanical illustration]]
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
| spouse = {{marriage|Thomas Hugh Jenkin|1918|1958|end=d.}}
}}

'''Dorothy Catherine Wentworth Jenkin''' (née '''Venning'''; 23 October 1892 – 13 April 1995) was a New Zealand [[Watercolor painting|watercolorist]], [[botanical illustrator]], and [[printmaker]]. She was a founding member of the Invercargill Art Society and participated in campaigning for a public art gallery in Invercargill. She was involved in ensuring the acquisition of [[Anderson Park, Invercargill|Anderson Park]] and the establishment of the Invercargill Art Gallery at that location. Many of her works are held at the [[Rakiura Museum]] and have been reproduced as prints and postcards.

==Biography==
Jenkin was born in [[Paddington]], [[London]] on 23 October 1892 to Mary Kate Venning and her husband Wentworth and named Dorothy Catherine Wentworth Venning.<ref name="SIRCET">{{Cite journal |date=May 2011 |title=Lady Painters of New Zealand - Dorothy Jenkin |url=https://www.sircet.org.nz/site/assets/files/1104/sircet_news_jun_2011.pdf |journal=SIRCET News |volume=May 2011 |pages=8 |via=www.sircet.org.nz}}</ref> She studied art at the [[Royal College of Art]] (where she was only one of three women in her cohort),<ref name="NoOrdinary">{{cite news | title=Centenarian is 'No Ordinary Woman' |date=22 October 1992 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |page=16}}</ref> and while there met her husband [[Thomas Hugh Jenkin]], who was also studying to become an artist.<ref name="SIRCET" /><ref name="StGeorge" /> The couple married in 1918 in Kingston and subsequently had two children prior to emigrating to New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2014 |title=England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837-2005 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:26VW-JZZ |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=FamilySearch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210430/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:26VW-JZZ |archive-date=5 March 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tomlin |first=Jim |date=2016 |title=Dunedin School of Art: A History |url=https://www.thescopes.org/assets/Uploads/f26cd771de/Scope-12-V3-april-with-cover-web.pdf |journal=Scope: Art & Design |volume=12 |pages=1–178 |via=www.thescopes.org}}</ref> In 1922, after Thomas had gained a position as a teacher at [[Otago Boys' High School]] and also controller of the [[Dunedin School of Art]], they emigrated to New Zealand.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="100Birthday">{{cite news | title=Dorothy Jenkin's 100th Birthday |date=23 October 1992 |publisher=[[The Southland Times]] |page=3}}</ref>

Sometime in 1925 Thomas' contract with the Dunedin School of Art was not renewed and Jenkin and he moved their family to [[Invercargill]].<ref name=":0" /> There Jenkin undertook commissions as well as teaching art at both the [[Southland Girls' High School|Southland Girl's High School]] and [[Gore High School]].<ref name="StGeorge" /> She and her husband became active members of the arts community in Southland.<ref name=":0" /> Jenkin was a member of the Otago Art Society and exhibited works at various Otago Art Society exhibitions from the late 1920s onwards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 1929 |title=Exhibition of Sketches. Work of Otago Artists. |pages=9 |work=Evening Star |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19290729.2.93 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 1935 |title=The Art Society's Exhibition. Amongst the Pictures |pages=4 |work=Otago Daily Times |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19351126.2.15 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 1933 |title=Art Society's Exhibition |pages=5 |work=Otago Daily Times |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19331118.2.11 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> In 1929 Jenkin had an artwork published in the first volume of the journal Art of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birches. Etching [by Dorothy Jenkins]. (June 1929) |url=https://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/3144/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au}}</ref> She also exhibited with the [[Canterbury Society of Arts]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/media/uploads/2010_08/CSA_Catalogue_1934.pdf |title=Canterbury Society of Arts Catalogue 1934 |publisher=Canterbury Society of Arts |year=1934 |location=Canterbury |pages=46}}</ref> She was a founding member of the Invercargill Art Society (now part of the [[Southland Art Society]]) and exhibited frequently there, specialising in still life paintings.<ref name="StGeorge" /> Jenkin was also involved in campaigning for a public art gallery for Invercargill.<ref name="StGeorge" /> She was involved in ensuring the acquisition of [[Anderson Park, Invercargill|Anderson Park]] and establishing the Invercargill Art Gallery at that location.<ref name="StGeorge" />

During summer holidays the Jenkin family visited [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] and Thomas organised a summer art school there.<ref name="SIRCET" /> On their retirement in 1952 the Jenkin's moved to Stewart Island / Rakiura permanently,<ref name="SIRCET" /> building a log house that overlooked [[Paterson Inlet / Whaka a Te Wera]],<ref name="NoOrdinary"/> and tending to an elaborate garden of [[rhododendron]]s, a cherry [[magnolia]], [[Agathis|kauri tree]]s, [[Sphaeropteris medullaris|mamaku]], and many plants native to New Zealand.<ref name="NoOrdinary"/> Thomas died in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=New Zealand, Civil Records Indexes, 1800-1966 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG62-9FBR |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=familysearch.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210429/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QG62-9FBR |archive-date=5 March 2022 }}</ref> Around this time, at the suggestion of Cedric Smith, the curator at the Rakiura Museum, Jenkin undertook watercolour studies of Stewart Island fungi.<ref name="SIRCET" /> Smith sent several of these illustrations to Kew Gardens to assist with the identification of the fungi collected.<ref name="StGeorge" /> Jenkin had intended for a book to be published using the watercolour paintings but this did not eventuate.<ref name=":0" /> However the Rakiura Museum did make prints as well as postcards of her watercolours and sold the same to the public,<ref name="StGeorge" /> many of which became popular designs for postcards.<ref name="NoOrdinary"/> Jenkin also undertook studies of Stewart Island orchids, which inspired the publication of a book on her work.<ref name="StGeorge">{{Cite book |last=St. George |first=Ian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828144039 |title=Dorothy Jenkin's Stewart Island orchids |date=2012 |isbn= |publisher =New Zealand Native Orchid Group|location=Wellington |oclc=828144039}}</ref> Many of her original botanical illustrations are now held at the Rakiura Museum.<ref name="SIRCET" /><ref name="StGeorge" /> Jenkin continued to illustrate until the 1960s, when she stopped due to her failing eyesight.<ref name="NoOrdinary"/>

In 1971 Jenkin donated one of her husband's works, a portrait of [[Alfred Henry O'Keeffe]], to the [[Dunedin Public Art Gallery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of A H O'Keeffe|url=http://collection.dunedin.art.museum/search.do?view=detail&page=1&id=39232&db=object |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=collection.dunedin.art.museum}}</ref>

Jenkin lived on Stewart Island / Rakiura along for 33 years,<ref name="NoOrdinary"/> until she was 98 at which point she went to live with her daughters in [[Clyde, New Zealand|Clyde]].<ref name="SIRCET" /><ref name="100Birthday"/> In 1992 the Rakiura Museum created a special issue of Jenkin's paintings, to celebrate her 100th birthday.<ref name="100Birthday"/> She died on 13 April 1995 and is buried with her husband at Saint Johns Cemetery in Invercargill.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=Eve |last2=Miller |first2=Naomi |url=https://www.deadsouls.co.nz/shop/eve-ritchie-naomi-miller-conversations-with-dorothy-jenkin/ |title=Conversations with Dorothy Jenkin|date=2015|publisher=Water under the Bridge Publications|location=Port Chalmers, Dunedin}}
*{{Cite journal|last=St. George| first = Ian |date=March 1995 |title=Orchid artists Helen Kirkland Dalrymple and Dorothy Jenkin |journal=New Zealand Native Orchid Group Journal |volume=53}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenkin, Dorothy}}

[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand painters]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand women artists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]
[[Category:New Zealand botanical illustrators]]
[[Category:Burials at St John's Cemetery, Invercargill]]
[[Category:New Zealand centenarians]]
[[Category:People from Stewart Island]]
[[Category:Women centenarians]]
[[Category:British emigrants to New Zealand]]

Lagerfeld

2024-10-18T11:08:13Z

Wolverène:

'''Lagerfeld''' is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Cardinal Lagerfield, a character in the video game [[Resonance of Fate]]
* [[Karl Lagerfeld]] (1933–2019), German fashion designer, artist, and photographer
* [[Otto Lagerfeld]] (1881–1967), German businessman
* [[Steven Lagerfeld]], editor of The Wilson Quarterly

==See also==
* [[Lagerfelt]]

{{surname|Lagerfeld}}

[[Category:Swedish-language surnames]]

Benedict (given name)

2024-10-18T10:54:11Z

Wolverène: /* Forms of Benedict in different languages */ +

{{Infobox given name
| name = Benedict
| image= File:Andrea Mantegna Saint Benedict.jpg
| image_size=120
| caption= Saint [[Benedict of Nursia]]
| pronunciation=
| gender = Masculine
| meaning = "Blessed"
| region =
| origin = Latin
| nickname = [[Ben]], [[Benny]], [[Bendy]], Benno, [[Ned (given name)|Ned]]
| related names = [[Baruch (given name)|Baruch]], [[Benedetto]], [[Benediktas]], [[Bengt (disambiguation)|Bengt]], [[Benicio]], [[Benito (name)|Benito]], [[Bento (name)|Bento]]
}}

'''Benedict''' is a masculine given name of [[Latin]] origin, meaning "blessed".<ref>[http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Benedict Benedict], Thinkbabynames.com</ref> [[Etymologically]], it is derived from the Latin words ''bene'' ('good') and ''dicere'' ('speak'), i.e. "well spoken". The name was borne by Saint [[Benedict of Nursia]] (480–547), often called the founder of [[Christian monasticism#Western Christian monasticism|Western Christian monasticism]].

==Forms of Benedict in different languages==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

*[[Albanian language|Albanian]]: Bekim (name) meaning ’blessing’
*[[Amharic]]: ብሩክ (Biruk; from the Semitic root [[B-R-K]], meaning 'blessed')
*[[Arabic]]: مبارك ([[Mubarak (name)|Mubarak]], meaning 'blessed')
*[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]: Benedet
*[[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Բենեդիկտոս (Benediktos), Բարաք (Barak’, from [[B-R-K]])
*[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Mübarək (meaning 'blessed,' derived from Turkish "Mübarek," from Arabic "مبارك")
*[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: Бэнэдыкт (Benedikt), Беніадзік (Beniadzik)
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মোবারক (Mobarok)
*[[Breton language|Breton]]: Benead
*[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: Бенедикт (Benedikt)
*[[Catalan language|Catalan]]: Benet
*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]; [[Chinese (Simplified)|simplified]]: 本笃, [[Chinese (traditional)|traditional]]: 本篤 (Bentu; official Catholic shortened from)，本尼迪克特 (Běn ní díkè tè), 有福的, 幸福, 受祝福的 (meaning 'blessed')
*[[Croatian language|Croatian]]: Benedikt, Benko
*[[Czech language|Czech]]: Benedikt, [[Beneš]], Dyk
*[[Danish language|Danish]]: Benedikt, Bendt, [[Bent (disambiguation)#People|Bent]]
*[[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Ben, Benedict, Benedictus
*[[English language|English]]: Benedict, [[Bennett (name)|Bennett]]
*[[Esperanto]]: Benedikto
*[[Estonian language|Estonian]]: Pent
*[[Filipino language|Filipino]]: Benito
*[[Finnish language|Finnish]]: [[Pentti]]
*[[French language|French]]: Bénédict, Benoist, [[Benoît]]; [[Bénédicte (disambiguation)|Bénédicte]], Benoîte (female)
*[[West Frisian language|Frisian]]: Bendiks, Benedir
*[[Galician language|Galician]]: Bieito, Bento
*[[Georgian language|Georgian]]: ბენედიქტ (Benedik’t)
*[[German language|German]]: Benedikt
*[[Greek language|Greek]]: Βενέδικτος (Venediktos)
*[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ברוך ([[Baruch (given name)|ba-ruch]], meaning 'blessed')
*[[Hindi]]: मुबारक (''Mubarak'', transcription of Arabic "مبارك")
*[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: [[Benedek (disambiguation)|Benedek]]
*[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: Benedikt
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Benediktus
*[[Irish language|Irish]]: Beinidict
*[[Italian language|Italian]]: [[Benedetto]], Benetto; [[Benedetta]] (female)
*[[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ベネディクト (Benedikuto)
*[[Kannada]]: ಬೆನೆಡಿಕ್ಟ್ (Beneḍikṭ)
*[[Korean language|Korean]]: 베네딕토, 분도 (Benedigto, Bundo)
*[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: Pîroz (Peeroz)
*[[Latin]]: [[Benedictus (given name)|Benedictus]]; [[Benedicta]] (female)
*[[Latvian language|Latvian]]: Benedikts, Bendiks, Benis
*[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: Benediktas
*[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Бенедикт (Benedikt)
*[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: Bendik, Benedikt, [[Bengt (disambiguation)|Bengt]]
*[[Persian language|Persian]]: فرخنده (Farkhondé) or خجسته (Khojasté), both meaning 'blessed'
*[[Polish language|Polish]]: Benedykt
*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: [[Bento (name)|Bento]], Benedito; [[Benedita (disambiguation)|Benedita]] (female)
*[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]: Bénézet
*[[Romanian language|Romanian]]: Benedict
*[[Russian language|Russian]]: Венедикт (Venedikt), Бенедикт (Benedikt)
*[[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Бенедикт (Benedikt)
*[[Slovak language|Slovak]]: Benedikt, Beňadik
*[[Slovene language|Slovenian]]: Benedikt
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: [[Benedicto]], [[Benito (name)|Benito]]
*[[Swedish language|Swedish]]: Benedikt, [[Bengt (disambiguation)|Bengt]], [[Benkt]]
*[[Thai language|Thai]]: เบเนดิกต์ (Benedikt̒)
*[[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]: བཀྲ་ཤིས (Brka shis; pronounced "Tsa shi"; meaning "good luck; good fortune"), བྱིན་རླབས་ཅན (Byin gyis can; pronounced "Jin gyis chan", meaning "blessing')
*[[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Mübarek (meaning 'blessed,' from Arabic "مبارك")
*[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Бенедікт (Benedikt)
*[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]: Muborak (meaning “blessed”, “congratulations”)
*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: Phúc, Phước (from Chinese "福" (fú), meaning "happiness; good fortune; blessing")
*[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Benedet
*[[Yiddish]]: Bendich, Benesh, [[Bendit]]
}}

==List of people with the given name Benedict, Benedikt, Bénédict, or Bennedict==
For a complete list, see {{lookfrom|Benedict}}, {{lookfrom|Benedikt||''Benedikt''}}, or {{lookfrom|Bénédict||''Bénédict''}}.

===Saints===
*[[Benedict of Nursia]] (480–547), Italian monk, founder of the Benedictine order of monasticism
*[[Benedict of Aniane]] (747–821), Benedictine monk and monastic reformer
*[[Benedict Biscop]] (628–690), Anglo-Saxon abbot
*[[Benedict (bishop of Milan)]] (died 732), archbishop of Milan
*[[Benedict of Szkalka]] (died 1012), Hungarian Benedictine monk
* Benedict the Bridge-Builder ({{circa|1163}}{{snd}}1184), also known as [[Bénézet]]
*[[Benedict the Moor]] (1526–1589), also known as Benedict the Black
*[[Benedict Joseph Labre]] (1748–1783), French Franciscan mendicant
*[[Benedict Menni]] (1841–1914), Italian priest

===Popes and antipopes===
*[[Pope Benedict I]] (died 579), pope from 575 to 579
*[[Pope Benedict II]] (635–685), pope in 684/685, also a saint
*[[Pope Benedict III]] (died 858), pope from 855 to 858
*[[Pope Benedict IV]] (died 903), pope from 900 to 903
*[[Pope Benedict V]] (died 965), pope in 964, in opposition to Pope Leo VIII
*[[Pope Benedict VI]] (died 974), pope in 973/974
*[[Pope Benedict VII]] (died 983), pope from 974 to 983
*[[Pope Benedict VIII]] (died 1024), pope from 1012 to 1024
*[[Pope Benedict IX]] ({{circa|1010}}{{snd}}1056), pope on three occasions between 1032 and 1048
*[[Antipope Benedict X]] ({{circa|1000|1070}})
*[[Pope Benedict XI]] (1240–1304), pope from 1303 to 1304
*[[Pope Benedict XII]] ({{circa|1280}}{{snd}}1342), pope from 1334 to 1342
*[[Antipope Benedict XIII]] (1328–1423)
*[[Antipope Benedict XIV]], the name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century
*[[Pope Benedict XIII]] (1649–1730), pope from 1724 to 1730
*[[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1675–1758), pope from 1740 to 1758
*[[Pope Benedict XV]] (1854–1922), pope from 1914 to 1922
*[[Pope Benedict XVI]] (1927–2022), pope from 2005 to 2013

===Other===
*[[Benedict (archbishop of Edessa)]] ({{floruit|urished c.1098–1104}}), first archbishop of Edessa of the Latin rite
*[[Benedict (canon of St. Peter's)]] (12th century), religious and liturgical writer of Rome
*[[Benedict of Bari]] ({{floruit|1227}}), monk and religious author
*[[Benedict of Poland]] (1200–1280), Polish Franciscan friar, traveler, explorer, and interpreter
*[[Benedict I of Jerusalem]] (1892–1980), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
*[[Benedict de Spinoza]] (1632–1677), Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi descent
*[[Benedict Akwuegbu]] (born 1974), Nigerian footballer
*[[Benedict Anderson]] (1936–2015), Irish political scientist and historian of South East Asia
*[[Benedikt Anton Aufschnaiter]] (1665–1742), Austrian Baroque composer
*[[Benedict Arnold]] (1741–1801), American general who after 1779 shifted his allegiance to the British
*[[Benedict Arnold (congressman)]] (1789–1849), American politician representing New York State
*[[Benedict Balansa]] (1825–1891), French botanist
*[[Benedict Birnberg]] (1930–2023), British solicitor and human rights campaigner
*[[Benedict Campbell]] (born 1957), Canadian actor
*[[Benedict Chifley]] (1885–1951), Australian Prime Minister
*[[Benedict Cumberbatch]] (born 1976), English actor
*[[Benedict Daswa]] (1946–1990), South African school principal and mob murder victim
*[[Benedikt Doll]] (born 1990), German biathlete
*[[Benedikt Dreyer]] (1495–1555), German sculptor, carver and painter*[[Benedict Erofeev]] (1938–1990), Russian writer and Soviet dissident
*[[Benedict Fogelberg]] (1786–1854), Swedish sculptor
*[[Benedict Friedlaender]] (1866–1908), German zoologist and sexologist
*[[Benedict Goëz]] (1562–1697), Portuguese Jesuit missionary and explorer (Bento de Góis)
*[[Benedict Gregorios]] (1916–1994), Metropolitan Archbishop of the Malankara Church
*[[Benedict Gross]] (born 1950), American mathematician
*[[Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner]] (1873–1959), Swiss botanist and plant taxonomist
*[[Benedikt Höwedes]] (born 1988), German footballer
*[[Benedict Iroha]] (born 1969), Nigerian footballer
*[[Ben Jackson (golfer)|Benedict Jackson]] (born 1967), English golfer
*[[Benedikt Jóhannesson]] (born 1955), Icelandic publisher, businessman and politician
*[[Benedict F. Kiernan]] (born 1953), American historian
*[[Benedikt Kotruljević]] (1416–1469), Ragusan Renaissance humanist
*[[Benedikt Kuripečič]] (1491–1531), Slovene diplomat
*[[Benedikt Lampert]] (born 1985), Liechtensteiner bobsledder
*[[Benedikt Livshits]] (1887–1938), Russian poet, writer and translator*[[Benedict Kiely]] (1919–2007), Irish writer and broadcaster
*[[Bennedict Mathurin]] (born 2002), Canadian basketball player
*[[Benedict McCarthy]] (born 1977), South African footballer
*[[Benedict Morel]] (1809–1873), French psychiatrist
*[[Benedikt Niese]] (1849–1910), German classical scholar
*[[Benedikt Rejt]] (1450–1533), Bohemian architect
*[[Benedikt Roezl]] (1824–1885), Austrian botanist
*[[Benedict Samuel]] (born 1988), Australian actor
*[[Benedikt Schack]] (1758–1826), Bohemian composer and tenor
*[[Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal]] (1924–2010), Prime Minister of Iceland
*[[Benedict Stilling]] (1810–1879), German anatomist and surgeon
*[[Benedict Wallet Vilakazi]] (1906–1947), South African Zulu poet, novelist, and educator
*[[Benedikt Waldeck]] (1802–1870), Progressive Prussian politician
*[[Benedict Wells]] (born 1984), German-Swiss novelist
*[[Benedict Wong]] (born 1971), English actor

===Fictional characters===
*Benedict, a chicken villager from the [[Animal Crossing]] series
*Benedick, a character from Shakespeare's ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]''
*[[Benedict of Amber]], from the ''[[Chronicles of Amber]]''
*Bénédict, the title character in Berlioz's opera ''[[Béatrice et Bénédict]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:English masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:German masculine given names]]

Myroslava Kot

2024-10-15T17:20:18Z

Wolverène: +

{{Short description|Ukrainian artist (1933–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|topic=bio|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Myroslava Kot
| image = Photo of Myroslava Kot.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Myroslava Kot in 2007
| birth_name = Myroslava Buha
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|10|5|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Warsaw, Poland
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|12|29|1933|10|5|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Drohobych]], [[Lviv Oblast]], Ukraine
| nationality = [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]
| education = Drohobych State Pedagogical Institute
| field = [[Embroidery]]
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards = Merited Master of Folk Arts of Ukraine {{small|(1995)}}
| spouse =
| website = {{URL|myroslava-kot.org/en/}}
}}

'''Myroslava Petrivna Kot''' (née '''Buha''', 5 October 1933, [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] – 29 December 2014, [[Drohobych]], [[Ukraine]]) was a Ukrainian [[embroidery|embroiderer]].<ref name="museum">{{cite web|title=Myroslava Petrivna Kot|url=http://myroslava-kot.org/en/biography/|website=museum of Myroslava Kot|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zik.ua/news/2015/01/02/na_lvivshchyni_proshchayutsya_z_vidomoyu_vyshyvalnytseyu_myroslavoyu_kot_553700 |title=На Львівщині прощаються з відомою вишивальницею Мирославою Кот |date=2 January 2015 |website=ZIK.ua |language=uk}}</ref> From 1991, she was the head of the Department of Methodology and History of Ukrainian Decorative and Applied Arts at the Teachers’ Training College in [[Drohobych]].<ref name="welcome"/> She was awarded Master of Folk Crafts of Ukraine in 1995, and an Honorary Citizen of [[Drohobych]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=uk:Життєве полотно Мирослави Кот |last=Лишик|first=Вікторія|url=http://droginfo.com.ua/content/view/4127/|newspaper=ДрогобичІнфо|date=2012-12-02|accessdate=2013-02-09|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

Myroslava Kot studied Ukrainian embroidery paying particular attention to Drohobych patterns.<ref>{{citation |last=Zakharchuk-Chuhai |first=Raisa |title="Folk Art" Magazine (Narodne Mystetstvo) |issue= 2|publisher= The National Union Of Folk Art Masters Of Ukraine |year=1997|page=48|url=http://www.folkart.kiev.ua/02page48.html}}.</ref> Her works have been exhibited in Ukraine, Canada and the United States. 19 of her students became Ukraine People’s Masters of Decorative and Applied Arts.<ref name="welcome">{{citation|url=http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20073/100|title=Biographies of remarkable Ukrainian embroiderers|journal=Welcome to Ukraine Magazine|accessdate=2013-02-26}}.</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{Cite book
|last=Кот
|first=Мирослава
|title=Вишивка Дрогобиччини. Традиції та сучасність
|publisher=[[ІН НАНУ]]
|year=1999
|isbn=966-02-1334-4}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Кот
|first=Мирослава
|title=Українська вишита сорочка - традиції та сучасність
|year=2007
|oclc=210178875
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
|last=Микола А. Шудря (ред.)
|first=Євгенія С. Шудря (упоряд.)
|title=Мирослава Кот: краса й талант: [зб. до 75-річчя вишивальниці й дослідниці рукоділля]
|year=2008
|isbn=978-966-8260-97-1}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kot, Myroslava}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Ukrainian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:20th-century textile artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:21st-century textile artists]]
[[Category:Folk artists]]
[[Category:Ukrainian embroiderers]]
[[Category:Artists from Warsaw]]

Shafiqa Habibi

2024-10-11T05:08:52Z

Wolverène: /* Journalism, activism, and politics */ why 'only'? three even seems to be so many for such a conservative Muslim country

{{Short description|Afghan journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shafiqa Habibi
| image = Shafiqa Habibi, Hasht e Subh Daily - Mar 8, 2019.jpg
| caption = Shafiqa Habibi talks to Hasht-e Subh Daily, 8 March 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = journalist, television anchor, activist and politician
| years_active = 1961 -
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Shafiqa Habibi''' is a journalist, television anchor, activist, and politician from [[Afghanistan]]. She is known for her work to support women journalists, and for her 2004 candidacy for [[Vice President of Afghanistan]] as the running mate of [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]].

==Personal life==
Shafiqa Habibi is from an affluent Ahmedzai [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family.<ref name="Salon">{{cite web|first=Anne|last=Marlow|url=http://www.salon.com/2004/10/08/afghanistan_41/|title=Burqas and ballots |work=Salon|date=8 October 2004|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> Although she grew up in [[Kabul]], her family is from [[Logar province]].<ref name="Salon"/> In 1966, Habibi obtained a degree in journalism from [[Kabul University]].<ref name="Henley">{{cite web|last=Jensen|first=Rita Henley|url=http://womensenews.org/2002/05/shafiqa-habibi-named-bravery-journalism/ |title=Shafiqa Habibi Named for Bravery in Journalism|publisher=Womensenews.org |date=27 May 2002|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lombardi">{{cite web|last=Lombardi|first=Chris|url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/020103/seven-who-use-their-lives-change-ours |title=Seven Who Use Their Lives to Change Ours|publisher=Womensenews.org |date=3 January 2002 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> She is married to [[Mahmoud Habibi]], who served in various positions in the Afghanistan government. These roles included information minister to King [[Zahir Shah]], and president of the Afghan senate under President [[Mohammad Najibullah]].<ref name="Salon"/> When the [[Mujahideen]] took control of Kabul in 1992, she and her husband briefly moved to [[Mazar-e-Sharif]], along with hundreds of thousands of others.<ref name="Salon"/> When the United States began [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|bombing Kabul in 2001]], Habibi fled to the city of [[Peshawar]], in Pakistan.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" />

==Journalism, activism, and politics==
Soon after getting her degree, Habibi began working for [[Radio Afghanistan]]. She also read poetry on television.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> She was also a television anchor, and a founder of the Women's Journalist Center.<ref>{{cite web|last=Esfandiari|first=Golnaz|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1068082.html |title=Afghanistan: Women Journalists Fight Restrictions, Threats |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=2 May 2006 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>
As of October 2016, Habibi was the head of the Afghan Women's Journalist Union.<ref>{{cite web|first=Catherine|last=Putz|work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/keeping-the-faith-afghan-women-need-continued-international-support/ |title=Keeping the Faith: Afghan Women Need Continued International Support |date=29 October 2016 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1994, Habibi founded the Women's Radio and Television Broadcast Organization, to support women journalists.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> When the Taliban came to power in 1996, she was prevented from making news broadcasts. During the five years of the Taliban government, she organized "craft schools", at which women could manufacture handicrafts that could later be sold.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> She also founded an underground women's organization.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> While the [[Taliban]] held power in Afghanistan, Habibi secretly ran 8 home schools for girls, which were kept secret from the government.<ref name="Salon"/> After the Taliban was overthrown in 2001, she worked for the [[Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission]].<ref name="Salon"/>

In 2004, Habibi was a candidate for [[Vice President of Afghanistan]], as the running mate of [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]], a general in the Afghan army.<ref name="Salon"/> She was one of three women in [[2004 Afghan presidential election|that year's presidential race]].<ref name="Salon"/> Habibi is the director of the non-governmental organization [[New Afghanistan Women Association]], which investigates cases of sexual violence. Habibi has states that the Afghan government is indifferent towards sexual violence against women, and is to blame for rising rates of such violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2014/10/08/culture-of-impunity-behind-rape.html |title=Culture of impunity behind rape|publisher=RAWA|date=8 October 2014 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Habibi is known as a campaigner for human-rights and as a public intellectual.<ref name="Salon"/> In 2002, she won the [[Ida B. Wells Bravery in Journalism Award]].<ref name="Salon"/> Also in 2002, the non-profit organization [[Women's eNews]] named Habibi as one of "21 Leaders for 21st Century" in 2002, for her work as a journalist covering women's rights, and also for organizing other women journalists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lombardi|first=Chris|url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/020101/21-leaders-21st-century-2002 |title=21 Leaders for 21st Century 2002 |publisher=Womensenews.org |date= 1 January 2002|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> In 2005, she was among a thousand women nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Salon"/>
In 2021 the book about her [https://shafiqahabibi.icon.lt The Laureate of All Orators]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shafiqahabibi.icon.lt |title=The Laureate of All Orators, (The artistic journey of Shafiqa Habibi’s life) |publisher=shafiqahabibi.icon.lt |year=2021| location=Kabul, Afghanistan }}</ref> was written.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habibi, Shafiqa}}
[[Category:Afghan journalists]]
[[Category:Afghan women's rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Afghan television people]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:Kabul University alumni]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

Shafiqa Habibi

2024-10-11T05:07:00Z

Wolverène: m.

{{Short description|Afghan journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shafiqa Habibi
| image = Shafiqa Habibi, Hasht e Subh Daily - Mar 8, 2019.jpg
| caption = Shafiqa Habibi talks to Hasht-e Subh Daily, 8 March 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = journalist, television anchor, activist and politician
| years_active = 1961 -
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Shafiqa Habibi''' is a journalist, television anchor, activist, and politician from [[Afghanistan]]. She is known for her work to support women journalists, and for her 2004 candidacy for [[Vice President of Afghanistan]] as the running mate of [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]].

==Personal life==
Shafiqa Habibi is from an affluent Ahmedzai [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family.<ref name="Salon">{{cite web|first=Anne|last=Marlow|url=http://www.salon.com/2004/10/08/afghanistan_41/|title=Burqas and ballots |work=Salon|date=8 October 2004|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> Although she grew up in [[Kabul]], her family is from [[Logar province]].<ref name="Salon"/> In 1966, Habibi obtained a degree in journalism from [[Kabul University]].<ref name="Henley">{{cite web|last=Jensen|first=Rita Henley|url=http://womensenews.org/2002/05/shafiqa-habibi-named-bravery-journalism/ |title=Shafiqa Habibi Named for Bravery in Journalism|publisher=Womensenews.org |date=27 May 2002|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lombardi">{{cite web|last=Lombardi|first=Chris|url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/020103/seven-who-use-their-lives-change-ours |title=Seven Who Use Their Lives to Change Ours|publisher=Womensenews.org |date=3 January 2002 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> She is married to [[Mahmoud Habibi]], who served in various positions in the Afghanistan government. These roles included information minister to King [[Zahir Shah]], and president of the Afghan senate under President [[Mohammad Najibullah]].<ref name="Salon"/> When the [[Mujahideen]] took control of Kabul in 1992, she and her husband briefly moved to [[Mazar-e-Sharif]], along with hundreds of thousands of others.<ref name="Salon"/> When the United States began [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|bombing Kabul in 2001]], Habibi fled to the city of [[Peshawar]], in Pakistan.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" />

==Journalism, activism, and politics==
Soon after getting her degree, Habibi began working for [[Radio Afghanistan]]. She also read poetry on television.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> She was also a television anchor, and a founder of the Women's Journalist Center.<ref>{{cite web|last=Esfandiari|first=Golnaz|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1068082.html |title=Afghanistan: Women Journalists Fight Restrictions, Threats |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=2 May 2006 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>
As of October 2016, Habibi was the head of the Afghan Women's Journalist Union.<ref>{{cite web|first=Catherine|last=Putz|work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/keeping-the-faith-afghan-women-need-continued-international-support/ |title=Keeping the Faith: Afghan Women Need Continued International Support |date=29 October 2016 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1994, Habibi founded the Women's Radio and Television Broadcast Organization, to support women journalists.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> When the Taliban came to power in 1996, she was prevented from making news broadcasts. During the five years of the Taliban government, she organized "craft schools", at which women could manufacture handicrafts that could later be sold.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> She also founded an underground women's organization.<ref name="Henley" /><ref name="Lombardi" /> While the [[Taliban]] held power in Afghanistan, Habibi secretly ran 8 home schools for girls, which were kept secret from the government.<ref name="Salon"/> After the Taliban was overthrown in 2001, she worked for the [[Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission]].<ref name="Salon"/>

In 2004, Habibi was a candidate for [[Vice President of Afghanistan]], as the running mate of [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]], a general in the Afghan army.<ref name="Salon"/> She was one of only three women in [[2004 Afghan presidential election|that year's presidential race]].<ref name="Salon"/> Habibi is the director of the non-governmental organization [[New Afghanistan Women Association]], which investigates cases of sexual violence. Habibi has states that the Afghan government is indifferent towards sexual violence against women, and is to blame for rising rates of such violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2014/10/08/culture-of-impunity-behind-rape.html |title=Culture of impunity behind rape|publisher=RAWA|date=8 October 2014 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Habibi is known as a campaigner for human-rights and as a public intellectual.<ref name="Salon"/> In 2002, she won the [[Ida B. Wells Bravery in Journalism Award]].<ref name="Salon"/> Also in 2002, the non-profit organization [[Women's eNews]] named Habibi as one of "21 Leaders for 21st Century" in 2002, for her work as a journalist covering women's rights, and also for organizing other women journalists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lombardi|first=Chris|url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/020101/21-leaders-21st-century-2002 |title=21 Leaders for 21st Century 2002 |publisher=Womensenews.org |date= 1 January 2002|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> In 2005, she was among a thousand women nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Salon"/>
In 2021 the book about her [https://shafiqahabibi.icon.lt The Laureate of All Orators]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shafiqahabibi.icon.lt |title=The Laureate of All Orators, (The artistic journey of Shafiqa Habibi’s life) |publisher=shafiqahabibi.icon.lt |year=2021| location=Kabul, Afghanistan }}</ref> was written.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habibi, Shafiqa}}
[[Category:Afghan journalists]]
[[Category:Afghan women's rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Afghan television people]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:Kabul University alumni]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

User:Wolverène

2024-10-11T05:05:51Z

Wolverène: m.

{{#babel:en-3|ru-N|de-1|uk-1|vep-1|sv-0}}
[[File:Tower Bridge at Dawn with Halloween Colours.jpg|thumbnail|left|350px|[[Tower Bridge]], [[London]], England, UK]]
* [[:d:User:Wolverène]] (admin)
* [[:meta:User:Wolverène]]
{{Journeyman Editor Userbox}}
{{Wikipedia principles}}

[[ru:Участник:Wolverène]]
[[uk:Користувач:Wolverène]]

Mareo

2024-10-10T10:23:12Z

Wolverène: /* External links */

{{for|the given name|Mareo (given name)}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Mareo
| official_name = Comun de Mareo Comune di Marebbe Gemeinde Enneberg
| native_name =
| image_skyline = S Vigilio 05.JPG
| image_caption =
| image_shield = CoA civ ITA Enneberg-Marebbe.png
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|46|42|N|11|56|E|type:city(2,761)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
| province = [[South Tyrol]] (BZ)
| frazioni = Curt (Corte/Hof), Mantena, La Pli de Mareo, Pliscia (Plisa/Plaiken), Al Plan (San Vigilio/St. Vigil), Rina (Welschellen), Longega (Zwischenwasser)
| mayor_party =
| mayor = Felix Ploner
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 161.6
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2911
| population_as_of = Nov. 2010
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Ladin: maroi Italian: marebbani German: Enneberger
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint =
| day =
| postal_code = 39030
| area_code = 0474
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.marebbe.bz.it}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:San_Vigilio_di_Marebbe_01.jpg|thumb|the town]]
'''Mareo''' ({{lang-it|Marebbe}} {{IPA|it|maˈrɛbbe|}}; {{lang-de|Enneberg}} {{IPA|de|ˈɛnebɛrk|}}) is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in [[South Tyrol]] in northern [[Italy]], located about {{convert|50|km|mi}} northeast of [[Bolzano]].

==Geography==
As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 2,911 and an area of {{convert|161.6|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref>

Mareo borders the following municipalities: [[Badia, South Tyrol|Badia]], [[Prags]], [[Bruneck]], [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[La Val]], [[Lüsen]], [[St. Lorenzen]], [[San Martin de Tor]] and [[Olang]].

===Frazioni===
The municipality of Mareo contains the ''[[frazione|frazioni]]'' (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Curt (Corte/Hof), Mantena, La Pli de Mareo, Pliscia (Plisa/Plaiken), Al Plan (San Vigilio/St. Vigil), Rina (Welschellen), and Longega (Zwischenwasser).

==History==
===Coat of arms===
The shield is [[quartering (heraldry)|parted quarterly]]: the first part represents the [[eagle (heraldry)|Tyrolean Eagle]] on [[argent]]; the second the insignia of [[flag of Austria|Austria]]. The third shows the head's dog of argent, with an [[or (heraldry)|or]] collar on [[gules]], which represents the arms of the Lords of ''Ros'' that in thirteenth century had a castle in the village. The fourth arms is a [[sable (heraldry)|sable]] hound with a gules bone in the jaws on argent; it’s the coat of ''Pracken'' family, one of the oldest families in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], which had properties in the area. The emblem was adopted in 1969.<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/e/enneberg.htm Heraldry of the World: Mareo]</ref><ref>image: [[:de:Datei:CoA civ ITA Enneberg-Marebbe.png]]</ref>

==Society==
===Linguistic distribution===
According to the 2011 census, 92.09% of the population speak [[Ladin language|Ladin]], 5.02% Italian and 2.89% German as first language.<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2012 |title=Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011 |journal=astat info |issue=38 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol|url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169 |access-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>

===Demographic evolution===
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==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|lld|de|it}} [http://www.comune.marebbe.bz.it Homepage of the municipality]
{{Commonscat-inline|Mareo}}
{{-}}
{{South Tyrol}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol]]

Sëlva

2024-10-10T09:42:44Z

Wolverène: /* External links */ m.

{{for|the county in Spain|Selva}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Sëlva
| official_name = Chemun de Sëlva Comune di Selva di Val Gardena Gemeinde Wolkenstein in Gröden
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Sëlva Wolkenstein Selva di Val Gardena Sella.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield = Selva di Val Gardena-Stemma.png
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|46|33|N|11|46|E|type:city(2,570)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
| province = [[South Tyrol]] (BZ)
| frazioni = Plan
| mayor_party = SVP
| mayor = Rolando Demetz
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 53.2
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2637
| population_as_of = Nov. 2010
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Ladin: salvans Italian: gardenesi German: Wolkensteiner
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1563
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint =
| day =
| postal_code = 39048
| area_code = 0471
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.selvadivalgardena.bz.it}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sëlva''' ({{IPA-lld|ˈsɜlva|lang|Lld-Sëlva.oga}}; {{lang-it|Selva di Val Gardena}} {{IPA|it|ˈselva di ˌval ɡarˈdeːna, - ɡarˈdɛːna|}}; {{lang-de|Wolkenstein in Gröden}} {{IPA|de|ˈvɔlkn̩ʃtaɪn ɪn ˈɡrøːdn̩|}}) is a {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} (municipality) and a village in the [[Val Gardena]] in [[South Tyrol]], northern [[Italy]], located about {{convert|30|km|mi}} east of the city of [[Bolzano]]. The [[Ladin language|Ladin]] and Italian place names derive from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|silva}} ("wood").

==History==
===Coat-of-arms===
The arms are [[quartering (heraldry)|quarterly]], the first and third quarters are [[per bend]] [[nebuly]] [[argent]] and [[gules]]; the second and third quarters are indented [[Azure (heraldry)|azure]] and [[Argent]] on a Base [[sable (heraldry)|sable]] . The emblem represents the insignia of the Lords of ''Wolkenstein'' who built the local castle in 1291. The arms were adopted in 1968.<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/w/wolkenst.htm Heraldry of the World: Sëlva]</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Dantercepies - Upper terminus.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|Upper terminus of the Dantercëpies aerial cableway in summer after an early snowfall.]]
As of 30 December 2010, it had a population of 2,637 and an area of {{convert|53.2|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> Sëlva borders the following municipalities: [[Badia, South Tyrol|Badia]], [[Campitello di Fassa]], [[Canazei]], [[Corvara, South Tyrol|Corvara]], [[San Martin de Tor]], and [[Santa Cristina Gherdëina]].

It is perhaps best known as one of the starting points of the [[Sella Ronda]] ski tour.

==Society==
===Linguistic distribution===
According to the 2011 census, 89.74% of the population speak [[Ladin language|Ladin]], 5.15% Italian and 5.11% German as first language.<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2012 |title=Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011 |journal=astat info |issue=38 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol|url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169 |access-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>

===Demographic evolution===
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==Climate==
Sëlva is characterized by a typical [[Alpine climate]]. Summers are rather short and relatively wet. The average daily temperatures in summer lie between 18 and 21 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between 6 and 9 °C. Winters are typically cold, long and relatively dry. The average daily temperatures in winter lie between 0 and 2 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between -6 and -9 °C. The wettest month is August with 142 mm, while the driest is February with only 21 mm. This data was measured at the weather station in Plan at an altitude of 1,594 metres between 1991 and 2020.

{{Weather box
|location = Sëlva (1991–2020) (location of station: Plan; altitude: 1,594 m)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 11
|Feb record high C = 15
|Mar record high C = 17
|Apr record high C = 20
|May record high C = 25
|Jun record high C = 30
|Jul record high C = 29
|Aug record high C = 30
|Sep record high C = 26
|Oct record high C = 20
|Nov record high C = 17
|Dec record high C = 11
|year record high C = 30
|Jan high C = 0.3
|Feb high C = 1.8
|Mar high C = 5.3
|Apr high C = 8.9
|May high C = 13.7
|Jun high C = 17.9
|Jul high C = 20.2
|Aug high C = 19.3
|Sep high C = 14.6
|Oct high C = 9.4
|Nov high C = 4.0
|Dec high C = 0.0
|year high C = 9.6
|Jan mean C = -3.8
|Feb mean C = -2.9
|Mar mean C = 0.3
|Apr mean C = 3.9
|May mean C = 8.2
|Jun mean C = 12.2
|Jul mean C = 14.2
|Aug mean C = 13.8
|Sep mean C = 9.6
|Oct mean C = 5.2
|Nov mean C = 0.5
|Dec mean C = -3.3
|year mean C = 4.8
|Jan low C = -7.6
|Feb low C = -8.1
|Mar low C = -4.8
|Apr low C = -1.3
|May low C = 2.8
|Jun low C = 6.3
|Jul low C = 8.2
|Aug low C = 8.1
|Sep low C = 4.6
|Oct low C = 0.9
|Nov low C = -3.0
|Dec low C = -6.5
|year low C = -0.1
|Jan record low C = -19
|Feb record low C = -21
|Mar record low C = -21
|Apr record low C = -16
|May record low C = -7
|Jun record low C = -3
|Jul record low C = 0
|Aug record low C = -2
|Sep record low C = -6
|Oct record low C = -12
|Nov record low C = -15
|Dec record low C = -21
|year record low C = -21
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 24.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 20.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.4
|May precipitation mm = 96.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 136.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 131.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 142.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 88.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 94.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 76.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 41.9
|year precipitation mm = 945.4
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 4.7
|Feb precipitation days = 4.7
|Mar precipitation days = 5.8
|Apr precipitation days = 8.6
|May precipitation days = 12.1
|Jun precipitation days = 14.2
|Jul precipitation days = 12.7
|Aug precipitation days = 12.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.0
|Oct precipitation days = 8.6
|Nov precipitation days = 8.3
|Dec precipitation days = 5.8
|year precipitation days = 106.5
|source 1 = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol<ref name=temperature>{{cite web
|url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/73500MS-TS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|title = 73500MS-TS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|work = Monatswerte Temperaturen
|publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
|access-date = 16 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=precipitation>{{cite web
|url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/73500MS-PS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|title = 73500MS-PS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|work = Monatswerte Niederschläge
|publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
|access-date = 16 May 2018}}</ref>
|date=May 2018
}}

==Gallery==
<Gallery>
File:Piciulëi_in_La_Poza_Sëlva.jpg|The farmhouse Piciulëi in Sëlva [[Val Gardena|Gherdëina]]. Southern aspect.
</gallery>

==Notable people==
* [[Ferdinando Glück]] (1901–1987) cross-country skier, competed in the men's 50 kilometre event at the [[1928 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Hans Nogler]] (1919–2011 in Sëlva) alpine skier, competed in the [[1948 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Carlo Senoner]] (born 1943) retired alpine skier, competed in slalom events at the [[1960 Winter Olympics|1960]] and [[1968 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Adolf Insam]] (born 1951) ice hockey player, competed in the men's tournament at the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Werner Perathoner]] (born 1967) former Alpine skier, specialized in downhill and super-G, competed at the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] and [[1998 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Peter Runggaldier]] (born 1968) former Alpine skier, who specialized in downhill and super-G disciplines, competed at the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] and [[1998 Winter Olympics]], lives in Sëlva
* [[Karl Unterkircher]] (1970–2008) mountaineer, opened new mountain routes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{in lang|de|it|lld}} [http://www.comune.selvadivalgardena.bz.it Homepage of the municipality]

{{-}}

{{South Tyrol}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Selva}}
[[Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol]]

Sëlva

2024-10-10T09:42:25Z

Wolverène: /* External links */ in fact, in 3 lang's

{{for|the county in Spain|Selva}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Sëlva
| official_name = Chemun de Sëlva Comune di Selva di Val Gardena Gemeinde Wolkenstein in Gröden
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Sëlva Wolkenstein Selva di Val Gardena Sella.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield = Selva di Val Gardena-Stemma.png
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|46|33|N|11|46|E|type:city(2,570)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
| province = [[South Tyrol]] (BZ)
| frazioni = Plan
| mayor_party = SVP
| mayor = Rolando Demetz
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 53.2
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2637
| population_as_of = Nov. 2010
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Ladin: salvans Italian: gardenesi German: Wolkensteiner
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1563
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint =
| day =
| postal_code = 39048
| area_code = 0471
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.selvadivalgardena.bz.it}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sëlva''' ({{IPA-lld|ˈsɜlva|lang|Lld-Sëlva.oga}}; {{lang-it|Selva di Val Gardena}} {{IPA|it|ˈselva di ˌval ɡarˈdeːna, - ɡarˈdɛːna|}}; {{lang-de|Wolkenstein in Gröden}} {{IPA|de|ˈvɔlkn̩ʃtaɪn ɪn ˈɡrøːdn̩|}}) is a {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} (municipality) and a village in the [[Val Gardena]] in [[South Tyrol]], northern [[Italy]], located about {{convert|30|km|mi}} east of the city of [[Bolzano]]. The [[Ladin language|Ladin]] and Italian place names derive from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|silva}} ("wood").

==History==
===Coat-of-arms===
The arms are [[quartering (heraldry)|quarterly]], the first and third quarters are [[per bend]] [[nebuly]] [[argent]] and [[gules]]; the second and third quarters are indented [[Azure (heraldry)|azure]] and [[Argent]] on a Base [[sable (heraldry)|sable]] . The emblem represents the insignia of the Lords of ''Wolkenstein'' who built the local castle in 1291. The arms were adopted in 1968.<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/w/wolkenst.htm Heraldry of the World: Sëlva]</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Dantercepies - Upper terminus.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|Upper terminus of the Dantercëpies aerial cableway in summer after an early snowfall.]]
As of 30 December 2010, it had a population of 2,637 and an area of {{convert|53.2|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> Sëlva borders the following municipalities: [[Badia, South Tyrol|Badia]], [[Campitello di Fassa]], [[Canazei]], [[Corvara, South Tyrol|Corvara]], [[San Martin de Tor]], and [[Santa Cristina Gherdëina]].

It is perhaps best known as one of the starting points of the [[Sella Ronda]] ski tour.

==Society==
===Linguistic distribution===
According to the 2011 census, 89.74% of the population speak [[Ladin language|Ladin]], 5.15% Italian and 5.11% German as first language.<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2012 |title=Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011 |journal=astat info |issue=38 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol|url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169 |access-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>

===Demographic evolution===
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==Climate==
Sëlva is characterized by a typical [[Alpine climate]]. Summers are rather short and relatively wet. The average daily temperatures in summer lie between 18 and 21 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between 6 and 9 °C. Winters are typically cold, long and relatively dry. The average daily temperatures in winter lie between 0 and 2 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between -6 and -9 °C. The wettest month is August with 142 mm, while the driest is February with only 21 mm. This data was measured at the weather station in Plan at an altitude of 1,594 metres between 1991 and 2020.

{{Weather box
|location = Sëlva (1991–2020) (location of station: Plan; altitude: 1,594 m)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 11
|Feb record high C = 15
|Mar record high C = 17
|Apr record high C = 20
|May record high C = 25
|Jun record high C = 30
|Jul record high C = 29
|Aug record high C = 30
|Sep record high C = 26
|Oct record high C = 20
|Nov record high C = 17
|Dec record high C = 11
|year record high C = 30
|Jan high C = 0.3
|Feb high C = 1.8
|Mar high C = 5.3
|Apr high C = 8.9
|May high C = 13.7
|Jun high C = 17.9
|Jul high C = 20.2
|Aug high C = 19.3
|Sep high C = 14.6
|Oct high C = 9.4
|Nov high C = 4.0
|Dec high C = 0.0
|year high C = 9.6
|Jan mean C = -3.8
|Feb mean C = -2.9
|Mar mean C = 0.3
|Apr mean C = 3.9
|May mean C = 8.2
|Jun mean C = 12.2
|Jul mean C = 14.2
|Aug mean C = 13.8
|Sep mean C = 9.6
|Oct mean C = 5.2
|Nov mean C = 0.5
|Dec mean C = -3.3
|year mean C = 4.8
|Jan low C = -7.6
|Feb low C = -8.1
|Mar low C = -4.8
|Apr low C = -1.3
|May low C = 2.8
|Jun low C = 6.3
|Jul low C = 8.2
|Aug low C = 8.1
|Sep low C = 4.6
|Oct low C = 0.9
|Nov low C = -3.0
|Dec low C = -6.5
|year low C = -0.1
|Jan record low C = -19
|Feb record low C = -21
|Mar record low C = -21
|Apr record low C = -16
|May record low C = -7
|Jun record low C = -3
|Jul record low C = 0
|Aug record low C = -2
|Sep record low C = -6
|Oct record low C = -12
|Nov record low C = -15
|Dec record low C = -21
|year record low C = -21
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 24.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 20.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.4
|May precipitation mm = 96.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 136.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 131.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 142.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 88.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 94.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 76.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 41.9
|year precipitation mm = 945.4
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 4.7
|Feb precipitation days = 4.7
|Mar precipitation days = 5.8
|Apr precipitation days = 8.6
|May precipitation days = 12.1
|Jun precipitation days = 14.2
|Jul precipitation days = 12.7
|Aug precipitation days = 12.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.0
|Oct precipitation days = 8.6
|Nov precipitation days = 8.3
|Dec precipitation days = 5.8
|year precipitation days = 106.5
|source 1 = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol<ref name=temperature>{{cite web
|url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/73500MS-TS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|title = 73500MS-TS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|work = Monatswerte Temperaturen
|publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
|access-date = 16 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=precipitation>{{cite web
|url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/73500MS-PS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|title = 73500MS-PS-SelvaGardena-Wolkenstein.pdf
|work = Monatswerte Niederschläge
|publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
|access-date = 16 May 2018}}</ref>
|date=May 2018
}}

==Gallery==
<Gallery>
File:Piciulëi_in_La_Poza_Sëlva.jpg|The farmhouse Piciulëi in Sëlva [[Val Gardena|Gherdëina]]. Southern aspect.
</gallery>

==Notable people==
* [[Ferdinando Glück]] (1901–1987) cross-country skier, competed in the men's 50 kilometre event at the [[1928 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Hans Nogler]] (1919–2011 in Sëlva) alpine skier, competed in the [[1948 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Carlo Senoner]] (born 1943) retired alpine skier, competed in slalom events at the [[1960 Winter Olympics|1960]] and [[1968 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Adolf Insam]] (born 1951) ice hockey player, competed in the men's tournament at the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Werner Perathoner]] (born 1967) former Alpine skier, specialized in downhill and super-G, competed at the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] and [[1998 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Peter Runggaldier]] (born 1968) former Alpine skier, who specialized in downhill and super-G disciplines, competed at the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] and [[1998 Winter Olympics]], lives in Sëlva
* [[Karl Unterkircher]] (1970–2008) mountaineer, opened new mountain routes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{in lang|it|de|lld}} [http://www.comune.selvadivalgardena.bz.it Homepage of the municipality]

{{-}}

{{South Tyrol}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Selva}}
[[Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol]]

Urtijëi

2024-10-10T09:22:39Z

Wolverène: /* Geography */ ,

{{Infobox Italian comune
|name = Urtijëi
|official_name = Chemun de Urtijëi Comune di Ortisei Gemeinde St. Ulrich
|native_name =
|image_skyline = Urtijëi_cun_l_Sela_Y_Saslonch_da_Tlesura.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_shield = Ortisei-Stemma.png
|shield_alt =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|46|34|N|11|40|E|type:city(4,604)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes =
|region = [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
|province = [[South Tyrol]] (BZ)
|frazioni =
|mayor_party =
|mayor = Tobia Moroder<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulrich |first=Gemeinde St |title=Tobia Moroder |url=https://www.comune.ortisei.bz.it/de/Politik/Organe/Buergermeister |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=St. Ulrich |language=de-AT}}</ref>
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 24.3
|population_footnotes = <ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute ([[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]])</ref>
|population_total = 4753
|population_as_of = 31 January 2015
|pop_density_footnotes =
|population_demonym = {{lang-it|gardenesi|links=no}} {{lang-de|Sankt Ulricher|links=no}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 1230
|twin1 =
|twin1_country =
|saint = [[Ulrich of Augsburg|San Udalricus]]
|day = July 4
|postal_code = 39046
|area_code = 0471
|website = {{official website|http://www.comune.ortisei.bz.it}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Urtijëi''' ({{IPA-lld|uʀtiˈʒɜi̯|lang|Lld-Urtijëi.oga}}; {{lang-de|St. Ulrich in Gröden}} {{IPA|de|zaŋkt ˈʊlrɪç ɪn ˈɡrøːdn̩|}}; {{lang-it|Ortisei}} {{IPA|it|ortiˈzɛi|}}) is a town of 4,637 inhabitants in [[South Tyrol]] in northern [[Italy]]. It occupies the [[Val Gardena]] within the [[Dolomites]], a mountain chain that is part of the [[Alps]].

==Geography==
Urtijëi borders the following municipalities: [[Kastelruth]], [[Villnöß]], [[Lajen]], and [[Santa Cristina Gherdëina]].

== History ==
The [[Ladin language|Ladin-language]] name Urtijëi derives from the [[Latin]] word {{Lang|la|urtica}} and the [[suffix]] {{Lang|la|-etum}}'','' with the meaning "place of [[Urtica|nettles]]".<ref>{{ Citation
|last=Kühebacher
|first=Egon
|title=Die Ortsnamen Südtirols und ihre Geschichte. Die geschichtlich gewachsenen Namen der Gemeinden, Fraktionen und Weiler
|volume=1
|publisher=Athesia
|place=Bolzano
|year=1991
|page=502
}}</ref>

From 1860 to 1914, Urtijëi experienced a relevant economic growth due to the opening of a major road connecting Val Gardena to the main railroad; as a result the local woodcarving industry flourished. International tourism developed through the discovery of the Dolomites first by English tourists, and subsequently visitors from other parts of [[Austria-Hungary]] as well as the [[German Empire]]. Currently, the town's [[economy]] is mostly based on winter [[ski]]ing tourism, summer [[hiking]] tourism, and woodcarving.

===Coat of arms===
The emblem shows [[Ulrich of Augsburg|Saint Ulrich]], with the bishop's vestments and a gold cross in his right hand, mounted on a horse, with gold harness and a blue saddle pad, on three green mountains on a gold field. The emblem is decorated with a blue [[chief (heraldry)|chief]], with three small silver shields alternating with two golden bees; the bees symbolize the laboriousness of the inhabitants. The coat of arms was granted in 1907 and reappointed in 1970.

'''Blazon:''' ''[[or (heraldry)|Or]], St Ulrich in bishops vestments with a cross [[or (heraldry)|Or]] in right hand, mounted on a white horse [[proper (heraldry)|Proper]] with harness of the field and a [[saddle blanket]] [[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]] on a [[trimount]] [[Vert (heraldry)|Vert]]; On a [[chief (heraldry)|chief]] [[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]], two bees [[or (heraldry)|Or]] between three [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]]s [[argent (heraldry)|Argent]].''<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/s/st-ulric.htm Heraldry of the World: Urtijëi]</ref>

==Main sights==
*[[Parish Church of Urtijëi]], made in [[neoclassical style]] with [[baroque]] elements in the last part of the 18th century.
* Church of St. Jacob, of ancient foundation, it was remodeled in style [[Late-Gothic]] style during the 17th century. It preserves [[frescoes]] from the second half of the 15th century and copies of the original baroque furnishings.
* Church of St. Antonius, built in the second half of the 17th century, it combines the simple Renaissance style structure with a predominantly baroque decorative structure.
* Church of St. Anna, located in the perimeter of the municipal cemetery, it is in Late-Gothic style. Inside it preserves baroque furnishings.
*[[Museum Gherdëina]], the local heritage museum, which preserves geological, paleontological and archaeological finds found in the area, as well as a collection of wooden sculptures and toys.
* The [[Luis Trenker]] House of Culture, housed in a building designed by the architect Hubert Prachensky (1916–2009), preserves the ancient bell of the Magister Manfredinus.
* The bronze statue of the [[Roman legionary]], sculpted in wood in 1904 by [[Johann Baptist Moroder]] and fused in bronze in 2001, in front at Villa Venezia.
* Villa Venezia, home and workshop of the sculptor [[Johann Baptist Moroder]], constructed between 1902 and 1903 following the [[venetian style]] of architecture.

 
<gallery widths="144px" heights="145px">
File:Roman legionary Ortisei.jpg|[[Roman legionary]] sculpted in wood in 1904 by [[Johann Baptist Moroder]] and fused in bronze in 2001.
File:Dlieja da Sacun cun Saslonch-edit.jpg|Church of St. Jacob
File:Resciesa Mont Dedite y Danter la Montes Urtijei.jpg|The pasture Resciesa
</gallery>

==Society==
According to the 2011 census, 84.19% of the population speaks [[Ladin language| Ladin]], 9.30% German, and 6.51% Italian as first language.<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2012 |title=Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011 |journal=Astat Info |issue=38 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol|url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169 |access-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[File:Franz Moroder-Lenert by Josef Moroder-Lusenberg.jpg|175px|thumb|Franz Moroder by J Moroder-Lusenberg]]
* [[Luis Trenker]] (1892–1990), film producer, director, writer, actor, architect, alpinist and bobsledder <ref> [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0872112/ IMDb Database] retrieved 14 June 2019 </ref>
* [[Ernesto Prinoth]] (1923–1981), racing driver and founder of [[Prinoth AG]]
* [[Isolde Kostner]] (born 1975), former Alpine skier, medallist at the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] and [[2002 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Carolina Kostner]] (born 1987), figure skater, lives in Urtijëi
;Moroder family
* [[Josef Moroder-Lusenberg]] (1846–1939), painter and sculptor
* [[Franz Moroder]] (1847–1920), politician and poet, the first mayor of Ortisei
* [[Johann Baptist Moroder]] (1870–1932), sculptor
* [[Rudolf Moroder-Lenèrt]] (1877–1914), sculptor specializing in religious art
* [[Ludwig Moroder]] (1879–1953), sculptor and teacher
* [[Friedrich (Rico) Moroder]] (1880–1937), sculptor
* [[Adele Moroder]] (1887–1966), author and [[Ladin language]] writer
* [[Otto Moroder]] (1894–1977), sculptor
* [[David Moroder]] (1931–1997), luger and sculptor
* [[Giorgio Moroder]] (born 1940), singer, songwriter, DJ and record producer <ref> [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002380/ IMDb Database] retrieved 14 June 2019 </ref>
* [[Egon Rusina Moroder]] (born 1949), painter and illustrator, lives in Ortisei

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Ortisei}}
{{Commonscat-inline|Urtijëi}}
* [http://www.comune.ortisei.bz.it/system/web/default.aspx?sprache=4 Official website] {{in lang|it}} ([[Ladin language|Ladin]]) {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.museumgherdeina.it/334.html Museum Gherdëina - Local heritage museum ]

{{South Tyrol}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urtijei}}
[[Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol]]

Giorgio Moroder

2024-10-10T09:17:19Z

Wolverène: ,

{{short description|Italian composer and music producer (born 1940)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Giorgio Moroder
| image = Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (44776142702).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Moroder at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]], Minneapolis, in 2018
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Giovanni Giorgio Moroder
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Urtijëi]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| discography = [[Giorgio Moroder discography]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Euro disco]]<ref name="eurodisco">{{cite book |editor=[[Michael Ahlers]]|editor2-first=Christoph |editor2-last=Jacke |first=Thomas |last=Krettenauer |year=2017 |title=Perspectives on German Popular Music |chapter=Hit Men: Giorgio Moroder, Frank Farian and the eurodisco sound of the 1970s/80s |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn= 978-1-4724-7962-4}}</ref><ref name="guardian_20150814">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |title=Giorgio Moroder – 10 of the best |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108205701/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Composer|record producer}}
| years_active = {{hlist|1958–1993|2012–present}}
| label = {{hlist|[[London Records|London]]|Oasis|[[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]]|[[Hansa Records|Hansa]]|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| website = {{url|giorgiomoroder.com}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Francisca Gutiérrez|1990|2022|end=d}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Giovanni Giorgio Moroder''' ({{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni ˈdʒordʒo moˈrɔːder|lang}}, {{IPA|de|mɔˈʁoːdɐ|lang}}; born 26 April 1940)<ref>{{cite news |title=Giorgio Moroder zum Siebzigsten: Ich fühle Liebe |author=Tobias Rüther |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053902/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |title=Giorgio Moroder |publisher=laut.de |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615035233/http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Italian composer and music producer. Dubbed the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|Father of Disco]]",<ref>"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." {{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r59464|pure_url=yes}}
|title=Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview |access-date=21 December 2009 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |author=Evan Cater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|title=The Legacy of Giorgio Moroder, the "Father of Disco"|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Blisspop|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019161038/https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|title='Father of Disco' Giorgio Moroder announces Glasgow date on first ever live tour|work=The Sunday Post|date=10 October 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323154014/https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder is credited with pioneering [[Euro disco]] and [[electronic dance music]].<ref name="guardian_20150814"/><ref name="mixmag_moroder">{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Brewster |url=https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |title=I feel love: Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder created the template for dance music as we know it |publisher=[[Mixmag]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218230131/https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |url-status=live }}</ref> His work with synthesizers had a significant influence on several music genres such as [[hi-NRG]], [[Italo disco]], [[synth-pop]], new wave, house, and techno music.<ref name="mixmag_moroder"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Jim Poe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |title=Giorgio Moroder: 10 groundbreaking tunes |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308142742/https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: Godfather of Modern Dance Music |magazine=Time |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155509/https://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While in [[Munich]] in the 1970s, Moroder started Oasis Records, later a subdivision of [[Casablanca Records]]. He is the founder of the former [[Musicland Studios]] in Munich, a recording studio used by many artists including [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], and [[Elton John]].<ref name="mjunikdisco">{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now|isbn=978-3936738476|pages=212, 225|publisher=Blumenbar |language=de}}</ref> He produced singles for [[Donna Summer]] during the mid-to-late 1970s [[disco]] era, including "[[Love to Love You Baby (song)|Love to Love You Baby]]", "[[I Feel Love]]", "[[Last Dance (Donna Summer song)|Last Dance]]", "[[MacArthur Park (song)#Donna Summer version|MacArthur Park]]", "[[Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)|Hot Stuff]]", "[[Bad Girls (Donna Summer song)|Bad Girls]]", "[[Dim All the Lights]]", "[[No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)]]", and "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]". During this period, he also released many albums, including the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977) and ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC2]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|title=The Giorgio Moroder Primer|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|first=Terry|last=Richardson|date=16 June 2015|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031519/https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|url-status=live}}</ref>

He began to compose film soundtracks and scores, including ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'', ''[[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|American Gigolo]]'', ''[[Superman III (soundtrack)|Superman III]]'', ''[[Scarface (soundtrack)|Scarface]]'', ''[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]'', and the 1984 restoration of ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)#Giorgio Moroder version (1984)|Metropolis]]''. Moroder's work on the film ''Midnight Express'' (1978), which contained the international hit "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", won him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]. He also produced a number of electronic disco songs for [[the Three Degrees]] and two albums for [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]]. In 1990, he composed "[[Un'estate italiana]]", the official theme song of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]].

Moroder has created songs for many performers including [[David Bowie]], [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Irene Cara]], [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Madleen Kane]], [[Melissa Manchester]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Japan (band)|Japan]] and [[France Joli]]. Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4253475.htm |title=He felt love with Donna Summer, now its Deja Vu for Giorgio Moroder – 11/06/2015 |date=11 June 2015 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805191030/https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/730 |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] after appearing in the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' in 1986; he had earned the same awards in 1983 for "[[Flashdance... What a Feeling]]" (as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for all of his work on ''[[Flashdance]]''). In addition to the three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, Moroder has also received four [[Grammy Awards]], two [[People's Choice Awards]], and more than 100 Golden and Platinum discs. In 2004, he was inducted into the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Disco stars to enter Hall of Fame|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|date=4 September 2004|access-date=13 July 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=3 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103084001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Giovanni Giorgio Moroder<ref>{{cite web |url=https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' (Interview) |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121021156/https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |url-status=live |quote=I actually didn't change my name, that is a misconception. My name is Giovanni Giorgio, that's how it is in my passport and that's what my birth certificate says. But my mommy called me Hansjörg, it's a translation from Italian to German... So I actually didn't change it...}}</ref> was born to [[Ladin people|Ladin]] parents on 26 April 1940 in Italy in [[Ortisei]].<ref name=Poglio>{{cite news |last1=Poglio |first1=Gianni |date=21 February 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder: vi racconto l'età dell'oro della "disco" |url=https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |work=Panorama |language=it |location=Milan, Italy |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620003539/https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a hotel [[concierge]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He has three brothers, one of them being artist [[Ulrich Moroder]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Moroder grew up in a mixed [[Ladin language|Ladin]]-, German- and Italian-speaking environment in South Tyrol, with his mother calling him [[Hansjörg]] ({{IPA|de|ˈhansjœʁk|pron}}), a German version of his two first names.<ref name= Always>{{cite web | first= Giorgio | last= Moroder | title= Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' | url= http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder/ | work= The-Talks.com, excerpting Purple Fashion Magazine | date= 17 December 2014 | interviewer= Sven Schumann | access-date= 19 April 2015 | archive-date= 21 April 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421030534/http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |title=Giorgio Moroder Loves EDM |last=Yeboah |first=Anna |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030700/https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
He began teaching himself to play the guitar, at age 15, inspired by [[Paul Anka]]'s [[Diana (Paul Anka song)|''Diana'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> At age 18, he began touring Europe as a professional musician.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He performed at night, and during the day, made recordings with two [[Revox]] recorders.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Around age 25 he moved to his aunt in Berlin, working as a sound engineer.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> [[Ricky Shayne]]'s single "Ich sprenge alle Ketten" ("I bust all the chains"), composed by then-unknowns Moroder and [[Michael Holm]], became a German hit.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> The second hit was Moroder's and Holm's cover of [[Sir Douglas Quintet]]'s single, [[Mendocino (album)|''Mendocino'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> After two years in Berlin, Moroder moved to Munich.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli">{{cite web |last1=Valtorta |first1=Luca |title=Giorgio Moroder, l'italiano che creò la disco: "Il suono del futuro? Non vi dico qual è" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |website=la Repubblica |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=it |date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004093142/https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moroder made his first steps in music in the [[Scotch Club]] in [[Aachen]] and then released a few singles under the name "Giorgio" beginning in 1963 after moving to Berlin, singing in Italian, Spanish, English, and German.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===1963–1983: Contribution to electronic music===
[[File:Arabella-Haus_Muenchen-1.jpg|thumb|left|Moroder's [[Musicland Studios]] was located in the basement of the pictured [[Arabella Hochhaus]] High-Rise Building.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|title=Led Zeppelin: The 'Tight But Loose' Files|date=4 March 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-220-9|language=en|page=40|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222139/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 1968, he moved to [[Munich]] and came to prominence when "[[Looky Looky]]" was awarded a [[music recording sales certification|gold disc]] in 1970.<ref name="tagesspiegel">{{cite news |last=Holm |first=Michael |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |title=Giorgio Moroder: Lucky Looky |newspaper=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051445/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Book of Golden Discs">{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Murrells |year=1978 |title=The Book of Golden Discs |edition= 2nd |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259 259] |isbn=0-214-20512-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259}}</ref> He then founded the [[Musicland Studios]] in the early 1970s. Moroder first implemented synthesizers into his work during the making of his album ''Son of My Fathe''r (1972), on which he used the groundbreaking [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] synthesizer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolk |first=Douglas |date=April 30, 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey: The 74-Year-Old Italian Electronic Music Pioneer, Who's Worked with Everyone from Donna Summer to Daft Punk, Opens up about His Craft. |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222144/https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey  |archive-date=2023-09-06 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> Often collaborating with lyricist [[Pete Bellotte]], Moroder had a number of hits in his own name including "[[Son of My Father]]"<ref name= Always /> in 1972, a No. 1 hit in the UK for [[Chicory Tip]], before releasing the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'', a chart hit in 1977. That same year he co-wrote and produced the [[Donna Summer]] hit single "[[I Feel Love]]",<ref name= Always /><ref name= undr>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|title=Hitler's filmmaker to release new film|publisher=BBC|date=7 January 2002|access-date=17 December 2008|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819025118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the first track in the [[Hi-NRG]] genre. The following year he released "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", the theme from the film ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]''. These songs achieved some chart success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe, and everywhere disco-mania was spreading. The score for ''Midnight Express'' featured "Chase", which brought his first [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] in [[51st Academy Awards|1979]].

Moroder released ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' in 1979. He released three albums between 1977 and 1979 under the name Munich Machine. He composed and produced two film soundtrack albums: the first for ''[[Foxes (film)|Foxes]]'', and the second for ''[[American Gigolo]]'' (both 1980). A double album of the [[Foxes (soundtrack)|''Foxes'' soundtrack]] was released on the disco label [[Casablanca Records]] which includes [[Donna Summer]]'s hit single "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]", which Moroder produced and co-wrote. The ''Foxes'' soundtrack contains a song titled "Bad Love", written and performed by [[Cher]] and produced by Moroder. The [[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|''American Gigolo'' soundtrack]] featured the Moroder-produced "[[Call Me (Blondie song)|Call Me]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], a US and UK number one hit. The combined club play of the album's tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts.<ref>{{cite book |title= Hot Dance/Disco: 1974–2003|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=288}}</ref> He wrote the soundtrack of the movie ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982), including the hit single "[[Cat People (Putting Out Fire)]]" featuring [[David Bowie]], and produced the [[Scarface (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] for the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983). During its initial release, the album was only available in a few countries and strictly through import in the United States. Moroder-produced tracks included "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" by [[Paul Engemann]], "[[Rush Rush (Debbie Harry song)|Rush Rush]]" by [[Debbie Harry]] and "[[She's On Fire (Amy Holland song)|She's on Fire]]" by [[Amy Holland]].

===1984–1993: Recognition and hiatus===
[[File:Donna Summer Bruce Sudano Giorgio Moroder Beverly Hills.jpg|thumb|upright=0.84|Moroder with his longtime collaborator [[Donna Summer]] and her husband [[Bruce Sudano]]. On the left is Moroder's wife Francisca Gutierrez.]]
In 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|title=Giorgio Moroder presents Metropolis (DVD Blu-ray Trailer)-kinolorber on YouTube|date=24 August 2011 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106120118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|url-status=live}}</ref> and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/43797072|title=Giorgio Moroder presents: Metropolis|website=Vimeo.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043515/https://vimeo.com/43797072|url-status=live}}</ref> This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from [[Pat Benatar]], [[Jon Anderson]], [[Adam Ant]], [[Billy Squier]], [[Loverboy]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Freddie Mercury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/30698349|title=METROPOLIS (Giorgio Moroder Version) (Fritz Lang, 1927/1984)|website=Vimeo.com|date=17 October 2011|access-date=4 October 2020|via=Vimeo|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020455/https://vimeo.com/30698349|url-status=live}}</ref> He integrated the original [[intertitle]]s into the film as subtitles as a means of improving continuity. Since the original speed was unknown this choice was controversial. Known as the "Moroder version", it sparked debate among film buffs, with outspoken critics and supporters of the film falling into equal camps.<ref>{{cite news| title= New Metropolis Sparks Controversy at Cannes| work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| date= 16 May 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| editor-first1= Michael| editor-last1= Minden| editor-first2= Holger| editor-last2= Bachmann| year= 2002| title= Fritz Lang's Metropolis: Cinematic Visions of Technology and Fear| publisher= Boydell & Brewer| isbn= 1-57113-146-9| quote= Moroder's reissue...was bound to offend the purists if only because it smacked of such crass commercialism and seemed so evidently calculated to jump the culture barrier.| first= Thomas| last= Elsaesser| page= 124| chapter= Innocence Restored? Reading and Re-reading a 'Classic': Georgio Moroder's ''Metropolis''| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| via= Google Books| access-date= 18 August 2017| archive-date= 21 September 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921003420/http://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| url-status= live}}</ref> Most critics agree that, the opinion of film purists aside, Moroder's version was a welcome addition.<ref>{{cite journal| quote= Although harshly criticized for its synthesized rock score, Moroder's reconstruction does have the virtue of clarifying a muddled plotline...Moroder's new version provides some illuminating changes in narrative continuity and character motivation, while still preserving the integrity of Lang's extravagant satiric vision.| last= Jurkiewicz| first= Kenneth| date= March 1990| title= Using Film in the Humanities Classroom: The Case of Metropolis| journal= [[The English Journal]]| volume= 79| number= 3 | pages= 47–50| doi= 10.2307/819234| jstor= 819234}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Giorgio Bertellini| last= Bertellini| first= Giorgio| date=Autumn 1995| title= Restoration, Genealogy and Palimpsests| journal= Film History| volume= 7| number= 3 | pages= 277–290}}</ref> In 1984, Moroder worked with [[Philip Oakey]] of [[the Human League]] to make the album ''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'', which was a UK singles chart hit with "[[Together in Electric Dreams]]", title track to the 1984 film ''[[Electric Dreams (film)|Electric Dreams]]''. The same year saw him collaborating with [[Kajagoogoo]] frontman [[Limahl]] for his worldwide hit "[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|title=Limahl – Never Ending Story (Official Music Video) on RHINO's YouTube channel|date=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, Moroder collaborated with his protégé [[Harold Faltermeyer]] (of "[[Axel F]]") and lyricist [[Tom Whitlock]] to create the score for the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986) which included [[Kenny Loggins]]' hit "[[Danger Zone (song)|Danger Zone]]" and [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]". He wrote the theme song to the film ''[[Over the Top (1987 film)|Over the Top]]'', "[[Meet Me Half Way]]", also performed by Loggins. In 1987, Moroder produced and co-wrote [[Falco (musician)|Falco]]'s song "Body Next to Body". Moroder wrote the official theme songs, "[[Reach Out (Olympic theme song)|Reach Out]]", for the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]], and "[[Hand in Hand (Olympics)|Hand in Hand]]", for the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul Olympics]] and "[[Un'estate italiana]]" for the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]. On 12 March 1992, Moroder released his fourteenth studio album, ''Forever Dancing'', his last solo project for years and he began a long hiatus in 1993.<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|title=Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318002145/http://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|url-status=live}}</ref> For two decades he released no new albums,<ref name= undr /> focusing largely on remixes and visual art during most of the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |title=The Comeback of the Summer: Disco King Giorgio Moroder |first=Jason |last=Lamphier |date=5 May 2015 |work=Out.com |publisher=Here Media Inc. |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021527/http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=spin /> With Daniel Walker he produced a soundtrack for [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s last film ''[[Impressionen unter Wasser]]''. His song ''Forever Friends'' was featured in the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twice Olympic Theme Song Writer Competing for a Third -- china.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|access-date=30 August 2021|website=www.china.org.cn|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830213145/http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CREDITS|url=https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|access-date=30 August 2021|website=Giorgio Moroder|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016170016/https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2012–present: Return and collaborations===
[[File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Melt! Festival]] 2015]]
In 2013, Moroder returned to music with the soundtrack for Google's ''[[Google_Chrome_Experiments#Racer|Racer]]: A [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] Experiment''<ref name="Google/Moroder/Racer">
*{{cite web |last1=Moroder |first1=Giorgio |title=Racer by Giorgio Moroder |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YT0k99hCY5I |website=[[Google Chrome]]|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google]] |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 May 2013 |quote=The soundtrack to Racer: A Chrome Experiment (g.co/racer). Original music by Giorgio Moroder.}}
*[https://www.chrome.com/racer g.co/racer]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |title=Giorgio Moroder – Racer (2013) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=[[SoundCloud]].com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716005345/http://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder contributed to [[Daft Punk]]'s 2013 studio album ''[[Random Access Memories]]'', admitting that he was a fan of their song "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]" before working with the group.<ref name="Daft-Punk-RAM">{{cite web| last= Cubarrubia| first= RJ| title= Giorgio Moroder: Daft Punk's New Album Is 'A Step Forward' for Dance Music| url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| work= [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]| access-date= 3 April 2013| date= 3 April 2013| quote= [...] [[Thomas Bangalter|Thomas]] and [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo|Guy-Manuel]], they are perfectionists (4:21 min). They had to do something which is different. Still dance, still electronic; but give that human touch back. (7:40 min)| archive-date= 3 April 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130403221559/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| url-status= live}}</ref> His voice and story are on the album track "[[Giorgio by Moroder]]". On the track, he states "My name is Giovanni Giorgio, but everybody calls me Giorgio".
In the summer of 2013, he DJ'd at the [[Red Bull Music Academy]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |title=Listen to Giorgio Moroder's US DJ debut at Brooklyn's Output club |website=The Verge |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210162734/http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |title=Giorgio Moroder – DJ Set – Live @ Deep Space (New York) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714082208/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, Moroder reworked an old classic from the 1960s called "Doo Bee Doo" (2014 version), which was used in the [[Volkswagen]] 2014 [[Super Bowl]] commercial, "Wings".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |title=2014 Volkswagen Game Day Commercial: Wings |via=YouTube |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727185827/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20/ |title=Doo Bee Doo 2014 (feat. Caroline Brooks): Giorgio Moroder: MP3 Downloads |website=Amazon |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216133410/http://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also announced that he was planning to work with electro-pop producer [[Madeon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater |title=Giorgio Moroder – Timeline Photos |work=Facebook.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517123722/https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater= |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} and American singer [[Lana Del Rey]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Douglas |last= Wolk |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805214420/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |title=Madeon Collabs With Giorgio Moroder |publisher=Blog.lessthan3.com |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711081637/http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 June 2014, [[Adult Swim]] released a new [[Hi-NRG]] [[Disco]] single by Moroder (named "Giorgio's Theme").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |title=Giorgio Moroder – Giorgio's Theme (2014) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801065145/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also remixed [[Tony Bennett]] and [[Lady Gaga]]'s rendition of "[[I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|I Can't Give You Anything but Love]]".<ref name="BB">{{cite magazine|last1=Peters|first1=Mitchell|title=Giorgio Moroder to Release First Studio Album in Over 30 Years|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=10 February 2015|date=17 November 2014|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208234557/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moroder's solo studio album, ''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'', was released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Geslani|first1=Michelle|title=Listen to Britney Spears and Giorgio Moroder's surprisingly great cover of "Tom's Diner" — listen|url=https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|website=[[Consequence of Sound]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=24 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427202832/https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|url-status=live}}</ref> It features collaborations with [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Sia]], [[Charli XCX]], [[Mikky Ekko]], [[Foxes (singer)|Foxes]] and [[Matthew Koma]], among others.<ref name="BB"/> On 16 January, the collaboration with [[Kylie Minogue]], "[[Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)|Right Here, Right Now]]", was leaked to the internet ahead of its official release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |title=Giorgio Moroder "Right Here, Right Now" (ft. Kylie Minogue) |website=Exclaim! |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118174112/http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |url-status=live }}</ref> The song, along with a video teaser, was officially released on 20 January 2015<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|title=Giorgio Moroder & Kylie Minogue Drop Single 'Right Here, Right Now'|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|date=20 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121140841/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 18 April 2015 reached number one on the US [[Dance Club Songs]], becoming Moroder's first chart-topper in 15 years.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|title=Giorgio Moroder Returns to Dance Charts After 38 Years|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050958/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2015, Moroder supported Minogue during the Australian leg of her [[Kiss Me Once Tour]].<ref>{{cite web| last1= Fonseca| first1= Nicholas| title= Giorgio Moroder will join Kylie Minogue for her Kiss Me Once tour| url= http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| website= Sydneyland [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]| access-date= 29 April 2015| date= 13 February 2015| archive-date= 22 April 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422224123/http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue teams up with Giorgio Moroder on 'Kiss Me Once' tour – watch|url=https://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|website=[[NME]]|publisher=[[Time Inc. UK]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=16 March 2015|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425061257/http://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder and [[Sia]] collaborated in May 2015 on the title track from Moroder's LP ''Déjà Vu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |title=Giorgio Moroder – Déjà vu ft. Sia |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823104638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2015, Moroder was featured on [[Kylie Minogue]]'s EP ''[[Kylie + Garibay]]'' on the song "Your Body". In 2016, he and [[Raney Shockne]] wrote and composed the music to the video game ''[[Tron RUN/r]]''. The soundtrack album was released on 31 May 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|title=Giorgio Moroder's 'TRON RUN/r' Video Game Soundtrack Getting Release With Remixes|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603015531/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more |title=Giorgio Moroder Releasing Tron Soundtrack With Autechre, Plaid, Bibio Remixes, More |website=Pitchfork |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807032650/https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2016, Moroder produced "One More Day" for [[Sistar]], a Korean girl group.<ref name="popcrush.com">{{Cite web|url=http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|title='One More Day': Sistar's Giorgio Moroder Collabo Is a LGBT Vengeance Thriller|website=PopCrush|date=21 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154801/http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|url-status=live}}</ref> They debuted the song live on 8 October, at Korea's DMC Festival 2016, with Moroder being present in the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |title=Sistar Collaborates With Legendary Giorgio Moroder On Their New Song 'One More Day' |website=OfficiallyKmusic.com |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173702/http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4|title=[2016 DMC Festival] SISTAR (Produced by.Giorgio Moroder) – One More Day, 씨스타 – 원 모어 데이 20161008|date=8 October 2016|via=YouTube|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083547/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video for the song was released on 22 November, alongside the official digital release of the track.<ref name="popcrush.com"/> 2021 saw Moroder return to the studio with [[Duran Duran]], co-writing and producing two tracks, "Tonight United"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=24 September 2021 |title=Duran Duran Team With Giorgio Moroder for New Single 'Tonight United' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118025844/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Beautiful Lies" for their 2021 album ''[[Future Past (Duran Duran album)|Future Past]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2021|title=Duran Duran » DURAN DURAN News|url=http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132842/http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder}}
[[File:Giorgio Moroder.jpg|thumb|right|Moroder with some of his awards in 2007]]
Moroder has won three [[Academy Awards]]: [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|title=Music Oscars® for "Midnight Express" and "The Buddy Holly Story"|date=10 September 2013 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908010323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Flashdance...What a Feeling]]", from the film ''[[Flashdance]]'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|title="Flashdance...What a Feeling" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=24 November 2010 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908015436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Take My Breath Away]]", from ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|title="Take My Breath Away" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=4 February 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908031713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also won two of his four [[Grammy Awards]] for ''Flashdance'': Best Album or Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Instrumental Composition for the track "Love Theme from Flashdance". The third was awarded for Best Dance Recording for the song "Carry On".

Moroder also won four [[Golden Globe]]s: two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for "Midnight Express" and "Flashdance... What a Feeling", and two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and "Take My Breath Away".

On 20 September 2004, Moroder was honoured at the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]] ceremony, held in New York, when he was inducted for his achievements and contributions as a producer. In 2005, Moroder was named a ''[[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |title=Presidenza della Repubblica |publisher=Quirinale.it |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073743/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> and in 2010 [[Bolzano]] awarded him the ''Grande Ordine al Merito della Provincia autonoma di Bolzano''. In 2011, he was awarded the [[World Soundtrack Award – Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement Award]] by the [[World Soundtrack Academy]]. In 2014, Moroder won his fourth [[Grammy Award]] for [[Daft Punk]]'s ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' (Album of the Year).

==Legacy==
[[File:Giorgio Moroder @ Pitchfork, Chicago, 7 18 2014 (14753458585).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Pitchfork Music Festival]] 2014]]
The British [[alternative rock]] duo [[Curve (band)|Curve]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" in 1992. The song was later included on the double CD compilation ''[[The Way of Curve]]'', released in 2004. [[Bronski Beat]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" and "Love to Love You Baby" for their debut album ''[[The Age of Consent (Bronski Beat album)|The Age of Consent]]'' (1984). "[[On Fire (Lil Wayne song)|On Fire]]", the second single from rapper [[Lil Wayne]]'s seventh studio album ''[[Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)|Rebirth]]'', contains allusions from [[Amy Holland]]'s song "She's on Fire" and was inspired in its entirety by ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''.<ref name="MTV.com.">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml Lil Wayne's 'On Fire' Inspired By 'Scarface,' Producer Dre Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207015803/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml |date=7 December 2009 }} – MTV</ref> "[[Push It (Rick Ross song)|Push It]]", the second single from rapper [[Rick Ross]]' debut album ''[[Port of Miami (album)|Port of Miami]]'', samples "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" and the story of the video has a very similar theme to the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''. It was produced by [[J. R. Rotem]].

His song "Tears" was sampled and used as the basis of the [[DJ Shadow]] song "Organ Donor" on his 1996 album ''[[Endtroducing.....]]''. Canadian [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[Swollen Members]] sampled the song in "Fuel Injected" and "Meltdown". It also appears on the song "Tragedy" by [[RZA]]. The main melody and chord progression form the basis of "[[Queen of Denmark (album)|Marz]]" by folk musician [[John Grant (musician)|John Grant]] and "[[Cinema (The Cat Empire album)|Only Light]]" by Australian ska band [[the Cat Empire]]. Hip hop duo [[Mobb Deep]] used a sample from the song "Tony's Theme" in their song "[[G.O.D. Pt. III]]". His song "E=MC²" was sampled and used for [[J. Dilla]]'s song of the same title. One of his early compositions, "Doo-Bee-Doo-Bee-Doo" from 1969, was featured for many years in silent sketches on ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'' as part of a medley that also included "[[Mah Nà Mah Nà]]", a 4/4 adaptation of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s "Für Elise", and "[[Gimme Dat Ding (song)|Gimme Dat Ding]]".

The theme from ''Midnight Express'' was sampled by hip-hop duo [[OutKast]] for their song "Return of the Gangsta", and by hip-hop producer [[J Dilla]] for "Phantom of the Synths", a beat later used by [[MF Doom]] for "Gazzillion Ear" and by [[Jay Electronica]] for "Dimethyltryptamine".

[[File:Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (43014735240).jpg|thumb|right|Moroder performing at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] in Minneapolis, 2018]]

"[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]" was used as the entrance theme music for the [[professional wrestling]] [[tag team]] [[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)|the Midnight Express]] throughout the early 1980s as well as in a number of montage videos for [[NBC]]'s [[Major League Baseball]] coverage and [[CBS]]'s coverage of the [[NBA]]. [[Art Bell]] also used "Chase" as the theme for his late-night [[talk radio]] programs [[Coast to Coast AM]] and Midnight in the Desert.

Moroder's opening theme from the 1983 film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' is sampled by [[Nas]] and [[Mobb Deep]] for the track "It's Mine". "Leopard Tree Dream" from ''Cat People'' is sampled by [[Cannibal Ox]] in the song "Iron Galaxy". "The Legend of Babel" theme from the ''Metropolis'' soundtrack was covered by [[DJ Dado]]. British electronica musician [[Little Boots]] covered "Love Kills", which was written in collaboration with [[Freddie Mercury]]. "Future Lovers", a song from American recording artist [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna's]] 2005 album ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', has a bass line inspired by Donna Summer's Moroder-produced hit "[[I Feel Love]]". Furthermore, Madonna opened her 2006 [[Confessions Tour]] with a medley of "Future Lovers" and "[[I Feel Love]]". The version of "[[Live to Tell]]" that Madonna performed on The Confessions Tour heavily samples Moroder's song "Tears". [[Suns of Arqa]]'s album "Technomor" includes the track "Moroder Vibe" which contains elements of "[[I Feel Love]]". [[Underworld (band)|Underworld's]] 1999 album, ''[[Beaucoup Fish]]'', contains a song titled "[[King of Snake|Shudder/King of Snake]]", which contains an interpolation of the bass line from "[[I Feel Love]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|title=Underworld: Beaucoup Fish|website=Pitchfork.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184951/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|url-status=live}}</ref>

"I Feel Love" was inducted into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complete National Recording Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416153614/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=3 December 2017 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

In 2013, a dance club named after Moroder called Georgio's opened in Hollywood's [[Standard Hotels|Standard Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Hollywood Nightlife: Inside the Exclusive Giorgio's, the New Spot That's Drawn Mick Jagger |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118035938/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moroder even visited it and for the first time saw people dancing to his music, stating: "I never saw people dancing to my music. I was too busy working. I was always in the studio. I never took the coca."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabin |first=Bryan |date=27 January 2021 |title=Bidding Farewell to The Standard Hotel After Its 22-Year Run (Guest Column) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118040726/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2016, [[Shooter Jennings]], the son of [[outlaw country]] singer [[Waylon Jennings]], released a tribute album entitled ''[[Countach (For Giorgio)]]'', his seventh studio album.<ref name="Sterdan"/> Shooter Jennings stated that Moroder's music from the movies ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978), ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982) and ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' (1984) had a major influence on him as a child which "...set the foundation for the music of my entire life."<ref name="Sterdan">Sterdan, Darryl. "Lord of Moroder" in ''The Ottawa Sun''. 19 March 2016</ref>

Before his career reboot with Daft Punk, Moroder dedicated decades to his personal hobbies/projects. He designed a car with Marcello Gandini and ex-Lamborghini personnel, the [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]]. Also in a 2013 interview, he spoke about the architectural design of a pyramid-like apartment that was supposed to take place in Dubai. It was never built. Other projects included creating his own cognac liquor and getting involved with digital and neon art and putting on shows.<ref name=spin>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|title=Giorgio Moroder: Back to the Future|newspaper=Spin |date=22 May 2013|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426071344/http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|url-status=live|last1=Marchese |first1=David }}</ref>

Moroder is a character in ''[[Summer: The Donna Summer Musical]]'', in reference to his work with disco diva Donna Summer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|title='Summer: The Donna Summer Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter|website=Hollywoodreporter.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129210503/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Moroder currently lives in [[Los Angeles]], California. He was married to his Mexican manager Francisca Gutiérrez from 1990 until her death in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hit-Musiker Moroder trauert um Ehefrau: "Auf Wiedersehen, meine Schöne" |url=https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=[[Bild]] |date=18 May 2022 |language=de |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213064209/https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1524112125848915968|user=giorgiomoroder|title=Adiós Guappita, amore nostro 1962 Pegueros Mexico - 2022 Beverly Hills USA|author=Giorgio Moroder}}</ref> Their son Alessandro was born in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|title = Giorgio Moroder interview: 'I'm not a party guy anyway'|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 28 March 2019|last1 = Monahan|first1 = Mark|access-date = 9 May 2021|archive-date = 6 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022100/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He is a friend of [[Michael Holm]], with whom he composed the 1973 album ''[[Spinach 1]]'' under the moniker "Spinach". Holm's song ''Giorgio und ich'' is dedicated to Moroder.

== Discography ==
{{main|Giorgio Moroder discography}}

*''[[That's Bubblegum - That's Giorgio]]'' (1969)
*''[[Giorgio (Giorgio Moroder album)|Giorgio]]'' (1970)
*''[[Son of My Father (Giorgio Moroder album)|Son of My Father]]'' (1972)
*''[[Giorgio's Music]]'' (1973)
*''[[Einzelgänger]]'' (1975)
*''[[Knights in White Satin]]'' (1976)
*''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977)
*''[[Love's in You, Love's in Me]]'' (1978)
*''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' (1979)
*''Solitary Men'' (1983) (with [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|title=Giorgio Moroder – Solitary Men|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219032157/http://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Innovisions'' (1985)
*''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'' (with [[Philip Oakey]]) (1985)
*''[[Un'estate italiana|To Be Number One]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|title=Giorgio Moroder – To Be Number One|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627212929/http://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Forever Dancing'' (1992)<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing"/>
*''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'' (2015)

==See also==
* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
* [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart]]
* [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]] supercar project

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/}}
* [https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder Giorgio Moroder] at [[SoundCloud]]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moroder-giorgio Giorgio Moroder] at [[encyclopedia.com]]
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name|2380}}
* [https://vimeo.com/95496624 Official trailer for Moroder's version of ''Metropolis''] on [[Vimeo]]

{{Giorgio Moroder}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder|Awards for Giorgio Moroder]]
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScore 1961–1980}}
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1981–1990}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1970–1989}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media}}
{{WSA – Lifetime Achievement}}
}}
{{Moroder South Tyrol family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moroder, Giorgio}}
[[Category:Giorgio Moroder| ]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Ladin people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Santa Cristina Gherdëina]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Eurodisco musicians]]
[[Category:Disco musicians]]
[[Category:Hi-NRG musicians]]
[[Category:Italian film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian record producers]]
[[Category:Italian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian DJs]]
[[Category:Italian dance musicians]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Italy]]
[[Category:Dunhill Records artists]]
[[Category:London Records artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award-winning musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:Italian electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Italian Italo disco musicians]]
[[Category:Scarface (1983 film)]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Hansa Records artists]]
[[Category:Moroder family]]
[[Category:Germanophone Italian people]]
[[Category:David di Donatello Career Award winners]]

Giorgio Moroder

2024-10-10T05:03:14Z

Wolverène: ,

{{short description|Italian composer and music producer (born 1940)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Giorgio Moroder
| image = Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (44776142702).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Moroder at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]], Minneapolis, in 2018
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Giovanni Giorgio Moroder
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Urtijëi]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| discography = [[Giorgio Moroder discography]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Euro disco]]<ref name="eurodisco">{{cite book |editor=[[Michael Ahlers]]|editor2-first=Christoph |editor2-last=Jacke |first=Thomas |last=Krettenauer |year=2017 |title=Perspectives on German Popular Music |chapter=Hit Men: Giorgio Moroder, Frank Farian and the eurodisco sound of the 1970s/80s |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn= 978-1-4724-7962-4}}</ref><ref name="guardian_20150814">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |title=Giorgio Moroder – 10 of the best |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108205701/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Composer|record producer}}
| years_active = {{hlist|1958–1993|2012–present}}
| label = {{hlist|[[London Records|London]]|Oasis|[[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]]|[[Hansa Records|Hansa]]|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| website = {{url|giorgiomoroder.com}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Francisca Gutiérrez|1990|2022|end=d}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Giovanni Giorgio Moroder''' ({{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni ˈdʒordʒo moˈrɔːder|lang}}, {{IPA|de|mɔˈʁoːdɐ|lang}}; born 26 April 1940)<ref>{{cite news |title=Giorgio Moroder zum Siebzigsten: Ich fühle Liebe |author=Tobias Rüther |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053902/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |title=Giorgio Moroder |publisher=laut.de |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615035233/http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Italian composer and music producer. Dubbed the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|Father of Disco]]",<ref>"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." {{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r59464|pure_url=yes}}
|title=Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview |access-date=21 December 2009 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |author=Evan Cater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|title=The Legacy of Giorgio Moroder, the "Father of Disco"|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Blisspop|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019161038/https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|title='Father of Disco' Giorgio Moroder announces Glasgow date on first ever live tour|work=The Sunday Post|date=10 October 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323154014/https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder is credited with pioneering [[Euro disco]] and [[electronic dance music]].<ref name="guardian_20150814"/><ref name="mixmag_moroder">{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Brewster |url=https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |title=I feel love: Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder created the template for dance music as we know it |publisher=[[Mixmag]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218230131/https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |url-status=live }}</ref> His work with synthesizers had a significant influence on several music genres such as [[hi-NRG]], [[Italo disco]], [[synth-pop]], new wave, house, and techno music.<ref name="mixmag_moroder"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Jim Poe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |title=Giorgio Moroder: 10 groundbreaking tunes |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308142742/https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: Godfather of Modern Dance Music |magazine=Time |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155509/https://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While in [[Munich]] in the 1970s, Moroder started Oasis Records, later a subdivision of [[Casablanca Records]]. He is the founder of the former [[Musicland Studios]] in Munich, a recording studio used by many artists including [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[Elton John]].<ref name="mjunikdisco">{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now|isbn=978-3936738476|pages=212, 225|publisher=Blumenbar |language=de}}</ref> He produced singles for [[Donna Summer]] during the mid-to-late 1970s [[disco]] era, including "[[Love to Love You Baby (song)|Love to Love You Baby]]", "[[I Feel Love]]", "[[Last Dance (Donna Summer song)|Last Dance]]", "[[MacArthur Park (song)#Donna Summer version|MacArthur Park]]", "[[Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)|Hot Stuff]]", "[[Bad Girls (Donna Summer song)|Bad Girls]]", "[[Dim All the Lights]]", "[[No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)]]", and "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]". During this period, he also released many albums, including the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977) and ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC2]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|title=The Giorgio Moroder Primer|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|first=Terry|last=Richardson|date=16 June 2015|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031519/https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|url-status=live}}</ref>

He began to compose film soundtracks and scores, including ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'', ''[[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|American Gigolo]]'', ''[[Superman III (soundtrack)|Superman III]]'', ''[[Scarface (soundtrack)|Scarface]]'', ''[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]'', and the 1984 restoration of ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)#Giorgio Moroder version (1984)|Metropolis]]''. Moroder's work on the film ''Midnight Express'' (1978), which contained the international hit "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", won him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]. He also produced a number of electronic disco songs for [[the Three Degrees]] and two albums for [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]]. In 1990, he composed "[[Un'estate italiana]]", the official theme song of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]].

Moroder has created songs for many performers including [[David Bowie]], [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Irene Cara]], [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Madleen Kane]], [[Melissa Manchester]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Japan (band)|Japan]] and [[France Joli]]. Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4253475.htm |title=He felt love with Donna Summer, now its Deja Vu for Giorgio Moroder – 11/06/2015 |date=11 June 2015 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805191030/https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/730 |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] after appearing in the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' in 1986; he had earned the same awards in 1983 for "[[Flashdance... What a Feeling]]" (as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for all of his work on ''[[Flashdance]]''). In addition to the three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, Moroder has also received four [[Grammy Awards]], two [[People's Choice Awards]], and more than 100 Golden and Platinum discs. In 2004, he was inducted into the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Disco stars to enter Hall of Fame|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|date=4 September 2004|access-date=13 July 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=3 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103084001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Giovanni Giorgio Moroder<ref>{{cite web |url=https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' (Interview) |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121021156/https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |url-status=live |quote=I actually didn't change my name, that is a misconception. My name is Giovanni Giorgio, that's how it is in my passport and that's what my birth certificate says. But my mommy called me Hansjörg, it's a translation from Italian to German... So I actually didn't change it...}}</ref> was born to [[Ladin people|Ladin]] parents on 26 April 1940 in Italy in [[Ortisei]].<ref name=Poglio>{{cite news |last1=Poglio |first1=Gianni |date=21 February 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder: vi racconto l'età dell'oro della "disco" |url=https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |work=Panorama |language=it |location=Milan, Italy |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620003539/https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a hotel [[concierge]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He has three brothers, one of them being artist [[Ulrich Moroder]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Moroder grew up in a mixed [[Ladin language|Ladin]]-, German- and Italian-speaking environment in South Tyrol, with his mother calling him [[Hansjörg]] ({{IPA|de|ˈhansjœʁk|pron}}), a German version of his two first names.<ref name= Always>{{cite web | first= Giorgio | last= Moroder | title= Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' | url= http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder/ | work= The-Talks.com, excerpting Purple Fashion Magazine | date= 17 December 2014 | interviewer= Sven Schumann | access-date= 19 April 2015 | archive-date= 21 April 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421030534/http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |title=Giorgio Moroder Loves EDM |last=Yeboah |first=Anna |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030700/https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
He began teaching himself to play the guitar, at age 15, inspired by [[Paul Anka]]'s [[Diana (Paul Anka song)|''Diana'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> At age 18, he began touring Europe as a professional musician.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He performed at night, and during the day, made recordings with two [[Revox]] recorders.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Around age 25 he moved to his aunt in Berlin, working as a sound engineer.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> [[Ricky Shayne]]'s single "Ich sprenge alle Ketten" ("I bust all the chains"), composed by then-unknowns Moroder and [[Michael Holm]], became a German hit.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> The second hit was Moroder's and Holm's cover of [[Sir Douglas Quintet]]'s single, [[Mendocino (album)|''Mendocino'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> After two years in Berlin, Moroder moved to Munich.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli">{{cite web |last1=Valtorta |first1=Luca |title=Giorgio Moroder, l'italiano che creò la disco: "Il suono del futuro? Non vi dico qual è" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |website=la Repubblica |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=it |date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004093142/https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moroder made his first steps in music in the [[Scotch Club]] in [[Aachen]] and then released a few singles under the name "Giorgio" beginning in 1963 after moving to Berlin, singing in Italian, Spanish, English, and German.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===1963–1983: Contribution to electronic music===
[[File:Arabella-Haus_Muenchen-1.jpg|thumb|left|Moroder's [[Musicland Studios]] was located in the basement of the pictured [[Arabella Hochhaus]] High-Rise Building.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|title=Led Zeppelin: The 'Tight But Loose' Files|date=4 March 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-220-9|language=en|page=40|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222139/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 1968, he moved to [[Munich]] and came to prominence when "[[Looky Looky]]" was awarded a [[music recording sales certification|gold disc]] in 1970.<ref name="tagesspiegel">{{cite news |last=Holm |first=Michael |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |title=Giorgio Moroder: Lucky Looky |newspaper=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051445/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Book of Golden Discs">{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Murrells |year=1978 |title=The Book of Golden Discs |edition= 2nd |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259 259] |isbn=0-214-20512-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259}}</ref> He then founded the [[Musicland Studios]] in the early 1970s. Moroder first implemented synthesizers into his work during the making of his album ''Son of My Fathe''r (1972), on which he used the groundbreaking [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] synthesizer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolk |first=Douglas |date=April 30, 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey: The 74-Year-Old Italian Electronic Music Pioneer, Who's Worked with Everyone from Donna Summer to Daft Punk, Opens up about His Craft. |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222144/https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey  |archive-date=2023-09-06 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> Often collaborating with lyricist [[Pete Bellotte]], Moroder had a number of hits in his own name including "[[Son of My Father]]"<ref name= Always /> in 1972, a No. 1 hit in the UK for [[Chicory Tip]], before releasing the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'', a chart hit in 1977. That same year he co-wrote and produced the [[Donna Summer]] hit single "[[I Feel Love]]",<ref name= Always /><ref name= undr>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|title=Hitler's filmmaker to release new film|publisher=BBC|date=7 January 2002|access-date=17 December 2008|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819025118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the first track in the [[Hi-NRG]] genre. The following year he released "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", the theme from the film ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]''. These songs achieved some chart success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe, and everywhere disco-mania was spreading. The score for ''Midnight Express'' featured "Chase", which brought his first [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] in [[51st Academy Awards|1979]].

Moroder released ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' in 1979. He released three albums between 1977 and 1979 under the name Munich Machine. He composed and produced two film soundtrack albums: the first for ''[[Foxes (film)|Foxes]]'', and the second for ''[[American Gigolo]]'' (both 1980). A double album of the [[Foxes (soundtrack)|''Foxes'' soundtrack]] was released on the disco label [[Casablanca Records]] which includes [[Donna Summer]]'s hit single "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]", which Moroder produced and co-wrote. The ''Foxes'' soundtrack contains a song titled "Bad Love", written and performed by [[Cher]] and produced by Moroder. The [[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|''American Gigolo'' soundtrack]] featured the Moroder-produced "[[Call Me (Blondie song)|Call Me]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], a US and UK number one hit. The combined club play of the album's tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts.<ref>{{cite book |title= Hot Dance/Disco: 1974–2003|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=288}}</ref> He wrote the soundtrack of the movie ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982), including the hit single "[[Cat People (Putting Out Fire)]]" featuring [[David Bowie]], and produced the [[Scarface (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] for the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983). During its initial release, the album was only available in a few countries and strictly through import in the United States. Moroder-produced tracks included "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" by [[Paul Engemann]], "[[Rush Rush (Debbie Harry song)|Rush Rush]]" by [[Debbie Harry]] and "[[She's On Fire (Amy Holland song)|She's on Fire]]" by [[Amy Holland]].

===1984–1993: Recognition and hiatus===
[[File:Donna Summer Bruce Sudano Giorgio Moroder Beverly Hills.jpg|thumb|upright=0.84|Moroder with his longtime collaborator [[Donna Summer]] and her husband [[Bruce Sudano]]. On the left is Moroder's wife Francisca Gutierrez.]]
In 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|title=Giorgio Moroder presents Metropolis (DVD Blu-ray Trailer)-kinolorber on YouTube|date=24 August 2011 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106120118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|url-status=live}}</ref> and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/43797072|title=Giorgio Moroder presents: Metropolis|website=Vimeo.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043515/https://vimeo.com/43797072|url-status=live}}</ref> This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from [[Pat Benatar]], [[Jon Anderson]], [[Adam Ant]], [[Billy Squier]], [[Loverboy]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Freddie Mercury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/30698349|title=METROPOLIS (Giorgio Moroder Version) (Fritz Lang, 1927/1984)|website=Vimeo.com|date=17 October 2011|access-date=4 October 2020|via=Vimeo|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020455/https://vimeo.com/30698349|url-status=live}}</ref> He integrated the original [[intertitle]]s into the film as subtitles as a means of improving continuity. Since the original speed was unknown this choice was controversial. Known as the "Moroder version", it sparked debate among film buffs, with outspoken critics and supporters of the film falling into equal camps.<ref>{{cite news| title= New Metropolis Sparks Controversy at Cannes| work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| date= 16 May 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| editor-first1= Michael| editor-last1= Minden| editor-first2= Holger| editor-last2= Bachmann| year= 2002| title= Fritz Lang's Metropolis: Cinematic Visions of Technology and Fear| publisher= Boydell & Brewer| isbn= 1-57113-146-9| quote= Moroder's reissue...was bound to offend the purists if only because it smacked of such crass commercialism and seemed so evidently calculated to jump the culture barrier.| first= Thomas| last= Elsaesser| page= 124| chapter= Innocence Restored? Reading and Re-reading a 'Classic': Georgio Moroder's ''Metropolis''| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| via= Google Books| access-date= 18 August 2017| archive-date= 21 September 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921003420/http://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| url-status= live}}</ref> Most critics agree that, the opinion of film purists aside, Moroder's version was a welcome addition.<ref>{{cite journal| quote= Although harshly criticized for its synthesized rock score, Moroder's reconstruction does have the virtue of clarifying a muddled plotline...Moroder's new version provides some illuminating changes in narrative continuity and character motivation, while still preserving the integrity of Lang's extravagant satiric vision.| last= Jurkiewicz| first= Kenneth| date= March 1990| title= Using Film in the Humanities Classroom: The Case of Metropolis| journal= [[The English Journal]]| volume= 79| number= 3 | pages= 47–50| doi= 10.2307/819234| jstor= 819234}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Giorgio Bertellini| last= Bertellini| first= Giorgio| date=Autumn 1995| title= Restoration, Genealogy and Palimpsests| journal= Film History| volume= 7| number= 3 | pages= 277–290}}</ref> In 1984, Moroder worked with [[Philip Oakey]] of [[the Human League]] to make the album ''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'', which was a UK singles chart hit with "[[Together in Electric Dreams]]", title track to the 1984 film ''[[Electric Dreams (film)|Electric Dreams]]''. The same year saw him collaborating with [[Kajagoogoo]] frontman [[Limahl]] for his worldwide hit "[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|title=Limahl – Never Ending Story (Official Music Video) on RHINO's YouTube channel|date=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, Moroder collaborated with his protégé [[Harold Faltermeyer]] (of "[[Axel F]]") and lyricist [[Tom Whitlock]] to create the score for the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986) which included [[Kenny Loggins]]' hit "[[Danger Zone (song)|Danger Zone]]" and [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]". He wrote the theme song to the film ''[[Over the Top (1987 film)|Over the Top]]'', "[[Meet Me Half Way]]", also performed by Loggins. In 1987, Moroder produced and co-wrote [[Falco (musician)|Falco]]'s song "Body Next to Body". Moroder wrote the official theme songs, "[[Reach Out (Olympic theme song)|Reach Out]]", for the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]], and "[[Hand in Hand (Olympics)|Hand in Hand]]", for the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul Olympics]] and "[[Un'estate italiana]]" for the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]. On 12 March 1992, Moroder released his fourteenth studio album, ''Forever Dancing'', his last solo project for years and he began a long hiatus in 1993.<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|title=Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318002145/http://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|url-status=live}}</ref> For two decades he released no new albums,<ref name= undr /> focusing largely on remixes and visual art during most of the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |title=The Comeback of the Summer: Disco King Giorgio Moroder |first=Jason |last=Lamphier |date=5 May 2015 |work=Out.com |publisher=Here Media Inc. |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021527/http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=spin /> With Daniel Walker he produced a soundtrack for [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s last film ''[[Impressionen unter Wasser]]''. His song ''Forever Friends'' was featured in the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twice Olympic Theme Song Writer Competing for a Third -- china.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|access-date=30 August 2021|website=www.china.org.cn|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830213145/http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CREDITS|url=https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|access-date=30 August 2021|website=Giorgio Moroder|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016170016/https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2012–present: Return and collaborations===
[[File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Melt! Festival]] 2015]]
In 2013, Moroder returned to music with the soundtrack for Google's ''[[Google_Chrome_Experiments#Racer|Racer]]: A [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] Experiment''<ref name="Google/Moroder/Racer">
*{{cite web |last1=Moroder |first1=Giorgio |title=Racer by Giorgio Moroder |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YT0k99hCY5I |website=[[Google Chrome]]|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google]] |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 May 2013 |quote=The soundtrack to Racer: A Chrome Experiment (g.co/racer). Original music by Giorgio Moroder.}}
*[https://www.chrome.com/racer g.co/racer]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |title=Giorgio Moroder – Racer (2013) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=[[SoundCloud]].com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716005345/http://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder contributed to [[Daft Punk]]'s 2013 studio album ''[[Random Access Memories]]'', admitting that he was a fan of their song "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]" before working with the group.<ref name="Daft-Punk-RAM">{{cite web| last= Cubarrubia| first= RJ| title= Giorgio Moroder: Daft Punk's New Album Is 'A Step Forward' for Dance Music| url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| work= [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]| access-date= 3 April 2013| date= 3 April 2013| quote= [...] [[Thomas Bangalter|Thomas]] and [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo|Guy-Manuel]], they are perfectionists (4:21 min). They had to do something which is different. Still dance, still electronic; but give that human touch back. (7:40 min)| archive-date= 3 April 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130403221559/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| url-status= live}}</ref> His voice and story are on the album track "[[Giorgio by Moroder]]". On the track, he states "My name is Giovanni Giorgio, but everybody calls me Giorgio".
In the summer of 2013, he DJ'd at the [[Red Bull Music Academy]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |title=Listen to Giorgio Moroder's US DJ debut at Brooklyn's Output club |website=The Verge |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210162734/http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |title=Giorgio Moroder – DJ Set – Live @ Deep Space (New York) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714082208/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, Moroder reworked an old classic from the 1960s called "Doo Bee Doo" (2014 version), which was used in the [[Volkswagen]] 2014 [[Super Bowl]] commercial, "Wings".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |title=2014 Volkswagen Game Day Commercial: Wings |via=YouTube |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727185827/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20/ |title=Doo Bee Doo 2014 (feat. Caroline Brooks): Giorgio Moroder: MP3 Downloads |website=Amazon |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216133410/http://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also announced that he was planning to work with electro-pop producer [[Madeon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater |title=Giorgio Moroder – Timeline Photos |work=Facebook.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517123722/https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater= |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} and American singer [[Lana Del Rey]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Douglas |last= Wolk |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805214420/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |title=Madeon Collabs With Giorgio Moroder |publisher=Blog.lessthan3.com |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711081637/http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 June 2014, [[Adult Swim]] released a new [[Hi-NRG]] [[Disco]] single by Moroder (named "Giorgio's Theme").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |title=Giorgio Moroder – Giorgio's Theme (2014) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801065145/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also remixed [[Tony Bennett]] and [[Lady Gaga]]'s rendition of "[[I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|I Can't Give You Anything but Love]]".<ref name="BB">{{cite magazine|last1=Peters|first1=Mitchell|title=Giorgio Moroder to Release First Studio Album in Over 30 Years|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=10 February 2015|date=17 November 2014|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208234557/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moroder's solo studio album, ''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'', was released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Geslani|first1=Michelle|title=Listen to Britney Spears and Giorgio Moroder's surprisingly great cover of "Tom's Diner" — listen|url=https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|website=[[Consequence of Sound]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=24 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427202832/https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|url-status=live}}</ref> It features collaborations with [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Sia]], [[Charli XCX]], [[Mikky Ekko]], [[Foxes (singer)|Foxes]] and [[Matthew Koma]], among others.<ref name="BB"/> On 16 January, the collaboration with [[Kylie Minogue]], "[[Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)|Right Here, Right Now]]", was leaked to the internet ahead of its official release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |title=Giorgio Moroder "Right Here, Right Now" (ft. Kylie Minogue) |website=Exclaim! |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118174112/http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |url-status=live }}</ref> The song, along with a video teaser, was officially released on 20 January 2015<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|title=Giorgio Moroder & Kylie Minogue Drop Single 'Right Here, Right Now'|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|date=20 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121140841/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 18 April 2015 reached number one on the US [[Dance Club Songs]], becoming Moroder's first chart-topper in 15 years.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|title=Giorgio Moroder Returns to Dance Charts After 38 Years|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050958/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2015, Moroder supported Minogue during the Australian leg of her [[Kiss Me Once Tour]].<ref>{{cite web| last1= Fonseca| first1= Nicholas| title= Giorgio Moroder will join Kylie Minogue for her Kiss Me Once tour| url= http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| website= Sydneyland [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]| access-date= 29 April 2015| date= 13 February 2015| archive-date= 22 April 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422224123/http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue teams up with Giorgio Moroder on 'Kiss Me Once' tour – watch|url=https://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|website=[[NME]]|publisher=[[Time Inc. UK]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=16 March 2015|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425061257/http://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder and [[Sia]] collaborated in May 2015 on the title track from Moroder's LP ''Déjà Vu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |title=Giorgio Moroder – Déjà vu ft. Sia |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823104638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2015, Moroder was featured on [[Kylie Minogue]]'s EP ''[[Kylie + Garibay]]'' on the song "Your Body". In 2016, he and [[Raney Shockne]] wrote and composed the music to the video game ''[[Tron RUN/r]]''. The soundtrack album was released on 31 May 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|title=Giorgio Moroder's 'TRON RUN/r' Video Game Soundtrack Getting Release With Remixes|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603015531/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more |title=Giorgio Moroder Releasing Tron Soundtrack With Autechre, Plaid, Bibio Remixes, More |website=Pitchfork |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807032650/https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2016, Moroder produced "One More Day" for [[Sistar]], a Korean girl group.<ref name="popcrush.com">{{Cite web|url=http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|title='One More Day': Sistar's Giorgio Moroder Collabo Is a LGBT Vengeance Thriller|website=PopCrush|date=21 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154801/http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|url-status=live}}</ref> They debuted the song live on 8 October, at Korea's DMC Festival 2016, with Moroder being present in the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |title=Sistar Collaborates With Legendary Giorgio Moroder On Their New Song 'One More Day' |website=OfficiallyKmusic.com |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173702/http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4|title=[2016 DMC Festival] SISTAR (Produced by.Giorgio Moroder) – One More Day, 씨스타 – 원 모어 데이 20161008|date=8 October 2016|via=YouTube|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083547/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video for the song was released on 22 November, alongside the official digital release of the track.<ref name="popcrush.com"/> 2021 saw Moroder return to the studio with [[Duran Duran]], co-writing and producing two tracks, "Tonight United"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=24 September 2021 |title=Duran Duran Team With Giorgio Moroder for New Single 'Tonight United' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118025844/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Beautiful Lies" for their 2021 album ''[[Future Past (Duran Duran album)|Future Past]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2021|title=Duran Duran » DURAN DURAN News|url=http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132842/http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder}}
[[File:Giorgio Moroder.jpg|thumb|right|Moroder with some of his awards in 2007]]
Moroder has won three [[Academy Awards]]: [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|title=Music Oscars® for "Midnight Express" and "The Buddy Holly Story"|date=10 September 2013 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908010323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Flashdance...What a Feeling]]", from the film ''[[Flashdance]]'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|title="Flashdance...What a Feeling" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=24 November 2010 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908015436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Take My Breath Away]]", from ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|title="Take My Breath Away" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=4 February 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908031713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also won two of his four [[Grammy Awards]] for ''Flashdance'': Best Album or Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Instrumental Composition for the track "Love Theme from Flashdance". The third was awarded for Best Dance Recording for the song "Carry On".

Moroder also won four [[Golden Globe]]s: two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for "Midnight Express" and "Flashdance... What a Feeling", and two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and "Take My Breath Away".

On 20 September 2004, Moroder was honoured at the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]] ceremony, held in New York, when he was inducted for his achievements and contributions as a producer. In 2005, Moroder was named a ''[[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |title=Presidenza della Repubblica |publisher=Quirinale.it |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073743/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> and in 2010 [[Bolzano]] awarded him the ''Grande Ordine al Merito della Provincia autonoma di Bolzano''. In 2011, he was awarded the [[World Soundtrack Award – Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement Award]] by the [[World Soundtrack Academy]]. In 2014, Moroder won his fourth [[Grammy Award]] for [[Daft Punk]]'s ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' (Album of the Year).

==Legacy==
[[File:Giorgio Moroder @ Pitchfork, Chicago, 7 18 2014 (14753458585).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Pitchfork Music Festival]] 2014]]
The British [[alternative rock]] duo [[Curve (band)|Curve]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" in 1992. The song was later included on the double CD compilation ''[[The Way of Curve]]'', released in 2004. [[Bronski Beat]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" and "Love to Love You Baby" for their debut album ''[[The Age of Consent (Bronski Beat album)|The Age of Consent]]'' (1984). "[[On Fire (Lil Wayne song)|On Fire]]", the second single from rapper [[Lil Wayne]]'s seventh studio album ''[[Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)|Rebirth]]'', contains allusions from [[Amy Holland]]'s song "She's on Fire" and was inspired in its entirety by ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''.<ref name="MTV.com.">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml Lil Wayne's 'On Fire' Inspired By 'Scarface,' Producer Dre Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207015803/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml |date=7 December 2009 }} – MTV</ref> "[[Push It (Rick Ross song)|Push It]]", the second single from rapper [[Rick Ross]]' debut album ''[[Port of Miami (album)|Port of Miami]]'', samples "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" and the story of the video has a very similar theme to the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''. It was produced by [[J. R. Rotem]].

His song "Tears" was sampled and used as the basis of the [[DJ Shadow]] song "Organ Donor" on his 1996 album ''[[Endtroducing.....]]''. Canadian [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[Swollen Members]] sampled the song in "Fuel Injected" and "Meltdown". It also appears on the song "Tragedy" by [[RZA]]. The main melody and chord progression form the basis of "[[Queen of Denmark (album)|Marz]]" by folk musician [[John Grant (musician)|John Grant]] and "[[Cinema (The Cat Empire album)|Only Light]]" by Australian ska band [[the Cat Empire]]. Hip hop duo [[Mobb Deep]] used a sample from the song "Tony's Theme" in their song "[[G.O.D. Pt. III]]". His song "E=MC²" was sampled and used for [[J. Dilla]]'s song of the same title. One of his early compositions, "Doo-Bee-Doo-Bee-Doo" from 1969, was featured for many years in silent sketches on ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'' as part of a medley that also included "[[Mah Nà Mah Nà]]", a 4/4 adaptation of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s "Für Elise", and "[[Gimme Dat Ding (song)|Gimme Dat Ding]]".

The theme from ''Midnight Express'' was sampled by hip-hop duo [[OutKast]] for their song "Return of the Gangsta", and by hip-hop producer [[J Dilla]] for "Phantom of the Synths", a beat later used by [[MF Doom]] for "Gazzillion Ear" and by [[Jay Electronica]] for "Dimethyltryptamine".

[[File:Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (43014735240).jpg|thumb|right|Moroder performing at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] in Minneapolis, 2018]]

"[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]" was used as the entrance theme music for the [[professional wrestling]] [[tag team]] [[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)|the Midnight Express]] throughout the early 1980s as well as in a number of montage videos for [[NBC]]'s [[Major League Baseball]] coverage and [[CBS]]'s coverage of the [[NBA]]. [[Art Bell]] also used "Chase" as the theme for his late-night [[talk radio]] programs [[Coast to Coast AM]] and Midnight in the Desert.

Moroder's opening theme from the 1983 film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' is sampled by [[Nas]] and [[Mobb Deep]] for the track "It's Mine". "Leopard Tree Dream" from ''Cat People'' is sampled by [[Cannibal Ox]] in the song "Iron Galaxy". "The Legend of Babel" theme from the ''Metropolis'' soundtrack was covered by [[DJ Dado]]. British electronica musician [[Little Boots]] covered "Love Kills", which was written in collaboration with [[Freddie Mercury]]. "Future Lovers", a song from American recording artist [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna's]] 2005 album ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', has a bass line inspired by Donna Summer's Moroder-produced hit "[[I Feel Love]]". Furthermore, Madonna opened her 2006 [[Confessions Tour]] with a medley of "Future Lovers" and "[[I Feel Love]]". The version of "[[Live to Tell]]" that Madonna performed on The Confessions Tour heavily samples Moroder's song "Tears". [[Suns of Arqa]]'s album "Technomor" includes the track "Moroder Vibe" which contains elements of "[[I Feel Love]]". [[Underworld (band)|Underworld's]] 1999 album, ''[[Beaucoup Fish]]'', contains a song titled "[[King of Snake|Shudder/King of Snake]]", which contains an interpolation of the bass line from "[[I Feel Love]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|title=Underworld: Beaucoup Fish|website=Pitchfork.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184951/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|url-status=live}}</ref>

"I Feel Love" was inducted into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complete National Recording Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416153614/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=3 December 2017 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

In 2013, a dance club named after Moroder called Georgio's opened in Hollywood's [[Standard Hotels|Standard Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Hollywood Nightlife: Inside the Exclusive Giorgio's, the New Spot That's Drawn Mick Jagger |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118035938/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moroder even visited it and for the first time saw people dancing to his music, stating: "I never saw people dancing to my music. I was too busy working. I was always in the studio. I never took the coca."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabin |first=Bryan |date=27 January 2021 |title=Bidding Farewell to The Standard Hotel After Its 22-Year Run (Guest Column) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118040726/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2016, [[Shooter Jennings]], the son of [[outlaw country]] singer [[Waylon Jennings]], released a tribute album entitled ''[[Countach (For Giorgio)]]'', his seventh studio album.<ref name="Sterdan"/> Shooter Jennings stated that Moroder's music from the movies ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978), ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982) and ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' (1984) had a major influence on him as a child which "...set the foundation for the music of my entire life."<ref name="Sterdan">Sterdan, Darryl. "Lord of Moroder" in ''The Ottawa Sun''. 19 March 2016</ref>

Before his career reboot with Daft Punk, Moroder dedicated decades to his personal hobbies/projects. He designed a car with Marcello Gandini and ex-Lamborghini personnel, the [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]]. Also in a 2013 interview, he spoke about the architectural design of a pyramid-like apartment that was supposed to take place in Dubai. It was never built. Other projects included creating his own cognac liquor and getting involved with digital and neon art and putting on shows.<ref name=spin>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|title=Giorgio Moroder: Back to the Future|newspaper=Spin |date=22 May 2013|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426071344/http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|url-status=live|last1=Marchese |first1=David }}</ref>

Moroder is a character in ''[[Summer: The Donna Summer Musical]]'', in reference to his work with disco diva Donna Summer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|title='Summer: The Donna Summer Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter|website=Hollywoodreporter.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129210503/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Moroder currently lives in [[Los Angeles]], California. He was married to his Mexican manager Francisca Gutiérrez from 1990 until her death in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hit-Musiker Moroder trauert um Ehefrau: "Auf Wiedersehen, meine Schöne" |url=https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=[[Bild]] |date=18 May 2022 |language=de |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213064209/https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1524112125848915968|user=giorgiomoroder|title=Adiós Guappita, amore nostro 1962 Pegueros Mexico - 2022 Beverly Hills USA|author=Giorgio Moroder}}</ref> Their son Alessandro was born in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|title = Giorgio Moroder interview: 'I'm not a party guy anyway'|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 28 March 2019|last1 = Monahan|first1 = Mark|access-date = 9 May 2021|archive-date = 6 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022100/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He is a friend of [[Michael Holm]], with whom he composed the 1973 album ''[[Spinach 1]]'' under the moniker "Spinach". Holm's song ''Giorgio und ich'' is dedicated to Moroder.

== Discography ==
{{main|Giorgio Moroder discography}}

*''[[That's Bubblegum - That's Giorgio]]'' (1969)
*''[[Giorgio (Giorgio Moroder album)|Giorgio]]'' (1970)
*''[[Son of My Father (Giorgio Moroder album)|Son of My Father]]'' (1972)
*''[[Giorgio's Music]]'' (1973)
*''[[Einzelgänger]]'' (1975)
*''[[Knights in White Satin]]'' (1976)
*''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977)
*''[[Love's in You, Love's in Me]]'' (1978)
*''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' (1979)
*''Solitary Men'' (1983) (with [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|title=Giorgio Moroder – Solitary Men|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219032157/http://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Innovisions'' (1985)
*''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'' (with [[Philip Oakey]]) (1985)
*''[[Un'estate italiana|To Be Number One]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|title=Giorgio Moroder – To Be Number One|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627212929/http://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Forever Dancing'' (1992)<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing"/>
*''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'' (2015)

==See also==
* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
* [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart]]
* [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]] supercar project

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/}}
* [https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder Giorgio Moroder] at [[SoundCloud]]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moroder-giorgio Giorgio Moroder] at [[encyclopedia.com]]
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name|2380}}
* [https://vimeo.com/95496624 Official trailer for Moroder's version of ''Metropolis''] on [[Vimeo]]

{{Giorgio Moroder}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder|Awards for Giorgio Moroder]]
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScore 1961–1980}}
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1981–1990}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1970–1989}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media}}
{{WSA – Lifetime Achievement}}
}}
{{Moroder South Tyrol family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moroder, Giorgio}}
[[Category:Giorgio Moroder| ]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Ladin people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Santa Cristina Gherdëina]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Eurodisco musicians]]
[[Category:Disco musicians]]
[[Category:Hi-NRG musicians]]
[[Category:Italian film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian record producers]]
[[Category:Italian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian DJs]]
[[Category:Italian dance musicians]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Italy]]
[[Category:Dunhill Records artists]]
[[Category:London Records artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award-winning musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:Italian electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Italian Italo disco musicians]]
[[Category:Scarface (1983 film)]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Hansa Records artists]]
[[Category:Moroder family]]
[[Category:Germanophone Italian people]]
[[Category:David di Donatello Career Award winners]]

Giorgio Moroder

2024-10-10T04:55:25Z

Wolverène: /* 2012–present: Return and collaborations */ m.

{{short description|Italian composer and music producer (born 1940)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Giorgio Moroder
| image = Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (44776142702).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Moroder at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]], Minneapolis, in 2018
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Giovanni Giorgio Moroder
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Urtijëi]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| discography = [[Giorgio Moroder discography]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Euro disco]]<ref name="eurodisco">{{cite book |editor=[[Michael Ahlers]]|editor2-first=Christoph |editor2-last=Jacke |first=Thomas |last=Krettenauer |year=2017 |title=Perspectives on German Popular Music |chapter=Hit Men: Giorgio Moroder, Frank Farian and the eurodisco sound of the 1970s/80s |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn= 978-1-4724-7962-4}}</ref><ref name="guardian_20150814">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |title=Giorgio Moroder – 10 of the best |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108205701/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/aug/14/giorgio-moroder-10-of-the-best |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Composer|record producer}}
| years_active = {{hlist|1958–1993|2012–present}}
| label = {{hlist|[[London Records|London]]|Oasis|[[Casablanca Records|Casablanca]]|[[Hansa Records|Hansa]]|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| website = {{url|giorgiomoroder.com}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Francisca Gutiérrez|1990|2022|end=d}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Giovanni Giorgio Moroder''' ({{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni ˈdʒordʒo moˈrɔːder|lang}}, {{IPA|de|mɔˈʁoːdɐ|lang}}; born 26 April 1940)<ref>{{cite news |title=Giorgio Moroder zum Siebzigsten: Ich fühle Liebe |author=Tobias Rüther |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053902/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/pop/giorgio-moroder-zum-siebzigsten-ich-fuehle-liebe-1653148.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |title=Giorgio Moroder |publisher=laut.de |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615035233/http://www.laut.de/Giorgio-Moroder |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Italian composer and music producer. Dubbed the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|Father of Disco]]",<ref>"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." {{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r59464|pure_url=yes}}
|title=Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview |access-date=21 December 2009 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |author=Evan Cater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|title=The Legacy of Giorgio Moroder, the "Father of Disco"|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Blisspop|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019161038/https://www.blisspop.com/legacy-giorgio-moroder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|title='Father of Disco' Giorgio Moroder announces Glasgow date on first ever live tour|work=The Sunday Post|date=10 October 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323154014/https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/father-of-disco-giorgio-moroder-announces-glasgow-date-on-first-ever-live-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder is credited with pioneering [[Euro disco]] and [[electronic dance music]].<ref name="guardian_20150814"/><ref name="mixmag_moroder">{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Brewster |url=https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |title=I feel love: Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder created the template for dance music as we know it |publisher=[[Mixmag]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218230131/https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it |url-status=live }}</ref> His work with synthesizers had a significant influence on several music genres such as [[hi-NRG]], [[Italo disco]], [[synth-pop]], new wave, house and techno music.<ref name="mixmag_moroder"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Jim Poe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |title=Giorgio Moroder: 10 groundbreaking tunes |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308142742/https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/29/giorgio-moroder-10-groundbreaking-tunes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: Godfather of Modern Dance Music |magazine=Time |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155509/https://time.com/3701060/giorgio-moroder-interview-dance-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While in [[Munich]] in the 1970s, Moroder started Oasis Records, later a subdivision of [[Casablanca Records]]. He is the founder of the former [[Musicland Studios]] in Munich, a recording studio used by many artists including [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[Elton John]].<ref name="mjunikdisco">{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now|isbn=978-3936738476|pages=212, 225|publisher=Blumenbar |language=de}}</ref> He produced singles for [[Donna Summer]] during the mid-to-late 1970s [[disco]] era, including "[[Love to Love You Baby (song)|Love to Love You Baby]]", "[[I Feel Love]]", "[[Last Dance (Donna Summer song)|Last Dance]]", "[[MacArthur Park (song)#Donna Summer version|MacArthur Park]]", "[[Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)|Hot Stuff]]", "[[Bad Girls (Donna Summer song)|Bad Girls]]", "[[Dim All the Lights]]", "[[No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)]]", and "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]". During this period, he also released many albums, including the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977) and ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC2]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|title=The Giorgio Moroder Primer|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|first=Terry|last=Richardson|date=16 June 2015|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031519/https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder-primer|url-status=live}}</ref>

He began to compose film soundtracks and scores, including ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'', ''[[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|American Gigolo]]'', ''[[Superman III (soundtrack)|Superman III]]'', ''[[Scarface (soundtrack)|Scarface]]'', ''[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]'', and the 1984 restoration of ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)#Giorgio Moroder version (1984)|Metropolis]]''. Moroder's work on the film ''Midnight Express'' (1978), which contained the international hit "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", won him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]. He also produced a number of electronic disco songs for [[the Three Degrees]] and two albums for [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]]. In 1990, he composed "[[Un'estate italiana]]", the official theme song of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]].

Moroder has created songs for many performers including [[David Bowie]], [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Irene Cara]], [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Madleen Kane]], [[Melissa Manchester]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Japan (band)|Japan]] and [[France Joli]]. Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4253475.htm |title=He felt love with Donna Summer, now its Deja Vu for Giorgio Moroder – 11/06/2015 |date=11 June 2015 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805191030/https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/730 |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] after appearing in the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' in 1986; he had earned the same awards in 1983 for "[[Flashdance... What a Feeling]]" (as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for all of his work on ''[[Flashdance]]''). In addition to the three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, Moroder has also received four [[Grammy Awards]], two [[People's Choice Awards]], and more than 100 Golden and Platinum discs. In 2004, he was inducted into the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Disco stars to enter Hall of Fame|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|date=4 September 2004|access-date=13 July 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=3 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103084001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3627796.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Giovanni Giorgio Moroder<ref>{{cite web |url=https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |title=Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' (Interview) |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121021156/https://the-talks.com/interview/giorgio-moroder/ |url-status=live |quote=I actually didn't change my name, that is a misconception. My name is Giovanni Giorgio, that's how it is in my passport and that's what my birth certificate says. But my mommy called me Hansjörg, it's a translation from Italian to German... So I actually didn't change it...}}</ref> was born to [[Ladin people|Ladin]] parents on 26 April 1940 in Italy in [[Ortisei]].<ref name=Poglio>{{cite news |last1=Poglio |first1=Gianni |date=21 February 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder: vi racconto l'età dell'oro della "disco" |url=https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |work=Panorama |language=it |location=Milan, Italy |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620003539/https://www.panorama.it/magazine/giorgio-moroder-disco-music-donna-summer-flair |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a hotel [[concierge]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He has three brothers, one of them being artist [[Ulrich Moroder]].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Moroder grew up in a mixed [[Ladin language|Ladin]]-, German- and Italian-speaking environment in South Tyrol, with his mother calling him [[Hansjörg]] ({{IPA|de|ˈhansjœʁk|pron}}), a German version of his two first names.<ref name= Always>{{cite web | first= Giorgio | last= Moroder | title= Giorgio Moroder: 'I Was Always Interested in the Hits' | url= http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder/ | work= The-Talks.com, excerpting Purple Fashion Magazine | date= 17 December 2014 | interviewer= Sven Schumann | access-date= 19 April 2015 | archive-date= 21 April 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421030534/http://the-talks.com/interviews/giorgio-moroder | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |title=Giorgio Moroder Loves EDM |last=Yeboah |first=Anna |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030700/https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/8q3xaa/giorgio-moroder-loves-edm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
He began teaching himself to play the guitar, at age 15, inspired by [[Paul Anka]]'s [[Diana (Paul Anka song)|''Diana'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> At age 18, he began touring Europe as a professional musician.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> He performed at night, and during the day, made recordings with two [[Revox]] recorders.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> Around age 25 he moved to his aunt in Berlin, working as a sound engineer.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> [[Ricky Shayne]]'s single "Ich sprenge alle Ketten" ("I bust all the chains"), composed by then-unknowns Moroder and [[Michael Holm]], became a German hit.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> The second hit was Moroder's and Holm's cover of [[Sir Douglas Quintet]]'s single, [[Mendocino (album)|''Mendocino'']].<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli"/> After two years in Berlin, Moroder moved to Munich.<ref name="repubblica-spettacoli">{{cite web |last1=Valtorta |first1=Luca |title=Giorgio Moroder, l'italiano che creò la disco: "Il suono del futuro? Non vi dico qual è" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |website=la Repubblica |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=it |date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004093142/https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2015/07/17/news/giorgio_moroder-119281902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moroder made his first steps in music in the [[Scotch Club]] in [[Aachen]] and then released a few singles under the name "Giorgio" beginning in 1963 after moving to Berlin, singing in Italian, Spanish, English, and German.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===1963–1983: Contribution to electronic music===
[[File:Arabella-Haus_Muenchen-1.jpg|thumb|left|Moroder's [[Musicland Studios]] was located in the basement of the pictured [[Arabella Hochhaus]] High-Rise Building.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|title=Led Zeppelin: The 'Tight But Loose' Files|date=4 March 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-220-9|language=en|page=40|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222139/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFWS0Xx3esYC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 1968, he moved to [[Munich]] and came to prominence when "[[Looky Looky]]" was awarded a [[music recording sales certification|gold disc]] in 1970.<ref name="tagesspiegel">{{cite news |last=Holm |first=Michael |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |title=Giorgio Moroder: Lucky Looky |newspaper=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051445/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/hommage-zum-70-geburtstag-giorgio-moroder-lucky-looky/1808378.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Book of Golden Discs">{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Murrells |year=1978 |title=The Book of Golden Discs |edition= 2nd |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259 259] |isbn=0-214-20512-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/259}}</ref> He then founded the [[Musicland Studios]] in the early 1970s. Moroder first implemented synthesizers into his work during the making of his album ''Son of My Fathe''r (1972), on which he used the groundbreaking [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] synthesizer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolk |first=Douglas |date=April 30, 2014 |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey: The 74-Year-Old Italian Electronic Music Pioneer, Who's Worked with Everyone from Donna Summer to Daft Punk, Opens up about His Craft. |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906222144/https://www.thedailybeast.com/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplays-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey  |archive-date=2023-09-06 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> Often collaborating with lyricist [[Pete Bellotte]], Moroder had a number of hits in his own name including "[[Son of My Father]]"<ref name= Always /> in 1972, a No. 1 hit in the UK for [[Chicory Tip]], before releasing the synthesizer-driven ''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'', a chart hit in 1977. That same year he co-wrote and produced the [[Donna Summer]] hit single "[[I Feel Love]]",<ref name= Always /><ref name= undr>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|title=Hitler's filmmaker to release new film|publisher=BBC|date=7 January 2002|access-date=17 December 2008|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819025118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745806.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the first track in the [[Hi-NRG]] genre. The following year he released "[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]", the theme from the film ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]''. These songs achieved some chart success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe, and everywhere disco-mania was spreading. The score for ''Midnight Express'' featured "Chase", which brought his first [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] in [[51st Academy Awards|1979]].

Moroder released ''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' in 1979. He released three albums between 1977 and 1979 under the name Munich Machine. He composed and produced two film soundtrack albums: the first for ''[[Foxes (film)|Foxes]]'', and the second for ''[[American Gigolo]]'' (both 1980). A double album of the [[Foxes (soundtrack)|''Foxes'' soundtrack]] was released on the disco label [[Casablanca Records]] which includes [[Donna Summer]]'s hit single "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]", which Moroder produced and co-wrote. The ''Foxes'' soundtrack contains a song titled "Bad Love", written and performed by [[Cher]] and produced by Moroder. The [[American Gigolo (soundtrack)|''American Gigolo'' soundtrack]] featured the Moroder-produced "[[Call Me (Blondie song)|Call Me]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], a US and UK number one hit. The combined club play of the album's tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts.<ref>{{cite book |title= Hot Dance/Disco: 1974–2003|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=288}}</ref> He wrote the soundtrack of the movie ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982), including the hit single "[[Cat People (Putting Out Fire)]]" featuring [[David Bowie]], and produced the [[Scarface (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] for the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983). During its initial release, the album was only available in a few countries and strictly through import in the United States. Moroder-produced tracks included "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" by [[Paul Engemann]], "[[Rush Rush (Debbie Harry song)|Rush Rush]]" by [[Debbie Harry]] and "[[She's On Fire (Amy Holland song)|She's on Fire]]" by [[Amy Holland]].

===1984–1993: Recognition and hiatus===
[[File:Donna Summer Bruce Sudano Giorgio Moroder Beverly Hills.jpg|thumb|upright=0.84|Moroder with his longtime collaborator [[Donna Summer]] and her husband [[Bruce Sudano]]. On the left is Moroder's wife Francisca Gutierrez.]]
In 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|title=Giorgio Moroder presents Metropolis (DVD Blu-ray Trailer)-kinolorber on YouTube|date=24 August 2011 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106120118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAVS0OC6Ts|url-status=live}}</ref> and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/43797072|title=Giorgio Moroder presents: Metropolis|website=Vimeo.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043515/https://vimeo.com/43797072|url-status=live}}</ref> This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from [[Pat Benatar]], [[Jon Anderson]], [[Adam Ant]], [[Billy Squier]], [[Loverboy]], [[Bonnie Tyler]] and [[Freddie Mercury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/30698349|title=METROPOLIS (Giorgio Moroder Version) (Fritz Lang, 1927/1984)|website=Vimeo.com|date=17 October 2011|access-date=4 October 2020|via=Vimeo|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020455/https://vimeo.com/30698349|url-status=live}}</ref> He integrated the original [[intertitle]]s into the film as subtitles as a means of improving continuity. Since the original speed was unknown this choice was controversial. Known as the "Moroder version", it sparked debate among film buffs, with outspoken critics and supporters of the film falling into equal camps.<ref>{{cite news| title= New Metropolis Sparks Controversy at Cannes| work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| date= 16 May 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| editor-first1= Michael| editor-last1= Minden| editor-first2= Holger| editor-last2= Bachmann| year= 2002| title= Fritz Lang's Metropolis: Cinematic Visions of Technology and Fear| publisher= Boydell & Brewer| isbn= 1-57113-146-9| quote= Moroder's reissue...was bound to offend the purists if only because it smacked of such crass commercialism and seemed so evidently calculated to jump the culture barrier.| first= Thomas| last= Elsaesser| page= 124| chapter= Innocence Restored? Reading and Re-reading a 'Classic': Georgio Moroder's ''Metropolis''| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| via= Google Books| access-date= 18 August 2017| archive-date= 21 September 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921003420/http://books.google.com/books?id=oyOO_HNw0KQC&pg=PA124| url-status= live}}</ref> Most critics agree that, the opinion of film purists aside, Moroder's version was a welcome addition.<ref>{{cite journal| quote= Although harshly criticized for its synthesized rock score, Moroder's reconstruction does have the virtue of clarifying a muddled plotline...Moroder's new version provides some illuminating changes in narrative continuity and character motivation, while still preserving the integrity of Lang's extravagant satiric vision.| last= Jurkiewicz| first= Kenneth| date= March 1990| title= Using Film in the Humanities Classroom: The Case of Metropolis| journal= [[The English Journal]]| volume= 79| number= 3 | pages= 47–50| doi= 10.2307/819234| jstor= 819234}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Giorgio Bertellini| last= Bertellini| first= Giorgio| date=Autumn 1995| title= Restoration, Genealogy and Palimpsests| journal= Film History| volume= 7| number= 3 | pages= 277–290}}</ref> In 1984, Moroder worked with [[Philip Oakey]] of [[the Human League]] to make the album ''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'', which was a UK singles chart hit with "[[Together in Electric Dreams]]", title track to the 1984 film ''[[Electric Dreams (film)|Electric Dreams]]''. The same year saw him collaborating with [[Kajagoogoo]] frontman [[Limahl]] for his worldwide hit "[[The NeverEnding Story (song)|The NeverEnding Story]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|title=Limahl – Never Ending Story (Official Music Video) on RHINO's YouTube channel|date=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WN0T-Ee3q4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, Moroder collaborated with his protégé [[Harold Faltermeyer]] (of "[[Axel F]]") and lyricist [[Tom Whitlock]] to create the score for the film ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986) which included [[Kenny Loggins]]' hit "[[Danger Zone (song)|Danger Zone]]" and [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]'s "[[Take My Breath Away]]". He wrote the theme song to the film ''[[Over the Top (1987 film)|Over the Top]]'', "[[Meet Me Half Way]]", also performed by Loggins. In 1987, Moroder produced and co-wrote [[Falco (musician)|Falco]]'s song "Body Next to Body". Moroder wrote the official theme songs, "[[Reach Out (Olympic theme song)|Reach Out]]", for the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]], and "[[Hand in Hand (Olympics)|Hand in Hand]]", for the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul Olympics]] and "[[Un'estate italiana]]" for the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]. On 12 March 1992, Moroder released his fourteenth studio album, ''Forever Dancing'', his last solo project for years and he began a long hiatus in 1993.<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|title=Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318002145/http://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-dancing-mw0000537470|url-status=live}}</ref> For two decades he released no new albums,<ref name= undr /> focusing largely on remixes and visual art during most of the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |title=The Comeback of the Summer: Disco King Giorgio Moroder |first=Jason |last=Lamphier |date=5 May 2015 |work=Out.com |publisher=Here Media Inc. |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021527/http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/giorgio-moroder |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=spin /> With Daniel Walker he produced a soundtrack for [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s last film ''[[Impressionen unter Wasser]]''. His song ''Forever Friends'' was featured in the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twice Olympic Theme Song Writer Competing for a Third -- china.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|access-date=30 August 2021|website=www.china.org.cn|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830213145/http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/220215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CREDITS|url=https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|access-date=30 August 2021|website=Giorgio Moroder|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016170016/https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/credits/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2012–present: Return and collaborations===
[[File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Melt! Festival]] 2015]]
In 2013, Moroder returned to music with the soundtrack for Google's ''[[Google_Chrome_Experiments#Racer|Racer]]: A [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] Experiment''<ref name="Google/Moroder/Racer">
*{{cite web |last1=Moroder |first1=Giorgio |title=Racer by Giorgio Moroder |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YT0k99hCY5I |website=[[Google Chrome]]|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google]] |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 May 2013 |quote=The soundtrack to Racer: A Chrome Experiment (g.co/racer). Original music by Giorgio Moroder.}}
*[https://www.chrome.com/racer g.co/racer]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |title=Giorgio Moroder – Racer (2013) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=[[SoundCloud]].com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716005345/http://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-rac |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder contributed to [[Daft Punk]]'s 2013 studio album ''[[Random Access Memories]]'', admitting that he was a fan of their song "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]" before working with the group.<ref name="Daft-Punk-RAM">{{cite web| last= Cubarrubia| first= RJ| title= Giorgio Moroder: Daft Punk's New Album Is 'A Step Forward' for Dance Music| url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| work= [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]| access-date= 3 April 2013| date= 3 April 2013| quote= [...] [[Thomas Bangalter|Thomas]] and [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo|Guy-Manuel]], they are perfectionists (4:21 min). They had to do something which is different. Still dance, still electronic; but give that human touch back. (7:40 min)| archive-date= 3 April 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130403221559/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/giorgio-moroder-daft-punks-new-album-is-a-step-forward-for-dance-music-20130403| url-status= live}}</ref> His voice and story are on the album track "[[Giorgio by Moroder]]". On the track, he states "My name is Giovanni Giorgio, but everybody calls me Giorgio".
In the summer of 2013, he DJ'd at the [[Red Bull Music Academy]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |title=Listen to Giorgio Moroder's US DJ debut at Brooklyn's Output club |website=The Verge |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210162734/http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4356200/listen-to-giorgio-moroders-us-dj-debut-at-brooklyns-output-club |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |title=Giorgio Moroder – DJ Set – Live @ Deep Space (New York) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714082208/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgio-moroder-live-at-deep |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, Moroder reworked an old classic from the 1960s called "Doo Bee Doo" (2014 version), which was used in the [[Volkswagen]] 2014 [[Super Bowl]] commercial, "Wings".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |title=2014 Volkswagen Game Day Commercial: Wings |via=YouTube |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727185827/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-p0BdUB5o |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20/ |title=Doo Bee Doo 2014 (feat. Caroline Brooks): Giorgio Moroder: MP3 Downloads |website=Amazon |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216133410/http://www.amazon.com/Doo-2014-feat-Caroline-Brooks/dp/B00I938A20 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also announced that he was planning to work with electro-pop producer [[Madeon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater |title=Giorgio Moroder – Timeline Photos |work=Facebook.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517123722/https://www.facebook.com/GiorgioMoroderOfficial/photos/a.132011813543769.32971.108533245891626/649931821751763/?type=1&theater= |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} and American singer [[Lana Del Rey]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Douglas |last= Wolk |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |title=Giorgio Moroder, Dance Music Legend, on Remixing Coldplay's 'Midnight' and 'Crazy' Lana Del Rey |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805214420/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/giorgio-moroder-dance-music-legend-on-remixing-coldplay-s-midnight-and-crazy-lana-del-rey.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |title=Madeon Collabs With Giorgio Moroder |publisher=Blog.lessthan3.com |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711081637/http://blog.lessthan3.com/2014/04/madeon-collaborating-with-giorgio-moroder/ |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 June 2014, [[Adult Swim]] released a new [[Hi-NRG]] [[Disco]] single by Moroder (named "Giorgio's Theme").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |title=Giorgio Moroder – Giorgio's Theme (2014) |author=GiorgioMoroder |website=Soundcloud.com |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801065145/https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder/giorgios-theme |url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also remixed [[Tony Bennett]] and [[Lady Gaga]]'s rendition of "[[I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|I Can't Give You Anything but Love]]".<ref name="BB">{{cite magazine|last1=Peters|first1=Mitchell|title=Giorgio Moroder to Release First Studio Album in Over 30 Years|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=10 February 2015|date=17 November 2014|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208234557/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6319826/giorgio-moroder-74-is-the-new-24-new-album|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moroder's solo studio album, ''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'', was released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Geslani|first1=Michelle|title=Listen to Britney Spears and Giorgio Moroder's surprisingly great cover of "Tom's Diner" — listen|url=https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|website=[[Consequence of Sound]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=24 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427202832/https://consequence.net/2015/04/listen-to-britney-spears-and-giorgio-moroders-surprisingly-great-cover-of-toms-diner-listen/|url-status=live}}</ref> It features collaborations with [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Sia]], [[Charli XCX]], [[Mikky Ekko]], [[Foxes (singer)|Foxes]] and [[Matthew Koma]], among others.<ref name="BB"/> On 16 January, the collaboration with [[Kylie Minogue]], "[[Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)|Right Here, Right Now]]", was leaked to the internet ahead of its official release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |title=Giorgio Moroder "Right Here, Right Now" (ft. Kylie Minogue) |website=Exclaim! |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118174112/http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/giorgio_moroder-right_here_right_now_ft_kylie_minogue |url-status=live }}</ref> The song, along with a video teaser, was officially released on 20 January 2015<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|title=Giorgio Moroder & Kylie Minogue Drop Single 'Right Here, Right Now'|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|date=20 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121140841/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 18 April 2015 reached number one on the US [[Dance Club Songs]], becoming Moroder's first chart-topper in 15 years.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|title=Giorgio Moroder Returns to Dance Charts After 38 Years|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050958/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6612674/giorgio-moroder-returns-dance-charts|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2015, Moroder supported Minogue during the Australian leg of her [[Kiss Me Once Tour]].<ref>{{cite web| last1= Fonseca| first1= Nicholas| title= Giorgio Moroder will join Kylie Minogue for her Kiss Me Once tour| url= http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| website= Sydneyland [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]| access-date= 29 April 2015| date= 13 February 2015| archive-date= 22 April 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422224123/http://sydneyland.au.timeout.com/2015/02/13/giorgio-moroder-will-join-kylie-minogue-for-her-kiss-me-once-tour/| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue teams up with Giorgio Moroder on 'Kiss Me Once' tour – watch|url=https://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|website=[[NME]]|publisher=[[Time Inc. UK]]|access-date=29 April 2015|date=16 March 2015|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425061257/http://www.nme.com/news/kylie-minogue--2/83587|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder and [[Sia]] collaborated in May 2015 on the title track from Moroder's LP ''Déjà Vu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |title=Giorgio Moroder – Déjà vu ft. Sia |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823104638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNYFpTLazvA |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2015, Moroder was featured on [[Kylie Minogue]]'s EP ''[[Kylie + Garibay]]'' on the song "Your Body". In 2016, he and [[Raney Shockne]] wrote and composed the music to the video game ''[[Tron RUN/r]]''. The soundtrack album was released on 31 May 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|title=Giorgio Moroder's 'TRON RUN/r' Video Game Soundtrack Getting Release With Remixes|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603015531/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7370632/giorgio-moroder-tron-runr-video-game-soundtrack-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more |title=Giorgio Moroder Releasing Tron Soundtrack With Autechre, Plaid, Bibio Remixes, More |website=Pitchfork |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807032650/https://pitchfork.com/news/65532-giorgio-moroder-releasing-tron-soundtrack-with-autechre-plaid-bibio-remixes-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2016, Moroder produced "One More Day" for [[Sistar]], a Korean girl group.<ref name="popcrush.com">{{Cite web|url=http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|title='One More Day': Sistar's Giorgio Moroder Collabo Is a LGBT Vengeance Thriller|website=PopCrush|date=21 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154801/http://popcrush.com/sistar-giorgio-moroder-one-more-day-music-video/|url-status=live}}</ref> They debuted the song live on 8 October, at Korea's DMC Festival 2016, with Moroder being present in the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |title=Sistar Collaborates With Legendary Giorgio Moroder On Their New Song 'One More Day' |website=OfficiallyKmusic.com |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173702/http://officiallykmusic.com/sistar-collaborates-legendary-giorgio-moroder-new-song-one-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4|title=[2016 DMC Festival] SISTAR (Produced by.Giorgio Moroder) – One More Day, 씨스타 – 원 모어 데이 20161008|date=8 October 2016|via=YouTube|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083547/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuuMGh-Wnu4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video for the song was released on 22 November, alongside the official digital release of the track.<ref name="popcrush.com"/> 2021 saw Moroder return to the studio with [[Duran Duran]], co-writing and producing two tracks, "Tonight United"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=24 September 2021 |title=Duran Duran Team With Giorgio Moroder for New Single 'Tonight United' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118025844/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/duran-duran-giorgio-moroder-tonight-united-1231456/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Beautiful Lies" for their 2021 album ''[[Future Past (Duran Duran album)|Future Past]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2021|title=Duran Duran » DURAN DURAN News|url=http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132842/http://www.duranduran.com/wordpress/new-site-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder}}
[[File:Giorgio Moroder.jpg|thumb|right|Moroder with some of his awards in 2007]]
Moroder has won three [[Academy Awards]]: [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|title=Music Oscars® for "Midnight Express" and "The Buddy Holly Story"|date=10 September 2013 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908010323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYGnxGYqYFI|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Flashdance...What a Feeling]]", from the film ''[[Flashdance]]'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|title="Flashdance...What a Feeling" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=24 November 2010 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908015436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fpbQrdVDpc|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Song]] for "[[Take My Breath Away]]", from ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|title="Take My Breath Away" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|date=4 February 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908031713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4y19tWzDGQ|url-status=live}}</ref> Moroder also won two of his four [[Grammy Awards]] for ''Flashdance'': Best Album or Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Instrumental Composition for the track "Love Theme from Flashdance". The third was awarded for Best Dance Recording for the song "Carry On".

Moroder also won four [[Golden Globe]]s: two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for "Midnight Express" and "Flashdance... What a Feeling", and two [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and "Take My Breath Away".

On 20 September 2004, Moroder was honoured at the [[Dance Music Hall of Fame]] ceremony, held in New York, when he was inducted for his achievements and contributions as a producer. In 2005, Moroder was named a ''[[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |title=Presidenza della Repubblica |publisher=Quirinale.it |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073743/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=158014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> and in 2010 [[Bolzano]] awarded him the ''Grande Ordine al Merito della Provincia autonoma di Bolzano''. In 2011, he was awarded the [[World Soundtrack Award – Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement Award]] by the [[World Soundtrack Academy]]. In 2014, Moroder won his fourth [[Grammy Award]] for [[Daft Punk]]'s ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' (Album of the Year).

==Legacy==
[[File:Giorgio Moroder @ Pitchfork, Chicago, 7 18 2014 (14753458585).jpg|thumb|left|Moroder at [[Pitchfork Music Festival]] 2014]]
The British [[alternative rock]] duo [[Curve (band)|Curve]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" in 1992. The song was later included on the double CD compilation ''[[The Way of Curve]]'', released in 2004. [[Bronski Beat]] covered "[[I Feel Love]]" and "Love to Love You Baby" for their debut album ''[[The Age of Consent (Bronski Beat album)|The Age of Consent]]'' (1984). "[[On Fire (Lil Wayne song)|On Fire]]", the second single from rapper [[Lil Wayne]]'s seventh studio album ''[[Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)|Rebirth]]'', contains allusions from [[Amy Holland]]'s song "She's on Fire" and was inspired in its entirety by ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''.<ref name="MTV.com.">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml Lil Wayne's 'On Fire' Inspired By 'Scarface,' Producer Dre Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207015803/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627696/20091204/lil_wayne.jhtml |date=7 December 2009 }} – MTV</ref> "[[Push It (Rick Ross song)|Push It]]", the second single from rapper [[Rick Ross]]' debut album ''[[Port of Miami (album)|Port of Miami]]'', samples "[[Scarface (Push It to the Limit)]]" and the story of the video has a very similar theme to the film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''. It was produced by [[J. R. Rotem]].

His song "Tears" was sampled and used as the basis of the [[DJ Shadow]] song "Organ Donor" on his 1996 album ''[[Endtroducing.....]]''. Canadian [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[Swollen Members]] sampled the song in "Fuel Injected" and "Meltdown". It also appears on the song "Tragedy" by [[RZA]]. The main melody and chord progression form the basis of "[[Queen of Denmark (album)|Marz]]" by folk musician [[John Grant (musician)|John Grant]] and "[[Cinema (The Cat Empire album)|Only Light]]" by Australian ska band [[the Cat Empire]]. Hip hop duo [[Mobb Deep]] used a sample from the song "Tony's Theme" in their song "[[G.O.D. Pt. III]]". His song "E=MC²" was sampled and used for [[J. Dilla]]'s song of the same title. One of his early compositions, "Doo-Bee-Doo-Bee-Doo" from 1969, was featured for many years in silent sketches on ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'' as part of a medley that also included "[[Mah Nà Mah Nà]]", a 4/4 adaptation of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s "Für Elise", and "[[Gimme Dat Ding (song)|Gimme Dat Ding]]".

The theme from ''Midnight Express'' was sampled by hip-hop duo [[OutKast]] for their song "Return of the Gangsta", and by hip-hop producer [[J Dilla]] for "Phantom of the Synths", a beat later used by [[MF Doom]] for "Gazzillion Ear" and by [[Jay Electronica]] for "Dimethyltryptamine".

[[File:Giorgio Moroder - First Avenue Minneapolis - The Current (43014735240).jpg|thumb|right|Moroder performing at [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] in Minneapolis, 2018]]

"[[Chase (instrumental)|Chase]]" was used as the entrance theme music for the [[professional wrestling]] [[tag team]] [[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)|the Midnight Express]] throughout the early 1980s as well as in a number of montage videos for [[NBC]]'s [[Major League Baseball]] coverage and [[CBS]]'s coverage of the [[NBA]]. [[Art Bell]] also used "Chase" as the theme for his late-night [[talk radio]] programs [[Coast to Coast AM]] and Midnight in the Desert.

Moroder's opening theme from the 1983 film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' is sampled by [[Nas]] and [[Mobb Deep]] for the track "It's Mine". "Leopard Tree Dream" from ''Cat People'' is sampled by [[Cannibal Ox]] in the song "Iron Galaxy". "The Legend of Babel" theme from the ''Metropolis'' soundtrack was covered by [[DJ Dado]]. British electronica musician [[Little Boots]] covered "Love Kills", which was written in collaboration with [[Freddie Mercury]]. "Future Lovers", a song from American recording artist [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna's]] 2005 album ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', has a bass line inspired by Donna Summer's Moroder-produced hit "[[I Feel Love]]". Furthermore, Madonna opened her 2006 [[Confessions Tour]] with a medley of "Future Lovers" and "[[I Feel Love]]". The version of "[[Live to Tell]]" that Madonna performed on The Confessions Tour heavily samples Moroder's song "Tears". [[Suns of Arqa]]'s album "Technomor" includes the track "Moroder Vibe" which contains elements of "[[I Feel Love]]". [[Underworld (band)|Underworld's]] 1999 album, ''[[Beaucoup Fish]]'', contains a song titled "[[King of Snake|Shudder/King of Snake]]", which contains an interpolation of the bass line from "[[I Feel Love]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|title=Underworld: Beaucoup Fish|website=Pitchfork.com|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184951/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/underworld-beaucoup-fish/|url-status=live}}</ref>

"I Feel Love" was inducted into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complete National Recording Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416153614/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=3 December 2017 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

In 2013, a dance club named after Moroder called Georgio's opened in Hollywood's [[Standard Hotels|Standard Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Hollywood Nightlife: Inside the Exclusive Giorgio's, the New Spot That's Drawn Mick Jagger |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118035938/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-nightlife-inside-giorgios-new-667061/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moroder even visited it and for the first time saw people dancing to his music, stating: "I never saw people dancing to my music. I was too busy working. I was always in the studio. I never took the coca."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabin |first=Bryan |date=27 January 2021 |title=Bidding Farewell to The Standard Hotel After Its 22-Year Run (Guest Column) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118040726/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/bidding-farewell-to-the-standard-hotel-after-its-22-year-run-guest-column-4122198/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2016, [[Shooter Jennings]], the son of [[outlaw country]] singer [[Waylon Jennings]], released a tribute album entitled ''[[Countach (For Giorgio)]]'', his seventh studio album.<ref name="Sterdan"/> Shooter Jennings stated that Moroder's music from the movies ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' (1978), ''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]'' (1982) and ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' (1984) had a major influence on him as a child which "...set the foundation for the music of my entire life."<ref name="Sterdan">Sterdan, Darryl. "Lord of Moroder" in ''The Ottawa Sun''. 19 March 2016</ref>

Before his career reboot with Daft Punk, Moroder dedicated decades to his personal hobbies/projects. He designed a car with Marcello Gandini and ex-Lamborghini personnel, the [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]]. Also in a 2013 interview, he spoke about the architectural design of a pyramid-like apartment that was supposed to take place in Dubai. It was never built. Other projects included creating his own cognac liquor and getting involved with digital and neon art and putting on shows.<ref name=spin>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|title=Giorgio Moroder: Back to the Future|newspaper=Spin |date=22 May 2013|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426071344/http://www.spin.com/2013/05/giorgio-moroder-daft-punk-donna-summer-interview-2013/|url-status=live|last1=Marchese |first1=David }}</ref>

Moroder is a character in ''[[Summer: The Donna Summer Musical]]'', in reference to his work with disco diva Donna Summer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|title='Summer: The Donna Summer Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter|website=Hollywoodreporter.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129210503/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/summer-donna-summer-musical-theater-review-1105049|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Moroder currently lives in [[Los Angeles]], California. He was married to his Mexican manager Francisca Gutiérrez from 1990 until her death in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hit-Musiker Moroder trauert um Ehefrau: "Auf Wiedersehen, meine Schöne" |url=https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=[[Bild]] |date=18 May 2022 |language=de |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213064209/https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/leute/hit-musiker-moroder-trauert-um-ehefrau-auf-wiedersehen-meine-schoene-80132820.bild.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1524112125848915968|user=giorgiomoroder|title=Adiós Guappita, amore nostro 1962 Pegueros Mexico - 2022 Beverly Hills USA|author=Giorgio Moroder}}</ref> Their son Alessandro was born in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|title = Giorgio Moroder interview: 'I'm not a party guy anyway'|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 28 March 2019|last1 = Monahan|first1 = Mark|access-date = 9 May 2021|archive-date = 6 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022100/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/giorgio-moroder-interview-not-party-guy-anyway/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He is a friend of [[Michael Holm]], with whom he composed the 1973 album ''[[Spinach 1]]'' under the moniker "Spinach". Holm's song ''Giorgio und ich'' is dedicated to Moroder.

== Discography ==
{{main|Giorgio Moroder discography}}

*''[[That's Bubblegum - That's Giorgio]]'' (1969)
*''[[Giorgio (Giorgio Moroder album)|Giorgio]]'' (1970)
*''[[Son of My Father (Giorgio Moroder album)|Son of My Father]]'' (1972)
*''[[Giorgio's Music]]'' (1973)
*''[[Einzelgänger]]'' (1975)
*''[[Knights in White Satin]]'' (1976)
*''[[From Here to Eternity (Giorgio Moroder album)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1977)
*''[[Love's in You, Love's in Me]]'' (1978)
*''[[E=MC² (Giorgio Moroder album)|E=MC²]]'' (1979)
*''Solitary Men'' (1983) (with [[Joe Esposito (singer)|Joe Esposito]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|title=Giorgio Moroder – Solitary Men|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219032157/http://www.allmusic.com/album/solitary-men-mw0000476251|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Innovisions'' (1985)
*''[[Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder]]'' (with [[Philip Oakey]]) (1985)
*''[[Un'estate italiana|To Be Number One]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|title=Giorgio Moroder – To Be Number One|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627212929/http://www.allmusic.com/album/to-be-number-one-mw0000922271|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Forever Dancing'' (1992)<ref name="Giorgio Moroder – Forever Dancing"/>
*''[[Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)|Déjà Vu]]'' (2015)

==See also==
* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
* [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart]]
* [[Cizeta-Moroder V16T]] supercar project

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.giorgiomoroder.com/}}
* [https://soundcloud.com/giorgiomoroder Giorgio Moroder] at [[SoundCloud]]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moroder-giorgio Giorgio Moroder] at [[encyclopedia.com]]
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name|2380}}
* [https://vimeo.com/95496624 Official trailer for Moroder's version of ''Metropolis''] on [[Vimeo]]

{{Giorgio Moroder}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Giorgio Moroder|Awards for Giorgio Moroder]]
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScore 1961–1980}}
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1981–1990}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1970–1989}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media}}
{{WSA – Lifetime Achievement}}
}}
{{Moroder South Tyrol family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moroder, Giorgio}}
[[Category:Giorgio Moroder| ]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Ladin people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Santa Cristina Gherdëina]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Eurodisco musicians]]
[[Category:Disco musicians]]
[[Category:Hi-NRG musicians]]
[[Category:Italian film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Italian record producers]]
[[Category:Italian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian songwriters]]
[[Category:Italian DJs]]
[[Category:Italian dance musicians]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Italy]]
[[Category:Dunhill Records artists]]
[[Category:London Records artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award-winning musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:Italian electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Italian Italo disco musicians]]
[[Category:Scarface (1983 film)]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Hansa Records artists]]
[[Category:Moroder family]]
[[Category:Germanophone Italian people]]
[[Category:David di Donatello Career Award winners]]

National Front for the Family

2024-10-04T09:50:05Z

Wolverène: m.

{{Infobox organization
| formation = {{Start date|2016|df=yes}}
| native_name = Frente Nacional por la Familia
| native_name_lang = es
| location_country = [[Mexico]]
| language = Spanish
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Rodrigo Iván Cortés Jiménez]]
| website = https://frentenacional.mx/
}}

The '''National Front for the Family''' ({{lang-es|Frente Nacional por la Familia}}) is a Mexican social conservative organization founded in 2016. The organization is led by [[Rodrigo Iván Cortés Jiménez]], a former federal deputy for the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN).<ref name=":0" /> The National Front for the Family opposes proposals to legalize [[Abortion in Mexico|abortion]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico|same-sex marriage]].

==History==
The National Front for the Family formed in 2016 in opposition to efforts supported by then-President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] to legalize [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="actuall">{{cite web|url=https://www.actuall.com/criterio/familia/el-frente-nacional-por-la-familia-ante-el-reto-de-mexico-2018/|author=Rodrigo Iván Cortés|website=actuall.com|title=El Frente Nacional por la Familia ante el reto de México 2018|date=27 March 2018 |accessdate=2018-05-22}}</ref> The initiative would've also allowed homosexuals to adopt children and established [[no-fault divorce]].<ref>{{cite web|title=¿Qué dice el Frente Nacional por la Familia? | Excélsior|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/09/12/1116421|website=Excélsior|date=12 September 2016 |accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref> Peña Nieto's proposal was ultimately rejected by [[Congress of Mexico|Congress]], and his party lost 7 of 12 governorships later the same year.<ref>{{cite news|title=¿Quién es quién en la elección y la agenda de la familia? | NTR Guadalajara|url=http://www.ntrguadalajara.com/post.php?id_nota=99256|accessdate=24 May 2018|date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

The organization is opposed to efforts to legalize same-sex marriage and [[abortion in Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zerega |first=Georgina |date=2024-03-21 |title=From secret sects to street protests: Mexico's extreme-right targets women |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-03-21/from-secret-sects-to-street-protests-mexicos-extreme-right-targets-women.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Leadership and organization ==
The organization is led by [[Rodrigo Iván Cortés Jiménez]], a former member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] for the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=López Colín |first1=Diego |last2=Barillas |first2=Martin |date=2024-06-05 |title=Pro-family leaders in Mexico react to Sheinbaum's election |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/257907/pro-family-leaders-in-mexico-react-to-sheinbaum-s-election |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref>

== Support ==
[[Brian S. Brown]] has said, "The National March for the Family has the potential of being the largest single demonstration of support for marriage, children and parental rights in history."<ref name="nomblog">{{cite web|title=Please Sign Our Petition To Stand With Mexico To Support Marriage, Children and Parental Rights | NOM Blog |url=https://www.nomblog.com/41147/|website=NOM Blog|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> The organization has received support from PAN deputies [[Sonia Rocha Acosta]] and [[Madeleine Bonnafoux Alcaraz]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-10 |title=Respaldan diputadas del PAN a ONG que rechaza legalización del aborto - La Capital |url=https://www.lacapital.com.mx/noticia/78430-Respaldan_diputadas_del_PAN_a_ONG_que_rechaza_legalizacion_del_aborto |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=La Capital |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://frentenacional.mx/}}

[[Category:Conservatism in Mexico]]
[[Category:Political organizations based in Mexico]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Mexico]]

{{activism-stub}}
{{mexico-org-stub}}

Religion in Lebanon

2024-10-03T11:26:09Z

Wolverène: /* Lebanese Christians */ sects???

{{Short description|none}} 

[[File:Saint George Maronite Cathedral and Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque by Lebnen18.jpg|thumb|[[Saint George Maronite Cathedral, Beirut|Saint George Maronite Cathedral]] and the [[Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque]], [[Beirut]].]]
[[File:Christian Church and Druze khalwa in Maaser el Chouf.jpg|thumb|A [[Christian Church]] and a Druze Khalwa in the [[Chouf District|Shuf Mountains]]: Historically, the [[Christianity and Druze|Druzes and the Christians]] in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony.<ref>{{cite book|title= Near East/South Asia Report|last=Hobby|year=1985| page =53|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|quote= the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..}}</ref>]]
[[Lebanon]] is an eastern [[Mediterranean]] country that has the most religiously diverse society within the Middle East, recognizing 18 religious sects.<ref name="state2017" /><ref name="libcon">{{cite web |author=Alfred B. Prados |date=June 8, 2006 |title=CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Lebanon |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=464480 |access-date=June 11, 2012 |publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> The recognized religions are [[Islam in Lebanon|Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shia]], [[Alawites]], [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] and [[Druze]]), [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christianity]] (the [[Maronite Christianity in Lebanon|Maronite Church]], the [[Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon|Greek Orthodox Church]], the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]], evangelical [[Protestantism in Lebanon|Protestantism]], the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], the [[Armenian Catholic Church]], the [[Latin Church in the Middle East|Latin Church]], the [[Syriac Catholic Church]], the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], and [[Judaism]].
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Lebanon (2018)<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]] |date=September 2011 |title= Overview of the current 26 electoral districts |url=https://qifanabki.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ifes-lebanon-electoral-districts-2011.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2024 |page=3}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 54.58
|color1 = Darkgreen
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 40
|color2 = Darkblue
|label3 = [[Druze]]
|color3 = Red
|value3 = 5.74
|label4 = Other
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 2.34

}}

[[Lebanon]] differs from other [[Middle East]] countries where Muslims have become the majority after the civil war, and somewhat resembles [[Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Religion in Albania|Albania]], both are in [[Southeast Europe]], and have a diverse mix of Muslims and Christians that each make up a large proportion of the country's population. Christians were once a majority inside Lebanon and are still an overwhelming majority in the [[Lebanese diaspora|diaspora]], which consists of nearly 14 million people.<ref name="gulfnews.com">{{cite web |last=Kechichian |first=Joseph A. |date=17 November 2015 |title=Lebanon contemplates a new citizenship law |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/lebanon-contemplates-a-new-citizenship-law-1.1621325 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref name="dailystar.com.lb">{{cite journal |date=1 May 2014 |title=Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-01/255048-bassil-promises-to-ease-citizenship-for-expatriates.ashx#axzz30yVHukzf |journal=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-01/255048-bassil-promises-to-ease-citizenship-for-expatriates.ashx#axzz30yVHukzf |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

Besides Lebanese citizens in Lebanon, a large proportion of people in the country are refugees, accounting for approximately 2 million people out of a bit over 6 million in 2017, which affects statistics.<ref name="state2017"/> The refugees, who mostly are of [[Syrians in Lebanon|Syrian]] or [[Palestinians in Lebanon|Palestinian]] origin, are predominantly Sunni Muslim, but include Christians and Shia Muslims.<ref name="state2017">{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2017 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=280994 |website=www.state.gov |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=30 March 2019}} Cites Statistics Lebanon for most Lebanon statistics</ref>

The most recent [[Michel Aoun|president]] of the country is a Maronite Christian,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gambill |first=Gary C. |date=January 2001 |title=Michel Aoun Former Lebanese Prime Minister |url=https://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0101_ld1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404002352/https://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0101_ld1.htm |archive-date=4 April 2011 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin}}</ref> the [[Najib Mikati|prime minister]] a Sunni Muslim,<ref>{{cite book |author=William Harris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4ImTGnamUC&pg=PA347 |title=Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-518111-1 |page=347}}</ref> and the [[Nabih Berri|speaker of parliament]] a Shia Muslim.<ref name="wofl">{{cite web |title=Nabih Berri, born 1938 |url=https://wars.meskawi.nl/people.html#2 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Wars of Lebanon}}</ref>

==Population by religious affiliation==
No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e., religious) balance.<ref name="CSLebanonpopulation">{{cite web |title=Population (Lebanon) |url=https://country-studies.com/lebanon/population.html |website=Country Studies |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>
As a result, the religious affiliation of the Lebanese population is very difficult to establish with certainty and various sources are used to get the possible estimate of the population by religious affiliation. The following are different sources that do not pretend to be fully representative of the religious affiliation of the people of Lebanon.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

A 2012 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, estimated Lebanon's population to be 54% [[Islam in Lebanon|Muslim]] (27% [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia]]; 27% [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni]]), 46% [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]] (31.5% [[Lebanese Maronite Christians|Maronite]], 8% [[Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians|Greek Orthodox]], 6.5% other Christian groups) <ref name="state2012">{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Lebanon |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012religiousfreedom/index.htm?dlid=208400&year=2012#wrapper |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

The [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]] estimates (2020) the following, though this data does not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations: [[Islam in Lebanon|Muslim]] 67.8% ([[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni]], [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia]] and smaller percentages of [[Alawites]] and [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]]), [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]] 32.4% (mainly [[Maronite Church|Maronite Catholics]] are the largest Christian group), [[Lebanese Druze|Druze]] 4.5%, and very small numbers of [[History of the Jews in Lebanon|Jews]], [[Baháʼí Faith in Lebanon|Baha'is]], Buddhists, and Hindus.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Lebanon — The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, United States|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

According to a 2022 analysis by the Pew Research Center, the demographic landscape of Lebanon reveals a Christian population estimated at 43.4%, with Muslims constituting the majority at 57.6%. This data underscores the religious diversity within Lebanon, reflecting a dynamic interplay of different faith communities within the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/|title=Religious Composition By Country|website=pewresearch.org|date=21 December 2022 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref>

Lebanon has a community of around 13,000 Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/internationaldata/countries/Country_129_2.asp|title=Lebanon, Religion And Social Profile|website=thearda.com|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> There is a very small and ancient community of [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], numbering between 100–500 individuals.<ref name="seif">{{cite web |title=Seif And The "Fire Worshipers" Of Beirut? |url=https://seifandbeirut.wordpress.com/2010/10/09/seif-and-the-fire-worshipers-of-beirut/amp/ |website=Seif and his Beiruti Adventures |language=en |date=9 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chebaro |first1=Mohamed |title=Lebanon's Zoroastrians want a civil state |url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/564417-lebanons-zoroastrians-want-a-civil-state |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503092332/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/564417-lebanons-zoroastrians-want-a-civil-state |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2016 |work=NOw (mmedia.me) |date=18 November 2014}}</ref> Lebanon also has a [[History of the Jews in Lebanon|Jewish]] population estimated at less than 100.<ref name="state2017"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!colspan="8"| [[Christianity in lebanon|Christians]]
!colspan="4"| [[Islam |Muslims]]
!colspan="3"| [[Druze]]
|-
! Total
! [[Maronites]]
! [[Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians |Orthodox]]
! [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Catholics]]
! [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolics]]
! [[christianity|Other Christians]]
! [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenians Catholics]]
! [[Lebanese Protestant Christians|Protestants]]
! Total
! [[Shia Islam|Shias]]
! [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]
! [[Alawites]]
|-
| 2011 <ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]] |date=September 2011 |title= Overview of the current 26 electoral districts |url=https://qifanabki.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ifes-lebanon-electoral-districts-2011.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2024 |page=3}}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|width=70|39.1}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|21.71}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|7.34}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|4.8}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|2.64}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|1.46}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.62}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.53}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|55.88}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|27.35}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|27.65}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.88}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|5.74}}
|-
| 2018 <ref name=mininfo>[https://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb/21558 الدوائر الانتخابية: بالارقام والنسب عدد الناخبين واسماء المرشحين للانتخابات النيابية اللبنانية 2018]. Ministry of Information</ref><ref name=files>[http://www.lebanonfiles.com/news/1301866?mobile=no دراسة نقدية في قانون الانتخاب النسبي]. Lebanon Files</ref>
| {{percentage bar|width=70|40}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|21.11}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|8.1}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|5.2}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|2.88}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|1.51}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.65}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.55}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|54.58}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|28.2}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|25.49}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|0.89}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|5.42}}
|-
| Growth
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.9}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|-0.6}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.76}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.4}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.24}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.05}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.03}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.02}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|-1.3}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.85}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|-2.16}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|+0.01}}
| {{percentage bar|width=70|-0.32}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!colspan="16"| [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christians]]
!colspan="8"| [[Islam in Lebanon|Muslims]]
!colspan="6"| [[Druze]]
|-
! Total
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Maronites]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians |Orthodox]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Catholics]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenians Apostolics]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[christianity|Other Christians]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholics]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Lebanese Protestant Christians|Protestants]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! Total
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Shia Islam|Shias]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
! [[Alawites]]
| style="background: lightgreen" |
|-
| 2011 <ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]] |date=September 2011 |title= Overview of the current 26 electoral districts |url=https://qifanabki.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ifes-lebanon-electoral-districts-2011.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2024 |page=3}}</ref>
| '''1 280 221'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 702 291
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 244 627
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 158 723
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 88 005
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 48 428
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 20 514
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 17 633
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| '''1 863 534'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 912 095
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 922 125
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 29 314
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| '''191 321'''
|-
| 2018 <ref name=mininfo>[https://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb/21558 الدوائر الانتخابية: بالارقام والنسب عدد الناخبين واسماء المرشحين للانتخابات النيابية اللبنانية 2018]. Ministry of Information</ref><ref name=files/>
| '''1 474 241'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 778 032
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 298 534
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 191 651
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 106 145
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 55 652
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 23 956
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 20 271
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| '''2 011 604'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 1 039 341
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 939 461
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| 32 802
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| '''199 760'''
|-
| ''Growth''
| ''+194 020''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+75 741''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+53 907''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+32 928''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+18 140''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+7 224''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+3 442''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+2 618''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+148 070''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+127 246''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+17 336''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+3 488''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
| ''+8 439''

|}

==Geographical distribution of sects in Lebanon==
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}

===Lebanese Christians===
{{Main|Christianity in Lebanon}}[[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christians]] form a large proportion of the total population, and they are divided into many branches, including [[Maronite Church|Maronite]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]], and other communities.

[[Lebanese Maronite Christians|Lebanese Maronites]] are concentrated in the northern parts of [[Greater Beirut]], the northern part of [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]], the southern part of [[North Governorate]], parts of [[Beqaa Governorate]] and [[South Governorate]].<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/5070/lebanon/maronites.html Lebanon Maronites Overview] World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>

[[Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians|Lebanese Greek Orthodox]] are concentrated in north Beirut, as well as [[North Governorate|Lebanese North]] areas including [[Zgharta]], [[Bsharri]], [[Koura District|Koura]], and [[Batroun]].

[[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Lebanese Greek Catholics]] are found across the country but in particular in districts on the eastern slopes of the Lebanese mountain range and in Zahlé where they are a majority.

[[Lebanese Protestant Christians|Lebanese Protestants]] are concentrated mainly within the area of [[Beirut]] and [[Greater Beirut]].

The other Lebanese Christians and non-native Christian communities are concentrated in similar areas like in east [[Beirut]] (northern parts of [[Greater Beirut]]), [[Mount Lebanon]], [[Zahlé]], and [[Jezzine]].

===Lebanese Muslims===
{{Main|Islam in Lebanon}}
[[Islam in Lebanon|Lebanese Muslims]] form a large number of the total population, and they are divided into many sects, which include [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunnis]], [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shias]], [[Lebanese Shia Muslims#Alawites|Alawites]], and [[Lebanese Shia Muslims#Isma'ilis|Ismailis]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Lebanese Sunnis]] are mainly residents of the major cities: west [[Beirut]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], and [[Sidon]]. Sunnis are also present in rural areas, which include [[Akkar District|Akkar]], Ikleem al Kharoub, and the western [[Beqaa Valley]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Lebanese Shias]] are concentrated in [[Southern Lebanon]], [[Baalbek District]], [[Hermel District]] and the south [[Beirut]] (southern parts of [[Greater Beirut]]).

===Lebanese Druze===
{{Main|Lebanese Druze}}[[File:Lebanon religion map by municipality.png|thumb|Religious map of Lebanon by municipality according to municipal elections data]]
The Druze are located in the areas known as the [[Matn District|Matn]], Gharb, [[Chouf District|Chouf]], Wadi-al Taym, [[Beirut]] and its suburbs, and the Druze make up the majority in cities like [[Aley]], [[Choueifat]], [[Rashaya]], [[Ras el-Matn]] and [[Baakleen]].

===Lebanese Jews===
{{Main|History of the Jews in Lebanon}}{{multiple image
| image1 = 1988 distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups.tif
| width1 = 100
| caption1 = Estimated distribution of main religious groups, 1985, by the [[CIA]]{{Citation needed|reason=a proper citation is needed not just a year|date=December 2019}}
| image2 = Lebanon religious groups distribution.jpg
| width2 = 100
| caption2 = Lebanon religious groups distribution{{Citation needed|reason=who did this and when|date=December 2019}}
| footer = Maps of religion distribution in Lebanon
}}
As of 2009, fewer than 50 Jews remained in Lebanon.<ref>Kirsten E. Schulze (2009) Point of Departure: The 1967 War and the Jews of Lebanon, Israel Affairs, 15:4, p: 336-339</ref> The majority of the remaining Jewish population is concentrated in Beirut. The Jewish community was traditionally located in [[Wadi Abu Jamil]] and [[Ras Beirut]], with other communities in [[Chouf District|Chouf]], [[Deir al-Qamar]], [[Aley]], [[Bhamdoun]], and [[Hasbaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jews of Lebanon |url=http://thejewsoflebanon.org/me/?m=200705 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808130824/http://thejewsoflebanon.org/me/?m=200705 |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref>

== Religion and society ==

=== Religion and politics ===
The [[Maronites|Maronite Catholics]] and the [[Druze]] founded modern [[Lebanon]] in the early eighteenth century, through a governing and social system known as the "[[Christianity and Druze|Maronite-Druze dualism]]" in the [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]].<ref name="Deeb 2013">{{cite book|title=Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon| first=Marius|last=Deeb|year= 2013| isbn= 9780817916664|publisher=Hoover Press|quote= the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.}}</ref>

Religion plays a major role in politics. Some researchers describe the political system in Lebanon as "coming out of the womb of religion and politics".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-24|title=الإصلاح والسلطة في لبنان بين الديني والسياسي|url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/205632|access-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024175819/https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/205632|archive-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> After the independence from France in 1943, the leaders of Lebanon agreed on the distribution of the political positions in the country according to religious affiliation, known as the [[National Pact]]. Since then, the President is always a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister is at all times a Sunni Muslim and the Speaker of the Parliament must be a Shia Muslim.

Most political parties are based on sectarian belongingness and represent their religion's interests. It is not rare to find the clergy involved in political activities, either as members or as leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Elaph Publishing|title=رجال الدين في لبنان: يوم للرب وآخر للسياسة|url=https://elaph.com/Web/AkhbarKhasa/2008/2/302149.htm|access-date=2020-10-31|website=@Elaph|date=7 February 2008|language=ar}}</ref>

==Current political and religious issues==
Under the terms of an agreement known as the [[National Pact]] between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the [[List of presidents of Lebanon|president of the country]] must be a [[Lebanese Maronite Christians|Maronite]], the [[Prime Minister of Lebanon|prime minister]] must be a [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni]], and the [[List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon|speaker of Parliament]] must be a [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia]].<ref> {{Cite web|date=2018-10-15|title=AUB: The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement|url=http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/conflict-resolution.html|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015080935/http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/conflict-resolution.html|archive-date=2018-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1966|title=Politics and the Airlines|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/42.2.276a|journal=International Affairs|volume=42|issue=2|pages=276|doi=10.1093/ia/42.2.276a|issn=1468-2346}}</ref> This has further sustained a power balance which has been founded on religious-sectarian values.

Since Lebanon is a country that is ruled by a sectarian system, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. The modern Lebanese state regulates the intersection between rights, sex, and kinship through the simultaneous application of civil and personal status law and through civil institutions that provide oversight over the legal system as a whole.<ref>Maya Mikdashi, Sextarianism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022). Chapters 1 (pages 24-47)</ref> Calls for [[civil marriage]] are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages conducted in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities. In the case of Lebanon, many Lebanese couples therefore conducted their civil marriage in Cyprus, which became a well-known destination for such instances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abillama |first=Raja |date=September 2018 |title=Contesting Secularism: Civil Marriage and Those Who Do Not Belong to a Religious Community in Lebanon |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/plar.12259 |journal=PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review |language=en |volume=41 |issue=S1 |pages=148–162 |doi=10.1111/plar.12259|s2cid=158980395 }}</ref>

Overall, societal norms and family dynamics create significant obstacles for mixed-sect couples in Lebanon, impacting their relationships and the acceptance of their unions within their communities and families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deeb |first=Lara |title="WHEN EXPOSURE ISNOT ENOUGH: Sectarianism as a Response to Mixed Marriage," in Practicing Sectarianism |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503631090 |edition=ed. Lara Deeb, Tsolin Nalbantian, and Nadya Sbaiti |location=Stanford |pages=157–179 |language=English}}</ref>

[[Irreligion|Non-religion]] is not recognized by the state. However, following intense pressure and lobbying by the [[Civil Center for National Initiative]], the [[Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (Lebanon)|Minister of the Interior]] [[Ziyad Baroud]] made it possible to have a citizen's religious sect removed from his [[Lebanese identity card|identity card]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14472&size=A |access-date=30 March 2019 |work=www.asianews.it |date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.barcodenation.co.uk/identity-blog/2009/02/religious-affiliation-can-be-removed-from-lebanese-id-cards/ Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards]. Barcode Nation (2009-02-25). Retrieved on 2013-09-26.</ref>

In April 2010, [[Laïque Pride]], a secular group co-founded by feminist Yalda Younes, called for "an end to the country's deep-rooted sectarian system" and for a "secular Lebanon". Laïque Pride supports the enacting of a unified Civil Code for the Personal Status Law.<ref>{{Cite web|author=((adonis49))|title=Lebanese Laïque Pride activist group|url=https://adonis49.wordpress.com/tag/lebanese-laique-pride-activist-group/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Adonis Diaries|language=en}}</ref>

On April 26, 2010, in response to [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]'s growing appeal in Beirut and demands to re-establish an Islamic caliphate, a [[Laïque Pride]] march was held in [[Beirut]]. Three days later, 70,000 gathered in [[Martyrs' Square, Beirut]] for a march organized by Laïque Pride.

In 2011, hundreds of protesters rallied in Beirut on 27 February in a Laïque Pride march, calling for reform of the country's [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional]] [[Politics of Lebanon|political system]]. At the same time, a peaceful sit-in took place in [[Sidon]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-02-27|title=Lebanese protest against sectarian political system|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-protest-idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref>

At a march in May 2012 in which 600 participated, Laïque Pride issued six demands, four concerning women's rights and two concerning media freedom. Secular student clubs from [[Saint Joseph University of Beirut|Saint Joseph University]] (USJ), the [[Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts]] (ALBA), as the [[American University of Beirut]] (AUB) also participated in the march.

In October 2019, and until August 2020, a series of civil protests ensued in Lebanon, now known as the [[17 October Revolution]] condemning sectarian rule amongst a myriad of other issues plaguing their country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Readables|date=2019-10-27|title=Lebanon Protesters Found Strength in Unity, Ditched Sectarianism|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/27/lebanon-protesters-find-strength-in-unity-ditched-sectarianism/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Report Syndication|language=en}}</ref> [[Lina Khatib]], a journalist for [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]], has labelled these protests as "cross-sectarian". She notes: "They are taking place across Lebanon, rather than only in Beirut. And they are demanding the fall of the government from the outset, while criticizing political leaders from every sect."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khatib|first=Lina|title=Lebanon is experiencing a social revolution|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/10/20/lebanon-is-experiencing-a-social-revolution/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Freedom of religion==
{{see also| Freedom of religion in Lebanon}}

In 2023 and 2024, [[Freedom House]] gave Lebanon a score of 3 out of 4 for freedom of religious expression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/lebanon/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/lebanon/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="7">
File:St georges orthodox cathedral beirut.jpg|Saint George Eastern Orthodox Cathedral in downtown Beirut
File:St. George's Greek-Orthodox Cathedral (Beirut).JPG|[[Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral]] on Nejme Square
File:St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg|[[Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator]] in Beirut
File:Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg|Druze Prophet of Job Shrine
File:Lebanese electorate (largest community per minor district and-or qada), based on 2017 data.png|Listing the largest community in the Lebanese electorate, per ''qada'' and/or "minor district".{{legend|#22B14C|Sunni}}{{legend|#A349A4|Shia}}{{legend|#00A2E8|Druze}}{{legend|#FFF200|Maronite}}{{legend|#FF7F27|Greek Orthodox}}{{legend|#ED1C24|Armenian Orthodox}}
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Christianity in Lebanon]]
* [[Islam in Lebanon]]
* [[History of the Jews in Lebanon]]
* [[Secularist movement in Lebanon|Secularism in Lebanon]]
* [[Irreligion in Lebanon]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Lebanon]]
* [[Freemasonry in Lebanon]]
* [[Demographics of Lebanon]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia topic|Religion in}}
{{Demographics of Lebanon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religion in Lebanon}}
[[Category:Religion in Lebanon| ]]

Pyotr Mamonov

2024-10-02T08:17:34Z

Wolverène:

{{Short description|Russian rock musician (1951–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|Nikolayevich|Mamonov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pyotr Mamonov
| image = Pyotr Mamonov, April 2019-6.jpg
| caption = Mamonov in 2019
| birth_name = Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1951|04|14}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|07|15|1951|04|14}}
| death_place = Moscow, Russia
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[progressive rock]]|[[experimental rock]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|actor}}
| years_active = 1960s–2021
| label = {{hlist|Warner Bros.|Otdelenie Vykhod|Moroz}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|Mamonov and Aleksei|[[Zvuki Mu]]}}
}}
'''Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Пётр Никола́евич Мамо́нов}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈpʲɵtr nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ mɐˈmonəf|pron}}; 14 April 1951 – 15 July 2021) was a Russian [[Rock and roll|rock]] musician and the frontman of the Moscow band [[Zvuki Mu]], as well as a stage and film actor.

== Early life ==
Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov was born on 14 April 1951 to an engineer and a translator of Scandinavian languages. During his childhood, he lived on Bolshoi Karetny Lane. During his teens, he would dress as a [[stilyagi|stilyaga]] and often got into fights, one such incident resulting in a scar across his stomach (which can be seen in the film ''[[The Needle (1988 film)|Igla]]'', which he starred in over 20 years later). Mamonov's parents separated in the mid 1950s and his mother began a relationship with Nikolai Bortnichuk, also an engineer. This relationship resulted in the birth of Mamonov's half-brother, Aleksei Bortnichuk, on 13 July 1958.

His first band was a cover band named Express, who were active in the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s, playing covers of popular rock bands such as [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[Led Zeppelin]], although Mamonov himself preferred black R&B, soul and rock 'n roll music. During the 1970s, he suffered from depression and worked various jobs, including as a boiler operator and Norwegian translator (he learned the language from his mother). He lived with the artist Olga Gorokhova between 1979 and 1981. Gorokhova stated that Mamonov would listen to a lot of [[Weather Report]]'s music during this period.

== Zvuki Mu ==
In 1982, he began Zvuki Mu. The name originates from a series of affectionate names beginning with the syllable ''mu'' which Mamonov and Gorokhova would call each other, though the earliest occurrence of the name ''Zvuki Mu'' occurs in some of Mamonov's poetry from the late 1960s. Between 1986 and late 1987, he wore a moustache – it can be seen in images of Mamonov from that period, such as the images inside the booklet of the compilation ''Mamonov '84–'87''.

Mamonov was one of the few rock musicians from former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] who managed to achieve recognition abroad, through his collaboration with [[Brian Eno]] in the late 1980s. Around the same period, he started acting in films, and over the next decade wrote, produced and acted in several one-man theatrical performances establishing himself as a [[Cult following|cult figure]] in Russia.

Zvuki Mu initially performed between 1982 and 1990, after which Mamonov started a new band called Mamonov and Aleksei with his half-brother Aleksei Bortnichuk. The new band performed music of a similar style to Zvuki Mu, using backing tracks instead of live drums, but in 1993-4, they acquired a live drummer and developed a new, back-to-basics hard rock sound, with Mamonov rewriting some older Zvuki Mu songs to fit in with this style. They released one album in 1992 and were recording a second one when Mamonov decided to rename the group to Zvuki Mu, resulting in the release of Zvuki Mu's ''Gruby zakat'' album in 1995.

== Post-Zvuki Mu ==
[[File:Petr Mamonov.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mamonov performing in 2011]]
In 1996, after disagreements between Mamonov and the other Zvuki Mu members, the band broke up again, with ''Zvuki Mu'' becoming just a pseudonym for Mamonov's solo work. He switched to using his own name for music in 2005, but in 2015, he formed a new band, ''Sovershenno novye Zvuki Mu'' (Brand New Zvuki Mu) with musicians from the indie band Stoneberry.

== Acting career ==
One of Mamonov's best-known film appearances is in the leading role in [[Pavel Lungin]]'s 1990 ''[[Taxi Blues]]''.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/163/year/1990.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Taxi Blues |accessdate=6 August 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> His theatre creations include ''Is There Life on Mars?'', an [[Theatre of the Absurd|absurdist]] take on [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[A Marriage Proposal]]'', and ''Chocolate Pushkin'', which makes a comical reference to (but doesn't cite) the Russian national poet [[Alexander Pushkin]]. Mamonov explained the name for the album as his own comparison to a popular DJ who calls himself "Black Elvis" and also describes the genre on this record as "lit-hop" (literature hip-hop).

In 2001, he appeared in a short but characteristic role in Serguei Loban's [[Dust (2005 film)|''Dust'']] ({{lang-ru|link=no|Пыль}}) that was released only 4 years later and became a cult film. He returned to play the lead role in [[Pavel Lungin]]'s religious film ''[[The Island (2006 film)|The Island]]'' (Russian: ''Остров''), which closed the 2006 [[Venice Film Festival]]. His acting in the film was praised by [[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Alexy II]], [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarch of Moscow]], and won him a Best Actor [[Nika Award]].

In 2009, Pavel Lungin invited him to appear in his new production entitled ''[[Tsar (film)|Tsar]]'' (Russian Царь). Mamonov plays the title hero, [[Tsar]] [[Ivan the Terrible]], a character torn between passionate faith and cruelty.

Pyotr Mamonov played the main roles in the short films "Tea" (2016, Russian: ''Чай'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Петр Мамонов учит правильно жить в короткометражном фильме "Чай" |date=26 March 2019 |url=https://kinoreporter.ru/petr-mamonov-uchit-pravilno-zhit-v-korotkometrazhnom-filme-chaj/}}</ref> and "Fixative" (2021, Russian: ''Фиксаж'').<ref>{{Cite web |title="Фиксаж" с Петром Мамоновым: короткометражка, ставшая последней в жизни мэтра, появилась на YouTube |url=https://spbdnevnik.ru/news/2021-10-27/posledniy-fiksazh-petra-mamonova-korotkometrazhka-stavshaya-posledney-v-zhizni-metra-poyavilas-na-youtube |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=spbdnevnik.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1995, he stated in an interview that he enjoyed listening to alternative rock, heavy metal and grunge, naming [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Jane's Addiction]], the [[Butthole Surfers]], [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]] and [[Pantera]] as examples.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

In the 1990s, Mamonov converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]], left the capital and settled in a village.

In August 2019, Mamonov suffered a heart attack, necessitating the cancellation of his concerts for two and a half months while he had surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newinform.com/187139-akter-petr-mamonov-popal-s-infarktom-v-reanimaciyu |title = Актер Петр Мамонов попал с инфарктом в реанимацию}}</ref>

On 26 June 2021, Mamonov was hospitalised with [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meduza.io/news/2021/07/01/petr-mamonov-popal-v-reanimatsiyu-s-koronavirusom |title = Петр Мамонов попал в реанимацию с коронавирусом — Meduza}}</ref> He was put into a [[Induced coma|medically induced coma]] and died on 15 July at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite news |title=Умер Петр Мамонов |url=https://iz.ru/1188253/2021-07-15/umer-petr-mamonov |work=[[Izvestiya]] |date=15 July 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0541136/ Pyotr Mamonov] at [[IMDb]]
*[http://www.ostrov-film.ru/ Official website (in Russian) for ''The Island'' film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221553/http://www.ostrov-film.ru/ |date=10 February 2007 }}
* {{Discogs artist|Петр Мамонов}}

{{Nika Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamonov, Pyotr}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Russian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian male singers]]
[[Category:Russian rock singers]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia]]
[[Category:Singers from Moscow]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian male singers]]

Pyotr Mamonov

2024-10-02T08:16:23Z

Wolverène:

{{Short description|Russian rock musician (1951–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|Nikolayevich|Mamonov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pyotr Mamonov
| image = Pyotr Mamonov, April 2019-6.jpg
| caption = Mamonov in 2019
| birth_name = Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1951|04|14}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|07|15|1951|04|14}}
| death_place = Moscow, Russia
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[progressive rock]]|[[experimental rock]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|actor}}
| years_active = 1960s–2021
| label = {{hlist|Warner Bros.|Otdelenie Vykhod|Moroz}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|Mamonov and Aleksei|[[Zvuki Mu]]}}
}}
'''Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Пётр Никола́евич Мамо́нов}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈpʲɵtr nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ mɐˈmonəf|pron}}; 14 April 1951 – 15 July 2021) was a Russian [[Rock and roll|rock]] musician and the frontman of the Moscow band [[Zvuki Mu]], as well as a film actor.

== Early life ==
Pyotr Nikolayevich Mamonov was born on 14 April 1951 to an engineer and a translator of Scandinavian languages. During his childhood, he lived on Bolshoi Karetny Lane. During his teens, he would dress as a [[stilyagi|stilyaga]] and often got into fights, one such incident resulting in a scar across his stomach (which can be seen in the film ''[[The Needle (1988 film)|Igla]]'', which he starred in over 20 years later). Mamonov's parents separated in the mid 1950s and his mother began a relationship with Nikolai Bortnichuk, also an engineer. This relationship resulted in the birth of Mamonov's half-brother, Aleksei Bortnichuk, on 13 July 1958.

His first band was a cover band named Express, who were active in the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s, playing covers of popular rock bands such as [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[Led Zeppelin]], although Mamonov himself preferred black R&B, soul and rock 'n roll music. During the 1970s, he suffered from depression and worked various jobs, including as a boiler operator and Norwegian translator (he learned the language from his mother). He lived with the artist Olga Gorokhova between 1979 and 1981. Gorokhova stated that Mamonov would listen to a lot of [[Weather Report]]'s music during this period.

== Zvuki Mu ==
In 1982, he began Zvuki Mu. The name originates from a series of affectionate names beginning with the syllable ''mu'' which Mamonov and Gorokhova would call each other, though the earliest occurrence of the name ''Zvuki Mu'' occurs in some of Mamonov's poetry from the late 1960s. Between 1986 and late 1987, he wore a moustache – it can be seen in images of Mamonov from that period, such as the images inside the booklet of the compilation ''Mamonov '84–'87''.

Mamonov was one of the few rock musicians from former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] who managed to achieve recognition abroad, through his collaboration with [[Brian Eno]] in the late 1980s. Around the same period, he started acting in films, and over the next decade wrote, produced and acted in several one-man theatrical performances establishing himself as a [[Cult following|cult figure]] in Russia.

Zvuki Mu initially performed between 1982 and 1990, after which Mamonov started a new band called Mamonov and Aleksei with his half-brother Aleksei Bortnichuk. The new band performed music of a similar style to Zvuki Mu, using backing tracks instead of live drums, but in 1993-4, they acquired a live drummer and developed a new, back-to-basics hard rock sound, with Mamonov rewriting some older Zvuki Mu songs to fit in with this style. They released one album in 1992 and were recording a second one when Mamonov decided to rename the group to Zvuki Mu, resulting in the release of Zvuki Mu's ''Gruby zakat'' album in 1995.

== Post-Zvuki Mu ==
[[File:Petr Mamonov.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mamonov performing in 2011]]
In 1996, after disagreements between Mamonov and the other Zvuki Mu members, the band broke up again, with ''Zvuki Mu'' becoming just a pseudonym for Mamonov's solo work. He switched to using his own name for music in 2005, but in 2015, he formed a new band, ''Sovershenno novye Zvuki Mu'' (Brand New Zvuki Mu) with musicians from the indie band Stoneberry.

== Acting career ==
One of Mamonov's best-known film appearances is in the leading role in [[Pavel Lungin]]'s 1990 ''[[Taxi Blues]]''.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/163/year/1990.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Taxi Blues |accessdate=6 August 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> His theatre creations include ''Is There Life on Mars?'', an [[Theatre of the Absurd|absurdist]] take on [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[A Marriage Proposal]]'', and ''Chocolate Pushkin'', which makes a comical reference to (but doesn't cite) the Russian national poet [[Alexander Pushkin]]. Mamonov explained the name for the album as his own comparison to a popular DJ who calls himself "Black Elvis" and also describes the genre on this record as "lit-hop" (literature hip-hop).

In 2001, he appeared in a short but characteristic role in Serguei Loban's [[Dust (2005 film)|''Dust'']] ({{lang-ru|link=no|Пыль}}) that was released only 4 years later and became a cult film. He returned to play the lead role in [[Pavel Lungin]]'s religious film ''[[The Island (2006 film)|The Island]]'' (Russian: ''Остров''), which closed the 2006 [[Venice Film Festival]]. His acting in the film was praised by [[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Alexy II]], [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarch of Moscow]], and won him a Best Actor [[Nika Award]].

In 2009, Pavel Lungin invited him to appear in his new production entitled ''[[Tsar (film)|Tsar]]'' (Russian Царь). Mamonov plays the title hero, [[Tsar]] [[Ivan the Terrible]], a character torn between passionate faith and cruelty.

Pyotr Mamonov played the main roles in the short films "Tea" (2016, Russian: ''Чай'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Петр Мамонов учит правильно жить в короткометражном фильме "Чай" |date=26 March 2019 |url=https://kinoreporter.ru/petr-mamonov-uchit-pravilno-zhit-v-korotkometrazhnom-filme-chaj/}}</ref> and "Fixative" (2021, Russian: ''Фиксаж'').<ref>{{Cite web |title="Фиксаж" с Петром Мамоновым: короткометражка, ставшая последней в жизни мэтра, появилась на YouTube |url=https://spbdnevnik.ru/news/2021-10-27/posledniy-fiksazh-petra-mamonova-korotkometrazhka-stavshaya-posledney-v-zhizni-metra-poyavilas-na-youtube |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=spbdnevnik.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1995, he stated in an interview that he enjoyed listening to alternative rock, heavy metal and grunge, naming [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Jane's Addiction]], the [[Butthole Surfers]], [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]] and [[Pantera]] as examples.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

In the 1990s, Mamonov converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]], left the capital and settled in a village.

In August 2019, Mamonov suffered a heart attack, necessitating the cancellation of his concerts for two and a half months while he had surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newinform.com/187139-akter-petr-mamonov-popal-s-infarktom-v-reanimaciyu |title = Актер Петр Мамонов попал с инфарктом в реанимацию}}</ref>

On 26 June 2021, Mamonov was hospitalised with [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meduza.io/news/2021/07/01/petr-mamonov-popal-v-reanimatsiyu-s-koronavirusom |title = Петр Мамонов попал в реанимацию с коронавирусом — Meduza}}</ref> He was put into a [[Induced coma|medically induced coma]] and died on 15 July at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite news |title=Умер Петр Мамонов |url=https://iz.ru/1188253/2021-07-15/umer-petr-mamonov |work=[[Izvestiya]] |date=15 July 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0541136/ Pyotr Mamonov] at [[IMDb]]
*[http://www.ostrov-film.ru/ Official website (in Russian) for ''The Island'' film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221553/http://www.ostrov-film.ru/ |date=10 February 2007 }}
* {{Discogs artist|Петр Мамонов}}

{{Nika Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamonov, Pyotr}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Russian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian male singers]]
[[Category:Russian rock singers]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia]]
[[Category:Singers from Moscow]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian male singers]]

Malchik

2024-10-01T05:44:27Z

Wolverène: /* Death */ m.

{{Short description|Stray mongrel stabbed to death at the Moscow Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Malchik
| image = RUSMARKA-2491.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Compassion'' monument on a 2019 [[postage stamp]] of [[Russia]]
| birth_name =
| othername =
| species = [[Dog]]
| breed = [[Mongrel]]
| gender = Male
| birth_date = c. 1996
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| death_date = December 2001
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Russian
| occupation = Station resident
| employer =
| role =
| years_active =
| known = Popular resident at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]], stabbed to death by a railway commuter
| tricks =
| awards =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| owner =
| parents =
| children =
| weight =
| height =
| appearance = Black
| namedafter =
| website =
}}

'''Malchik''' ({{lang-ru|Мальчик|lit=Little Boy}}; {{circa}} 1996 – December 2001) was a black [[mixed-breed dog|mongrel]] [[Free-ranging urban dog|stray dog]] living in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. For about three years, Malchik lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] on the [[Moscow Metro]]. In 2001, he was killed when a 22-year-old woman, Yuliana Romanova, stabbed him with a kitchen knife.<ref name="FinancialTimes">{{cite news|author=Susanne Sternthal|date=2010-01-16|title=Moscow's stray dogs|work=[[The Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/628a8500-ff1c-11de-a677-00144feab49a.html|access-date=2010-04-22}}</ref> The incident sparked a wave of public outrage regarding the [[cruelty to animals|treatment of animals]], and, in 2007, a monument was erected in Malchik's honour at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url= http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |title= The unveiling of "Compassion" monument to stray pets |publisher= Moscow Metro Official Site |access-date= 2010-04-22 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111004081307/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |archive-date= 4 October 2011}}</ref>

== Life at Mendeleyevskaya station ==
Malchik was a black mongrel stray dog, who lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] for about three years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Robyn|author-link=Robyn Dixon (journalist)|date=20 August 2020|title=In Moscow, a woman devotes her life to saving dogs|language=en|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Moscow|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/20/moscow-dog-rescue/|url-access=limited|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> He became a popular station "resident" among commuters and railway employers, who often brought him food,<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Buckle|first=Jackie|title=Monumental Tales: The fascinating stories behind the world's pet statues and memorials.|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-7188-9545-7|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=102–3}}</ref> and he often defended his territory against drunks and other dogs.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

==Death==
On a winter evening in December 2001,<ref name="Pravda2">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |title=Man brutally kills pregnant dog for no particular reasons |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2008-11-19 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423150249/http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |archive-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref> 22-year-old Yuliana Romanova (Volkova) was passing through Mendeleyevskaya station with her pet [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]].<ref name="TopModel">{{cite web | url = http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | title = Russian top model brutally stabs mongrel dog in Moscow | last = | first = | date = 9 November 2005 | website = | publisher = | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | access-date = 1 July 2021 | archive-date = 26 March 2010 | quote = }}</ref> They encountered Malchik in a pedestrian underpass, and the stray dog barked at the pair.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name="ABCNews">{{cite news | last = Marquardt | first = Alex | title = Stray Dogs Master Complex Moscow Subway System | newspaper = ABC News | location = Moscow | pages = | language = | date = 19 March 2010 | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/Technology/stray-dogs-master-complex-moscow-subway-system/story?id=10145833 | access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> One report holds that Romanova set her dog on the sleeping Malchik.<ref name="Pravda" /><ref name="TopModel"/> Romanova reached into her purse, removed a kitchen knife, and stabbed Malchik six times in the back, chest and stomach.<ref name="Pravda">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |title=A group of Russian artists shocked with the young girl's brutality initiated the making of a monument to the killed dog |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2005-11-09 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}</ref> The dog died several minutes later.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

[[File:MendeleevskayaMoscow.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mendeleyevskaya]] metro station, where Malchik lived until his death]]

A shopkeeper from a nearby stall tried to prevent the attack, but Malchik died before the police and an ambulance arrived.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion">{{cite web | url = https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/compassion-malchik-monument | title = 'Compassion', Moscow, Russia: A monument to Malchik, a stray dog who lived in a Moscow metro station until his tragic death | date = n.d. | website = Atlas Obscura | publisher = AtlasObscura.com | access-date = 30 June 2020}}</ref> The woman was said to have fled the scene and there was no formal investigation initially.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> However, Romanova was traced back as the killer by Irina Ozyornaya, an activist and investigative reporter of the popular newspaper ''Izvestiya'', who started writing articles about the incident, identifying Romanova as a young fashion model.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> When contacted by the reporter, Romanova reportedly shrugged off the incident.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> Later it was revealed that Romanova has a long history of cruelty to animals and psychiatric treatment.<ref name="iz30239">Contrary to many news reports, Romanova was not a professional model: she made only one occasional shot with a Russian modeling agency "Art-Site"; see [http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/ "Ну, подумаешь, собачку ножом пырнула"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611071553/http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/|date=11 June 2009}}</ref> After a year of campaigning, however, Romanova was arrested and tried, and underwent one year of psychiatric treatment.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /> The story of Malchik's death received widespread coverage in the Russian media.<ref name=":0" />

==Monument==
In February 2007, a monument entitled "Compassion"<ref name="Metro" /> (or "Sympathy";<ref name="Pravda" /> {{lang-ru|Сочувствие}}, ''Sochuvstviye'') was erected at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name=":0" /> The monument was funded by public donations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bednarek|first=Joanna|title=Deleuze and the Animal|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4744-2273-4|editor-last=Gardner|editor-first=Colin|location=Edinburgh, UK|pages=71–72|chapter=The Oedipal animal? Companion species and becoming|editor-last2=MacCormack|editor-first2=Patricia}}</ref> A [[bronze]] sculpture of Malchik was placed on a monolithic pedestal of [[serpentine group|serpentine]].<ref name= "Metro" /> It was erected on the night of 15/16 February 2007 and officially unveiled on 17 February.<ref name="Metro" /> Among the artists responsible for the monument were sculptor [[Alexander Tsigal]], artist [[Sergey Tsigal]], architect Andrey Nalich, and designer Peter Nalich.<ref name= "Metro" /> The unveiling ceremony was attended by notable artists, many of whom had donated money for the monument's installation, including [[Andrey Makarevich]], [[Mikhail Shirvindt]], [[Veniamin Smekhov]], [[Oleg Anofriev]], [[Ludmila Kasatkina]] and [[Sergey Yursky]].<ref name="Metro" /> The Russian inscription on the monument reads " 'Compassion' is dedicated to humane relationships with homeless animals."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Caldwell
| first = Melissa L.
| title = Living Faithfully in an Unjust World: Compassionate Care in Russia
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 2017
| location = Oakland, California
| pages = 1–2
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T7QwDwAAQBAJ&q=Compassion+monument+Russia&pg=PA1
| isbn = 978-0-520-28584-2
}}</ref> The monument has been cited as one of Moscow's most unusual tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satenstein|first=Liana|date=2016-05-09|title=Hidden Caves, Cosmonauts Alley, and More: Moscow's Unexpected Attractions|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819162925/https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|archive-date=2020-08-19|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Vogue|language=en-us}}</ref> As with other monuments in the Moscow metro stations,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Vedyashkin
| first = Sergei
| title = Stop Touching Metro Sculptures for Luck, Moscow Metro Urges Riders
| newspaper = Moscow Times
| location = Moscow
| pages =
| language =
| date = 26 November 2020
| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/26/stop-touching-metro-sculptures-for-luck-moscow-metro-urges-riders-a72150
| access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> passersby rub the monument's nose for good luck.<ref name="ABCNews"/>

==Legacy==
Joanna Bednarek wrote that Malchik's story typifies the "peculiar mix of cruelty and sentimentality present in our approach to domesticated animals, particularly dogs."<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, the [[Russian Post|postal department of Russia]] released a postage stamp portraying the ''Compassion'' monument in the memory of Malchik.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Stray dogs in Moscow]]
*[[List of individual dogs]]
{{Portal bar|Russia|Animals|Dogs}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2001 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Animal rights movement]]
[[Category:Dog monuments]]
[[Category:Individual animals in Russia]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Moscow Metro]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Russia]]

Malchik

2024-10-01T05:43:07Z

Wolverène: /* Monument */ romanization

{{Short description|Stray mongrel stabbed to death at the Moscow Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Malchik
| image = RUSMARKA-2491.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Compassion'' monument on a 2019 [[postage stamp]] of [[Russia]]
| birth_name =
| othername =
| species = [[Dog]]
| breed = [[Mongrel]]
| gender = Male
| birth_date = c. 1996
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| death_date = December 2001
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Russian
| occupation = Station resident
| employer =
| role =
| years_active =
| known = Popular resident at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]], stabbed to death by a railway commuter
| tricks =
| awards =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| owner =
| parents =
| children =
| weight =
| height =
| appearance = Black
| namedafter =
| website =
}}

'''Malchik''' ({{lang-ru|Мальчик|lit=Little Boy}}; {{circa}} 1996 – December 2001) was a black [[mixed-breed dog|mongrel]] [[Free-ranging urban dog|stray dog]] living in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. For about three years, Malchik lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] on the [[Moscow Metro]]. In 2001, he was killed when a 22-year-old woman, Yuliana Romanova, stabbed him with a kitchen knife.<ref name="FinancialTimes">{{cite news|author=Susanne Sternthal|date=2010-01-16|title=Moscow's stray dogs|work=[[The Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/628a8500-ff1c-11de-a677-00144feab49a.html|access-date=2010-04-22}}</ref> The incident sparked a wave of public outrage regarding the [[cruelty to animals|treatment of animals]], and, in 2007, a monument was erected in Malchik's honour at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url= http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |title= The unveiling of "Compassion" monument to stray pets |publisher= Moscow Metro Official Site |access-date= 2010-04-22 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111004081307/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |archive-date= 4 October 2011}}</ref>

== Life at Mendeleyevskaya station ==
Malchik was a black mongrel stray dog, who lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] for about three years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Robyn|author-link=Robyn Dixon (journalist)|date=20 August 2020|title=In Moscow, a woman devotes her life to saving dogs|language=en|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Moscow|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/20/moscow-dog-rescue/|url-access=limited|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> He became a popular station "resident" among commuters and railway employers, who often brought him food,<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Buckle|first=Jackie|title=Monumental Tales: The fascinating stories behind the world's pet statues and memorials.|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-7188-9545-7|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=102–3}}</ref> and he often defended his territory against drunks and other dogs.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

==Death==
On a winter evening in December 2001,<ref name="Pravda2">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |title=Man brutally kills pregnant dog for no particular reasons |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2008-11-19 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423150249/http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |archive-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref> 22-year-old Yuliana Romanova (Volkova) was passing through Mendeleyevskaya station with her pet [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]].<ref name="TopModel">{{cite web | url = http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | title = Russian top model brutally stabs mongrel dog in Moscow | last = | first = | date = 9 November 2005 | website = | publisher = | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | access-date = 1 July 2021 | archive-date = 26 March 2010 | quote = }}</ref> They encountered Malchik in a pedestrian underpass, and the stray dog barked at the pair.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name="ABCNews">{{cite news | last = Marquardt | first = Alex | title = Stray Dogs Master Complex Moscow Subway System | newspaper = ABC News | location = Moscow | pages = | language = | date = 19 March 2010 | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/Technology/stray-dogs-master-complex-moscow-subway-system/story?id=10145833 | access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> One report holds that Romanova set her dog on the sleeping Malchik.<ref name="Pravda" /><ref name="TopModel"/> Romanova reached into her purse, removed a kitchen knife, and stabbed Malchik six times in the back, chest and stomach.<ref name="Pravda">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |title=A group of Russian artists shocked with the young girl's brutality initiated the making of a monument to the killed dog |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2005-11-09 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}</ref> The dog died several minutes later.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

[[File:MendeleevskayaMoscow.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mendeleyevskaya]] metro station, where Malchik lived until his death]]

A shopkeeper from a nearby stall tried to prevent the attack, but Malchik died before the police and an ambulance arrived.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion">{{cite web | url = https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/compassion-malchik-monument | title = 'Compassion', Moscow, Russia: A monument to Malchik, a stray dog who lived in a Moscow metro station until his tragic death | date = n.d. | website = Atlas Obscura | publisher = AtlasObscura.com | access-date = 30 June 2020}}</ref> The woman was said to have fled the scene and there was no formal investigation initially.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> However, Romanova was traced back as the killer by Irina Ozyornaya, an investigative reporter of the popular newspaper ''Izvestiya'', who started writing articles about the incident, identifying Romanova as a young fashion model.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> When contacted by the reporter, Romanova reportedly shrugged off the incident.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> Later it was revealed that Romanova has a long history of cruelty to animals and psychiatric treatment.<ref name="iz30239">Contrary to many news reports, Romanova was not a professional model: she made only one occasional shot with a Russian modeling agency "Art-Site"; see [http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/ "Ну, подумаешь, собачку ножом пырнула"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611071553/http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/|date=11 June 2009}}</ref> After a year of campaigning, however, Romanova was arrested and tried, and underwent one year of psychiatric treatment.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /> The story of Malchik's death received widespread coverage in the Russian media.<ref name=":0" />

==Monument==
In February 2007, a monument entitled "Compassion"<ref name="Metro" /> (or "Sympathy";<ref name="Pravda" /> {{lang-ru|Сочувствие}}, ''Sochuvstviye'') was erected at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name=":0" /> The monument was funded by public donations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bednarek|first=Joanna|title=Deleuze and the Animal|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4744-2273-4|editor-last=Gardner|editor-first=Colin|location=Edinburgh, UK|pages=71–72|chapter=The Oedipal animal? Companion species and becoming|editor-last2=MacCormack|editor-first2=Patricia}}</ref> A [[bronze]] sculpture of Malchik was placed on a monolithic pedestal of [[serpentine group|serpentine]].<ref name= "Metro" /> It was erected on the night of 15/16 February 2007 and officially unveiled on 17 February.<ref name="Metro" /> Among the artists responsible for the monument were sculptor [[Alexander Tsigal]], artist [[Sergey Tsigal]], architect Andrey Nalich, and designer Peter Nalich.<ref name= "Metro" /> The unveiling ceremony was attended by notable artists, many of whom had donated money for the monument's installation, including [[Andrey Makarevich]], [[Mikhail Shirvindt]], [[Veniamin Smekhov]], [[Oleg Anofriev]], [[Ludmila Kasatkina]] and [[Sergey Yursky]].<ref name="Metro" /> The Russian inscription on the monument reads " 'Compassion' is dedicated to humane relationships with homeless animals."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Caldwell
| first = Melissa L.
| title = Living Faithfully in an Unjust World: Compassionate Care in Russia
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 2017
| location = Oakland, California
| pages = 1–2
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T7QwDwAAQBAJ&q=Compassion+monument+Russia&pg=PA1
| isbn = 978-0-520-28584-2
}}</ref> The monument has been cited as one of Moscow's most unusual tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satenstein|first=Liana|date=2016-05-09|title=Hidden Caves, Cosmonauts Alley, and More: Moscow's Unexpected Attractions|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819162925/https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|archive-date=2020-08-19|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Vogue|language=en-us}}</ref> As with other monuments in the Moscow metro stations,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Vedyashkin
| first = Sergei
| title = Stop Touching Metro Sculptures for Luck, Moscow Metro Urges Riders
| newspaper = Moscow Times
| location = Moscow
| pages =
| language =
| date = 26 November 2020
| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/26/stop-touching-metro-sculptures-for-luck-moscow-metro-urges-riders-a72150
| access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> passersby rub the monument's nose for good luck.<ref name="ABCNews"/>

==Legacy==
Joanna Bednarek wrote that Malchik's story typifies the "peculiar mix of cruelty and sentimentality present in our approach to domesticated animals, particularly dogs."<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, the [[Russian Post|postal department of Russia]] released a postage stamp portraying the ''Compassion'' monument in the memory of Malchik.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Stray dogs in Moscow]]
*[[List of individual dogs]]
{{Portal bar|Russia|Animals|Dogs}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2001 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Animal rights movement]]
[[Category:Dog monuments]]
[[Category:Individual animals in Russia]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Moscow Metro]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Russia]]

Malchik

2024-10-01T05:42:08Z

Wolverène: /* Monument */ probably (?) a namesake of Peter Nalich, a singer

{{Short description|Stray mongrel stabbed to death at the Moscow Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Malchik
| image = RUSMARKA-2491.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Compassion'' monument on a 2019 [[postage stamp]] of [[Russia]]
| birth_name =
| othername =
| species = [[Dog]]
| breed = [[Mongrel]]
| gender = Male
| birth_date = c. 1996
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| death_date = December 2001
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Russian
| occupation = Station resident
| employer =
| role =
| years_active =
| known = Popular resident at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]], stabbed to death by a railway commuter
| tricks =
| awards =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| owner =
| parents =
| children =
| weight =
| height =
| appearance = Black
| namedafter =
| website =
}}

'''Malchik''' ({{lang-ru|Мальчик|lit=Little Boy}}; {{circa}} 1996 – December 2001) was a black [[mixed-breed dog|mongrel]] [[Free-ranging urban dog|stray dog]] living in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. For about three years, Malchik lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] on the [[Moscow Metro]]. In 2001, he was killed when a 22-year-old woman, Yuliana Romanova, stabbed him with a kitchen knife.<ref name="FinancialTimes">{{cite news|author=Susanne Sternthal|date=2010-01-16|title=Moscow's stray dogs|work=[[The Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/628a8500-ff1c-11de-a677-00144feab49a.html|access-date=2010-04-22}}</ref> The incident sparked a wave of public outrage regarding the [[cruelty to animals|treatment of animals]], and, in 2007, a monument was erected in Malchik's honour at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url= http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |title= The unveiling of "Compassion" monument to stray pets |publisher= Moscow Metro Official Site |access-date= 2010-04-22 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111004081307/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=579 |archive-date= 4 October 2011}}</ref>

== Life at Mendeleyevskaya station ==
Malchik was a black mongrel stray dog, who lived at the [[Mendeleyevskaya|Mendeleyevskaya station]] for about three years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Robyn|author-link=Robyn Dixon (journalist)|date=20 August 2020|title=In Moscow, a woman devotes her life to saving dogs|language=en|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Moscow|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/20/moscow-dog-rescue/|url-access=limited|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> He became a popular station "resident" among commuters and railway employers, who often brought him food,<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Buckle|first=Jackie|title=Monumental Tales: The fascinating stories behind the world's pet statues and memorials.|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-7188-9545-7|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=102–3}}</ref> and he often defended his territory against drunks and other dogs.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

==Death==
On a winter evening in December 2001,<ref name="Pravda2">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |title=Man brutally kills pregnant dog for no particular reasons |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2008-11-19 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423150249/http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/19-11-2008/106719-man_kills_dog-0 |archive-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref> 22-year-old Yuliana Romanova (Volkova) was passing through Mendeleyevskaya station with her pet [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]].<ref name="TopModel">{{cite web | url = http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | title = Russian top model brutally stabs mongrel dog in Moscow | last = | first = | date = 9 November 2005 | website = | publisher = | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html | access-date = 1 July 2021 | archive-date = 26 March 2010 | quote = }}</ref> They encountered Malchik in a pedestrian underpass, and the stray dog barked at the pair.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /><ref name="ABCNews">{{cite news | last = Marquardt | first = Alex | title = Stray Dogs Master Complex Moscow Subway System | newspaper = ABC News | location = Moscow | pages = | language = | date = 19 March 2010 | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/Technology/stray-dogs-master-complex-moscow-subway-system/story?id=10145833 | access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> One report holds that Romanova set her dog on the sleeping Malchik.<ref name="Pravda" /><ref name="TopModel"/> Romanova reached into her purse, removed a kitchen knife, and stabbed Malchik six times in the back, chest and stomach.<ref name="Pravda">{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |title=A group of Russian artists shocked with the young girl's brutality initiated the making of a monument to the killed dog |publisher=Pravda.ru |date=2005-11-09 |access-date=2010-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044534/http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/361/16437_dog.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}</ref> The dog died several minutes later.<ref name="FinancialTimes" />

[[File:MendeleevskayaMoscow.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mendeleyevskaya]] metro station, where Malchik lived until his death]]

A shopkeeper from a nearby stall tried to prevent the attack, but Malchik died before the police and an ambulance arrived.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion">{{cite web | url = https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/compassion-malchik-monument | title = 'Compassion', Moscow, Russia: A monument to Malchik, a stray dog who lived in a Moscow metro station until his tragic death | date = n.d. | website = Atlas Obscura | publisher = AtlasObscura.com | access-date = 30 June 2020}}</ref> The woman was said to have fled the scene and there was no formal investigation initially.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> However, Romanova was traced back as the killer by Irina Ozyornaya, an investigative reporter of the popular newspaper ''Izvestiya'', who started writing articles about the incident, identifying Romanova as a young fashion model.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> When contacted by the reporter, Romanova reportedly shrugged off the incident.<ref name="AtlasObscura_Compassion"/> Later it was revealed that Romanova has a long history of cruelty to animals and psychiatric treatment.<ref name="iz30239">Contrary to many news reports, Romanova was not a professional model: she made only one occasional shot with a Russian modeling agency "Art-Site"; see [http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/ "Ну, подумаешь, собачку ножом пырнула"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611071553/http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article30239/|date=11 June 2009}}</ref> After a year of campaigning, however, Romanova was arrested and tried, and underwent one year of psychiatric treatment.<ref name="FinancialTimes" /> The story of Malchik's death received widespread coverage in the Russian media.<ref name=":0" />

==Monument==
In February 2007, a monument entitled "Compassion"<ref name="Metro" /> (or "Sympathy";<ref name="Pravda" /> {{lang-ru|Сочувствие}}) was erected at Mendeleyevskaya station.<ref name=":0" /> The monument was funded by public donations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bednarek|first=Joanna|title=Deleuze and the Animal|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4744-2273-4|editor-last=Gardner|editor-first=Colin|location=Edinburgh, UK|pages=71–72|chapter=The Oedipal animal? Companion species and becoming|editor-last2=MacCormack|editor-first2=Patricia}}</ref> A [[bronze]] sculpture of Malchik was placed on a monolithic pedestal of [[serpentine group|serpentine]].<ref name= "Metro" /> It was erected on the night of 15/16 February 2007 and officially unveiled on 17 February.<ref name="Metro" /> Among the artists responsible for the monument were sculptor [[Alexander Tsigal]], artist [[Sergey Tsigal]], architect Andrey Nalich, and designer Peter Nalich.<ref name= "Metro" /> The unveiling ceremony was attended by notable artists, many of whom had donated money for the monument's installation, including [[Andrey Makarevich]], [[Mikhail Shirvindt]], [[Veniamin Smekhov]], [[Oleg Anofriev]], [[Ludmila Kasatkina]] and [[Sergey Yursky]].<ref name="Metro" /> The Russian inscription on the monument reads " 'Compassion' is dedicated to humane relationships with homeless animals."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Caldwell
| first = Melissa L.
| title = Living Faithfully in an Unjust World: Compassionate Care in Russia
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 2017
| location = Oakland, California
| pages = 1–2
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T7QwDwAAQBAJ&q=Compassion+monument+Russia&pg=PA1
| isbn = 978-0-520-28584-2
}}</ref> The monument has been cited as one of Moscow's most unusual tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satenstein|first=Liana|date=2016-05-09|title=Hidden Caves, Cosmonauts Alley, and More: Moscow's Unexpected Attractions|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819162925/https://www.vogue.com/article/moscow-best-unexpected-unusual-tourist-attractions|archive-date=2020-08-19|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Vogue|language=en-us}}</ref> As with other monuments in the Moscow metro stations,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Vedyashkin
| first = Sergei
| title = Stop Touching Metro Sculptures for Luck, Moscow Metro Urges Riders
| newspaper = Moscow Times
| location = Moscow
| pages =
| language =
| date = 26 November 2020
| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/26/stop-touching-metro-sculptures-for-luck-moscow-metro-urges-riders-a72150
| access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> passersby rub the monument's nose for good luck.<ref name="ABCNews"/>

==Legacy==
Joanna Bednarek wrote that Malchik's story typifies the "peculiar mix of cruelty and sentimentality present in our approach to domesticated animals, particularly dogs."<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, the [[Russian Post|postal department of Russia]] released a postage stamp portraying the ''Compassion'' monument in the memory of Malchik.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Stray dogs in Moscow]]
*[[List of individual dogs]]
{{Portal bar|Russia|Animals|Dogs}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2001 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Animal rights movement]]
[[Category:Dog monuments]]
[[Category:Individual animals in Russia]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Moscow Metro]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Russia]]

Zhuang people

2024-10-01T04:53:50Z

Wolverène: /* Notable Zhuang people */ m.

{{Short description|Tai-speaking ethnic group of Southern China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Zhuang people
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|壮族}} {{lang|za|Bouxcuengh}}
| image = Ethnic Zhuang Costumes Guangnan Yunnan China.jpg
| caption = Zhuang people in ethnic clothes, [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]], 2008
| population = 18 million
| regions1 = {{flag|China}} (primarily [[Guangxi]])
| regions2 = {{flag|Japan}}
| languages = [[Zhuang languages]], [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Pinghua]]
| religions = [[Mo (religion)|Mo]] (majority) [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Taoism]] (minority)
| related = [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]], [[Dai people|Dai]], [[Nùng people|Nùng]], and [[Tày people|Tày]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| s = 壮族 {{lang|en|or}} 僮族
| t = 壯族 {{lang|en|or}} 僮族<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:僮 |url=http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/advExplain1.do?big5=B9AD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112941/http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/advExplain1.do?big5=B9AD |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Chángyòng Guózì biāozhǔn zìtǐ bǐshùn xuéxí wǎng |language=zh-TW |script-website=zh:常用國字標準字體筆順學習網}}</ref>
| p = Zhuàngzú
| w = Chuang4-tsu2
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄤˋ   ㄗㄨˊ
| gr = Juanqtzwu
| myr = Jwàngdzú
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|uang|4|.|z|u|2}}
| showflag = p
| wuu = zaon zoh
| buc = Cáung-cŭk
| poj = Chàng-cho̍k
| j = Zong3 zuk6
| teo = Tsàng-tsôk
| h = Tsong-tshu̍k
| altname = [[Sawndip]] autonym
| c2 = 佈僮
| p2 = Bùzhuàng
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|b|u|4|.|zh|uang|4}}
| zha = Bouxcuengh {{small|(pronounced /{{IPA|pou˦˨ ɕueŋ˧}}/)}}
| rtgs = Chuang
}}

The '''Zhuang''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|w|æ|ŋ|,_|'|dʒ|w|ɒ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangxi_Zhuang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420052520/https://www.lexico.com/definition/guangxi_zhuang |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2021 |title=Guangxi Zhuang |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{zh|s=壮族|p=Zhuàngzú}}; {{lang-za|Bouxcuengh|italic=yes}} {{IPA|za|poːu˦˨ ɕeŋ˧|}}); [[Sawndip]]: 佈獞) are a [[Tai languages|Tai]]-speaking [[ethnic group]] who mostly live in the [[Guangxi|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]] in [[Northern and southern China|Southern China]]. Some also live in the [[Yunnan]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guizhou]], and [[Hunan]] provinces. They form one of the 56 [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic groups]] officially recognized by the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. With the [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]], [[Nùng people|Nùng]], [[Tày people|Tày]], and other Northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the [[Rau peoples|Rau]] or Rao people. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, makes them the largest minority in China.

==Etymology==
The [[Chinese characters|Chinese character]] used for the Zhuang people has changed several times. Their [[Endonym|autonym]], "Cuengh" in [[Standard Zhuang]], was originally written with the [[Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese|graphic pejorative]] {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Zhuàng}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|獞}} (or ''tóng'', referring to a variety of wild dog).<ref name="Cidians">漢典. "[http://www.zdic.net/zd/zi/ZdicE7Zdic8DZdic9E.htm 獞]". Chinese. Accessed 14 August 2011. 新华字典, via 中华昌龙网. 字典频道. "[http://www.ccler.com/zidian/tong5742.html 獞] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191233/http://www.ccler.com/zidian/tong5742.html|date=30 March 2012}}". Chinese. Accessed 14 August 2011.</ref> Chinese characters typically combine a semantic element or [[Radical (Chinese characters)|radical]] and a phonetic element. [[John DeFrancis]] recorded {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Zhuàng}} was previously Tóng, {{lang|zh-Hani|{{linktext|獞}}}}, with "[[Radical 94|dog radical]]" {{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|犭}}}} and ''tóng'', {{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|童}}}} phonetic, a [[list of ethnic slurs|slur]], but also describes how the [[China|People's Republic of China]] eventually removed it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeFrancis |first=John |title=The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy |date=1984 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-585-31289-3 |location=Honolulu |page=117}}</ref> In 1949, after the [[Chinese civil war]], the logograph {{lang|zh-Hant|獞}} was officially replaced with a different graphic pejorative, {{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|僮}}}} (''Zhuàng'' or ''tóng'', meaning "child; boy servant"), with the "[[Radical 9|human radical]]" {{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|亻}}}}with the same phonetic. Later {{lang|zh-Hant|僮}} was changed to a different character {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Zhuàng}}, {{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|壮}}}} (meaning "strong; robust").

==Relationship to the Nùng and Tày==
The Zhuang, [[Nùng people|Nùng]], and [[Tày people]] are a cluster of [[Tai people]]s with very similar customs and dress known as the [[Rau peoples]]. In China, the Zhuang are today the largest non-[[Han Chinese]] minority with around 14.5 million population in [[Guangxi Province]] alone. In [[Vietnam]], as of 1999, there were 933,653 Nùng people and 1,574,822 Tày people.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=12}} Recently the Tày and Nùng have been referred to as a combined Tày-Nùng minority.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=250}} However these ethnonyms are a recent phenomenon and did not exist until the modern age. According to Keith Taylor, the Vietnamese terms were "categories of French colonial knowledge" used to differentiate highlanders from lowlanders. The ethnic Zhuang was a product of the "ethnic identification project" pursued in 1950s China.{{sfn|Ng|2011|p=49-50}}

{{quotation|Although both Vietnamese and Chinese authorities labeled all of the local inhabitants "barbarians of the South" (Man), there were many distinct communities throughout this region. The majority belonged to a single Tai-speaking ethnicity, the Chinese Zhuang (or Vietnamese Nùng) ethnic group.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=70}}|James Anderson}}

Many scholars of the Tai peoples consider the Zhuang and Nùng to be essentially the same people, a single ethnic group.{{sfn|West|2008|p=914}} During the early 11th century, ethnic identities and boundaries were more fluid than in the modern Sino-Vietnamese borderland. The Zhuang leader [[Nong Zhigao]] was defeated in 1055 by the [[Song dynasty]]. Had he won, it is possible that he might have established a state under his own clan name, Nong. Instead, his people in China continued to be referred to as Zhuang, which in their own language means "cave", while in Vietnam they came to be known as Nùng.{{sfn|West|2008|p=915}} The majority ethnic group and now the largest minority, however, was and still is the same, the Zhuang/Nùng, who together number more than 15 million people. They are just recognized by different names in China and Vietnam.<ref name="barlow">{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nong-c-1005-1055| title = A Nong (c. 1005–1055) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Nong Zhigao (V. Nùng Trí Cao) has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a Vietnamese native, but this is due to antagonism with modern China, while in previous times the Vietnamese sometimes saw him as primarily Chinese.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=265}}

===Identity===
Some ethnologists view the Zhuang ethnicity as a modern constructed ethnic identity. In the eyes of the ethnologists, the Zhuang culture was not sufficiently divergent from what the ethnologists considered "Han culture", to warrant recognition as a separate ethnic identity.{{sfn|Ng|2011|p=51}} The Zhuang had been interacting with the [[Han Chinese]] for over 2,200 years. As early as the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BC–220 AD), the Zhuang adopted Han cultural practices and technology such as settled agriculture, iron plows, triple cropping, and fertilization. They lived at lower elevations than other minority groups and competed more directly with Han farmers than [[slash-and-burn]] agriculturalists. As direct competitors, the Zhuang found it expedient to adopt Han dress and housing styles. After the defeat of the Zhuang leader, Nong Zhigao, in 1055, many Zhuang families and communities gave up their own language and names and completely assimilated into the Han majority.{{sfn|West|2008|p=91}}

In one instance, a Zhuang student said that he had previously regarded himself as [[Han Chinese]] before being taught that he was Zhuang.{{sfn|Ng|2011|p=49-50}} The Zhuang did not perceive themselves as marginalized or in need of promotion. Zhuang peasants displayed resistance to the ideal of a formal Romanized Zhuang script, noting that they had used Han script for centuries. Formal classification of the Zhuang also ignored historical similarities between northern Zhuang and the [[Bouyei people]].{{sfn|Ng|2011|p=51}}

{{quotation|Guangxi has a type of people called “local people” who are widely spread across the province{{nbsp}}... They rather refer to themselves as "Han who speak the Zhuang language."{{nbsp}}... Since the language they speak is generally called Zhuang, we recommend calling them Zhuang. The Zhuang are a relatively large Chinese southern minority, but we still know little about them. I{{nbsp}}... hope that scholars with more expertise on nationality history will offer us their assistance, and in this way move towards a better understanding of these people.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=59-60}}|Fei Xiaotong, leader of the project of ethnic classification, 1952}}

==History==
[[File:Zhuang's Women Artists in Longzhou.jpg|thumb|Zhuang woman musicians in [[Longzhou]].]]

===Origins===
The Zhuang are the indigenous peoples of [[Guangxi]], according to Huang Xianfan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huang |first1=Xianfan 黄现璠 |title=Zhuàngzú tōngshǐ |title-link=General History of the Zhuang |last2=Huang |first2=Zengqing 黃增慶 |last3=Zhang |first3=Yimin 張一民 |date=1988 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |isbn=7-5363-0422-6 |location=Nanning Shi |pages=1–47 |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮族通史 |trans-title=General History of the Zhuang}}</ref><ref>General History of the Zhuang(1994). [[Beijing]]: National Press, p. 1–66.</ref> The Zhuang's origins can be traced back to the paleolithic ancient human,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheng |first=Chaoxiong 郑超雄 |title=Zhuàngzú wénmíng qǐyuán yánjiū |date=2005 |publisher=Guangxi renmin chubanshe |isbn=978-7-219-05286-0 |location=Nanning Shi |script-title=zh:壮族文明起源研究 |trans-title=Study of the Origin in Zhuang Civilization}}</ref> as demonstrated by a large amount of contemporary archaeological evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2012 |title=Èr yuè jié |script-title=zh:二月节 |url=http://www.ynws.gov.cn/Detail.aspx?ID=10901 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805234341/http://www.ynws.gov.cn/Detail.aspx?ID=10901 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=18 May 2018 |website=Wénshān zhèngwù |language=zh |script-website=zh:文山政务}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-08 |title=Nánníng Yōngníng fāxiàn xīnshíqì shídài dà shíchǎn yǒu zhù shíchǎn wénhuà yánjiū |script-title=zh:南宁邕宁发现新石器时代大石铲有助石铲文化研究 |url=http://ccdv.people.com.cn/GB/120172/123471/10534432.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514161113/http://ccdv.people.com.cn/GB/120172/123471/10534432.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |website=Rénmín wǎng |language=zh |script-website=zh:人民网}}</ref>

The Zhuang trace their lineage to the [[Lạc Việt]] people through artworks such as the [[Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art|Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain]], dating from to the [[Warring States period]] (475–221 BC).{{cn|date=July 2024}}

===Tang-Song transition===
From 823 to 826, the Zhuang, Huang, and [[Nùng people|Nong]] clans, aided with raiders from [[Champa]], attacked [[Nanning|Yongzhou]] and seized 18 counties. The "Nung Grottoes" sought aid from [[Nanzhao]].{{sfn|Schafer|1967|p=66}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=233}}

During the [[Huang Chao]] rebellion (874–884), the Zhuang took part in anti-rebel efforts as irregular units in the Ningyuan Army led by Pang Zhuzhao. After the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]] in 907, the [[Southern Han]] recruited Zhuang archers to outfit its riverine forces. They took part in campaigns against [[Ma Chu]].<ref name = "zhuang08">{{cite web |url=http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang8.htm |title=Zhuang 08 |website=mcel.pacificu.edu |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024207/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang8.htm |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Zhuang do not seem to have aspired to creating an empire after the collapse of the Tang and sought merely autonomy. In fact the opposite seemed to have occurred and the wars in the south drew more Zhuang into contact with Han Chinese as they were sought after as mercenary troops and river porters.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

===Song===
====Administration====
The Song dynasty continued the [[Jimi system]] of the Tang dynasty and named the officials of those jimi prefectures ''zhi''. So the ruler of Nandan was called "Zhi Nandan". The Zhuang people were governed under this system but not the [[Yao people]], who were far less numerous. Zhuang leaders sought Song approval to legitimate their position. After being recognized, they also received a salary and their family was guaranteed hereditary succession to the post. Song authority was bestowed through seals, which theoretically went to the hereditary leader, but in practice usually went to the claimant put forward by the locals, often after military conflicts. When there was no obvious heir, the seals often went to the wife of the deceased, whose accession to the post became customary. In theory the Song court could replace recalcitrant leaders like an ordinary official, but in practice this power was weighed against the cost to maintain tranquillity among the Zhuang and stability on the Sino-Viet border. As a result, Jimi rulers who were disobedient were usually sufficiently powerful to refuse replacement as well.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

Zhuang jimi prefectures were essentially feudal. Land was held by lesser families in perpetuity and could not be sold or transferred. As a result the Zhuang habitually entered military service under the Han Chinese to seek new land, often at the expense of other minorities such as the Yao people. Han Chinese were forbidden from buying Zhuang land or to engage in commercial activity within their jimi districts. However Zhuang-Han marriages were allowed, resulting in land titles that were nominally Zhuang held but had been subsumed under Han administration. The jimi prefectures paid a tax that was usually more a customary and semi-voluntary exaction in practice, though this depended upon the power of the lord. Even when taxed, it was at a lower rate than that of regular prefectures. Many jimi prefectures did not pay taxes but "tribute." The Mo clan paid 100 ounces of silver as tribute annually.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

{{quotation|It is evident that the headmen entered into the tribute system with great enthusiasm. As part of the practice of paying tribute they could periodically journey to the capital and be treated as a foreign ambassador, with all of the opportunities for tourism and trade which this presented. As a consequence, headmen frequently petitioned to pay tribute more frequently than they were obliged to, and to increase the size of their deputation when doing so. Because the court actually paid for the expenses of travel, it was regarded as an unnecessary expense to permit overly frequent visits, and such requests were usually refused.<ref name="zhuang08"/>|Jeffrey Barlow}}

The jimi prefectures often engaged in petty squabbles that escalated to military conflict. At one point the Mo clan of [[Nandan County|Nandan]] pillaged each other over the ownership of an ox before Song authorities settled the matter. Such small scale conflicts were frequent and Song authorities preferred to remain uninvolved and avoided confrontation when possible.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

====Military conflicts====
The Zhuang provided the [[Song dynasty]] with river transportation during the [[Song conquest of Southern Han]] (970–971). Some 20,000 Zhuang also fought for Southern Han but they were defeated. Afterwards, the Mo clan of [[Nandan County|Nandan]] submitted to Song authority in 974 and the Meng clan of [[Yi Prefecture (Guangxi)|Yizhou]] rebelled in 1038 but was put down.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 980, the Zhuang participated in the [[Song–Đại Cồ Việt war]] as Song allies, however the expedition ended in defeat.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 1000, the Zhuang attacked [[Nanning|Yongzhou]] but the attack was quelled by Zhuang troops of the Song-allied Huang clan.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 1001, Zhuang calling themselves the Troops of Chen (''chenbing'') rebelled in Yizhou. Their leader, Su Chengzhun, titled himself King of the Pacified South (''nanping wang''). The rebels took a few towns but were hampered by floods and suffered several defeats until their leader was killed three months later.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 1004, a [[Nùng people|Nong]] chieftain was given a banquet at a Song prefecture. The Viets reacted to this with anger and pillaged the area.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 1038, there was a disturbance at [[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County|Rongzhou]] and Yizhou which took troops from three prefectures the loss of six high-ranking officials to suppress. The prefect of Yizhou blamed the unrest on bad administration and that the problem was the result of systematic neglect of the south on the throne's part: administrators received inadequate salaries and local troops only received supplies sporadically. As a result, the temptation to raid barbarian lands was irresistible.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

In 1044, Ou Xifan of the Ou clan rebelled to the northwest of Yizhou. Ou Xifan had received a [[jinshi]] degree and served as an officer but grew dissatisfied with his rewards. He declared the Great Tang and declared war on the Song. He was caught in 1045 and executed by vivisection.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

====Rise of the Nong====
[[File:Zhujiangrivermap.png|thumb|The [[You River (Guangxi)|You]] and [[Zuo River|Zuo]] rivers on the [[China|Chinese]] side bordering [[Vietnam]]]]

During the early Song period, the Huang clan was left in charge of the [[You River (Guangxi)|You]] and [[Zuo River|Zuo]] rivers.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=76}} The Wei had settled on the Song-Viet boarder.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=73}} However the power of the Nong clan increased and began to upset Huang supremacy. By the early Song, they ruled over an area known as Temo, which stretched from modern [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]] in the west to [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]] in the east and Guangyuanzhou (Quảng Nguyên, now [[Cao Bằng]] province<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8YVCgAAQBAJ&dq=Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+Nguy%C3%AAn+Cao+B%E1%BA%B1ng&pg=PA153|isbn=9780295802060|title=Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-Century China|date=June 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press}}</ref>) in the south.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=74}} [[Emperor Taizong of Song]] (r. 976-997) bestowed special favors on Nong leadership, acknowledging that they had succeeded the Huang in the Zuo River region.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=75}}

{{quotation|The Guangyuan zhou Man-barbarian Nong clan came from the south west... of Yongzhou and held the districts there. The terrain was steep mountains and inaccessible valleys; it produced gold and cinnabar. A good many people lived there. They wore their hair long and fastened their clothes on the left. They loved to fight and struggle and regarded death lightly. Earlier the leaders were of the Wei, Huang, Zhou and Nong clans which were constantly contending and pillaging each other.... The Huang clan offered pledges and 13 Bu-districts and 29 Man-barbarian Zhou-districts were established.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=255}}|''[[History of Song (book)|History of Song]]''}}

The first member of the Nong clan to gain official recognition was [[Nong Minfu]]. It is not known when he was born, but a memorial in early 977 states that the "peaceful and generous" leader Nong Minfu of Guangyuanzhou had established himself over ten neighboring villages with the support of [[Southern Han]] (907-971). Minfu had supported [[Duan Siping]] (r. 937–944) of the [[Dali Kingdom]] and was rewarded with titles. Duan rewarded another leader in Temo with the title ''buxie''.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=75}} The Song bestowed the titles "minister of works" (''sigong'') and "grand master of splendid happiness bearing the golden pocket with purple trimming" (''jinzi guanglu daifu'') on Minfu. These titles were passed onto Minfu's son, [[Nong Quanfu]] ({{lang-za|Nungz Cienzfuk}}, {{lang-vi|Nùng Tồn Phúc}}). He was also granted additional authority of Dangyouzhou (modern [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], [[Guangxi]]). His younger brother, Nong Quanlu, controlled Wennaizhou (modern [[Na Rì District]]).{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=76}} Such preferential treatment was viewed with anger in Đại Cồ Việt, which attacked a Song garrison in 1004 after it held a banquet for a Nong chieftain.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=86}}

In 1005, a woman known as [[A Nong]] was born to a notable warrior chieftain who accepted titles from both the Song dynasty and the [[Early Lê dynasty]] of Đại Cồ Việt. A Nong learned to spin and weave from her mother. At some point she was separated from the other girls and learned the ways of a shaman. She married Nong Quanfu and became his primary political adviser. Her brother, Nong Dangdao, inherited Wulezhou near Guangyuanzhou. She gave birth to [[Nong Zhigao]] in 1025. A Nong induced Quanfu to kill his brother, the leader of the [[Cen (surname)#Cen clan of Guangxi|Cen clan]], and take his lands. The Nong clan eventually controlled 14 major grottoes (''dong'') in comparison to only 5 for the Huang clan.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=256}}

In 1035, Quanfu declared the founding of the Kingdom of Longevity (''Changsheng Guo'' 長生國) and took for himself the exalted title "Luminous and Sage Emperor" (''Zhaosheng Huangdi'' 昭聖皇帝) while A Nong became the "Enlightened and Virtuous Empress" (''Mingde Huanghou'' 明德皇后). Another source says he founded the ''Chang Qi Guo'' and styled himself the first king of Dali, ''Tu Dan Chao''. The local prefect of [[Tianyang District|Tianzhou]] requested assistance from [[Nanning|Yongzhou]] to deal with the rebellion, but officials there appear to have feared involvement and refused to offer aid.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=68-69}} In 1039, the emperor of the [[Lý dynasty]], [[Lý Thái Tông]], invaded the newly found kingdom, captured Quanfu and four other male members of the Nong clan, and executed them.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=67}} A Nong escaped with the 14-year old Zhigao into Song territory.<ref name="barlow"/>{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=256}}

====Nong Zhigao====
[[File:Nong Zhigao Expedition map.gif|thumb|400px|[[Nong Zhigao]]'s movement in the [[Song dynasty]]]]
[[File:儂智高過關圖.jpg|thumb|[[Nong Zhigao]] depicted in a [[Ming dynasty]] painting]]
In 1041, Nong Zhigao and his mother seized Dangyouzhou (modern [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], [[Guangxi]]) and the Leihuo grotto settlement (modern [[Daxin County]]).{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=88}} A Nong married a wealthy merchant but Zhigao murdered this man. A Nong married a third time to Nong Xiaqing, expanding their territory further into Temo.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=90}} In 1042, Zhigao declared the founding the Kingdom of the Great Succession (''Dali Guo'' 大歷國, not to be confused with the [[Kingdom of Dali]] 大理).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huang |first1=Xianfan 黄现璠 |title=Zhuàngzú tōngshǐ |title-link=General History of the Zhuang |last2=Huang |first2=Zengqing 黃增慶 |last3=Zhang |first3=Yimin 張一民 |date=1988 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |isbn=7-5363-0422-6 |location=Nanning Shi |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮族通史 |trans-title=General History of the Zhuang}}</ref> Đại Cồ Việt sent troops and captured him. He was held prisoner for a year before he was released with an honorary title and given control of Guangyuan, Leihuo, Ping'an, Pinpo, and Silang in return for a share of their natural resources, particularly gold.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=91-92}} In 1048, Zhigao declared another state, the Kingdom of the Southern Heavens (''Nantian Guo''), and took a reign title, "Auspicious Circumstances" (''Jingrui''). He called the Viet court's actions criminal and that his territory would not be annexed by China.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=93}} In the fall of 1049, Zhigao's forces pillaged Yongzhou.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=94}} In 1050, Đại Cồ Việt launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold and evicted him, sending him fleeing into Song territory.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=7-8}}

Nong Zhigao approached the Song at Yongzhou for assistance but was denied an audience until he staged a military demonstration beneath the walls. He then presented substantial tribute (tame elephants and lumps of gold and silver){{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=96}} and petitioned the emperor. The prefect of Yongzhou, Chen Gong, never passed on the petition to court. However when the tribute reached the court, the Fiscal Commissioner Xiao Gu argued to the emperor that Zhigao should be granted title. The Song court refused because it considered Zhigao's service to be the right of Đại Cồ Việt. The military commander Yuan Yun was dispatched to attack Zhigao but instead he wanted to offer Zhigao protection, and returned to the capital with tribute, arguing for a change in policy.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=98}}

Zhigao's followers set up shop and through the mineral wealth of his holdings formed close ties with Chinese traders, including [[jinshi]] degree holders Huang Wei and Huang Shifu. He also recruited other Nong clan members such as Nong Zhizhong and Nong Jianhou.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=100}} Under the influence of Huang Wei and A Nong, Zhigao decided to declare independence. In 1052, Zhigao proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of the Great South (''Danan Guo''){{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=97}} and granted himself the title of Benevolent and Kind Emperor (''Renhui Huangdi''). In the spring of 1052, Zhigao ordered the villages under his control to be burnt and led 5,000 subjects on the path to [[Guangzhou]].

{{quotation|As for all the belongings that you amassed during your lives, they were destroyed today by heaven's fire. You have nothing to live on, and you are considered poor indeed! You must grab Yongzhou and capture Guangzhou where I will establish myself as its ruler. If you don't do this, you will necessarily die."{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=100}}|[[Nong Zhigao]]}}

By summertime, he had taken Yongzhou and reached Guangzhou, where his 50,000 strong army became bogged down in a prolonged siege. Despite cutting off Guangzhou from water, the city was well stocked with provisions, and the defenders fought back with crossbow defenses. The district magistrate Xiao Zhu foiled a waterborne attack on Guangzhou by setting fire to their ships.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=105}} After 57 days, Zhigao was forced to retreat as more Song reinforcements arrived. He held out at Yongzhou, defeating five Song commanders sent against him. The Song called in a veteran of the [[Song–Xia wars]], [[Di Qing]], to assume command of the anti-rebel forces. He gathered 31,000 men and 32 generals, including Fanluo tribal cavalry from the northwest that "were able to ascend and descend mountains as though walking on level ground."{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=259}} Lý Thái Tông also offered to send 20,000 troops but the offer was refused out of fear that the troops would not leave afterwards.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=259}}

One general, Chen Shu, attacked early with 8,000 men and suffered a defeat against the Zhuang forces. Di Qing executed him and 31 officers. He then marched his forces under cover of night and blocked the [[Kunlun Pass]] east of Yongzhou. Zhigao attacked the Song forces in early 1054. The Zhuang wore bright crimson uniforms and fought in units of three armed with long shields that advanced "like fire."{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=111}} One man carried a shield while the other two hurled metal-tipped bamboo javelins.<ref name="zhuang08"/> In the initial stages of battle, one Song commander was killed, and the Song army was momentarily forced to fall back. In the second engagement, the Zhuang forces could not withstand the Song infantry charges. The Song infantry hacked at the Zhuang shields with heavy swords and axes while the Fanluo cavalry attacked their wings, breaking their ranks. The Zhuang fled, suffering 5,341 casualties.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=111}}{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=259}} Di Qing retook Yongzhou and executed the jinshi-holder Huang, two of Zhigao's family, and 57 officials. Zhigao and his remaining family fled to seek help from the Zhuang clans, but he was not well liked, and the Huang chieftain, Huang Shouling, refused to aid him. He also requested aid from the Viet court, which sent the tribal commander Võ Nhị to assist the rebels.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=112}} A Nong and her son Nong Zhiguang, as well as Zhigao's sons Nong Jifeng and Nong Jizong, were caught at Temo in [[Yunnan]] by Zhuang forces allied with the Song. They were executed.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=112}} Zhigao failed to raise more troops in Dali.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=261}}

According to official accounts, Nong Zhigao was executed by the ruler of Dali and his head presented to Song authorities. However popular accounts claim he fled further south into modern northern [[Thailand]], where his descendants thrive to this day.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=7-8}} The Zhuang of [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]] identify as survivors of Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in [[Dali City]], [[Xishuangbana]], and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong."{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=268}}

====Tuding====
[[File:Liang Bing (俍兵).jpg|thumb|Zhuang mercenaries known as wolf warriors (''lang bing'') from the painting, ''Kang wo tu juan'', [[Ming dynasty]]]]
The Song took full control of the Zuo and You rivers, incorporating the regions into the Song bureaucracy. When Zhigao and his fellow rebel chieftains fled, they were replaced by Song-allied clans, primarily the Huang and Cen who were given hereditary posts.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=261}} Chinese schools in Zhuang areas were set up and the sons of elite Zhuang who enrolled in them later took posts in the Song bureaucracy. Chinese style dress began to influence the Zhuang, who started buttoning their clothing on the right, women wearing bodices, giving up trousers for skirts, and wearing their hair in the Chinese style.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=262}} Many of the former rebels were enlisted in the Song army, which paid for more than 50,000 Zhuang troops known as ''Tuding'' (''tubing'' or ''zhuangding'') from 1064-1067. By 1108, more than a hundred thousand registered as soldiers from the region. The Zhuang warriors carried both a long and short double-edged sword. They were also capable of using crossbows, poisoned arrows, and elephants. A three man Zhuang unit had one man carrying a large shield while the other two hurled javelins. Although they fought for the Song, they only obeyed the orders of their Zhuang chieftains.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=264}}<ref name="zhuang08"/> In 1178, the vice-prefect of [[Guilin]], Zhou Qufei, said that they "live and die at the orders of their leaders."<ref name="zhuang08"/>

{{quotation|Although the Song court's early attention to the frontier leaders was largely symbolic, by the time of Song Shenzong (r. 1065-85), "local militia" (''tuding'') were being actively organized among the aboriginal villages so as to provide the first line of defense for the Chinese empire. Wang Anshi would comment in an essay on the administration of the Yong frontier command that the aboriginal communities of the Left and Right rivers should be relied upon for the security of both Guangxi and Guangdong.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=74-75}}|James A. Anderson}}

====Militarization====
The defeat of Nong Zhigao in Quảng Nguyên (C. Guangyuan; now [[Cao Bằng Province]]) removed the tribal buffer zone between Đại Cồ Việt and the Song dynasty. Zhigao's final defeat by the Song also had the effect of subordinating a large portion of that zone to direct Song control. The Viet court did not intervene in the matter and for 20 years after the Nong Zhigao rebellions, there was general peace along the border. However the regional power balance had been lost. [[Han Chinese]] military settlers moved in and new leaders took over the surviving communities. Several influential Nong leaders sided with the Viet court.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=195}} Crucial influences for the lead up to war include the Song-court sponsored [[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]] promoted by [[Wang Anshi]] and efforts by the [[Lý dynasty|Lý court]] to consolidate peripheral fiefdoms.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=191}}

The Song and Đại Cồ Việt treated their frontier borderland peoples in different ways. The Chinese tried to introduce "uncultured" barbarians to the benefits of the "civilized" center in the post-Nong Zhigao period. Viet leadership on the other hand created "patron-client" relationships using marriage alliances and military expeditions to maintain "satellite" partners. Successive Viet courts saw the extraction of resources from frontier vassals as a measurement of their efficacy. However by the 11th century, both the Chinese and Viet courts saw the frontier as a source of available troops famed for their ferocity. By 1065, around 44,500 militia had been recruited from these communities by the Song.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=194-195}}

Frontier unrest began anew in 1057 when Nong Zongdan (V. Nùng Tông Ðán), a kinsman of Nong Zhigao, entered Song territory. The frontier administrator Wang Han visited Zongdan's camp at Leihuo to discourage him from seeking inclusion in the Song dynasty since it would upset the Viet court. Instead he proposed that he stay outside Song territory as a loyal frontier militia leader. Wang feared that a resurgence of the Nong clan would spell trouble for the frontier. The Song court ignored his apprehensions and offered the Nong and other communities "Interior Dependency" status. By 1061, [[Emperor Renzong of Song]] (r. 1022-63) was regretting his decision and lamented that the "Nong Bandit" and his kin had strayed far from their frontier duties and might never be incorporated into the Song administration. However in 1062 when Zongdan requested his territory be incorporated into the Song empire, Renzong accepted his request. According to ''The Draft Documents Pertaining to Song Official Matters'', Zongdan was regarded by the Song as the prefect of Leihuo prefecture, renamed "Pacified Prefecture" (''Shun'anzhou''), and possessed the title "Personal Guardian General of the Right." Nong Zhihui (V. Nùng Trí Hội), the brother of Nong Zhigao, received the title "Personal Guardian of the Left." Other members of the Nong clan in Temo such as Nong Bing, Nong Guang, and Nong Xiaqing swore loyalty to the Song.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=196}} Zhigao's former generals Lu Bao (V. Lư Báo), Li Mao (V. Lê Mạo), and Huang Zhongqing (V. Hoàng Trọng Khanh) were also granted official titles.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=196-197}}

In the view of the Song court, these titles were not merely honorary appointments. Local militia in the southwestern frontier zone were reorganized in 1065 under [[Gui Prefecture (Guangxi)|Guizhou]] prefect Lu Shen. The 45 grottoes along the You and Zuo rivers were assigned grotto militia leaders. A commissioner surveyed the region for able-bodied men to be organized under a guard commander selected from the area's prominent households, who received a specific signal banner to indicate their group's distinction. Groups of 30 men were organized into local governance units known as "tithings (''jia'')", which were organized in groups of five under a troop commandant (''dutou''), groups of ten led by an aboriginal commander (''zhijunshi''), and in groups of 50 led by a commander-in-chief (''duzhijunshi''). It was perhaps this intensification of border defense that the Viet court felt threatened by, as it saw its own systems of local control eroded.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=197}}

Scholars also note that there was a sharp increase in the population of the Song dynasty's southwest frontier by the end of the 11th century. At the end of the 10th c., this region counted only 17,760 households while the same area had increased to 56,596 households in 1078-85. Guangnan West Circuit's population in 1080 stood at 287,723 households, a 133% increase from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] census of 742. Some of the increase can be attributed to including indigenous populations and improved recording methods, but the trend of increased Han Chinese settlement is clear.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=198}} With the increase of Han Chinese population also came more northern-oriented cultural practices.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=198-199}}

{{quotation|Before the Tang, this county was settled by the Miao barbarian people. There were no traces of Han settlers. In 1053, The ‘Great Martial Leader’ Di (Qing) put down the rebellion of the Quang Nguyên barbarian Nùng Trí Cao, the troops following the general’s expedition remained in the region to open up and settle the wasteland. Their settlements extended throughout this county.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=198}}|''A Record of Fengshan County''}}

The Lý court was also in the process of consolidating its frontier. In 1059, efforts were made to take direct control of the frontier and its manpower. The northern frontier in the [[Zuo River|Zuo]]-[[You River (Guangxi)|You]] river region was divided into new administrative units: Ngự Long, Vũ Thắng, Long Dực, Thần Ðiện, Bổng Thánh, Bảo Thắng, Hùng Lược, and Vạn Tiệp. Each of these units was assigned an official. Militia units were established among local communities conscripts had the character "Army of the Son of Heaven" (''tianzi jun'') tattooed on their foreheads. This reflected a distinctly Southeast Asian way of controlling regional manpower.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=199}}

====Sino-Viet conflicts====
In the early 1060s, border conflicts began to occur along the Song-Viet frontier. In the spring of 1060, the chieftain of Lạng Châu and imperial in-law, Thàn Thiệu Tháị, crossed into Song territory to raid for cattle. Thiệu Tháị captured the Song commander Yang Baocai in the attack. In autumn of 1060, Song forces also crossed the border but were unsuccessful in recovering Yang. Fighting caused by the natives led by Thiệu Tháị claimed the lives of five military inspectors. The military commissioner Yu Jing sought aid from [[Champa]] for a joint attack on Quảng Nguyên. The Lý court caught wind of this and began directly courting local leaders.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=199-200}}

Despite increased military tensions, the Lý court sought to defuse the situation by sending a delegation led by Bi Gia Dụ to [[Nanning|Yongzhou]]. The Song authorities requested the return of Yang Baocai but was denied. Emperor Renzong was also wary of further increasing tensions and instructed the local military commissions to refrain from assembling troops. On 8 February 1063, two tributary envoys from the Lý court presented to the Song emperor nine tame elephants. On 7 April 1063, the new Song emperor [[Emperor Yingzong of Song|Yingzong]] (r. 1063-67) sent calligraphic compositions by Renzong as gifts to the Lý court. On the same day the Viet envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart [[Kaifeng]], news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Tháị had attacked settlements in Guangnan West Circuit. A Guangnan official requested immediate retaliation against the southern intruders. However the Song court tried to distance Thiệu Tháị's actions from the Lý court. An envoy from [[Thăng Long]] arrived seeking forgiveness for the attack. Yingzong decided not to retaliate.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=200-201}}

On 18 November 1064, the Guizhou prefect Lu Shen reported that a military delegation from Thăng Long had crossed the border seeking Nong Rixin (V. Nùng Nậht Tân), the son of Nong Zongdan. He also reported that the delegation showed interest in encroaching on Song territory, including Wenmen grotto ([[Hurun]], a village in [[Jingxi, Guangxi]]). The Song court took no particular action but Lu was determined to expand Song military presence in the south. Lu raised 44,500 troops from 45 aboriginal leaders along the Zuo-You River region and ordered them to repair and fortify military defenses. To gain local trust, he requested special seals be made for his militia leaders and that the Zuo-You region be exempt from taxes. The Viet officials became concerned about this development and sent a tribute envoy to Kaifeng to remind the Song court of the Viet role in settling frontier matters. Meanwhile Lu proposed a special training and indoctrination program for a local chieftain each year that would see them enter the official bureaucracy after three years.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=201}}

In late 1065, Zongdan switched allegiance from the Song and proposed an alliance with [[Lý Thánh Tông]] (r. 1054-72) and Quảng Nguyên chieftain Liu Ji (V. Lưu Ký). Lu Shen reported this to court, but Yingzong did not take any action other than to reassign Zongdan's titles. To offset Zongdan's defection, the Song bestowed titles on Nong Zhihui and acknowledged him as the sole leader of Quảng Nguyên.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=202-203}}

Song officials on the southern frontier were training for military action. By late 1067, the Guizhou prefect Zhang Tian reported that Liu Ji was in communication with Lu Bao, who had crossed into Song territory to seek personal glory. Zhang wished to attack Lu Bao but the Song court rejected this course of action. However by 1069, Lu Bao had offered his allegiance to the Song while Liu Ji remained in Quảng Nguyên and was nominally under the control of Thăng Long. In late 1071, the Guangnan military commissioner Xiao Gu reported that Liu Ji had been spotted near Shun'anzhou (in Quảng Nguyên) at the head of more than 200 men. The Song court expressed concerns that forces were being amassed by barbarians.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=203-204}}

In 1072, a decree ordered administrators of Zhuang regions to avoid trying to "acquire merit" by military actions, to keep Han Chinese (particularly criminals fleeing the law) out of the region, and to investigate problems which might lead to disorder.<ref name="zhuang08"/>

On 2 February 1072, Lý Thánh Tông died. The new ruler, [[Lý Nhân Tông]] (r. 1072-1128), was only six years old. His regents, such as the defender-in-chief [[Lý Thường Kiệt]], consolidated power by announcing a general amnesty for all outlaws in the protected prefectures. It was reported that the local chieftain of Lạng Châu, Dương Cảnh Thông, brought to court a white dear as tribute and was rewarded with the title "Grand Guardian."{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=205}}

In 1073, a group from the "Five Clans" sent a large tribute embassy numbering 890 to the Song court.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=207}}

====Song–Đại Việt war====
[[File:Chien tranh tong viet en.jpg|thumb|[[Song–Đại Việt war]] (1075-1077)]]
{{main|Song–Đại Việt war}}

In the late 1060s, [[Wang Anshi]]'s [[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]] combined with the sentiment of irredentism in Shenzong's court to call on greater militarization and expansion of Song territory. Wang wanted to overhaul the tribute system for barbarians in the south. Lý Thường Kiệt viewed the changing economic relationship between the Song and its frontier people as an abandonment of the traditional tribute paradigm. Wang called for military action from Song imperial troops.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=206-207}}

In early 1075, Thăng Long requested the return of an upland chieftain who had gone over to the Song with 700 followers. The Song refused. In the same year, Shenzong sent two officials, Shen Qi and Liu Yi, to govern Guizhou. They were instructed to train the locals in riverine warfare and forbid them from trading with subjects of the Viet court. Lý Thường Kiệt accused the Song of training soldiers for attacking Thăng Long.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=81}} At the same time, the Quảng Nguyên (C. Guangyuan) chieftain Liu Ji launched an attack on [[Nanning|Yongzhou]] and was repulsed by Nong Zhihui, the chieftain of Guihua.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=207}}

Lý Thường Kiệt led an invasion of the Song dynasty with support from Zhuang leaders such as Nong Zongdan, who led a contingent of uplanders towards Yongzhou. In October 1075, Zongdan led 23,000 soldiers along the Zuo River into Song territory and captured Guwan, Taiping, Yongping, and Qianlong garrisons. The forces of Zongdan and Lý Thường Kiệt retreated after the arrival of Song reinforcements. A Song counterattack saw the capture of Quảng Nguyên and Liu Ji before being stopped at Nhu Nguyệt River (in modern [[Bắc Ninh Province]]). Liu Ji deployed elephant troops against the Song army but they were defeated using scythes that cut their trunks. Several Zhuang grotto settlements in Quảng Nguyên were razed.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=158}}{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=207-208}}

Song forces lost about 50%–60% of their force before retreating, half of them dying to diseases.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=158-9}} As a result of mounting casualties on both sides, Lý Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song in 1077; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops but kept five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and Quảng Lăng. These areas now comprise most of modern Vietnam's [[Cao Bằng Province]] and [[Lạng Sơn Province]]. Đại Việt held control of the Yongzhou, Qinzhou and Lianzhou. In 1079 the Song arrested and executed the Nong leader Nong Zhichun (V. Nùng Trí Xuân) while taking his family as hostages. In 1083, Viets attacked Guihua under the pretense of pursuing Nong Zhihui, the brother of Nong Zhigao. Zhihui plead to the military commissioner Xiong Ben for fresh troops to ward of Viet advances, but was taken in for questioning instead.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=209-210}}

In 1082, after a long period of mutual isolation, King Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yongzhou, Qinzhou, and Lianzhou back to Song authorities, along with prisoners of war, and in return Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and a county, including the Nong clan's home of Quảng Nguyên, [[Bảo Lạc District|Bảo Lạc]], and Susang. Further negotiations took place from July 6 to August 8, 1084 at Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan, where Đại Việt's Director of Military Personnel [[Lê Văn Thịnh]] (fl. 1038–1096) convinced Song to fix the two countries' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures.{{sfn|Anderson|2008|p=209-210}}

===Ming-Qing===
The Zhuang continued to cause trouble in the [[Ming dynasty]], which used different groups against one another. One of the bloodiest battles in Zhuang history was that at Big Rattan Gorge against the Yao in 1465, where 20,000 deaths were reported. Parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful [[Cen (surname)|Cen clan]] (岑). The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as [[tusi]] or local ruler by the Ming and Qing. The Ming launched several campaigns to civilize the non-Han southwestern people, including the Zhuang, by setting up schools. While the Zhuang became more intimately familiar with Han culture, it did not pacify them, and they continued to cause rebellions into the [[Qing dynasty]].{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=138}} The Zhuang served as mercenary troops known as wolf warriors in the Ming army.{{sfn|Swope|2009|p=22}}

Writing in the 19th century, a Qing dynasty official described the Zhuang thus:

{{quotation|The Yao and Zhuang live mixed up together. They do not devote themselves to Poetry or to Documents{{nbsp}}... They have a crude understanding of rites and decorum. The local customs are to pay great regard for wealth, and to kill lightly. When they leave the house they carry knives for self-defense. The inhabitants labor in the rice-fields; they do not engage in trade{{nbsp}}... In the markets it is mainly the women who engage in trade. When sick they resort only to shamans and spirit mediums.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=37}}}}

===Nationalism===
[[File:Nung Zhuang Tay Bouyei.svg|thumb|Zhuang/Nung, Tay, and Bouyei distribution]]
Many Zhuang peasants took part in revolutionary movements such as the [[1911 Revolution]] as part of the [[Tongmenghui]].{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=40}} In the 1930s, the [[Kuomintang]] attempted to control the Zhuang people through force, causing indignation and resentment. In contrast, many Zhuang joined the communist army under the leadership of their Zhuang leader, Wei Baqun.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=52-53}} By the 1950s, Zhuang society in Guangxi was largely organized by lineages of ''zhixi'' (branches) such as the Nong, Sha, and Tu. In September 1952, the [[People's Republic of China]] recognized the Zhuang as a national minority and established the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang ethnic consciousness arguably developed in the period afterwards as the region became more connected with other parts of China, especially the urban areas. Public events such as the springtime festival and song festival Sanyuesan (Sam Nyied Sam) were promoted by the government, but by the 1980s they had become more tourist attractions than a symbol of ethnic solidarity for the Zhuang. Zhuang scholars who wanted to promote Zhuang culture and writing mainly lived in the urban areas of Guangxi and Beijing while residents in rural areas were more concerned with poverty and jobs.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=160-161}}

====Worship of Nong Zhigao====
Nong Zhigao (V. Nùng Trí Cao) is revered by [[Tai languages|Tai]]-speaking communities in [[Guangxi]] and [[Cao Bằng]]. Many families with the Nong (V. Nùng) surname claim descent from Nong Zhigao and sponsor public displays of pride in the 11th century leader through temples and monuments. There is more evidence of the celebration of Nong Zhigao in Cao Bằng than in Guangxi, especially prior to the modern era, after which the local leader was inserted into nationalist histories as though he were a citizen of China or Vietnam.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=152-153}}

Historically the Song general Di Qing, who defeated the rebellion, was the one who was honored. In 1053, a large stele was erected by himself in [[Guilin]] to eulogize his deeds. The "suppressing the Man barbarian" (''pingman'') stele described Nong Zhigao as a barbarian bandit who committed crimes against Chinese officials. Local communities also constructed temples to commemorate those officials who died in the rebellion. There is little to no physical evidence of Nong Zhigao's commemoration in premodern China. However by the 18th century, certain communities in Guangxi did worship him. In 1956, a stele dating to 1706 was discovered in [[Tiandeng County]]. It commemorated the construction of the Zhongxiu Dujun Village Temple and describes how Nong Dalingshen Dianxia (His Highness Nùng the Great Spirit) became a lord, fought valiantly, and transformed into a spirit to protect the region. The primary patrons of the temple were the Huang, Lin and Zhao clans. After the defeat of Nong Zhigao, the Nong clan was forced to take the surname Zhao.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=156}}

In the late 1970s, Nong Zhigao was rehabilitated as part of the government's liberalization policies for national minorities. In the early 1980s, Huang Xianfan's ''Nong Zhigao'' portrayed him as a Chinese leader at the center of a rich local history. After the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] in 1979, Huang interpreted Nong Zhigao as local leader who fought against a corrupt Song court that refused to provide locals with protection from marauding bands from [[Đại Việt]]. The orthodox ''Dangdai Zhongguode Guangxi'' portrays Nong Zhigao as a Zhuang who rose up to protect Chinese borders from Vietnamese aggression. By the late 1980s, collections of folklore containing tales of Nong Zhigao's heroism had been published. On 8 January 1997, a group of Nong Zhigao's descendants in [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]] erected a stele in honor of his birth. The site of the monument is supposedly where Nong Zhigao held his training grounds during his uprising.{{sfn|Anderson|2012|p=162-163}}<ref name="zhuang08"/> The Zhuang of [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]] identify as survivors of Nong Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in [[Dali City]], [[Xishuangbana]], and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Nong Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong."{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=268}}

==Customs and culture==
{{Main|Zhuang customs and culture}}

===Gender===
Originally Zhuang society was more egalitarian and female shamans such as [[A Nong]] were respected.{{sfn|Barlow|1987|p=255-256}} Families traced their lineage through both male and female members. Men engaged in child rearing and often moved into their wives' families rather than establish their own. Men believed that their wives regularly dosed them with an elixir called the ''Wugu'' that would kill them if they were unfaithful. Courting was carried out in a song festival where intended marriage partners responded to each other in rhyme and meter.<ref name="barlow"/>

At some point Zhuang customs became more patrilineal as they absorbed more Han customs. Families began tracing their lineage through only men. Marriage was decided through horoscopes to match older men and younger women. The wife moved in with the husband upon marriage. Children's names were decided by their maternal uncles, who had the role of ritual support during marriage ceremonies and their parents' funerals. There was also a preference for boys to marry their maternal cousins.{{sfn|West|2008|p=916}}

===Languages===
{{Main|Zhuang language}}
{{Further|Austro-Tai languages|Tai peoples|Peopling of Thailand|Dong Son culture}}
While Chinese scholarship continues to place the [[Kam–Tai languages|Zhuang–Dong languages]] among the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan family]], other linguists treat the [[Kra–Dai languages|Tai languages]] as a separate family. They have been linked with the [[Austronesian languages]], which dispersed from Taiwan after a migration from the mainland. However, the [[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai hypothesis]] uniting these families is now supported by only a few scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sagart |first=Laurent |date=2004 |title=The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=411–444 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0012 |jstor=3623364|s2cid=49547647 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906/file/THE_HIGHER_PHYLOGENY_OF_AUSTRONESIAN.pdf }}</ref>

The [[Zhuang languages]] are a group of [[mutually unintelligible]] languages of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]], heavily influenced by nearby [[Sinitic languages]] such as [[Cantonese]].<ref name="Li&Huang">{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Xulian |title=Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949 |last2=Huang |first2=Quanxi |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=1-4020-8038-7 |editor-last=Zhou |editor-first=Minglang |location=New York |page=240 |chapter=The Introduction and Development of the Zhuang Writing System |editor-last2=Sun |editor-first2=Hongkai}}</ref> The [[Standard Zhuang]] language is based on a northern dialect, but it is closer to the [[Bouyei language]] than Southern Zhuang, so few people learn it. Due to mutually unintelligible languages or dialects, Zhuang people from different areas use Chinese to communicate with each other and Chinese was used as the ''lingua franca'' in areas of high Zhuang population such as the official [[Guangxi|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]].<ref name="Myusken">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fromlinguisticar00muys |title=From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3100-0 |editor-last=Muysken |editor-first=Pieter |location=Amsterdam |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromlinguisticar00muys/page/n234 226], 247 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Whilst according to some semi-official sources "In [[Guangxi]], [[compulsory education]] is bilingual in Zhuang and Chinese, with a focus on early Zhuang literacy,"<ref name="Li&Huang" /> only a small percentage of schools teach written Zhuang. Zhuang has been written using [[logogram]]s based on [[Chinese characters]] ("[[Sawndip]]") for over 1,000 years. Standard Zhuang, the official alphabetical script, was introduced in 1957 and in 1982 the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letters were changed to [[Latin script|Latin]] letters. However, the traditional character-based script is more commonly used in less formal domains<ref>{{Cite web |last=道客巴巴 |date=22 September 2012 |script-title=zh:广西壮族人文字使用现状及文字社会声望调查研究——以田阳、田东、东兰三县为例 |url=http://www.doc88.com/p-644582398739.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Doc88.com}}</ref> and in June 2017 just over one thousand of these characters were added in Unicode 10.0 .

The Zhuang have their own scriptures written in poetic form such as the ''Baeu Rodo''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holm |first=David L. |title=Recalling Lost Souls: The Baeu Rodo Scriptures, Tai Cosmogonic Texts from Guangxi in Southern China |date=2004 |publisher=White Lotus Press |isbn=974-480-051-8 |location=Bangkok}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Yongxian |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1457-5 |editor-last=Diller |editor-first=Anthony |location=London |pages=317–377 |chapter=Zhuang |editor-last2=Edmondson |editor-first2=Jerold A. |editor-last3=Luo |editor-first3=Yongxian}}</ref>

====Sawndip literature====
{{Main|Sawndip literature}}

The literate Zhuang had their own writing system, [[Sawndip]] (lit. "uncooked script"), recording folk songs, operas, poems, scriptures, letters, contracts and court documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liang |first=Tingwang 梁庭望 |title=Zhuàng wén lùn jí / Bonj Comz Lwnvwnz Sawcuengh |date=2007 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |isbn=978-7-81108-436-8 |location=Beijing Shi |pages=153–158 |script-title=zh:壮文论集 / Bonj Comz Lwnvwnz Sawcuengh |trans-title=Anthology of Written Zhuang}}</ref> The works include both entirely indigenous works and translations from Chinese, fact and fiction, religious texts and secular texts.

====Names====
While most Zhuang people have adopted standard [[Han Chinese]] names, some have distinct surnames only{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} found amongst those of Zhuang descent such as "{{lang|zh|[[Tan / Qin (surname 覃)|覃]]}}" ({{zh|p=Tán}}), usually pronounced "Qín".

When comes to places, some village names in China have the suffix "{{lang|zh|板}}" ({{zh|p=bǎn}}), which means ''"village"'' in [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] (e.g. {{lang|zh|板塘}}, {{lang|zh|板岭乡}}, {{lang|zh|板帽}}, {{lang|zh|板罕}}).

===Festivals===
The Buluotuo Festival is a three-day event that occurs in April during which singing and chanting take place.

=== Genealogical fabrications and ethnic identity ===

Many Zhuang people falsely claimed their paternal ancestors were Han Chinese from Huguang (Hubei and Hunan), Jiangnan who had migrated to Guangxi and Bouyei people in Guizhou also claimed Han Chinese Jiangnan paternal ancestry from Jiangsu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weinstein |first=Jodi L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHsUCgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+genealogies&pg=PA144 |title=Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion |date=2013 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295804811 |edition=illustrated, reprint |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |location= |page=44 |author-link=}}</ref> Bouyei people (Zhongjia) in Guizhou and Zhuang in Guangxi tried to claim false Han paternal ancestors in order to pass as Han people, with the Bouyei making genealogies with a Han ancestors and claimed their ancestors came from Jiangnan, Hubei and Hunan (Huguang) and Shandong. The Zhuang also did this up to the 1950s and claimed their ancestors were northern Han Chinese and made fake genealogies to show it to escape marginalization and discrimination.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weinstein |first=Jodi L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHsUCgAAQBAJ&dq=fictive+han+ancestor&pg=PA20 |title=Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion |date=2013 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295804811 |edition=illustrated, reprint |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |location= |page=20, 21 |author-link=}}</ref> The Communists made the Zhuang self identify as Zhuang and stop pretending to be Han.<ref>{{cite book |last=Han |first=Xiaorong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtY3BQAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+han+identify&pg=PA247 |title=Red God: Wei Baqun and His Peasant Revolution in Southern China, 1894 1932 |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1438453835 |edition=illustrated |series=SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture |location= |page=247 |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-lGDgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+han+identify&pg=RA2-PA162 |title=Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |others=Contributor Bo Huang |isbn=978-0128047934 |location= |page=162 |author-link=}}</ref> Many ethnic minority Zhuang families in southwest China including that of Tusi chieftains fabricated genealogies claiming their paternal ancestors were northern Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holm |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fblyTyd9PlsC&dq=zhuang+invented+han+genealogy&pg=PA778 |title=Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004223691 |edition=illustrated |volume=28 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China |location= |page=778 |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yao |first=Alice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKbTCgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+invented+han+genealogy&pg=PA28 |title=The Ancient Highlands of Southwest China: From the Bronze Age to the Han Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199367344 |edition=illustrated |series=Oxford studies in the archaeology of ancient states |location= |page=28 |author-link=}}</ref> Zhuang claimed fake Han ancestry in the Anping chiefdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Took |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDDUGzDAmUC&dq=zhuang+invented+han+genealogy&pg=PA259 |title=A Native Chieftaincy in Southwest China: Franchising a Tai Chieftaincy Under the Tusi System of Late Imperial China |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004147977 |edition=illustrated |volume=70 of Sinica Leidensia |location= |page=259 |author-link=}}</ref> Zhuang adopted Han Chinese style ancestral halls, Han ideas like fang in their lineage rules and fake Han ancestors in their genealogies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Took |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSJXEAAAQBAJ&dq=fictive+han+ancestor&pg=PA99 |title=A Native Chieftaincy in Southwest China: Franchising a Tai Chieftaincy under the Tusi System of Late Imperial China |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=904741571X |series=Sinica Leidensia |location= |page=99 |author-link=}}</ref>

==== Cen chiefly family ====
The surname [[Cen (surname)|Cen]] is found among the Zhuang Tusi chiefly family who ruled Tusi in Guangxi during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and they claim patrilineal Han ancestry from Song dynasty general Cen Zhongshu of Zhejiang.<ref>Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion, Jodi L. Weinstein (Seattle:University of Washington Press, 2013), p. 52.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=空政文工团孪生姐妹记忆中的中南海舞會騰訊網新華网耿耿 |url=http://news.qq.com/a/20110224/000679_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000431/https://news.qq.com/a/20110224/000679_1.htm |archive-date=2018-02-04 |accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref>

==Religion==

Most Zhuang follow a traditional [[animist]] faith known as [[Mo (religion)|Moism]] or Shigongism, which include elements of [[ancestor worship|veneration of forebears]].<ref>Cen Xianan (2003). On research to Zhuang's Mo Religion Belief. "Economic and Social Development", no.12. p. 23–26.{{in lang|zh}}</ref> The Mo have their own [[sutra]] and professional priests known as ''bumo'' or ''mogong'' who traditionally use chicken bones for divination. The bumo read scriptures, perform divination, and other rituals to drive away pestilence. Their sacred scroll is the ''Sanqing'' (three pure ones). In Chinese the bumo are known as wushi, spiritual mediums. The ''wupo'', in contrast to the bumo, are elderly women considered to be chosen by god, who sing traditional mountain songs. The role of the wupo is Zhuang religion has been minimized due to influence from Chinese religious traditions.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=140-141}}

===Deities===
The Zhuang religion believes that the world is composed of three aspects: heaven, earth, and water. Earth is ruled by the creator god, Baeuqloxdoh (Buluotuo), water by the dragon god, Ngweg, and heaven by the thunder god, Gyaj. Baeuqloxdoh's wife, Meh Nangz, the mother goddess, is also worshiped.

{{quotation|Buluotuo and Muliujia were sent down to the empty Earth to create a new world. They departed from Heaven in the second lunar month. Buluotuo shouldered two large baskets, with one carrying five children and the other carrying bedding and clothing. Muliujia carried a hoe and sickle. They came to the area of present-day Tianyang on the 19th day. On that day there was strong wind and rain accompanied by deafening thunder and exploding lightning which caused Buluotuo’s shouldered pole to break and the baskets to fall to the Earth. The bedding landed to the east of today’s Na-Guan village and formed a mountain, a hole in the bedding became the caves. The fallen sickle and hoe dug a large curved slit, rain fell into the ditch and all converged to form Youjiang (the Right River). Buluotuo and Muliujia then landed on the top of the mountain to look for their children, this rock was hence called ''Wangzi'' (Waiting-for-the-son) Rock. To the west, their five children became five hills; people called it “Five Children Mountain” but it later deviated to become “Five Fingers Mountain” because of the homophonic “zi”(child) and “zhi” (fingers). Later on, Buluotuo and Muliujia lived in the ''muniang'' cave and reproduced humankind and animals. The cave faces south and there is a wide plain area in front of the cave. The cave touches a good ''fengshui'' and is surrounded by trees and flowers. Inside the cave, there is a spacious area decorated by stalactites. There are holes behind the wall of the cave in which one hole is called “sky hole” that can connect to the north. Buluotuo gradually created a wide new world. When the children grew up, Buluotuo taught them to farm and set up villages outside the mountain.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=155}}}}

Mountains are worshiped in Zhuang culture. Between winter and spring, the Zhuang make a trip to the mountains to sing in the Zhuang style, called "hun gamj gok fwen".{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=148}}

{{quotation|''Meh Nangz'' is the local Zhuang dialect for calling the goddess of the villagers living near Mt. Ganzhuang. It is transliterated into Mandarin as ''Muniang'', which mean Mother Goddess. For the scholars who research Zhuang folklore, ''Muniang'' properly refers to ''Muliujia'', or ''Mehloeggyap'' in Zhuang, which is the goddess of creation and fertility. According to the epic, the original form of the universe was swirling air. As it swirled faster and faster the universe consolidated into an “egg” and it exploded into three parts. The top part was heaven, the bottom was water, and the one in the middle was earth. Later, there was a fleshy flower that grew out of the earth and in the blooming flower was born a goddess. She was pretty and wise, with long flowing hair, and she was naked. She was known as ''Muliujia'', “mu” refers to mother and “liujia” is a bird that the Zhuang use to symbolize wisdom. Thus, ''Muliujia'' refers to the mother of wisdom.{{sfn|Chaisingkananont|2014|p=177}}}}

===Other religions===
There are also a number of [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Taoism|Taoists]], and [[Christianity|Christians]] among the Zhuang.<ref>Huang Guiqiu (2008). Zhuang beliefs and cultural characteristics of the Mo ceremony. Wenshan: "Wenshan College",no.4. p. 35–38.in Guangxi.{{in lang|zh}}</ref>

===Zhuang religious terminology===
*Daoist priests - (Ch. ''daogong'' 道公, Zh. ''bou dao'')<ref name="ritual">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110547849-008/html?lang=de|chapter=Ritual Practices and Networks of Zhuang Shamans|first=Ya-ning|last=Kao|title=Key Concepts in Practice |date=20 May 2019|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=179–208|via=www.degruyter.com|doi=10.1515/9783110547849-008|isbn=9783110547849 |s2cid=186456423 }}</ref>
*Vernacular ritual practitioners - (Ch. ''mogong'' 麽公, Zh. ''bou mo'' and Ch. ''shigong'' 師公, Zh. ''bou slay'')
*Shamans - (Ch. ''wu'' 巫, Zh. ''moed'' and ''gyaem'')

==Genetics==
Genetic evidence points out Zhuang possesses a very high frequency of Haplogroup O2 with most of them being subclade O2a making it the most dominant marker, one that they share with Austro-Asiatic. The other portion of O2 belongs to subclade O2a1. Zhuangs have prevalent frequencies of O1 which links them with Austronesian, but O1 is at much lower rate compared to O2a and only slightly higher than O2a1. Haplogroup O2 in Taiwan aborigines is almost completely non-existent, but they exhibit very high frequencies of O1. This suggests that in the event that the Austro-Tai hypothesis is correct, Tai-Kadai speakers would have assimilated mostly Austro-Asiatic people into their population after the separation of Tai and Austronesian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hui |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Chen |first3=Shu-Juo |last4=Su |first4=Bing |last5=Pramoonjago |first5=Patcharin |last6=Liu |first6=Yangfan |last7=Pan |first7=Shangling |last8=Qin |first8=Zhendong |last9=Liu |first9=Wenhong |last10=Cheng |first10=Xu |last11=Yang |first11=Ningning |display-authors=3 |date=2008 |title=Paternal Genetic Affinity Between Western Austronesians and Daic Populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |pages=146 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-146 |pmc=2408594 |pmid=18482451 |last12=Li |first12=Xin |last13=Tran |first13=Dinhbinh |last14=Lu |first14=Daru |last15=Hsu |first15=Mu-Tsu |last16=Deka |first16=Ranjan |last17=Marzuki |first17=Sangkot |last18=Tan |first18=Chia-Chen |last19=Jin |first19=Li|issue=1 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..146L }}</ref>

==Distribution==

===By county===
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.1% of China's Zhuang population.)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Province
! Prefecture
! County
! Zhuang Population
! % of China's Zhuang Population
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Yongning District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|邕宁区}})
| 766,441
| 4.74%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Xingbin District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|兴宾区}})
| 600,360
| 3.71%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Wuming County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|武鸣县}})
| 524,912
| 3.24%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Jingxi County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|靖西县}})
| 452,399
| 2.8%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guigang]] City
| [[Gangbei District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|港北区}})
| 424,343
| 2.62%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yizhou District]] ({{lang|zh|宜州市}})
| 405,372
| 2.51%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|都安瑶族自治县}})
| 399,142
| 2.47%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Liujiang District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|柳江区}})
| 383,478
| 2.37%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Pingguo]] City ({{lang|zh-hans|平果市}})
| 350,122
| 2.16%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Heng County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|横县}})
| 323,428
| 2.0%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Guangnan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|广南县}})
| 315,755
| 1.95%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Xincheng County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|忻城县}})
| 315,354
| 1.95%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Tiandeng County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|天等县}})
| 307,660
| 1.9%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Daxin County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|大新县}})
| 306,617
| 1.9%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Fusui County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|扶绥县}})
| 305,369
| 1.89%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Mashan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|马山县}})
| 302,035
| 1.87%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Long'an County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|隆安县}})
| 301,972
| 1.87%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Tiandong County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|田东县}})
| 301,895
| 1.87%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Shanglin County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|上林县}})
| 297,939
| 1.84%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Ningming County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|宁明县}})
| 270,754
| 1.67%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Debao County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|德保县}})
| 268,650
| 1.66%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Dahua Yao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|大化瑶族自治县}})
| 261,277
| 1.61%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Tianyang County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|田阳县}})
| 261,129
| 1.61%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Jiangzhou District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|江州区}})
| 245,714
| 1.52%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Youjiang District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|右江区}})
| 244,329
| 1.51%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Longzhou County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|龙州县}})
| 242,616
| 1.5%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| Shijiao District ({{lang|zh-hans|市郊区}})
| 242,049
| 1.5%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Wuxuan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|武宣县}})
| 237,239
| 1.47%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|环江毛南族自治县}})
| 231,373
| 1.43%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Jinchengjiang District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|金城江区}})
| 219,381
| 1.36%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Donglan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|东兰县}})
| 212,998
| 1.32%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Xiangzhou County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|象州县}})
| 212,849
| 1.32%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Funing County, Yunnan|Funing County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|富宁县}})
| 211,749
| 1.31%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Qinzhou]] City
| [[Qinbei District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|钦北区}})
| 209,460
| 1.29%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Luzhai County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|鹿寨县}})
| 208,262
| 1.29%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Liucheng County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|柳城县}})
| 186,720
| 1.15%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|隆林各族自治县}})
| 180,172
| 1.11%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Fangchenggang]] City
| [[Shangsi County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|上思县}})
| 179,837
| 1.11%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Nandan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|南丹县}})
| 162,944
| 1.01%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Binyang County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|宾阳县}})
| 160,893
| 0.99%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Xixiangtang District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|西乡塘区}})
| 152,606
| 0.94%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Napo County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|那坡县}})
| 151,939
| 0.94%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Bama Yao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|巴马瑶族自治县}})
| 151,923
| 0.94%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Tianlin County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|田林县}})
| 140,507
| 0.87%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Yanshan County, Yunnan|Yanshan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|砚山县}})
| 130,146
| 0.8%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|罗城仫佬族自治县}})
| 122,803
| 0.76%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Qiubei County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|丘北县}})
| 120,626
| 0.75%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Qingxiu District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|青秀区}})
| 112,402
| 0.69%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Dongguan]] City
| Urban area ({{lang|zh-hans|市辖区}})
| 98,164
| 0.61%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Rong'an County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|融安县}})
| 97,898
| 0.6%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Fengshan County, Guangxi|Fengshan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|凤山县}})
| 93,652
| 0.58%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Heshan, Guangxi|Heshan]] City ({{lang|zh|合山市}})
| 93,456
| 0.58%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guigang]] City
| [[Guiping]] City ({{lang|zh|桂平市}})
| 93,271
| 0.58%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Wenshan City]] ({{lang|zh-hans|文山市}})
| 91,257
| 0.56%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| Shijiao District ({{lang|zh-hans|市郊区}})
| 90,263
| 0.56%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Xilin County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|西林县}})
| 88,935
| 0.55%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Chongzuo]] City
| [[Pingxiang, Guangxi|Pingxiang]] City ({{lang|zh|凭祥市}})
| 85,603
| 0.53%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Fangchenggang]] City
| [[Fangcheng District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|防城区}})
| 84,281
| 0.52%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Shenzhen]] City
| [[Bao'an District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|宝安区}})
| 81,368
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hechi]] City
| [[Tian'e County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|天峨县}})
| 79,236
| 0.49%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Leye County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|乐业县}})
| 71,739
| 0.44%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Liunan District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|柳南区}})
| 63,470
| 0.39%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Yufeng District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|鱼峰区}})
| 62,870
| 0.39%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Baise]] City
| [[Lingyun County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|凌云县}})
| 58,655
| 0.36%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Qinzhou]] City
| [[Qinnan District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|钦南区}})
| 58,571
| 0.36%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Laibin]] City
| [[Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|金秀瑶族自治县}})
| 58,539
| 0.36%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Liubei District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|柳北区}})
| 57,290
| 0.35%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|融水苗族自治县}})
| 56,770
| 0.35%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Maguan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|马关县}})
| 54,856
| 0.34%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Jiangnan District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|江南区}})
| 54,232
| 0.34%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Foshan]] City
| [[Nanhai District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|南海区}})
| 50,007
| 0.31%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Qingyuan]] City
| [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|连山壮族瑶族自治县}})
| 44,141
| 0.27%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guilin]] City
| [[Lipu County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|荔浦县}})
| 41,425
| 0.26%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hezhou]] City
| [[Babu District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|八步区}})
| 40,532
| 0.25%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Mengzi City]] ({{lang|zh-hans|蒙自市}})
| 37,938
| 0.23%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Nanning]] City
| [[Xingning District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|兴宁区}})
| 36,418
| 0.22%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Malipo County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|麻栗坡县}})
| 33,250
| 0.21%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Zhongshan]] City
| Urban area ({{lang|zh-hans|市辖区}})
| 31,666
| 0.2%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guilin]] City
| [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|龙胜各族自治县}})
| 30,358
| 0.19%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guilin]] City
| [[Yangshuo County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|阳朔县}})
| 29,632
| 0.18%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guilin]] City
| [[Yongfu County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|永福县}})
| 25,564
| 0.16%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Xichou County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|西畴县}})
| 24,212
| 0.15%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Shenzhen]] City
| [[Longgang District, Shenzhen|Longgang District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|龙岗区}})
| 22,708
| 0.14%
|-
| [[Yunnan]] Province
| [[Qujing]] City
| [[Shizong County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|师宗县}})
| 22,290
| 0.14%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Guilin]] City
| [[Pingle County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|平乐县}})
| 21,744
| 0.13%
|-
| [[Guizhou]] Province
| [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture]]
| [[Congjiang County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|从江县}})
| 21,419
| 0.13%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Hezhou]] City
| [[Zhongshan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|钟山县}})
| 20,834
| 0.13%
|-
| [[Guangdong]] Province
| [[Foshan]] City
| [[Shunde District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|顺德区}})
| 18,759
| 0.12%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Liuzhou]] City
| [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|三江侗族自治县}})
| 18,335
| 0.11%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Qinzhou]] City
| [[Lingshan County]] ({{lang|zh-hans|灵山县}})
| 17,715
| 0.11%
|-
| [[Guangxi]] Zhuang Autonomous Region
| [[Fangchenggang]] City
| [[Dongxing, Guangxi|Dongxing]] City ({{lang|zh-hans|东兴市}})
| 16,651
| 0.1%
|-
| Other
|
|
| 780,897
| 4.83%
|}

==Notable Zhuang people==
* [[A Nong]] ({{circa}} 1005–1055), Zhuang shaman, matriarch and warrior; mother of Nong Zhigao.
* [[Huang Wenxiu]], Chinese politician and posthumous recipient of the [[July 1 Medal]].
* [[Lady of Qiao Guo]], heroine of the Zhuang people in [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]].
* [[Nong Zhigao]], hero of the Zhuang people in [[Song Dynasty]].
* [[Nong Rong]], diplomat and former ambassador to Pakistan.
* [[Shi Dakai]], Yi King of the [[Taiping Rebellion]].
* [[Wei Changhui]], North King of the Taiping Rebellion.
* [[Huang Xianfan]], Chinese historian and ethnologist, considered the founder of [[Zhuang studies]].
* [[Li Ning]], Chinese gymnast and entrepreneur.
* [[Esther Qin]], Chinese-Australian diver.
* [[Shanye Huang]], well-known Chinese-American artist whose art is rooted in Zhuang culture.
* [[Wei Wei (singer)|Wei Wei]], a Mandopop singer and actress.
* [[Wei Huixiao]], a naval officer.
* [[Tracy Wang]] [[:zh:汪小敏|汪小敏]] {{small|[[Chinese Wikipedia|(zh)]]}}, a singer.
* [[Zhang Xianzi]], a Mandopop singer.

==See also==
*[[Zhuang languages]]
*[[Standard Zhuang]]
*[[Zhuang customs and culture]]
*[[Dong Son culture]]
*[[Mo (religion)]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Anderson|first=James A.|year=2008|title=Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period|publisher=Palgrave macMillan}}
* {{citation
| title = The Zhuang Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period
| given = Jeffrey G. | surname = Barlow |author-mask = 3
| journal = Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 | jstor = 20070970
| year = 1987 |pages = 250–269
| postscript = . | doi=10.1017/s0022463400020543
| s2cid = 163042066 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Barlow |first=Jeffrey |date=2005 |title=The Zhuang: A Longitudinal Study of Their History and Their Culture |url=http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206210848/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/index.html |archive-date=2007-02-06 |website=mcel.pacificu.edu}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Chaisingkananont |first=Somrak |title=The Quest for Zhuang Identity: Cultural Politics of Promoting the Buluotuo Cultural Festival in Guangxi, China |date=2014 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=National University of Singapore |hdl=10635/118867}}
* {{citation
| title = The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: loyalty and identity along the Sino-Vietnamese frontier
| given = James A.
| surname = Anderson
| publisher = University of Washington Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AWLMQFiNh3oC&q=The%20Rebel%20Den%20of%20Nung%20Tr%20Cao%3A%20Loyalty%20and%20Identity%20along%20the%20Sino-Vietnamese&pg=PA173
| year = 2012
| orig-year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0-295-80077-6
| postscript = .
}}
*{{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|year=2019|title=Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190053796}}
* {{citation|last=Swope|first=Kenneth M.|year=2009|title=A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}
* {{Citation|last=Swope|first=Kenneth|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty|year=2014 |publisher=Routledge}}
*{{citation|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=1983|title=The Birth of the Vietnam|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520074170}}
*{{citation|last = Schafer |first= Edward Hetzel |year = 1967 |title = The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South |publisher = University of California Press|location = Los Angeles|isbn=9780520011458}}
* {{cite book|first=K. W.|last=Taylor|author-link=Keith Taylor (historian)|title=A History of the Vietnamese|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ng |first=Candice Sheung Pui |date=2011 |title=On "Constructed" Identities: A Dialogue on the Nature of Zhuang Identity |journal=Journal of Oriental Studies |volume=44 |issue=1/2 |pages=45–61 |jstor=44009390}}
* Wang Mingfu, Eric Johnson (2008). ''Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage''. The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan. {{ISBN|978-7-5367-4255-0}}.
* {{citation|last=West|first=Barbara A.|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania}}
A Senior City Police Officer Pursues His Roots in China, By Marvine Howe, ''The New York Times'', 14 November 1985.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaup |first=Katherine Palmer |title=Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China |date=2000 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-886-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Barlow |first=Jeffrey G. |date=1989 |title=The Zhuang Minority in the Ming Era |journal=Ming Studies |volume=1989 |issue=1 |pages=15–45 |doi=10.1179/014703789788763976}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Zhuang people}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206210848/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/index.html The Zhuang: A Longitudinal Study of Their History and Their Culture], by Jeffrey Barlow
* {{lang|zh-hans|[http://www.rauz.net.cn 壮族在线]}}
* [http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China]

{{-}}
{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{East Asian topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhuang People}}
[[Category:Zhuang people| ]]
[[Category:Tai peoples]]
[[Category:Tai history]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]

Prometheism

2024-09-30T05:35:00Z

Wolverène: /* Sources of Prometheism */ m.

{{about|the early 20th century anti-imperialist political project|the environmentalist term|Prometheanism|the 2020 political essay|Jason Jorjani#The Prometheist Manifesto}}
{{Short description|Political project to weaken Russian Empire}}
{{One source|date=February 2024}}
'''Prometheism''' or '''Prometheanism''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Prometeizm'') was a political project initiated by [[Józef Piłsudski]], a principal statesman of the [[Second Polish Republic]] from 1918 to 1935. Its aim was to weaken the [[Russian Empire]] and its successor states, including the [[Soviet Union]], by supporting [[nationalism|nationalist]] [[separatism|independence movements]] among the major [[Ethnic groups in Russia|non-Russian peoples]] that lived within the borders of Russia and the Soviet Union.<ref>[[Richard Woytak]], "The Promethean Movement in Interwar Poland", ''East European Quarterly'', vol. XVIII, no. 3 (September 1984), pp. 273–278.</ref>

Between the World Wars, Prometheism and Piłsudski's other concept, that of an "[[Intermarium]] federation", constituted two complementary [[geopolitical]] strategies for him and for some of his political heirs.<ref name=Debo59>"Pilsudski hoped to build not merely a Polish nation state but a greater federation of peoples under the aegis of Poland which would replace Russia as the great power of Eastern Europe. Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine were all to be included. His plan called for a truncated and vastly reduced Russia, a plan which excluded negotiations prior to military victory." Richard K. Debo, ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1992'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&q=excluded+negotiations&pg=PA59 Google Print, p. 59], McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7735-0828-7}}.</ref>

== Sources of Prometheism ==

[[File:Prometheus by Gustave Moreau.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Prometheus]]'', by [[Gustave Moreau]], [[torture]]d on [[Caucasus#Mythology|Mount Caucasus]]]]
[[Józef Piłsudski|Piłsudski]]'s elaboration of Prometheism had been aided by an intimate knowledge of the [[Russian Empire]] gained while [[exile]]d by its government to eastern [[Siberia]]. The term "Prometheism" was suggested by the [[Greek myth]] of [[Prometheus]], whose gift of fire to mankind, in defiance of [[Zeus]], came to symbolize enlightenment and resistance to despotic authority.<ref>In [[ethics]], "Prometheism" is an individual's voluntary subordination of self to the good of a larger social group or even all mankind. This [[altruism|altruistic]] concept relates to the [[myth]] of [[Prometheus]], and denotes rebellion against divine decrees and natural forces, and self-sacrifice for the sake of the general good. In [[literature]], the Promethean stance is exemplified by Kordian in [[Juliusz Słowacki]]'s [[Polish Romanticism|Romantic]] drama ''Kordian'' (1834); by Konrad in Part III of [[Adam Mickiewicz]]'s ''Forefathers' Eve'' ({{lang|pl|[[Dziady (poem)|Dziady]]}}); by Dr. Judym in [[Stefan Żeromski]]'s ''Homeless People'' ({{lang|pl|Ludzie Bezdomni}}, 1899); by the [[Bible|Biblical]] Adam in [[Jan Kasprowicz]]'s {{lang|la|[[Dies irae]]}} ([[Latin language|Latin]] for ''Day of Wrath''); and by Dr. Rieux in [[Albert Camus]]'s ''[[The Plague (novel)|The Plague]]'' (1947).</ref>

A brief history of Poland's Promethean endeavor was set down on February 12, 1940, by [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], a [[Poland|Polish]] [[military intelligence]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] whose responsibilities from 1927 until the outbreak of [[World War II]] in Europe in September 1939 had included the coordination of Poland's Promethean program. Charaszkiewicz wrote his paper in [[Paris]] after escaping from a Poland overrun by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 14–16, 56, 76, 81.</ref>

[[File:Piłsudski 16.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Józef Piłsudski]]—father of the Promethean strategy]]
{{quote|The creator and soul of the Promethean concept [wrote Charaszkiewicz] was [[Marshal of Poland|Marshal]] [[Józef Piłsudski|Piłsudski]], who as early as 1904, in a [[memorandum]] to the [[Japan]]ese government, pointed out the need to employ, in the struggle against Russia, the numerous non-Russian nations that inhabited the basins of the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Caspian Sea]]s, and emphasized that the [[Polish nation]], by virtue of its history, love of freedom, and uncompromising stance toward [the three empires that had partitioned Poland out of political existence at the end of the 18th century] would, in that struggle, doubtless take a leading place and help work the emancipation of other nations oppressed by Russia.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 56.</ref>}}

A key excerpt from Piłsudski's 1904 memorandum declared:

{{quote|Poland's strength and importance among the constituent parts of the Russian state embolden us to set ourselves the political goal of breaking up the Russian state into its main constituents and emancipating the countries that have been forcibly incorporated into that empire. We regard this not only as the fulfilment of our country's cultural strivings for independent existence, but also as a guarantee of that existence, since a Russia divested of her conquests will be sufficiently weakened that she will cease to be a formidable and dangerous neighbor.<ref>Quoted in Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 56.</ref>}}

The Promethean movement, according to Charaszkiewicz, took its genesis from a national renaissance that began in the late 19th century among many peoples of the Russian Empire. That renaissance stemmed from a social process that led in Russia to revolution. Nearly all the [[socialism|socialist]] parties created in the ethnically non-Russian communities assumed a national character and placed independence at the tops of their agendas: this was so in [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Finland]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. These socialist parties would take the lead in their respective peoples' independence movements. While all these countries harbored organizations of a purely national character that likewise championed independence, the socialist parties, precisely because they associated the fulfilment of their strivings for independence with the social movement in Russia, showed the greater dynamism. Ultimately the peoples of the [[Baltic Sea]] basin—[[Poland]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]—won and, until [[World War II]], all kept their independence. The peoples of the [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Caspian Sea]] basins—[[Ukraine]], [[Don Cossacks]], [[Kuban People's Republic|Kuban]], [[Crimea]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Northern Caucasus]]—emancipated themselves politically in 1919–1921 but then lost their independence to [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 56–57.</ref>

In 1917–1921, according to Charaszkiewicz, as the nations of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Sea basins were freeing themselves from Russia's tutelage, Poland was the only country that worked actively together with those peoples. In these efforts, Poland met with opposition from the western coalition; the latter backed the ([[anticommunist]]) [[White movement|White]] Russians in their endeavor to rebuild the erstwhile Russian Empire. At the same time, according to Charaszkiewicz, Germany, with her occupation forces, strengthened her influences in Lithuania and Latvia, manipulated Ukraine's Lt. Gen. [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] toward Ukrainian federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia, and attempted a German hegemony in the Caucasus against the political interests of Germany's ally, Turkey. According to Charaszkiewicz, Germany's true intentions were at last made manifest in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], concluded with the Bolsheviks in 1918.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 57.</ref>

However, the secret organisation [[Aufbau Vereinigung|Aufbau]] established in Munich in 1920 by a section of the white Russian [[White émigré|émigrés]] in Germany developed far-ranging plans that had similar aims to the Promethean movement, only aligned with the economic interests of Germany in the east. Aufbau's chief political allies were [[Erich Ludendorff]] and [[Adolf Hitler]] as the leaders of the incipient [[National Socialist|Nazi]] movement. Aufbau sought to overthrow the Bolshevik government through military intervention and to break up Bolshevik Russia into a number of National Socialist successor states, including the Ukraine-led Black Sea League, similar entities in the Baltic and Siberia, and a [[Rump state|rump]] Russia.{{sfn|Kellogg|2005|p=15, 184, 275}} The Ukrainian representative in Aufbau was Ivan Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia, former chancellor of the anti-Bolshevik [[Ukrainian State]], head of the Ukrainian National Cossack Organization. In 1921 Aufbau secured two million marks of funding for [[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria|Vasyl Vyshyvanyi]]'s army in return for trading and industrial concessions to Germany in the future Ukrainian state and recruitment began, while Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia joined Vyshyvanyi's Supreme Council in Vienna. An offensive in Ukraine was to be combined with a new undertaking in the Baltics along the lines of the 1919 Latvian Intervention by the [[West Russian Volunteer Army]] of [[Pavel Bermondt-Avalov]]. A Russian nationalist coup against the [[Jewish Bolshevism|"Jews" (i.e. the Bolsheviks)]] to establish a "Russian national farmers' dictatorship" was planned for the summer of 1923 under the leadership of [[Vasily Biskupsky]] and [[Pyotr Krasnov]]. By 1923, the Munich leader of the Military Organization of Eastern Galicia, Bohdan Hustevych, was receiving military training from [[Ernst Röhm]], and Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia proclaimed that the "time of a productive National Socialist revolution ... has drawn near".{{sfn|Kellogg|2005|p=180–191}} The plans were thwarted financially by the internal divisions within the White Russian emigration, as the Supreme Monarchical Council of [[Nikolai Markov (politician)|Nikolai Markov]] favoured a Great Russian restoration with [[Franco-Russian Alliance|French]] backing, and refused to work with either Bermondt-Avalov or Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia.{{sfn|Kellogg|2005|p=14, 136–137, 145}} Further development of the Aufbau plans was delayed by Hitler's failure to seize power in Germany in the Munich [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in November 1923, but in 1933 Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia moved to Berlin at Hitler's invitation and his collaboration with Hitler and [[Alfred Rosenberg]] intensified again. He supported Rosenberg's plans for a semi-colonial Ukrainian satellite state and pledged the German-trained Ukrainian Cossack forces fully to the Nazi project. Rosenberg himself was in charge of aiding the Ukrainian independence movement in Soviet Ukraine in its [[propaganda]] and [[terrorism|terrorist]] activities.{{sfn|Kellogg|2005|p=254–258}}

The German support for the right-wing Ukrainian aspirations for national independence stood in direct opposition to the Polish Promethean plans, as it entailed the creation of a German–Ukrainian border through the destruction of the Polish state. In Poltavets'-Ostrianytsia's words, the cause of Ukrainian freedom was bound to eastward German expansion and directed "against [Soviet] Russia, against Poland, and against [[French Third Republic|France]]". His activities were monitored closely by [[Deuxième Bureau|French]] and [[Second Department of Polish General Staff|Polish military intelligence]].{{sfn|Kellogg|2005|p=256, 258}}

Charaszkiewicz argues that Germany's approach departed from the basic ideological tenets of Prometheism as it constituted "an elastic, opportunistic platform for diversion, amenable to exploitation for current German political purposes in any direction". He emphasizes that in this field there were never any organizational or ideological ties between Poland and Germany. The legitimate national representatives of the Promethean émigrés allied with Poland showed a marked political loyalty to Poland.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 57–58.</ref>

== Principles ==

Throughout the years 1918–1939, according to [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz|Charaszkiewicz]], the Polish Promethean leadership consistently observed several principles. The purpose of the Promethean enterprise was to liberate from imperialist Russia, of whatever political stripe, the peoples of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Sea basins and to create a series of independent states as a common defensive front against Russian aggression. Each Promethean party respected the political sovereignty of the others. Any disputes between Promethean parties were placed in abeyance pending the liberation of the several parties from Russia. By mutual consent of the Polish and Ukrainian Prometheans (if occasionally less than whole-heartedly on the [[Semen Petlura|Petlurists']] part), largely Ukrainian-populated areas of southeastern Poland were treated as an internal Polish sphere of interests and were off-bounds to Ukrainian Promethean organizing.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 58–59.</ref>

The Polish Promethean leadership, writes Charaszkiewicz, regarded the other Promethean nationalities as equal partners in the common struggle against Russian imperialism. Contrary to what has sometimes been thought, according to Charaszkiewicz the Polish General Staff did not treat the various Promethean émigré communities merely as political instruments to be exploited for ''ad hoc'' purposes of diversion.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 59.</ref>

Prometheism had no organizational or political backing in any Polish political party of the left, right or center. Within the [[Piłsudskiite]] camp [{{lang|pl|obóz Piłsudczyków}}] itself, Prometheism found many opponents. Paradoxically, among young people in Poland's [[National Democratic Party (Poland)|National Democratic Party]]—arch-rivals of the [[Piłsudskiite]]s [{{lang|pl|Piłsudczycy}}]—and some other opposition youth organizations, the Promethean question was spontaneously taken up and gained advocates.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000"/>

The history of Poland's interwar collaboration with the "Promethean peoples" falls into five periods.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000"/>

==First period (1918–1921)==
[[File:Simon Petljura.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.4|[[Symon Petliura]]]]
[[File:T Filipowicz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|[[Tytus Filipowicz]]]]
[[File:Walery slawek.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|[[Walery Sławek]]]]
[[File:Józewski.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Henryk Józewski]]]]
[[File:Lukasiewicz Juliusz.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|[[Juliusz Łukasiewicz]]]]
In the first period (1918–1921), Poland established her new eastern boundaries in wars with Soviet Russia and Ukraine; her borders with Germany, in the Poznań and Silesian uprisings, and in [[plebiscite]] operations in [[Warmia]] and [[Mazury]]; and her southern borders in [[plebiscite]] operations and a brief war with [[Czechoslovakia]] over disputed areas of [[Cieszyn Silesia]], [[Spisz]] and [[Orava (region)|Orawa]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000"/>

In the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] basin, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia emerged as independent states. Poland was among the first countries to extend them recognition,<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000"/> although Polish-Lithuanian relations were strained following the [[Polish-Lithuanian War]].

In the [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Caspian Sea]] basins, this period saw the emancipation of Ukraine, Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Don, Kuban and Northern Caucasus. Signs of national renaissance also appeared in [[Idel-Ural State|Idel-Ural]] and [[Turkestan]]; there, however, it was limited to the calling of "National Assemblies".<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 59–60.</ref>

Poland's role in the Promethean process was marked by the conclusion of a Polish–Ukrainian political and military alliance (the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Warsaw Agreement]], April 1920) with [[Symon Petlura]]'s [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], [[Kiev offensive (1920)|Piłsudski's expedition to Kiev]] (begun April 25, 1920), the designation (February 1919) of [[Bohdan Kutylowski]] as Polish minister to the Ukrainian People's Republic, the accreditation of a Polish minister to Caucasus, the naming of a military mission to Caucasus, and the [[South Russian Government|Crimean Republic]]'s motion at the [[League of Nations]] (May 17, 1920) that Crimea be made a protectorate of Poland.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 60.</ref>

Marshal Piłsudski's immediate collaborators in this period included [[Witold Jodko]], [[Tytus Filipowicz]], Gen. [[Julian Stachiewicz]], Col. [[Walery Sławek]], Col. [[Tadeusz Schaetzel]], a Maj. Czarnecki, [[August Zaleski]], [[Leon Wasilewski]], [[Henryk Józewski]], [[Juliusz Łukasiewicz]], [[Tadeusz Hołówko]], [[Marian Szumlakowski]], [[Jan Dąbski]], [[Mirosław Arciszewski]], Maj. [[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]] and [[Roman Knoll (politician)|Roman Knoll]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 60–61.</ref>

== Second period (1921–1923) ==
[[File:Stanislaw Haller.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Stanisław Haller]]]]
[[File:Sikorski 1918.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Władysław Sikorski]]]]
During Poland's second Promethean period (1921–1923), after the [[Treaty of Riga]] that ended the [[Polish-Soviet War]], Poland went forward with her independent life within established eastern borders alongside the Baltic states. The states of the [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Caspian Sea]] basins, however, lost their independence, being absorbed by the Soviets. What [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz|Charaszkiewicz]] terms the "legitimate" governments and political representatives of these Promethean countries emigrated:

# the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, to Poland, France and Czechoslovakia;
# the government of Georgia, to France;
# the government of Azerbaijan, to Turkey and France;
# the governments of Kuban and Don, to Czechoslovakia;
# the Northern Caucasus' Mountain National Center, to Turkey;
# the Armenian National Center, to France;
# the Tatar National Centers (Crimea, Idel-Ural, Turkestan), to Turkey, France and Poland.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_2">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 62.</ref>

During this period, Marshal Piłsudski still remained in power, first as [[Chief of State]] (''[[Naczelnik Państwa]]''), later transitionally as chief of the General Staff (''Sztab Główny'').
Promethean affairs now also involved the successive chiefs of the General Staff, Gen. [[Władysław Sikorski]] and Gen. [[Stanisław Haller]], and the chief of the General Staff's [[Second Department of Polish General Staff|Section II]] (''Oddział II'': intelligence), Col. [[Ignacy Matuszewski]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_2"/>

Poland worked together with Promethean political émigrés who were in official contact with Poland's Foreign Ministry, with Polish diplomatic offices in Istanbul, Bucharest, Prague, Tehran and Paris, and with the Polish General Staff. As early as 1922, the first group of Georgian officers, recommended by the Georgian government, were accepted into the Polish Army.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_2"/>

== Third period (1923–1926) ==

[[File:JStalin Secretary general CCCP 1942.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|[[Joseph Stalin]]]]
In the third period (1923–1926), after Piłsudski had removed himself from power, successive Polish governments eliminated the Promethean question from their agendas. The Soviets realized [[Joseph Stalin]]'s nationalities program in the [[Soviet Union]]'s non-Russian areas by inaugurating the [[Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics | Autonomous Republics]], while suppressing the last impulses toward independence on the part of those Republics' populations.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_3">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 63.</ref>

Polish contacts with the Promethean émigrés were continued, without the knowledge or consent of the Polish government: in military matters, by Col. Schaetzel, Maj. Czarnecki and Captain [[Henryk Suchanek-Suchecki]], chief of the Nationalities Department (''Wydział'') in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; and at the Foreign Ministry, by the chief of the Eastern Department, [[Juliusz Łukasiewicz]]. An exception to the Polish government's official attitude pertained to [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] Prometheism, which enjoyed support with both the foreign minister, [[Aleksander Skrzyński]], and the chief of the General Staff, Gen. [[Stanisław Haller]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_3"/>

== Fourth period (1926–1932) ==
The fourth period (1926–1932), from Piłsudski's return to power in the [[May Coup (Poland)|May 1926 Coup]] to the conclusion of the [[Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact|1932 Polish-Soviet Nonaggression Pact]], was the period of the most determined, organized and active collaboration with Promethean organizations.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_3"/>

In 1927 the Promethean problem was given official organizational form at the Polish [[Foreign Ministry]] and [[General Staff]]. In the previous periods, Prometheism had been treated at various high echelons but had possessed no single official home. Now a close coordination was established between Poland's Foreign Ministry and General Staff, as politically representing the Promethean question, and with the ministries of Military Affairs and Internal Affairs, as indirectly involved with it (the Military Ministry, with foreign contract officers; the Internal Ministry, with internal Polish-Ukrainian affairs).<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_3"/>

Important events in this period included:

=== General Promethean affairs ===
# the creation of an {{ill|Eastern Institute|pl|Instytut Wschodni w Warszawie}} in Warsaw, with a program in [[Near East|Near]] and [[Far East]]ern studies, the Institute being treated as a political instrument for general Promethean matters;
# the establishment, at the Eastern Institute, of an Orientalist Youth Circle, a youth organization dedicated to general Promethean affairs, with offices in [[Kraków]], [[Vilnius]] and [[Harbin]];
# the founding of a quarterly, {{lang|pl|Wschód}} (''The East''), devoted to Promethean affairs;
# the establishment of academic scholarships for Promethean students at [[Warsaw]], [[Vilnius]], [[Poznań]], [[Kraków]], [[Paris]], [[Berlin]] and [[Cairo]];
# the founding of four Promethean clubs, in [[Warsaw]], [[Paris]], [[Helsinki]] and [[Harbin]];
# the founding, in [[Paris]] and [[Helsinki]], of the propaganda monthlies, ''Promethee'' and ''Prometheus'';
# the establishment of collaborative links with ''[[France-Orient]]'' in [[Paris]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_4">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 64.</ref>

=== Ukrainian affairs ===
# the organization of a military staff for the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], including an organizational-operational section (subordinate to Poland's Gen. [[Julian Stachiewicz]]), an intelligence section (subordinate to Poland's Section II), and a propaganda section (subordinate to the Polish General Staff's Office Z);
# the recruitment of [[Symon Petlura|Petlurist]] Ukrainian officers as contract officers for the [[Polish Army]];
# the creation of three separate [[press agencies]]: in [[Warsaw]] ("A.T.E."), [[Paris]] ("Ofinor") and [[Bucharest]] ("Ukraintag");
# the founding of a ''Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin'';
# the creation in Warsaw of a Ukrainian Institute of Learning;
# the founding of a General Ukrainian Council coordinating Petlurist émigré centers in European countries.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_4"/>

This period saw two fundamental political events in Ukrainian Promethean affairs:
* the May 26, 1926, [[assassination]], in [[Paris]]—according to Charaszkiewicz, at [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] instigation—of Otaman [[Symon Petlura]]; and
* the 1930 trial, in [[Kiev]], of [[Serhiy Yefremov]], which demonstrated the existence of a secret national organization in [[Ukraine]] that was in contact with the Government of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_4"/>

=== Caucasus affairs ===
{{See also|Georgian emigration in Poland}}
[[File:Noeramishvilipic.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Noe Ramishvili]]]]
# organization, in [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], of offices for contacts with [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and the [[Caucasus Mountains]] (the Georgian organization carried out about 20 expeditions to their country, and the Caucasian Mountain organization kept up regular contacts with their country on at least a monthly basis);
# creation of a Caucasus National Committee and the elaboration of a constitution for a Caucasus Confederation;
# recruitment into the [[Polish Army]], as contract officers, of a further group of Georgian officers, and of Azerbaijanis and Caucasus Mountaineers, upon recommendation by their legitimate national representatives.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 64–65.</ref>

This period saw the following notable political events in [[Caucasus]] affairs:
* the December 7, 1930, [[assassination]] in Paris, by the [[Soviets]], of the Georgian minister [[Noe Ramishvili]]; and
* pronouncements by [[Shalva Eliava]], the "Soviet governor of Caucasus", at the 1930 Georgian communist congress in [[Tiflis]], that the national movement in the Caucasus was under the influence of the Caucasus National Committee.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_5">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 65.</ref>

The growing revolutionary ferment in the [[Caucasus]], especially in Azerbaijan, collaboratively engaged all the Caucasus national elements.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_5"/>

=== Idel-Ural and Turkestan affairs ===
# the development of pro-independence [[propaganda]] in [[Idel-Ural]], [[Crimea]] and [[Turkestan]], and intense Soviet polemics against the Promethean press;
# the establishment of ties with these countries;
# direct participation in the World Moslem Congress in [[Jerusalem]] (1931), whose political aspect, due to the participation of Promethean representatives ([[Said Shamil]], a Caucasus Mountaineer and grandson of [[Imam Shamil]], and [[Ayaz İshaki|Ğayaz İsxaqí]], a [[Volga Tatars|Kazan Tatar]] intellectual), turned against the [[Soviet Union]]. In this period, the world [[Moslem]] [[Print media|press]], especially of [[Egypt]] and [[Arabia]], conducted an intense anti-Soviet campaign. [[Said Shamil]] Bey was chosen as secretary of the Congress' executive center.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_5"/>

Charaszkiewicz notes the occurrence, in [[Crimea]]n political actions, of "[[Konrad Wallenrod|Wallenrodism]]", revealed at the trial of [[Veli İbraimov]], who was sentenced to death by the [[Soviets]]. Likewise the trial of [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev|Soltanğäliev]] (a direct collaborator of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s during Stalin's tenure as commissar for nationalities affairs) disclosed methods used by the [[Volga Tatars]] and the peoples of [[Turkestan]] in [[Basmachi|fighting the Soviet government]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 65–66.</ref>

=== Cossack affairs ===
A successful campaign was waged that helped stimulate a separatist movement among many [[Cossack]] émigré groups. This injected a substantial political diversion into [[White Russian émigré]] ranks.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_6">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 66.</ref>

This Prometheist period also witnessed a development that was independent of the movement, but which would ultimately play a role in regard to it. There was heightened diversionary activity in [[Poland]] by the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|OUN]] ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]), supported by both [[Germany]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] and even by [[Lithuania]]. There were many acts of [[Confiscation|expropriation]] and [[sabotage]] against the Polish community and government by members of OUN combat units in southeastern Poland. This in turn led to "pacification" operations by the Polish authorities against the Polish-Ukrainian community.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_6"/>

The pacifications, Charaszkiewicz emphasizes, were never discussed in advance with Polish Promethean officials. Those at the Foreign Ministry and at the General Staff were not pleased with these operations, which made Promethean activities that much more difficult.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_6"/>

A greater shock to the Prometheists, Polish and Ukrainian, however, was the death of [[Tadeusz Hołówko]], murdered by OUN members on August 29, 1931, at [[Truskawiec, Łódź Voivodeship|Truskawiec]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_6"/>

Charaszkiewicz is far from blaming all of [[Poland]]'s difficulties with her [[minorities]], especially the [[Ukrainians]] (who in most of southeastern interwar Poland were the majority), on external, especially German, influences. He argues that Poland had "no planned, consistent and constructive internal policy" with regard to her minorities. This lack could not bode well for the Promethean effort, when every fifth Polish citizen (that is, six million people) were Ukrainian.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 66–67.</ref>

Moreover, the [[Soviet Union]] sought to an equal degree to exploit Poland's internal disarray—indeed, in 1921–1931, to a greater degree than the Germans. Soviet communist propaganda in Poland's Eastern Borderlands ({{lang|pl|Kresy Wschodnie}}), combined with a pro-Ukrainian Soviet attitude toward Soviet Ukraine, created strong pro-Soviet sentiment among Polish Ukrainians. This sentiment would persist until the subsequent mass [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[deportation|resettlements]], [[arrest]]s, [[execution]]s and [[famine]]s of 1933–1938.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 67.</ref>

The period 1926–1932 was marked by the participation of a large number of Poles in the Promethean endeavor:
[[File:Schaetzel T.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Tadeusz Schaetzel]]]]
[[File:Tadeusz Pełczyński.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Tadeusz Pełczyński]]]]

# at the '''[[Foreign Ministry]]''': [[Tadeusz Hołówko]], Tadeusz Schaetzel, Stanisław Hempel, Adam Tarnowski, Mirosław Arciszewski, Roman Knoll, Juliusz Łukasiewicz, Marian Szumlakowski, [[Stanisław Zaċwilichowski]], Jan Gawroński, Zygmunt Mostowski, Władysław Zaleski, Kazimierz Marian Wyszyński, Karol Dubicz-Penther, Władysław Pelc, Ksawery Zalewski, Władysław Wolski, Piotr Kurnicki, Wacław Knoll;
# at the '''[[General Staff]]''': Brig. Gen. [[Julian Stachiewicz]], Col. [[Tadeusz Schaetzel]], Col. [[Tadeusz Pełczyński]], Col. [[Józef Englicht]], Maj. [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], Maj. Włodzimierz Dąbrowski, Maj. Stanisław Gliński, Maj. Jerzy Krzymowski, Maj. Karol Krzewski-Lilienfeld, Capt. Stefan Nowaczek, Capt. Jan Rybczyński, Lt. Jan Helcman, Józef Skarżyński, Aleksander Eugeniusz Piwnicki, Stefan Sipa, Lt. Antoni Zaręba;
# at the '''[[Ministry of Internal Affairs]]''': Henryk Suchanek-Suchecki, Stanisław Łaniecki, Emil Miśkiewicz;
# at the '''[[Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Poland|Ministry of Education]]''': Aleksander Kawałkowski, Franciszek Salezy Potocki, Zdzisław Meyer, Juliusz Znaniecki, Adam Miłobędzki;
# in the '''[[socio-political|socio-political sphere]]''': Senator Stanisław Siedlecki (president of the Eastern Institute), Wacław Sieroszewski, Stanisław Trzeciak, Antoni Wincenty Kwiatkowski, Antoni Około-Kułak, Prof. Olgierd Górka (general secretary and director of the Eastern Institute), Stanisław Korwin-Pawłowski (general secretary of the Eastern Institute), Bolesław Bielawski, Stanisław Józef Paprocki (director of the Institute for Study of National Minority Affairs), Leon Wasilewski, Włodzimierz Bączkowski, Feliks Ibiański-Zahora, Wacław Wincenty Łypacewicz, Władysław Wielhorski (director of the [[:pl:Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy Europy Wschodniej|Institute for Study of Eastern Europe]], in [[Vilnius]]), Marian Świechowski, Prof. Jan Kucharzewski, Prof. [[Marceli Handelsman]], Prof. Stanisław Poniatowski, Prof. Ludwik Kolankowski, Prof. [[Oskar Halecki]], Prof. Stanisław Franciszek Zajączkowski, Prof. Józef Ujejski, Prof. [[Stanisław Szober]], [[Andrzej Strug]], Marian Malinowski, Alfred Szczęsny Wielopolski, Wojciech Stpiczyński, Józef Łobodowski, Prof. Marian Zdziechowski, Władysław Woydyno.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 67-74.</ref>

[[File:Wacław Jędrzejewicz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]]]]
[[File:Aleksander Prystor.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|[[Aleksander Prystor]]]]
[[File:Stefan Starzynski.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Stefan Starzyński]]]]
Additionally, thanks to [[Tadeusz Hołówko]]'s exceptional leadership in Promethean matters, a number of Polish [[government minister]]s participated indirectly or directly: [[Walery Sławek]], [[Aleksander Prystor]], [[August Zaleski]], [[Janusz Jędrzejewicz]], [[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]], [[Bronisław Pieracki]], [[Adam Koc]], [[Stefan Starzyński]], [[Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 75.</ref>

A separate category of Promethean ideological endeavor comprised the work of [[Adam Skwarczyński]].<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_7">Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 76.</ref>

In this period (1926–1932), favorable political circumstances within and without Poland, adequate financing and, above all, full mutual confidence among all the participants, led to an exceptional level of Promethean activity—in the conduct of [[propaganda]] within the Promethean countries, in the political efforts of the Promethean [[émigré]]s, and in propaganda outside Poland.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_7"/>

Regular conferences were held, usually involving [[Tadeusz Hołówko]], Brig. Gen. [[Julian Stachiewicz]],
Col. [[Tadeusz Schaetzel]], [[Henryk Suchanek-Suchecki]], Maj. [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], and an official from the [[Foreign Ministry]]. Charaszkiewicz would present an extensive report on work accomplished, and this would be followed by discussion of various Promethean topics.<ref name="Charaszkiewicz-2000_7"/>

The Promethean project was entrusted to Office 2 only in late 1927 or perhaps in 1928. Before that, it had never been a domain of the Polish [[General Staff]]'s diversion unit (Office A.1, later Office U); thus Charaszkiewicz's predecessor, Col. Puszczyński, had not been encumbered with this responsibility. Puszczyński, Charaszkiewicz explains, had not initially attached importance to Prometheism, due to an overoptimistic assessment of the new [[Soviet Union]]; but in time he came to support the Promethean concept.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 76–77.</ref>

== Fifth period (1933–1939) ==
The last, '''fifth period''' of prewar Polish Prometheism (1933–1939) was, in Charaszkiewicz's words, one of "seven lean years". A number of developments contributed to this:

# The [[Polish-Soviet non-aggression pact]] (1932) stopped Polish policy-makers from continuing Promethean work in the field. It was felt that in the [[Soviet Union]] a process of national renewal was to some extent taking place spontaneously in the Promethean countries, thanks to the existence of [[autonomous republics]], to Soviet support of general education in the national languages, and to natural reactions of [[protest]] among local peoples to economic, religious and cultural phenomena; and so activity on the ground could be dispensed with for the moment. The solidarity and strength of the political [[émigré]] [[communities]] should, however, continue to be maintained. The conclusion of the Polish-Soviet pact led to the Polish Foreign Ministry and all Polish governmental authorities distancing themselves from external Promethean undertakings. This substantially reduced the effectiveness of those endeavors and created a view in international Promethean circles that Poland was slowly moving away from Prometheism. Henceforth the whole Promethean question, including the administration of funds, became concentrated within Office 2 at the [[General Staff]]'s Section II ([[intelligence]]).
# The deaths of [[Noe Ramishvili|Ramishvili]] and [[Stanisław Zaćwilichowski|Zaćwilichowski]] (1930) and of [[Tadeusz Hołówko|Hołówko]] (1931), the most active promoters of Prometheism, were an irreparable loss to the movement.
# The worldwide economic crisis, and resultant [[austerity|austere]] government budgets, suddenly reduced available funds by nearly 50%, bringing all Polish efforts down to merest maintenance levels.
# The death on May 12, 1935, of Marshal [[Piłsudski]], founder of Prometheism, was yet another powerful blow. In Charaszkiewicz's view, it left Prometheism—"a political idea of rare visionary power... that required prophetic [powers of] political prediction"—lacking a patron of comparable authority. Piłsudski's death was experienced as a personal loss by the Promethean peoples. Henceforth the movement's efforts continued more by virtue of inertia than by encouragement from new Polish decision-makers.
# [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rise to power in [[Germany]], the creation of an anticommunist bloc in the [[Berlin]]-[[Rome]]-[[Tokyo]] axis, and its eagerness to collaborate with national Promethean movements, created a difficult, complicated situation for the Promethean organizations that remained in Poland's political orbit. While the Promethean political forces aligned with Poland were of higher quality and potential, the Germans' relentless propaganda created a dangerous rival to Polish Promethean efforts. The latter in this period, according to Charaszkiewicz, "were utterly devoid of activity, character and plan".
# The rise of danger on Poland's west fostered a view in many Polish minds that the country's eastern border should be quieted.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 77–78.</ref>

[[File:Wacław Stachiewicz.PNG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Wacław Stachiewicz]]]]
Until [[Piłsudski]]'s death in 1935, little changed in respect to personnel on the Polish Promethean side, apart from the official distancing of government leaders, especially in the [[Foreign Ministry]], due to the concluded [[Polish-Soviet non-aggression pact|Polish-Soviet pact]]. With the shift in government leadership beginning in June 1935, there ensued a clear decline in Polish Promethean leadership. The "group of colonels" lost their influence; Col. [[Tadeusz Pełczyński]] took a much less active role; and his successor, Col. Marian Józef Smoleński (generally known as "[[Józef Smoleński]]"), and Charaszkiewicz's immediate superior, Col. [[Jan Kazimierz Ciastoń]], did not embrace Prometheism. [[Tadeusz Kobylański]], Col. Schaetzel's successor as chief of the Foreign Ministry's Eastern Department, though inclined to support Prometheism, lacked a deep enough political foundation and faced substantial financial impediments. The attitudes of Marshal [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]] and the chief of the [[General Staff]], Brigadier General [[Wacław Stachiewicz|Wacław Teofil Stachiewicz]], remained to the last uncertain.<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 78–79.</ref>

==World War II and since==
The Promethean agenda continued, during [[World War II]], to interest other countries, including [[Germany]] (especially in regard to [[Ukraine]]), [[Finland]] (struggling with the [[Soviet Union]]), [[France]] and the Soviet Union's neighbor, [[Turkey]].<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, pp. 79–80.</ref>

[[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]] concluded his February 12, 1940, [[Paris]] paper with the observation that "[[Poland]]'s turning away from these [Promethean] processes can in no way halt [them], while leaving us sidelined and exposing us to enormous losses that flow from the age-old principle that 'those who are absent, lose'. [Poland]'s central position in the Promethean chain dictates to us readiness and presence at any disintegrative processes in [[Russia]], and a leading Polish participation at their accomplishment."<ref>Charaszkiewicz, 2000, p. 80.</ref>

After World War II, the [[Communist Poland|Government of Poland]] was effectively a [[puppet state]] of the Soviet Union and was in no position to resume an acknowledged Promethean program. Despite this, the Polish people, through [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]], played a major role in the [[Revolutions of 1989]]. The 1991 [[disintegration of the Soviet Union]] largely vindicated the predictions of those Poles and others who had anticipated the event and, in some cases, had worked for it.

On November 22, 2007, at [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], a statue of [[Prometheus]] was dedicated by Georgian President [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] and Polish President [[Lech Kaczyński]]. Erected in the land where, according to Greek myth, the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] had been imprisoned and tortured by Zeus after stealing fire from [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] and giving it to man, the statue celebrates the efforts of Poles and Georgians to achieve the [[independence of Georgia]] and of other peoples from the [[Russian Empire]] and its [[successor state]], the [[Soviet Union]].

Prometheism has regained relevance in political discourse following the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The [[Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum]] brings together a number of movements aiming for the independence of national minorities within the Russian Federation.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Alliance of the periphery]]—similar political tactics used by [[Israel]]
* [[Demographics of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]]
* [[Giedroyc Doctrine]]
* [[Historical demographics of Poland]]
* [[History of Polish intelligence services]]
* [[Intermarium]] ({{lang|pl|Międzymorze}})
* {{lang|pl|[[Kultura]]}}
* [[Lenin's national policy]]
* [[Polish–Georgian alliance]]
* [[Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War]]
* [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)]] (also known as the Polish-Ukrainian alliance)
* [[URSAL]]
* [[Volhynia Experiment]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], ''Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza, opracowanie, wstęp i przypisy'' (A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], edited, with introduction and notes by) ''Andrzej Grzywacz, Marcin Kwiecień, Grzegorz Mazur (Biblioteka Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego, tom'' [vol.] ''9)'', Kraków, Księgarnia Akademicka, 2000, {{ISBN|978-83-7188-449-8}}.
* [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], ''"Przebudowa wschodu Europy"'' ("The Restructuring of Eastern Europe"), ''Niepodległość'' (Independence), London, 1955, pp. 125–67.
* Etienne Copeaux, [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/publica/cemoti/textes16/copeaux.pdf Le mouvement prométhéen.] ''Cahiers d'études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien'', n° 16, juillet–décembre 1993, pp. 9–45.
* [[M.K. Dziewanowski]], ''Joseph Pilsudski: a European Federalist, 1918–1922'', Stanford, [[Hoover Institution]], 1979.
* Jonathan Levy, ''The Intermarium: Madison, Wilson and East Central European Federalism'', 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-58112-369-2}}.
* Sergiusz Mikulicz, ''Prometeizm w polityce II Rzeczypospolitej'' (Prometheism in the Policies of the Second [Polish] Republic), Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1971.
* Włodzimierz Bączkowski, ''O wschodnich problemach Polski. Wybór pism'' (Poland's Eastern Problems: Selected Writings). ''Opracował'' (Edited by) Paweł Kowal, Kraków, Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej, 2000, {{ISBN|978-83-7188-405-4}}.
* Włodzimierz Bączkowski, ''Czy prometeizm jest fikcją i fantazją'' (Is Prometheism a Fiction and Fantasy?) <http://www.omp.org.pl/index.php?module=subjects&func=printpage&pageid=7&scope=all>
* Zaur Gasimov, "''Zwischen Freiheitstopoi und Antikommunismus: Ordnungsentwürfe für Europa im Spiegel der polnischen Zeitung Przymierze''", ''Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte'', no. 12, 2011, pp. 207–22.
* Zaur Gasimov, "''Der Antikommunismus in Polen im Spiegel der Vierteljahresschrift Wschód 1930–1939''", ''Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung'', 2011, pp. 15–30.
* Zaur Gasimov, José María Faraldo Jarillo: Las alianzas desde arriba: los nacionalismos antirrusos y antisoviéticos (1914–1939) De la Liga de los Pueblos Alófonos de Rusia a la Liga Prometeo, in: Patrias diversas, ¿misma lucha?: Alianzas transnacionalistas en el mundo de entreguerras (1912–1939) / Enric Ucelay Da Cal (ed. lit.), Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (ed. lit.), Arnau Gonzàlez i Vilalta (ed. lit.), 2020, {{ISBN|978-84-7290-990-8}}, pp. 173–195.
* {{citation |last=Kellogg |first=Michael |title=The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780521845120}}
* I.P. Maj, ''Działalność Instytutu Wschodniego w Warszawie 1926–1939'' (The Work of Warsaw's Eastern Institute, 1926–1939), Warsaw, 2007.
* [[Timothy Snyder]], ''Covert Polish Missions across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA55 p.55], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA56 p.56], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA57 p.57], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA77 p.58], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA78 p.59], in ''Confini'', Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130119/http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf Full text in PDF]
* [[Timothy Snyder]], ''Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine'', Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10670-X}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA41 p.41], [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA42 p.42], [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA43 p.43]) Describes the careers of [[Henryk Józewski]].
* [[Richard Woytak]], "The Promethean Movement in Interwar Poland," ''East European Quarterly'', vol. XVIII, no. 3 (September 1984), pp. 273–78. Woytak cites extensively from [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]], "a key figure and an expert on the Promethean movement in [[Polish intelligence]] circles."
* David X. Noack: ''Die polnische Bewegung des Prometheismus im globalgeschichtlichen Kontext 1918–1939'', in: [[Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift]], Bd. 52, H. 2 (2014), S. 187–192.

[[Category:Politics of the Second Polish Republic]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Second Polish Republic]]
[[Category:Józef Piłsudski]]
[[Category:Prometheus]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Poland]]
[[Category:Intermarium]]
[[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]]
[[Category:Second Polish Republic–Soviet Union relations]]

Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum

2024-09-30T05:20:38Z

Wolverène: wrong section

{{Short description|Forum in Russia}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
| native_name = Форум свободных народов Пост-России
| native_name_lang = ru
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Free Nations of Russia Forum.svg|250px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum}}
| leader = [[Ruslan Gabbasov]]
| abbreviation = FNRF (English) FSNP (Russian)
| split = [[Free Russia Forum]]
| founded = {{Start date|2022|5|8|df=yes}}
| ideology = [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|Anti-Putinism]] [[Indigenism]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Separatism in Russia|Separatism]]
| website = {{URL|https://freenationsrf.org/}}
| country = Russia
}}
[[File:Post Russia Forum map.svg|right|frameless|270x270px]]
The '''Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum''' ('''FNRF''' or '''FSNR'''; {{lang-ru|Форум свободных народов Построссии|Forum svobodnykh narodov Post-Rossii}}) is a forum founded by Ukrainian restaurant business owner Oleg Magaletsky,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Я обязательно выучу названия этих 34 государств» В Европейском парламенте прошел "Форум свободных народов России". Его участники хотят разделить страну на несколько десятков государств. Репортаж «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/02/03/ya-obyazatelno-vyuchu-nazvaniya-etih-34-gosudarstv |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref> exiled Russian separatists, as well as foreign sympathizers, which advocates for the disintegration of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sdp.pl |first=Redakcja portalu |date=2022-05-08 |title=Kонференция Форум Свободных Народов России |url=https://sdp.pl/k%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D1%80/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=SDP |language=pl-PL |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912180425/https://sdp.pl/k%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D1%80/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was registered{{clarify|registered as what? a non-profit? a company? a new government organization?|date=September 2023}} in Poland.<ref name="rferl"/>

On 17 March 2023, the forum was designated an "[[Russian undesirable organizations law|undesirable organization]]" in [[Russia]].<ref name="rferl">{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-undesirable-organization-free-nations-of-post-russia-forum/32323120.html|title=Russia Labels Poland-Registered Forum As An 'Undesirable Organization'|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=March 17, 2023|accessdate=March 21, 2023}}</ref>

== Goals ==
The forum participants set as their goal the separation of the Russian Federation into independent constituent states. At the second forum, the topics for discussion included the [[Anti-imperialism|deimperialization]], [[decolonization]], de-[[Putinisation|Putinization]], [[denazification]], [[Demilitarisation|demilitarization]], and [[Nuclear disarmament|denuclearization]] of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title="Деимпериализация и депутинизация": в Праге прошел Форум свободных народов России |url=https://ruski.radio.cz/deimperializaciya-i-deputinizaciya-v-prage-proshel-forum-svobodnyh-narodov-8756945 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Radio Prague International |language=ru}}</ref> The forum participants also appealed to the national and regional elites of [[United Nations]] member countries, urging them to begin creating national provisional [[Government-in-exile|governments-in-exile]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Кынев |first=Александр |date=2022-08-03 |title=Демократия вместо распада. Александр Кынев – о России регионов |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/demokratiya-vmesto-raspada-aleksandr-kynev---o-rossii-regionov/31968400.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |work=Радио Свобода |language=ru}}</ref>

According to French historian and sociologist Marlene Laruelle, the calls of the forum participants for the "liberation of enslaved peoples" refer to the slogan "[[prison of peoples]]" from the times of the [[Russian Empire]] and to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-sponsored [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] during the Cold War.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |date=2022-12-09 |title=Putin's War and the Dangers of Russian Disintegration |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russian-federation/putins-war-and-dangers-russian-disintegration |access-date=2023-11-26 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref>

== Participants ==
The Forum features a dynamic and diverse lineup of participants and speakers, including opposition activists, politicians in forced exile, and influential leaders of national movements across Russia's varied regions. They are joined by statesmen, diplomats, and politicians from Europe, Asia, and North America, as well as experts in military affairs, economists, political scientists, esteemed religious authorities, and accomplished journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership of Free Nations of Postrussia Forum |url=https://www.freenationsrf.org/en/leadership |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.freenationsrf.org |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Motyl |first=Alexander J. |date=2023-02-13 |title=Will the non-Russians rebel? |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3848289-will-the-non-russians-rebel/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=Генпрокуратура РФ признала "нежелательным" выступавший за "депутинизацию" и деколонизацию страны "Форум свободных народов ПостРоссии" |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/forum-svobodnyh-narodov-postrossii/32323061.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Настоящее Время |language=ru}}</ref>

According to the publications Meduza and Novaya Gazeta, the organizer of the forum is Ukrainian entrepreneur Oleg Magaletsky, who is also a restaurant business owner and [[Euromaidan]] participant.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Продукты распада. Сепаратисты из национальных республик и регионов начинают демонтаж Российской Федерации: репортаж Ильи Азара из Брюсселя |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/02/03/produkty-raspada |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Новая газета Европа}}</ref> Magaletsky states that the forum has two goals: to prepare Russian citizens for the possibility of the country's collapse, and to garner acceptance of this idea among Western nations. He mentions that the forum's sponsors change each time, alternating between European public organizations and philanthropists from Ukraine.<ref name=":0" /> It is important to note that some organisations are not listed as they have no functioning body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberation Movements |url=https://abn.org.ua/en/category/liberation-movements/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Anti-imperial Block of Nations |language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Forums ==

=== Forum I ===
The first forum convened on 8–9 May 2022, in [[Warsaw]], Poland.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Responding to Moscow's Imperial Revanchism, a "Post-Russia" Forum Is Born |url=https://jamestown.org/program/responding-to-moscows-imperial-revanchism-a-post-russia-forum-is-born/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Jamestown |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:2forum declaration.jpg|thumb|Second forum]]

=== Forum II ===
The second forum was held in [[Prague]] on 23 July 2022. The Declaration on the Decolonization of Russia was signed by 30 representatives of various organizations, the declaration of future borders and relations between participants.<ref name=":8" />

=== Forum III ===
The third forum was held in [[Gdańsk|Gdansk]] on 23–25 September 2022.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Политики и эксперты обсудят в польском Гданьске независимость Карелии, Ингрии, Кёнигсберга и других регионов России |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32042644.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=RFE/RL |language=ru}}</ref> The forum was renamed from Free Nations of Russia Forum to Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=National minorities of Russia call to decolonize, denuclearize "imperial, terrorist" Russian state |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/09/27/national-minorities-of-russia-call-to-decolonize-denuclearize-imperial-terrorist-russian-state/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Representatives of organizations also signed the ''Gdansk Manifesto'', which called upon the [[European Union|EU]] and [[NATO]] to support [[separatism in Russia]].<ref name=":9" />

=== Forum IV ===
The fourth forum was held in [[Helsingborg]], [[Sweden]] on 7–11 December 2022. The Forum attendees organized online independence referendums for [[Ingria]], [[Kuban]], [[Siberia]] and [[Ural (region)|Ural]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Форум идеалистов: кто и как пытается обустроить "пост-Россию" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32172621.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref>

=== Forum V ===
The fifth forum was held in the [[European Parliament]] in [[Brussels]] on 31 January 2023. Participants in the forum adopted a declaration where they stated that "the future of every liberated people and region should be decided by the people and region themselves based on the principle of self-determination of the nation, up to secession and other generally recognized norms of international law."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Форум всё более отчётливых требований |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32247389.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref> Members organizations also requested financial support from the EU and NATO.<ref name=":10" /> The forum caused conflict among the wider [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|Russian opposition]], with some claiming that the forum was organized by "freaks".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=О реакции на брюссельский Форум Свободных Народов пост-России |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32266000.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref>

=== Forum VI ===
The sixth forum was held at the [[Hudson Institute]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], the [[Philadelphia City Hall]], and the [[Ukrainian Institute of America]], [[New York City|New York]] on 25–28 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=VI Форум свободных народов пост-России пройдет в США с 25 по 28 апреля |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32371938.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref>

=== Forum VII ===
The seventh forum was held in the [[Japanese Parliament]] on 1–2 August 2023. [[Yosuke Suzuki]] claimed that the Japanese government might support the separatists in the future, as Japan has territorial claims against Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title="Для начала надо решить вопрос с Курильскими островами". Японский законотворец — по итогам Форума свободных наций пост-России |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32545203.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref> For the first time two non Russian movements [[Cantonese nationalism|Cantonia]] and The American Hokkienese autonomy Association partook in the forum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW Post-Russian Space Foresights: Challenges and Opportunities for East & North Asia |url=https://ucca.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Final-Agenda-Free-Nations-PostRussia-Forum-1-2.08.2023-Tokyo.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR7SrfpmsPI |title=8th Free Nations #PostRussia of Forum #London & #Paris Promo autumn2023 Hokkienam #PostPRC #MBTPAxis |date=2023-09-06 |last=Free Nations of PostRussia Forum |access-date=2024-06-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVmqMjnDP9w |title=7th Free Nations of #PostRussia Forum in Japan on 01-02.08.2023 Promo Video #Cantonia |date=2023-07-05 |last=Free Nations of PostRussia Forum |access-date=2024-06-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Forum VIII ===
The eighth forum was held in [[London]] and [[Paris]] on 26–28 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=О "трамваях" и "остановках": в преддверии 8-го Форума Свободных Народов Построссии |language=ru-RU |work=Регион.Эксперт |url=https://region.expert/trams/ |access-date=2023-12-23}}</ref>

=== Forum IX ===
The ninth forum was held in [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] and [[Berlin]] on 11–14 December 2023. Participants signed a decree, proclaiming the priority of the currently existing administrative boundaries between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to prevent possible future conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Участники Форума свободных государств пост-России подписали Декрет о ключевых принципах территориального устройства |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32730945.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref> After the forum the [[Investigative Committee of Russia]] threatened all speakers with criminal cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Как "деколонизаторы" чертили границы "пост-России" и боролись с имперской оптикой |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32736095.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref>

==Criticism==
According to Russian political scientist Alexander Kynev, the forum was organized by "certain forces abroad who have little understanding of the mood inside the country and who do not take into account the extremely negative memories of the majority of its inhabitants" regarding the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]]. He stated that with their program to create national states in place of Russia, they presented "a gift to Russian propaganda, which already periodically claims that Russia’s enemies want to fragment and destroy it." Kynev also condemned the idea of the collapse of the Russian Federation, fearing it would lead to "wars, territorial disputes, and ethnic cleansing."<ref name=":4" />

French historian and sociologist Marlene Laruelle writes that Western politicians should not confuse the radical statements of political exiles at the Forum of Free Peoples of Russia with the opinions of Russian citizens. She condemned the advocacy by some Western politicians for the disintegration of Russia as a false strategy that would be “a disaster for international security” and which stems from a misunderstanding of what exactly "holds Russian society together in all its diversity."<ref name=":5" />

American historian and political scientist Alexander Motyl questioned whether the forum participants represent anyone, stating that "political emigrants around the world have a long history of loud statements that ultimately lead nowhere." However, he noted that in some cases political emigrants did gain power, citing examples like Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]], [[Ho Chi Minh]], and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Therefore, he concluded that "it would be premature to reject the Forum as a meaningless conclave of emigrants."<ref name=":1" />

Russian political scientist Fyodor Krasheninnikov wonders what relation the forum participants have to the [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|Russian opposition]], claiming that they “represent no one but themselves, and no one knows them [in the regions]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title="Важно не само событие, а реакция на него". Почему репортажи о "Форуме свободных народов России" вызвали гнев одних и смех других |url=https://echofm.online/opinions/vazhno-ne-samo-sobytie-a-reakcziya-na-nego-pochemu-reportazhi-o-forume-svobodnyh-narodov-rossii-vyzvali-gnev-odnih-i-smeh-drugih |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=ЭХО |language=ru}}</ref>

Russian economist and political scientist [[Vladislav Inozemtsev]], who took part in the 5th forum at the invitation of the organizers from the European Parliament, believes that the forum “exists only thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian leadership." In his opinion, it may happen that the border territories—Chechnya, Ingushetia, or Tuva—will secede from Russia, but “there has not been a single case in history where a mono-national state was divided without occupation.”

[[Vadim Shtepa]], a leading Russian regionalist and one of the founders of the organization, withdrew from the Forum in December 2022, condemning it as a "parody" which, instead of performing serious analytical work on de-imperialization, focused on "loud" and "empty" declarations of independence by emigrants that would have no practical effect on their respective regions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shtepa |first=Vadim |date=2 December 2022 |title=I do not want to participate in this parody |url=https://region.expert/forum/ |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=Region Expert |language=ru}}</ref>

The [[SVTV Network]] publication of the politician [[Mikhail Svetov]], there was a message about "state security agents who gathered a forum to remind you that if not Putin, then a civil war" and "painted a contour map without really thinking about the meaning of the proposed reforms."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-24 |title=🤡 "Форум свободных народов" представил проект раздела России |url=https://svtv.org/online/forum-svobodnykh-narodov-priedstavil-proiekt-razdiela-rossii/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=СВТВ Либертарианское СМИ |language=ru}}</ref>

== Reaction of the Russian authorities ==
On 25 July 2022, the [[Head of the Chechen Republic|head of Chechnya]], [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], ridiculed the Free Nations of Russia Forum held in Prague. He thanked the "pseudo-liberals" for confirming the words of the Russian leadership about attempts to disintegrate the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Новости |first=Р. И. А. |date=2022-07-25 |title=Кадыров высмеял прошедший в Праге форум свободных народов России |url=https://ria.ru/20220725/forum-1804913908.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="Не хватает Нарнии": Кадыров высмеял форум свободных народов России |url=https://news.ru/vlast/ne-hvataet-narnii-kadyrov-vysmeyal-forum-svobodnyh-narodov-rossii/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=NEWS.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

In November 2022, Oleg Ivanov, head of the Center for the Resolution of Social Conflicts, called on Russian special services to "initiate criminal cases of treason, put traitors on the wanted list, and submit requests for their extradition to Interpol" against participants in the Forum of Free Peoples of Russia and the [[Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)|Congress of People's Deputies]]. He also suggested "remembering the precepts of the famous Soviet intelligence officer [[Pavel Sudoplatov]]," implying the murder of political emigrants abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Кремлевские аналитики призывают убивать политэмигрантов за рубежом |url=https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiya-voyna-repressii-terakty-politemigranty-propaganda/32131289.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Крым.Реалии |language=ru}}</ref>

On 17 March 2023, the [[Prosecutor-General of Russia|Russian Prosecutor General's Office]] declared the forum an "undesirable organization." According to the office, "the organization’s activities pose a threat to the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the Russian Federation," and its leaders "call for the violation of the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and promote separatist nationalist slogans."<ref name=":6" />

In early August 2023, the Russian Foreign Ministry lodged an official protest with the Japanese Embassy over a meeting of the Forum of Free Peoples of Post-Russia held in [[Tokyo]]. Allegedly, the forum promoted separatist ideology. Moscow considered that assisting the forum constituted an act of interference in Russia's internal affairs. The ministry also noted that many participants in the meeting are recognized in Russia as extremists and foreign agents. "Such practices, capable of completely destroying the remnants of normal relations dismantled by the Japanese government, must be stopped immediately, and Japanese apologists of terrorist ideas must suffer well-deserved punishment," stated a note of protest published on the Russian Foreign Ministry's website. The ministry warned their Japanese counterparts that if such a "provocation" were repeated, they should prepare for the "most sensitive" retaliatory steps from the [[Kremlin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=МИД выразил протест Японии из-за "Форума свободных народов постРоссии"* в Токио |url=https://www.zaks.ru/new/archive/view/242113 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=ЗакС.Ру |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Россия выразила протест посольству Японии в связи с проведением "Форума свободных народов пост-России" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32537842.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |language=ru}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia]]
* [[Prometheism]]
* [[Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War]]
* [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://freenationsrf.org/ Free Nations of Russia Forum]
*[https://t.me/freenationsrussia Telegram channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbGvRcpOE6Bpu_--UBvavpQ Youtube channel]
*[https://www.facebook.com/freenationsrussia Facebook page]
*[https://www.instagram.com/konfederation%20ru Instagram page]
{{Separatists in Russia}}{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Russian opposition}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Federalism in Russia]]
[[Category:International conferences]]
[[Category:Opposition to Vladimir Putin]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Russo-Ukrainian War]]
[[Category:Political opposition alliances]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2022]]
[[Category:Separatism in Russia]]
[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations]]

Otto Waalkes

2024-09-30T05:07:00Z

Wolverène: ,

{{short description|German comedian (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Otto Waalkes
| image = Otto - Werner Rennen 2018 05.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Waalkes in 2018
| birth_name = Otto Gerhard Waalkes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|07|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Emden]], Germany
| other_names = Otto
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|musician|actor|comics artist|writer|director}}
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|otto-waalkes.com}}
}}
'''Otto Gerhard Waalkes''' (born 22 July 1948), also known as simply '''Otto''', is a German comedian, actor, musician, writer, and comic book artist. He became famous in the 1970s and 1980s in Germany with his shows, books and films. His best known trademark are the 'Ottifanten' ('Ottiphants'), elephant-like comic characters of his own design. They featured on the cover of his first album release.<ref>von Gehlen, Dirk (8 November 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2006/nov/08/themanwhobeatborat Who is Otto Waalkes?]. ''guardian.co.uk'' [[The Guardian]] News and Media Limited.</ref>

Waalkes also works as a voice actor, providing the German voices of [[Mushu]] in Disney's ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'', [[Sid the Sloth]] in the ''[[Ice Age (franchise)|Ice Age]]'' franchise, and the [[Grinch]] in ''[[The Grinch (film)|The Grinch]]'', among others.

== Life ==
Waalkes was born as the second son of Karl Waalkes, a painter and decorator, and his wife Adele (born Lüpkes). Together with his older brother Karl-Heinz, he grew up in the working-class district ''Transvaal'' in [[Emden]] ([[East Frisia]]).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Alles zum Thema: Otto Waalkes – GQ |url=http://www.gq-magazin.de/tags/w/otto-waalkes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023552/http://www.gq-magazin.de/tags/w/otto-waalkes |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |date=24 September 2015}}</ref> His parents were deeply religious Baptists and members of the Evangelic Free Church community of Emden, which taught a Bible-class that Waalkes visited regularly. He made his first public performance at the age of eleven years in a shopping mall in Emden, where he presented songs, including the ''Babysitter Boogie'', a German version of the ''[[Baby Sittin' Boogie]]''. He was awarded with a voucher of 30 [[Deutschmark]] and the book ''[[Mutiny on the Bounty]]''. When Waalkes was twelve years old, he received his first guitar. In 1964, he performed for the first time in the area of Emden with his band ''The Rustlers'', mainly covering songs by [[the Beatles]]. Waalkes was the front of the band, being the lead singer and the lead guitarist simultaneously. He toured with his band in the regions of East Frisia for five years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zeitung |first1=Badische |title=Otto Waalkes: Der Friesenjung – Panorama – Badische Zeitung |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/deutschland-1/der-friesenjung--3571783.html |website=www.badische-zeitung.de |date=19 July 2008 |language=de}}</ref>

In 1968, Waalkes passed his final exams ([[Abitur]]) at a boys' grammar school in Emden. After having failed to obtain a university place in ''Freie Malerei'' ("free art studies"), he started to study art education at the [[University of Fine Arts of Hamburg]] in 1970, although he never pursued a teaching profession.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Geyer |first1=Steven |title=Jetzt mal im Ernst … |url=https://www.fr.de/panorama/jetzt-ernst-11547458.html |website=Frankfurter Rundschau |language=de |date=1 July 2009}}</ref> Among others, he was taught by Hans Thiemann, a German painter.

Waalkes' first stage performance took place in ''Danny's Pan'', a folklore club in Hamburg where people could perform for ten minutes after having paid five Deutschmark. He lived in a commune named ''Villa Kunterbunt'' (German for [[Villa Villekulla]]) together with 14 roommates in [[Hamburg]]. Two of his roommates were [[Udo Lindenberg]] and [[Marius Müller-Westernhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lindenberg stellt Lindenberg aus |url=https://www.stern.de/kultur/kunst/galerie-eroeffnung-lindenberg-stellt-lindenberg-aus-3323256.html |website=stern.de |language=de |date=15 October 2006}}</ref>
[[file:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F051135-0019, Bonn, Sommerfest, Carrell, Waalkes, Bäumler.jpg|thumb|upright|Waalkes (center) with [[Hans-Jürgen Bäumler]] (left) and [[Rudi Carrell]] in 1977]]
Waalkes kept performing smaller gigs with his guitar in clubs of Hamburg to finance his studies. He cracked some jokes alongside to his songs and apologized whenever he accidentally dropped the microphone due to his nervousness. Over time, his apologies became more popular than his music, so his comedic stage show started to evolve. The clubs where he performed became gradually bigger – suddenly they were not merely named [[Onkel Pö]] but [[Westfalenhalle]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1972, Waalkes met his later manager Hans Otto Mertens. In the same year, he performed his first big concert with his band The Rustlers in Hamburg, which he recorded live at his own charge. He also founded the label ''Rüssl Räckords'' with Mertens, because no other record label wanted to publish the live records of Waalkes' performance. His album ''LP Otto'' was published in the same year and was sold over 500,000 times.

Waalkes is a survivor of the [[MGM Grand Fire]] on 21 November 1980. He was residing on the 26th floor during the accident and was evacuated by firefighters during the rescue efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL0uYfYsbHU&t=774s|title = Inas Nacht mit Otto Waalkes|website = YouTube}}</ref>

Waalkes was married to Manuela "Manu" (born Ebelt) from 1987 to 1999. In 1987, his son Benjamin Karl Otto Gregory was born.<ref name=":0" />

In 2000, Waalkes married Eva Hassmann in [[Jork]], an actress born in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SPIEGEL |first1=DER |title=Heimliche Hochzeit: Otto Waalkes und Eva Hassmann – DER SPIEGEL – Panorama |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/heimliche-hochzeit-otto-waalkes-und-eva-hassmann-a-91915.html |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=5 September 2000 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 November 2011|title=Ehe-Aus bei Otto Waalkes und Eva Hassmann|language=de|work=[[Die Welt]]|url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/prominente/article13701824/Ehe-Aus-bei-Otto-Waalkes-und-Eva-Hassmann.html|access-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> According to their own statement, they had an [[open marriage]] and often lived in different places.<ref>{{cite news |title=Komiker: Otto Waalkes führt mit seiner Frau eine offene Ehe |newspaper=Die Welt |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/prominente/article8557863/Otto-Waalkes-fuehrt-mit-seiner-Frau-eine-offene-Ehe.html |date=21 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zeitung |first1=Süddeutsche |title=Schluss mit lustig |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/leben/vip-klick-otto-waalkes-schluss-mit-lustig-1.1182815 |website=Süddeutsche.de |date=7 November 2011 |language=de}}</ref>

The couple officially split in early November 2011<ref>{{cite web |last1=NACHRICHTEN |first1=n-tv |title=Waalkes und Hassmann getrennt |url=https://www.n-tv.de/leute/Waalkes-und-Hassmann-getrennt-article4701931.html |website=n-tv.de |language=de}}</ref> and got divorced on 22 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Online |first1=FOCUS |title=Otto Waalkes und Eva Hassmann offiziell geschieden |url=https://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/leute-otto-waalkes-und-eva-hassmann-offiziell-geschieden_aid_867133.html |website=FOCUS Online |language=de}}</ref>

Waalkes lives in Hamburg-Blankenese and is officially registered as a constituent of Hamburg.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, German rapper Ski Aggu and Dutch musician [[Joost Klein]] created an edit of Waalkes' song 'Friesenjung' from 1993. The edit reached the first position of the [[GfK Entertainment charts|German Singles Chart]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=brisant.de |title=Otto Waalkes, Rapper Ski Aggu und Joost mit Friesenjung in deutschen Charts {{!}} Brisant.de |url=https://www.brisant.de/stars/otto-waalkes-friesenjung-118.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.brisant.de |language=de}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Otto Waalkes 4493.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Waalkes in 2005]]
Waalkes' humor consists of puns and word plays as well as the use of silly and funny language, noises and body language. Parodies, for instance in form of popular songs that he revises and presents with his guitar, are typical stylistic elements. Additionally, he often imbeds satire, political innuendos and critique of time and society into his humorous performances.

His ''Otto-Bücher'' (Otto-books) are regularly published and his ''Otto-Langspielplatten'' (Otto-long-playing records) became bestsellers, whereby many records attained top spots in musical charts and shops.

Waalkes is counted among the entertainers that have influenced the general use of language. A considerable part of this refers back to his early performances, where he mainly used texts of the [[New Frankfurt School]]. For example, the sentence ''"Hast du mal 'ne Zigarette? Meine Schachtel steckt noch im Automaten!"'' (''"Do you have a cigarette? My pack is still in the machine!"'') was firstly introduced by Waalkes. The set phrase ''"Einen hab' ich noch!"'' (''"I've got another one for you!"'') introducing the next joke is often ascribed to him, however, it was firstly introduced by [[Heinz Erhardt]], as many of Waalkes' set phrases are.

Waalkes played roles that became famous on their own, for example the reporter ''Harry Hirsch'', ''Frau Suhrbier'' and the senior forestry official ''Oberförster Pudlich'', as well as Herbert von Karamalz, who portrays a parody of [[Herbert von Karajan]] and a nod to a German brand of [[Malt beer]].<ref name="award_20181004">{{cite web|url=https://www.rheinpfalz.de/politik_artikel,-ein-orden-f%C3%BCr-den-g%C3%B6tterboten-_arid,1278899_type,amp.html|title=Ein Orden für den Götterboten|first=Winfried|last=Folz|work=Die Rheinpfalz|date=4 October 2018|access-date=31 October 2020|language=de}}</ref>

Waalkes' most famous comic character is the ''Ottifant'' ('Ottiphant'), which he drew originally only for the cover of a record. Over time, the stick-figure developed into a distinct cartoon character with its own family. Their adventures and stories were published in several newspapers and books. Furthermore, a cartoon series, consisting of 13 episodes, depicted the Ottifanten on [[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL]] and [[Super RTL]] in 1993. An animated cinema movie named ''Kommando Störtebeker'' portrayed the Ottifanten.

Besides his stage performances, Waalkes has appeared several times on camera as an actor or off camera as a director. His movies are parodies of current events within the scope of culture and public life and are characterized by situation comedy and caricatured individuals.

In 2018, Waalkes was awarded with the Officer's Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] for his lifework.<ref name="Der Bundespräsident 2018 t499">{{cite web | title=Artikel: Ordensverleihung zum Tag der Deutschen Einheit | website=[[Der Bundespräsident]] | date=18 October 2018 | url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Berichte/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/2018/10/181002-Verdienstorden-TdDE.html | language=de | access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

In June 2021, a German film version of ''[[Catweazle]]'' was released with Waalkes in the title role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ol99rYnLMA&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/4Ol99rYnLMA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=CATWEAZLE Official Trailer | publisher=Otto Waalkes. 28 October 2020 | access-date=28 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Discography==
[[file:Otto - Werner Rennen 2018 29.jpg|thumb|Waalkes performing in 2018]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width="28" rowspan="2"| Year
! width="187" rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="4"| Chart Positions
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width="86"| DE
! width="86"| AT
! width="86"| CH
! width="86"| EU
|-
|align="left"| 1973
|align="left"| ''Otto''
| 1
| –
| –
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1974
|align="left"| ''Die Zweite''
| 1
| –
| –
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1975
|align="left"| ''Oh, Otto''
| 2
| 3
| –
| –
|-
|-
|align="left"| 1976
|align="left"| ''(Das vierte Programm)''
| 1
| 2
| –
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1977
|align="left"| ''Das Wort zum Montag''
| 4
| 5
| –
| –
|-
|align="left"| 1978
|align="left"| ''Ottocolor''
| 7
| 4
| –
| –
|-
|align="left"| 1980
|align="left"| ''Der Ostfriesische Götterbote''
| 2
| 11
| –
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1981
|align="left"| ''Otto versaut Hamburg''
| 7
| 4
| –
| –
|-
|-
|align="left"| 1983
|align="left"| ''Hilfe Otto kommt!''
| 4
| 1
| 8
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1995
|align="left"| ''Die CD – Das Allerbeste''
| 55
| –
| –
| –
|-
|align="left"| 1996
|align="left"| ''Das Live Album''
| 11
| 14
| 12
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 1998
|align="left"| ''Einen hab ich noch''
| 28
| 49
| 41
| –
|-
|-
|align="left"| 2001
|align="left"| ''Ostfriesland und mehr''
| 40
| –
| –
| –
|-
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 2002
|align="left"| ''Only Otto''
| 28
| –
| –
| –
|-
|align="left"| 2003
|align="left"| ''Otto – Die DVD''
| 40
| –
| –
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| 2004
|align="left"| ''Otto – Die ersten 15 Jahre''
| 71
| –
| –
| –
|-
|-
|align="left" rowspan="2"| 2006
|align="left"| ''100 Jahre Otto''
| –
| –
| 77
| –
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff"
|align="left"| "Zwergensong"
| 12
| –
| –
| 33*
|-
|}

==Filmography==
* ''[[Otto – Der Film]]'' (''Otto: The Movie'') (1985)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Otto: The New Movie|de|3=Otto – Der neue Film|lt=Otto – Der neue Film}}'' (''Otto: The New Movie'') (1987)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Otto: The Alien from East Frisia|de|3=Otto – Der Außerfriesische|lt=Otto – Der Außerfriesische}}'' (''Otto: The Alien from East Frisia'') (1989)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Otto – Der Liebesfilm|de}}'' (''Otto: The [[Romance film|Romance Film]]'') (1992)
* ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' (1998), as Mushu (German dub only)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|St. Pauli Night|de|St. Pauli Nacht}}'' by [[Sönke Wortmann]] (1999) (Cameo)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Otto – Der Katastrofenfilm|de}}'' (''Otto: The [[Disaster film|Disaster Movie]]'') (2000)
* ''[[Ice Age (2002 film)|Ice Age]]'' (2002), as Sid (German dub only)
* ''[[7 Dwarves – Men Alone in the Wood|7 Zwerge – Männer allein im Wald]]'' (''7 Dwarves – Men Alone in the Wood'') (2004)
* ''[[Ice Age: The Meltdown]]'' (2006), as Sid (German dub only)
* ''[[7 Dwarves: The Forest Is Not Enough|7 Zwerge – Der Wald ist nicht genug]]'' (''7 Dwarves: The Forest Is Not Enough'') (2006)
* ''[[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]]'' (2009), as Sid (German dub only)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Otto's Eleven|de}}'' (2010)
* ''[[Ice Age: Continental Drift]]'' (2012), as Sid (German dub only)
* ''[[The 7th Dwarf]]'' (Der 7bte Zwerg) (2014)
* ''[[Kartoffelsalat – Nicht fragen!]]'' (2015)
* ''{{Ill|Help, I Shrunk My Teacher|de|Hilfe, ich hab meine Lehrerin geschrumpft}}'' (2015)
* ''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' (2016), as Sid (German dub only)
* ''[[The Grinch (film)|The Grinch]]'' (2018), as [[Grinch|The Grinch]] (German dub only)
* ''[[Catweazle#Film|Catweazle]]'' (2021) <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kino.de/film/catweazle-2020//|title=Catweazle| publisher=kino.de | access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild]]'' (2022), as Sid (German dub only)

==See also==
* [[German television comedy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | title=Otto Waalkes: Komiker und Kult-Ostfriese wird 75 Jahre alt | website=NDR.de | date=22 July 2023 | url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/Otto-Waalkes-Komiker-und-Kult-Ostfriese-wird-75-Jahre-alt,waalkes111.html | language=de | access-date=22 July 2023}}

==External links==
{{cc}}
* {{Official website|http://www.otto-waalkes.com/}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0905102|name=Otto Waalkes}}
* [http://www.ottifant.de Website dedicated to Otto's Ottiphants] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://www.zimmermann-heitmann.de/otto-waalkes Otto Waalkes Artworks] Huge collection of Otto Waalkes artworks

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waalkes, Otto}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:East Frisians]]
[[Category:Film directors from Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:German comedy musicians]]
[[Category:German comics artists]]
[[Category:German comic strip cartoonists]]
[[Category:German male comedians]]
[[Category:German male voice actors]]
[[Category:People from Emden]]
[[Category:Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Comedians from Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lower Saxony]]

List of ethnic slurs

2024-09-27T07:58:46Z

Wolverène: /* S */ m.

{{Short description|none}}

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{wiktionary|slur|epithet}}

The following is a '''list of ethnic slurs''', '''ethnophaulisms''', or '''ethnic epithets''' that are, or have been, used as [[insinuation]]s or [[allegation]]s about members of a given [[Ethnic group|ethnic]], [[Nationality|national]], or [[racial group]] or to refer to them in a derogatory, [[pejorative]], or otherwise [[insult]]ing manner.

Some of the terms listed below (such as "gringo", "yank", etc.) can be used in casual speech without any intention of causing offense. The [[connotation]] of a term and prevalence of its use as a pejorative or neutral descriptor varies over time and by geography.

For the purposes of this list, an ''ethnic slur'' is a term designed to insult others on the basis of [[racism|race]], [[ethnicity]], or [[nationality]]. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term.

Ethnic slurs may also be produced as a racial [[epithet]] by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "dirty Jew" or "Russian pig". Other common insulting modifiers include "dog" and "filthy"; such terms are not included in this list.

{{Compact TOC|center=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|side=yes|further=yes|nobreak=yes}}

==A==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Abbie, Abe, Abie
|[[United States]], [[Canada]]
|[[Jewish]] men
|Originated before the 1950s. From the proper name ''Abraham.''
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=1}}
|-
|[[American-born Chinese|ABC]]
|[[East Asia]]
|''American-born Chinese'', [[Han Chinese|Han]] or other [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (including [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]) born and raised in the [[United States]].
|The term implies an otherness or lack of connection to their Chinese identity and (usually) Chinese language; however, it has been [[Reappropriation|reappropriated]] by many [[Chinese American]]s and used to convey positive connotations.
|<ref name="ABC and FOB">{{cite book|last=Woo|first=Emma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGAClRACrsYC&pg=PA66|title=Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition|publisher=McFarland|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7864-3877-8|page=66|quote=[Translated Electronically] Not surprisingly, Chinese Americans who do not speak Chinese may be told that they are 'not really Chinese'. This message is found in the term ABC which stands for 'American-born Chinese'. It implies that the native-born who cannot speak Chinese has either rejected or lost his Chinese heritage. Yet many native-born Chinese Americans cheerfully use for themselves.|access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
|ABCD
|[[Indian subcontinent|South Asians]] in the [[United States|US]]
|''[[American-Born Confused Desi]]'', [[Indian American]]s or other [[South Asian Americans]], ([[desi]]) who were born in the [[United States]].
|Used chiefly by South Asian immigrants to imply confusion about cultural identity
|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Rajagopalan|author-link1=R. Radhakrishnan|editor1-last=Ghosh-Schellhorn|editor1-first=Martina|editor2-last=Alexander|editor2-first=Vera|encyclopedia=Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s)|title=Diaspora, Hybridity, Pedagogy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCz682epff8C&pg=PA113|access-date=11 April 2015|date=24 February 2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9210-4|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanigel |first1=Rachele |title=The Diversity Style Guide |date=14 January 2019 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-05515-0 |page=305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |language=en |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427113209/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Abeed|Abid/Abeed]] (plural)
|[[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
|Black people
| Arabic for slave, associated with the [[Arab slave trade]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Deng|first=Francis|title=War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan|page=409}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Zia|first1=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sQoypZWHgYC&pg=PA212|title=Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People|date=2001|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-374-52736-5|page=212|language=en|author-link1=Helen Zia|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Abo/Abbo
|[[Australia]]
|[[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] person
|Originally, this was simply an informal term for ''[[Indigenous Australians|Aborigine]]'', and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves (such as in the Aboriginal-run newspaper ''[[Abo Call]]'') until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. Although ''Abo'' is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative ''[[#B|boong]]'' is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.
|<ref>{{harvp|Moore|2004|p=3|loc="abo"}}</ref>
|-
|[[African engineering|Afro engineering, African engineering or nigger rigging]]
|United States
|[[African Americans]]
|Shoddy, second-rate or unconventional, makeshift workmanship. Indirectly refers to black American people as worse or lower-valued than white American people when associating anything bad with them.
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA10 10], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1003 1003]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Poteet|first1=Jim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=973n3OipN-4C|title=Car & Motorcycle Slang|last2=Poteet|first2=Lewis|year=1992|publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-01080-6|at=p. 14, Afro engineering}}</ref>
|-
|Ah Chah
|[[Hong Kong]]
|[[South Asia]]n people
|From {{linktext|阿差}}; {{zh|cy=achā}}; from "acchā" meaning "good" or "OK" in [[Hindi]].
|<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2018|title=Where do you stand in racist Hong Kong? Here's something to chew over|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2128326/where-do-you-stand-racist-hong-kong-heres-something-chew|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006235327/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2128326/where-do-you-stand-racist-hong-kong-heres-something-chew|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ali Baba]]
|United States
|[[Iraqi people|Iraqi]] people
|An [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]] suspected of criminal activity.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Tripp|first=Elise Forbes|title=Surviving Iraq: Soldiers' Stories|publisher=[[Interlink Books|Interlink Publishing]]|page=22}}</ref>
|-
|[[Alligator bait]], 'gator bait
|United States (chiefly southern U.S.)
|Black people, especially black children
|Dates from early 20th century or before; implies that African Americans are good for nothing except being used to bait alligators
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=6}}{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|page=8}}

|-
|Alpine Serb
|Serbo-Croatian: Alpski Srbin (ex-Yugoslavia)
|People of [[Slovenians|Slovenian]] origin.
|
|<ref>[https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/zanimljivosti/3649921/kako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat/ "Kako naživcirati Europljane? Hrvate će naljutiti izjava da su južni Srbi, a Srbe da je Tesla Hrvat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007193139/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/zanimljivosti/3649921/kako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat/ |date=7 October 2020 }} {{cite web |title=How to annoy Europeans? Croats will be angered by the statement that they are southern Serbs, and Serbs that Tesla is a Croat |date=20 February 2020 |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.hr%2Fvijesti-hr%2Fnovosti%2Fzanimljivosti%2F3649921%2Fkako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat%2F |website=RTL.hr |via=Google Translate |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101213/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.hr%2Fvijesti-hr%2Fnovosti%2Fzanimljivosti%2F3649921%2Fkako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat%2F |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|AmaLawu, AmaQheya
|South Africa
|[[Khoisan]]s and [[Cape Coloureds]] or [[Coloureds]]
|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] words for [[Hottentot (racial term)|Hottentot]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chimurengachronic.co.za/how-the-west-was-lost/|title=HOW THE WEST WAS LOST|last=Dikeni|first=Sandile|date=2019-11-06|publisher=Chimurenga|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305165527/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/how-the-west-was-lost/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ang mo]]
|[[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
|European people, especially the Dutch
|[[Hokkien]] for "red hair" referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to encompass other Europeans by the 19th century. It has become a neutral term, though is sometimes seen as derogatory.
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khambhaita |first1=Priya |last2=Willis |first2=Rosalind |editor1-last=Leonard |editor1-first=Pauline |editor2-last=Walsh |editor2-first=Katie |title=British Migration: Privilege, Diversity and Vulnerability |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-99255-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 |language=en |chapter=British-born Indian second-generation 'return' to India |doi=10.4324/9781315537016-7 |s2cid=199289305 |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013121/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Ann
|United States, Canada
|White women, "white-acting" black women
|While Miss Ann, also just plain ''Ann'', is a derisive reference to white women, it is also applied to any black woman who is deemed to be acting as though she is white.
|<ref>{{harvp|Rawson|1989|p=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smitherman|first=Geneva|author-link=Geneva Smitherman|title=Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXD7pYv80bUC&pg=PA68|access-date=15 July 2018|year=1986|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-1805-8|page=68|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXD7pYv80bUC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Annamite, mites
|French, English
|[[Vietnamese people]]
|
|<ref name="Peabody2003">{{cite book|author=Sue Peabody|title=The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0W6pIcu1f8C&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA188|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3117-9|pages=188–|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0W6pIcu1f8C&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA188#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Catino2010">{{cite book|author=Martin Scott Catino|title=The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4wX0AFVJEC&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA7|date=May 2010|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|isbn=978-1-60844-530-1|pages=7–|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013152/https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4wX0AFVJEC&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA7#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Katie |date=24 September 2013 |title=Searching for Madame Nhu |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/09/24/finding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124535/http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/09/24/finding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Ape
|United States
|Black people
|Referring to outdated theories ascribing cultural differences between racial groups as being linked to their evolutionary distance from [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], with which humans share common ancestry.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808 |title=The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea |last1=Bradley |first1=James |date=30 May 2013 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826104455/https://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=10}}
|-
|Apple
|United States, Canada
|Native Americans
|First used in the 1970s. Someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA29 p. 29]}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|he-Latn|Arabush|italic=no}} / {{lang|he-Latn|Aravush|italic=no}} ({{lang|he|ערבוש}})
|[[Israel]]
|[[Arabs]]
|[[Arab]]s, derived from [[Hebrew]] "Aravi" (Arab).
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3732440,00.html |publisher=Y-net News |date=16 June 2009 |language=he |title=השר אהרונוביץ' לסוכן מלוכלך: "ערבוש אמיתי" – חדשות |trans-title=Minister of Public Security apologizes for using the offensive term 'Arabush' |access-date=1 November 2013 |newspaper=Ynet |last1=וייס |first1=אבי כהן ואפרת |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104081333/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3732440,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Argie / Argies (plural)
|United Kingdom
|[[Argentines|Argentine]] people
|Extensively used by the [[British Armed Forces|British soldiers]] during the [[Falklands War]] in 1982.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-4279-2007-11-25.html|title=Radar|website=Pagina12.com.ar|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527113547/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-4279-2007-11-25.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Armo
|United States
|[[Armenians|Armenian]]/[[Armenian American]]
|Especially used in Southern California.
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=C.H. |author-link1=Sam Means |date=27 December 2007|title=A Practical Guide to Racism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF_eKiMBN_8C&pg=PA139 |publisher=[[Gotham Books]] |page=139 |isbn=978-1-59240-348-6 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Samkian |first1=Artineh |date=2007 |title=Constructing Identities, Perceiving Lives: Armenian High School Students' Perceptions of Identity and Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OO8p5QUIPEEC&pg=PA129 |page=129 |isbn=978-0-549-48257-4 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Asing, Aseng
|[[Indonesia]]
|Non-[[Indonesian people]], especially Chinese people
|Insult to non-Indonesian citizen, from "[orang] asing" (foreigner) that rhymed with "Aseng" (Chinese name). This word is often directed at Chinese people due to Indonesia's [[China–Indonesia relations|relationship with the PRC]].
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181103153237-32-343729/di-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng |title=Di Acara Relawan, Jokowi Bantah Jadi Antek Asing dan Aseng |language=id |last=Stefanie |first=Christie |publisher=CNN Indonesia |date=3 November 2018 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220411/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181103153237-32-343729/di-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|he-Latn|Ashke-[[Nazi]]|italic=no}} ({{lang|he|אשכנאצי}})
|Israel
|[[Ashkenazi Jews]]
|Pronounced like "AshkeNa'''tz'''i". Used mostly by [[Mizrachi Jews]].
|<ref>[https://www.maariv.co.il/journalists/Article-628018 "The Ashkenazi haters are an existential danger to the State of Israel", says Nathan Zehavi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731021522/https://www.maariv.co.il/journalists/Article-628018 |date=31 July 2020 }}, [[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] website (in Hebrew)</ref><ref>[https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART/930/683.html "The Language Front: 'You're a Nazi!'", by language expert Rubik Rosental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731022802/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART/930/683.html |date=31 July 2020 }}, NRG website (in Hebrew)</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leshem |first1=Eitan |title=A Popular New Curse Word in Israel: 'Ashkenazi' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=1 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113011345/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Aunt Jemima]]/Aunt Jane/Aunt Mary/Aunt Sally
|United States
|Black women
|A black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of ''[[Uncle Tom]]''.
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA41 41–42]}}</ref>
|}

==B==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Bachicha
|Chile
|[[Italian people]]
|Possibly derived from the Italian word ''Baciccia'', a nickname for ''[[Giambattista]]''.
|<ref name=plath-58-59/>
|-
|Baiano
|Brazil
|[[Nordeste (socio-geographic division)|Northeastern Brazilian]] people
|A person born in [[Bahia]], one of the 9 states in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region of Brazil]]. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in [[São Paulo]], the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.
|<ref name=folhasp>{{cite news|last1=Magalhães|first1=Guilherme|last2=Faria|first2=Flávia|title=Termo 'paraíba' usado por Bolsonaro reflete preconceito ao Nordeste, e cabe punição|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/07/termo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml|access-date=14 June 2022|work=Folha de S.Paulo|date=23 July 2019|language=pt|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614150018/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/07/termo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Bamboula
|France
|Black people
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/bamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4|title=Bamboula, rentre chez toi, sale nègre|last=DH.be|access-date=2 September 2017|language=fr|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040606/http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/bamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:banaan|Banaan]]
|[[Suriname]]
|Black people, people of [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] descent
|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Banana. A slur that is used to refer to black people, people of African heritage. It derives from the colour of a banana's skin, which is yellow or brown, and is therefore seen as an offensive way to describe black and [[Coloureds|coloured]] people's skin colour.
|<ref>"Banaan etymology" Etymologeek, https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307070751/https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan |date=7 March 2023 }}. Accessed 7 Mar. 2023.</ref>
|-
|Balija
|[[Turkey]], [[the Balkans]]
|[[Bosnians|Bosnian]] people
|An ethnic [[Bosniak]] or a member of the [[Bosnian diaspora]].
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulasmajic |first1=Nusret |title=Bosnian-English Dictionary: Turcisms, Colloquialisms, Islamic Words and Expressions |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-4634-0179-5 |page=20 |publisher=AuthorHouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtQDbFrr2wC&pg=PA20 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtQDbFrr2wC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Graham |first1=Florence |title=Turkish loanwords in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscan texts |date=2015 |publisher=University of Oxford |page=232 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac |language=en |access-date=3 October 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003044807/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|banana}}[[Banana (slur)|Banana]]
|United States, Canada
|East or Southeast Asian people
|"Yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East or Southeast Asians for other East- or Southeast Asians or [[Asian Americans]] who are perceived as assimilated into mainstream American culture. Similar to ''Apple''.
|<ref name="Nagayama Hall">{{cite book |last=Nagayama Hall |first=Gordon C. |title=Multicultural Psychology: Third Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-99080-1 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szFDDwAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013204/https://books.google.com/books?id=szFDDwAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut#v=snippet&q=banana%20coconut&f=false |url-status=live }}{{Page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tu">{{cite book |last=Tu |first=Dawn Lee |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Jonathan H.X. |editor2-last=Nadeau |editor2-first=Kathleen M. |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut |chapter='Twinkie,' 'Banana,' 'Coconut' |pages=88–89 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Banderite]]
|Poland
|Ukrainians
|The term ''Banderite'' was originally used to refer to the [[OUN-B|ultra-nationalist wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], in reference to its leader [[Stepan Bandera]]. In Poland, the term "banderowiec" is used in connection with the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the UPA]]. The term became a crucial element of Soviet propaganda and was used as a pejorative description of Ukrainian nationalists, or sometimes western Ukrainians or Ukrainian-speakers. Today the term is used in Russian propaganda to associate Ukrainian identity with Nazism.
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fyłypec |first=Olga |date=6 November 2020 |title=Jak studenci nazywają Ukraińca i Polaka (na materiale danych ankietowych z ośmiu polskich uniwersytetów) |url=https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/6752/6%20fy%C5%82ypec-jak%20studenci%20nazywaj%C4%85%20ukrai%C5%84ca%20i%20polaka.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Słowo. Studia językoznawcze |issue=11 |page=100 |issn=2082-6931 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233030/https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/6752/6%20fy%C5%82ypec-jak%20studenci%20nazywaj%C4%85%20ukrai%C5%84ca%20i%20polaka.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Czechowski |first=Paweł |title=UPA jak AK? Mitologizacja banderowców na Ukrainie |url=https://histmag.org/UPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=histmag.org |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233028/https://histmag.org/UPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GRoss12">{{cite book |last=Rossolinski |first=Grzegorz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |title=Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-8382-6684-8 |pages=112, 234–235, 236 |quote=The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the Germans and killed Jews independently....Because the term "Banderites" was colloquial rather than official, and because of the violence employed by OUN-B, the term soon acquired a negative connotation, especially among Jews and Poles. (page 159)...The survivors of these attacks frequently described the perpetrators as "Banderites" and considered them to be Ukrainian nationalists.(page 241)...Two years later however, the word "Banderites" was known to everyone in western Ukraine and was frequently used to describe the OUN-B activists, UPA partisans, and apparently, other Ukrainian perpetrators (page 248)...The term "Banderites" had appeared in Soviet secret documents for the first time in late 1940 ... (page 249) |author-link=Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013803/https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wylegała |first1=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3SDwAAQBAJ&dq=Banderites&pg=PA96 |title=The Burden of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine |last2=Głowacka-Grajper |first2=Małgorzata |date=2020-02-11 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-04673-4 |page=96 |language=en |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321141107/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3SDwAAQBAJ&dq=Banderites&pg=PA96 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fedor |first=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAKGCwAAQBAJ |title=Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2015/2: Double Special Issue: Back from Afghanistan: The Experiences of Soviet Afghan War Veterans and: Martyrdom & Memory in Post-Socialist Space |date=2016-01-05 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-8382-6806-4 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=Portnov>{{Cite web |last=Portnov |first=Andrii |author-link=Andrii Portnov |date=2016-06-22 |title=Bandera mythologies and their traps for Ukraine |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en |quote=The common noun "Banderivtsi" ("Banderites") emerged around this time, and it was used to designate all Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian. Even today, the term "Banderivtsi" in public debate is never neutral — it can be used pejoratively or proudly. |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823170403/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Barbarian
|Greece
|Non-Greek people
|Someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. βάρβαρος (''barbaros'' pl. βάρβαροι ''barbaroi''). In [[Ancient Greece]], the Greeks used the term towards those who did not speak Greek and follow classical Greek customs.
|<ref>{{cite book | title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America | publisher=Penguin Press HC | author=Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld | year=2014 |page=121| isbn=978-1-59420-546-0}}</ref>
|-
|[[Beaner]] / Beaney
|United States
|[[Hispanic people|Hispanic]] or [[Latino people|Latino]] people, especially [[Mexican people|Mexicans]]
|The term originates from the use of [[frijoles pintos]] and other beans that can be generally found in [[Mexican food]] or other Hispanic and Latino foods.
|<ref name="mouth">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701875.html|title=The Mouth of Mencia|last=Booth|first=William|date=28 September 2005|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213112236/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701875.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050901/news_7m1chief.html|title=San Diego's top Latino cop retires|last=Soto|first=Hiram|date=1 September 2005|newspaper=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150428190606/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050901/news_7m1chief.html|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,348802,00.html|title=You are what you eat ... arguably|last1=Sutherland|first1=John|date=31 July 2000|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120110538/http://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,348802,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Bimbo
|[[German language|German]]
|Africans, people with very dark skin in general
|The origin of this term is disputed, but experts suggest that it either derives from the Central African town of [[Bimbo, Central African Republic|Bimbo]], or from the former state of [[Bimbia]], which was annexed by the German colony of [[Kamerun]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redensarten-index.de/suche.php?suchbegriff=ein+Bimbo&bool=relevanz&sp0=rart_ou|title=ein Bimbo - Redensarten-Index|website=www.redensarten-index.de|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202714/https://www.redensarten-index.de/suche.php?suchbegriff=ein+Bimbo&bool=relevanz&sp0=rart_ou|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Black Buck]], black brute, brown buck or brown brute
|United States
|Black men
|Originating in the post-Reconstruction United States, it was used to describe black men who absolutely refused to bend to the law of white authority and were seen as irredeemably violent, rude, and lecherous.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Laufs|first=Stefanie|title=Fighting a Movie with Lightning: "The Birth of a Nation" and the Black Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwKnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|date=October 2013|publisher=Diplomica Verlag|isbn=978-3-95489-151-1|page=56}}</ref>
|-
|Blackie
|English
|Black person
|
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|blackie|access-date=2024-08-28}}</ref>
|-
|Bluegum
|United States
|[[African Americans]]
|An African American perceived as being lazy and unwilling to work.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Hedley |date=20 March 2010 |title="Operation Blue Gum" for Barack Obama Gets the Chainsaw |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/operation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw/story-e6frgczf-1225843035250 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319041045/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/operation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw/story-e6frgczf-1225843035250 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|fr|[[Boche (slur)|Boche / bosche / bosch]]|italic=no}}
|[[France]]; United States; United Kingdom
|[[Germans|German]] people
|Shortened from the French term ''caboche dure'', meaning "hard head" or "stubborn" with the influence of German surname Bosch.
|<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buffum |first=Douglas L. |date=1916 |title=Origin of the Word "Boche" |url=https://archive.org/stream/currenthistoryfo04newyuoft#page/525/mode/2up |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=525 |doi=10.1525/curh.1916.4.3.525 |s2cid=251529838 |access-date=12 April 2015| issn=0011-3530 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boeotia#Pejorative term|Boeotian]]''
|[[Athenians]]
|Boeotian Greek people
|Referring to the supposed stupidity of the inhabitants of the neighboring Boeotia region of Greece.
|<ref name="MWNBWH1991">{{cite book|title=The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr|url-access=registration|access-date=22 April 2015|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-603-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/360 360]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boerehaat|Boerehater]]'' / Boer-hater / Boer hater
|[[South Africa]]; United Kingdom
|British people
|Refers to a person who hates, prejudices, or criticizes the [[Boer]]s, or [[Afrikaner]]s – historically applied to [[British people]] who held anti-Boers sentiments.
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Christopher|title=Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html|access-date=14 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=9 November 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614103034/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html|archive-date=14 June 2014|url-status=live|quote=whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=HAT|date=2000|publisher=Perskor|location=Johannesburg|isbn=978-0-628-03769-5|page=104|quote=Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them|title-link=Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal}}</ref><ref name=duPreez>{{cite book|last1=du Preez|first1=Max|title=Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter|date=2004|publisher=Zebra Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-1-86872-913-5|page=65,143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zThrIM5GhIC|access-date=13 June 2014|quote=a ''Boerehater'', someone who hated Afrikaners}}</ref>
|-
|Bog / Bogtrotter / Bog-trotter
|United Kingdom, Ireland, United States
|[[Irish people|Irish]] people
|A person of common or low-class Irish ancestry.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Power |first=Bairbre |date=5 October 1998 |title=Fur flies as clothes king sneers at 'bog' Irish |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/fur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925030426/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/fur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/de/leisure/arts_culture/a-life-more-ordinary--1370.html |title=A life more ordinary |last=Benson |first=Marius |publisher=Expatica |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925003212/http://www.expatica.com/de/leisure/arts_culture/a-life-more-ordinary--1370.html |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|Bogate
|Chile
|[[Yugoslav people]]
|The expression is said to come from the Yugoslav interjection ''Boga ti!''
|<ref name=plath-60-61/>
|-
|{{visible anchor|Bohunk}}
|United States, Canada
|Bohemian people
|A lower-class immigrant of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], or [[Southeastern Europe]]an descent. Originally referred to those of [[Bohemia]]n (now Czech Republic) descent. It was commonly used toward [[Visegrád Group|Central European]] immigrants during the early 20th century. Probably from Bohemian + a distortion of Hungarian. See also ''[[Hunky Culture|hunky]]''.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartelby.com/61/5/B0370500.html |title=Bohunk |year=2000 |work=Fourth Edition |publisher=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111055342/http://www.bartelby.com/61/5/B0370500.html |archive-date=11 January 2008 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bong (term)|Bong]]
|[[India]]
|Bengali people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Slangs and Terms |url=https://learningindia.in/references/indian-english-dictionary/ |website=Learningindia.in |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531160510/http://learningindia.in/references/indian-english-dictionary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Boong / bong / bung
|Australia
|[[Aboriginal Australians]]
|[First used in 1847 by JD Lang, ''Cooksland'', 430]. Boong, pronounced with [[near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] (like the vowel in ''bull''), is related to the [[Australian English]] slang word ''bung'', meaning "dead", "infected", or "dysfunctional". From ''bung, to go bung'' "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. ''bong'' dead]". The 1988 edition of the ''[[Australian National Dictionary]]'' gives its origin in the Wemba word for "man" or "human being". However, [[Frederick Ludowyk]] of the [[Australian National Dictionary Centre]] wrote in 2004 that ''bong'' meaning "dead" is not a [[Wiradjuri language|Wiradjuri]] word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung" which was originally a [[Turrbal language|Yagara word]] which was used in the [[pidgin]] widely spoken across Australia in colonial times.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Lang|first=John Dunmore|author-link=John Dunmore Lang|title=Cooksland in North-eastern Australia: The Future Cottonfield of Great Britain: Its Characteristics and Capabilities for European Colonization. With a Disquisition on the Origin, Manners, and Customs of the Aborigines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMwNAAAAQAAJ&q=bung&pg=PA430|access-date=15 July 2018|year=1847|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans|page=430|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013638/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMwNAAAAQAAJ&q=bung&pg=PA430#v=snippet&q=bung&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AND>{{cite book|title=Australian National Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=W. S. Ramson|isbn=0-19-554736-5|date=1988}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Moore|2004|loc="boong"}}</ref><ref name=Wilkes62>{{harvp|Wilkes|1978|p=62}}</ref><ref name=ludowyk2004>{{cite journal| url=https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/Ozwords%20Oct.%202004.pdf| date=October 2004| volume=11| issue=2| journal=Ozwords| title=Aussie Words: Of Billy, Bong, Bung, & 'Billybong'| page=7| last1=Ludowyk| first1=Frederick| author-link=Frederick Ludowyk| via=[[Australian National University]]| publisher=[[Australian National Dictionary Centre]]| access-date=13 February 2024| archive-date=12 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212081808/https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/Ozwords%20Oct.%202004.pdf| url-status=live}} Also [https://web.archive.org/web/20160623044356/http://andc.anu.edu.au/pubs/ozwords/October_2004/Billy.html here]</ref>
|-
|Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie
|New Zealand
|[[Pacific Islander]]s
|Likely derived from the similar Australian slur
|<ref>"boonga" {{cite book |title=The New Zealand Oxford dictionary |editor1-last=Deverson |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Kennedy |editor2-first=Graeme D. |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-558451-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boonga definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boonga |website=Collinsdictionary.com |access-date=14 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210511/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boonga |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bootlip
|United States
|[[African American]] people
|
|<ref name="Green2005-161">{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA161 161]}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|fr|Bougnoule|italic=no}}
|France
|[[Arabian]] people
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougnoule|title=Définition de Bougnoule|website=Cnrtl.fr|language=fr|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928073024/http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougnoule|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bounty (chocolate bar)|Bounty bar]]
|United Kingdom
|Black people
|A black person who is considered to be behaving like a white person (i.e. dark on the outside, white on the inside).
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/race.society|title=Don't blame Uncle Tom|last=Younge|first=Gary|date=30 March 2002|access-date=23 October 2007|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|archive-date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826004036/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/race.society|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|ro|Bozgor|italic=no}}
|Romania
|Hungarian people
|Used especially on ones born in Romania. Possibly derived from the [[Csangos|Moldavian Csángó]] dialect pronunciation of {{lang|hu|bocskor}} meaning [[Opanak]], a type of rustic footwear.
|<ref name="Brubaker2006">{{cite book |last=Brubaker |first=Rogers|author-link=Rogers Brubaker |title=Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6eqKKkbcC&pg=PA307 |access-date=28 May 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12834-4 |page=307 }}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:en:brillo pad|Brillo Pad]]
|United Kingdom and United States
|Black People
|Used to refer to the hair of a black person
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Brillo pad |dictionary=Dictionary of American slang |date=2007 |publisher=Collins |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-06-117646-3 |edition=4. |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer0000unse_s8f8/page/56/mode/1up?q=%22Brillo+Pad%22}}</ref>
|-
|Brownie
|United States, New Zealand, and Australia
|Brown-skinned people, an Asian
|Used in the 1850s–1960s; in Australia it was used for an Aboriginal Australian or someone Japanese; in New Zealand, a [[Māori people|Māori]]
|<ref name=Green188>{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/cassellsdictiona0000gree/page/188/mode/1up 188]}}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:en:buckwheat|Buckwheat]]
|United States
|Black people
|The name of a black character that appeared in the ''[[Our Gang]]'' (Little Rascals) short films. Today it is used to refer to the curly hair of a black person.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/co-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01|title=Colorado GOP lawmaker who used racist term is reprimanded|date=6 May 2021|website=[[Associated Press]]|first=JAMES|last=Anderson|access-date=9 May 2022|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234727/https://apnews.com/article/co-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1266686|title=Colorado GOP lawmaker reprimanded after calling colleague 'Buckwheat'|website=[[NBC News]]|date=7 May 2021|last=Dareh Gregorian|access-date=9 May 2022|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509092129/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1266686|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Buddhahead
|United States
|[[Asia]]n people
|Also used by mainland [[Japanese Americans]] to refer to [[Japanese in Hawaii|Hawaiian Japanese Americans]] since [[World War II]].
|{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|page=40}}<ref>{{cite book |author= |editor-last= Niiya |editor-first=Brian |title=Japanese American History: an A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00dias |url-access=registration|location=New York, NY |publisher=Facts on File |page=[https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00dias/page/114 114] |date=October 1993 |isbn=978-0-8160-2680-7 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Buckra]], Bakra
|United States, West Indies
|White people from [[Benue–Congo languages|Sub-Saharan African]] languages
|
|<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Buckra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322184430/https://www.lexico.com/definition/buckra |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Buckra |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
|-
|Bulbash
|Russia, Ukraine
|[[Belarusians]]
|Derived from Belarusian word "bulba" ([[potatoes]]), based on the fact that potatoes are a very common ingredient in [[Belarusian cuisine]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.arche.by/by/page/works/natatki-tvory/7532|title=Таварныя знакі і нацыянальныя пачуцьці|author=Садоўскі, Пётра|date=2012-03-10|publisher=Arche|access-date=11 January 2023|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171755/https://news.arche.by/by/page/works/natatki-tvory/7532|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lit.culturehatti.com/pochemu-belorusov-nazivayut-bulbashami-view-162994|title=Kodėl baltarusiai vadinami bulbašiais|trans-title= Why belarusians are called bulbashy|website=culturehatti.com|language=lt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bule (term)|Bule]]
|Indonesia
|White people or foreigner
|Derived from an archaic Indonesian word for [[Albinism|albino]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/dontcallmebule.html |title=Don't Call Me bule! Or how expatriates experience a word |last=Fechter |first=Anne-Meike |date=July 2003 |website=Expat.or.id |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910215520/http://www.expat.or.id/info/dontcallmebule.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bumbay
|Philippines
|People from India
|From [[Bombay]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lacuata |first1=Rose Carmelle |title=Why Pinoys call Indians 'Bumbay'—and other Indian stereotypes |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/01/24/18/why-pinoys-call-indians-bumbayand-other-indian-stereotypes |work=ABS CBN News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111104813/https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/01/24/18/why-pinoys-call-indians-bumbayand-other-indian-stereotypes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Burrhead / Burr-head / Burr head
|United States
|Black people
|Referencing [[Afro-textured hair]].
|<ref name="Green216">{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA216 p. 216]}}</ref>
|-
|Bushy (s.) / Bushies, Amadushie (p.)
|South Africa
|[[Khoisan]]s
|Historically used against the [[Khoisan]] people in Southern Africa, referring to their [[nomadic|nomadic lifestyle]] and reliance on the bush for survival.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/bushy/e01406|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304070757/https://dsae.co.za/entry/bushy/e01406|archive-date=4 March 2023|title=bushy|website=Dictionary of South African English|access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref>
|}

==C==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Cabbage Eater
|
|[[Germans|German]] and [[Russians|Russian]] people
|
|<ref name="Friedland2008">{{cite book|author=Susan R. Friedland|title=Food and Morality: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpRi5gLZHIC&pg=PT79|year=2008|publisher=Oxford Symposium|isbn=978-1-903018-59-0|page=79}}</ref><ref name="AllanBurridge2006">{{cite book|author1=Keith Allan|author2=Kate Burridge|title=Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2rCLYHjDMgC&pg=PA189|date=5 October 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45760-6|page=189}}</ref>
|-
|Canaca
|Chile
|Chinese and Japanese people
|''Canaca'' is a slur originating in [[Oceania]].
|<ref name=plath-60-61/>
|-
|[[Camel jockey]] / camel dung-shoveler
|
|[[Middle Eastern]] people
|
|<ref name="CassidyF">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of American Regional English|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie|url-access=registration|last=Cassidy|first=Frederic|year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie/page/521 521]|isbn=978-0-674-20519-2}}</ref><ref name=politickerky>{{cite news|url=http://www.politickerky.com/treypollard/1126/landham-reiterates-anti-arab-sentiment-talk-show-i-said-no-arabs-country |title=Landham reiterates anti-Arab sentiment on talk show: 'I said no Arabs into this country'|author=Pollard, Trey|access-date=December 24, 2008|date=July 25, 2008 |publisher=[[Politicker]]|language=en-US|archive-date=August 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803174427/http://www.politickerky.com/treypollard/1126/landham-reiterates-anti-arab-sentiment-talk-show-i-said-no-arabs-country}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work= Independent Political Report|url= http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2008/07/libertarians-drop-sonny-landham/|date= July 28, 2008|access-date= October 12, 2009|title= Libertarians drop Sonny Landham|archive-date= 29 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170529035729/http://independentpoliticalreport.com/2008/07/libertarians-drop-sonny-landham/}}</ref>

|-
|[[Carcamano]]
|[[Brazil]]
|[[Italy|Italian]] people
|Used during the early 20th century, during the Second wave of Italian immigration to Brazil.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://paladar.estadao.com.br/noticias/comida,a-mao-culinaria-do-carcamano,10000010453|title=A mão culinária do carcamano|author=Dias Lopes|date=14 November 2012|work=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013719/https://www.estadao.com.br/paladar/comida/a-mao-culinaria-do-carcamano/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chankoro]]
|[[Japan]]
|[[Chinese people|Chinese]] people
|{{lang-ja|チャンコロ}}, a Japanese reference to a Chinese person.
|<ref name="KasschauEguchi2015">{{cite book|last1=Kasschau|first1=Anne|last2=Eguchi|first2=Susumu|title=Using Japanese Slang: This Japanese Phrasebook, Dictionary and Language Guide Gives You Everything You Need To Speak Like a Native!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pedkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|access-date=1 February 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1095-3|page=60}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Charlie
|United States
|[[White American]]s
|Used in the 1960s–1970s. White people as a reified collective oppressor group, similar to ''The Man'' or ''The System''.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-charlie.html |title=Theater: 'Blues for Mister Charlie' |last1=Taubman |first1=Howard |date=24 April 1964 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023454/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-charlie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|United States
|[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] people
|[[Vietnam War]] Slang term used by American troops as a shorthand term for Vietnamese guerrillas, derived from the verbal shorthand for "Victor Charlie", the [[NATO phonetic alphabet]] for VC, the abbreviation for [[Viet Cong]]. The (regular) [[North Vietnamese Army]] was referred to as "Mr. Charles".
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/language.html |title=The Language of War, on the ''American Experience''/Vietnam Online |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319114845/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/language.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to the United States Special Ops Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwihDYBo2tYC&pg=PA91|publisher=Penguin|date=2002|access-date=2 May 2015|isbn=978-0-02-864373-1|first=Marc|last=Cerasini|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Praying for Slack: A Marine Corps Tank Commander in Viet Nam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kza3DPYglAAC&pg=PA264|publisher=Zenith Imprint|access-date=2 May 2015|isbn=978-1-61673-745-0|first=Robert E.|last=Peavey|page=264}}</ref>
|-
|China Swede
|United States
|[[Finns]]
|Derogatory term for [[Finnish Americans|Finnish immigrants to the United States]], particularly in [[Minnesota]] and [[Michigan]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199706/10_losurem_finnpoor/finnpoor2.htm |title=MPR: Finland Was a Poor Country |website=News.minnesota.publicradio.org |date=10 June 1997 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530152931/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199706/10_losurem_finnpoor/finnpoor2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nybergh |first=Thomas |url=http://inktank.fi/china-swedes-forest-finns-and-the-great-migration-how-finnish-immigrants-helped-build-america/ |title=How Finnish immigrants battled racism to help build America |website=Inktank.fi |date=27 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928150341/http://inktank.fi/china-swedes-forest-finns-and-the-great-migration-how-finnish-immigrants-helped-build-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Chee-chee, Chi-chi
|South Asia
|Eurasian Mixed-race people, especially Anglo-Indians
|Probably derived from Hindi ''chi-chi fie!'', literally, dirt.
|<ref name="Hotten1870">{{cite book|last=Hotten|first=John Camden|author-link=John Camden Hotten|title=The Slang Dictionary; Or, The Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and "fast" Expressions of High and Low Society: Many with Their Etymology and a Few with Their History Traced|url=https://archive.org/details/slangdictionaryo00hottrich|access-date=11 April 2014|year=1870|publisher=J.C. Hotten|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/slangdictionaryo00hottrich/page/98 98]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cheese-eating surrender monkeys]]
|[[United States]]
|[[French people|French]] people
|The term originated with a 1995 [['Round Springfield|episode]] of ''[[The Simpsons]]''.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/11/pressandpublishing.usa |title=Wimps, weasels and monkeys – the United States media view of 'perfidious France' |last1=Younge |first1=Gary |last2=Henley |first2=Jon |date=11 February 2003 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312044305/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/11/pressandpublishing.usa |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Chefur (čefur)
|Slovenia
|Non-[[Slovenes|Slovenian]] people of [[former Yugoslavia]] ([[Serbs]], [[Croats]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Montenegrins]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]])
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mladina.si/46643/kdo-je-cefur/|title=Kdo je čefur?|date=26 March 2009|work=Mladina.si|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091910/https://www.mladina.si/46643/kdo-je-cefur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:Tsekwa|Tsekwa / Chekwa]]
|Philippines
|[[Chinese Filipino]] people
|Used in [[Filipino language|Filipino]]/[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[Philippine languages]], which derived it from the late 19th century [[Cebuano language|Cebuano Bisaya]] street children's [[Limerick (poetry)|limerick]], {{lang-ceb|[[wikt:Insik wakang, kaon, kalibang|In'''tsik, wá'''kang, káun, kalibang!]]|lit=Chinese ([[Coolie|laborer]]), I work, eat, and shit!}}, where "Intsik"/"Insik" is derived from the [[Philippine Hokkien]] term, {{zh|t=|poj=in chek|l=his/her/their uncle|c=[[wikt:𪜶#Chinese|𪜶]] [[wikt:叔#Chinese|叔]]|s=|p=}}, while "wakang"/"gwakang" is derived from the [[Philippine Hokkien]] term, {{zh|t=|poj=góa kang|l=I work|c=[[wikt:我#Chinese|我]] [[wikt:工#Chinese|工]]|s=|p=}}, while "kaon"/"kaun" is from the [[Cebuano language|Cebuano Bisaya]] term, {{lang-ceb|[[wikt:kaon#Cebuano|kaon]]|lit=to eat}}, while "kalibang" is from the [[Cebuano language|Cebuano Bisaya]] term, {{lang-ceb|[[wikt:kalibang#Cebuano|kalibang]]|lit=to defecate}}.
|<ref name="ocampo1">{{cite web|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|date=19 August 2020|title=Reclaiming 'Intsik'|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/132826/reclaiming-intsik|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Inquirer.net|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022134656/https://opinion.inquirer.net/132826/reclaiming-intsik|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolff|first=John U.|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40074/40074-h/40074-h.htm|title=A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan|publisher=Southeast Asia Program of Cornell University & Linguistic Society of the Philippines|year=1972|location=New York|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028193825/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40074/40074-h/40074-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Chernozhopy
|Russia
|Indigenous people from the [[Caucasus]], e.g. from [[Chechnya]] or Azerbaijan.
|[[wikt:черножопый|черножопый]], or ''chornaya zhopa'', meaning "black-arse" in Russian.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exiledonline.com/spot-the-chechen/ |title=How To Spot A Chechen |last=Dadaev |first=alanbek |date=19 April 2013 |website=Exiledonline.com |access-date=12 November 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116043342/http://exiledonline.com/spot-the-chechen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Faller2011">{{cite book|author=Helen M. Faller|title=Nation, Language, Islam: Tatarstan's Sovereignty Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxBi3aIQ4tgC&pg=PA219|year=2011|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9776-84-5|pages=219–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=William Darryl|title=Cohesion, the human element in combat: leadership and societal influence in the armies of the Soviet Union, the United States, North Vietnam, and Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FD2Qgzy87dkC&pg=PA90|access-date=27 December 2015|date=February 1985|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-8208-6|pages=90–91}}</ref>
|-
|Chilote
|Argentina
|Chilean people
|
|<ref name=Drake83>{{citation |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/hispanic_american_historical_review/v083/83.3drake.pdf |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=August 2003 |first=Paul W. |last=Drake |title=Citizenship, Labour Markets, and Democratization: Chile and the Modern Sequence |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=604–605 |doi=10.1215/00182168-83-3-604 |s2cid=154285881 |quote=lingering racial stereotypes and derogatory terms (chilote) hindered full assimilation |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114906/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/hispanic_american_historical_review/v083/83.3drake.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinaman (term)|Chinaman]]
|United States, Canada
|Chinese people
| A [[calque]] of the [[:wikt:Chinaman|Chinese 中國人]]. It was used in the gold rush and railway-construction eras in western United States when discrimination against the Chinese was common.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abheritage.ca/albertans/articles/peaks_2.html |title=Peak of Controversy – A resident of Calgary, wrote to the Minister of Community Development strongly objecting to the name Chinaman's Peak |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523081918/http://www.abheritage.ca/albertans/articles/peaks_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ching chong]]
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, Philippines
|Chinese people
|Mocking the language of or a person of perceived Chinese descent.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/12/11/asian-leaders-angered-by-rosie-odonnell-ching-chong-comments/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111053954/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/12/11/asian-leaders-angered-by-rosie-odonnell-ching-chong-comments/ | archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=Asian Leaders Angered by Rosie O'Donnell's 'Ching Chong' Comments |date=11 December 2006 |publisher=FOXNews.com |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chink]]
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, India, Philippines
|Chinese people
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="Chinky"}}</ref>
|-
|Chinky
|Mainland India
|Northeast Indian people
|The sound "chin" refers to [[China]]. The slur refers to the shared facial features of Northeast Indians and ethnically Chinese peoples.
|<ref name="Golmei2017">{{cite news |last1=Golmei |first1=Alana |title=Let's talk about racism {{!}} Don't call us 'chinky, momo, chowmein,' says a Northeastern woman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html |work=hindustantimes |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=16 May 2017 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731065332/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Samson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Samson |first1=Kamei |title=North-east and Chinky: Countenances of Racism in India |journal=The Journal of Development Practice |date=20 June 2017 |volume=3 |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jdp/article/view/307 |language=en |issn=2394-0476 |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806143936/http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jdp/article/view/307 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Chonky
|
|Asian people
|Refers to a person of Asian heritage with "white attributes", in either personality or appearance.
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Fontes |first=Lisa Aronson |date=23 May 2008 |title=Interviewing Clients across Cultures: A Practitioner's Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0lfyT2EJwAC&pg=PA222 |publisher=Guilford Press |page=222 |isbn=978-1-60623-405-1 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Christ-killer]]
|
|[[Jew]]ish people
|An allusion to [[Jewish deicide]].
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction|page=142|first=Craig R.|last=Prentiss|publisher=NYU Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Why Jews Should Not Be Liberals|page=67|first=Larry|last=F. Sternberg|publisher=Pelican Publishing}}</ref>
|-
|[[Choc-ice]]
|
|Black people
|A person who is figuratively "black on the outside, white on the inside".
|<ref>Dilichi Onuzo (17 July 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/17/choc-ice-rio-ferdinand-ashley-cole "Is choc ice the new N-word?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212444/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/17/choc-ice-rio-ferdinand-ashley-cole |date=6 March 2017 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18847477|title=Rio Ferdinand fined for Ashley Cole 'choc ice' tweet|date=17 August 2012|newspaper=BBC Sport|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827073750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18847477|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Cholo]]
|Latin America, [[Southwestern United States]]
|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] or [[Mestizo]] people
|It may be derogatory depending on circumstances.
|<ref name="oxford cholo">{{cite dictionary|title=cholo|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cholo|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808032423/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cholo}}</ref><ref name="randomhouse cholo">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cholo|title=cholo|publisher=Random House Dictionary|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324142754/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cholo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms|last=Hendrickson|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXY0yQnvmmUC&pg=PA460|isbn=978-1-4381-2992-1|year=2000|publisher=Infobase }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Félix |last=Rodríguez González |date=1 January 1996 |title=Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency Towards Hegemony Reversal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09NEuGHh2R8C&pg=PA113 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=113 |isbn=978-3-11-014845-9 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Chile
|[[Bolivian people]], [[Peruvian people]]
|
|<ref name=plath-60-61/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asale.org/damer/cholo|title=cholo, -a|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario|language=es|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213120518/https://www.asale.org/damer/cholo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:チョン (蔑称)|Chon]]/[[:ja:バカチョン#差別表現とされた経緯|Baka-Chon]]
|Japan
|[[Korean people]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=小林 |first=健治 |title=「『バカチョン』『チョン』という言葉」『差別語・不快語』にんげん出版〈ウェブ連動式管理職検定02〉 |date=2011 |publisher=にんげん出版 |isbn=978-4-931344-31-0 |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|Chow
|Australia
|Chinese people
|Used as early as 1864, rare now
|<ref>{{cite dictionary|last1=Green |first1=Jonathon |title=Chow |dictionary=Chambers slang dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Chambers |isbn=978-0-550-10439-7 |page=283 |url=https://archive.org/details/chambersslangdic0000gree_u4l5/page/283/mode/1up?q=%22Chow+n+abbr%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=Ayto |first1=John |title=Chow |dictionary=The Oxford dictionary of slang |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280104-3 |page=35 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00john_0/page/35/mode/1up?q=%22chow+1864%22 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| [[wiktionary:ru:чучмек|Chuchmek]] ({{lang-ru|чучмек}}) / Chechmek ({{lang-ru|чечмек}})
|Russia / Russian-speaking regions
|Middle / Central Asian people (in rare instances people from the Caucasus), in a broader sense Non-Russians, Non-European-looking people
|From [[Chichimecas|Chichimec]] - a derogatory term used by the Aztecs and other Central American Indians to describe the Chichimecs as "uncivilized, aggressive savages", similar to how the ancient Romans called Germanic tribes "barbarians". This name, with its derogatory meaning, was later adopted and brought to Europe by Spanish conquerors.
|<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[:ru:Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет|Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет]] — Институт филологии, массовой информации и психологии ([[Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University]] — Institute for Philology, Mass Information and Psychology) |url=http://spmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru/?action=word&id=228 |title=Слово Чечмек (Чучмек) |trans-title=The word Chechmek (Chuchmek) |lang=ru |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104142412/http://spmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru/?action=word&id=228 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gradie |first=Charlotte M. |title=Discovering the Chichimecas |journal=The Americas |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=July 1994 |page=68 |doi=10.2307/1008356 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=1008356 |s2cid=145002405}}</ref>
|-
|Chug
|Canada
|[[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Canadian aboriginal]] people
|See [[Chugach]] for the native people.
|<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Warman v. Beaumont|reporter=CHRT|court=Canadian Human Rights Commission|year=2007|url=http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=874&lg=_e&isruling|quote=I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20s and $100s I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chukhna]]
|Russia
|Finnic people
|
|<ref name="MackSurina2005">{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Glenn Randall|last2=Surina|first2=Asele|title=Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA103|access-date=10 October 2018|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32773-5|page=103|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013735/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bakich2015">{{cite book|last=Bakich|first=Olga|title=Valerii Pereleshin: The Life of a Silkworm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NBtBwAAQBAJ&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA216|access-date=10 October 2018|year=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4892-0|page=216|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013725/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NBtBwAAQBAJ&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA216#v=snippet&q=Chukhontsy&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:чурка|Churka]] ({{Lang-ru|чурка}})
|Russia
|Western and Central Asians
|1. Chock of wood<ref name="Dahl-Churka">{{cite book |last1=И |first1=Даль В. |title=Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка |date=10 November 2014 |publisher=Directmedia |isbn=978-5-4475-0719-0 |page=7415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7415 |language=ru |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220084816/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7415 |url-status=live }}</ref> 2. Ignorant person<ref name="Dahl-Churka" />
|<ref name="Faller2011"/>
|-
|Ciapaty, ciapak
|Poland
|[[Middle Eastern]], [[North African]], [[South Asian]], and [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] people.
| Derived from [[chapati]].
|<ref name="Garapich2016">{{cite book|last=Garapich|first=Michal|title=London's Polish Borders: Transnationalizing Class and Ethnicity among Polish Migrants in London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-460CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311|access-date=4 January 2017|date=26 July 2016|publisher=ibidem-Verlag|isbn=978-3-8382-6607-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://natemat.pl/188643,rasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci|language=pl|work=[[naTemat.pl]]|title="Ci cholerni ciapaci". Gdyby polscy rasiści wiedzieli, skąd wzięło się słowo "ciapaty", raczej nigdy by go nie użyli|date=29 August 2016|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080157/http://natemat.pl/188643,rasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Cigányforma
|Hungary
|Persons with the combination of black hair with brown eyes, regardless of ethnicity
|Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy form"
|<ref>Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 251 (1930)</ref>
|-
|Cigány népek
|Hungary
|Ethnic groups or nations where the combination of black hair with brown eyes is dominant
|Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy folks"
|<ref>Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 252 (1930)</ref>
|-
|Cioară
|[[Romania]]
|[[Romani people]] and [[Black people]]
|Means [[crow]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dexonline.ro/intrare/cioar%C4%83/10448|title=Dexonline|website=Dexonline.ro|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928231626/https://dexonline.ro/intrare/cioar%C4%83/10448|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[China–Indonesia relations#Tiongkok|Cina]] / Cokin
|Indonesia
|Chinese people
|Use in media has been banned since 2014 under Keppres (''Keputusan Presiden'', lit. Presidential Decree) No. 12 of 2014, replaced by ''Tiongkok'' (from Zhongguo 中国) or Tionghoa (from Zhonghua 中华). The Keppres even bans use of "China" in media and formal use.
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Rastika|first=Icha|date=19 March 2014|title=Presiden SBY Ganti Istilah "China" Menjadi "Tionghoa"|trans-title=President SBY changes term "China" into "Tionghoa"|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/03/19/1458446/Presiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.|language=id|work=Kompas.com|location=Jakarta|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712005904/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/03/19/1458446/Presiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/18/93/42189372626348570380267654218017959519/silesr2011_028.pdf |title=Chinese in Indonesia: A Background Study |first1=Hermanto |last1=Lim |first2=David |last2=Mead |publisher=SIL International |year=2011 |page=5 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports |id=2011-028 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711210923/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/18/93/42189372626348570380267654218017959519/silesr2011_028.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Coconut (slur)|Coconut]]
|rowspan="3"|United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia
|Hispanics/Latinos, South/Southeast Asians
|Named after the [[coconut]], in the American sense, it derives from the fact that a coconut is brown on the outside and white on the inside. A person of Hispanic/Latino or South/Southeast Asian descent who is seen as being assimilated into white American culture.
|<ref name="Nagayama Hall"/><ref name="López-Rodríguez">{{cite journal |last=López-Rodríguez |first=Irene |title=Are We What We Eat? Food Metaphors in the Conceptualization of Ethnic Groups |journal=Linguistik Online |date=2014 |volume=69 |issue=7 |page=21 |doi=10.13092/lo.69.1655 |issn=1615-3014 |citeseerx=10.1.1.997.9717}}</ref><ref name="Tu"/>
|-
|South Asians
|A [[brown person]] of South Asian descent is perceived as fully assimilated into [[Western culture]].
|<ref name="bbcAsianPoll">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6921534.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808051518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6921534.stm|url-status=live|title=Many Asians 'do not feel British' |date=30 July 2007|archive-date=8 August 2007|access-date=29 January 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="bbcSpeechCrime">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8771721.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701045124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8771721.stm|url-status=live|title=The rules of speech crime|last=Coleman|first=Clive|date=29 June 2010|archive-date=1 July 2010|access-date=29 January 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="guardianCocoRow">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/29/coconut-row-racial-identity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915012927/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/29/coconut-row-racial-identity|url-status=live|last=Muir|first=High|date=29 June 2010|archive-date=15 September 2013|access-date=29 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=Hideously diverse Britain: Understanding the 'coconut' row}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pacific Islander]]
|
|<ref>{{cite book|last= Orsman|first=H. W.|title=The Dictionary of New Zealand English|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Auckland|isbn= 978-0-19-558347-2}}</ref>
|-
|Coño
|Chile
|[[Spanish people]]
| Used in to refer to Spanish people given the perception that they recurrently use the vulgar interjection ''coño'' (lit. "cunt").
|<ref name="plath-58-59">{{Cite book |title=Folklore chileno |last=Plath |first=Oreste |publisher=Editorial Nascimiento |year=1979 |location=Santiago, Chile |pages=58–59 |language=Spanish |author-link=Oreste Plath}}</ref>
|-
|[[Coolie]]
|United States, Canada
|[[Asian people|Asian]] people, usually [[Chinese people|Chinese]], and [[Indo-Caribbean]] people
|Unskilled Asian laborer (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin "苦力" ''ku li'' or Hindi ''kuli'', "day laborer." Also racial epithet for [[Indo-Caribbean]] people, especially in [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[South African Indians]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm |title=Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220033539/http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bayor |first=Ronald H. |date=31 July 2011 |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&q=indo%20guyanese%20coolie&pg=PP1 |volume=2 |publisher=Greenwood |page=882 |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013736/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&q=indo%20guyanese%20coolie&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{Anchor|Coon}}Coon
|United States, Commonwealth
|Black people
|Slur popularized by [[Coon song]]s played at [[Minstrel show]]. Originally associated in the 1830s with the U.S. [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] who used a raccoon as their emblem. The Whigs were more tolerant towards blacks than other main parties. After the party folded the term "coon" evolved from political slang into a racial slur. Within African American communities, the word has been used to refer to a black person who is allegedly a "sellout".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Van Jones on being called a 'sellout': 'I'm more worried about outcomes than outrage' |url=https://thegrio.com/2019/11/27/heres-how-van-jones-feels-about-being-called-a-sellout-over-his-criminal-justice-politicking/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127020909/https://thegrio.com/2019/11/27/heres-how-van-jones-feels-about-being-called-a-sellout-over-his-criminal-justice-politicking/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Staging Race — Karen Sotiropoulos |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674027602 |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=15 March 2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02760-2 |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132707/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674027602 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|coon |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/scripts/sia/gallery.cgi?collection=slavetrade |title=Slavery in America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213145902/http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/scripts/sia/gallery.cgi?collection=slavetrade |archive-date=13 February 2008 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Geoffrey |date=26 March 2015 |title=An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7656-1231-1 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014226/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Not Tainted by the Past": Re-Constructions and Negotiations of Coloured Identities Among University Coloured Students in Post-Apartheid South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282259518 |author=Nikolaeva, Sardana |year=2013 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref>
|-
|Australia
|Aboriginal Australian
|
|<ref name="books.google.com">{{harvp|Partridge|2006a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&pg=PA475 475]|loc=Coon}}</ref>
|-
|New Zealand
|Pacific Islander
|
|<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|-
|[[Coonass]], Coon-ass
|United States
|[[Cajun]] people
|Not to be confused with the French ''[[wikt:connasse|connasse]]'', meaning [[cunt]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cajunculture.com/Other/coonass.htm |title=Coonass |publisher=Encyclopedia of Cajun Culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813001331/http://www.cajunculture.com/Other/coonass.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 |access-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|Coreano
|Chile
|Chinese and Japanese people
|
|<ref name=plath-60-61>{{Cite book |title=Folklore chileno |last=Plath |first=Oreste |publisher=Editorial Nascimiento |year=1979 |location=Santiago, Chile |pages=60–61 |language=Spanish |author-link=Oreste Plath}}</ref>
|-
|Cotton picker
|United States
|Individuals of African descent, including [[African-Americans]] and [[Cape Coloureds]] or [[Cape Coloureds|Coloureds]]
|Historically referred to someone who harvested cotton by hand, often used in the context of American slavery when enslaved black people were forced to pick cotton on plantations. The phrase originally referred to the actual occupation of picking cotton on plantations in the American South, but that it later became a racial slur used to denigrate people of [[Demographics of Africa|African]] descent, including [[African-Americans]] and [[Cape Coloureds]] or [[Cape Coloureds|Coloureds]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heartfm.co.za/news/more-racism-allegations-at-curro-school/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206012727/https://www.heartfm.co.za/news/more-racism-allegations-at-curro-school/|archive-date=6 December 2022|title=More racism allegations at Curro school|website=Heart FM|access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/cotton-picking-cotton-picker|title=Cotton Picking, Cotton Picker|website=Word Origins|date=19 March 2020|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085155/https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/cotton-picking-cotton-picker|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything|title=The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything|website=Discover Magazine|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085152/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cracker (pejorative)|Cracker]]
|United States
|White people, especially poor Appalachian and Southern people
|Entered general use in the United States as a pejorative for white people, though may be used neutrally or positively in context. Can specifically refer to white settlers, as with [[Florida cracker|Florida]] or [[Georgia cracker]]s.
|<ref>Cash W. J. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVOiYcStbmIC&dq=cash+%22The+Mind+of+the+South%22+cracker&pg=PA35 The Mind of the South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVOiYcStbmIC&dq=cash+%22The+Mind+of+the+South%22+cracker&pg=PA35 |date=5 April 2023 }}'' (Knopf, 1941).</ref><ref>Ste. Claire, Dana (2006). ''Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History''. University Press of Florida.</ref>
|-
|Crow
|United States
|Black people
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&pg=PA517 517]|loc=Crow}}</ref>
|-
|Crucco (m.), crucca (f.)
|Italy
|[[Germans|German]] people
|The name was firstly given during the [[First World War]] to the troops of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] of [[Croatians|Croatian]] and [[Slovenians|Slovenian]] ethnicity. Later the term was used to indicate the Germans.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=crucco in Vocabolario – Treccani|publisher=[[Enciclopedia Treccani]]|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/crucco/|access-date=24 May 2020|language=it|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731024307/http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/crucco/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Culchie]]
|Ireland
|Rural Irish people
|Applied by townspeople or city folk as a condescending or pejorative reference to people from rural areas.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=Dolan |first1=T. P. |title=Culchie |dictionary=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English |date=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhibe0000dola_g9w6/mode/1up?q=%22culchie+kaltfis%22 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7171-4039-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Beresford |first1=Jack |title=Irish term 'culchie' may be banned from Scrabble for being 'offensive or derogatory' |url=https://www.irishpost.com/news/irish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935 |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=The Irish Post |date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608191833/https://www.irishpost.com/news/irish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Curepí
|Paraguay
|[[Argentines]]
|A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina, it means "pig's skin".
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: por qué a los argentinos les dicen "curepíes" |url=https://www.infobae.com/2009/09/09/471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies/ |work=Infobae |date=9 September 2009 |language=es-ES |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722225252/https://www.infobae.com/2009/09/09/471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies/ |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diccionario Latinoamericano de la Lengua Española; curepí |url=http://untref.edu.ar/diccionario/buscar.php?q=218&p=curep%C3%AD |publisher=National University of Tres de Febrero |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730205750/http://untref.edu.ar/diccionario/buscar.php?q=218&p=curep%C3%AD |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Curry-muncher
|Australia, Africa, New Zealand, United States, Canada
|[[South Asian People]]
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallapragada |first1=Madhavi |date=1 August 2014 |title=Virtual Homelands: Indian Immigrants and Online Cultures in the United States (The Asian American Experience) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7FXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=28–30 |isbn=978-0-252-08022-7 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cushi]], Kushi (כושי)
|Israel
|Dark-skinned people
|Term originated from Kushite, referring to an individual from the Ancient [[Kingdom of Kush]]. This was also mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]] generally used to refer to people usually of [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] [[Cultural heritage|descent]]. Originally merely descriptive, in present-day [[Israel]] it increasingly assumed a pejorative connotation and is regarded as insulting by [[Ethiopian Jews in Israel|Ethiopian Israelis]]; and by non-Jewish, [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n migrant workers and asylum seekers in Israel.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Winer |first=Stuart |date=23 December 2012 |title=Israeli boss who mistreated, demeaned Ethiopian-born worker ordered to pay up |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up |newspaper=[[Times of Israel]] |access-date=12 April 2015 |quote=Court awards NIS 71,000 in compensation to Awaka Yosef, whose employer cut his salary and called him 'kushi' |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200648/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Czarnuch (m.), czarnucha (f.)
|Poland
|Black people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=czarnuch |url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/czarnuch.html |website=Sjp.pwn.pl |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=pl |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515170847/https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/czarnuch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==D==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|rowspan=1|[[wikt:dago|Dago]], Dego
|United States, Commonwealth
|[[Italians]], [[Spaniards]], [[Greeks]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] or [[Maltese people]]; in the United States, primarily used for Italians and people of Italian descent
|Possibly derived from the Spanish name "[[Diego]]"
|<ref>Oxford Advanced Leaner's English–Chinese Dictionary (published in 1987), p. 292.</ref><ref>It is used in the American film ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'' (2008) by the character Field Marshal [[Wilhelm Keitel]] (portrayed by [[Kenneth Cranham]]) who says that some officer should "shoot that dago bastard" (meaning Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]])</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HYBRID: "My kids are still called dagoes": historical responses to an irksome racial slur |date=1 September 2022 |website=YouTube.com |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPimgShlI9I |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPimgShlI9I |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carabott |first1=Sarah |title='Animal-like parasites' – How Maltese were treated in Australia before WWII |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/animallike-parasites-how-maltese-treated-australia-wwii.1056997 |work=[[Times of Malta]] |date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924095121/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/animallike-parasites-how-maltese-treated-australia-wwii.1056997 |archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Dal Khor
|Pakistan
|Indians and Pakistanis (specifically [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]])
|The term literally translates to "[[dal]] eater", connoting the supposedly higher emphasis on [[Legume|pulses]] and vegetables in the diet of countryside Punjabis.
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tikekar |first1=Maneesha |date=1 January 2004 |title=Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PP1 |edition=2 |publisher=Promilla |page=95 |isbn=978-81-85002-34-7 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014355/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Dalle, Batak Dalle
|Indonesia
|[[Batak|Batak people]]
|Dalle is a pejorative which means "Batak people who can't speak Batak" or "Batak people who don't (want to) know about Batak culture"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=TobaTabo |title=Arti dan Asal Usul Sebutan Dalle Di Tengah Masyarakat Batak |url=https://www.tobatabo.com/294+apakah-arti-sebenarnya-sebutan-untuk-batak-dalle.htm |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Tobatabo.com |language=id |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509082037/https://www.tobatabo.com/294+apakah-arti-sebenarnya-sebutan-untuk-batak-dalle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninna.ID |date=2021-12-20 |title=Batak Dalle dan Batak Sejati |url=https://www.ninna.id/batak-dalle-dan-batak-sejati/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Ninna.id |language=id |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507145032/https://www.ninna.id/batak-dalle-dan-batak-sejati/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="'nBASIS">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-09 |last=Siregar |first=Shohibul Anshor |title=BATAK DALLE |url=https://nbasis.wordpress.com/2018/07/09/batak-dalle/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website='nBASIS |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510112914/https://nbasis.wordpress.com/2018/07/09/batak-dalle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|darky / darkey / darkie
|Worldwide
|Black people
|According to lexicographer Richard A. Spears, the word "darkie" used to be considered mild and polite, before it took on a derogatory and provocative meaning.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/darky#m_en_us1238378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104184319/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/darky#m_en_us1238378 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=AskOxford: darky |website=Oxforddictionaries.com|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>{{sfnp|Spears|1990|p=49}}
|-
|[[DEI]] / DEI hire
|United States
|Women and Black people
|The term is sometimes used to imply that women and Black people are inherently unqualified for positions of power, and that they can only get jobs through [[tokenism]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Khaleda |date=2024-03-30 |title=Is DEI a racial slur? Rise in term outrages Black Americans |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dei-racial-slur-black-americans-1884034 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Warfield |first=Rafiel Deon |date=2024-08-01 |title=The Right Is Trying to Turn "DEI" Into a Slur. Don't Let Them. |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/08/trump-v-harris-republicans-dei-slur.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>
|-
|Dhoti
|Nepal
|[[Indian people|Indian]] or [[Madheshi people]]
|As reference to their indigenous clothing [[Dhoti]] worn by people of Indian subcontinent.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lies We Told Ourselves About Budhanilkantha School |date=11 June 2020 |website=Madhesi Youth |url=https://www.madhesiyouth.com/opinion/lies-we-told-ourselves-about-budhanilkantha-school/ |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715152506/https://www.madhesiyouth.com/opinion/lies-we-told-ourselves-about-budhanilkantha-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Dink
|United States
|Southeast Asian, particularly [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] people.
|Origin: 1965–70, Americanism. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. (Note: If rendered in [[All caps|ALL CAPS]], then [[DINK]] may be the benign lifestyle acronym for ''[[DINK|dual-income, no kids]]'' [a couple with two incomes and no child-raising expenses])
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dink |title=dink |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082053/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dink |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Dogan, dogun
|Canada
|[[Irish Catholic]]s
|19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from ''Dugan'', an Irish surname.
|<ref>"Dogan", Barber, [Accessed 7 May 2006].</ref>
|-
|Dothead, Dot
|United States
|[[Hindu]] women
|In reference to the [[bindi (decoration)|bindi]].
|<ref>{{cite book|title=New Cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the US|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/newcosmopolitani00raja|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/newcosmopolitani00raja/page/n159 145]|author1=Gita Rajan|author2=Shailja Sharma|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5280-0}}</ref><ref name="Walton1999">{{cite book|last=Walton|first=Mary|title=Car: A Drama of the American Workplace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xmDzzNiwiUC&pg=PA336|access-date=13 December 2016|year=1999|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-31861-6|page=336}}</ref>
|-
|Dune coon
|United States
|[[Arab]]ian people
|equivalent of ''sand nigger'' (below).
|{{sfnp|Doane|Bonilla-Silva|2003|p=124}}{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|page=72}}
|}

==E==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Eight ball, 8ball
|
|Black people
|Referring to the black ball in [[pool (cue sports)|pool]]. Slang, usually used disparagingly.
|<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/harlemrenaissanc0000unse_e6u5/page/430/mode/1up |page=420 |editor=Bruce Kellner |title=The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era|location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-313-23232-9 }}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:Engelsman|Engelsman]]
|South Africa
|[[White South Africans]] of [[British people|British]] descent whose first language is [[English language|English]]
|[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]: Englishman. A derogatory term used to refer to [[white South Africans]] of [[British people|British]] descent whose first language is [[English language|English]]. This is due to [[History|historical]] and [[Culture|cultural]] tensions between [[English-speaking world|English-speaking]] and [[Afrikaans-speaking population of South Africa|Afrikaans-speaking]] white South Africans, which were fueled by [[British Empire|British colonialism]] and [[Apartheid legislation|apartheid policies]]. Some Afrikaans-speaking people view the English-speaking minority as elitist and condescending, and the use of the term "Engelsman" reflects these attitudes.
|<ref>Bownes, Glenn "The Calatas, Cradock... and a Crime Against Humanity." News24, 23 May 2018, https://www.news24.com/life/books/the-calatas-cradock-and-a-crime-against-humanity-20180523 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307070749/https://www.news24.com/life/books/the-calatas-cradock-and-a-crime-against-humanity-20180523 |date=7 March 2023 }} Accessed 7 Mar. 2023.</ref>
|-
|Eyetie
|United States, United Kingdom
|[[Italians|Italian]] people
|Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian". Slang usually used disparagingly (especially during World War II).
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861814296/eyetie.html |title=Eyetie definition – Dictionaries – ninemsn Encarta |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524181433/https://www.webcitation.org/5kx52Sjkb?url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861814296/eyetie.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Green481">{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA481 p. 481]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dalzell|2018 |loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA10-PA1925 "Eyetie"]}}
|}

==F==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Fankui]], fan-kui, fangui, gui-zi, guizi, gui
|Chiefly Southeast Asia
|Non-Chinese native people of Southeast Asia
|These words (and any variations of it) are extremely derogatory, since it means anyone other than Chinese have terrible attitude and uncivilised idiots. (Gui or Guizi itself means demon)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0529/cs4.html|title=CNN Asiaweek: How Indonesian Am I?|website=CNN Asia|access-date=March 2, 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302001411/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0529/cs4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chee|first1=Harold |last2=West |first2=Chris |chapter=The Chinese are irrationally xenophobic|date=2007|title=Myths About Doing Business in China|pages=75–84 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230286771_7|isbn=978-0-230-28677-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uyPDwAAQBAJ&q=uncivilized+tribes+guizi&pg=PA227|title=Inspiration|last=Bonnet|first=Robert|date=2019-04-02|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|isbn=978-1-64424-110-3|language=en|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014154/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uyPDwAAQBAJ&q=uncivilized+tribes+guizi&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q=uncivilized%20tribes%20guizi&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lafay">{{cite book |title=The Chinese Have a Word for It: The Complete Guide to Chinese Thought and Culture |last=Lafayette De Mente |first=Boyé |year=2000 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Professional|McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=978-0-658-01078-1 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx8AC_d3lWgC&q=Lafayette+De+Mente,+Boy%C3%A9.+The+Chinese+Have+a+Word+for+It:+The+Complete+Guide+to+Chinese+Thought+and+Culture,&pg=PR1 |access-date=2 March 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014203/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx8AC_d3lWgC&q=Lafayette+De+Mente,+Boy%C3%A9.+The+Chinese+Have+a+Word+for+It:+The+Complete+Guide+to+Chinese+Thought+and+Culture,&pg=PR1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Farang]] khi nok
|Thailand
|Poor white people
|Is slang commonly used as an insult to a person of white race, equivalent to [[white trash]], as ''khi'' means [[feces]] and ''nok'' means bird, referring to the white color of bird-droppings.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81|title=ฝรั่งขี้นก คืออะไร แปลภาษา แปลว่า หมายถึง (พจนานุกรมไทย-ไทย ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน)|website=Dictionary.sanook.com|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220031130/http://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fenian]]
|Northern Ireland, Scotland
|[[Irish Catholics]]
|Derived from the [[Fenian Brotherhood]].
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7206891.stm|title=Police outlaw 'fenians and huns'|publisher=BBC|date=24 January 2008|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017075927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7206891.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[:ru:Дети фестиваля|Festival children]] ({{Lang-ru|Дети фестиваля}})
|USSR (from late 1950s)
|Children of mixed ancestry, usually with a father who is [[black people|black]] or (more rarely) other non-European origins
|It is believed that the first noticeable appearance of black and mixed-ancestry children appeared after the [[6th World Festival of Youth and Students]] of 1957. The term was often used ironically and sometimes in a mildly derogatory fashion.
This term is currently not used.
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=Карелия N 42 (21 апреля 2005): КАК ЭТО БЫЛО: Дети фестиваля |url=http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1320/19.html |access-date=19 February 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909194819/http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1320/19.html |archive-date=9 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2007|title=А БЫЛ ЛИ ЧЕРНЫЙ МАЛЬЧИК?|url=https://www.trud.ru/article/14-07-2007/118378_a_byl_li_chernyj_malchik.html|access-date=19 February 2022|website=Trud.ru|language=ru-RU|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219142129/https://www.trud.ru/article/14-07-2007/118378_a_byl_li_chernyj_malchik.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Feuj ([[verlan]] for juif)
|France
|[[Jewish]] people
|
|<ref name="Wieviorka2007">{{cite book|last=Wieviorka|first=Michel|author-link=Michel Wieviorka|title=The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivOvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|access-date=2 September 2017|date=21 September 2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden; Boston|isbn=978-90-474-2183-2|page=15}}</ref>
|-
|Fidschi([[:de:Fidschi (Schimpfwort)|de]])
|East Germany
|East or Southeast Asian people, particularly Vietnamese people
|German for [[Fiji]], used to refer to anyone who looks East or Southeast Asian, particularly those of Vietnamese origin.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Pamo |title=Warum ich das nicht mehr hören will: "Fidschi" |url=https://www.belltower.news/warum-ich-das-nicht-mehr-hoeren-will-fidschi-30118/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Belltower.News |date=13 November 2008 |language=de-DE |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123043636/https://www.belltower.news/warum-ich-das-nicht-mehr-hoeren-will-fidschi-30118/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Fjellabe
|Denmark
|[[Norwegians|Norwegian]] people
|Means mountain ape. Jocularly used by Danes mostly in sports. From the 1950s. Norway is mountainous while Denmark is flat without mountains.
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://studenttorget.no/index.php?show=3934&expand=3796,3929,3930,3934&artikkelid=14270|title=Studenttorget, Utdanning i Danmark|access-date=19 April 2020|language=no|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015205/https://studenttorget.no/index.php?show=3934&expand=3796,3929,3930,3934&artikkelid=14270|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Flip
|United States
|Filipino people
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Schneiler |first=Robert J. |year=2008 |title=Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the United States Naval Academy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiJFC4P52f8C&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&pg=PA211 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-000-4 |page=211 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014206/https://books.google.com/books?id=OiJFC4P52f8C&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&pg=PA211#v=snippet&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Franchute
|Chile
|[[French people]]
|
|<ref name=plath-58-59/>
|-
|Frenk
|Ashkenazi Jews
|Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews
|Derived from [[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Franks (as a reference to Western Europeans)]], due to the fact Sephardi Jews are [[Judaeo-Spanish]] speakers.
|<ref>Batya Shimony (2011) On "Holocaust Envy" in Mizrahi Literature, Dapim:Studies on the Holocaust, 25:1, 239-271, DOI: 10.1080/23256249.2011.10744411. Page 241: "''Frenk'' [a pejorative slang term for Mizrahi]"</ref>
|-
|[[Fritz]], {{abbr|fricc|United Kingdom, France, Hungary}}, {{abbr|fryc|Poland}}, {{abbr|фриц|Russia}}, {{abbr|fricis|Latvia}}
|United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Latvia
|German people
|from ''Friedrich'' (Frederick).
|<ref>''Grand Dictionnaire'' (Larousse: 1993) p. 397; Polish Language Dictionary: {{cite web |url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630 |title=Fritz |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141450/http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630 |archive-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&pg=PA805 805]|loc=Fritz}}</ref>
|-
|Frog{{anchor|Frog}}, Froggy, Frogeater, Froschfresser
|Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Germany
|[[Dutch people|Dutch]] people (formerly) [[French people|French]] and [[French Canadian]] people (currently)
|Before the 19th century, referred to the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] (as they were stereotyped as being [[marsh]]-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet was transferred to them, because of the French penchant for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term ''[[wikt:rosbif|Rosbif]]''). Also known in Slavic countries, but only towards the (mainland) French, see Polish ''żabojad'', Ukrainian ''zhaboyid'' (жабоїд), Russian ''lyagushatnik'' (лягушатник); as well as in Basque ''frantximant''.
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&q=french&pg=PA806 806]|loc=Frog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2913151.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=3 April 2003 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222074900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2913151.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=żabojad – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia|url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/%C5%BCabojad.html|access-date=19 February 2022|website=Sjp.pwn.pl|language=pl|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219142130/https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/%C5%BCabojad.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwds.de/?q=Froschfresser|title=Froschfresser – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Beispiele|website=DWDS|access-date=6 October 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190252/https://www.dwds.de/?q=Froschfresser|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fuzzy-Wuzzy]]
|United Kingdom
|[[Hadendoa]] people
|Term used to refer to the [[Hadendoa]] warriors in the 19th century, in reference to their elaborate hairstyles. Not applicable in Australia, see [[Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocaching.com/track/details.aspx?guid=b2d06dfe-0f70-41bf-a455-c016c6ef63e6|title=(TB60ZM7) Travel Bug Dog Tag – Bear-Fuzzy Wuzzy TB|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530093718/http://www.geocaching.com/track/details.aspx?guid=b2d06dfe-0f70-41bf-a455-c016c6ef63e6|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==G==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Gabacho]]
|Spain, Chile
|[[French people]]
|From [[Occitan language|Occitan]] ''gavach'' meaning "one who speaks wrong."
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dle.rae.es/|title=gabacho, cha|last=ASALE|first=RAE-|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario|language=es|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118205323/http://dle.rae.es/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="plath-58-59"/>
|-
|Mexico
|[[American people]], French people
|Neutral or pejorative depending on context.
|<ref name="Gabacho">{{cite web|url=https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/gabacho|title=Gabacho|last=|first=|website=Diccionario del español de México|language=es|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116020638/https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/gabacho|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Gabel
|Albania, Kosovo
|[[Romani people]]
|Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "Maxhup"
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=Udhëtim nëpër fjalorin e Kosovës |url=https://telegrafi.com/udhetim-neper-fjalorin-e-kosoves/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Telegrafi |language=sq |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223095316/https://telegrafi.com/udhetim-neper-fjalorin-e-kosoves/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|Gadjo]]
|
|Non-[[Romani people|Romani]] people
|Technically a term for a person who does not possess [[Romanipen]], it usually refers to non-Romanis and Romanis who do not live within Romani culture.
|<ref>{{cite journal |last= Maučec |first= Gregor |date= 2013 |title= Identifying and Changing Stereotypes Between Roma and Non-Roma: From Theory to Practice |url= https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9201/3281ffcc9c2aeeb61076eeec31de29c7ed44.pdf |journal= Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |doi= 10.12959/ISSN.1855-0541.IIASS-2013-NO3-ART10 |s2cid= 15332701 |access-date= 2022-12-13 |archive-date= 13 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123556/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9201/3281ffcc9c2aeeb61076eeec31de29c7ed44.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gaijin]] (外人)
|Japan
|Foreigners, espesically those of non-East Asian origin
|
|<ref>{{cite book|title=The Melanin Millennium: Skin Color as 21st Century International Discourse|page=50|publisher=Springer Shop|first=Ronald E.|last=Hall}}</ref>
|-
|Galla
|Ethiopia
|[[Oromo people]] or others in [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]]
|Used since 1670
|<ref name="Collins_Galla" /><ref name="MWebster_Galla" />
|-
|Gam, Gammat
|South Africa
|[[Cape Coloureds|Cape Coloured]] or [[Cape Coloured|Coloured]] people
|It means "a person who is low or of inferior status" in Afrikaans.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/gammat/e02547|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201182328/https://dsae.co.za/entry/gammat/e02547|archive-date=1 December 2020|title=gammat|website=Dictionary of South African English|access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mzansitaal.co.za/terms/gam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926092936/https://www.mzansitaal.co.za/terms/gam/|archive-date=26 September 2020|title=gam|website=Mzansi Taal - Online Dictionary of Township Lingo|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>
|-
|Gans (Ганс)
|USSR
|[[German people]], or more uncommonly [[Latvian people]]
|The term originated among the [[Red Army|Soviet troops]] in [[World War II]], coming from Russified form of the German [[first name]] [[Hans (name)|Hans]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://providus.lv/article/benzins-uguni-naida-kurinasana-latvija |first=Dina |last=Gailīte |publisher=Providus |title=Benzīns ugunī – naida kurināšana Latvijā |date=17 May 2005 |language=lv |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174932/http://providus.lv/article/benzins-uguni-naida-kurinasana-latvija |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rislakki|first=Jukka|author-link=Jukka Rislakki|year=2008|title=The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation |title-link=The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation |publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yXANj6Y_7goC&q=gansi&pg=PA79 79]|isbn=978-90-420-2424-3|quote=the common derogatory name Russians call Latvians is ''gansi'', (from the name Hans)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vesture/latvijas-astronomiska-rusifikacija.a274717/ |first=Ķibilds |last=Mārtiņš |publisher=[[Latvijas Sabiedriskais medijs]] |work=Atslēgas |title=Latvijas astronomiskā rusifikācija |date=12 March 2018 |language=lv |quote=Krievu bērni latviešus saUnited Kingdomāja par gansiem jeb hansiem – tātad vāciešiem. |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185936/https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vesture/latvijas-astronomiska-rusifikacija.a274717/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Garoi
|[[Romania]]
|[[Romani people]]
|It means [[crow]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/garoi|title=Dexonline|website=Dexonline.ro|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930183041/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/garoi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Geomdung-i (검둥이)
|South Korea
|Black people
|[[Korean language|Korean]] for [[#coon|coon]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wordreference.com/enko/coon|title=coon|website=WordReference.com|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304112645/https://www.wordreference.com/enko/coon|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Gexhë
|[[Kosovo]]
|[[Serbs]] of [[Šumadija]]
|Derogatory expression for the [[Serbs]] of southern Serbia, of [[Šumadija]].
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Gin
|Australia
|[[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] woman
|
|{{harvp|Moore|2004|loc="gin"}}
|-
|Gin jockey
|Australia
|White people
| A white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman.
|<ref>{{harvp|Wilkes|1978|pp=155–156}}</ref>
|-
|Godon
|France
|English people
|An antiquated pejorative expression. Possibly a corruption of "God-damn".
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Ullmann |first1=Stephen |title=Anglicisms in French-Notes on Their Chronology, Range, and Reception |journal=PMLA |date=December 1947 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1155–1156 |doi=10.2307/459155 |publisher=Modern Language Association|jstor=459155 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Foulsham |first1=Martha |last2=Gunther |first2=G. |last3=Ryan |first3=John S. |title=Stand Up the Real Maid: The St Joan Theme in Selected Modern English Language and European Authors |date=1992 |page=[https://rune.une.edu.au/web/bitstream/1959.11/17771/1/open/SOURCE08.pdf 231] |chapter-url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/17771 |language=en |chapter=Appendix 1 Godams (Thesis, part 5) |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717082016/https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/17771 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Golliwog]]
|United States, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand
|Darkskinned people, especially African-Caribbeans
|An expression which originally was a children's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually came to be used as a jibe against people with dark skin.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7868401.stm |title=Thatcher axed by BBC's One Show |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=1 November 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7868401.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gook]], Gook-eye, Gooky
|United States
|East and Southeast Asians, but particularly Koreans
|The earliest recorded example is dated 1920. Used especially for enemy soldiers. Its use has been traced to [[United States Marines]] serving in the [[Philippines]] in the early 20th century. It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars.
|<ref name=Seligman>Seligman, Herbert J., "The Conquest of Haiti", ''The Nation'', 10 July 1920.</ref><ref name=gook>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gook |title=gook |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927152608/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gook |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Pearson>{{cite web |url=http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/gook.htm |title=Gook |author=Pearson, Kim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715135648/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/gook.htm |archive-date=15 July 2008 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Goombah]]
|United States
|Italian people, Italian-Americans
|Initially applied to Italian or Italian-American men in general, it now also specifically carries connotations of stereotypical vulgar machismo and [[Italian Mafia]] or [[Italian-American Mafia]] involvement among ethnic Italians and Italian-Americans. However, "goombah" is also used among Italian-Americans themselves to refer to a friend or comrade; the word becomes pejorative mostly when used by a non-Italian to refer to an ethnic Italian or Italian-American in a derogatory or patronizing way rather than as a friendly term of address among Italian-Americans. Originates from the [[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] word ''cumpa'' or ''cumpari'' and the [[Standard Italian]] equivalent, ''compare'', meaning "godfather".
|<ref name="usatodayiaconis">{{cite web |last1=Iaconis |first1=Rosario A. |title=Oscars 2019: 'Green Book' shows Hollywood's blatant contempt for Italian-Americans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/02/23/oscars-green-book-hollywood-anti-italian-stereotypes-column/2916706002/ |website=USA Today |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112171029/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/02/23/oscars-green-book-hollywood-anti-italian-stereotypes-column/2916706002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Gora ({{lang|hi|गोरा}}, {{lang|ur|گورا}}), Goro ({{lang|ne|गोरो}})
|India
|Europeans and other light-skinned people
|The word ''gorā'' simply means "fair-skinned" in [[Hindi]] and other Indo-Aryan languages, derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''gaura'' (गौर "white, shining"). However, it has recently been used as a racial epithet for [[White people]]. "Gori" is the feminine form.
|<ref name="gora">{{cite web |title=Is it still okay to use the word 'gora'? |url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16312160.still-okay-use-word-gora/ |website=Asian Image |access-date=5 August 2023 |language=en |date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805214407/https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16312160.still-okay-use-word-gora/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|last1=Forbes |first1=Duncan |title=gora |dictionary=A Dictionary, Hindustani and English: to which added a revised part, English and Hindustani |date=1848 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen, London |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01711/page/447/mode/1up?q=%22yf+gora%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|last1=Turner |first1=Ralph Lilley |title=goro |dictionary=A Comparative And Etymological Dictionary Of The Nepali Language |date=1931 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120366/page/n170/mode/1up?q=%22vfYTf+goro%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillespie |first1=Marie |title=Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-86293-1 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeOJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805214405/https://books.google.com/books?id=FeOJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Goy]], Goyim, Goyum
|Hebrew
|Non-Jewish people
|A [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew biblical]] term for "Nation" or "People". By [[Roman empire|Roman times]] it had also acquired the meaning of "non-Jew". In English, use may be benign, to refer to anyone who isn't Jewish, or controversial, as it can have [[pejorative]] connotations.
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm#Goyim |title= Jewish Attitudes Toward Non-Jews |last= Rich |first= Tracey R. |website= Judaism 101 |access-date= 12 April 2015 |quote= There is nothing inherently insulting about the word 'goy.' In fact, the Torah occasionally refers to the Jewish people using the term 'goy.' Most notably, in Exodus 19:6, G-d {{sic}} says that the Children of Israel will be 'a kingdom of priests and a holy nation', that is, a goy kadosh. Because Jews have had so many bad experiences with anti-Semitic non-Jews over the centuries, the term 'goy' has taken on some negative connotations, but in general the term is no more insulting than the word 'gentile.' |archive-date= 26 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075509/http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm#Goyim |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wolfthal |first=Diane |date=July 2004 |title=Picturing Yiddish: Gender, Identity, and Memory in the Illustrated Yiddish Books of Renaissance Italy |url=https://archive.org/details/picturingyiddish00wolf |url-access=limited |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |page=[https://archive.org/details/picturingyiddish00wolf/page/n84 59] |isbn=978-90-04-13905-3 |quote=The word goy means literally "nation", but has come to mean "Gentile", sometimes with a derogatory connotation.}}</ref>
|-
|Grago, Gragok (shrimp)
|
|[[Eurasian]]s, [[Kristang people]]
|A term for [[Eurasian]]s, and specifically for the [[Kristang people]] of [[Malaysia]], many of whom were traditionally engaged in shrimp fishing. It often has pejorative connotations, especially when used by outsiders, though in recent generations members of the community have to some degree tried to reclaim the term.
|<ref>{{cite web |first=Julian |last=Wong |date=9 September 2017 |title=When Exactly Can You Call an Eurasian a 'Grago'? |website=Rice |url=https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-life-when-exactly-can-you-call-an-eurasian-a-grago |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525093911/https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-life-when-exactly-can-you-call-an-eurasian-a-grago }}</ref>
|-
|Greaseball, [[Greaser (derogatory)|Greaser]]
|United States
|[[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]/[[Southern European]] and [[Hispanic]] people, and especially [[Italian people]].
|''Greaseball'' often generally refers to Italians or a person of Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of ''greaseball'' to refer to Italians, ''greaser'' has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or [[Mexican American]]s. However, ''greaseball'' (and to a lesser extent, ''greaser'') can also refer to any person of [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]/[[Southern European]] descent or [[Hispanic]] descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roediger |first=David R. |date=8 August 2006 |title=Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3HT3ffiexcC&pg=PA42 |publisher=Basic Books |page=42 |isbn=978-0-465-07073-2 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921071138/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3HT3ffiexcC&pg=PA42 |archive-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hughes>{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Geoffrey|title=An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World|date=March 26, 2015|publisher=Routledge|page=259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+slur+%22mediterranean+descent%22&pg=PA259|access-date=2 November 2015|isbn=978-1-317-47678-8|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014209/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+slur+%22mediterranean+descent%22&pg=PA259#v=snippet&q=ethnic%20slur%20%22mediterranean%20descent%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Greaser'' also refer to members of a [[Greaser (subculture)|1950-1960s subculture]] which [[Italian Americans]] and [[Hispanic Americans]] were stereotyped to be a part of. "[[Greaser (subculture)|Greaser]]" in reference to the subculture has taken on a less derogatory connotation since the 1950s.
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Roediger |first=David R. |date=8 August 2006 |title=Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White |url=https://archive.org/details/workingtowardwhi00roed |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/workingtowardwhi00roed/page/42 42] |isbn=978-0-465-07073-2 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Greenhorn
|United States, New England region, especially Massachusetts.
|Portuguese people
|Can also be used in a non-derogatory context when not referring to the Portuguese to mean anyone inexperienced at something.
|<ref>{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Hannah |date=22 January 1998 |title=Ethnic slur was nothing of the sort |url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/sports/1998/01/23/ethnic-slur-was-nothing-sort/50579470007 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014147/https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/sports/1998/01/23/ethnic-slur-was-nothing-sort/50579470007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gringo]]
|Spanish speakers, mostly Latin America
|English speakers
|Sometimes used by [[Latino Americans]]. In Mexico, the term means an [[United States|American]]. Likely from the Spanish word "griego", meaning [[Greeks|Greek]] (similar to the English expression "It's all Greek to me").
|<ref>[http://que-significa.com/significado.php?termino=gringo Que es "gringo" – Significado de "gringo" – que-significa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218035509/http://que-significa.com/significado.php?termino=gringo |date=18 December 2014 }} (Spanish)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gringo |title=Gringo |work=Unabridged (v 1.1) |publisher=Random House Inc. |access-date=5 July 2007 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306035014/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gringo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gringo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228094400/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gringo|archive-date=28 December 2012|title=Gringo |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=gringo footballers in Brazil 2015 |url=http://www.lancenet.com.br/minuto/Confira-gringos-pintar-futebol-brasileiro_0_1268273211.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211075055/http://www.lancenet.com.br/minuto/Confira-gringos-pintar-futebol-brasileiro_0_1268273211.html |archive-date=11 February 2015 |publisher=Lance Net |access-date=10 February 2015 |quote=The word being used for Hispanic American footballers in Brazil. }}</ref>
|-
|Brazil
|Foreigners
|A colloquial neutral term for any foreigner, regardless of race, ethnicity or origin (including Portuguese people), or for a person whose native language is not Portuguese (including people whose native language is Spanish).
|<ref>{{cite web|title=gringo footballers in Brazil 2015 (ESPN)|url=http://espn.uol.com.br/post/467443_conheca-gringos-que-podem-reforcar-times-brasileiros-na-temporada-2015|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=Lance Net|quote=The word being used for Hispanic American footballers in Brazil.|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214205824/http://espn.uol.com.br/post/467443_conheca-gringos-que-podem-reforcar-times-brasileiros-na-temporada-2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 July 2014|title=Expanded "gringo" limit in Brazilian Championship|url=http://doentesporfutebol.com.br/2014/07/novo-limite-faz-numero-de-gringos-aumentar-no-brasil/|access-date=10 February 2015|quote=The word being used by a fan as a synonym of foreigner in the Brazilian Championship.|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730083410/http://www.doentesporfutebol.com.br/2014/07/novo-limite-faz-numero-de-gringos-aumentar-no-brasil/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=turistas gringos|url=http://www.redebomdia.com.br/noticia/detalhe/69817/torcedores-gringos-elogiam-e-reclamam-do-brasil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125230641/http://www.redebomdia.com.br/noticia/detalhe/69817/torcedores-gringos-elogiam-e-reclamam-do-brasil|archive-date=25 January 2016|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=Terra|quote=The word being used for European and Latin American tourists in Brazil.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon gringos|url=http://migramundo.com/2014/06/09/camaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181131/http://migramundo.com/2014/06/09/camaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores/|archive-date=2 December 2014|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=Migra Mundo|quote=Black immigrants from Cameroon play the "Copa Gringos" in Brazil.}}</ref>
|-
|Southern Brazil
|Italian descendants
|A colloquial neutral term for Italian descendants of southern Brazil, specially in [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=O 'gringo' azarão que derrubou o PT e vai governar o RS (Veja)|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/o-gringo-azarao-que-derrubou-o-pt-e-vai-governar-o-rs|access-date=27 October 2014|publisher=Veja|quote=The word being used for an italian-brazilian politician.|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116154229/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/o-gringo-azarao-que-derrubou-o-pt-e-vai-governar-o-rs/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Groid
|United States
|Black people
|Derived from "[[negroid]]".
|<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2009/04/an_accused_cop_killers_politics.html |title=An Accused Cop Killer's Politics |journal=Slate |access-date=1 November 2013 |date=10 April 2009 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113211049/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2009/04/an_accused_cop_killers_politics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Gub, Gubba
|Australia
|White people
|Aboriginal term for white people
|<ref>"Mr Gub ... the white man. The word is the diminutive of garbage." {{harvp|Wilkes|1978|p=167}}</ref>
|-
|[[Guizi]] (鬼子)
|Mainland China
|Non-Chinese
|Basically the same meaning as the term [[gweilo]] used in Hong Kong. More often used when referring foreigners as military enemies, such as ''riben guizi'' (日本鬼子, Japanese devils, because of [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]), ''meiguo guizi'' (美国鬼子, American devils, because of [[Korean War]]).
|<ref>{{cite book |last= Meng |first= Hua |date= 2000 |title= Images of Westerners in Chinese and Japanese Literature |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |page= 25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Abe |first= Yasuhito |date= 2017 |title= Reimagining Riben Guizi: Japanese Tactical Media Performance After the 2010 Senkaku/Diaoyu Boat Collision Incident |url= https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3063/1906 |journal= International Journal of Communication |volume= 11 |page= 345 |access-date= 2022-12-13 |archive-date= 13 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221213114228/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3063/1906 |url-status= live }}</ref> {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Guido (slang)|Guido]], Guidette
|United States
|[[Italian American]]s
|Derives from the [[Italians|Italian]] given name, Guido. Guidette is the female counterpart. Used mostly in the [[Northeastern United States]] as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian Americans.
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13708-2003Jul5.html | author=Libby Copeland | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Strutting Season | date=6 July 2003 | access-date=1 November 2013 | archive-date=31 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131160444/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13708-2003Jul5.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Caryn Brooks, [http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1947338,00.html?xid=rss-topstories "Italian Americans and the G Word: Embrace or Reject?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122101/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1947338,00.html?xid=rss-topstories |date=17 May 2014 }}, ''Time'', 12 December 2009.</ref>
|-
|[[Etymology of Guinea|Guinea]], Ginzo
|
|[[Italians|Italian]] people
|Most likely derived from "[[Etymology of Guinea|Guinea]] Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of [[Guinea]]. The diminutive "Ginzo" probably dates back to World War II and is derived from Australian slang picked up by United States servicemen in the Pacific Theater.
|<ref>{{cite web |author= Erin McKean |year=2005 |work=second edition. Ed. |publisher=The New Oxford American Dictionary |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ginzo |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120731001921/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ginzo |archive-date= 31 July 2012 |title= Definition of 'ginzo' in English |access-date= 1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Gummihals
|[[Switzerland]]
|German people
|Literally "rubber neck"
|<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Heinrich|first1=Marc|last2=Ascona|title=Die Schweizer und ihre Deutschen: Gorillas first|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/euro-2008/deutsches-team/die-schweizer-und-ihre-deutschen-gorillas-first-1543842.html|access-date=19 February 2022|issn=0174-4909|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219143631/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/euro-2008/deutsches-team/die-schweizer-und-ihre-deutschen-gorillas-first-1543842.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gusano (slur)|Gusano]]
|[[Cuba]]
|Cuban exiles after the revolution
|Literally "worm"
|<ref name="Cuban Mass Migration">{{cite journal|last=Aguirre|first=B.E.|date=1994|title=Cuban Mass Migration and the Social Construction of Deviants|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume=13|issue=2|pages=155–183|doi=10.2307/3338273|jstor=3338273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duany |first=Jorge |date=1995 |title=Neither Golden Exile nor Dirty Worm: Ethnic Identity in Recent Cuban-American Novels |journal=Cuban Studies |volume=23 |page=168 |jstor=24487023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duany |first=Jorge |date=1999 |title=Cuban communities in the United States: migration waves, settlement patterns and socioeconomic diversity |url=https://journals.openedition.org/plc/464 |journal=Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe |volume=11 |page=103 |via=OpenEdition Journals |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213125905/https://journals.openedition.org/plc/464 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gweilo]], gwailo, kwai lo (鬼佬)
|Southern Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau
|White men
|Loosely translated as "foreign devil"; more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc". ''Gwei'' means "ghost". The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A ''lo'' is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use.
|<ref name="Morris1997">{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Jan|title=Hong Kong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8szUiCCS0MC|access-date=15 May 2013|date=4 February 1997|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-77648-2|page=63}}</ref>
|-
|Gwer
|North Africa
|White people
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/gwer|title=gwer — Wiktionnaire|website=fr.wiktionary.org|date=28 January 2022|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006164826/https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/gwer|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Gyp/Gip
|
|[[Romani people]]
|Shortened version of "gypsy"
|<ref name="binsider"/>
|-
|[[Gyopo|Gyopo, Kyopo]] (교포)
|[[Korea]]
|Estranged Korean people
|Literally "''sojourner''". A Korean who was born or raised overseas, particularly the United States. (see also ''[[#banana|banana]]'' in this page)
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamers|first=Matthew|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20080325000030|title=Assaulted kyopo claims prejudice|work=Korea Herald|date=4 April 2010|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120110538/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20080325000030|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan"2"|[[Gypsy (term)|Gypsy]], Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp
|United Kingdom, Australia
|[[Egyptian people]] and [[Romani people]]
|Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin.
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="gyppo"}}</ref>
|}

==H==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Hairyback
|South Africa
|[[Afrikaner]]s
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/26/1064083166169.html?from=storyrhs |author=Ruth Wajnryb |title=A hairy area in which to dice with semantics |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 September 2003 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208141059/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/26/1064083166169.html?from=storyrhs |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Hajji]], Hadji, Haji
|United States Military
|[[Iraqis|Iraqi people]]
|May also be used to describe anyone from a predominantly Muslim country. Derived from the honorific ''Al-Hajji'', the title given to a Muslim who has completed the ''[[Hajj]]'' (pilgrimage to Mecca).
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/haji/ |title=Haji definition |date=10 July 2004 |publisher=Double-Tongued Dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704122048/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/haji/ |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Chris |date=2010-10-01 |title=The language of war |url=https://overland.org.au/2010/10/the-language-of-war/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Overland literary journal |language=en-US |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414003249/https://overland.org.au/2010/10/the-language-of-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bay |first=Austin |date=2007-01-28 |title=Iraq's battlefield slang |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-op-bay28jan28-story.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414003242/https://www.latimes.com/news/la-op-bay28jan28-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Half-breed]]
|
|Multi-ethnic people
|[[Métis]] is a [[French language|French]] term, also used in Canadian English, for a half-breed, and [[mestizo]] is the equivalent in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], although these are not offensive ''per se''.
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-breed |title= half-breed |website= merriam-webster.com |publisher= [[Merriam Webster]] |access-date= 2022-12-13 |archive-date= 13 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221213122940/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-breed |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last= Sawchuk |first= Joe |date= 1973 |title= The Metis of Manitoba: Reformulation of an Ethnic Identity |url= https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/8838/Sawchuk_The_Metis.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher= [[University of Manitoba]] |access-date= 2022-12-13 |archive-date= 13 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221213152604/https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/8838/Sawchuk_The_Metis.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status= live }}</ref>
{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Half-caste]]
|England, Australia
|Mixed race (usually between [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] and white people in Australian parlance)
|Originally used as a legal and social term.
|<ref>{{cite journal |last= McCorquodale |first= John |date= 1986 |title= The Legal Classification of Race in Australia |url= https://www.academia.edu/57836247 |journal= Aboriginal History |volume= 10 |issue= 1 |page= 7 |access-date= 13 December 2022 |archive-date= 13 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123120/https://www.academia.edu/57836247 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-caste |title= half-caste |website= merriam-webster.com |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date= 2022-12-13 |archive-date= 13 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221213161832/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-caste |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Haole]]
|United States, Hawaiian
|Non-Hawaiian people, almost always white people.
|Can be used neutrally, dependent on context.
|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haole | title = haole | access-date = 1 November 2013 | archive-date = 3 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081741/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haole | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|Heeb, Hebe
|United States
|[[Jew]]ish people
|Derived from the word "[[Hebrews|Hebrew]]."
|<ref>{{cite web| url = http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101208185413/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml| archive-date = 8 December 2010 | last = Madresh | first = Marjorie | title = Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students| publisher = The Triangle Online | date = 28 May 2004 |access-date=14 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|hebe|access-date=14 February 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:黑鬼|Heigui]] ({{Lang|zh|黑鬼}})
|China, Taiwan
|Black people
|Literally means "black ghost" or "black devil", used similarly to English phrases such as [[nigga]] or [[nigger]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=BBC调查：追踪中国网络上侮辱黑人视频的幕后黑手 |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-61810423 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=BBC News 中文 |language=zh-Hans |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701161430/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-61810423 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=奥巴马竟说禁词"黑鬼" 美国人惊了!--美国频道--人民网 |url=http://usa.people.com.cn/n/2015/0624/c241376-27197947.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=usa.people.com.cn |language=zh |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220090119/http://usa.people.com.cn/n/2015/0624/c241376-27197947.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Heukhyeong (흑형)
|South Korea
|Black people
|[[Korean language|Korean]]: Black brother. A Korean ethnic slur sometimes for black people.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Min-ho |first=Jung |date=August 5, 2020 |title='Heukhyeong,' 'jjangkkae' among pejorative term listed by human rights body |url=https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=293907 |access-date=2023-02-04 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304065343/https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=293907 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Hevosmies
|Finland
|Romani people
|From ''hevos-'' + ''mies'', referring to Gypsy horsemanship.
|<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Aro |first1=Atte |title=Practices of consuming trotting: How a community of devoted enthusiasts forms around a leisure activity |date=2016 |page=[https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/8a08d28c-770e-4505-a851-db73befd04e3/content 33] |url=https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201603041454 |publisher=Aalto University |degree=Master of Science in Marketing Science |language=en |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014828/https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/156bc3c7-04d4-4db0-b65f-f7f6330739af |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Hike
|United States
|[[Italians|Italian]] immigrants
|Sometimes used with or to distinguish from "Hunk" ("Hunky").
|<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA716|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|last=Green|first=Jonathon|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year=2006|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|page=716|language=en|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014728/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA716#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hunk 1896">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21346747/the_courier/|title=Traced to the Mafia: Mysterious crimes among Pennsylvania miners|date=1 February 1896|work=The Courier|access-date=27 June 2018|location=Waterloo, Iowa|page=2|quote=The average Pennsylvanian contemptuously refers to the immigrants as "Hikes" and "Hunks." The "Hikes" are Italians and Sicilians. "Hunks" is a corruption for Huns, but under this title the Pennsylvanian includes Hungarians, Lithuanians, Slavs, Poles, Magyars and Tyroleans.|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044423/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21346747/the_courier/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hillbilly]]
|United States
|[[Appalachia]]n or [[Ozark]] Americans
|
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Michael|title=From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English|year=2006|publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation|location=Belfast|isbn=978-1-903688-61-8|url=https://archive.org/details/fromulstertoamer0000mont|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/fromulstertoamer0000mont/page/82 82]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Honky]], honkey, honkie
|United States
|[[White people]]
|Derived from an African American pronunciation of "[[Hunky Culture|hunky]]," the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s.
|<ref>Fuller A. ''Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier'' (Penguin books, 2004).</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}
|-
|New Zealand
|European New Zealanders
|Used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mauistreet.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/sad-stuff.html|title=Maui Street|author=Morgan Godfery|work=mauistreet.blogspot.com.au|date=19 September 2011|access-date=10 January 2015|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100834/http://mauistreet.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/sad-stuff.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hori (racial slur)|Hori]]
|New Zealand
|[[Māori people|Māori]]
| From the formerly common Maorified version of the English name ''George''.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nzguide.newzealand.co.nz/kiwispeak/index.php?todo=list_records&order_by=Saying&FirstLetter=H |publisher=New Zealand.co.nz |title=Kiwi Speak (Colloquialisms): H |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402074703/http://nzguide.newzealand.co.nz/kiwispeak/index.php?todo=list_records&order_by=Saying&FirstLetter=H }}</ref>
|-
|[[Hottentot (racial term)|Hottentot, Hotnot]]
|South Africa
|[[Khoisan]]s and [[Cape Coloureds]] or [[Coloureds]]
|A derogatory term historically used to refer to the [[Khoisan people]] of Southern Africa and their descendants, [[coloureds]]. It originated from the Dutch settlers who arrived in the region in the 17th century.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=Fowler |first1=Henry Watson |title=Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage - Henry Watson Fowler - Google Books |entry=Hottentot |dictionary=Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966135-0 |page=384 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvmzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384 |language=en |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129223736/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvmzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Adhikari2005">{{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |title=Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community |date=17 November 2005 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-89680-442-5 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC&pg=PA28 |language=en |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131083542/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Houtkop
|South Africa
| Black people
| Literally "wooden head"
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=houtkop |url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/houtkop/e03123 |dictionary=Dictionary of South African English. |publisher=Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) |date=2022 |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223090616/https://dsae.co.za/entry/houtkop/e03123 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Huan-a|Huan-a, Huana]]
|Taiwan and Southeast Asia
|Non-Chinese native people
|This word is derogatory because ''huan-a'' means "foreigner" which portrays non-Chinese natives as not human{{cn|date=January 2024}}. In Taiwan, it carries the connotation of "aborigine". In Indonesia, it refers to non-Chinese native people descended from the many ethnolinguistic groups native to Indonesia commonly known by the term [[pribumi]] (e.g., [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Batak people|Batak]], and [[Buginese people|Buginese]]).
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Tong|first=Chee Kiong|title=Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/identityethnicre00tong|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|date=2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/identityethnicre00tong/page/n236 231]|isbn=978-90-481-8908-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hai |first=Hai |date=2017-01-17 |title=Kenapa Pribumi Disebut Huana Artinya Orang Asing Oleh Orang Tionghoa? |url=https://bengcumenggugat.com/2017/01/17/kenapa-pribumi-disebut-huana-artinya-orang-asing-oleh-orang-tionghoa/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Bengcu Menggugat |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212050532/https://bengcumenggugat.com/2017/01/17/kenapa-pribumi-disebut-huana-artinya-orang-asing-oleh-orang-tionghoa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=民視新聞網 |date=2019-07-10 |title=原住民導遊帶團調侃「番仔」、「失落部落」！當地居民暴怒 |url=https://www.ftvnews.com.tw/news/detail/2019710N04M1 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=民視新聞網 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119073824/https://www.ftvnews.com.tw/news/detail/2019710N04M1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hsiao|first1=Alison|title=KMT slams DPP over Japan imports|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/11/17/2003659431|access-date=1 February 2017|work=Taipei Times|date=17 November 2016|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232911/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/11/17/2003659431|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Huinca]]
|Argentina, Chile
|Non-Mapuche Chileans, non-Mapuche Argentines
|[[Mapuche language|Mapuche]] term dating back at least to the [[Conquest of Chile]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asale.org/damer/huinca |title=Diccionario de americanismos: huinca |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |year=2010 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208175451/https://www.asale.org/damer/huinca |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-10432021000100304&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|title="E aqí, pues, dos razas distintas". Paradigmas raciales en Chile (siglos XVIII-XXI): significados y deslindes conceptuales|first1=Montserrat Arre|last1=Arre Marfull|first2=Tomás|last2=Catepillán Tessi|first3=Montserrat Arre|last3=Arre Marfull|first4=Tomás|last4=Catepillán Tessi|date=6 August 2021|journal=Estudios atacameños|volume=67|pages=e3850|via=SciELO|doi=10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0012|doi-broken-date=19 August 2024 |s2cid=237825466|doi-access=free|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404182916/https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-10432021000100304&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:хужаа|Hujaa]] ({{Lang|mn|хужаа}})
|Mongolia
|Chinese people
|Equivalent to the word chink.
|<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Notes |date=2017 |pages=199–216 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824847838-011 |isbn=978-0-8248-4783-8 |title=Sinophobia }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of terms used for Germans#Hun (pejorative)|Hun]]
|United States, United Kingdom
|[[German people]]
|(United States, United Kingdom) Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I. Derived from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to the German contingent sent to China during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in which he exhorted them to "be like Huns" (i.e., savage and ruthless) to their Chinese enemy.
|<ref>{{OEtymD|Hun|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Ireland
|[[Protestant]]s and [[British people|British]] soldiers
| A [[Protestant]] in Northern Ireland or historically, a member of the [[British Armed Forces|British military]] in [[Ireland]] ("Britannia's huns").
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilbymouth.org/history.htm |title=Nil By Mouth: History of Sectarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201110938/http://www.nilbymouth.org/history.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/UKnews/1466208/Young-people-are-raising-their-eyes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519170331/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1466208/Young-people-are-raising-their-eyes.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |title=Young people are raising their eyes |access-date=1 November 2013 |location=London |date=5 July 2004}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hunky Culture|Hunky]], Hunk
|United States
|[[Central Europe]]an laborers.
|It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians (Magyar), [[Rusyns]], Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor in the mines.
|<ref name="Rothenberg2008">{{cite book|last=Rothenberg|first=Paula S.|title=White Privilege|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSwJKwwjVl0C&pg=PA37|access-date=22 March 2016|year=2008|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-1-4292-0660-0|page=37|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014729/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSwJKwwjVl0C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hunk 1896" />
|-
|[[List of religious slurs#Jews|Hymie]]
|United States
|Jewish people
|Derived from the personal name Hyman (from the [[Hebrew]] name [[Haim|Chayyim]]). [[Jesse Jackson]] provoked controversy when he referred to New York City as "[[Hymietown]]" in 1984. Has also been spelled "Heimie", as a reflection of popular Jewish last names ending in -heim.
|<ref name="NewkirkP">{{cite book| title = Within the Veil| last = Newkirk| first = Pamela| year = 2002| page = [https://archive.org/details/withinveilblackj00newk/page/146 146]| publisher = NYU Press| isbn = 978-0-8147-5799-4| url = https://archive.org/details/withinveilblackj00newk/page/146}}</ref>
|}

==I==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Ikey / ike / iky: a Jew [from ''Isaac'']
|
|Jewish people
|Derived from the name ''Isaac'', an important figure in [[Jewish culture|Hebrew culture]].
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="ikey"}}</ref>
|-
|Ikey-mo / ikeymo
|
|Jewish people
|Derived from the names ''Isaac'' and ''Moses'', two important figures in [[Jewish culture|Hebrew culture]].
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="ikeymo"}}</ref>
|-
|Indon
|[[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
|Indonesian people
|[[Clipping (morphology)|Clipping]] of ''Indonesia.''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/07/why-indon-not-preferable.html|title=Why 'Indon' is not preferable|work=thejakartapost.com|access-date=22 September 2014|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111540/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/07/why-indon-not-preferable.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Indognesial / Indonesial
|Malaysia
|Indonesian people
|Which similar to "Indon" term mixed with "[[Dog]]" and "{{lang|ms|Sial}}" ([[Malay language|Malay]] word for "Damn").
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2010/12/21/337/405626/suporter-malaysia-ancam-bakar-bendera-indonesia|title=Suporter Malaysia Ancam Bakar Bendera Indonesia|date=21 December 2010|language=id|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162245/https://news.okezone.com/read/2010/12/21/337/405626/suporter-malaysia-ancam-bakar-bendera-indonesia|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sangley|Intsik]]
|Philippines
|[[Chinese Filipino]] people
| Used in [[Filipino language|Filipino]]/[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[Philippine languages]]. Based on the [[Philippine Hokkien]] term, {{zh|t=|poj=in chek|l=his/her/their uncle|c=[[wikt:𪜶#Chinese|𪜶]] [[wikt:叔#Chinese|叔]]|s=|p=}}.
|<ref name="ocampo1"/>
|-
|Inyenzi
|[[Rwanda]]
|[[Tutsi]] people
|A person of the Tutsi ethnic group in Africa. Literally means "Cockroach" and reportedly derives from how Tutsi rebels would attack at night and retreat, being hard to kill, like a cockroach. Most notably came to worldwide prominence around the time of the [[Rwanda genocide]], as it was used by the [[RTLM]] in order to [[incite genocide]].
|<ref>''An Ordinary Man'' (2006), Paul Rusesabagina</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/73836| title=Dehumanisation: How Tutsis were reduced to cockroaches, snakes to be killed| date=13 March 2014| access-date=18 April 2019| archive-date=7 April 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407065029/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/73836| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ7uiSnAjq0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529165001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ7uiSnAjq0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2019 |title=Radio Milles Collines – Rwandan Genocide |publisher=adriansch00 |date=31 May 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Injun
|United States
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s
| [[corruption (linguistics)|Corruption]] of "Indian"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/injun |title=Injun |publisher=Reference.com |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182321/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/injun |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Itaker
|Germany
|Italian people
|Formerly used as a nickname for Italian soldiers and the since the 1960s as a slur for Italian immigrants.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wortbedeutung.info/Itaker/|title=Itaker - Wortbedeutung.info|website=Wortbedeutung}}</ref>
|}

==J==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Jackeen]]
|Ireland
|[[Dublin]] people
|Believed to be in reference to the [[Union Jack]], the flag of the United Kingdom. By adding the Irish diminutive suffix -een meaning little to Jack thereby ¨meaning "Little Jack" and implying "little Englishmen". It was more commonly used to separate those of [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] heritage from those of [[Gaels|Gaelic]] heritage. While the term is applied to Dublin people alone; today, it was applied in the past as a pejorative term against all city dwellers and not just those in Dublin.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=McMahon |first1=Seán |title=Jackeen |dictionary=Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar0000mcma/mode/1up?q=%22Jackeen+a%22 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fallon |first1=Donal |title=Jackeen: 'A fellow who does very little for a living, and wants to do less' |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/jackeens-a-fellow-who-does-very-little-for-a-living-and-wants-to-do-less-3747789-Dec2017/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=The Journal |date=17 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jakun people|Jakun]]
|Malaysia
|Unsophisticated people, from the Malay name of an indigenous ethnic group.
|
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Parker |first1= Jonathan |last2= Ashencaen Crabtree |first2= Sara |last3= Crabtree Parker |first3= Miranda |last4= Crabtree Parker |first4= Isabel |date= 2019 |title= 'Behaving like a Jakun!' A case study of conflict, 'othering' and indigenous knowledge in the Orang Asli of Tasik Chini |journal= Journal of Sociology and Development |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |page= 23}}</ref>
|-
|Jamet, Jamet kuproy
|Indonesia
|[[Javanese people]]
|Jamet stands for ''Jawa metal'' (a metalhead Javanese), while kuproy stands for ''kuli proyek'' (construction workers).
|<ref name="Hastanto">{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/id/article/889nez/arti-istilah-jamet-kuproy-pembantu-jawa-berasal-dari-stima-negatif|title=Mengulik Penyebab Munculnya Istilah Peyoratif Jamet, Kuproy, dan Pembantu Jawa|last= Hastanto|first= Ikhwan|date = 29 May 2020|website=Vice.com|publisher= Vice Indonesia|access-date= 11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Japa
| Brazil
| [[Japanese people]]
|Usually an affectionate way of referring to Japanese people (or, more generally, East Asian people), although it may be considered a slur. This term is never censored (as a slur typically would be) when it appears in mass media.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/japa |title=japa – Dicionário Online Priberam de Português |publisher=Dicionario.priberam.org |date= |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Jap]]
|rowspan="2"|United States
|[[Japanese people]]
|Mostly found use during World War II, post-WWII.
|<ref>{{cite journal |last= Rappaport |first= Jesse |date= 2019 |title= Communicating with Slurs |url= https://www.academia.edu/39680591 |journal= The Philosophical Quarterly |volume= 69 |issue= 277 |page= 811 |doi= 10.1093/pq/pqz022 |access-date= 2022-12-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jewish]] women
| Usually written in all capital letters as an acronym for "[[Jewish-American princess]]," a stereotype of certain [[Jewish American]] females as [[economic materialism|materialistic]] or pampered.
|<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Starkman |first= Rebecca |date= 2010 |title= Revisiting the Jewish American Princess: Jewish Girls, The J.A.P. Discursive Stereotype, and Negotiated Identity |chapter-url= https://dr.library.brocku.ca/bitstream/handle/10464/3374/Brock_Starkman_Rebecca_2011.pdf?sequence=1 |chapter= 2 |publisher= [[Brock University]] |access-date= 2022-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Japie]], yarpie
|
|White, rural South Africans
|Derived from ''plaasjapie'', "farm boy".
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allwords.com/word-yarpie.html |title=yarpie, n., Allwords |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Jareer
|[[Somalia]]
|[[Somali Bantus|Somali bantus]], [[Bantu peoples|Bantu Africans]] in general
|References the kinky hair of [[Bantu languages|Bantu-speaking]] Africans which is less common among [[Somali people|Somalis]].
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Arli |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Forgotten Minority—the Experiences of Somali-Jareer Bantu Students in Higher Education: "I Don't Even Exist at This Institution. I'm Barely Recognized as a Human Being". |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/4035 |journal=Dissertations}}</ref>
|-
|Jawir
|Indonesia
|[[Javanese people]], especially Javanese people with darker skin
|Comes from the words "[[Javanese people|Jawa]]" and "Ireng" from a Javanese word means black
|<ref>{{cite news |date=20 June 2023 |title=apa arti jawir yang viral di tiktok, ini penjelasannya |url=https://kumparan.com/kabar-harian/apa-arti-jawir-yang-viral-di-tiktok-ini-penjelasannya-20dYTsKFl8N}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jerry (WWII)|Jerry]]
|Commonwealth
|German people, especially soldiers
|Probably an alteration of "German". Origin of [[Jerry can]]. Used especially during World War I and World War II.
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="Jerry"}}</ref>
|-
|Jewboy
|United States, United Kingdom
|[[Jewish]] boys
|Originally directed at young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shalev |first1=Chemi |title=Israeli anti-Semites and American Jewboys, From Dan Shapiro to Wyatt Earp |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israeli-anti-semites-and-american-jewboys-1.5394076 |access-date=26 August 2018 |work=Haaretz.com |issue=Elul 15, 5778 |publisher=Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg |date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Stone2013">{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Bryan Edward|title=The Chosen Folks: Jews on the Frontiers of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68h1ej_DansC&q=Jewboy&pg=PA17|access-date=28 August 2018|date=1 May 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-75612-0|page=17}}</ref>
|-
|Jidan
|Romania
|[[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] person.
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=jidan - definiție și paradigmă|publisher=[[Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române]]|url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/jidan|access-date=24 May 2020|language=ro}}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|Jiggaboo}}Jigaboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigger
|United States
|Black people with stereotypical black features (e.g., dark skin, wide nose, and big lips).
|From a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] verb ''tshikabo'', meaning "they bow the head docilely," indicating meek or servile individuals.
|<ref>{{cite OED|jigaboo|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="jigaboo"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmzTyI5rfDMC&q=tshikabo&pg=PA99 |title=Africanisms in American Culture: jiggabo |date=13 July 2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21749-3 |editor=Holloway, Joseph E |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jim Crow laws#Etymology|Jim Crow]]
|United States
|Black people
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&pg=PA518 518]|loc=Jim Crow}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:짱깨|Jjangkkae]]
|Korea
|Chinese people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=세상을 차별하는 데이터인가? 차별하는 세상을 반영하는 데이터인가? |url=https://www.technologyreview.kr/세상을-차별하는-데이터인가-차별된-세상을-반영하/ |work=MIT Technology Review |language=Korean}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jjokbari]]
|Korea
|Japanese people
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/258363/meaning/m0u/|title=チョッパリの意味 |publisher= goo国語辞書 |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Jock, jocky, jockie
|United Kingdom
|Scottish people
|[[Scots language]] nickname for the personal name John, cognate to the English, Jack. Occasionally used as an insult, but also in a respectful reference when discussing Scottish troops, particularly those from Highland regiments. For example, see the [[9th (Scottish) Division]]. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as [[Frog (pejorative)|Frogs]]. In [[Ian Rankin]]'s detective novel ''[[Tooth and Nail (novel)|Tooth and Nail]]'' the protagonist – a Scottish detective loaned to the London police – suffers from prejudice by English colleagues who frequently use "Jock" and "Jockland" (Scotland) as terms of insult; the book was based on the author's own experience as a Scot living in London.
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Blake |first=Aled |title='If boyo is racist so is Jock |publisher=Western Mail and Echo Limited |date=26 August 2005 |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=15897870&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=-if-boyo-is-racist-then-you-should-not-say-jock---it-s-puzzling--name_page.html |access-date=22 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042454/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid%3D15897870%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082%26headline%3D-if-boyo-is-racist-then-you-should-not-say-jock---it-s-puzzling--name_page.html |archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref>
|-
|Jungle bunny
|United States, Commonwealth
|Black people
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="jungle"}}</ref>
|-
|Jutku, jutsku
|Finland
|[[Jews|Jewish]] people
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/jutku |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}}</ref>
|}

==K==


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Kaew (แกว)
|[[Isan language|Northeastern Thai]]land
|[[Vietnamese people]]
|
|<ref>{{cite book|quote='''แกว''' คือคำว่า '''แกว ๆ''' มีความหมายถึงเสียงดังแซดแต่ไม่ได้ศัพท์ ซึ่งจิตร ภูมิศักดิ์มองว่าน่าจะเป็นการล้อเลียนเสียงพูดในภาษาเวียดนามที่มีเสียงสูงต่ำตัดกันชัดเจนกว่าภาษาไทย-ลาว นอกจากนี้ยังมีคำลาวในวรรณคดีเรื่องท้าวฮุ่งเรียกชาวเวียดนามอย่างเหยียดหยามว่า แย้, แกวแย้ และแกวม้อย|author=[[Chit Phumisak|Phumisak, Chit]]|language=th|title=ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม, ไทย ลาว และขอม และลักษณะทางสังคมของชื่อชนชาติ|location=Bangkok|publisher=Chonniyom|year=2013|pages=242–243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur-Fic |first1=Alexandra R. |title=Thailand: Buddhism, Society, and Women |date=1998 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-360-1 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBW8Ao-18oC&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Kaffir (racial term)|Kaffir]], kaffer, kaffir, [[kafir]], kaffre, kuffar
|[[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Muslims|Muslims worldwide]]
|Non-Muslims (regardless of race).
|Also caffer or caffre. from Arabic ''[[kafir]]'' meaning "disbeliever".
|<ref name=pri>{{cite news |work=The World, [[Public Radio International]] |first1=Patrick |last1=Winn |title=The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel' |date=8 March 2019|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-03-08/world-s-largest-islamic-group-wants-muslims-stop-saying-infidel |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/03/01/nu-calls-for-end-to-word-infidels-to-describe-non-muslims.html |title=NU calls for end to word 'infidels' to describe non-Muslims |date=1 March 2019 |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |publisher=Niskala Media Tenggara |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|South Africa
|Black and [[Cape Coloured]] or [[Cape Coloured|Coloured]] people
|
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Kaffir|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Featherstone |first=Donald |title=Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa |publisher=Blandford |year=1993 |location=United Kingdom |pages=85–102 |isbn =978-0-7137-2256-7}}</ref>
|-
|
|Members of a people inhabiting the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains of north-east Afghanistan
|
|<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cacopardo |first= Augusto |date= 2011 |title= Are the Kalasha really of Greek origin? The Legend of Alexander the Great and the Pre-Islamic World of the Hindu Kush |journal= Acta Orientalia |volume= 72 |page= 53}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kaffir (racial term)|Kaffir boetie]]
|[[South Africa]]
|Black and [[Cape Coloured]] sympathizers during apartheid
|Meaning "Kaffir brothers", it is analogous to "negro lover" in English. The term is outdated and no longer used.
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Kalar
|[[Burmese language|Burmese]]
|Muslim citizens who are "black-skinned" or "undesirable aliens."
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2012/06/10/intolerance-islam-and-the-internet-in-burma-today |title=Intolerance, Islam and the Internet in Burma |last1=Latt |first1=Sai |date=10 June 2012 |website=New Mandala |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Kalbit
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|Central Asians
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.rambler.ru/world/36441854-mambet-i-kalbit-o-kakih-esche-zapreschennyh-slovah-predupredili-v-mid-rf/|title="Мамбет" и "калбит": о каких еще запрещенных словах предупредили в МИД РФ Об этом сообщает "Рамблер".|last1=Latt |first1=Sai |date=27 March 2017 |website=Rambler |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Kalia, Kalu, Kallu
|[[Hindi]]
|Darkskinned people
|Literally means blackie generally used for black-skinned people in India, can also have racist overtone when referring to Africans.
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/opinion/indias-lethal-race-problem.html|title=Opinion {{!}} India's Lethal Race Problem|last=Masih|first=Niha|date=17 April 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 April 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Daruwalla |first1=Reena |title=Racist Slurs Indians Use – Consciously or Subconsciously |url=http://www.thestorypedia.com/humour/racist-slurs-indians-use-consciously-or-unconsciously/ |website=TheStoryPedia.com |access-date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Katwa, Katwe
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Muslim]] males
|Word used to describe Muslim males for having a [[Circumcision|circumicised]] penis as mentioned in the [[Khitan (circumcision)|Khitan]] of Islam.
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/women/delhi-riots-women-sexual-harassment | title=They Took Down Their Pants, Pointed Their Genitals at Us, and Said, 'Yeh Lo Azaadi'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml | title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Circumcision of boys }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)|Kanaka]]
|[[Australian English|Australia]]
|Pacific Islanders
|
|<ref>''Macquarie Dictionary'' (Fourth Edition), 2005, p. 774</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/kanaka|title=Kanaka dictionary definition – Kanaka defined|website=Yourdictionary.com|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kanake]]
|[[German language|German]]
|[[Turkish people]], foreigners in general
|Originally used to refer to Native Polynesians. To some extent re-appropriated.
|<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1= Finkbeiner |first1= Rita |last2= Meibauer |first2= Jörg |last3= Wiese |first3= Heike |date= 2016 |title= Pejoration |location= [[Amsterdam]]/[[Philadelphia]] |publisher= [[John Benjamins Publishing Company]] |pages= 213–215 |isbn= 978-90-272-6736-8}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:Kano#Tagalog|Kano]]
|[[Philippines]]
|[[White Americans]]
|Usually used in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]) or other [[Philippine languages]]. Shortened from the [[Filipino language|Filipino]] word "[[wikt:Amerikano#Tagalog|Amerikano]]". It usually refers to [[Americans]], especially a stereotypical [[male]] [[White Americans|white American]], which may extend to western foreigners that may fit the stereotype which the speaker is not familiar with, especially those from [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], etc.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalton|first=David|title=The Philippines: Edition en langue anglaise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3hE-3lDNQgC&pg=PA53|access-date=24 February 2019|date=6 September 2007|publisher=Rough Guides Limited|isbn=978-1-84353-806-6|page=53}}</ref>
|-
|Kaouiche, Kawish
|[[Canadian French]]
|Native Americans
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pratt |first1=Alexandre |title=Ton crisse de kawish |url=https://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/eda18d41-9e23-49d5-bfd0-dc6e8434c652__7C___0.html |access-date=3 March 2019 |work=La Presse+ |date=28 February 2019 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gruda |first1=Agnès |title=Édith Cloutier, la rassembleuse de Val-d'Or |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/200906/18/01-876899-edith-cloutier-la-rassembleuse-de-val-dor.php |access-date=3 March 2019 |work=La Presse+ |date=20 June 2009 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|Käskopp
|[[Germany]]
|Dutch people
|[[Middle German]] slur that translates to "cheese head".
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[[Katsap]], kacap, kacapas
|[[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia]]
|[[Russians|Russian]] people
|{{lang-uk|кацап}}, {{lang-lt|kacapas}}; self-deprecating usage by Russians.
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Kebab]]
|
|[[Muslims]], usually of [[Arabian]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] descent.
|Its origin is a [[Serbia Strong|Serbian music video]] that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.
|<ref name="Aljazeeramaterial">{{cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Keko
|Turkey
|[[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] men
|Originally neutral Kurdish word meaning man, pal, or friend, but became derogatory among Turkish speakers.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=keko |title=keko – Nişanyan Sözlük |author=Nişanyan, Sevan |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Keling]]
|[[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
| [[Indian people]]
|In Indonesian, the term can be applied to any person with dark complexion, not only of Indian descent, but also to native Indonesians with darker complexion and Africans. The term is derived from the ancient [[India]]n region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], where many immigrants to countries further east originated.
|<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Keling' and proud of it | author = M. Veera Pandiyan | work = The Star online | date = 10 August 2016 | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/along-the-watchtower/2016/08/10/keling-and-proud-of-it-the-k-word-deemed-to-be-derogatory-and-offensive-to-the-indian-community-sinc/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ke-mo sah-bee|Kemosabe/Kemosahbee]]
|United States
|Native Americans
|The term used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto as the "Native American" name for the Lone Ranger in the American television and radio programs [[Lone Ranger (disambiguation)#Broadcasting and film|The Lone Ranger]].
|<ref name="twp" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.491423|title=Highest court asked to rule on old Lone Ranger term |publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=December 22, 2004}}</ref>
|-
|[[:ja:毛唐|Kettō]] ({{Lang|ja|毛唐}})
|Japan
|Westerners
|Literally means "foreigners full of body hair". Alternative form: [[wikt:毛唐人|ketōjin]] ({{Lang|ja|毛唐人}})
|<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kenji |first1=Shuzui |title=Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 50: Chikamatsu Jōruri Shū: Ge, Tōkyō |last2=Tadakuni |first2=Ōkubo |year=1959 |publisher=岩波書店 |isbn=4-0006-0050-8}}</ref>
|-
|Khach ({{Lang-ru|Хач}}), Khachik ({{Lang-ru|Хачик}})
|Russia
|[[Peoples of the Caucasus]], particularly [[North Caucasus]] and [[Armenians]]
|From Armenian խաչ ''khach,'' meaning cross (cf. [[khachkar]]). [[Khatchik]] is also an Armenian given name coming from the same root.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Вахобовна|first=Быкова Гульчера|date=2008|title=Оскорбительны ли слова "Хачик", "Хач"?|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oskorbitelny-li-slova-hachik-hach-1|journal=Юрислингвистика|issue=9|pages=295–300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=В.и|first=Макаров|date=2015|title=Национальные прозвища в зеркале контекста|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/natsionalnye-prozvischa-v-zerkale-konteksta|journal=Вестник Новгородского государственного университета им. Ярослава Мудрого|volume=7|issue=90|pages=141–145|issn=2076-8052}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kharkhuwa]]
|India
|[[Assamese people]]
|
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Khokhol]] ({{Lang-ru|Хохол}})
|Russia
|[[Ukrainian people]]
|Derived from a term for a traditional Cossack-style haircut.
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Laitin |first=David D. |date=1998 |title=Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/identityinformat00lait/page/175 175] |isbn=978-0-8014-8495-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/identityinformat00lait |url-access=registration |quote=khokhol. }}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:khựa|Khựa]]
|Vietnam
|[[Chinese people]]
|Variant form of "Tàu khựa"
|<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Tại sao Trung Quốc bị gọi là Tàu Khựa? | date=25 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noWJPLPkEfk |access-date=2024-02-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ikula (s.) / Amakula (p.)
|South Africa
|A person or people [[India]]n heritage.
|
|<ref name="SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3"/>
|-
|[[Kike]] ''or'' kyke
|United States
|Ashkenazi Jewish people
|Possibly from קײַקל ''kikel'', [[Yiddish]] for "circle". Immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because "X" also symbolizes a cross).
|<ref name="Wolarsky">{{cite web |url=http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/kike.htm |title=Kike |author=Wolarsky, Eric |publisher=Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language |year=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602102925/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/kike.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:kimchi|Kimchi]]
|
|[[Koreans|Korean]] people
|
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/learningraceethn00ever|url-access=limited|publisher=MIT press|page=[https://archive.org/details/learningraceethn00ever/page/n162 167]|first=Anna|last=Everett}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:kıro|Kıro]]
|Turkey
|Kurdish men
|A word used to describe rude and hairy men, pejoratively refers to the Kurds.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kıro |title=kıro – Nişanyan Sözlük |author=Nişanyan, Sevan |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Kitayoza {{lang|ru|китаёза}}
|Russia
|East Asian people, especially the Chinese.
| Derived from "kitayets". (Cyrillic: [[wikt:китаец|китаец]])
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Дарья |first1=L |title="Они назвали его "китаёза"": ресторан принес свои извинения Ченлэ из NCT за сотрудников, использовавших расистские и уничижительные выражения в его адрес |url=https://www.yesasia.ru/article/1290477 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=YesAsia |date=1 September 2023 |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|last1=Shli︠a︡khov |first1=Vladimir Ivanovich |title=китаёза |dictionary=Dictionary of Russian slang & colloquial expressions |date=1999 |publisher=Hauppauge, N.Y. : Barron's |isbn=978-0-7641-1019-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofruss0000shli/page/108/mode/1up?q=%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B0}}</ref>
|-
|[[Knacker#Slang use|Knacker]]
|Ireland
|[[Irish Traveler]]s
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0183/D.0183.196006290006.html |title=Dáil Éireann – Volume 183 – 29 June, 1960 |date=29 June 1960 |publisher=Dáil Éireann |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004242/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0183/D.0183.196006290006.html |archive-date= 5 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Mulcahy2012">{{cite journal|last1=Mulcahy|first1=Aogán|title='Alright in their own place': Policing and the spatial regulation of Irish Travellers|journal=Criminology & Criminal Justice |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=307–327|issn=1748-8958|doi=10.1177/1748895811431849|citeseerx=10.1.1.840.4010|s2cid=145291626}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:코쟁이|Kojaengi]] ({{lang|ko|코쟁이}})
|South Korea
|Westerners
|From {{lang|ko|코}} ("nose") and {{lang|ko|-쟁이}} (derogatory suffix), prevalently used during the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to [[white people|Caucasian]] foreigners
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wordrow.kr/%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%B8/%EC%BD%94%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4/|title=코쟁이 뜻: 코가 크다는 뜻에서 서양 사람을 놀림조로 이르는 말. |language=Korean}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kolorad]]
|Ukraine
|Pro-Russian separatists and Russian invaders
|In reference to Russian [[St. George ribbon]] whose coloration resembles the stripes of the [[Colorado beetle]].
|<ref name="mtsmack" /><ref>{{cite news |author1=Kramermay, A. E. |date=4 May 2014 |title=Ukraine's Reins Weaken as Chaos Spreads |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/world/europe/kievs-reins-weaken-as-chaos-spreads.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Krankies|Krankie]]
|England
|Scottish people
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18215719.no-10-denies-boris-johnson-made-nicola-sturgeon-krankie-slur/|title=No 10 denies Boris Johnson made Nicola Sturgeon 'Krankie' slur|publisher=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Krakkemut
|Denmark
|Arabs, Middle Easterns
|While originally being used against greenlanders, it is now mostly used against Middel Easterns and Arabs. The word comes from the greenlandic word "Qaqqamut" meaning "to the mountain, up the mountain", however, the danish people began to pick up the word as an aggressive slur, and used it against the greenlanders, and slowly, it became a slur against the more frequent Arab and Middle Eastern immigrants in Denmark.
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=krakkemut | title=Krakkemut — den Danske Ordbog }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kraut]]
|United States, Canada, Commonwealth
|[[German people]]
|Derived from [[sauerkraut]], used most specifically during [[World War II]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Kraut?view=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220641/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Kraut?view=uk |archive-date=19 September 2012 |title=AskOxford: Kraut|website=Oxforddictionaries.com |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kūpapa#Etymology|Kūpapa Māori]]
|New Zealand
|[[Māori people]]
|Term used to describe Māori people who cooperate with or who are subservient to white authority figures (similar to "Uncle Tom" ''qv''). From historical Māori troops who sided with the colonial government in the 19th century.
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorfield |first1=John C. |author1-link=John Moorfield |title=kūpapa |url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/3271 |website=Te Aka Māori Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kuronbō (黒ん坊)
|Japan
|Black people
|A derogatory that literally means "darkie" or "[[nigga]]" in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. The term has been used as a racial slur against black people, particularly during Japan's colonial era.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shockya.com/news/2020/11/24/maruhans-pachinko-empire-rocked-by-racism-did-founder-say-kuronbo/|title=Maruhan's Pachinko Empire Rocked by Racism; Did Founder Say 'Kuronbo'?|website=Shockya.com|date=25 November 2020 |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref>
|-
|Kkamdungi (깜둥이)
|South Korea
|Black people
|[[Korean language|Korean]] for [[nigga]] or [[nigger]].
|<ref>Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (n.d.). nigger | meaning in the English-Korean Dictionary. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/english-korean/nigger</ref>
|}

==L==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Labus
|Russia
|[[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian people]]
|Derived from greetings: Latvian ''labrīt/labdien/labvakar'' and Lithuanian ''labas rytas/laba diena/labas vakaras'', meaning "good morning/day/evening".
|<ref>[http://os.colta.ru/music_modern/events/details/17653/ "Алина Орлова: «Я не знаю, кто я»"] Alina Orlova: "I don't know who I am", an interview, 9 September 2010</ref><ref>''[http://slovoborg.su/definition/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81 <nowiki>Лабус - определение [Labus — definition]</nowiki>]''. (in Russian).</ref>
|-
|[[Laowai]]
|China
|Foreigners
|Literally means "old foreign", less derogatory nowadays.
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Mao |first1= Yanfeng |date= 2015 |title= Who is a ''Laowai''? Chinese Interpretations of ''Laowai'' as a Referring Expression for Non-Chinese |journal= [[International Journal of Communication]] |volume= 9 |pages= 2119–2140}}</ref>
|-
|Land thief
|South Africa
|[[White South Africans]]
|The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country.
|<ref name="SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3"/>
|-
|Lapp
|Scandinavia
|[[Sámi people|Sámi]] people
|Used mainly by Norwegians and Swedes. The word itself means "patch." "Lapland", considered non-offensive, refers to Sámi territory known as "[[Sápmi]]", [[Finland]]'s [[Lapland (Finland)|northernmost county]], or the [[Lapland (Sweden)|province]] in northernmost [[Sweden]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guvenplus.com.tr/imagesbuyuk/UHBAB-16.pdf#page=125|format=PDF|page=125|title=International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Humanities and Academic Science|quotation=It is notable that the status of the Sami people and minority groups in Sweden was neglected for a long time. In the framework of the multiculturalist policy in the mid-1970s the Swedish government recognised the Sami as indigenous in 1977.|website=Guvenplus.com.tr|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Lebo, Leb
|Australia
|A [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] person, usually a [[Lebanese Australian]].
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&q=lebo&pg=PA1195 1195]|loc=Lebo}}</ref>
|-
|Leupe lonko
|Chile
|[[German people]]
|Used by some [[Huilliche people]] of [[Zona Sur|southern Chile]]. Means "toasted heads" in reference to the [[fair hair]] of many Germans. Originated during the [[German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue]] in the mid 19th-century.
|<ref name=Salvador2020>{{Cite thesis|title=Gallito Catrilef: Colonialismo y defensa de la tierra en San Juan de la Costa a mediados del siglo XX|last=Rumian Cisterna|first=Salvador|date=2020-09-17|degree=M.Sc.|publisher=[[University of Los Lagos]]|url=|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Limey]]
|United States
|British people
|Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off [[scurvy]].
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/limey |dictionary=Dictionary.com |title=limey |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>{{sfnp|Green|2005|p=883}}
|-
|[[Locust (ethnic slur)|Locust]] (蝗蟲)
|Hong Kong
|Mainland Chinese people
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sala |first1=Ilaria Maria |title=Don't call them "locusts": They may one day be proud Hong Kong locals |url=https://qz.com/1018951/dont-call-them-locusts-they-may-one-day-be-proud-hong-kong-locals/ |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=Quartz |date=7 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Londo
|Indonesia
|White people
|Commonly used by Javanese people. Derived from "Belanda" (Netherlands).
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Londo {{!}} Apa itu?|url=http://apaitu.web.id/londo/|last=itu?|first=Apa|website=Apaitu.web.id|date=25 July 2016 |language=id-ID|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Lubra
|Likely derived from a [[Tasmanian languages|Tasmanian Aboriginal language]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nosunlightsinging.com/glossary.html#:~:text=lubra%20Offensive%20term%20for%20an,rather%20than%20a%20derogatory%20one | title=No Sunlight Singing - glossary of Australian expressions }}</ref>
|Australian Aboriginal Women
|
|<ref>Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2004), p. 850.</ref>
|-
|Lundy
|Northern Ireland
|Irish People
|A [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] that sympathies with [[Irish nationalism|Nationalists]] in Northern Ireland. The name emanates from [[Robert Lundy]], a former [[Governor of Londonderry]] during the [[Siege of Derry]] in 1688, who is reviled as being a traitor to protestants and as such, an effigy of him is burned each year.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |editor1-last=Wall |editor1-first=Richard |title=Lundy |dictionary=An Irish Literary Dictionary and Glossary |date=2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/irishliterarydic0000wall/mode/1up?q=%22Robert+Lundy%22 |publisher=Colin Smythe |isbn=978-0-86140-442-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carolan |first1=Mary |title=Those who do not conform with 'loudest groups' more likely called 'shoneen', 'lundy', says Taoiseach |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2022/12/01/taoiseach-says-those-who-do-not-conform-with-loudest-groups-here-are-more-likely-to-be-called-shoneen-or-lundy/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Lugan
|
|Lithuanian people
|
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Richard W.|title=Speaking American a History of English in the United States.|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-991340-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ionfYPEkTRIC|access-date=30 August 2012|page=144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kockel |first1=Ullrich |last2=Craith |first2=Máiréad Nic |title=Communicating Cultures, Volume 1 of European Studies in Culture and Policy |year=2004 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |location=Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-6643-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zyj9pYIhw2UC |page=48 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Lach/lyakh ({{Lang-uk|лях}})
|Ukraine, Russia
|Polish people
|''Lach'' is a term that originally referred to a representative of Slav tribes living roughly in what is today eastern Poland and western Ukraine, more commonly known today as [[Lendians]], but later became associated with all Polish tribes. In other languages, Lach and derived expressions are neutral.
|<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Попова|first1=Елена Александровна|last2=Аль-Хамдани Сура|date=2017|script-title=ru:Вероисповедание Как Фактор Формирования Оценочности Семантики Этнонимов В Русской Языковой Картине Мира |conference=ЗАДОНСКИЕ СВЯТО-ТИХОНОВСКИЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЧТЕНИЯ |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30007583|language=ru|publisher=Липецкий государственный педагогический университет имени П.П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского|pages=125–131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tkachivska|first=Maria|url=https://vspu.edu.ua/science/art/a200.pdf|title=Філологія (мовознавство): збірник наукових праць|publisher=Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State University|year=2017|isbn=978-966-2337-89-1|location=Vinnytsia|page=50|language=uk|chapter=Етнофолізми як перекладацька проблема|trans-chapter=Ethnic names as a translation issue}}</ref>
|}

==M==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Mabuno/Mahbuno
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|Local European people held in contempt, commonly [[white Africans of European ancestry]].
|
|<ref name="Cry">{{cite book |last=Stiff |first=Peter |title=Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On |location=Johannesburg |publisher=Galago Publishing |date=June 2000 |isbn=978-1-919854-02-1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Macaca (slur)|Macaca]]
|Europe
|African people
|Originally used by [[francophone]] colonists in North Africa, also used in Europe against Immigrants from Africa.
|<ref>{{cite book|title=O.O.P.S.: Observing Our Politicians Stumble: The Worst Candidate Gaffes and Recoveries in Presidential Campaigns|page=140|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Stephen |last=Frantzich}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American Public Service: Constitutional and Ethical Foundations|page=244}}</ref>
|-
|Macaronar
|[[Romania]]
|Italian people
|Roughly means "[[macaroni]] eater/maker".
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/macaronar |title='macaronar' on DEXonline |author= |date=2010 |website=Dexonline.ro|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Majus]] (مجوس)
|Arab world
|Persian people
|A term meaning [[Zoroastrian]], [[Magi]], [[fire worship]]per.
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOXaDwAAQBAJ |title=Arab-Iranian Relations: Dynamics of Conflict and Accommodation |date=2019-04-22 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78661-208-3 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vertovec |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz2LBQAAQBAJ |title=Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-60068-8 |pages=1971 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ottaway |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TParDwAAQBAJ |title=A Tale of Four Worlds: The Arab Region After the Uprisings |last2=Ottaway |first2=Marina |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-006171-5 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Malakh-khor (ملخ خور)
|Iran
|Arab people
|Meaning "locust eater," referring to the [[Edible locusts|eating of locusts in Arab cuisine]].
|<ref>{{cite web|author=b |url=http://jrbenjamin.com/2014/06/05/hooman-majd-on-the-difference-between-sunnis-shias-arabs-and-persians/ |title=Hooman Majd on the Difference Between Sunnis, Shias, Arabs, and Persians | The Bully Pulpit |website=Jrbenjamin.com |date= 5 June 2014|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rahimieh2015">{{cite book|author=Nasrin Rahimieh|title=Iranian Culture: Representation and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtpzCgAAQBAJ&q=malakh+khor&pg=PA133|date=27 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-42935-7|pages=133–}}</ref><ref name="economist1">{{cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title= Persians v Arabs Same old sneers Nationalist feeling on both sides of the Gulf is as prickly as ever |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21554238 |newspaper=The Economist }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zohur12.ir/118842/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1 |title=بازار داغ ملخ خوری در ماه رمضان + تصاویر |website=Zohur12.ir |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173035/http://www.zohur12.ir/118842/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamejamonline.ir/sara/1550648056147375019 |title=ماه رمضان با خوردن ملخ آغاز شد!+عکس |website=Jamejamonline.ir |date= 30 June 2014|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vahabiat.porsemani.ir/content/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA |title=ماه رمضان و افزایش مصرف ملخ در کشور وهابیت | پرسمان دانشجويي – وهابيت |website=Vahabiat.porsemani.ir |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173037/http://www.vahabiat.porsemani.ir/content/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|Malau
|South Africa
|[[Khoisan]]s and [[Cape Coloureds]] or [[Coloureds]]
|A derogatory [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] slang word derived from [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], used to insult [[Coloureds|coloured]] people and [[Khoisan]]s by suggesting they lack cultural and racial roots and are therefore uncivilized. Its origin can be traced back to the Xhosa word "amalawu" or "ilawu", meaning "[[Hottentot (racial term)|Hottentot]]".
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/popular_racial_stereotyping_by_m_adhikari_0.pdf |title=Popular Racial Stereotyping in South Africa: Historical Overview |last=Adhikari |first= Mohamed |date= 2006 |pages= 12–13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malaun]]
|Bangladesh
|Hindus
| "Malaun" is derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic "ملعون" (mal'un), which means "cursed" or deprived of God's mercy.
|<ref>{{cite book|title=The Micro-politics of Microcredit: Gender and Neoliberal Development in Bangladesh|page=78|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7HlCAAAQBAJ&q=Malaun&pg=PT78|isbn=978-1-317-43085-8|date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Malingsia / Malingsial / Malingsialan
|Indonesia
|Malaysian people
|Used in Indonesia, derived from "maling" (Javanese for "thief") and "Malaysia". It often arises due to perceived instances of Malaysia claiming aspects of Indonesian culture
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.news.viva.co.id/news/read/85904-kedubes-malaysia-diserang-hujatan-malingsia|title=Kedubes Malaysia Diserang Hujatan 'Malingsia'|date=27 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
|Malon
|Indonesia
|Malaysian people
|Used as the reply to ''Indon'' word. Malon is (mostly) a short for "Malaysia Bloon" (dumb Malaysians).
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-40996111|title=Bendera RI terbalik: perseteruan dari Ganyang Malaysia ke 'Malingsia'|work=CNN Indonesia|language=id|date=22 August 2017|access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Mangal / Mango / Mangasar / Mangusta
|Bulgaria
|Romani people
|From Bulgarian ''"мангал" (mangal)'' – a type of pot. Some variants are derived from the similar-sounding loanwords ''"манго" (mango)'' – mango and ''"мангуста" (mangusta)'' – mongoose.
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Romanucci-Ross |first1=Lola |last2=Vos |first2=George A. De |last3=Tsuda |first3=TakeyUnited Kingdomi |title=Ethnic Identity: Problems and Prospects for the Twenty-first Century |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0973-5 |page=297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AajCaf34k3oC&q=mangal&pg=PA297 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaev |first1=Ognyan |title=Analysis from Bulgaria: Anti-Gypsyism is the enemy at the gates |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/analysis-from-bulgaria-anti-gypsyism-is-the-enemy-at-the-gates |work=romea.cz |date=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Horvath |first1=Julia |last2=Wexler |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Wexler (linguist) |title=Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages: With Special Attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani, and Rumanian |date=1997 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03954-3 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHd2ACl7l4UC&q=Mangasar&pg=PA110 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Manne
|Finland
|[[Romani people|Romani]] men
|Possibly from [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''man'' or from the name ''Herman''. It refers to Romani men, however can also refer to Romani people generally.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/manne |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|he-Latn|Marokaki|italic=no}} ({{lang|he|מרוקקי}})
|Israel
|Moroccan Jewish people
|Derived from "Maroko" (Hebrew pronunciation for "Morocco") + "Kaki" (which means "shit", "crap" in Hebrew slang).
|<ref>[https://news.walla.co.il/item/3057571 "The Baboons are celebrating"], an article discussing about the hatred for Moroccan Jews in Israel (In Hebrew)</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:馬路大|Maruta]] ({{Lang|ja|丸太/マルタ}})
|Japan
|Chinese people
|Originally a term used by [[Unit 731]] referring to its human test subjects, Nowadays used by [[Netto-uyoku]] sometimes.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=「丸太」の何が問題なのか - 赤木智弘｜論座アーカイブ |url=https://webronza.asahi.com/national/articles/2020021000006.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=webronza.asahi.com |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mau-Mau]]
|United States
|Black people
|derived from [[Kenya]]ns of the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu tribe]] involved in the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau Rebellion]] in the 1950s.
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Fair Employment Practice Cases – Volume 20|page=723|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9-ZAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Bureau of National Affairs}}</ref>
|-
|Mayate/Mayatero
|
|Black people
|Literally the Spanish colloquial name of the [[Figeater beetle]].
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Irving L.|title=The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/languageofethnic0000alle|url-access=registration|access-date=16 February 2019|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-05557-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/languageofethnic0000alle/page/49 49]}}</ref>
|-
|Mayonnaise Monkey
|United States
|White people
|A term commonly used by black people. A person with a "mayonnaise"-like complexion.
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA931 p. 931]}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:Mick|Mick]]
|
|Irish people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=mick&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=0 |publisher=Princeton WordNet listing |title=Mick |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Mocro
|Dutch
|Dutch-Moroccan people
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gazzah |first1=Miriam |title=Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and Identification Processes of Dutch-Moroccan Youth |date=2008 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-062-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hBNR9qRk9sC&pg=PA206 | page=206 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Mof (singular) Moffen (plural)
|Dutch
|German people
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lefevere |first1=André |author-link1=André Lefevere |title=Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-45848-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Momo/Momos
|India
|Northeast Indians
|Used on those that imply they are Chinese foreigners.
|<ref name="Golmei2017" />
|-
|Monkey
|Europe
|Usually people of African, Melanesian, or Indigenous Australian descent.
|A universal slur, meaning it has the same meaning in different languages.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808 |title=The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea |last1=Bradley |first1=James |date=30 May 2013 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102 |title=Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history |website=Theconversation.com |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/why-monkey-is-racist/236674/amp |title=Why 'Monkey' Is Racist |date= |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/id/mahasiswa-papua-di-jerman-jangan-panggil-kami-monyet-kami-bukan-budak-di-negeri-sendiri/a-53873689 |title=Mahasiswa Papua di Jerman: Jangan Panggil Kami Monyet, Kami Bukan Budak di Negeri Sendiri | Indonesia: Laporan topik-topik yang menjadi berita utama |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=20 June 2020 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Moskal]], {{lang-uk|москаль}}, {{lang-pl|moskal}}, {{lang-ru|москаль}}, {{lang-de|moskowiter}}
|[[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]]
|Russians
|Historically a neutral designation for a person from [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]], currently refers to [[Russians]].
|<ref name="Mikaberidze2011">{{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Ilya Radozhitskii's Campaign Memoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaCJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2011|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-105-16871-0|page=10|author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:moon cricket|Moon Cricket]]
|United States
|Black people
|The origin is obscure. May refer to slaves singing at night as crickets chirp as dusk.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=moon crickets Meaning & Origin |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/moon-crickets/ |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=28 December 2023 |date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mountain Turk]]
|Turkey
|Kurdish people
|Former Turkish governments denied the [[Kurds]] their own ethnicity, calling them Mountain Turks (''dağ Türkleri''). Germans also used this word to describe Albanians, now it refers to the earlier.
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turkey's Kurds|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeyskurdstheo00azca|url-access=limited|last=Özcan|first=Kemal Ali|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-36687-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turkeyskurdstheo00azca/page/n13 4]-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War|url=https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169|url-access=limited|date=1 January 2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15557-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n82 53]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Muklo
|Philippines
|Filipino Muslims, notably among Bangsamoro ethnic groups
|First used by soldiers of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Moro insurgents]].
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sterkens |first1=Carl |chapter=Ethno-religious Identification and Latent Conflict: Support of Violence among Muslim and Christian Filipino Children and Youth |date=2016 |title=Conflict, Violence and Peace |pages=1–16 |editor-last=Harker |editor-first=Christopher |location=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_12-1 |isbn=978-981-4585-98-9 |last2=Camacho |first2=Agnes Zenaida |last3=Scheepers |first3=Peer |editor2-last=Hörschelmann |editor2-first=Kathrin |editor3-last=Skelton |editor3-first=Tracey}}</ref>
|-
|Mulignan/Mulignon/Moolinyan
|United States
|Black people
|Used by Italian-Americans. Deriving from "mulignana" the word for [[eggplant]] in some [[Neapolitan language|South Italian linguistic variants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/moolinyan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001074225/https://www.lexico.com/definition/moolinyan|archive-date=1 October 2021|title=Moolinyan |website=Lexico |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> Also called a mouli.
|<ref>"Se infatti gli italiani chiamano i neri 'mulignan', accomunandoli appunto alle 'melanzane' per il colore della pelle, sono essi stessi definiti storicamente come 'guinea'", Simona Cappellari, Giorgio Colombo
Fiorini, [https://books.google.com/books?id=INcqAQAAIAAJ&q=Mulignan ''Letteratura italoamericana''], 2008, p. 79.</ref><ref>Richard Greene, Peter Vernezze,
[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y15rZVmYVH0C&dq=Mulignan&pg=PA162 ''The Sopranos and Philosophy: I Kill Therefore I Am''], Open Court Publishing, 2004, p. 162.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="Moolinyan"}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:munt|Munt]]
|[[Rhodesia]], originally military
|Black people, usually men
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nyarota |first1=Geoffrey |title=Against the grain: memoirs of a Zimbabwean newsman |date=2006 |publisher=Zebra |isbn=978-1-77007-112-4 |page=63}}</ref>
|-
|Mustalainen
|Finland
|[[Romani people]]
|Literally "blackling," "blackie," "the black people", when "romani" is the neutral term.
|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |publisher=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus ja Kielikone Oy |year=2004 |isbn=952-5446-11-5 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>
|-
|Maxhup
|[[Kosovo]]
|[[Romani people]]
|Expression of contempt for someone, usually [[Romani people]].
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Mzungu]]
|Eastern and Southern Africa, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|White people
|May be both pejorative and affectionate, depending on usage.
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|}

==N==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Nawar (people)|Nawar]]
|Levant
|[[Romani people]]
|Arab term for [[Romani people]] and other groups sharing an itinerant lifestyle.
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Neftenya]] / Neftegna / Naftenya / Naftegna
|[[Ethiopia]]/[[Amharic language|Amharic]]
|[[Amhara people]]
|Literally means "rifle-bearer", relates to 19th century Ethiopian history. Since 1975, used as inflammatory term by [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF, governing party) officials against Amharas; continued inflammatory/derogatory usage in 2020 online media two years after EPRDF loss of political power.
|<ref name="HRW_Ethiopia_1995" /><ref name="AddisStand_Amhara_nationalism" /><ref name="Ethnification_ET_media" />
|-
|Němčour, nimchura (німчура), nemchura (немчура)
|Slavic languages
|German people
|
|<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Авагян|first=К. К.|date=2014|script-title=ru:Концепт "Враг" Во Фразеологизмах Русского И Сербского Языков |conference=РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ И ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ |url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22848424|language=ru |publisher=Московский государственный областной университет|pages=7–10}}</ref>
|-
|Nere
|[[Hindus|Bengali Hindus]]
|Muslims
|
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siraj|first1=Sayad Mustafa|last2=Chakravarty|first2=Sudeshna|title=Muthical Man|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2114-7|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4cpcPlyL38C&q=Muslim+called+Neres&pg=PA80|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Niakoué
|France
|East or Southeast Asian people
|A corrupted Vietnamese word with similar to "yokel", "country bumpkin", etc.
|<ref name="Michaud2017">{{cite book|last=Michaud|first=Alexis|author-link=Alexis Michaud|title=Tone in Yongning~Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3e9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|access-date=2 September 2017|date=26 April 2017|publisher=Language Science Press|isbn=978-3-946234-86-9|page=355}}</ref>
|-
|Niglet / Negrito
|
|Black children
|
|{{sfnp|Doane|Bonilla-Silva|2003|pp=132, 135}}
|-
|Nig-nog or Nignog
|Commonwealth
|Black people
|Originally used to refer to a novice – a foolish or naive person – before being associated with black people.
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Nig-nog|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|Nig-nog}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nigger]] / neeger (Estonian) / neekeri (Finnish) / niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggur / [[nigga]] / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress / nigette / negro / neger (Dutch & Afrikaans)
|International/Worldwide
|[[Black people]], especially [[African-Americans]]
|From the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''[[wikt:Negro|negro]]'' ("[[black]]"), derived from the [[Latin]] ''niger''. The Spanish or Portuguese term, or other such languages deriving the term from it such as [[Filipino language|Filipino]], may vary in its [[connotation]] per country, where some countries, the connotation may range from either positive, neutral, or negative, depending on context . For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" may simply refer to the color [[black]]. Among [[Spanish dialects and varieties|Spanish dialects]] in different countries, it may have either positive or negative connotations, such as describing someone similarly to my [[wikt:darling|darling]] or my [[wikt:honey|honey]] in [[Argentina]], or describing someone to be [[wikt:angry|angry]] in [[Spain]]. In Portuguese, the term "negro" is often preferred to the more offensive ''preto''; however, due to the influence of US-American pop culture, the "[[Nigga|n-word]]" can be found in the language as an [[anglicism]], with identical connotations as the English term.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigger |publisher=Marriam-Webstar |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nigger}}</ref>
|-
|[[:wiktionary:niggeritis|Niggeritis / Negroitis]]
|Caribbean
|Black people
|To feel sleepy after eating is referred to in and around the Caribbean as having "niggeritis", a direct allusion to the stereotype of laziness of black Africans.
|<ref name="mic">{{cite news|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/141124/5-everyday-phrases-that-actually-have-racist-origins/amp|title=5 Everyday Phrases That Actually Have Racist Origins|publisher= [[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|date=18 April 2016|author=PHILIP LEWIS}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nip]]
|United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom
|Japanese people
|Someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of ''Nipponese'', from Japanese name for Japan, ''Nippon'').
|<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Nip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731025839/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nip |archive-date=2020-07-31 |title=Nip |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
|-
|Nitchie / neche / neechee / neejee / nichi / nichiwa / nidge / nitchee / nitchy
|Canada
|Native Canadians
|A Native American (from the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] word for "friend").
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="Nitchie"}}</ref>
|-
|Non-Pri, Non-[[Pribumi]]
|Indonesia
|Indonesians of foreign descent, especially [[Chinese Indonesians]]
|The term pribumi was coined after Indonesian independence to replace the derogatory Dutch term ''Inlander'' ("native"). "Non-pribumi," often simply "non-pri," was then used to refer to Indonesians of foreign descent and was generally considered to suggest that they were not full citizens. Use of both "pribumi" and "non-pribumi" by government departments was banned by President [[B.J. Habibie]] in 1998 according to Inpres (''Instruksi Presiden'', lit. Presidential Instruction) No. 26 of 1998, along with instruction to stop discrimination by race in government.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/pribumi-making-sense-of-a-troubled-term/|title=Pribumi: making sense of a troubled term|first=Denny|last=Indrayana |publisher=Indonesia at Melbourne}}</ref>
|-
|Northern Monkey
|United Kingdom
|Northern English people
|Used in the south of England, relating to the supposed stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the north of the country. See also ''Southern Faerie''. In some cases, this has been adopted in the north of England, with a [[pub]] in [[Leeds]] even taking the name "The Northern Monkey".
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peevish.co.uk/slang/n.htm |title=Northern Monkey |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/ |title=The Northern Monkey |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130608/http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/ |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Nusayri
|Syria and the [[Levant]]
|Members of the [[Alawite]] sect of [[Shi'a Islam]].
|Once a common and neutral term derived from the name of [[Ibn Nusayr]], the sect's founder, it fell out of favour within the community in the early decades of the 20th century due to the perception that it implied a heretical separateness from mainstream [[Islam]]. Resurgent in the context of the ongoing [[Syrian civil war]], the term is now often employed by Sunni fundamentalist enemies of the government of [[Bashar al-Assad]], an Alawite, to suggest that the faith is a human invention lacking divine legitimacy.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2013/01/24/anti-islamism-in-an-islamic-ci |title=Anti-Islamism in an Islamic Civil War |last=al-Tamimi |first=Aymenn Jawad |date=24 January 2013 |publisher=The American Spectator |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174813/http://spectator.org/archives/2013/01/24/anti-islamism-in-an-islamic-ci |archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/zahran-alloush/|title=Zahran Alloush: His Ideology and Beliefs|last=Landis|first=Joshua|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325123621/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/zahran-alloush/}}</ref>
|}

==O==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Ofay
|African American Vernacular
|White people
|First recorded in the late 19th century. Origin unknown. Suggestions include [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] ''ófé'', "to disappear"; [[pig Latin]] for "foe"; and French ''au fait'', "socially proper".
|<ref>{{OEtymD|ofay}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Dalzell |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Victor |editor2-first=Terry |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z |date=2006 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-25938-5 |page=1402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&pg=PA1402 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Oláh
|Hungarian-speaking territories
|Romanian people
|Evolved to a pejorative term, originates from the historical designation of Romanians earlier the 19th century.
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barta |first1=Gábor |last2=Bóna |first2=István |last3=Köpeczi |first3=Béla |last4=Makkai |first4=László |last5=Mócsy |first5=András |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |title=History of Transylvania |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Research and Publications |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/112.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Orc (slang)|Orc]]
|Ukraine
|Russian soldiers
|'''Orc''' ([[Cyrillic]]: орк, [[Romanization|romanised]]: ''ork''), plural '''orcs''' ([[Russian language|Russian]] and {{lang-uk|орки}}, [[Romanization of Russian|Russian romanisation]]: ''orki'', [[Romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]]: ''orky''), is a pejorative used by Ukrainians<ref>{{Cite web |title=Что такое Украина? Репортаж писателя Джонатана Литтелла. Он съездил в Бучу и другие города под Киевом — и своими глазами увидел последствия российской оккупации |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2022/08/12/chto-takoe-ukraina |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref> to refer to an invading [[Russian Ground Forces|Russian soldier]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=In 'Ukrainian military Oscars,' Ukraine promotes army and mocks Russia |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-702617 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=29 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Life Under Russian Occupation: Hunger, Fear and Abductions |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/life-under-russian-occupation-hunger-fear-and-abductions-/6494205.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. It comes from the name of [[orc|the fictional humanoid monsters of the same name]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy novel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.
|-
|[[Oreo#Use of the word "Oreo" as a slur|Oreo]]
|United States
|Black people
| Used as early as the 1960s. Refers to a black person who is perceived as [[acting white]], and therefore black on the outside and white on the inside like an Oreo cookie.
|<ref name="Wilmore1989">{{cite book|last=Wilmore|first=Gayraud S.|author-link=Gayraud Wilmore|title=African American Religious Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanr00wilm|url-access=registration|access-date=30 May 2014|year=1989|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-0926-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericanr00wilm/page/441 441]}}</ref><ref name="SpitzbergThorndike1992">{{cite book|last1=Spitzberg|first1=Irving J.|last2=Thorndike|first2=Virginia V.|title=Creating Community on College Campuses: Beyond the Cultural Politics of Enjoyment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qynjlOFSHfoC&pg=PA35|access-date=30 May 2014|year=1992|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1005-9|page=35}}</ref><ref name="Boggs1998">{{cite book|last=Boggs|first=Grace Lee|author-link=Grace Lee Boggs|title=Living for Change: An Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea0000bogg|url-access=registration|access-date=30 May 2014|year=1998|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-0330-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea0000bogg/page/117 117]}}</ref>
|-
|Oven Dodger
|
|Jewish people
|Implying that one or one's ancestors avoided dying in the [[Holocaust]] and so avoid the [[Cremation#World War II|crematorium ovens]].
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1054 1054]}}</ref>
|-
|Overner
|United Kingdom, [[Isle of Wight]]
|Mainland United Kingdom Residents
|A term used by residents of the Isle of Wight, sometimes pejoratively, to refer to people from the mainland United Kingdom.
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henry Long|first1=William|title=''A Dictionary of the Isle of Wight dialect, and of provincialisms used in the island; to which is appended the Christmas Boys' play, an Isle of Wight "Hooam Harvest," and songs sung by the peasantry; forming a treasury of insular manners and customs of fifty years ago.''|date=1886|publisher=Reeves and Turner |location=London |page=53 |url=https://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/caws/dictionary-of-the-isle-of-wight-1886.pdf |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
|}

==P==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Paddy
|United Kingdom
|[[Ireland|Irish]] people
|Derived from [[Pádraig]]/Patrick. Often derogatory; however, the sister of [[Lord Edward FitzGerald]], a major leader of the [[United Irishmen]] of 1798, proclaimed that he was "a Paddy and no more" and that "he desired no other title than this".
|{{citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=Neither cited source describes this term as a slur}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/paddy?view=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101919/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/paddy?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |title=AskOxford: Paddy |access-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gerald|title=Edward and Pamela Fitzgerald: being some account of their lives|url=https://archive.org/details/edwardpamelafitz00camp|access-date=21 August 2016|year=1904|publisher=Edward Arnold|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edwardpamelafitz00camp/page/183 183]–4}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:Paddy wagon|Paddy wagons]]
|
|[[Irish people]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=14 March 2023|title=An Irishman Takes on the Word ‘Paddy’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/14/nyregion/an-irishman-takes-on-the-word-paddy.html|author=James Barron|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1 August 2017|title=President Trump’s reference to ‘paddy wagon’ insults Irish Americans like me|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/08/01/trumps-use-of-paddy-wagon-insults-irish-americans-like-me/|author=James Mulvaney|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
|Pajeet
|United States
|[[Ethnic groups in South Asia|South Asian people]]
|An [[Americans|American]] term for a [[Ethnic groups in South Asia|South Asian]] man. Used as a derogatory and disparaging term in reference to racial stereotyping towards South Asians. The implication makes fun of a typical Punjabi Indian male's name. Originated around late 2014 and early 2015.
|<ref name="GPAHE2024">{{cite web |title=Online Racism Targeting South Asians Skyrockets |url=https://globalextremism.org/post/online-racism-targeting-south-asians-skyrockets/ |publisher=Global Project Against Hate and Extremism |access-date=25 September 2024 |date=8 May 2024|quote=“Pajeet” is also used, referring to a derogatory made-up Indian name originating on 4chan in 2015, along with several other similar, though sometimes lesser known, racist terms. Plenty of commenters resented “pajeet immigrants,” described as “barely literate third worlder[s],” for “replac[ing]” striking workers in the tech industry. One Canadian user on the /pol/ board claimed the “jeet situation” in Canada was bad, and that they planned to “leave this dump” because of South Asian immigrants. Gab, a “free speech” platform with a similar interface to Twitter, saw hate speech against South Asians rise from 197 posts in January 2023 to 691 the next year, representing a staggering 251 percent increase. Comments include calling South Asians “pajeet chimps” and “paki scum” while leaning into derogatory stereotypes such as saying “pajeet still smell.”}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pākehā]]
|New Zealand
|New Zealanders of non-Maori origin.
|A Maori term for New Zealanders with no Polynesian ancestry. Not typically derogatory but can be taken so.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ensor |first1=Jamie |last2=Lynch |first2=Jenna |title=Deputy Labour leader rings Māori ACT MP to apologise for 'Pākehā world' comment |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/09/deputy-labour-leader-kelvin-davis-rings-m-ori-act-mp-karen-chhour-to-apologise-for-p-keh-world-comment.html |work=Newshub |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Paki (slur)|Paki]], Pakkis
|United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Norway
|[[Pakistanis]], other [[South Asians]]
|Shortened from "Pakistani".
|<ref name="GPAHE2024"/><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|pak|access-date=4 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="Paki"|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KT-cAQAAQBAJ&q=paki&pg=PA209 209]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6740445.stm |title=After the N-word, the P-word |work=BBC News |date=11 June 2007 |access-date=1 November 2013 |first=Rajni |last=Bhatia}}</ref>
|-
|[[Palagi]]
|Pacific Islands
|White people
|A [[Samoan language|Samoan]] term for a white person, found throughout the Pacific islands. Not usually derogatory unless used in reference to a local to imply they have assimilated into Western culture.
|<ref name="Hoëm2015">{{cite book|last=Hoëm|first=Ingjerd|title=Languages of Governance in Conflict: Negotiating democracy in Tokelau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|access-date=25 April 2017|date=20 March 2015|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-6892-1|page=92}}</ref>
|-
|Paleface
|Native Americans
|White people
|
|<ref name="Lehmann2010">{{cite book|last=Lehmann|first=Herman|author-link=Herman Lehmann|title=Nine Years among the Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzKs3kqQey4C&pg=PT29|access-date=26 October 2016|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Great Texas Books|isbn=978-1-932801-05-7|page=29}}</ref>
|-
|Pancake Face, Pancake
|
|Asian people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3 |title=Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American children |author=Susan Matoba Adler |publisher=University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109100449/http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Papoose]]
|United States, Canada
|Native American children
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/jmnoonan/blog/reading-racism-or-how-i%E2%80%99m-learning-wrestle-little-house-prairie |title=Reading Racism: Or, How I'm Learning to Wrestle with "Little House on the Prairie" | James M. Noonan, Ed.D |publisher=Scholar.harvard.edu |date=24 May 2020 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Paraíba
|Brazil
|[[Nordeste (socio-geographic division)|Northeastern Brazilian]] people
|[[Paraíba|One]] of the 9 states in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region of Brazil]]. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.
|<ref name="folhasp" />
|-
|Parsubang, Parsolam
|Indonesia (North Sumatra)
|Batak people or non-Batak people
|Parsubang or parsolam refers to Batak Dalle and non-Batak people who don't eat [[pork]], [[dog meat|canine meat]], [[blood as food|blood]], and drinking [[alcoholic beverage]]. Parsolam itself is a wordplay of solam/silom/selam, an old epithet for Islam and Muslims.
|<ref name="'nBASIS" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Noviyanti|first=Adinda Zahra|date=2020-08-29 |title=Merayakan Perbedaan Lewat Parsubang |url=https://medanheadlines.com/2020/08/29/merayakan-perbedaan-lewat-parsubang/ |trans-title= Celebrating Diversity through ''Parsubang'' and ''Parsolam''|access-date=2023-05-09 |website=MedanHeadlines |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasibuan|first=Thompson|date=2019-01-01|title=Sisingamangaraja: Pemersatu Batak Di Toba|trans-title=Sisingamangaraja: Batak Unifier In Toba|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/24099/1/Sisingamangaraja.pdf|publisher=Sumatran Archeological Association, an Indonesian Ministry of Education and Cultural company|page=77|isbn=978-602-17680-6-8}}</ref>
|-
|Pastel de flango
|Brazil
|[[East Asia]]n people
|Used mostly to refer to people of [[China|Chinese]] and [[Japan]]ese origin. [[Pastel (food)|Pastel]] is Portuguese for any pastry and so is used for [[wonton]] in Brazil. Flango is [[eye dialect]] of frango (Portuguese for chicken) ridiculing Asian pronunciation.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mori |first1=Letícia |title='Não toleramos mais': por que velhas piadas estão inflamando debate sobre racismo entre descendentes de asiáticos no Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-40816773 |agency=BBC |date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blazes |first1=Marian |title=The Everything Brazilian Cookbook: Includes Tropical Cobb Salad, Brazilian BBQ, Gluten-Free Cheese Rolls, Passion Fruit Mousse, Pineapple Caipirinha...and Hundreds More! |date=2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4405-7939-4 |pages=16–17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWvtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rendeiro |first1=Margarida |last2=Lupati |first2=Federica |title=Challenging Memories and Rebuilding Identities: Literary and Artistic Voices that undo the Lusophone Atlantic |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-054687-3 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeChDwAAQBAJ&q=flango%20frango&pg=PT160 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Paša
|Serbs
|Bosniaks
|Literally meaning [[Pasha]], used by Serbs originated during the Bosnian war to generally mock Bosniak Muslims who wanted keep [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] titles and place-names. The modern term is used to refer to old Bosniak men who were pictured in wartime cartoons as being "fat as a pasha."
|<ref>https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/12973/chapter-abstract/166144272?redirectedFrom=fulltext# {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Peckerwood]]
|Southern African American people and Upper-class White people
|Poor, rural White people
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Mezzrow |first=Mezz |title=Really the Blues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_qO1Foszj8C&q=peckerwoods&pg=PA16 |year=1946 |publisher=Kensington |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-1205-1 |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Killens |first=John Oliver |title=Sippi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKxiAAAAMAAJ&q=peckerwood |year=1967 |publisher=Trident Press |location=New York |lccn=67016400 }}</ref>
|-
|Peenoise
|[[English language|English]]-speaking [[Southeast Asia]]
|[[Filipinos]]
|Usually used in [[English language|English]] or sometimes in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]) and other [[Philippine languages]]. [[Compound (linguistics)|Compound]] of [[Urine|pee]] + [[noise]], likened to [[Pinoy]], the [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] [[diminutive]] [[demonym]] for [[Filipinos]]. The implication makes fun of their high-pitched voice and tendency to scream when speaking online, especially in [[Video game|online gaming]] and [[esports]].
|<ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2016|title=In case you didn't know: 'Peenoise' is a nasty term for Pinoys|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/news/case-you-didnt-know-peenoise-nasty-term-pinoys/|access-date=5 November 2021|website=Coconuts Manila}}</ref>
|-
|Perker
|Denmark
|Arabs, Middle Eastern
|[[Portmanteau]] of "perser" ([[Persians|Persian]]) and "tyrker" ([[Turkish people|Turk]]). The use of it is commonly used towards Middle Eastern immigrants
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Det er umuligt at tale neutralt om indvandrere |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/det-er-umuligt-tale-neutralt-om-indvandrere |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=videnskab.dk |date=3 September 2014 |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Perker — Den Danske Ordbog |url=https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=Perker |website=Ordnet.dk |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Pepper or Pepsi
|Canada
|[[French Canadian]]s or [[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]].
|
|<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.oxonianreview.org/issues/3-3/3-3-4.htm |author=David Williams |title=Review of ''Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages'' by Mark Abley |journal=The Oxonian Review of Books |volume=4 |issue=2 |url-status=usurped |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404062634/http://www.oxonianreview.org/issues/3-3/3-3-4.htm |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/media/31adco.html |last=Austen |first=Ian |title=In a Quebecer's Heart, Pepsi Occupies a Special Place |newspaper=New York Times |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pickaninny]]
|
|African American or West Indies child
|
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights|page=34|first=Robin|last=Bernstein|publisher=NYU press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC|isbn=978-0-8147-8709-0|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Literacy in America: N-Z|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/literacyamericae00guzz|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/literacyamericae00guzz/page/n411 373]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-358-2 }}</ref>
|-
|[[List of terms used for Germans#Piefke (pejorative)|Piefke]]
|[[Austria]]
|[[Prussia|Prussian]]s and Germans
|
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Pikey]] / piky / piker
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Irish Traveller]]s, [[Romani people]], and vagrant lower-class/poor people
|19th century on; derived from "[[Turnpike trust|turnpike]]".
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="pikey"}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anti-American sentiment in Russia|Pindos]] / Pendos ({{Lang-ru|Пиндос}})
|[[Russia]]
|[[Americans]]
|Universal disparaging term to refer to all Americans. Related slur terms can refer to the United States ─ such as Pindosiya, Pindostan ({{Lang-ru|Пиндосия, Пиндостан}}) and United States of Pindosiya.
|<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2003|title=Уэсли Кларк едва не разжег Третью мировую войну, утверждает британский генерал|url=https://txt.newsru.com/world/17Sep2003/tolst.html|access-date=31 January 2022|website=NEWSru.com|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title=Про пони и кино – Журнал "Компьютерра" |url=http://old.computerra.ru/offline/2004/559/35857/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026043657/http://old.computerra.ru/offline/2004/559/35857/ |archive-date=26 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|Pilak
|[[Sabah|Sabahans]]
|Filipinos
| Regional word for "silver" or "money". Particularly targets [[Anti-Filipino sentiment#Sabah|immigrants]].
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sabah MP in Twitter rumpus over 'racist' slur on Filipino immigrants |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2014/12/10/sabah-mp-in-twitter-rumpus-over-racist-slur-on-filipino-immigrants/799905 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=Malay Mail |date=10 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crawfurd |first1=John |title=A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language: with a preliminary dissertation |date=1852 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |location=London |page=ccxxx |url=https://archive.org/details/grammardictionar00craw/page/n243/mode/1up?q=pilak}}</ref>
|-
|Pink pig
|South Africa
|White people
|
|<ref name="SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3">{{cite report |last1=Ferroggiaro |first1=Will |title=Social Media, Discrimination and Intolerance in South Africa: A Lexicon of Hateful Terms |date=2019 |publisher=Media Monitoring Africa |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566/t/5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300/1556127851372/SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3.pdf |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Plastic Paddy]]
|[[Ireland]]
|Estranged Irish People
|Someone who knows little of [[Irish culture]], but asserts their 'Irish' identity. Can refer to foreign nationals who claim Irishness based solely on having Irish relatives. Often used in the same sense as poseur and wannabe.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=plastic Paddy |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/plastic-paddy |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Flanagan |first1=Damian |title=The Japanese lessons of a 'plastic Paddy' |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2018/03/14/voices/japanese-lessons-plastic-paddy/ |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=14 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Plouc
|France
|[[Bretons]]
|Used to mean Breton immigrants that came to Paris and extended to mean hillbillies. The term comes from the prefix "plou" found in many Breton city names and toponyms. {{wiktionary|plouc}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Plouc et Bécassine: quand Paris dénigrait la Bretagne |url=https://actu.fr/societe/plouc-et-becassine-quand-paris-denigrait-la-bretagne_40119564.html |work= Le Courrier Indépendant|date=16 March 2021 |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pocho]] / pocha
|Southwest United States, Mexico
|
|Adjective for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into United States culture (literally, "diluted, watered down (drink); undersized (clothing)"). See also "[[Chicano]]".
|<ref>Collins Spanish Dictionary 5th ed. (HarperCollins: 2003). p. 773.</ref>
|-
|[[Pocahontas]]
|United States
|Native Americans
|Refers to a distorted narrative of [[Pocahontas]], a Native American woman, in which the 17th-century daughter of Powhatan who negotiated with the English at Jamestown, married an English colonist and converted to Christianity.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/10/16/how-pocahontas-myth-slur-props-up-white-supremacy/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=How Pocahontas — the myth and the slur — props up white supremacy|author=Honor Sachs|date=16 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/11/28/pocahontas-racist-eric-trump-defends-his-dad-but-native-americans-say-otherwise/902837001/|title=Is 'Pocahontas' a racial slur? Eric Trump defends his dad, but Native Americans say otherwise|date=28 Nov 2017|publisher=[[USA TODAY]]|author=Josh Hafner}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/trump-warren-pocahontas-new-hampshire/amp|title=Trump Warns He Could Revive "Pocahontas" Slur at Any Time|publisher=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|author=ALISON DURKEE|date=15 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Polack]], Polacke, Polak, Polock
|
|[[Polish people|Polish]] or [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] people
|From the Polish [[endonym]], ''Polak'' (see [[Name of Poland]]). Note: the proper Swedish demonym for Polish people is ''polack'', and the Norwegian equivalent is ''polakk''.
|<ref name="Allen1983">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Irving L.|title=The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/languageofethnic0000alle|url-access=registration|access-date=23 August 2018|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-05557-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/languageofethnic0000alle/page/64 64]}}</ref><ref name=Polack>Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman Group United Kingdom Limited, 1992, {{ISBN|0-582-23720-3}}</ref><ref>''[[Svenska Akademiens ordlista|Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket]]'' (The Swedish Academy's word list of the Swedish language), 10th edition (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1984), {{ISBN|91-1-730242-0}}, p. 377.</ref><ref>''[[Bokmålsordboka]]'' (The Bokmål dictionary), 2nd edition (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1997), {{ISBN|82-00-21763-9}}, p. 398.</ref>
|-
|[[Polaco (slur)|Polaco]]
|Spain
|[[Catalans|Catalan people]]
|
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Polaca
|Brazil
|[[Prostitute]]
|In [[Brazilian Portuguese]] the word (meaning "Polish woman") [[Zwi Migdal#polaca|became synonymous to "prostitute"]].
|<ref>Jeff Lesser, ''Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=c8JghimnHDsC&pg=PA34 p.34]</ref>
|-
|[[Polentone]]
|Italy
|Northern Italians
|Referring to them as a "[[polenta]] eater".
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampson |first1=Susan |title=Pleasing polenta {{!}} The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/12/22/pleasing_polenta.html |access-date=24 September 2018 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=22 December 2007 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Pom, Pohm, [[Pommy]], Pommie, Pommie Grant
|Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
|British
|Usually non-derogatory, but may be derogatory depending on context.
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Internet Reporter, Volumes 8–9|page=502|year=1982}}</ref>
|-
| Porridge wog
|
|Scots
|
|<ref name="Green1124">{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1124 p. 1124]}}</ref>
|-
|Portagee
|United States
|[[Portuguese people]] and [[Portuguese Americans]]
|Slur for Portuguese Americans immigrants.
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&q=Portagee&pg=PA1530 1530]|loc=Portagee}}</ref>
|-
|Potet
|Norway
|Ethnic [[Norwegians]]
|Means "potato" in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Norwegians. Means "light skin like a potato".
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2006/09/27/32242/annonserte-etter-potet-beskyldt-for-rasisme|date=27 September 2006|title=Annonserte etter "potet" – beskyldt for rasisme |work=ABC Nyheter|location=Oslo |access-date=24 November 2019|language=no}}</ref>
|-
|Prairie nigger
|
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
|
|<ref name="The Deseret News 1985-04-28">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tBkPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991,5223938&dq=prairie-nigger&hl=en|title=3 veterans agree US deprived them of victory but not of heroism|last=Weist|first=Larry|date=28 April 1985|work=The Deseret News|pages=A1, A5 |location=Salt Lake City |access-date=10 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Prod
|Northern Ireland
|Northern Irish Protestants
|
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Share |first1=Bernard |title=Slanguage: A Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland |date=2005 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7171-3959-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpflAAAAMAAJ |language=en|page=253}}</ref>
|-
|Promdi
|Philippines
|Filipinos from countryside (understood as provinces) who have limited or no knowledge about Metro Manila or other big cities by the time they first arrive
|From a pronunciation spelling of English from the (province). This term can be offending or stereotypical, as it is often used to make fun of people who first arrive in a big city and wear unfashionable clothes or speak in a rural-like accent, common stereotypes of people coming from the countryside. It is being reclaimed as a symbol of pride. It is often synonymous with the word ''probinsyano''/''probinsyana.''
|<ref>{{cite book |editor=R. David Zorc |editor2=Rachel San Miguel |editor3=Annabel M. Sarra |editor4=Patricia O. Afable |date=1994 |title=Tagalog Slang Dictionary |location=Manilla |publisher=De La Salle University Press |url=https://zorc.net/RDZorc/publications/071%3DTagalog%20Slang%20Dictionary.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pshek]]
|Russian
|[[Polish people|Polish]] males
|
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|}

==Q==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Quashie, Quashi
|Caribbean
|Black people
|Often used on those who were often gullible or unsophisticated. From the [[Akan names|West African name]] ''Kwazi'', often given to a child born on a Sunday.
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=118}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/quashi |work=Collins English Dictionary |title=Quashi |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Brewer1895">{{cite book|last=Brewer|first=Ebenezer Cobham|author-link=E. Cobham Brewer|title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphra02brew|access-date=15 July 2018|year=1895|publisher=Cassell|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphra02brew/page/1025 1025]}}</ref><ref name="Bartle 80–84">{{cite journal | last = Bartle | first = Philip F. W. | title = Forty Days; The Akan Calendar | journal = Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–84 | date = January 1978 | url = http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-40.htm | doi = 10.2307/1158712 | access-date = 15 July 2018 | jstor = 1158712| s2cid = 143751434 }}</ref>
|}

==R==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Raghead
|
|Arabs, Indian Sikhs, etc.
|Derived from those people wearing traditional headdress such as [[turban]]s or [[keffiyeh]]s. See [[#T|towel head]]. Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations.
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=Michiel |title=Becoming Canadian: Memoirs of an Invisible Immigrant |date=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7840-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/becomingcanadian00horn/page/60 60] |url=https://archive.org/details/becomingcanadian00horn |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/09/11/my_life_in_a_turban/|title=My life in a turban|author=Vishavjit Singh|work=salon.com|date=11 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|Ramasamy
|British-ruled [[Southern Africa]]
|Indians,
|Ramasamy is a common name used mostly by [[Tamil people]]. The racially-divided southern Africa was inhabited by a large number of [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]] from India of whom [[Tamil South Africans|Tamils]] were the majority.
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ramasamy+%5Ba+pejorative+term+for+an+Indian%5D+in+or+near+town+is+all+very+well+as+a+grower+or+purveyor%22&pg=PP102|title=Gandhi before India|date=15 October 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-322-8|language=en|quote=Ramasamy [a pejorative term for an Indian] in or near town is all very well as a grower or purveyor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian South Africans {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-south-africans|access-date=22 December 2021|website=Sahistory.org.za}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rastus]]
|United States
|African Americans
|A stereotypical term.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US7/NAMES/rastliza.html |title=Connotations of the Names Rastus and Liza |quote=FAST-US-7 (TRENAK 15) Introduction to American English. Reference File, 04-16-2007 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201850/http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US7/NAMES/rastliza.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
|Bengali
|
|Akin to the western term [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]].
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Mookherjee|first=Nayanika|chapter=Denunciatory Practices and the Constitutive Role of Collaboration in the Bangladesh War|title=Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building |year=2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4213-3|editor=Sharika Thiranagama |editor2=Tobias Kelly|page=49}}</ref>
|-
|[[Redleg]]
|Barbados
|[[White people]]
|Used to refer to the islands' laborer-class, given how pale skin tends to burn easily.
|<ref name="Sheppard">{{Cite book | last = Sheppard | first = Jill | title = The "Redlegs" of Barbados, their origins and history | publisher = KTO Press | date = 1977 | location = Millwood, N.Y. | page = 18 | isbn = 978-0-527-82230-9}}</ref>
|-
|[[Redneck]]
|United States
|[[White Americans]]
|Applied to [[working-class]] white people perceived to be crass, unsophisticated, and [[reactionary]]; closely associated with rural whites of the [[Southern United States]].
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Redneck|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Redskin]]
|
|[[North American Indians|Native Americans]]
|Often used in the names of [[Sports teams named Redskins|sports teams]]. See [[Native American name controversy]].
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Redskin|access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Remove Kebab]]
|
|[[Muslims]], usually of [[Arabian]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] descent.
|Its origin is a [[Serbia Strong|Serbian music video]] that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.
|<ref name="Aljazeeramaterial"/>
|-
|Risorse boldriniane
|[[Italy]]
|[[Maghrebi Arabs]]
|Literally "Boldrini's resources". Used for the first time in 2015 by [[Matteo Salvini]], as a slur for North-African immigrants, who had been unironically called "resources" by [[Laura Boldrini]].
|<ref>{{cite news|date=8 December 2020|title=Laura Boldrini fa causa a Salvini per la campagna d'odio sulle "risorse boldriniane" |url=https://www.nextquotidiano.it/laura-boldrini-fa-causa-a-salvini-per-la-campagna-dodio-sulle-risorse-boldriniane/|newspaper=[[Next Quotidiano]]}}</ref>
|-
|Rockspider, rock
|[[South Africa]]
|[[Afrikaners]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=rockspider |url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/rockspider/e06040 |website=A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE |publisher=Dictionary Unit for South African English |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rootless cosmopolitan]] ({{lang-ru|безродный космополит}})
|[[Russia]]
|Jews
|Soviet epithet, originated in the official parlance, as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the [[Soviet Union]].
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494]}}</ref>
|-
|Rosuke, Roske
|Japanese
|Russians
|"suke/ske" is a Japanese general-purpose derogatory suffix.
|<ref>{{cite book|author=Yasunosuke Satō|title=Sino-Japanese problems – Volume 3 of Japanese papers, Institute of Pacific Relations Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsE5AQAAIAAJ&q=Roske|access-date=4 June 2018|year=1931|publisher=Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=MacWilliams|first=Mark W.|title=Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MknfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|access-date=4 June 2018|date=18 December 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-46699-4|page=239}}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|Rooinek}}[[Rooinek]]
|South Africa
|British people
|[[List of South African slang words|Slang]] for a [[British diaspora in Africa|person of British descent]].
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=Stephen|last2=Vanderplank|first2=Robert|title=Uglier Than a Monkey's Armpit: Untranslatable Insults, Put-Downs, and Curses from Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZZPzCpqyBoC&q=rooinek&pg=PT109 |access-date=4 June 2018|date=7 July 2009|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-16292-7|page=109}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roto]]
|[[Peru]], [[Bolivia]]
|Chilean people
|Used to refer disdainfully. The term ''roto'' ("tattered") was first applied to Spanish [[Conquest of Chile|conquerors in Chile]], who were badly dressed and preferred military strength over intellect.
|<ref name= JL148>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OUJ-BnpVjO0C&q=origen+termino+roto&pg=PA148 | title= Identidad Chilena | year= 2001 | location= Santiago, Chile | first= Jorge |last= Larraín |page= 148 | publisher= LOM | isbn= 978-956-282-399-9 | access-date= 21 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Roundeye
|English-speaking Asians
|Non-Asians, especially White people
|
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=295}}
|-
|[[wikt:Russki|Russki]], ruski (Polish), ryssä (Finnish)
|United States Europe
|Russians
|From the Russian word Русский ''Russkiy'', meaning "Russian".
|<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Russki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815114207/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Russki |archive-date=15 August 2021 |title=Russki |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/ryss%C3%A4 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}}</ref>
|}

==S==


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]]
|[[Iraq]]
|[[Feyli (tribe)|Feyli Kurds]]
|Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during [[Ba'athist Iraq]] to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in [[Shia Islam]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-06 |title=Faili kurds |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/faili-kurds/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sambo (racial term)|Sambo]]
|United States
|African Americans or black people in general
|
|<ref>Boskin, Joseph (1986) Sambo, New York: Oxford University Press</ref>
|-
|Sand nigger{{anchor|Sand nigger}}
|United States
|Arabs or Muslims in general
|Mainly used due to the desert environment of most Arab countries. Equivalent of ''dune coon'' (above).
|<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBrrAM10x74C&q=Sand+nigger&pg=PA46 |author=Nawar Shora |publisher=Cune Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-885942-47-0 |title=The Arab-American Handbook: A Guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim Worlds |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Richey2012">{{cite book |last=Richey |first=Johnny |title=I Blame You, You and You: The Lost and Found Kids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxbwziBCWcYC|access-date=3 May 2013|date=20 March 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4685-6364-1|page=162}}</ref>{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|page=72}}
|-
|[[Sangokujin]] ({{Lang|ja|三国人}})
|Japan
|Korean and Taiwanese people
|Originally used to refer the various former colonial subjects of the [[Empire of Japan]] in the aftermath of [[World War II]].
|<ref name="TimeInterview">"[http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/magazine/2000/0424/int.ishihara.html 'There's No Need For an Apology': Tokyo's boisterous governor is back in the headlines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091806/http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/magazine/2000/0424/int.ishihara.html|date=2013-04-08}}," ''TIME Asia'', April 24, 2000.</ref>
|-
|[[Sarong Party Girl]]
|Singapore
|Asian women
|Used to ridicule Asian women who exclusively dates, marries, or socializes with White men for ulterior motives (especially for sexual, social status, and monetary purpose).
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Hannah |last2=Ho |first2=Debbie |date=2019-01-01 |title=Identity in Flux: The Sarong Party Girl's Pursuit of a "Good Life" |journal=Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/ajell/article/view/1674 |volume=13 |page=146|doi=10.31436/asiatic.v13i2.1674 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dissecting the Sarong Party Girl |url=https://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/dissecting-sarong-party-girl |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Todayonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Here's the reason why Sarong Party Girls are called Sarong Party Girls |url=https://goodyfeed.com/heres-the-reason-why-sarong-party-girls-are-called-sarong-party-girls/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Goodyfeed.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Sassenach
|Scottish, Gaelic
|English people
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title = the definition of Sassenach|url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sassenach|website = Dictionary.com|access-date = 12 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Savage (pejorative term)|Savage]]
|England
|Indigenous people, non-Christians
|Used to describe a person or people considered primitive/uncivilized. Sometimes a legal term. Targets include indigenous tribes and civilizations in North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. US examples include 1776 Declaration of Independence ("merciless Indian Savages") and 1901 Supreme Court ''[[DeLima v. Bidwell]]'' ruling describing Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as "savage tribes"
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Can |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pUIAAAAQAAJ&q=asia |title=Can the independent chiefs of savage tribes cede to any private individual the whole or a part of their states, together with the sovereign rights which belong to them in conformity with the traditional customs of the country? |date=1884 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jefferson and American Indians |url=https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/origins-of-the-expedition/jefferson-and-american-indians/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Monticello |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brady |first=Cheyenne |date=2020-07-04 |title="Merciless Indian Savages" |url=https://www.cnay.org/merciless-indian-savage/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Center for Native American Youth |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DeLima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/1/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sawney]]
|England
|Scottish people
|Archaic term. Local variant of ''Sandy'', short for "Alasdair".
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="sawney"}}</ref>
|-
|Scandihoovian
|
|[[Scandinavia]]n people living in the United States
|Somewhat pejorative term for people of [[Scandinavia]]n descent living in the United States, now often embraced by Scandinavian descendants.
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalzell|first1=Tom|last2=Victor|first2=Terry|title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abYBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16274|access-date=4 June 2018|date=26 June 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-37251-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|scandihoovian|access-date=1 November 2013}} "disparaging: a Scandinavian individual esp. living in the United States"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leary |first1=James P. |author-link1=James P. Leary |title=UW Department of Scandinavian Studies Alumni Newsletter |date=2001 |publisher=University of Washington |location=Seattle, WA |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Philip J.|last2=Blanck|first2=Dag|title=Norwegians and Swedes in the United States: Friends and Neighbors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQpTm518v2oC&pg=PT120|access-date=4 June 2018|year=2012|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|isbn=978-0-87351-841-3|page=120}}</ref>
|-
|Seppo, Septic
|Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom
|American people
|[[Cockney rhyming slang|Australian rhyming slang]]: [[Septic tank]] – [[Yankee|Yank]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australiatravelsearch.com.au/trc/slang.html |publisher=Australia Travel Search |title=Dictionary of Australian Slang |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Schluchtenscheißer
|[[Germany]]
|Austrian people
|Translates to somebody defecating in a cave (word-for-word translation: ''gorge shitter'') and alludes to the mountainous landscape of Austria.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wortbedeutung.info/Schluchtenschei%C3%9Fer/|title=Schluchtenscheißer - Wortbedeutung.info|website=Wortbedeutung}}</ref>
|-
|Schvartse, Schwartze
|Yiddish or German speakers
|African people (in the United States) Mizrahi Jews (in Israel)
|Literally translates to "black".
|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861732947/definition.html |title=shvartse |publisher=Encarta World English Dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507133734/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861732947/definition.html |archive-date=7 May 2011 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Schwartze Khayeh
|Ashkenazi Jews
|Mizrahi Jews
|Literally translates to "black animal".
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shohat |first1=Ella |title=Israeli cinema: East/West and the politics of representation |date=1989 |publisher=Austin : University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-73847-8 |page=134 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelicinemaeas0000shoh/page/134/mode/1up}}</ref>
|-
|{{vanchor|Sheboon}}{{for|the river in Belize|Sibun River}}
|United States
|Black women
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/federal-judge-awards-700000-to-former-american-university-student-targeted-in-neo-nazi-troll-storm/2019/08/10/f73dca84-bb7f-11e9-bad6-609f75bfd97f_story.html |title=Federal judge awards over $700,000 to former American University student targeted in neo-Nazi 'troll storm' |first=Samantha |last=Schmidt |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Sheeny
|United States
|Jewish people
|A 19th-century term for an "untrustworthy Jew".
|<ref>{{cite book |title=But He Was Good to His Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters |last=Rockaway |first=Robert A. |publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-965-229-249-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/buthewasgoodtohi00robe/page/95 95] |url=https://archive.org/details/buthewasgoodtohi00robe/page/95 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sheepshagger]]
|Australia, United Kingdom
|[[New Zealander]]s (in Australia) [[Welsh people|Welsh]] people (in the UK)
|
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Long|first1=Richard|title=Is Anzac Day the right national day?|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/comment/columnists/richard-long/4927943/Is-Anzac-Day-the-right-national-day|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427112140/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/comment/columnists/richard-long/4927943/Is-Anzac-Day-the-right-national-day|archive-date=27 April 2011|publisher=The Dominion Post|date=26 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/UKnews/law-and-order/10023732/Man-fined-for-racism-after-Welsh-sheep-slur.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429022833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10023732/Man-fined-for-racism-after-Welsh-sheep-slur.html | archive-date=29 April 2013 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Man fined for racism after Welsh sheep slur | date=28 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shelta]]
|Ireland
|[[Irish Travellers]]
|Derived from ''siúilta'', which means "The Walkers" in [[Irish language|Irish]].
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Shiksa (female), Shegetz (male)
|Yiddish speakers
|Non-Jewish children
|
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|shegetz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|shiksa}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shina (word)|Shina]] (支那)
|Japan
| rowspan="2" |Chinese people
| rowspan="2" |The Chinese term "Zhina" was orthographically borrowed from the Japanese "shina". Variant form of this term: [[:ja:支那人|Shinajin]]/[[:zh:支那人|Zhinaren]] (支那人)
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Fogel2012">Joshua A. Fogel, [http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp229_shina_china.pdf "New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China"], Sino-Platonic Papers, 229 (August 2012)</ref>
|-
|[[:zh:支那|Zhina]] (支那)
|Taiwan, Hong Kong
|-
|Shine
|United States
|Black people
|Derived from [[shoeshiner]], a lowly job many black people had to take.
|<ref name="Green1265">{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1265 p. 1265]}}</ref>
|-
|[[wiktionary:shitskin|Shitskin]]
|United States
|Black people, anyone with dark-coloured skin
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=shitskin |date=2023-05-06 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=shitskin&oldid=72935224 |access-date=2024-05-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shiptar]]
|[[Former Yugoslavia]]
|[[Albanian people]]
|From misspelled [[Albanian language|Albanian]] [[endonym]] "[[Shqiptar]]".
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.albanianews.it/notizie/serbia/alta-corte-belgrado-siptar |title=Serbia: L'Alta corte emette sentenza storica. "Šiptar", un termine offensivo |language=it |trans-title=Serbia: High Court issues historic ruling. "Šiptar", an offensive term |date=22 October 2018 |website=Albanianews.it |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419174700/https://www.albanianews.it/notizie/serbia/alta-corte-belgrado-siptar }}</ref>
|-
|Shka i Velikës
|[[Gheg Albanian]]s
|[[Montenegrins]] from [[Velika, Montenegro|Velika]]
|Derogatory terms for [[Montenegrins]] named after the place [[Velika, Montenegro|Velika]] in [[Montenegro]].
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Shkije]]
|[[Gheg Albanian]]s
|[[South Slavs]], in particular [[Serbs]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[Montenegrins]], [[Bosniaks]]
|Derived from the [[Latin]] word "Sclavus" or from the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] word "Schiavone", which means [[Slavs|Slav]].
|<ref>Gjergj Fishta; Robert Elsie; Janice Mathie-Heck (2005). The Highland Lute. I.B.Tauris. p. 459. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-118-2}}.</ref>
|-
|Shkinulkë
|[[Gheg Albanian]]s
|[[South Slavs]], in particular [[Serbs]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[Montenegrins]], [[Bosniaks]]
|Same as [[Shkije]] but targeted towards women.
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Shkutzim (Yiddish, plural)
|Yiddish speakers (plural)
|Non-Jewish men
|Used especially on those perceived to be anti-Semitic. Cf. ''Shegetz'', ''Shiksa''.
|<ref name="jewfaq.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm#Goyim |title=Goyim, Shiksas and Shkutzim |work=Judaism 101 |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|Shkutor Croatian: Škutor
|Croatia
|West-Herzegovinan Croatian people
|Primarily used to refer to ethnic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to majority of Croats who are not natives of the modern-day Croatia (i.e. [[Croats of Hungary]], Croats of Vojvodina etc.).
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brotnjo.info/2019/03/22/znate-li-sto-su-skutori-i-sperci/|title=Znate li što su Škutori i Šperci?|website=Brotnjo.info|date=22 March 2019|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Do you know what Scooters and Pinschers are? |date=22 March 2019 |website=Brotnjo.info |url= https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brotnjo.info%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fznate-li-sto-su-skutori-i-sperci%2F |via=Google Translate}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shoneen]]
|Ireland
|Irish People
|Irish Person who imitates English Customs. It means "Little John" in Irish language, referring to [[John Bull]], a national personification of the British Empire in general and more specifically of England.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary|editor1-last=Black |editor1-first=Duncan |title=Shoneen |dictionary=Collins Dictionary |date=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/collinsdictionar0000unse_c2q3/mode/1up?q=shoneen}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68195 | title='Bull, John (supp. fl. 1712–)' |first=Miles |last=Taylor |year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/68195}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shylock]]
|
|Jewish people perceived as greedy or usurious
|From the antagonistic character of [[Shylock]], a Jewish money-lender, in William Shakespeare's play ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3394403/shylock-biden/ |title=When Did 'Shylock' Become a Slur? |last1=Rothman |first1=Lily |date=17 September 2014 |website=[[Time.com]] |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:死阿陸|Sí-a-la̍k]] ({{Lang|zh-tw|死阿陸}})
|Taiwan
|Chinese people
|Literally means "[[:zh:阿陸仔|damned mainlanders]]". the homophonic numerical form of this phrase([[:zh:426#政治領域中|426]]) is also frequently used.
|<ref name="426news">[http://www.want-daily.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=53348 旺报：從426看一些台灣人的狹隘政治觀] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020144821/http://www.want-daily.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=53348|date=October 20, 2014}} want-daily.com [2014-7-17]</ref>
|-
|Siamtue ({{lang-th|เซียมตือ}}, {{lang-nan|暹豬}})
|[[Bangkok]]er ([[Thai Chinese]])
|[[Thai people|Central Thai people]] (usually include [[Mon people|Mon]]s)
|Literally Siamese pig; "low and vile like pigs, easy to fatten and slaughter, easy money"; mostly refers to Central Thais who migrated to Bangkok.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naewna.com/likesara/373271|title=ก่อนถึงยุคแร็พ'ประเทศกูมี' ย้อนฟังเพลงเพื่อชีวิต'กระแทกใจ'ผู้มีอำนาจ|author=Naewna|date=28 October 2018|publisher=Naewna|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}
|-
|Sideways vagina/pussy/cooter
|
|Asian women, particularly Chinese women.
|
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edwardes|first1=Allen|title=Cradle of Erotica: Study of Afro-Asian Sexual Expression and an Analysis of Erotic Freedom in Social Relationships|year=1970|publisher=Odyssey Press Ltd.|location=London|isbn=978-0-85095-000-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdLfAAAAMAAJ|last2=Masters|first2=R. E. L.|access-date=26 May 2012|page=44}}</ref>
|-
|Skinny
|United States
|Somali people
|A term most commonly used for Somali militia fighters.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowden|first=Mark|title=Black Hawk Down|url=https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00bowd_1|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-028850-6 }}</ref>
|-
|Skopianoi
|Greece
|[[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Ethnic Macedonians]]
|Derived from [[Skopje]], the capital city of North Macedonia.
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara|url-access=limited|author=Anastasia N. Karakasidou|author-link=Anastasia Karakasidou|year=1997|location=Chicago & London|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara/page/n299 265]|quote=the terms ''Skopia'' and ''Skopians,'' derived from the name of that country's capital and principal city, Skopje, have been employed in a demeaning and derogatory manner to refer to the FYROM, its government, and its population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Philip Carabott|title=The Politics of Constructing the Ethnic "Other": The Greek State and Its Slav-speaking Citizens, ca. 1912 – ca. 1949|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas|year=2003|volume=5|page=159|quote=[...] the seemingly neutral but hardly non-derisive ''Skopianoi''.}}</ref>
|-
|Skip, Skippy
|Australia
|An Australian, especially one of British descent
|Derived from the children's television series ''[[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo]]''.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms|url=http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins/s|website=Australian National Dictionary Centre|publisher=[[Australian National University]]|access-date=19 December 2016|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162551/http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins/s|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Skævøjet
|Denmark
|East Asian people
|Skævøjet, literally meaning "with crooked eyes", is a reference to their appearance.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=sk%C3%A6v%C3%B8jet|title=skævøjet — Den Danske Ordbog|website=ordnet.dk}}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|slant}}Slant, slant–eye
|
|East Asian people
|In reference to the appearance of the eyes.
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Kat|title=The Slants: Fighting For The Right To Rock A Racial Slur|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/01/19/510467679/the-slants-fighting-for-the-right-to-rock-a-racial-slur|access-date=26 May 2018|work=NPR.org|date=19 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Slobo
|Finland
|Russians or Slavs
|From the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word ''sloboda'' ("freedom") through some means, probably through some form of [[Russian language|Russian]] слобода́ (''slobodá'').
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/slobo |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}}</ref>
|-
|Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey, sloper
|Australia, United Kingdom, and United States
|Asian people (especially Vietnamese in Australia; especially Chinese in America)
|Also slant, slant-eye.
|<ref>{{harvp|Moore|2004|loc="slope"}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="slope", "slopy"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaldef.org/blog/my-slant-on-the-slants-and-other-asian-american-n-words.html|title=Blog: My slant on The Slants and other Asian American "N" words – AALDEF|work=aaldef.org|date=4 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[Snowflake (slang)#Interracial relations|Snowflake]]
|United States
|White people
|Mostly used in this context in the 19th and 20th centuries.
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Brianna|title=Been called a 'snowflake'? The 'it' new insult|url=http://college.usatoday.com/2017/02/01/the-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you/|access-date=4 April 2017|work=[[USA Today]]|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404221340/http://college.usatoday.com/2017/02/01/the-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you/|archive-date=4 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Smoked Irish/Smoked Irishman
|United States
|Black people
|A 19th-century term intended to insult both blacks and Irish but used primarily for black people.
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=118}}
|-
|Somdeang (โสมแดง)
|Thailand
|North Koreans
|Literally "red ginseng" (see also ''Somkhao'').
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/news/foreign/2354637|title=โสมแดงประณามวาทกรรมโสมขาว|author=Thairath|date=4 April 2022|publisher=[[Thairath]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Thai manager">{{cite news|url=https://mgronline.com/around/detail/9640000095887|title=ผู้นำโสมขาวแย้มถึงเวลาคนเกาหลีต้องเลิกกิน 'เนื้อสุนัข'|agency=Reuters|date=28 September 2021|publisher=Manager|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}
|-
|Somkhao (โสมขาว)
|Thailand
|South Koreans
|Literally "white ginseng" (see also ''Somdeang'').
|<ref name = "Thai manager"/>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}
|-
|Soosmar-khor: (سوسمار خور)
|Persia
|Arabian people
|Persian for "lizard eater," referring to the [[Uromastyx#Consumption by humans|eating of lizards in Arab cuisine]].
|<ref name="O'Donnell1980">{{cite book|author=Terence O'Donnell|title=Garden of the brave in war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl8uAQAAIAAJ&q=lizards|year=1980|publisher=Ticknor & Fields|isbn=978-0-89919-016-7|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/opinion/06sadjapour.html|title=Arabs Rise, Tehran Trembles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 March 2011 |access-date=7 January 2016|last1=Sadjadpour |first1=Karim }}</ref><ref name="Sciolino2001">{{cite book|author=Elaine Sciolino|title=Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7QYk48OPqYC&q=uncivilized+people+who+went+about+unclothed+and+ate+lizards.&pg=PA170|date=25 September 2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1779-8|pages=170–}}</ref>
|-
|Sooty
|United States
|Black people
|Originated in the 1950s.
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="sooty"}}</ref>
|-
|Southern Faerie, Southern Fairy
|United Kingdom
|Southern English people
| Used in the [[North of England]] to refer to someone from the South, alluding to their supposed mollycoddled ways. (see also ''Northern Monkey''.)
|<ref name="Collins2014">{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Tim|title=The Northern Monkey Survival Guide: How to Hold on to Your Northern Cred in a World Filled with Southern Jessies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvv3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=25 February 2014|publisher=Michael OMara|isbn=978-1-78243-283-8|page=120}}</ref>
|-
|Soutpiel
|South Africa
|White [[English language|English]] speakers
|An [[Afrikaans]] term abbreviated as "Soutie" and translates as "Salt-penis," it derives from the Boer Wars where it was said that British soldiers had one foot in the United Kingdom, one foot in South Africa, and their penis dangled in the Atlantic Ocean (filled with [[saltwater]]).
|<ref name="Hummel2011">{{cite book|author=Philip Hummel|title=My Life Growing up White during Apartheid in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTUc0XuzkFEC&pg=PA63|access-date=4 April 2017|date=25 January 2011|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4567-1801-5|page=63}}</ref>
|-
|Spade
|
|Black people
|Recorded since 1928 ([[OED]]), from the [[Spades (suit)|playing cards suit]].
|<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/96/S0599600.html |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary |title=Spade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212145544/http://www.bartleby.com/61/96/S0599600.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 |access-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|Spearchucker
|
|African Americans or people of African descent in general
|Derived from the idea that people of African descent were primitive.
|{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|page=210}}
|-
|[[Spic]], spick, spik, spig, or spigotty
|United States
|Hispanic people
|First recorded use in 1915. Believed to be a play on a Spanish-accented pronunciation of the English word ''speak''. May apply to Spanish speakers in general.
|<ref>{{harvp|Rawson|1989|p=370}}</ref><ref name="SPIC">{{cite web |url=http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/spic.htm |title=SPIC |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012234617/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/spic.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008 }} Interactive Dictionary of Language. Accessed 12 April 2007.</ref><ref name="bartleby">{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/53/S0635300.html |title=Spic. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. |access-date=13 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118225946/http://www.bartleby.com/61/53/S0635300.html |archive-date=18 November 2007 }} The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Accessed 12 April 2007.</ref><ref name="SANTIAGO">Santiago, Esmeralda. When I Was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.</ref><ref>{{OED|spiggoty}} citing as an etymology ''[[American Speech|Amer. Speech]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/451348?seq=2 XIII. 311/1] (1938)''</ref>
|-
|Spook
|
|Black people
|Attested from the 1940s.
|<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/spook |dictionary=Dictionary.com |title=spook |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|spook}}</ref>
|-
|Squarehead
|
|[[Nordic race|Nordic]] people, such as [[Scandinavia]]ns or [[Germans|German]]s.
|Refers to either the stereotyped shape of their heads, or to the shape of the [[Stahlhelm]] M1916 steel helmet, or to its owner's stubbornness (like a block of wood).
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/the-great-war/great-war-on-land/britain-allies/410-nick-names-well-known.html |title=Well-Known Nicknames |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118202338/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/the-great-war/great-war-on-land/britain-allies/410-nick-names-well-known.html |archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Squaw]]
|United States and Canada
|Native American women
|Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian ([[Massachusett language|Massachusett]]: ''ussqua''), which originally meant "young woman".
|<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Squaw|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|Squaw|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Svenne / svenne banan
|Sweden
|Swedish people
|A slang form of the word "svensk" which means swede in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Swedes.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=svenne {{!}} SO {{!}} svenska.se |url=https://svenska.se/so/?sok=svenne&pz=4 |access-date=2024-08-17 |language=sv-SE}}</ref>
|-
|Swamp Guinea
|
|Italian people
|
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1394 1394]}}</ref>
|-
|Szkop, [[wikt:skopčák|skopčák]]
|Poland, Czech Republic
|German people
|The Polish term was particularly often used for [[Wehrmacht]] soldiers during [[World War II in Poland|World War II]].
|<ref>{{cite web|title=szkop – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia|url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/szukaj/szkop.html|access-date=19 February 2022|website=Sjp.pwn.pl|language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|Szwab
|Poland
|German people
|Derived from [[Swabia]]. See also: Fritz.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Szwab – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia|url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/szukaj/Szwab.html|access-date=19 February 2022|website=Sjp.pwn.pl|language=pl}}</ref>
|}

==T==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Taffy was a Welshman|Taffy]] or Taff
|United Kingdom
|Welsh people
|Originating as a corruption of the name ''Dafydd'' ({{IPA|cy|ˈdavɨð}}) ''Davy'' or ''David'', and equivalent of other historic English pejoratives [[Anti-Irish sentiment|''Paddy'']] and [[Anti-Scottish sentiment|''Jock'']].

Known since at least the 17th-century when life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched in London, and the 18th century custom of baking "taffies", [[gingerbread]] figures made in the shape of a skewered Welshman.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Taffy, n.2|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197006|work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="taffy"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepys.info/1667/1667mar.html |title=Samuel Pepys' Diary 1667 |publisher=Pepys.info |access-date=19 September 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128170746/http://www.pepys.info/1667/1667mar.html |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |first2=Steve |last2=Roud |date=2000 |title=Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=307–8}}</ref>
|-
|[[Taig]] (also Teague, Teg and Teig)
|United Kingdom (primarily Northern Ireland)
|Irish nationalists
|Used by [[Ulster loyalism|loyalists]] in [[Northern Ireland]] for members of the [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]]/[[Irish Catholic|Catholic]]/[[Gaels|Gaelic]] community. Derived from the Irish name Tadhg, often mistransliterated as Timothy.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ |quote=In Belfast, Joblessness And a Poisonous Mood |author=Bernard Wienraub |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 June 1971 |title=taig |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ |quote=On Belfast's Walls, Hatred Rules |author=Paul Majendie |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=29 November 1986 |title=taig |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tai Ke]]
|Taiwan
|[[Waishengren]]
|Literally means "Guests in Taiwan"(not belonging to here), Used when referring to [[Chinese people|Chinese]] who fled with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the [[Chinese Nationalist Party]] to [[Taiwan]] after losing the [[Chinese Civil War]] (see ''[[Waishengren]]'')
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/05/10/2003307182 |quote= |author=Jerome Keating |work=[[The Taipei Times]] |date=10 May 2006 |title=To be 'taike' is to be a Taiwanese}}</ref>
|-
|Tanka
|China
|[[Tanka people]]
|A name for a distinct ethnic group traditionally living in boats off the shore of [[South China]]. Originally descriptive ("Tan"/"Tang" is a Cantonese term for boat or junk and "ka" means family or peoples, {{zh|c=[[wikt:蜑家|蜑家]]|cy=Daahn gā / Dahng gā|l=}}), the term ''Tanka'' is now considered derogatory and no longer in common use. The people concerned prefer to call themselves by other names, such as 'Nam Hoi Yan' ({{zh|c=南海人|cy=Nàamhóiyàn|l=People of The Southern Sea}}) or 'Sui Seung Yan' ({{zh|c=水上人|p=shuǐshàng rén|cy=Séuiseuhngyàn|l=People Born on The Waters}}), and other more polite terms.
|<ref>Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in ... – Page 75 Gregory Eliyu Guldin – 1997 "In Dongji hamlet, most villagers were originally shuishangren (boat people) [Also known in the West by the pejorative label, "Tanka" people. — Ed.] and settled on land only in the 1950s. Per-capita cultivated land averaged only 1 mu ..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cornelius Osgood |title=The Chinese: a study of a Hong Kong community, Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesestudyofho0003osgo |url-access=registration |year=1975 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinesestudyofho0003osgo/page/1212 1212] |isbn=978-0-8165-0418-3 |quote=shii leung (shu lang) shii miu (shu miao) shui fan (shui fen) shui kwa (shui kua) sui seung yan (shui shang jen) Shui Sin (Shui Hsien) shuk in (shu yen) ShunTe Sian Sin Ku (Hsien Ku) sin t'it (hsien t'ieh) Sin Yan (Hsien Jen) sing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services |title=Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=3V-1TuqkKOH30gGo0oTSBw|year=1962 |publisher=Govt. Press |page=37 |quote=The Tanka are boat dwellers who very seldom settle ashore. They themselves do not much use this name, which they consider derogatory, but usually call themselves 'Nam Hoi Yan (people of the southern sea) or 'Sui Seung Yan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain) |title=Report for the year ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iDjAAAAMAAJ|year=1962 |publisher=H.M.S.O. |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hong Kong: report for the year ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-FHAAAAYAAJ|year=1961 |publisher=Government Press |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hong Kong, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office |title=Hong Kong annual report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2kUAAAAIAAJ|year=1962 |publisher=H.M.S.O. |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services |title=Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ycfAQAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Govt. Press |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Martin Hürlimann |title=Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IJwAAAAMAAJ|year=1962 |publisher=Viking Press |page=17 |isbn=978-3-7611-0030-1 |quote=The Tanka are among the earliest of the region's inhabitants. They call themselves 'Sui Seung Yan', signifying 'those born on the waters'; for they have been a population afloat as far back as men can remember—their craft jostle each other most closely in the fishing port}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |author=Valery M. Garrett |title=Traditional Chinese clothing in Hong Kong and South China, 1840–1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MffAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-584174-3 |page=2 |quote=The Tanka dislike the name and prefer 'Sui seung yan', which means 'people who live on the water'.}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tar-Baby]]
|United States
|Black children
|Also used to refer without regard to race to a situation from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. See [[wikt:tar baby|tar baby]].
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="tar"}}</ref>
|-
|[[wikt:Tàu|Tàu]]
|Vietnam
|[[Chinese people]]
|Variant form of "Tàu khựa"
|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Paulus [[Huỳnh Tịnh Của]] |date=1895 |publisher=Khai Trí |page=349 |quote=người Annam thấy tàu khách qua lại nhiều, lấy đó mà gọi là nước Tàu, người Tàu.}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|Teabag
|South Africa
|Black and [[Cape Coloureds|Cape Coloured]] or [[Coloureds|Coloured]] individuals who have a light skin
|
|<ref name="SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3"/>
|-
|Teapot
|
|Black people
|Originates from the 19th century.
|<ref>{{harvp|Green|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1419 1419]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=118}}
|-
|[[Terrone]]
|Italy
|[[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] people.
|
|<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Terrone|access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fattorusso |first1=Francesco |title=The Insulting Story Behind the Word 'Terroni' |url=https://www.akaitaly.com/blog/2016/9/15/qgpxmy8tnnjgmrzirmcs7fdr459qmj |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=AKA Italy magazine |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Teuchter]]
|Southern Scotland
|Northern Scottish people
|Used to refer to somebody from the north of Scotland or rural Scottish areas.
|<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=Mairi|title=The Concise Scots dictionary|year=1985|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|isbn=978-0-08-028491-0}}</ref>
|-
|Thicklips
|United Kingdom
|Black people
|
|{{sfnp|Spears|2001|p=118}}
|-
|[[Tibla]]
|Estonia
|Russian or Soviet people
|In widespread use by the [[Estonian War of Independence]], this word was forbidden under the [[Soviet occupation of Estonia]]. It may be a shortened corruption of Vitebski, workers from the [[Vitebsk Governorate]] during [[World War I]] who were seen as dumb. It may also come from the [[Russian profanity|Russian profane]] addressing "ty, blyad," "ты, блядь" ("you bitch", and the like [a]) or, truncated, "ty, blya," "ты, бля.
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Words for understanding ethnic Estonians |last=Roos |first=Aarand |year=1994 |publisher=Kommunaalprojekt |page=49 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2006/index.cgi?Q=tibla "Tibla"], Estonian Vocabulary (Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2006), [[Institute of the Estonian Language]]</ref>
|-
|Tiko
|Indonesia
|Native Indonesian people
| Tiko stands for ''Tikus kotor'' (Dirty rat). It may also derive from Hokkien {{lang|nan|猪哥}} (ti-ko), which means "brother of a pig", referring to their majority Muslim heritage.
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-16 |title=Begitu Tahu Arti 'Tiko' Langsung Rapat, Komunitas Tionghoa Minta Steven Ditangkap |url=https://redaksi.duta.co/begitu-tahu-arti-tiko-langsung-rapat-komunitas-tionghoa-minta-steven-ditangkap/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=redaksi.duta.co |language=id}}</ref>
|-
|Timber nigger
|
|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]
|Refers to the Native Americans on the East coast living in areas that were heavily forested.
|<ref name=Kennedy>{{Cite journal|title=Who Can Say "Nigger"? And Other Considerations|first=Randall L.|last=Kennedy|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|issue=26|date=Winter 1999–2000|pages=86–96 [87]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Timur]]
|
|[[Syrian people]] from [[Damascus]]
|Refers to the children born of the mass rapes that the Turco-Mongol Tatar soldiers of Timur committed against the Syrian women of Damascus in the [[Siege of Damascus (1400)]].
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Antrim |first1=Zayde |title=Tamerlane in Damascus |url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/27775 |work=Jadaliyya |date=7 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Ting tong
|United Kingdom
|Chinese people or East Asians.
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/11042218/ukip-MEP-apologises-for-calling-Thai-party-member-a-ting-tong.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/11042218/Ukip-MEP-apologises-for-calling-Thai-party-member-a-ting-tong.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|title=ukip MEP apologises for calling Thai party member a 'ting tong'|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker
|[[United Kingdom|Britain]] and Ireland
|Lower-class people
|An inconsequential person (typically lower-class) (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example as directly below).
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Scotland and Ireland
|[[Romani people]]
|Origin unknown – possibly relating to one of the "traditional" occupations of Romanis as traveling "tinkerers" or repairers of common household objects.
|<ref>{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="tinker"}}</ref>
|-
|Scotland
|Native Scottish people
|A member of the native community; previously itinerant (but mainly now settled); who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths", possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often confused with Romani people.
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Toad
|United States
|Black people
|Prison slang.
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h0mcBQAAQBAJ&q=%22black%20prisoner%22&pg=PA786 786]|loc=Toad}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tokutei Asia|Toku-A]]
|Japan
|Chinese and Korean people
|Literally means "specific Asia", A term used by [[netto-uyoku]] referring to the only specific part of Asia with strong [[Anti-Japanese sentiment]] in their countries ([[Anti-Japanese sentiment in China|China]] and [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea|North/South Korea]]).
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanabe |first=Shunsuke |title=Japanese Perspectives on "Asia": Analyses of JGSS-2006 |url=http://jgss.daishodai.ac.jp/research/monographs/jgssm8/jgssm8_2.pdf |journal=JGSS Research Series |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008010706/http://jgss.daishodai.ac.jp/research/monographs/jgssm8/jgssm8_2.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |quote=On the contrary, the Japanese place a special attention to China, South Korea, and also North Korea. Parallel to the term "''Tokutei Asia'' (specific-Asia)" on the Internet bulletin board systems, the majority of Japanese may regard these three countries as different from other Asian countries.}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tonto]]
|United States
|Native Americans
|Native American character in the American television and radio programs [[Lone Ranger (disambiguation)#Broadcasting and film|The Lone Ranger]]. Spanish for "Idiot".
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsdb.org/slur/tonto|title=Tonto|publisher=The Racial Slur Database}}</ref><ref name="twp">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-survey-explores-how-native-americans-feel-about-the-name-washington-redskins-no-its-not-that-survey-this-one-is-new/2019/08/09/e38553bc-b581-11e9-8949-5f36ff92706e_story.html|title=A survey explores how Native Americans feel about the name Washington Redskins. No, it's not that survey. This one is new.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 9, 2019|author=Theresa Vargas}}</ref>
|-
|Touch of the tar brush
|Commonwealth
|White people with suspected non-white ancestry
|Phrase for a person of predominantly Caucasian ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry.
|{{Definition|date=January 2016}}<ref>John Akomfrah ''1991 A Touch of the Tarbrush'' (TV Documentary) 1991</ref>
|-
|Towel head
|
|[[Turban]] wearers
|Often refers specifically to Sikhs, or Arabs and Muslims—based on the traditional [[keffiyeh]] headdress. However, in British English, the term is only used to refer to Arabs. Americans use the term 'rag-head' to apply to wearers of turbans as well, because the cloth that makes a turban could be described as a rag, but in British English the term towel-head solely refers to Arabs because the traditional, Middle Eastern [[keffiyeh]], such as the red and white Saudi one or the black and white [[Palestinian keffiyeh]] worn by Yasser Arrafat, resemble the most common styles of British tea-towels – dishcloth in American – while Sikh turbans do not.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikh24.com/2014/09/10/harleen-kaur-michigan-sikh-youth-responds-to-towel-head-comments/|title=Harleen Kaur: Michigan Sikh Youth Responds to 'Towel Head' Comments|work=Sikh24.com|date=10 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/towelhead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226115830/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/towelhead | archive-date=26 December 2012 | title=towelhead | publisher=Oxford University Press | work=Oxford Dictionaries | access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/towelhead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075058/https://www.lexico.com/definition/towelhead |archive-date=5 August 2020 |title=TOWELHEAD | Meaning & Definition for UK English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/raghead |title=Raghead – definition of raghead by The Free Dictionary |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Tumba-Yumba ({{Lang-ru|тумба-юмба}})
|Post-Soviet countries
| Africans and by extension any culture perceived as uncivilized
| From "[[Mumbo jumbo (phrase)|Mumbo-Jumbo]]" ({{Lang-ru|Мумбо-Юмбо}}).
|<ref>{{cite dictionary|last1=Shli︠a︡khov |first1=V. I. (Vladimir Ivanovich) |title=тумба-юмба|dictionary=Dictionary of Russian slang & colloquial expressions = Russkiĭ sleng |date=1999 |publisher=Hauppauge, N.Y. : Barron's |isbn=978-0-7641-1019-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofruss0000shli/page/n10/mode/1up?q=%22%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0-%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=тумба-юмба |url=https://russian_argo.academic.ru/13053/тумба-юмба |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Тумба-юмба |url=https://gramota.ru/biblioteka/spravochniki/slovar-spravochnik-neprostye-slova/tumba-yumba |website=gramota.ru |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Turco-Albanians|Turco-Albanian]]
|Western Europe, Balkans
|Muslim Albanians
| Historically used in Western Europe and still in use within the Balkans to refer to Muslim Albanians. In the Greek language, the expression is rendered as ''Turkalvanoi''.
|<ref name = Millas>Millas, Iraklis (2006). "Tourkokratia: History and the image of Turks in Greek literature." ''South European Society & Politics''. '''11'''. (1): 50. "The 'timeless' existence of the Other (and the interrelation of the Self with this Other) is secured by the name used to define him or her. Greeks often name as 'Turks' various states and groups—such as the Seljuks, the Ottomans, even the Albanians (''Turkalvanoi'')".</ref>
|-
|Turco
|[[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]]
|[[Syrian diaspora|Syrians]], [[Palestinian diaspora|Palestinians]], [[Lebanese diaspora|Lebanese]], [[Jews in Brazil|Jews]], [[Armenians in Brazil|Armenians]]
|Meaning "Turk" in Portuguese and Spanish. The term originated in the late 19th century to refer those who came to Brazil, Argentina and Chile from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Since Jews (both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi]]) frequently occupied the same roles as [[peddler]]s as Syrians and Lebanese (who were the majority of those with Ottoman passports in Brazil), they were also called "turcos" in Brazil. Ironically, there was no relevant immigration of ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]] to Brazil.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasilturquia.com.br/jorge-amado-so-turcos-ou-arabes-724.html|title=Jorge Amado: São turcos ou árabes?|website=Brasilturquia.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internacional.estadao.com.br/blogs/gustavo-chacra/por-causa-dos-passaportes-otomanos-liban/|title=Por causa dos passaportes otomanos, libaneses são chamados de turcos no Brasil|website=Internacional.estadao.com.br|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=turcofobia>{{Cite journal|title=La "Turcofobia". Discriminación anti-Árabe en Chile|journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]]|url=https://repositorio.uc.cl:8080/bitstream/handle/11534/9538/000313268.pdf|last=Rebolledo Hernández|first=Antonia|volume=28|pages=249–272|year=1994|language=Spanish}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Turčin, Poturčin
|Serbs
|Bosniaks
|In reference to the supposed ambiguity of Bosniaks and their ethnic origins; referring to their acceptance of the Muslim faith as them becoming "Turkified" or "Poturčin"
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mandić |first1=Marija |title=Imagining Bosnian Muslims in Central Europe |chapter=Chapter 10. The Serbian Proverb Poturica gori od Turčina (A Turk-Convert Is Worse Than a Turk): Stigmatizer and Figure of Speech |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-78920-775-0 |pages=170–193 |doi=10.1515/9781789207750-012}}</ref>
|-
|Turk
|South Wales
|[[Llanelli]] residents
|The origin of this term is uncertain; some theories suggest it due to Llanelli's popularity with Turkish sailors in the late 19th to early 20th century or possibly when Turkish migrants heading for the United States stopped in Llanelli and decided to settle due to there being jobs available. However, most likely it's due to the fact that during World War One there was a trade embargo in place during Gallipoli, but Llanelli continued to trade tin with the Turkish; this led to people from neighbouring [[Swansea]] and other surrounding areas referring to them as Turks.
|<ref name="WallerCriddle1999">{{cite book|last1=Waller|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Waller (pundit)|last2=Criddle|first2=Byron|title=The Almanac of British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mC7pEr0R6QC&pg=PA326|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-18541-7|page=326}}</ref>
|-
|Turko
|Sephardic Jews
|Ashkenazi Jews
|[[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] word meaning "Turk". The exact history of the term is uncertain, but possibly refers to the [[Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry]].
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Funk |first=Kevin |title=Rooted Globalism: Arab–Latin American Business Elites and the Politics of Global Imaginaries |page=20 |date=2022 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-06256-7}}</ref>
|-
|{{vanchor|Twinkie}}: {{distinguish|Twink (gay slang)}}
|United States
|[[European American]]s, [[Asian American]]s
|[[European American]]s with few or no social or genealogical links to an indigenous tribe, who claims to be [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], particularly a [[New Age]] practitioner purporting to be a spiritual leader, healer, or [[medicine man]]/[[Medicine woman|woman]] ({{crossreference|see also [[Plastic shaman]]}}). Also an [[Asian American]] who has become assimilated into [[Culture of the United States|mainstream American culture]] ({{crossreference|See [[Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie]]}}).<ref name="Tu"/>
|<ref name="Wren">{{cite book |last=Wren |first=James Allan |editor1-last=Fee |editor1-first=Christopher R. |editor2-last=Webb |editor2-first=Jeffrey B. |title=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore, Volume 1 |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |pages=74–76 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut+twinkie |chapter=Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie}}</ref><ref name="Johansen">{{cite book |last=Johansen |first=Bruce Elliott |title=The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America, Volume 2: Legal, Cultural, and Environmental Revival |date=2007 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-275-99140-1 |page=340 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zl8b2Pt0hdIC&q=twinkie |quote=The usual Native name for New Age fakers is ''Twinkie''.}}</ref><ref name="Mihesuah">{{cite book |last=Mihesuah |first=Devon A. |author-link=Devon A. Mihesuah |title=American Indians: stereotypes & realities |year=2009 |publisher=Clarity Press |location=Atlanta, Ga. |isbn=978-0-9328-6395-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8WvJwv90rwC&q=twinkies |edition=updated |quote=It's little wonder that Indians are closed-mouthed about their spirituality. Non-Indians claiming to be 'spiritual leaders,' 'healers,' and 'medicine men and women' abound in this country, and these 'crystal twinkies' (as a former Hopi student likes to call them) make a pretty decent living at deceiving the public.}}{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Type C
|Malaysia
|Chinese people
|Type C was another name for [[USB-C]] before being used as a slur referring to [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] people, its proclaimed meaning is 'Type Chinese'.
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Under fire for racist 'Type C' comment, fried chicken brand blames FB admin and reassigns her |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/05/10/under-fire-for-racist-type-c-comment-fried-chicken-brand-blames-fb-admin-and-reassigns-her/133575 |access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2024 |title=DarSA Fried Chicken Apologizes For Racist 'Type C' Comment, Highlighting Malaysia's Struggle With Racial Harmony |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/malaysia/2024/05/07/darsa-fried-chicken-apologizes-for-racist-type-c-comment-highlighting-malaysias-struggle-with-racial-harmony/ |access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref>
|}

==U==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Ukro-nazi|Ukro-Nazi]], Ukronazi, Ukrofascist
|[[Russia]]
|[[Ukrainians]]
|Label used to link self-identifying Ukrainians during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] to Nazism, evoke Soviet victory in WWII, and justify Russian atrocities in Ukraine. {{Lang-ru|укро-нацист|translit=ukro-natsist}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pomerantsev |first=Sergei |date=2022-04-23 |title=How to Get Away with War: a corpus-driven study on Russian news media and the war in Ukraine in 2022 |url=https://erepo.uef.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/29917/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20230613.pdf |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=University of Eastern Finland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rudnytska |first=Nataliia |date=2022 |title=Contesting Ukrainian Nationhood: Literary Translation and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict |url=https://www.journals.vu.lt/respectus-philologicus/article/view/24961/28595 |journal=Respectus Philologicus |volume=42 |issue=47 |pages=94–109 |doi=10.15388/respectus.2022.42.47.111 |access-date=2023-11-06 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{Lang-ru|укро-фашист|translit=ukro-fashist|label=none}}.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dack |first=Mikkel |date=2022-09-15 |title=Russia's harsh purge against alleged 'Nazis' in occupied Ukraine follows Soviet playbook for rooting out real Nazis from Germany after WWII |url=http://theconversation.com/russias-harsh-purge-against-alleged-nazis-in-occupied-ukraine-follows-soviet-playbook-for-rooting-out-real-nazis-from-germany-after-wwii-190103 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-14 |title=The Ukraine war, from Azovstal to 'Z' |work=ABS-CBN News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/02/14/23/the-ukraine-war-from-azovstal-to-z}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dudko |first=Oksana |date=2022-07-03 |title=A conceptual limbo of genocide: Russian rhetoric, mass atrocities in Ukraine, and the current definition's limits |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2022.2106691 |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2–3 |pages=133–145 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2022.2106691 |s2cid=252316182 |issn=0008-5006}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ukrop]]
|[[Russians]]
|[[Ukrainians]]
|A disparaging term which means "[[dill]]" in Russian, itself derived from "'''Ukr'''ainian" ↔ '''Ukr'''op.
|<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/putin-unapologetic-uncompromising-on-war-against-Ukraine-375567.html Putin unapologetic, uncompromising on war against Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (18 December 2014)</ref><ref name=mtsmack>{{cite news|last1=Berdy|first1=Michele A.|title=Talking Smack About Ukrainians and Russians|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/talking-smack-about-Ukrainians-and-russians-37647|access-date=1 February 2018|work=The Moscow Times|date=24 July 2014|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Uncle Tom]]
|United States
|Black people
|Refers to black people perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures. In South Africa, the term "Uncle Tom" has been used as a derogatory slur against [[Cape Coloureds|coloreds]] who were perceived as collaborating with the apartheid regime or being subservient to white people. In South Africa, the use of the term "Uncle Tom" by black people against [[Cape Coloureds|coloureds]] or vice versa is considered racist and discriminatory according to the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act.
|{{sfnp|Herbst|1997|pages=221–222}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Oakes|first=Dougie|date=March 14, 2021|title=His daughter called him an Uncle Tom, but Abdullah Abdurahman fought for his principles|publisher=The Books Page|url=https://thebookspage.co.za/2021/03/14/his-daughter-called-him-an-uncle-tom-but-abdullah-abdurahman-fought-for-his-principles/|access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Unta
|Indonesia
|[[Arab Indonesians]]
|Meaning "Camel".
|<ref>{{cite web|date=October 15, 2019|title=Pernah Diolok Onta, Gen Arab Najwa Hanya 3,4 Persen|url=https://historia.id/sains/articles/pernah-diolok-onta-gen-arab-najwa-hanya-3-4-persen-P1Rml|publisher=Historia|access-date=June 16, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|UPAina/ UPAińcy / UPAiniec, UPAinka
|Poland
|Ukrainians
| Portmanteau word Ukraine + UPA ([[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiia]]) responsible for [[Volhynia genocide]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tysol.pl/a13785-krysztopa-w-pr24-ukry-rezuny-upaina-to-nie-jest-racjonalne-to-jest-glupie|title=Krysztopa w PR24: "Ukry! Rezuny! UPAina!" - To nie jest racjonalne, to jest głupie|date=30 November 2017|website=TYSOL.PL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rzeszow.wyborcza.pl/rzeszow/7,34962,24528947,ukraina-to-blizej-niz-myslisz-pisza-o-nas-upaincy-felieton.html|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=rzeszow.wyborcza.pl}}</ref>
|-
|Uppity
|
|Black people
|Refers to black people who are perceived as being insolent.
|<ref name="binsider">{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/offensive-phrases-that-people-still-use-2014-11?amp|title=9 racist and offensive phrases that people still use all the time|date=7 Jan 2015 |author=Christina Sterbenz|publisher=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/11/yep-uppity-racist/335160/|title=Yep, 'Uppity' Is Racist|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=22 November 2011 |author=Elspeth Reeve}}</ref>
|-
|Uzkoglazyj
|Russia
|Asian people, in particular East and Central Asians.
|Narrow-eyed
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_synonims/183847/узкоглазый | title=узкоглазый | это... Что такое узкоглазый? }}</ref>
|}

==V==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Vanja
|Finland
|Russian people
|Synonym of ''ryssä'', referring to Russians or [[Slavs]] broadly.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/vanja |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}}</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Veneco|es}}
|South America
|Venezuelans
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cawthorne |first1=Andrew |title=Venezuela demands apology over Colombia VP's 'xenophobic' remarks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-colombia-idUSKBN15B1L8 |work=Reuters |date=27 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vrindavan]], Prindapan
|Indonesia
|Indian people
|Indonesian version of ''pajeet''. Originated from [[Little Krishna]] animated series.
|<ref name="Pikiran Rakyat">{{cite web|url=https://mediablitar.pikiran-rakyat.com/gaya-hidup/pr-324012493/arti-warga-vrindavan-atau-prindapan-yang-viral-di-tiktok-dan-sering-dipakai-di-instagram?page=all|title=Arti Warga Vrindavan atau Prindapan yang Viral di Tiktok dan Sering Dipakai di Instagram|last=Octavia|first=Suzy Ratnasari|date=18 March 2022|website=Pikiranrakyat.com|publisher=Media Blitar by Pikiran Rakyat|access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Vuzvuz
|Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews
|Ashkenazi Jews
|Onomatopoeia of the Yiddish word for "What", which [[Judaeo-Spanish]] speaking Sephardi Jews and [[Judaeo-Arabic]] speaking Mizrahi Jews did not understand.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waywordradio.org/vuzvuz/|title=Vuzvuz|first=Grant|last=Barrett|date=15 March 2005|quotation=A Way with Words, a fun radio show and podcast about language|website=Waywordradio.org|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

==W==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Wagon burner
|
|Native American people
|A reference to when Native American tribes would attack [[wagon train]]s during the [[American frontier#Indian wars west of the Mississippi|wars in the eastern American frontier]].
|<ref>{{harvp|Partridge|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&pg=PA2059 2059]|loc=Wagon burner}}</ref>
|-
|[[Wasi'chu]], Wasichu
|Lakota people, Dakota people
|Non-Native white people
|Word for a non-Native white person, meaning "the one who takes the best meat for himself".
|<ref>{{cite news |last=McGirt |first=Ellen |url=https://fortune.com/2019/07/02/welcome-to-whitopia/ |title=Welcome to Whitopia |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=2 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019 |quote="Wasichu" is the Lakota term for non-Indian white person, but it also means "the one who takes the best meat for himself." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111544/https://fortune.com/2019/07/02/welcome-to-whitopia/ |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[West Brit]]
|Ireland
|Irish people
|Directed at Irish people perceived as being insufficiently Irish or too [[Anglophile|Anglophilic]].
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/all-kinds-of-things-can-get-you-called-a-west-brit-these-days-1.3753446|title=All kinds of things can get you called a West Brit these days|first=Donald|last=Clarke|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/west-brit-ok-derision-offensive-insult-2351409-Sep2015/|title=Would you take offence at being called a West Brit? The term has a muddled history|first=Michael Sheils|last=McNamee|website=TheJournal.ie|date=26 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Wetback (slur)|Wetback]]
|United States
|Undocumented immigrants
|Refers to undocumented immigrants residing in the United States. Originally applied specifically to undocumented [[Mexico|Mexican]] migrant workers who had crossed the United States border via the [[Rio Grande]] river to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened to any undocumented person who enters the United States through its southern border.
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Rio Grande Wetbacks: Mexican Migrant Workers |via=Education Resources Information Center |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED071800 |access-date=1 November 2013 |publisher=The University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |date=1972 |last1=Norquest |first1=Carrol }}</ref>
|-
|White ears
|[[Nauru]]
|White people
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/403062/abuse-of-nauru-judicial-process-continuing-judge-warns|title=Abuse of Nauru judicial process continuing – Judge warns|date=12 November 2019|access-date=11 November 2019|work=Radio New Zealand}}</ref>
|-
|White interloper
|
|White people
|Refers to a white person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong.
|<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sharpton's Victory |first=Rich |last=Lowry |author-link=Rich Lowry |journal=National Review |date=3 December 2003 |access-date=12 October 2019 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry200312030840.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416024237/http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry200312030840.asp |archive-date=16 April 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Wigger]] / Whigger / Wigga (meaning white nigger)
|United States
|Irish people
|Used in 19th-century United States to refer to the Irish. Sometimes used today in reference to white people in a manner similar to [[white trash]] or [[redneck]]. Also refers to white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. Also used by radical [[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]] in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book ''[[White Niggers of America]]''.
|<ref>''Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-Century America''. Joe Austin, New York University Press, 1998. p360.</ref>
|-
|White nigger, Nigger wop
|United States
|Southern Italians
|From the 1800s, inferring such Italians were not "white" enough to be allowed citizenship.
|<ref name="Staples2019">{{cite news |last1=Staples |first1=Brent |title=How Italians became 'white' |url=https://bdnews24.com/opinion/comment/how-italians-became-white |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jacobson1998">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Matthew Frye |title=Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06371-6 |pages=56–57 |url=https://archive.org/details/whitenessofdiffe0000jaco/page/56/mode/1up}}</ref>
|-
|[[White trash]]
|United States
|Poor white people
|Common usage from the 1830s by black house slaves against white servants.
|<ref>Fannie Kemble, Journal (1835), p. 81</ref>
|-
|[[Whitey (slang)|Whitey]]
|
|White people
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=whitey&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h= |publisher=Princeton WordNet listing |title=Whitey |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Wog]]
|Commonwealth
|Dark-skinned foreigners
|Any swarthy or dark-skinned foreigner. Possibly derived from "[[golliwogg]]." In [[Western world|Western]] nations, it usually refers to dark-skinned people from Asia or Africa, though some use the term to refer to anyone outside the borders of their own country.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wog |title=Wog |author=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |year=2004 |work=Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |access-date=1 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
|Australia
|Southern Europeans, Mediterraneans
|Usually used to refer to Southern Europeans and Mediterraneans (Italians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Maltese, Macedonians, Turks, Lebanese). It has become [[Reappropriation|reappropriated]] by the cultures that it is commonly used to describe, but may be considered by some as controversial.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Not Okay To Call Me A Wog|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/au/entry/its-not-okay-to-call-me-a-wog_a_21471575|access-date=27 January 2022|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=14 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Wop]]
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom
|Italian people
|Derived from the Italian dialectism, "[[guappo]]", close to "dude, swaggerer" and other informal appellations, a greeting among male Neapolitans.
|<ref>{{Dictionary.com|wop|access-date=1 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|wop}}</ref>
|}

==X==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Xiao Riben|Xiǎo Rìběn]]
|China
|Japanese people
|Literally translated, it means "little Japan". It is often used with "guizi" or ghost/devil, such as "xiao Riben guizi", or "little Japanese devil".
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Xing Ling
|Brazil
|[[Chinese people]]
|Chinese products or low-quality products in general. Sometimes used to refer to Chinese people as well. Etymologically, this term is said to be derived from [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] 星零 xing ling ("zero stars").
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tecmundo.com.br/amp/mercado/154349-realmente-significa-xing-ling.htm |title=O que realmente significa 'Xing Ling'? |publisher=TecMundo |date= 21 June 2020|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Y==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|Yam yam
|United Kingdom
|[[Black Country]] residents
|Term used by people from [[Birmingham]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/birmingham/blog/16-birmingham-and-black-country-slang-terms-explained|title=16 Birmingham and Black Country slang terms explained|work=Time Out Birmingham|access-date=2 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yanakuna|Yanacona]]
|Chile
|[[Mapuche|Mapuche people]]
|Term used by modern [[Mapuche]] as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, "sellout." Use of the word "yanacona" to describe people have led legal action in Chile.
|<ref name=desco17>{{Cite news|title=Audiencia en caso Mapuexpress: Querellante pidió censurar al medio a cambio de retirar la demanda|work=El Desconcierto|url=https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2017/07/27/audiencia-en-caso-mapuexpress-querellante-pidio-censurar-al-medio-a-cambio-de-retirar-la-demanda/|date=27 July 2017|access-date=4 September 2019|language=es}}</ref>
|-
|Yank
|British English speakers
|Americans
|A contraction of "Yankee" below, first recorded in 1778 and employed internationally by speakers of [[British English]] in informal reference to all [[Americans]] generally.
|<ref name=yanky>{{OEtymD|yankee |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yankee]]
|Dutch speakers
|Americans
|Possibly from ''Janke'' ("Johnny") or a dialectical variant of ''Jan Kaas'' ("John Cheese"). First applied by the Dutch colonists of [[New Amsterdam]] to [[Connecticut]]ers and then to other residents of [[New England]], "Yankee" remains in use in the [[Southern United States|American South]] in reference to [[Northern United States|Northerners]], often in a mildly pejorative sense. Outside the US, especially in Spain and South America, used to describe all citizens of the US, regardless of which part of the US they come from.
|<ref name="yanky"/>
|-
|Yaposhka
|Russia
|Japanese people
|Derived from "yaponets" (Cyrillic: [[wikt:японец|японец]])
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://translate.academic.ru/япошка/ru/ | title=Перевод япошка с русского на все языки }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ruscorpora.ru/results?search=CjwqGAoICAAQChgyIAoQBSAAQAVqBDAuOTV4ADICCAE6AQFCGQoXChUKA3JlcRIOCgzQr9C/0L7RiNC60LAwAQ== | title=Национальный корпус русского языка: поиск }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Yellow
|
|Asian people
|An East or southeast Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color.
|<ref name="DicYellow">{{Dictionary.com|yellow|access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|
|Mixed Ethnic people
|Anyone of mixed heritage, especially [[Black people|black]] or [[White people|white]] people; a light-skinned black person, or a dark-skinned white person.
|<ref name="DicYellow"/>
|-
|Yellow bone
|United States
|A light-skin black person
|
|<ref name="SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3"/>
|-
|[[Yid]]
|
|Jewish people
|Derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. In the United Kingdom, "yid" is also used to refer to supporters of the [[Tottenham Hotspur]] football club, whose fans refer to themselves and players as "yids" (or the derivative form "yiddo"), regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, as part of a reclamation attempt centered around the club's significant historic Jewish following. The latter sense is common and well-established enough to be found under the word's [[Oxford English Dictionary]] entry, though its use has become controversial and a matter of debate in the 21st century, with opinions from both Jews and non-Jews, Tottenham fans and non-fans, running the gamut.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/yid |title=Yid |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/yid-meaning-tottenham-y-word-definition-oxford-english-dictionary-explained-397359 |title=Why Tottenham have condemned the Oxford English Dictionary's new definition of the 'Y-word' |first=Evan |last=Bartlett |date=1 February 2020 |orig-date=13 February 2020 |newspaper=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |place=London}}</ref>
|-
|Yuon
|Cambodia
|Vietnamese people
|The Cambodian word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /juən/ is derived from the Indian word for Greek, [[Yavana]]". It can also be spelled as "Youn". Alternately, it may have come from the Chinese cognate of the country, "Yue" 越.
|<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2003 |title=From Ionia to Vietnam |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam |newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804064719/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam |archive-date=4 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pejorative Terms Yuon and Mien">{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Yuan%20and%20Mien.html |title=Pejorative Terms "Yuon" and "Mien" |date=2008 |website=University Libraries University of Washington |publisher=Vietnam Studies Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022429/http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Yuan%20and%20Mien.html |archive-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The word 'yuon' and its origins |url=https://m.phnompenhpost.com/analysis-and-op-ed/word-%E2%80%98yuon%E2%80%99-and-its-origins |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=m.phnompenhpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-29 |title=Investors wary as anti-Vietnamese feeling grows in Cambodia |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-racism-idUSBREA3R1CN20140429 |access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref>
|}

==Z==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Location or origin
!Targets
!Meaning, origin and notes
!References
|-
|[[Zanj|Zanj, ''Zang, Zenj, Zinj, and Zang'']]
|Persian,Arabic
|Black people
| [[Zanj Rebellion]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black people in the Muslim world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCfeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref>
|-
|Zip, Zipperhead
|United States
|Asian people
|Used by American military personnel during the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]]. Also used in the films ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' (1979), ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' (1986), ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987), ''[[Romeo Must Die]]'' (2000), ''[[Gran Torino (film)|Gran Torino]]'' (2008), and ''[[Premium Rush]]'' (2012).
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickson|first=Paul|title=War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War |publisher= Potomac Books Inc.|year=2003|isbn=978-1-57488-710-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/friendlyfireamer00kinn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/friendlyfireamer00kinn/page/5 5] |quote=zips in the wire vietnam war. |title=Friendly Fire: American images of the Vietnam War |author=Katherine Kinney |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=7 December 2011|isbn=978-0-19-802758-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Glossary/Sixties_Term_Gloss_U_Z.html#Letter%20%27Z%27 |title=Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Zuca, Brazuca
|Portugal
|Brazilians
|Short for Brazuca, derived from "Brasil", used by Portuguese people to refer to Brazilians living in Portugal.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Queiroga |first1=Louise |title= Brasileiros protestam contra xenofobia após ofensas na Universidade de Lisboa
|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/brasileiros-protestam-contra-xenofobia-apos-ofensas-na-universidade-de-lisboa-23637748 |agency=O Globo |date=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Estudantes portugueses oferecem pedras para atirar em alunos brasileiros |url=https://exame.com/brasil/estudantes-portugueses-oferecem-pedras-para-atirar-em-alunos-brasileiros/8 |agency=Exame |date=30 April 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[Zhyd]], zhid, zhydovka, zhidovka
|[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic language]] speakers
|Jewish people
|Originally neutral (as in other Slavic languages), but became pejorative as debate over the [[Jewish question]] and the [[antisemitism in the Russian Empire]] intensified in the end of the 19th century. While still in official use during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]] and the short-lived [[Belarusian Democratic Republic]], its use was banned by the Soviet authorities, which had previously been campaigning against its usage, in the 1930s. The usage of the word "[[wikt:pl:żyd|żyd]]" in Polish depends on capitalisation and grammatical form: upper-case [[wikt:pl:Żyd|Żyd]] is neutral and denotes [[Jews]] in general or Jews as a nationality; the lower-case form (żyd, plural: żydzi) denotes a follower of [[Judaism]]; both are neutral. Related terms are considered offensive: alternative plural "żydy" or diminutive "żydek" (plural: żydki).
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klier |first1=John D. |title="Zhid": Biography of a Russian Epithet |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |date=1982 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |jstor=4208429 |issn=0037-6795}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=żyd i Żyd – Poradnia językowa PWN |url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/zyd-i-Zyd;14505.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Sjp.pwn.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[:Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs]]
* [[Fighting words]]
* [[Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese]]
* [[Hate speech]]
* [[LGBT slang]]
* [[List of disability-related terms with negative connotations]]
* [[List of ethnic group names used as insults]]
* [[List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity]]
* [[List of regional nicknames]]
* [[List of religious slurs]]
* [[List of terms used for Germans]]
* [[Lists of pejorative terms for people]]
* [[Pejorative]]
* [[Xenophobia]]
* [[Xenophobia in the United States]]
* [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[wikt:Category:English ethnic slurs]]
* [[wikt:Category:English pejoratives|Wiktionary category: English derogatory terms]]
* [[wikt:Appendix:English terms for outsiders]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Ethnification_ET_media">{{cite web | last1= Skjerdal | first1= Terje | last2= Moges | first2= Mulatu Alemayehu | title= The ethnification of the Ethiopian media | date= 26 November 2020 | website=Fojo Media Institute, International Media Support | url= https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-and-Ethnicity-Ethiopia.pdf |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201224085041/https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-and-Ethnicity-Ethiopia.pdf |archive-date= 24 December 2020 |url-status=live |url-access = }}</ref>

<ref name="HRW_Ethiopia_1995">{{cite web | title= Ethiopia – Human Rights Developments | website= [[Human Rights Watch]] |year = 1995 | url = https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm | access-date = 29 March 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210120132141/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm |archive-date= 20 January 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AddisStand_Amhara_nationalism">{{cite news | last1= Tesfaye | first1= Amanuel | title= Commentary:The Birth of Amhara Nationalism: Causes, Aspirations, and Potential Impacts | date= 4 May 2018 |newspaper= [[Addis Standard]] | url= https://addisstandard.com/commentarythe-birth-of-amhara-nationalism-causes-aspirations-and-potential-impacts |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210328045142/https://addisstandard.com/commentarythe-birth-of-amhara-nationalism-causes-aspirations-and-potential-impacts/ |archive-date= 28 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Collins_Galla">{{cite web | title= Galla | website= [[Collins English Dictionary]] |year = 2015 | url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla | access-date = 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150915034815/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla |archive-date= 15 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MWebster_Galla">{{cite web | title= Galla | website= [[Merriam-Webster]] |year = 2021 | url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla | access-date = 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20211016083341/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Galla |archive-date= 16 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ayto |first1=John |first2=John |last2=Simpson |author-link2=John Simpson (lexicographer) |year=2010 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923205-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalzell |first=Tom |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English |date=2018 |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-76520-6}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Doane |editor-first=Ashley W. |editor-last2=Bonilla-Silva |editor-first2=Eduardo |year=2003 |title=White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-93583-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/whiteoutcontinui0000unse/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |author-link=Jonathon Green |year=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-36636-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Herbst |first1=Philip |title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Yarmouth, Maine |isbn=978-1-877864-42-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/colorofwordsency0000herb/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Moore |editor-first=Bruce |year=2004 |title=The Australian Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-551796-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Eric |editor1=Dalzell, Tom |editor2=Victor, Terry |year=2006a |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume I: A–I |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25937-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Eric |editor1=Dalzell, Tom |editor2=Victor, Terry |year=2006b |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume II: J–Z |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25938-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newpartridgedict00tomd/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Rawson |first=Hugh |year=1989 |title=Wicked Words: A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-downs, and Other Formerly Unprintable Terms from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-517-57334-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/h00hugh/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
* South Africa Lexicon 2019. Available at: [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566/t/5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300/1556127851372/SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3.pdf ]
* {{cite book |last=Spears |first=Richard A. |title=Forbidden American English |publisher=Passport Books |location=Lincolnwood, Ill. |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8442-5152-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Spears |first=Richard A. |title=Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters |year=2001 |edition=3rd revised & abridged |publisher=Signet |location=New York |isbn=978-0-451-20371-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilkes |first=G. A. |year=1978 |title=A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms |location=Sydney |publisher=Fontana/Collins |isbn=978-0-00-635719-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofaust0000wilk_f2k5/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 [https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf].
* Burchfield, Robert. "Dictionaries and Ethnic Sensibilities." In ''The State of the Language'', ed. Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks, University of California Press, 1980, pp. 15–23.
* Croom, Adam M. [http://philpapers.org/rec/CROREW "Racial Epithets: What We Say and Mean by Them"]. ''Dialogue'' 51 (1):34–45 (2008)
* Henderson, Anita. "What's in a Slur?" ''American Speech'', Volume 78, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 52–74 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Kennedy, Randall. ''Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word'' (Pantheon, 2002)
* Mencken, H. L. "Designations for Colored Folk." ''American Speech'', 1944. 19: 161–74.
* Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)
* Wachal, Robert S. "Taboo and Not Taboo: That Is the Question." ''American Speech'', 2002. vol. 77: 195–206.

===Dictionaries===
* Erin McKean, ed. ''The New Oxford American Dictionary'', second edition. (Oxford University Press, 2005)
* Eric Partridge, ''A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' (2002)
* John A. Simpson, ''Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series''. {{ISBN|0-19-861299-0}}
* Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. ''The Concise Oxford English Dictionary''. (Oxford University Press, 2004)

{{Ethnic slurs}}
{{Religious slurs}}
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Profanity}}
{{Social class}}
{{Racism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic slurs, List of}}
[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs| ]]
[[Category:Lists of slang|Ethnic Slurs]]
[[Category:Profanity]]
[[Category:Lists of regional nicknames|Ethnic slurs]]
[[Category:Lists of pejorative terms for people]]

Kesaria Abramidze

2024-09-25T09:18:17Z

Wolverène: ,

{{Short description|Georgian blogger, actress and model (1987–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kesaria Abramidze
| image = Kesaria Abramidze (cropped).jpg
| caption = Abramidze in 2020
| native_name = კესარია აბრამიძე
| birth_name = Keso Abramidze
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1987|08|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]], [[USSR]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|09|18|1987|08|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = Tbilisi, Georgia
| death_cause = [[Murder]] by [[stabbing]]
| education = 
| native_name_lang = ka
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Blogger|actress|model}}
| known_for =
}}

'''Kesaria Abramidze''' ({{lang-ka|კესარია აბრამიძე}}; 18 August 1987 – 18 September 2024) was a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[Blog|blogger]], [[actress]], and [[Model (person)|model]]. She was the first person in the country to come out as [[transgender]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intermedia.ge/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90/20402-%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94/134/user:%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94:show:channel|title=კესარია-კესო აბრამიძე|accessdate=19 September 2024|website=intermedia.ge|language=ka}}</ref>

==Biography==
Abramidze was born in [[Tbilisi]] on 18 August 1987.<ref name="rfrel">{{Cite news|title="სახლში რამდენჯერმე მიუვარდა" – რას ჰყვება მოკლული კესარია აბრამიძის მეგობარი ბრალდებულზე|url=https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/33126267.html|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Before transitioning, Abramidze's [[Cryopreservation|genetic material was frozen]] outside the country.<ref name="FMA">{{cite web|url=https://www.fmabkhazia.com/news/10107-kesaria-abramidze-roca-dedobisthvis-mzad-vikhnebi-davrekav-9-thveshi-shvili-meqoleba-da-chamomiqvanen.html|title=კესარია აბრამიძე — "როცა დედობისთვის მზად ვიქნები, დავრეკავ, 9 თვეში შვილი მეყოლება და ჩამომიყვანენ"}}</ref> She announced that she had undergone [[Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)|gender-affirming surgery]] in 2014, appearing the following year in an underwear advertisement.<ref name="FMA" />

Abramidze was a guest on several shows, including the television series ''Psychopath Games'' and Davit Kovziridze's show ''Zhure Katsat''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intermedia.ge/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90/134471-%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94/127/|title=კესარია აბრამიძე|accessdate=19 September 2024|website=intermedia.ge|language=ka}}</ref> Abramidze participated in the [[Miss Trans Global]] beauty pageant and represented Georgia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imedinews.ge/ge/tabloidi/51723/kesaria-abramidze-mis-trans-msoplioze-saqartvelos-tsaradgens|title=კესარია აბრამიძე მის ტრანს მსოფლიოზე საქართველოს წარადგენს|date=7 March 2018|language=ka}}</ref> She later became the host of ''First House'' on [[Rustavi 2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbiliselebi.ge/ka/news/show-business/kesaria-abramidze-kartveli-katsebis-umetesobam-anatomia-ar-itsis-ar-itsis-sad-unda-moepheros-kals|title=კესარია აბრამიძე: ქართველი კაცების უმეტესობამ არ იცის, სად უნდა მოეფეროს ქალს|accessdate=19 September 2024|website=tbiliselebi.ge|language=ka}}</ref> She became an [[influencer]] and had over half a million followers on Instagram.<ref name=bbc />

==Murder==
Abramidze was found murdered on 18 September 2024 at her home on the outskirts of [[Tbilisi]], just one day after the [[Parliament of Georgia]] passed the [[Georgian LGBT propaganda bill]]. She was 37.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2024/09/19/66ebec91fc6c832e5d8b4585.html|title=Detienen a un hombre por asesinar a puñaladas a Kesaria Abramidze, la mujer transgénero más famosa de Georgia|accessdate=19 September 2024|date=19 September 2024|website=ELMUNDO|language=es}}</ref><ref name="El-Espanol-2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/mundo/europa/20240919/asesinan-transgenero-famosa-georgia-dia-despues-aprobarse-ley-anti-lgtbi/887161823_0.html|title=Asesinan a la transgénero más famosa de Georgia un día después de aprobarse una ley anti LGTBI|accessdate=19 September 2024|date=19 September 2024|website=El Español|language=es}}</ref> [[Michael Roth (politician)|Michael Roth]], the chairman of [[Bundestag]]'s Committee on International Relations, directly connected Abramidze's murder to the new anti-LGBTQ+ law and Social Justice Center stated that "political homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia have become central to the government's official discourse and ideology".<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0lnpn019xo|title=Trans woman killed in Georgia day after anti-LGBT law passed|work=[[BBC News]]|first=Frances|last=Mao|date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="advocate"/> The murder caused shock in the country and was condemned by the Georgian ombudsman, [[Levan Ioseliani]]; the country's president, [[Salome Zourabichvili]], who proposed that it should be a wake-up call for society as a whole and murder should not go unpunished, and by the spokesperson for the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN Human Rights Office]].<ref name=bbc /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oc-media.org/georgian-queer-community-in-mourning-after-murder-of-prominent-trans-woman/|title=Heartbreak in Georgia after murder of prominent trans woman|accessdate=19 September 2024|last=Kincha|first=Shota|date=19 September 2024|website=OC Media}}</ref><ref name="advocate">{{cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/crime/georgia-trans-woman-murder-kesaria-abramidze|title=Suspect arrested in ruthless murder of Georgia trans woman|accessdate=19 September 2024|website=www.advocate.com}}</ref>

The next day, a 26-year-old person was arrested at [[Kutaisi International Airport]], who was allegedly in a relationship with the model and had previously threatened her.<ref name="El-Espanol-2024" /> In a post in April of that same year, Abramidze had already reported both physical and psychological abuse by her partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://civil.ge/archives/625200|title=Murder of Famous Georgian Transwoman Sparks Outcry Amid Anti-LGBT Legislation Adoption|accessdate=19 September 2024|date=19 September 2024|website=Civil Georgia}}</ref> Her civil funeral took place on 22 September 2024 and was attended by President Zourabichvili.<ref>[https://www.interpressnews.ge/en/article/133491-the-president-attends-to-the-civil-funeral-of-kesaria-abramidze/ The President attends to the civil funeral of Kesaria Abramidze]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abramidze, Kesaria}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bloggers from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Television actresses from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Female models from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:21st-century actresses from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]
[[Category:Murder victims from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Violence against trans women]]
[[Category:People murdered in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:People from Tbilisi]]
[[Category:2024 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:Victims of anti-LGBTQ hate crimes]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:2024 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:2024 murders in Europe]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Europe]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]

Edi Rama

2024-09-25T04:43:48Z

Wolverène: +Category:Albanian former Christians; ±Category:Albanian Catholics→Category:Former Roman Catholics using HotCat

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Albania since 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Edi Rama
| image = Edi Rama (2024-02-29).jpg
| caption = Rama in 2024
| office = 33rd [[Prime Minister of Albania]]
| term_start = 11 September 2013
| term_end =
| president = [[Bujar Nishani]] [[Ilir Meta]] [[Bajram Begaj]]
| deputy = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|[[Niko Peleshi]]|[[Ledina Mandia]]|[[Senida Mesi]]|[[Erion Braçe]]|[[Arben Ahmetaj]]|[[Belinda Balluku]]}}
| predecessor = [[Sali Berisha]]
| office1 = [[Chairman of the Socialist Party of Albania]]
| term_start1 = 10 October 2005
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Fatos Nano]]
| office2 = [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Chairperson-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]
| term_start2 = 1 January 2020
| term_end2 = 1 January 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Miroslav Lajčák]]
| successor2 = [[Ann Linde]]
| office3 = 40th [[Mayor of Tirana]]
| term_start3 = 11 October 2000
| term_end3 = 25 July 2011
| predecessor3 = [[Albert Brojka]]
| successor3 = [[Lulzim Basha]]
| office4 = 40th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Albania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| alongside4 = [[Gent Cakaj]]
| primeminister4 = ''Himself''
| term_start4 = 21 January 2019
| term_end4 = 31 December 2020
| predecessor4 = [[Ditmir Bushati]]
| successor4 = [[Olta Xhaçka]]
| office5 = 22nd [[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports]]
| primeminister5 = [[Pandeli Majko]] [[Ilir Meta]]
| term_start5 = 2 October 1998
| term_end5 = 26 October 2000
| predecessor5 = [[Arta Dade]]
| successor5 = Esmeralda Uruçi
| birth_name = Edvin Rama
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|07|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tirana]], [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]]
| party = [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[:sq:Matilda Makoçi|Matilda Makoçi]]|1986|1991|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Linda Rama|Linda Basha]]|2010}}
}}
| children = {{hlist|Gregor|Zaho}}
| father = [[Kristaq Rama]]
| mother = Aneta Koleka
| alma_mater = [[University of Arts (Albania)|Academy of Arts]]
| signature = Edi Rama2 (nënshkrim).svg
| website = {{url|https://ps.al/familja-jone}}
{{url|https://kryeministria.al/ministrat/edi-rama/|kryeministria}}
| allegiance = {{flag|Albania}}
| branch = [[Albanian Armed Forces]]
| serviceyears = 2013 - present
| module = {{Infobox basketball biography|embed=yes
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 7
| league = [[Albanian Basketball League]]
| high_school = {{nowrap|[[Jordan Misja Artistic Lyceum]]}}
| college = [[University of Arts (Albania)|Tirana University of Arts]]
| years1 = {{0|0000}}
| team1 = [[BC Dinamo Tirana|Dinamo Tirana]]
| years2 = {{0|0000}}
| team2 = [[Albania national basketball team|Albania national team]]
}}
}}
{{Edi Rama series}}
'''Edi Rama''' (born '''Edvin Rama''' on 4 July 1964) is an Albanian politician, painter, writer, former university lecturer, and publicist,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Edi Rama PRIME MINISTER|url=http://www.kryeministria.al/en/government/prime-minister-cabinet/rama-edi|website=kryeministria.al}}</ref> who has been serving as the 33rd and incumbent [[prime minister of Albania]] since 2013 and chairman of the [[Socialist Party of Albania]] since 2005. He was appointed [[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports]] in 1998, an office he held until 2000. First elected [[mayor of Tirana]] in 2000, he was reelected in 2003 and 2007.

The coalition of centre-left parties led by Rama in the [[2013 Albanian parliamentary election]] defeated the incumbent centre-right coalition led by [[Sali Berisha]] of the [[Democratic Party of Albania]]. Rama was appointed prime minister for a second term following the [[2017 Albanian parliamentary election]]. Rama then won a third term following the [[2021 Albanian parliamentary election]] in which he defeated the Democratic Party candidate [[Lulzim Basha]] for the second time in a row. He is the only Albanian prime minister in history to have won three terms in a row. His party has won all six elections since 2013—three parliamentary ones and three local ones. He was one of the initiators of [[Open Balkan]], an economic zone of the Western Balkans countries intended to guarantee the "[[Four freedoms (European Union)|Four Freedoms]]".

==Early life and career==
Born as Edvin Rama on 4 July 1964 in [[Tirana]], Albania, he is the first of two children of Kristaq and Aneta Rama. His father was [[Kristaq Rama]] (1932–1998), a well-known sculptor born in [[Durrës]] who created numerous statues during the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|communist era in Albania]]. His great-grandfather, also named Kristaq Rama, was an intellectual who [[Albanian National Awakening|advocated for Albanian independence and schools]], and he originated from [[Berat]] before later relocating to Durrës.<ref name="Telegrafiedir"/> Other ancestors from his paternal side come from the southeastern village of [[Dardhë]], near [[Korçë]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mitre |first=Ola |date=2014-09-03 |title=Rich Albanians Breathe New Life into Forgotten Village |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2014/09/03/rich-albanians-breathe-new-life-into-forgotten-village/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> His mother, Aneta Rama (née Koleka) (1938–2020), was a graduate of medicine from the southwestern village of [[Vuno]],<ref>{{cite web |author=30, 10 April:13 |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/edi-rama-do-jete-deputet-i-vlores/ |title=Edi Rama do jetë deputet i Vlorës | Gazeta Dita |publisher=Gazetadita.al |date=30 April 2013 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125171750/http://www.gazetadita.al/edi-rama-do-jete-deputet-i-vlores/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Vlorë County|Vlorë]], and a great-niece of [[Spiro Koleka]], a member of the [[Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania|Politburo]] during [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist Albania]]. Rama states that the Koleka family, going back some centuries, is of northern [[Mirditë District|Mirditor]] origin, and that the surname was derived from ''Kol Leka''.<ref name=Spie>{{cite news|title=Rama: 23 qershori s'është ndeshje futbolli, me votën luani me jetën tuaj|url=http://www.lajmi.info/rama-23-qershori-seshte-ndeshje-futbolli-me-voten-luani-me-jeten-tuaj/|publisher=Lajmi|quote=Po të jetë puna kështu, stërgjyshërit e mamasë time kanë zbritur nga Mirdita. E keni dëgjuar Koleka, Koleka, ka qenë Kol Leka.|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623222004/http://www.lajmi.info/rama-23-qershori-seshte-ndeshje-futbolli-me-voten-luani-me-jeten-tuaj/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Telegrafiedir">{{cite news|title=Edi Rama tregon për origjinën e tij familjare|url=https://telegrafi.com/edi-rama-tregon-per-origjinen-e-tij-familjare/|agency=Telegrafi|date=5 June 2017|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

Rama started painting early in his childhood. During his teenage years, his talent was noticed by two influential Albanian painters of the time, Edi Hila and Danish Jukniu.<ref name="panorama1">{{cite web|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/edi-rama-rrefen-vitet-ne-paris-dhe-debatet-me-babane-merita-e-tij-qe-u-bera-njeri-i-lire/|title=Edi Rama rrëfen vitet në Paris dhe debatet me babanë: Merita e tij që u bëra njeri i lirë|date=9 July 2016|publisher=Panorama.com.al|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> They encouraged Rama to further develop his painting skills in a professional context.<ref name="panorama1" /> He attended and graduated from the [[Jordan Misja Artistic Lyceum]], an art school in Tirana.<ref name="NOA Lajme">{{cite news |last1=NOA Lajme |title=Follow Inaugurohet Liceu Artistik, Rama: "I dënuar" të jetë ekselent |date=26 October 2016|language=sq}}</ref> As a teenager, Rama was involved in sports as a professional basketball player for [[BC Dinamo Tirana|Dinamo Tirana]]. He was also part of the [[Albania national basketball team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3815985.stm|title=Europe | The mayor who brought colour to Albania|last=Rowland|first=Jacky|date=17 June 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativetime.org/summit/overview-2014/speakers/edi-rama/|title=Edi Rama – The Creative Time Summit|date=23 June 2013|publisher=Creativetime.org|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> In 1982, he enrolled in the [[University of Arts (Albania)|Academy of Arts]] in Tirana. After graduating, Rama started working as an instructor at the Academy of Arts. During this time, he organized several open student meetings, during which the Albanian communist government was publicly criticized. Essays from those meetings were collected in the book ''Refleksione'', which Rama published together with publicist [[Ardian Klosi]] in 1992.

Shortly before the [[fall of communism in Albania]], Rama attempted several times to get involved with the incipient fight for democracy. He tried to influence student protests and become part of the newly created [[Democratic Party of Albania]] but soon left after a quarrel over ideological matters with [[Sali Berisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shekulli.com.al/p.php?id=36632 |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201201120/http://shekulli.com.al/p.php?id=36632 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1994, Rama moved to France, and tried to begin a career as a painter. He and his former student, [[Anri Sala]], exhibited their works in several art galleries.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} On 27 November 2002, Rama officially changed his first name to Edi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2016|title=Formulari i vetëdeklarimit i Edi Ramës|trans-title=Edi Rama's self-declaration form|url=http://www.cec.org.al/Portals/0/Documents/CEC%202013/formularet/deputete/61%20-%20edi%20rama.pdf|website=cec.org.al|page=1}}</ref>

==Political career==
During one of his trips back to [[Albania]] in January 1997, Rama suffered a physical assault. While perpetrators were never found, there were concerns over the involvement of the [[SHISH|State Secret Service]] given Rama's outspoken criticism towards the Albanian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sot.com.al/politike/fatos-klosi-e-v%C3%ABrteta-e-rrahjes-s%C3%AB-ram%C3%ABs-nga-shikasit-me-xhupa-t%C3%AB-zinj-t%C3%AB-gazidedes-pse-nuk|title=Fatos Klosi: E vërteta e rrahjes së Ramës nga shikasit me xhupa të zinj të Gazidedes, pse nuk e ndëshkuam Berishën dhe kush i urdhëronte rrahjet|date=20 February 2015|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>

In 1998, while in Albania for the funeral of his father, Rama was offered a cabinet position by then-[[Prime Minister of Albania]] [[Fatos Nano]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shqiptarja.com/news.php?IDNotizia=199423 |title='Rrëfehet' Edi Rama: Telefonata që më bëri Ministër të Kulturës |publisher=Shqiptarja.com |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520024527/http://shqiptarja.com/news.php?IDNotizia=199423 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later that year he was appointed [[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports]]. As a Minister, Rama immediately became known for his extravagance in a variety of ways, including his unique colorful dressing style. His innovative cultural projects, coupled with his unusual clothing and rebellious political style, helped him attract a great level of support.

===Mayor of Tirana (2000–2011)===
In October 2000, the Socialist Party of Albania endorsed Rama in the election for Mayor of Tirana. The Democratic Party nominee was [[Besnik Mustafaj]], a writer and diplomat. Rama won 57% of the vote, and was sworn in as mayor. After taking office, he undertook a radical campaign of bulldozing hundreds of illegal constructions and restoring many areas near Tirana's center and [[Lanë|Lanë River]] into their initial form.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2069799.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Europe – The mayor transforming Tirana|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=25 June 2017|date=27 June 2002}}</ref>

Rama earned international recognition by repainting the facades of many soviet-style, demolishing buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observers.france24.com/en/20100428-artist-mayor-sees-crumbling-capital-turned-painters-canvas-albania-tirana-edi-rama|title=Tirana's artist mayor turns crumbling capital into painters' canvas|date=28 April 2010|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> The repainting gave the city a unique style, turning it into a tourist attraction. Rama was awarded the inaugural [[World Mayor]] Prize in 2004.<ref name="worldmayor.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmayor.com/worldmayor_2004/results_2004.html|title=World Mayor: The winners of the 2004 contest|website=worldmayor.com|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> The award committee, explained their decision stating that "''Edi Rama is the man who changed a whole city. Now there is a new Tirana, colored, happy, with a new and improved infrastructure and cultural life''".<ref name="worldmayor.com"/>

As mayor he compiled the ''Tirana City Master Plan''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/project/2008/10291/mvrdv-architects/tirana-rocks-masterplan-in-tirana.html|title=WAN:: Tirana Rocks masterplan by MVRDV Architects in Tirana, Albania|website=worldarchitecturenews.com|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> including the [[Skanderbeg Square]] project. He planted thousands of new trees, making Tirana a much more environment-friendly city. Rama also expanded the existing roads and paved new ones, improving mobility. According to a UNDP report<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50508665 |title=Human development report 2002 : deepening democracy in a fragmented world. |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=0-19-521915-5 |location=New York, N.Y. |oclc=50508665}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2022}} Rama played a critical role in the modernization of the local government, empowering municipalities and giving them, for the first time real power to impact the life of their communities.

Rama was reelected [[Mayor of Tirana]] by defeating Democratic Party candidates Spartak Ngjela, a former attorney, in 2003, and [[Sokol Olldashi]] in 2007. In 2011, Rama decided to run for a fourth term in office. His opponent, [[Lulzim Basha]] was a member of Prime Minister Berisha's cabinet. Rama's reelection bid failed in a [[2011 Albanian local elections#Tirana election|hotly contested election]], after a court ruling decided hundreds of ballots mistakenly cast in the wrong ballot boxes were valid. The initial count saw Rama ahead by 10 votes. With all ballots counted Lulzim Basha won the race by 81 votes. Rama appealed the court's decision at the Electoral College and demanded the reinstatement of the initial tally. Rama's appeals were rejected, and Basha was sworn in as the new Mayor of Tirana. Rama and the Socialist Party criticized the judges involved in the court ruling.

===Leader of the opposition (2005–2013)===
Having previously run as an independent in 2000, Rama registered as a [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist]] in 2003. Later that year he announced a bid for the chairmanship of the Party. He and [[Rexhep Meidani]], former [[President of Albania|President]], ran against the incumbent, [[Fatos Nano]]. Rama's bid failed to gain sufficient support from the Assembly delegates. He received 41 votes, Rexhep Meidani received 61, while Fatos Nano was reelected with 456 votes.<ref name="illyriapress.com">{{Cite web|url=http://illyriapress.com/si-u-ngjit-edi-rama-ne-krye-te-partise-socialiste/|title=Si u ngjit Edi Rama në krye të Partisë Socialiste {{!}} ILLYRIA|website=illyriapress.com|access-date=1 April 2018|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124003235/http://illyriapress.com/si-u-ngjit-edi-rama-ne-krye-te-partise-socialiste/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the center-left coalition lost in the [[2005 Albanian parliamentary election|2005 parliamentary election]], Fatos Nano resigned as Chairman of the Socialist Party. In the subsequent election for the chairmanship of the Party, Rama defeated Rexhep Meidani 297 to 151 and became the Chairman of the Socialist Party.<ref name="illyriapress.com"/> Capitalising on Rama's popularity as a mayor, the [[Socialist Party of Albania]] regained some of its appeal. Rama replaced many of the Party's influential leaders with younger loyalists. In his earlier attempts to regain control in the [[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]], he tried to frame himself as a political outsider. Inspired by the progressive policies of [[Tony Blair]]'s "New Labour" and [[Anthony Giddens]] "Third Way", his political platform called for a "third direction beyond the traditional right and left".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arkivi2.peshkupauje.com/2009/04/rruga-e-pare-e-dyte-pastaj-rruga-e-trete.html|title=Rruga e Parë, e Dytë, pastaj Rruga e Tretë – Peshku pa ujë|website=arkivi2.peshkupauje.com|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075541/http://arkivi2.peshkupauje.com/2009/04/rruga-e-pare-e-dyte-pastaj-rruga-e-trete.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As the minority leader, Rama threw his support behind a set of constitutional amendments introduced in the Parliament during the summer of 2008. These amendments changed Albania's election law from a [[majoritarian representation]] with a proportional adjustment into a [[party-list proportional representation]] as well as curtailed Presidential powers. Despite criticism and protests from President [[Bamir Topi]] and MPs from the [[Socialist Movement for Integration]] and other smaller political parties, the amendments were passed in the Parliament with a [[Supermajority|super-majority]].

Rama's reelection as mayor in 2007 was greatly helped by the Socialist Movement for Integration's endorsement of his candidacy. Seeing the 2008 constitutional amendments voted by Rama's SPA as a serious threat to their existence in Albanian politics, [[Ilir Meta]] and the SMI did not join Rama in a pre-electoral coalition for the [[2009 Albanian parliamentary election|2009 parliamentary election]]. The Socialist Party led by Rama were only able to win 66 seats in the Parliament. Incumbent prime minister Berisha's Democratic Party won 70 seats, while the remaining 4 seats went to Ilir Meta's Socialist Movement for Integration. Demands by Rama and the Socialists for a recount in the district of [[Fier]] were rejected by courts amidst criticism about the judges impartiality. Eventually, all four newly elected SMI members of the parliament voted support for Prime Minister Berisha's Democrats.

The 2009 elections narrow defeat prompted Rama to continue his mandate as chairman of the Socialist Party. The Socialist Party opted for a hardcore dispute of the newly elected government by boycotting parliamentary debates for months and staging a [[hunger strike]] to prompt for domestic and foreign attention to the situation. The heated political debate surrounding the 2009 election has been pointed out as one reason for Albania's failed bid at gaining official [[EU candidate countries|candidate status]] in accession talks with the EU.<ref>Jovanovska, Svetlana. (8 May 2012) [http://euobserver.com/887/31237 / Albania is refused EU candidate status]. Euobserver. Retrieved on 13 May 2012.</ref>

In January 2011, a recorded videotape showed Deputy Prime Minister Ilir Meta negotiating informal [[Pay to play|pay-to-play]] fees with Dritan Prifti, Minister for the Economy, Commerce and Energy. On 21 January 2011, clashes broke out between police and protesters in an [[2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations|anti-government rally in front of the Government building]] in Tirana. Four people were shot dead by government special forces.<ref>[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/breakingnews/2011/01/21/nb-00 Breaking News: Protesters killed in Tirana rally]. SETimes (21 January 2011). Retrieved on 13 May 2012.</ref> The EU issued a statement to Albanian politicians, warning both sides to refrain from violence.<ref>Pop, Valentina. (8 May 2012) [http://euobserver.com/887/31686 Albania killings cast shadow over country's EU aspirations]. Euobserver. Retrieved on 13 May 2012.</ref>

==Prime Minister of Albania (2013–present)==
In 2013, the Socialist Party of Rama led the coalition of center-left parties (that included his former opponents, the [[Socialist Movement for Integration|SMI]]) into a landslide victory in the [[2013 Albanian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] defeating the center-right coalition led by Prime Minister [[Sali Berisha]]. His platform, nicknamed "Renaissance"<ref>http://ps.al/new/programi/rimekembje-e-{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ekonomise/</ref> was based on four pillars: European integration, economic revitalisation, restoration of the public order and democratisation of the state institutions. Since September 2013, Rama has been serving as the [[Prime Minister of Albania]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albania)|Ministry of Infrastructure]] |title=Dekret Nr. 8304, datë 11.9.2013 |url=https://infrastruktura.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/15-05-22-12-32-03DEKRET_8304_DATE_11.09.2013_i_ndryshuar.pdf |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022181218/https://infrastruktura.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/15-05-22-12-32-03DEKRET_8304_DATE_11.09.2013_i_ndryshuar.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2023 |language=sq |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Policies as Prime Minister===
{{See also|Prime Minister of Albania|Rama Cabinet I|Rama Cabinet II}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Shakes Hands With Albanian Prime Minister Rama Before Bilateral Meeting at NATO Summit in Wales (14961134157).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] and Rama during the [[2014 Wales summit|2014 NATO Summit]] in [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], UK]]

Since 11 September 2013, Rama is serving as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Albania|33rd]] [[Prime Minister of Albania]]. During the electoral campaign, Rama stated that the return of public order was his number one priority. In 2013, the [[Albanian Police]] was able to cover actively only 55% of the territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punetebrendshme.gov.al/al/te-rejat/lajme/rriten-pagat-per-93-te-punonjesve-te-policise-se-shtetit&page=48|title=Rriten pagat për 93 % të punonjësve të Policisë së Shtetit|website=punetebrendshme.gov.al|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> The Government invested heavily in modernizing, training, and improving financial benefits of the police force. The police earned international acclaim when in 2014 undertook a highly successful operation on [[Lazarat]], a remote village in the south of the country, known for the production of narcotics.<ref>https://www.ata.gov.al/en/interpol-praises-state-police-operation-in-lazarat/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Rama has been committed to restructure the [[Judicial system of Albania|judicial system]] in [[Albania]], which was one of the most corrupted and ineffective judicial systems in Europe at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infocip.org/en/?p=1199|title="The whole judicial system in Albania is corrupt". Chief of EURALIUS reveals the truth for VOA / VIDEO interview in English (full length)|website=infocip.org|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the Parliament approved the "vetting law".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euralius.eu/index.php/en/news/271-approval-of-the-vetting-law-in-the-parliament-of-the-republic-of-albania|title=Euralius – Approval of the Vetting law in the Parliament of the Republic of Albania|website=euralius.eu|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031054831/http://www.euralius.eu/index.php/en/news/271-approval-of-the-vetting-law-in-the-parliament-of-the-republic-of-albania|archive-date=31 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on this law, any judge or prosecutor which cannot explain his source of wealth or former dubious verdicts will be disqualified for life. In November 2016, the [[European Union]] stated that a successful implementation of vetting law remains the sole criterion to fulfill before opening accession talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kryeministria.al/en/newsroom/press-releases/germany-s-further-support-for-the-implementation-of-the-justice-reform1480421807|title=Germany's further support for the implementation of the Justice Reform|website=kryeministria.al|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174014/https://kryeministria.al/en/newsroom/press-releases/germany-s-further-support-for-the-implementation-of-the-justice-reform1480421807|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other key reform was in the energy sector, left on the brink of bankruptcy from a previous failed privatisation effort. His government successfully enforced the payment of billions of unpaid bills and heavily invested in the modernization of the obsolete power distribution network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/02/27/NA270217-Albania-successfully-concludes-3-year-support-program|title=Albania Successfully Concludes Three-Year IMF-Supported Program|website=imf.org|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Economic policies have also been successful.<ref>https://www.ata.gov.al/en/world-bank-report-albania-records-highest-growth-rate-in-region/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The economic growth, from 0.5% in 2013, accelerated to 3.5% in 2016 and is expected to exceed 4% during 2017. Unemployment has been reduced steadily, thanks to 183,000 new jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazeta-shqip.com/lajme/2017/01/26/ahmetaj-premtimi-per-300-mije-vende-pune-eshte-mbajtur/|title=Ahmetaj: Premtimi për 300 mijë vende punë është mbajtur – Gazeta SHQIP |first=Gazeta|last=Shqip}}</ref> created in his first mandate. Furthermore, with 11.5% (2019) [[Albania]] has the 5th lowest [[List of countries by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] in the [[Balkans]].

[[File:Aleksandar Vučić, Zoran Zaev & Edi Rama Open Balkan 29 07 2021.jpg|thumb|Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]], Macedonian Prime Minister [[Zoran Zaev]] and Rama stand at the opening of the [[Open Balkan]], 29 July 2021]]

Other important reforms include the administrative reform, the social welfare and pension system reform, and the reform in higher education. Internationally, Rama is pursuing a historical reconciliation [[Albania - Serbia relations|policy]] between Albanians and [[Serbs]] and his visit in [[Belgrade]], in 2014 was the first visit of an [[Prime Minister of Albania|Albanian Prime Minister]] in Serbia in over 70 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/164212/First+Albanian+PM+Visit+to+Serbia+in+70+Years+Postponed|title=First Albanian PM Visit to Serbia in 70 Years Postponed – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> In a second visit, during the Economic Forum of Nis, Rama compared the Albanian and Serbian reconciliation process with the historical reconciliation between the French and Germans after the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=336420|title=Forumi shqiptaro-gjerman, Rama: Shqipëri-Serbi, si Gjermania e Franca pas luftës – Lajme – Top Channel|website=top-channel.tv|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005150509/http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=336420|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rama is also a key supporter of the [[Berlin Process]], an intergovernmental platform of cooperation between the European Union and [[Western Balkans]] countries.

The [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]] led by Rama participated at the 2017 [[2017 Albanian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] on 25 June 2017. One day after, partial results suggested that the Socialist Party had won a majority.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-albania-election-result-idUSKBN19H18L Albanian Socialists to get parliamentary majority, partial vote count shows] Reuters, 26 June 2017</ref> Which so happened.

Rama and [[Ramush Haradinaj]], then [[Prime Minister of Kosovo]], had a clash in late 2019 due to different views on the Mini-Schengen initiative. Rama stated that Haradinaj "lies due to ignorance or on purpose".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/mini-schengen-risks-driving-a-wedge-between-albania-and-kosovo/|title='Mini-Schengen' risks driving a wedge between Albania and Kosovo|date=23 December 2019|website=Emerging Europe|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> In 2020 Rama filed a lawsuit for defamation against Haradinaj.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-01-16/albanian-pm-sues-kosovos-haradinaj-for-defamation-over-land-swap-claims| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200117173503/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-01-16/albanian-pm-sues-kosovos-haradinaj-for-defamation-over-land-swap-claims| archive-date = 2020-01-17| title = Albanian PM Sues Kosovo's Haradinaj for Defamation Over Land-Swap Claims {{!}} World News {{!}} US News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/haradinaj-i-rama-na-sudu/30380720.html|title=Haradinaj i Rama na sudu|website=Radio Slobodna Evropa|date=16 January 2020 |language=sh|access-date=23 January 2021 |last1=Loxha |first1=Amra Zejneli }}</ref>

In 2024, Rama announced plans to create a new [[European microstate]] called the [[Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order]] enclaved within [[Tirana]]. The new country is planned to serve as the headquarters of the [[Bektashi Order]], a [[Sufism|Sufi]] Islamic order lead by [[Baba Mondi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higgens |first=Andrew |date=21 September 2024 |title=Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090757/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html }}</ref>

==Domestic policy==
Rama has adopted a [[neo-liberal]] economic policy. It reduces public spending and promotes [[public-private partnerships]] in most sectors (tourism, higher education, health, public works, culture).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Geslin |first=Dérens & |date=2020-09-01 |title=Albania, newly built on shaky ground |url=https://mondediplo.com/2020/09/11albania |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref> The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), traditionally favorable to these policies, however, considered that the Albanian government was proceeding too quickly with privatisation and exposed the country to "significant fiscal risks".<ref name=":2" />

Economic growth rates approached 4 percent in 2017 and 2018, the unemployment rate fell from 17.5 percent in 2014 to 11.5 percent in 2020.<ref name=":2" /> According to him, the improvement in the economic situation can be explained by the political stability of the country: "We are a country without a Senate, without unions, without a radical left and without comedians who play politics"<ref name=":2" /> Nevertheless, salaries remain low and emigration has accelerated since 2014<ref name=":2" />

[[Drug trafficking]] has grown considerably, accounting for nearly a third of GDP in 2017.<ref name=":2" /> According to estimates by Italian customs, 753,000 cannabis plants were destroyed in 2016, compared to 46,000 in 2014. Such destruction would have affected only 10 percent of the cultivated area. The Minister of the Interior, [[Saimir Tahiri]] (in office from 2013 to 2017), has himself been blamed (and sentenced) for his involvement in this traffic.<ref name=":2" />

In 2018, Rama adopted a law, welcomed by the European Union, providing for competition between universities and their openness to the market. Increases in tuition fees have caused discontent among students.<ref name=":2" />

===Albanian earthquake===
[[File:IDF Aid Mission to Albania, December 2019. IV.jpg|thumb|Rama surveying earthquake damage with the [[Israel Defense Forces]] Aid Mission in 2019]]

On 26 November 2019, [[2019 Albania earthquake|an earthquake struck Albania]] and parliament granted Rama state of emergency powers to deal with the aftermath.<ref name="Erebaraext"/> Rama visited the earthquake epicentre to see the situation and damage,<ref name="MeroAgolli">{{cite news|last1=Mero|first1=Armand|last2=Agolli|first2=Ilirian|title=Strongest Quake in Decades Kills at Least 25 in Albania|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/strongest-quake-decades-kills-least-25-albania|agency=Voice of America (VOA)|date=27 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> whereas political rivalries between him, [[Ilir Meta|Meta]], and [[Lulzim Basha|Basha]] were sidelined as they became involved in relief efforts.<ref name="Kostreci">{{cite news|last=Kostreci|first=Keida|title=Albania Search, Rescue Operation For Earthquake Survivors Ends|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/albania-search-rescue-operation-earthquake-survivors-ends|agency=Voice of America (VOA)|date=30 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Kostrecisee"/> On 30 November Rama ended the search and rescue operation<ref name="Aljazeeraalb"/> and the next day he attended the first funeral for the deceased.<ref name="Aljazeeraalb">{{cite news|title=Albania's search for quake victims ends as death toll rises to 51|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/albania-search-quake-victims-ends-death-toll-rises-51-191130140408252.html|agency=Al Jazeera|date=30 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="DeutscheWellealb">{{cite news|title=Albania quake toll hits 51 as search for survivors ends|url=https://www.dw.com/en/albania-quake-toll-hits-51-as-search-for-survivors-ends/a-51483420|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=30 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Goodalb">{{cite news|last=Good|first=Richard|title=Plea to help Albanian earthquake survivors as Durres search resumes|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/30/plea-to-help-albanian-earthquake-survivors-as-durres-search-resumes|agency=Euronews|date=30 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref>

Rama reconfigured the state budget for 2020 to manage the post-earthquake situation<ref name="Kostrecisee"/> to provide funds for the construction of homes.<ref name="KolekaReut"/> Rama called for additional expert assistance and monetary aid geared toward recovery from the international community stating that Albania lacks the capacity "to do this (reconstruction) alone."<ref name="DeutscheWelleang">{{cite news|title=Albania earthquake: Germany's Angela Merkel vows aid for victims|url=https://www.dw.com/en/albania-earthquake-germanys-angela-merkel-vows-aid-for-victims/a-51492203|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=1 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Kostrecisee"/><ref name="VoiceofAmericainterhe">{{cite news|title=EU Leads International Help to Albania Quake Recovery|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/eu-leads-international-help-albania-quake-recovery|work=Voice of America (VOA)|agency=Associated Press|date=2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

In mid-December, Rama was criticised by NGOs, human rights organisations, and parts of the media of misusing the situation to pass controversial legislation after he sought a three-month extension for his state of emergency powers from parliament.<ref name="Erebaraext">{{cite news|last=Erebara|first=Gjergj|title=Albania PM Requests Extension of Post-Quake Emergency Powers|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/16/earthquakes-are-continuing-albania-premier-request-an-extension-of-the-emergency-powers/|date=16 December 2019|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> Rama tasked a group of fundraisers to manage the donations from the Albanian diaspora and to provide oversight for their usage.<ref name="KolekaReut">{{cite news|last=Koleka|first=Benet|title=Albania says rebuilding after quake won't hit other spending priorities|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-albania-quake-budget/albania-says-rebuilding-after-quake-wont-hit-other-spending-priorities-idUSKBN1Y71XX|work=Reuters|date=4 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> Rama contacted and held discussions with some influential world leaders and countries asking for assistance and the creation of an international donors conference.<ref name="TopChannelErdo">{{cite news|title=Rama në Open: Europa? Është Arabia Saudite dhe Turqia ku drejtojnë miqtë e mijë|url=http://top-channel.tv/2019/11/28/rama-ne-open-europa-eshte-arabia-saudite-dhe-turqia-ku-drejtojne-miqte-e-mije/|agency=Top Channel|date=28 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|language=sq}}</ref><ref name="Kostrecisee">{{cite news|last=Kostreci|first=Keida|title=Albania Seeks International Support for Earthquake Recovery|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/albania-seeks-international-support-earthquake-recovery|agency=Voice of America (VOA)|date=2 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Outlookalb">{{cite news|title=Albania ends quake rescue operations|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/albania-ends-quake-rescue-operations/1673723|agency=Outlook|date=29 November 2019|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="DeutscheWellerel">{{cite news|title=EU pledges €15 million to Albania for earthquake relief|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-pledges-15-million-to-albania-for-earthquake-relief/a-51536319|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=4 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="GazetaTemajoh">{{cite news|title=Tërmeti në Shqipëri Boris Johnson Edi Rama na tregoi historitë e tmerrshme ramë dakort që të veprojmë kolektivisht për të ndihmuar|url=http://www.gazetatema.net/2019/12/04/termeti-ne-shqiperi-boris-johnson-edi-rama-na-tregoi-historite-e-tmerrshme-rame-dakort-qe-te-veprojme-kolektivisht-per-te-ndihmuar/|agency=Gazeta Tema|date=4 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|language=sq}}</ref><ref name="DeutscheWellenjan">{{cite news|title=Pas tërmetit: Donatorët ndërkombëtarë në Tiranë në janar 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/sq/pas-t%C3%ABrmetit-donator%C3%ABt-nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar%C3%AB-n%C3%AB-tiran%C3%AB-n%C3%AB-janar-2020/a-51668831|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=14 December 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|language=sq}}</ref> On 8 December, Rama was present at a Turkish donors conference for Albania that was organised and attended by President Erdogan.<ref name="RTSHdon">{{cite news|title=Konferenca e Donatorëve në Turqi, Rama- Erdogan takojnë biznesmenët turq|url=https://www.rtsh.al/lajme/konferenca-e-donatoreve-ne-turqi-rama-erdogan-takojne-biznesmenet-turq/|agency=[[Radio Televizioni Shqiptar]] (RTSH)|date=8 December 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|language=sq}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In January 2020, Rama publicised preliminary figures on damage caused by the earthquake that totaled more than €1 billion.<ref name="Applirecon">{{cite news|title=Online Application for Reconstruction Unveiled|url=https://www.albaniandailynews.com/index.php?idm=39001&mod=2|agency=Albanian Daily News|date=27 January 2020|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

===Cabinet===
====1st Cabinet====
{{Further|Rama Government|l1=1st Rama Cabinet}}

The 1st [[Rama Government|Cabinet of Rama]] was sworn in by [[President of Albania|President]] [[Bujar Nishani]] on 11 September 2013, becoming the 8th Cabinet of the [[Albania|Albanian Republic]], since the [[collapse of communism in Albania]]. The Cabinet is composed of 21 members, with fifteen coming from the [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]], six from the [[Socialist Movement for Integration]]. The Cabinet is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.<ref name="ambasadat.gov.al">{{cite web|url=http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/saudi-arabia/en/pm-rama-global-leader-woman-summit|title=PM Rama at "Global Leader Woman" Summit|website=ambasadat.gov.al}}</ref>

[[File:EDI RAMA VLORE - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|Rama at a political campaign rally in [[Vlorë|Vlore]], 18 May 2013]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;"
|-
! Cabinet
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Term
|-
! [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister]]
| Edi Rama
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–)
|-
! [[Deputy Prime Minister of Albania|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Niko Peleshi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Minister of Defence (Albania)|Minister of Defence]]
| [[Mimi Kodheli]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Albania)|Minister of the Interior]]
| [[Saimir Tahiri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Albania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Ditmir Bushati]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2019)
|-
! [[Ministry of Justice (Albania)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Nasip Naço]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of European Integration (Albania)|Minister of European Integration]]
| [[Klajda Gjosha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Movement for Integration}}" |
| [[Socialist Movement for Integration]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism, Trade and Enterprise (Albania)|Minister of Economic Development]]
| Milva Ekonomi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Energy and Industry (Albania)|Minister of Energy and Industry]]
| [[Damian Gjiknuri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Albania)|Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure]]
| Sokol Dervishaj
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Movement for Integration}}" |
| [[Socialist Movement for Integration]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Urban Development (Albania)|Minister of Urban Development]]
| [[Eglantina Gjermeni]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Water Management (Albania)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| [[Edmond Panariti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Movement for Integration}}" |
| [[Socialist Movement for Integration]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Health (Albania)|Minister of Health]]
| Arben Beqiri
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Education and Sport (Albania)|Minister of Education]]
| [[Lindita Nikolla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth (Albania)|Minister of Social Welfare and Youth]]
| [[Blendi Klosi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2015–2017)
|-
! [[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Mirela Kumbaro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2019)
|-
! [[Ministry of Environment (Albania)|Minister of Environment]]
| [[Lefter Koka]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Movement for Integration}}" |
| [[Socialist Movement for Integration]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! [[Minister for Innovation and Public Administration (Albania)|Minister of Innovation and Public Administration]]
| [[Milena Harito]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! Minister of Relations with Parliament
| [[Ermonela Felaj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
! Minister of Local Governance
| [[Eduard Shalsi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2017)
|-
|}

==== 2nd Cabinet ====
{{Further|2nd Rama Government|l1=2nd Rama Cabinet}}

The 2nd [[2nd Rama Government|Cabinet of Rama]] was sworn in by [[President of Albania|President]] [[Ilir Meta]] in September 2017, becoming the 9th Cabinet of the [[Albania|Albanian Republic]], since the [[collapse of communism in Albania]]. The Cabinet is composed of 15 members, coming all from the [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]. The Cabinet is also the second in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;"
|-
! Cabinet
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Term
|-
! [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister]]
| Edi Rama
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–)
|-
! [[Deputy Prime Minister of Albania|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Senida Mesi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2019)
|-
! [[Minister of Defence (Albania)|Minister of Defence]]
| [[Olta Xhaçka]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2020)
|-
! [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Albania)|Minister of the Interior]]
| [[Fatmir Xhafaj]] [[Dritan Demiraj]] Fatmir Xhafaj (acting) [[Sandër Lleshaj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017) (2017) (2017–2018) (2018–2020)
|-
! [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)|Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Ditmir Bushati]] Edi Rama
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–2019) (2019–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Justice (Albania)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Etilda Gjonaj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2021)
|-
! [[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Mirela Kumbaro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2013–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Finance and Economy (Albania)|Minister of Finance and Economy]]
| [[Arben Ahmetaj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2019)
|-
! [[Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth (Albania)|Minister of Education, Sports and Youth]]
| [[Lindita Nikolla]] [[:sq:Besa Shahini|Besa Shahini]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2019) (2019–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Health and Social Care (Albania)|Minister of Health and Social Care]]
| [[Ogerta Manastirliu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albania)|Minister of Infrastructure and Energy]]
| [[Damian Gjiknuri]] [[Belinda Balluku]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2019) (2019–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Albania)|Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development]]
| [[Niko Peleshi]] [[Bledar Çuçi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2019) (2019–)
|-
! [[Ministry of Tourism and Environment (Albania)|Minister of Tourism and Environment]]
| [[Blendi Klosi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2021)
|-
! Minister of State for Albanian Diaspora
| [[Pandeli Majko]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–2021)
|-
! Minister of State for Entrepreneurs
| [[Sonila Qato]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of Albania}}" |
| [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]]
| (2017–)
|}

===Foreign policy===
{{Further|List of official trips made by Edi Rama}}
[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Albanian Prime Minister Rama (51883974306).jpg|thumb|left|Rama alongside U.S. Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]], 15 February 2022]]

On several occasions, Rama has stated that the European Union needs to accelerate the integration process of the Western Balkans, considering it the only way to subdue the dangerous fractions in the region, preventing a possible eruption of violence, like the one that hammered the region in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ft.com/the-world/2015/07/if-eu-shuns-albania-radical-islam-beckons/|title=If EU shuns Albania radical Islam beckons|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Rama has also denounced the rising Russian influence in the region as destabilising.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/dont-abandon-us-russians-pleads-albanian-leader-fearing-us-will/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/dont-abandon-us-russians-pleads-albanian-leader-fearing-us-will/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Don't abandon us to the Russians, pleads Albanian leader, fearing US will walk away|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=24 February 2017|access-date=25 June 2017|last1=Harding|first1=Thomas}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Rama views Turkey as an important strategic partner and since 2013, he has developed a good personal relationship with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref name="Biberaj428">{{cite book|last=Biberaj|first=Elez|title=Central and East European politics: From Communism to Democracy|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=9781538100899|editor1-last=Wolchik|editor1-first=Sharon L.|pages=428|chapter=Former Yugoslavia and Its Successors|editor2-last=Curry|editor2-first=Jane Leftwich|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0hQDwAAQBAJ&q=Erdogan+Rama&pg=PA428}}</ref><ref name="SchumanEU"/> In May 2016, Rama attended the wedding of Erdogan's daughter and Erdogan's presidential inauguration in 2018, whereas Erdogan endorsed him in mid-2017 for Albania's parliamentary elections.<ref name="Biberaj428"/><ref name="SchumanEU"/> Rama has strengthened ties with Turkey, namely with the Erdogan government despite possible and growing contradictions with his pro-European enlargement stance.<ref name="SchumanEU">13th Rapport Schuman sur l'Europe – l'Etat de l'Union 2019, éditions Marie B – Collection Lignes de Repères,2019, page 159</ref><ref name="OzturkAkgonul236">{{cite book|last1=Öztürk|first1=Ahmet Erdi|last2=Akgönül|first2=Samim|chapter=Turkey: Forced marriage or marriage of convenience with the Western Balkans?|editor1-last=Bieber|editor1-first=Florian|editor2-last=Tzifakis|editor2-first=Nikolaos|title=The Western Balkans in the World: Linkages and Relations with Non-Western Countries|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781538100899|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0ufDwAAQBAJ&q=Erdogan+Rama&pg=PT233|pages=236}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Sunak met with Prime Minister Edi Rama at 10 Downing Street in 2023.jpg|thumb|Rama and British Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]], 23 March 2023]]

Rama has had a diverse agenda of high-level meetings. Since 2013, he has frequently met with German [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]], American [[President of America|President]] [[Barack Obama]], French [[President of France|President]] [[François Hollande|Francois Hollande]], British [[Prime Minister of United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]], Chinese [[Prime minister of china|Prime Minister]] [[Li Keqiang]], Austrian [[Foreign Minister of Austria|Foreign Minister]] [[Sebastian Kurz]], [[Pope Francis]], and other high-ranking diplomats. Rama, speaking in Israel in 2015, said that Albania was "proud to have been a country where no Jew was released to the [[Nazi]]s, and where there are incredible stories of Muslim families who protected Jewish families," and he and Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] signed a joint declaration of friendship and a medical research cooperation agreement.<ref name="auto4d">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/netanyahu-to-albanian-pm-our-friendship-goes-back-to-albania-protecting-jews-from-nazis-437943|date=21 December 2015|author=Herb Keinon |title=Netanyahu to Albanian PM: Our friendship goes back to Albania protecting Jews from Nazis|website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

On 10 October 2019, together with [[Aleksandar Vučić]], [[President of Serbia]], and [[Zoran Zaev]], [[Prime Minister of North Macedonia]], Rama signed the so-called [[Mini Schengen Zone|Mini Schengen]] deal on regional economic cooperation, including on the [[Single market|free movement]] of goods, capital, services, and labour between their three countries, while they await progress on EU enlargement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/10/10/albania-north-macedonia-serbia-sign-mini-schengen-declaration/|title=Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia Sign 'Mini-Schengen' Declaration|access-date=7 September 2020|website=Balkan Insight}}</ref> A month later, the leaders presented a set of proposals to achieve the "[[European Single Market|four freedoms]]" and the first steps towards them, including the possibility to the [[open border]] area.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2019|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/11/western-balkan-leaders-plot-their-own-mini-schengen-zone|title=Western Balkan leaders plot their own 'mini-Schengen' zone
|access-date=7 September 2020|website=Euronews}}</ref> In December, the three leaders also met with [[Milo Đukanović]], [[President of Montenegro]], opening the possibility for the country to join the zone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2019|url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/12/21/mini-schengen-initiative-remains-open-to-the-region-next-meeting-in-belgrade|title="Mini-Schengen" initiative remains open to the region, next meeting in Belgrade|access-date=7 September 2020|website=European Western Balkans}}</ref>

Rama describes Turkish leader Erdoğan as a "friend of Albania and strategic ally". At his request, he had schools linked to the [[Gülen movement]] closed, which he went so far as to describe as a 'terrorist organization'.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mondediplo.com/2020/09/11albania|title=Albania, newly built on shaky ground|first=Jean-Arnault Dérens & Laurent|last=Geslin|date=1 September 2020|website=Le Monde diplomatique}}</ref>

==Artist and writer==
===Exhibitions===
*City Art Gallery, Corfu, Greece (1990)
*National Art Gallery in Tirana, Albania (1992)
*Jano Gallery in New York City (1993)
*Place de Médiathèque in France (1995)
*Acud in Berlin (1993)
*São Paulo in Brazil (1994)
*Israel (1995)
*Gallery XXI in Albania (1999)
*Venice Biennial (2014)
*Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City (2016)

Rama is an active painter and has had several personal painting exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jason Farago|title=Meet Edi Rama, Albania's artist prime minister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/nov/15/meet-edi-rama-albanias-artist-prime-minister-exhibition|website=theguardian.com|date=15 November 2016|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2014 and 2017, Rama held an exhibit in the [[Venice Biennial]]. In 2016, a collection of his works were exhibited in the Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edi Rama|url=http://www.mariangoodman.com/exhibition/3840/press-release|website=mariangoodman.com|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202150226/http://www.mariangoodman.com/exhibition/3840/press-release|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Edi Rama|url=https://dailyartfair.com/exhibition/5888/edi-rama-marian-goodman-gallery|website=dailyartfair.com}}</ref>

===Publications===
*Rama, Edi; [[Ardian Klosi|Klosi, Ardian]] (1991). Refleksione.
*Rama, Edi (1993). Etërit, Seksi dhe Krenaria Kombtare.
*Rama, Edi (2009). Edi Rama. Paintings
*Rama, Edi (2011). Kurban. Tirana: Dudaj.

Rama is also an active writer. In 1992, while a professor at the Academy of Arts of Albania, Rama published a book with various notes together with publicist Ardian Klosi entitled Refleksione(Reflections). In 2009, Rama published a collection of personal notes and paintings in a book entitled Edi Rama. In November 2011, Rama published a reflection book on his years as mayor of Tirana entitled Kurban.

==Personal life==
[[File:Edi Rama in July 2018.jpg|thumb|175px|Rama in 2018]]

Rama was [[baptized]] as [[Catholic Church in Albania|Catholic]] and identifies as Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dielli.al/lajme.php?id=77880&k=71|title=Rama:Jam Katolik i pagëzuar|trans-title=Rama:I am baptized Catholic|date=5 September 2014|website=Dielli.al|language=sq|format=Virtual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624135621/http://dielli.al/lajme.php?id=77880&k=71|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|quote="Për hir të së vërtetës unë nuk jam ortodoks, unë jam katolik nëse i referohesh pagëzimit". (En: For the sake of truth I'm not Orthodox, I'm Catholic referring to baptism)}}</ref> Regarding his religious beliefs at present, Rama has declared himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] stating that "I do not practice any faith other than to the self and other people, but I don't believe that the existence or non-existence of God is a matter that can ever be resolved by mortals."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/edi-rama/shqip%C3%ABria-vend-i-mir%C3%AB-p%C3%ABr-zotin-e-t%C3%AB-gjith%C3%ABve-dhe-t%C3%AB-gjitha-fet%C3%AB/10152564924408582|title=Edi Rama: "Unë nuk praktikoj besim tjetër, përveç atij tek vetja dhe tek njerëzit, por nuk besoj se sidoqoftë eksiztenca ose jo e Zotit është një çështje që mund të zgjidhet ndonjëherë nga të vdekshmit.|date=8 July 2014|publisher=Facebook|language=sq}}</ref>

Rama married actress [[:sq:Matilda Makoçi|Matilda Makoçi]]. The couple divorced in 1991. Rama has a son from his first marriage, Gregor, who is a cancer survivor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazeta-shqip.com/lajme/2013/05/19/rrefimi-dramatik-i-gregut-biseda-me-edin-kur-u-diagnostikova-me-kancer/|title=Rrëfimi dramatik i Gregut: Biseda me Edin kur u diagnostikova me kancer|website=Gazeta Shqiptare|language=sq|date=19 May 2013|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> Rama's daughter-in-law was one of the 51 fatalities in the [[2019 Albania earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/28/europe/albania-earthquake-prime-minister-daughter-in-law-intl/index.html|title=Albanian Prime Minister's future daughter-in-law among dozens dead in earthquake|author=Rob Picheta|website=CNN|date=28 November 2019}}</ref>

Since 2010, Rama has been married to [[Linda Rama]] (née Basha), an economist and civil society activist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkivalajmeve.com/Lidhjet-dashurore-te-Edi-Rames-nga-Makoci-tek-Basha.1046943615/ |title=Lidhjet dashurore te Edi Rames nga Makoci tek Basha – Arkiva Shqiptare e Lajmeve |website=arkivalajmeve.com |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Mrs. Rama is a graduate of the University of Tirana and holds a Master of Arts in Economy and is a Doctor of Sciences in Economy. Until 1998 she has worked in high levels of public administration including the Head of the National Privatization Agency. She has a long academic experience as a lecturer in International Finance at the University of Tirana and a lecturer of Public Policies in the European University of Tirana. She is the author of several scientific researches and publications in her field. Together they have a son, Zaho,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oranews.tv/vendi/vjen-ne-jete-femija-kryeministror/|title=Oranews.tv – Mirëserdhe Zaho! Lind djali i çiftit kryeministror Edi dhe Linda Rama. Fotoja e përqafimit atëror|website=Oranews|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903035040/http://www.oranews.tv/vendi/vjen-ne-jete-femija-kryeministror/|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> born in 2014.

Rama is a supporter of the sports teams [[FK Partizani Tirana|FK Partizani]] and [[Juventus FC|Juventus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://periskopi.com/edi-rama-si-tifoz-flaket-juventusit-keshtu-po-e-pret-finalen-foto/|title=Edi Rama si tifoz i flakët i Juventusit, kështu po e pret finalen (Foto)|publisher=Periskopi.com|language=sq|date=3 June 2017|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> His younger brother, Olsi Rama, is the sporting director of Partizani Tirana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shqiptarja.com/lajm/olsi-rama-zyrtarisht-drejtor-br-i-partizanit-gati-prezantimi-br?r=pop5s|title=Olsi Rama zyrtarisht drejtor i Partizanit, gati prezantimi|trans-title=Olsi Rama officially sporting director of Partizai, the presentation is ready|publisher=Shqiptarja.com|language=sq|date=11 December 2017|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Involvement in electoral fraud===
In a series of 16 audio tapes published online by the [[Germany|German]] tabloid ''[[Bild]]'', Rama and his cabinet members were recorded in conversations with police and members of organized crime ahead of the 2017 Parliamentary elections. In one of the tapes Rama is recorded in a conversation with Arben Keshi, a local police official, asking if "the objective had been met". In another recording, cabinet member Damian Gjiknuri was heard offering Keshi to send "a van of problematic guys" who "should not be too exposed" but may be needed "just in case" for the election. In other tapes, former Socialist MPs were recorded giving instructions to Keshi and other local officials on bribing constituents with cash and intimidating them with threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkanweb.com/e-plote-16-pergjimet-e-reja-te-bild-si-u-blene-votat-ne-diber/|title=E plotë/ 16 përgjimet e reja të BILD: Si u blenë votat në Dibër|date=17 June 2019|website=Balkanweb.com – News24|language=sq-AL|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> In other tapes published by ''Bild'', former mayor of [[Durrës]] Vangjush Dako, appointed by [[Socialist Party of Albania|SP]] was heard in conversations with members of drug trafficking and organized crime in connection to the 2017 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kohajone.com/2019/06/05/bild-nxjerr-pergjimet-e-reja-mes-vangjush-dakos-dhe-astrit-avdylajt/|title="Bild" nxjerr përgjimet e reja mes Vangjush Dakos dhe Astrit Avdylajt|last=Lindita|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

===Controversial media law===
In December 2019, the government led by Rama, proposed changes in two laws regarding communications and information services in Albania, with focus on regulating the online media market, forcing them to register and giving authority to institutions controlled by the Parliament to fine online medias and journalists and block their contents.

Also known as the 'anti-defamation' law, it gives to the authority of Audiovisual Media in Albania (AMA) the competences of fining journalists and they can have their cases heard in court only after paying the AMA-imposed fine. Critics say this clause aims to decimate the finances of independent news outlets, whose limited funding would be likely to expire long before a court even hears the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/albania-approves-controversial-anti-defamation-laws|title=Albania Approves Controversial Anti-Defamation Laws | Voice of America – English|website=www.voanews.com|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref>

Media organizations in Albania protested the changes in the law, considering them as censoring free-speech and expressing their concerns, because the drafted law didn't take in consideration several recommendations made by international actors like the EU Commissioner for Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/18/albania-approves-controversial-media-laws-amidst-protests/|title=Albania Approves Controversial Media Laws Despite Bitter Protests|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> The Albanian Ombudsman called the government on not approving the two anti-defamation draft laws, as they do not meet international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exit.al/en/2019/12/18/albanian-ombudsman-media-laws-do-not-meet-international-standards/|title=Albanian Ombudsman: Media Laws Do Not Meet International Standards|date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

The [[Venice Commission]] gave its opinion and to its conclusion the proposed media law has a number of flaws to proposed amendments that needs to be changed, in the report the Venice Commission gave a number of recommendations and stated that "Albanian authorities showed willingness to dialogue and addressed their concerns for the protection of freedom of speech".<ref name=":0" /> Rama on Twitter praised the recommendations and stated “Grateful to the Venice Commission for their opinion on Anti-defamation! Without losing any further time, we need to address the matter in the Assembly according to the valuable suggestions and guarantee by law everyone’s right to be defended against defamation, and the obligation of every news outlet to be identified as a subject to the law”.<ref name=":1" />

===Reporters Without Borders===
After Albania fell to a historic low in the [[Reporters Without Borders]]' annual World Press Freedom Index, Rama criticized the organization's notation. However Pavol Szalai, the head of the European Union and Balkan Desk, noted that the [[methodology]] changed from 2020 to 2022 and that Albania has fallen partly due to this and partly due to countries like Serbia and Montenegro rising.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Rama took up to Twitter where he accused the organization of making up "lies" and called the accusations "fantasies". Rama then tweeted: “Journalists victims of police violence in Albania? What a lie! Journalists critical of the government face political attacks? What a fantasy! Ethical self-regulation in the Albanian media? What a mockery! Only the title is missing: We complain about the lack of freedom because we do not know what to do with freedom!” One day after Rama tweeted his denials, RSF reported that he attacked an Albanian reporter who he had previously put on a two-month long embargo.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/reporters-without-borders-clap-back-at-albanian-prime-ministers-denials/|title= Reporters Without Borders clap back at Albanian prime minister's denials|newspaper= [[EURACTIV]]|date= 9 May 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://exit.al/en/2022/05/03/albanian-prime-minister-slams-rsfs-assessment-of-press-freedom-in-albania/|title=Albanian Prime Minister Claims RSF Report Is Lies, Fantasy|date= 3 May 2022}}</ref>

===Charles McGonigal===
In January 2023, Rama was implicated in a U.S. federal indictment concerning former senior FBI official [[Charles McGonigal]]. According to the indictment, in September 2017, McGonigal allegedly met with and tried to sway Rama into awarding an oil-drilling license to an Albanian-based company affiliated with McGonigal's business partners. In November 2017, shortly after a meeting with Rama in Albania, McGonigal allegedly informed a United States [[Department of Justice]] prosecutor of a potentially new criminal investigation into [[Nicolas Muzin]], a U.S.-based lobbyist who had recently been hired by Rama's political rival, [[Lulzim Basha]]. The following month, McGonigal dined with Rama in Washington, D.C., and up until early 2018, received information about Muzin from the Albanian Prime Minister's office.<ref>{{cite web | title=USA v. Charles F. McGonigal | url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.251257/gov.uscourts.dcd.251257.1.0.pdf | accessdate=February 3, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Rothfeld | first1=Michael | last2=Rashbaum | first2=William | last3= Vogel | first3= Kenneth | title=How Prosecutors Say a Top F.B.I. Agent Sold His Services Overseas | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/03/nyregion/fbi-intelligence-charged-albania.html | date=February 3, 2023 | work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>

Rama has denied any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite news | last=Erebara | first=Gjergi | title=Albania Opposition Demands Inquiry Into 'Bribed' Former FBI Official | url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/02/02/albania-opposition-demands-parliamentary-inquiry-on-former-fbi-official-scandal/ | date=February 2, 2023 | publisher=[[Balkan Insight]] | quote=Albania’s opposition Democratic Party has filed a request for a parliament’s investigative committee on Thursday, after Prime Minister Edi Rama dismissed claims that his government bribed a former FBI official to push for FBI investigations into matters that damaged the Albanian opposition. The request said it should investigate relations between Rama and Charles McGonigal, the nature of that relationship and any possible benefits granted to him or people connected to him by the Albanian government. The request calls for an investigation into whether the Tirana government 'incited, influenced, ordered or used public assets, bribes or other favours for the FBI former agent at the expense of the opposition'. }}</ref>

===Other controversies===
A photograph of Rama and [[Barack Obama]] at a fundraising event in October 2012 was shared by Rama on [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] ahead of Albania's 2013 Parliamentary Election, to imply a relationship with Obama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-crime-election-idUSKCN0ZF2S6|title=New Jersey man admits to helping disguise foreign political...|date=29 June 2016|work=Reuters|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> Rama's ticket to the event was purchased for $80,000 through intermediaries that pled guilty to making foreign contributions in connection with the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 U.S. Presidential Election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/albanian-prime-minister-edi-rama-date-with-barack-obama-guilty-fundraising/|title=Albanian prime minister's date with Obama|last=Gerstein|first=Josh|date=26 July 2016|website=POLITICO|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=New Jersey Man Pleads Guilty to Helping Disguise Foreign Contributions during 2012 Presidential Election |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-jersey-man-pleads-guilty-helping-disguise-foreign-contributions-during-2012-presidential |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

At the beginning of December 2021, onboard a [[Lufthansa]] plane headed to [[Detroit]] from [[Frankfurt]], Rama refused to wear a mask as required by the company's Covid-safety guidelines. After Rama vehemently refused, the airplane crew asked the captain to persuade the prime minister to comply with the rules like all the other passengers. However, Rama refused any proposal and was then escorted off board by the federal police.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/albaniens-regierungschef-sorgte-mit-maskenverweigerung-in-flugzeug-fuer-diplomatischen-eklat-a-40012bd4-7935-4f20-beef-2d6065b1caa4|title= Polizei eskortiert albanischen Regierungschef nach Streit um Corona-Maske aus Lufthansa-Flieger|newspaper= Der Spiegel|date= 15 April 2022|language=de|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

==Honors==
===Orders, decorations, and medals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" |Award or decoration
!Country
!Date
!Place
|-
|[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Legion of Honour]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qeveria Shqiptare Keshilli i Ministrave |url=https://www.kryeministria.al/newsroom/kryeministri-edi-rama-nderohet-me-dekoraten-e-larte-te-komandantit-te-urdhrit-te-legjionit-te-nderit/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.kryeministria.al}}</ref>
|{{flag|France}}
|29 March 2017
|[[Paris]]
|-
|[[File:206px ribbon bar of the Presidential Medal of Merit (Kosovo).svg|80x80px]]
|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kosovo|Presidential Medal of Merits]]
|{{flag|Kosovo}}
|16 February 2018
|[[Pristina]]
|-
|[[File:MCO Order of Saint-Charles - Commander BAR.svg|80x80px]]
|[[Order of Saint-Charles]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albanian Government Council of Ministers |url=https://www.kryeministria.al/en/newsroom/kryeministri-rama-nderohet-me-medaljen-e-komandantit-te-urdhrit-te-shen-karlit/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.kryeministria.al}}</ref>
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|10 April 2019
|[[Monaco]]
|-
|[[File:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png|82x82px]]
|[[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise|Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (First class)]] [https://www.koha.net/en/arboretum/404220/zelensky-decorates-ramen-with-state-award/]
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|30 December 2023
|[[Kyiv]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|Visual arts}}

*[[List of Albanian painters]]
*[[Prime Minister of Albania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.ted.com/talks/edi_rama_take_back_your_city_with_paint?awesm=on.ted.com_ERama Presentation (on TED site) "Take back your city with paint" of Edi Rama]
* Budini, Belina (2009). ''Edi Rama, Politikani Pop(ulist)-Star'', Tirana: [[UET Press]]. {{ISBN|978-99956-39-11-2}}. {{in lang|sq}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{Official website|http://edirama.al|Official personal website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318142426/http://kryeministria.al/ Official website of the Albanian Council of Ministers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414082050/http://www.tirana.gov.al/ Archived webpage of the Municipality of Tirana]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyDk_BnAZjc The Albanian Renaissance Documentary]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albert Brojka]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mayor of Tirana]]|years=2000–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lulzim Basha]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sali Berisha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Albania]]|years=2013–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ditmir Bushati]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Albania)|Foreign Minister of Albania]]|years=2019–present}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fatos Nano]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Socialist Party of Albania|Leader of the Socialist Party]]|years=2005–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Albania}}
{{Mayors of Tirana}}
{{Current NATO leaders}}
{{Current heads of government}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Edi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tirana]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Tirana]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Albania]]
[[Category:Mayors of Tirana]]

[[Category:Albanian artists]]
[[Category:Albanian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Albanian male writers]]
[[Category:Albanian memoirists]]
[[Category:Albanian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Albanian agnostics]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Albania]]
[[Category:Culture ministers of Albania]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Albania]]
[[Category:Sports ministers of Albania]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Albania]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties]]
[[Category:Political party leaders of Albania]]
[[Category:Socialist Party of Albania politicians]]
[[Category:Harvard University staff]]
[[Category:University of Arts (Albania) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian sportspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian painters]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Albanian sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:Albanian former Christians]]

Koellensteinia

2024-09-20T08:29:48Z

Wolverène: /* Distribution and ecology */ ,

{{Short description|Genus of orchids}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Koellensteinia kellneriana (Orchidaceae).jpg
| image_caption = ''Koellensteinia tricolor'', [[Canaima National Park|Canaima]]
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Koellensteinia
| authority = [[Rchb.f.]]
| type_species = ''[[Koellensteinia kellneriana]]''
| type_species_authority = Rchb.f.
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Koellensteinia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s from the orchid family, [[Orchidaceae]]. It is named by [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]] for the Captain Carl Kellner von Koellenstein, an Austrian military officer and a botanical correspondent of Reichenbach.<ref>Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav. Die Wagener'schen Orchideen. in Bonplandia. 1854. see pages 17-18. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5007356]</ref><ref>F. Petter. Nekrologisches. in Oesterreichisches botanisches Wochenblatt. volume 2. 1852. page 213 [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28304954]</ref><ref>Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der freiherrlichen Häuser... Volume 18. page 398. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8TAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22giusti-giardino%22+kellner&pg=PA41-IA2]</ref>

==Distribution and ecology==
The genus contains about 19 species native to [[South America]], [[Belize]], [[Trinidad]], and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=106148 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> Terrestrial or epiphytic plants found in low to mid elevation, hill and mountain forests.

==Characteristics==
Related to ''[[Zygopetalum]]''. [[Plant stem|Stems]] short, leafy, usually forming [[pseudobulb]]s, 1- to 3-leaved. Leaves petiolate, linear to oblong, narrow, pleated, lightly veined. [[Inflorescence]] lateral, erect, slender, branched or unbranched, numerous to few-flowered. Flowers small to medium sized, fragrant, yellow or white, barred magenta, rose or violet and suffused pink on the outside. [[Sepal]]s and [[petal]]s subsimilar, free, spreading; lip trilobed with spreading or erect, small side lobes, a larger, broad midlobe that is entire or somewhat bilobed and has a bilobed, erect callus. Column with a conspicuous foot, very short, sometimes winged; [[pollinia]] 2 or 4.

==Cultivation==
Require intermediate conditions, moderate shade, and high humidity. The plants can be grown potted in a free-draining bark mixture and should not be allowed to dry out completely for any length of time.

==Species==
Currently 11 species are accepted:<ref>{{cite web |title=Koellensteinia Rchb.f. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30008382-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
#''[[Koellensteinia carraoensis]]'' Garay & Dunst. - Brazil North, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
#''[[Koellensteinia dasilvae]]'' C.F.Hall & F.Barros - Brazil North
#''[[Koellensteinia eburnea]]'' (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. - Bolivia, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central
#''[[Koellensteinia florida]]'' (Rchb.f.) Garay - Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast
#''[[Koellensteinia graminea]]'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f. - Trinidad, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela
#''[[Koellensteinia hyacinthoides]]'' Schltr. - Brazil North, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
#''[[Koellensteinia ionoptera]]'' Linden & Rchb.f. - Peru, Ecuador
#''[[Koellensteinia kellneriana]]'' Rchb.f. - Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Colombia, Brazil North, Guyana
#''[[Koellensteinia lilijae]]'' Foldats - Panama, Venezuela
#''[[Koellensteinia spiralis]]'' Gomes Ferreira & L.C.Menezes - Bahia
#''[[Koellensteinia tricolor]]'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f. in W.G.Walpers - Belize, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil North

==See also==
* [[List of Orchidaceae genera]]

==References==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}
* Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (1999). Genera Orchidacearum 1. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2001). Genera Orchidacearum 2. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2003). Genera Orchidacearum 3. Oxford Univ. Press
* Berg Pana, H. 2005. ''Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee''. Ulmer, Stuttgart

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1318697}}

[[Category:Zygopetalinae genera]]
[[Category:Zygopetalinae]]

Geo Milev

2024-09-17T07:01:44Z

Wolverène: ,

{{Short description|Bulgarian poet, translator and journalist}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Geo Milev
|image = Geo Milev.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|01|15}}
|birth_place = [[Radnevo]], [[Bulgaria]]
|death_date = {{death date and given age|1925|05|15|30}}
|death_place = [[Sofia]]
| nationality = Bulgarian
|years_active =
| movement =
|parents = Milyo and Anastasia Milevi
|children = [[Leda Mileva|Leda]], Bistra
|spouse = Mila Keranova (married 1919–1925)
|occupation = Translator, poet, journalist
|notable_works = ''Septemvri''
|birth_name = Georgi Milev Kasabov
}}
'''Geo Milev'''{{efn|{{lang-bg|link=no|Гео Милев}}}} (born '''Georgi Milev Kasabov''';{{efn|{{lang-bg|Георги Милев Касабов}}}} {{OldStyleDate|15 January|1895|27 January}} – 15 May 1925) was a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] [[poet]], [[translator]], and [[journalist]]. He is perhaps best known for his epic poem ''Septemvri'', written during the Bulgarian [[September Uprising]].

==Life==
Geo Milev was born Georgi Milev Kasabov in Radne mahale, today [[Radnevo]], the first son in the family of school teachers Milyo{{efn|{{lang-bg|Мильо}}}} and Anastasia {{efn|{{lang-bg|Анастасия}}}} Kasabovi. In 1897 the family moved to [[Stara Zagora]], where his father started a publishing business in 1907. Geo Milev attended the town's high school from 1907 to 1911 before he went on to study at the Faculty of Philology of [[Sofia University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Кратък летопис на живота и творчеството на Гео Милев |url=https://geomilev.com/kratakletopis.html |website=Къща Музей "Гео Милев" Стара Загора |accessdate=5 April 2020 |language=bg |date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034739/http://geomilev.com/kratakletopis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1912 Geo Milev continued his education at the Faculty of Philosophy of [[Leipzig University]], where he was introduced to German [[Expressionism]]. On 30 July 1914, two days after the outbreak of the [[First World War]], he traveled from Leipzig to London, where he spent several months sightseeing and improving his English and met the Belgian [[Symbolism (art)|Symbolist poet]] [[Émile Verhaeren]]. On returning to Germany, Geo Milev was detained in Hamburg on 18 October 1914 on suspicion of being an English spy. He was released after eleven days and returned to Leipzig, where he worked on his [[thesis|university thesis]] on [[Richard Dehmel]]. On 8 August 1915 he returned to Bulgaria without having obtained a [[Academic degree|degree]]. Beginning in 1916 he fought in [[World War I]], where he was severely injured. After recuperating in [[Berlin]] he began to collaborate with the magazine ''Aktion''. Upon his return to Bulgaria he started to publish the Bulgarian [[modernist]] magazine ''Везни'' (''Scales''), in Sofia. He contributed to the publication as a translator, theatre reviewer, director and editor of anthologies.

==Death==
{{unreferencedsection|date=November 2022}}
On May 15, 1925, in the course of government reprisals following the [[St Nedelya Church assault]], Geo Milev, a member of the [[Bulgarian Communist Party|Bulgarian Communist party]], was taken to a police station for a "short interrogation" from which he never returned. His fate remained unknown for 30 years. In 1954 during the trial of General Ivan Valkov and a group of former police and military executioners, one of the defendants confessed how victims of the 1925 purge had been executed and where they were buried. Geo Milev had been strangled with wire and then buried in a mass grave in Ilientsi, near Sofia. His skull was found in the mass grave. His body was identified by the glass eye he was wearing after he lost his right eye in World War I.
[[Image:Gmilev.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait 1918]]

== Family ==

His daughter was the writer and diplomat [[Leda Mileva]].

== Works ==
He published his most famous poem ''September'' in his magazine ''Пламък'' (''Flame'') in 1924. It describes the brutal suppression of the [[September Uprising|Bulgarian uprising of September 1923 against the military coup d'état of June 1923]].

=== Selected bibliography ===
* Milev, Geo, ''September'', Brussel, 1984

: In Bulgarian
* ''Жестокият пръстен'' (1920), The Cruel Ring
* ''Експресионистично календарче за 1921'' (1921), A Little Expressionist Calendar for the Year 1921
* ''Панахида за поета П. К. Яворов'' (1922), The Commemoration Ceremony for the Poet P. K. Javorov
* ''Иконите спят'', (1922), The Icons Sleep

==Honour==
[[Milev Rocks]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]] are named after Geo Milev.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Geo Milev}}
* [http://www.slovo.bg/showauthor.php3?ID=142&LangID=1 Texts in Bulgarian]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milev, Geo}}
[[Category:20th-century Bulgarian poets]]
[[Category:Bulgarian male poets]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Bulgarian detention]]

[[Category:Bulgarian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Jewish Bulgarian history]]
[[Category:People from Radnevo]]
[[Category:Bulgarian World War I poets]]
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Bulgarian people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Executed Bulgarian people]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]

User talk:Wolverène

2024-09-16T09:46:27Z

Wolverène: /* Disambiguation link notification for December 31 */ it was stupid

== Welcome! ==

Hello, Wolverène, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Wolverène|your contributions]]. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few links to pages you might find helpful:
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How do you do the links again, if you don't mind showing it? [[User:ZwilliDLearnah|ZwilliDLearnah]] ([[User talk:ZwilliDLearnah|talk]]) 04:23, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

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* OK, my automatic friend. :) Fixed. --[[User:Wolverène|Wolverène]] ([[User talk:Wolverène#top|talk]]) 10:40, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

== По поводу перевода ==

Извиняюсь перепутал все, удалите пожалуйста ту статью [https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Dawson Doris Dawson]. С уважением. --[[User:DENAMAX|DENAMAX]] ([[User talk:DENAMAX|talk]]) 08:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

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Alexander Nevsky (film)

2024-09-16T09:39:13Z

Wolverène: added Category:Films critical of the Catholic Church using HotCat

{{short description|1938 film by Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{other uses|Alexander Nevsky (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alexander Nevsky
| image = Alexander Nevsky Poster.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sergei Eisenstein]] [[Dmitri Vasilyev (director)|Dmitri Vasilyev]]
| producer =
| writer = Sergei Eisenstein [[Pyotr Pavlenko]]
| starring = [[Nikolay Cherkasov]] [[Nikolay Okhlopkov]] [[Andrei Abrikosov]]
| music = [[Sergei Prokofiev]]
| cinematography = [[Eduard Tisse]]
| editing = Sergei M. Eisenstein Esfir Tobak
| distributor = [[Amkino Corporation]] U.S.
| studio = [[Mosfilm]]
| released = {{film date|1938|12|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
| budget =
}}

'''''Alexander Nevsky''''' ({{lang-ru|Алекса́ндр Не́вский}}) is a 1938 Soviet [[historical drama film]] directed by [[Sergei Eisenstein]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|place=US|isbn=978-1442268425|page=40}}</ref> It depicts [[Livonian campaign against Rus'|the attempted invasion]] of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] in the 13th century by the [[Teutonic Knights]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and their defeat by Prince Alexander, known popularly as [[Alexander Nevsky]] (1220–1263).

Eisenstein made the film in association with [[Dmitri Vasilyev (director)|Dmitri Vasilyev]] and with a script co-written with [[Pyotr Pavlenko]]; they were assigned to ensure that Eisenstein did not stray into "[[Russian formalism#Political offense|formalism]]" and to facilitate shooting on a reasonable timetable. It was produced by [[Goskino]] via the [[Mosfilm]] production unit, with [[Nikolay Konstantinovich Cherkasov|Nikolai Cherkasov]] in the title role and a musical score by [[Sergei Prokofiev]]. ''Alexander Nevsky'' was the first and most popular of Eisenstein's three sound films. Eisenstein, Pavlenko, Cherkasov and [[Andrei Abrikosov|Abrikosov]] were awarded the [[USSR State Prize|Stalin Prize]] in 1941 for the film.

In 1978, the film was included in the world's 100 best motion pictures according to an opinion poll conducted by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[publishing house]] [[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruscico.com/catalog/cataloguedvd/catalogue_106.html |title=mindupper.com |publisher=Ruscico.com |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419073546/http://www.ruscico.com/catalog/cataloguedvd/catalogue_106.html |archive-date=2017-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Russia Beyond]] considers the film one of the 10 best Russian war films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Egorov |first=Boris |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/329058-10-best-russian-war-movies |title=10 best Russian war movies |work=Russia Beyond |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:1938. Александр Невский.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=5|''Alexander Nevsky'' (1938)]]
An army of the [[Teutonic Order]] [[Livonian campaign against Rus'|invades and conquers]] the city of [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]] with the help of the traitor Tverdilo, and massacres its population. Novgorod is their next intended target.

Despite resistance from the [[boyar]]s and merchants of Novgorod (urged on by the monk Ananias, Tverdilo's henchman), an appeal is made to Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, to again become their prince and defend Novgorod. To do so he rallies the common people of the Novgorod area. In the decisive [[Battle of the Ice]], on the surface of frozen [[Lake Peipsi-Pihkva|Lake Chudskoe]], the Teutonic forces are defeated. Pskov is retaken, and there Nevsky passes judgment: the surviving Teutonic foot-soldiers are set free, while the surviving Teutonic knights will be held for ransom. Tverdilo the traitor, together with a Catholic priest who blessed the burning alive of Pskov children, disappear as they are mobbed by the onlookers.

A subplot throughout is the rivalry and friendship of [[Vassily Buslayev|Vasili Buslai]] and Gavrilo Oleksich, two famous (and historic) warriors of Novgorod. Both become commanders of the Novgorod forces, and are engaged in a contest of courage and fighting skill in order to decide which will win the hand of Olga Danilovna, a Novgorod maiden whom both are courting.

At the same time Vasilisa, daughter of a boyar of Pskov killed by the Teutons, joins the Novgorod forces as a soldier. She and Vasili wind up fighting side by side; she throws him a weapon when he is surrounded and weaponless, and it is she who finds and slays Ananias.

Gavrilo and Vasili are seriously wounded and are found by Olga, who retrieves them from the battlefield. Though they defer to each other, in the end Vasili publicly states that neither was the bravest in battle: that honor goes to Vasilisa, followed by Gavrilo. Thus Gavrilo and Olga are united while Vasili chooses Vasilisa as his bride-to-be (with her unspoken consent).

==Cast==
* [[Nikolay Cherkasov]] as Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]
* [[Nikolay Okhlopkov]] as [[Vasily Buslayev|Vasili Buslaev]]
* [[Andrei Abrikosov]] as Gavrilo Oleksich
* [[Dmitry Orlov (actor)|Dmitry Orlov]] as Ignat, the master armorer
* [[Vasili Novikov]] as Pavsha, a [[voivode]] of Pskov
* [[Nikolai Arsky]] as Domash Tverdislavich, a Novgorod boyar
* [[Varvara Massalitinova]] as Amelfa Timoferevna, Buslay's Mother
* [[Valentina Ivashova]] as Olga Danilovna, a maid of Novgorod
* [[Aleksandra Danilova (disambiguation)|Aleksandra Danilova]] as Vasilisa, a maid of Pskov
* [[Vladimir Yershov]] as [[Hermann Balk|Hermann von Balk]], the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
* [[Sergei Blinnikov]] as Tverdilo, the traitor of Pskov
* [[Ivan Lagutin]] as Anani, a Monk
* [[Lev Fenin]] as the Archbishop
* [[Naum Rogozhin]] as the Black-Hooded Monk

==1930s political context==
[[File:Nevski7.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Alexander ([[Nikolay Cherkasov]]) declines a Mongol ambassador's offer to join the [[Golden Horde]]]]

Eisenstein made ''Alexander Nevsky'', his first completed film in 10 years, during the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalinist era]], at a time of [[Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941|strained relations]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. The film contains elements of obvious [[allegory]] that reflect the political situation between the two countries at the time of production. Some types of helmets worn by the Teutonic infantry resemble mock-ups of [[Stahlhelm]]s from [[World War I]]. In the first draft of the ''Alexander Nevsky'' script, swastikas even appeared on the invaders' helmets.<ref>Unspecified (1998) and two elaborated swastikas do appear on the [[mitre|miter]] of the bishop of the Holy Roman Empire, who supervises his fighting German lackeys from just behind the lines. Eisenstein's Symphonic Vision. In ''Alexander Nevsky'' [DVD liner notes]. Chatsworth: Image Entertainment.</ref> The film portrays Alexander as a [[folk hero]] and shows him bypassing a fight with the [[Mongol]]s, his old foes, in order to face the more dangerous enemy.

The film also conveys highly [[anti-clerical]] and [[anti-Catholic]] messages.<ref>Tatara, Paul. [http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article/?cid=141990&rss=mrqe "Review – ''Alexander Nevsky''"] TCM.com</ref> The knights' bishop's miter is adorned with [[swastika]]s, while religion plays a minor role on the Russian side, being present mostly as a backdrop in the form of Novgorod's St. Nicholas Cathedral and the clerics with their [[icon]]s during the victorious entry of Nevsky into the city after the battle.

The film stemmed from a literary scenario entitled ''Rus'', written by [[Pyotr Pavlenko]], a Soviet novelist who conformed to [[Socialist realism|socialist realist]] orthodoxy. The authorities could rely on Pavlenko, in his role of "consultant", to report any wayward tendencies on Eisenstein's part.<ref name=goodwin>{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=James |title=Eisenstein, Cinema, and History |year=1993 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location=Urbana, IL |isbn=978-0-252-01964-7 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pOSbnMSmHUC}}</ref>

''Alexander Nevsky'' stresses as a central theme the importance of the common people in saving Russia, while portraying the nobles and merchants as "bourgeoisie" and [[Enemy of the people|enemies of the people]] who do nothing, a motif that was heavily employed.<ref>[[Richard Overy]], ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'', p. 558 {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}}</ref>
[[File:Nevsky2.jpg|thumb|250px|Teutonic knights take over [[Pskov]]]]
While shooting the film, Eisenstein published an article in the official [[newspaper of record]] ''[[Izvestia]]'' entitled "Alexander Nevsky and the Rout of the Germans". He drew a specific parallel between Nevsky and [[Stalin]].<ref name=bergan>{{cite book |last=Bergan |first=Ronald |title=Eisenstein: a life in conflict |year=1999 |publisher=Overlook Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87951-924-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eisensteinlifein00berg/page/305 305] |url=https://archive.org/details/eisensteinlifein00berg|url-access=registration }}</ref> As a result, the Kremlin requested an advance screening and, without Eisenstein being consulted, his assistants showed the footage to the General Secretary. During the process of this screening, one of the reels, which featured a scene depicting a brawl among the populace of Novgorod, disappeared.<ref name=hoberman /> Whether it was left behind in the editing room inadvertently or whether Stalin saw the footage and objected to it, the filmmakers decided to destroy the reel permanently, since it had not received Stalin's explicit approval.<ref name=hoberman />

The picture was released in December 1938, and became a great success with audiences: on 15 April 1939, Semen Dukelsky – the chairman of the State Committee for Cinematography – reported that it had already been viewed by 23,000,000 people and was the most popular of the films made in recent times.<ref>Kyril Anderson. ''Kremlevskij Kinoteatr. 1928–1953: Dokumenty.'' Rospen Press (2005). {{ISBN|978-5-8243-0532-6}}. p. 539.</ref>

After 23 August 1939, when the USSR signed the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], which provided for non-aggression and collusion between Germany and the Soviet Union, ''Alexander Nevsky'' was removed from circulation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hartsuyker|first=Linnea|title=History & Film: Alexander Nevsky and the Uses of Historical Fiction|url=https://historicalnovelsociety.org/history-film-alexander-nevsky-and-the-uses-of-historical-fiction/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=historicalnovelsociety|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Von Tunzelmann|first=Alex|date=2009-10-08|title=Alexander Nevsky: Stalinist propaganda in the 13th century|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/08/alexander-nevsky-reel-history|access-date=2021-01-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sommerlad|first=Joe|date=2018-01-22|title=Who was the legendary Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sergei-eisenstein-anniversary-battleship-potemkin-alexander-nevsky-soviet-cinema-joseph-stalin-russia-ussr-a8171911.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210127/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sergei-eisenstein-anniversary-battleship-potemkin-alexander-nevsky-soviet-cinema-joseph-stalin-russia-ussr-a8171911.html |archive-date=2020-09-03 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> However, the situation reversed dramatically on 22 June 1941 after the Axis [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]], and the film rapidly returned to Soviet and western screens.<ref name=":0" />

==Style==
''Alexander Nevsky'' is less experimental in its narrative structure than Eisenstein's previous films; it tells one story with a single narrative arc and focuses on one main character. The special effects and cinematography were some of the most advanced at the time.<ref>A. Tommassini, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/21/arts/movies/music-in-review-alexander-nevsky.html Music in Review; Alexander Nevsky]" ''[[The New York Times]]'' October 21, 2006. "To fortify popular sentiment against the Germans, Soviet officials asked Eisenstein to make a film commemorating the victory of the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky over the marauding Knights of the Teutonic Order from Germany in 1242."</ref>

The film climaxes in the half-hour [[Battle of the Ice]], propelled by Prokofiev's ominous, rousing, triumphant musical narrative, a sequence that has served as a model for epic movie battles ever since (e.g., ''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'', ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]''). This climactic set piece was the first to be filmed and, since it was shot during a blazing hot summer on a location outside Moscow, cinematographer Eduard Tisse had to take extraordinary steps to render a wintry landscape, including: use of a filter to suggest winter light, painting all the trees light blue and dusting them with chalk, creating an artificial horizon out of sand, and constructing simulated ice sheets out of asphalt and melted glass, supported by floating pontoons that were deflated on cue so that the ersatz ice sheets would shatter under the weight of the Teutonic knights according to pre-cut patterns.<ref name=hoberman>{{cite book |last=Hoberman |first=J. |title=Alexander Nevsky – Commentary to Criterion Collection DVD |year=2001 |publisher=Criterion Collection |location=New York}}</ref>

==Musical score==
[[File:Sergei Prokofiev 03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sergei Prokofiev]]
[[File:02SongAboutAlexanderNevsky.ogv|thumb|250px|Video of performance of "Song about Alexander Nevsky", Section 2 of ''Alexander Nevsky'' cantata. Length: 2 min, 56 sec]]
{{main|Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)}}
The film was the first of Eisenstein's dramatic films to use sound. (The earlier ''[[Bezhin Meadow]]'' had also used sound, but production was shut down and most of the finished scenes were destroyed.) The film's score was [[musical composition|composed]] by [[Sergei Prokofiev]], who later reworked the score into a [[cantata|concert cantata]]. The creation of ''Alexander Nevsky'' was a collaboration in the fullest sense of the word: some of the film was shot to Prokofiev's music and some of Prokofiev's music was composed to Eisenstein's footage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Prokofiev|url=http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Music-INTERNATIONAL-FILM-OTHER-TRADITIONS-OTHER-PRACTICES.html|work=International Film: Other Traditions, Other Practices|publisher=Film Reference – Advameg, Inc.|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Prokofiev viewed the film's rough cut as the first step in composing its inimitable score. The strong and technically innovative collaboration between Eisenstein and Prokofiev in the editing process resulted in a match of music and imagery that remains a standard for filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.culturalresuena.es/2016/05/warhol-prokofiev-eisenstein-la-musica|title=Warhol, Prokofiev, Eisenstein y la música |last=González Cueto|first=Irene|date=2016-05-23|newspaper=Cultural Resuena|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> [[Valery Gergiev]], the principal conductor of the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], has stated his opinion that Prokofiev's music for this film is "the best ever composed for the cinema".<ref>{{cite web|title=Concert Programme for the 2011–2012 season|url=http://www.cam-phil.org.uk/prog-season.html?showdetails=&year=2011|publisher=The Cambridge Philharmonic Society|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103033126/http://www.cam-phil.org.uk/prog-season.html?showdetails=&year=2011|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Film and concerts==
In the 1990s a new, cleaner print became available. A number of symphony orchestras gave performances of Prokofiev's [[cantata]], synchronized with a showing of the new print. The [[New York Philharmonic]],<ref>A. Tommassini, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/21/arts/movies/music-in-review-alexander-nevsky.html Music in Review; Alexander Nevsky]" ''[[The New York Times]]'' October 21, 2006. "the home of the New York Philharmonic has been temporarily turned into a movie house to present screenings of Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 epic, ''Alexander Nevsky.''"</ref> the [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]], the [[San Francisco Symphony]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], and the [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://classical.broadwayworld.com/article/Marin-Alsop-Leads-BSO-in-Music-from-Film-ALEXANDER-NEVSKY-111-13-20121218 |title=Marin Alsop Leads BSO in Music from Film Alexander Nevsky |author=Classical Music News Desk |publisher=Classical.broadwayworld.com |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> are five such ensembles. The concerts were quite popular, because Prokofiev's music is badly degraded by the original soundtrack recording, which suffers from extreme [[distortion]] and limited [[frequency response]], as well as cuts to the original score to fit scenes that had already been shot. The cantata not only restored cuts but considerably expanded parts of the score.

==New editions of the film==
In 1986, the film was restored. The film was cleared, the film studio logo was added, the captions were replaced (only the font, but not the content), the music was re-recorded by [[Emin Khachaturian]] conducting the [[State Symphony Cinema Orchestra]].

In 1995, a new edition of the film was issued on [[VHS]] and [[laserdisc]], for which Prokofiev's score was entirely re-recorded in [[hi-fi]] [[Digital data|digital]] stereo by [[Yuri Temirkanov]] conducting the [[St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra]] and Chorus, although the dialogue portions of the soundtrack were left unchanged. This enabled a new generation to experience Eisenstein's film and Prokofiev's score in high fidelity, rather than having to settle for the badly recorded musical portion that had existed since the film's original release. There is no version of the re-recorded score available on DVD.

==In popular culture==
Multiple works have been influenced by or refer to ''Alexander Nevsky''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dmpokrov.livejournal.com/40913.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603202816/http://dmpokrov.livejournal.com/40913.html|url-status=dead|title=Эйзенштейн, Доватор и Александр Невский.|date=May 18, 2007|archivedate=June 3, 2008}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2024|certain=yes}}

===Films===
* Scenes from the film were later incorporated into the American propaganda film ''[[The Battle of Russia]]'' (1943)<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907074848/http://www.moda-image.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95:lamanova&catid=39:moda&Itemid=29 Эта удивительная Ламанова] ИМДТ (Институт моды, дизайна и технологий)</ref>
* ''[[Love and Death]]'' (1975), written and directed by [[Woody Allen]], parodies Russian film and literature. The film used the ''Alexander Nevsky'' score.
* ''[[Wizards (film)|Wizards]]'' (1977) uses stock footage from the film in its battle sequences, which were animated using [[rotoscoping]].
* Certain scenes in [[John Milius]]'s fantasy epic ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) were influenced by ''Alexander Nevsky''. The introduction of [[Thulsa Doom]] and his henchmen after the destruction of Conan's village is reminiscent of the depiction of the [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights]] and his fellow knights after the conquest of [[Pskov]]. With its score and choreography, the final ride and attack of the Riders of Doom against Conan resembles the Teutonic Order's cavalry approaching Nevsky in the Battle of Lake Peipus; also, the Enigma of Steel, a major theme of the Conan film, is already mentioned by Nevsky during the final [[Battle of the Ice]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr3S6ItLMTo |title=Alexandre Nevski (Aleksandr Nevskii) – 1938 – Sergeï Eisenstein – VOSTFR |date=18 January 2013 |work=YouTube |access-date=15 February 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* In ''[[Red Dawn]]'' (1984), the marquee at the movie theater in occupied America is showing the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/20/homeland-insecurity-in-red-dawn/|title=Homeland insecurity in 'Red Dawn' ★ ★ – Chicago Tribune|date=20 November 2012 }}</ref> ''Red Dawn'' itself, in some ways, is a variation on the theme of insurgency and rebellion in ''Alexander Nevsky''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* Several additional films have scenes strongly influenced by the depiction of the Battle on the Ice, including:
** ''[[Doctor Zhivago (1965 film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (1965)
** ''[[Chimes at Midnight]]'' (1965)
** ''[[Billion Dollar Brain]]'' (1967)
** ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980)
** ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' (1998)
** ''[[King Arthur (2004 film)|King Arthur]]'' (2004){{cn|date=July 2024}}

===Literature===
* [[Tom Clancy]]'s novel ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986) depicts two American intelligence officers watching ''Alexander Nevsky'' (on an unauthorized Soviet state television satellite feed) on the eve of [[World War III]]. The officers take note of an improved sound track, as well as the [[anti-German sentiment]] and strong sense of Russian (as opposed to Soviet) [[nationalism]]. The next day, as part of a plot to split the [[NATO]] alliance politically, [[KGB]] agents detonate a bomb in the [[Kremlin]], killing a group of children from [[Pskov]], and later arrest a [[West Germany|West German]] [[sleeper agent]] on charges of [[terrorism]].
* ''Nevsky: Hero of the People'' (2012), a graphic novel adaptation of the film, was written by [[Ben McCool]], with art by [[Mario Guevara]] and published by [[IDW Publishing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idwpublishing.com/news/article/2195/ |title=IDW's April Solicitations! |access-date=2012-04-05 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127065356/http://idwpublishing.com/news/article/2195/ |archive-date=2012-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nevsky: Hero of the People |isbn=9781613771815 |author1=McCool, Ben |others=Guevara, Mario (Illustrator) |date=2012 |publisher=IDW Publishing}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ilya Muromets (film)|''Ilya Muromets'' (film)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKskdbazW7w Alexander Nevsky(Full HD)] YouTube Киноконцерн "Мосфильм" channel
* {{IMDb title|0029850}}
* {{Amg movie|1438}}
* {{tcmdb title|66976}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|alexander_nevsky}}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/8-alexander-nevsky ''Alexander Nevsky''] an essay by [[J. Hoberman]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]
* [http://cinema.mosfilm.ru/films/film/1930-1939/aleksandr-nevskiy/ Alexander Nevsky] at official [[Mosfilm]] site with English subtitles

{{Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:1930s historical action films]]
[[Category:1930s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s action war films]]
[[Category:1930s action drama films]]
[[Category:1930s war drama films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1930s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical action films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet action war films]]
[[Category:Soviet action drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet war drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet epic films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Russian historical action films]]
[[Category:Russian action war films]]
[[Category:Russian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Northern Crusades films]]
[[Category:War epic films]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in Russia]]
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Mosfilm films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dmitri Vasilyev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sergei Prokofiev]]
[[Category:Alexander Nevsky]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:1938 drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war drama films]]
[[Category:Films critical of the Catholic Church]]

{{1930s-USSR-film-stub}}

Category:Languages of Russia

2024-09-10T11:31:31Z

Wolverène: a part of*

{{Cat main|Languages of Russia}}
{{Languages of Asia (category)}}
{{Commons cat|Languages of Russia}}

[[Category:Culture of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages by country|Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Asia by country|Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Europe by country|Russia]]

Category:Languages of Russia

2024-09-10T11:30:57Z

Wolverène: traditionally, Russia is not believed to be a part Central Asia (and was it ever?)

{{Cat main|Languages of Russia}}
{{Languages of Asia (category)}} 
{{Commons cat|Languages of Russia}}

[[Category:Culture of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages by country|Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Asia by country|Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Europe by country|Russia]]

Russian language

2024-09-10T10:58:28Z

Wolverène:

{{short description|East Slavic language}}
{{distinguish|Rusyn language|text=the [[Rusyn language]]}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Great Russian|Great Russia}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Russian
| states = [[Russia]], other areas of the [[Geographical distribution of Russian speakers|Russian-speaking world]]
| nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}{{efn|On the history of using "русский" ("''russkiy''") and "российский" ("''rossiyskiy''") as the Russian adjectives denoting "Russian", see: [[Oleg Trubachyov]]. 2005. Русский – Российский. История, динамика, идеология двух атрибутов нации (pp. 216–227). В поисках единства. Взгляд филолога на проблему истоков Руси., 2005. {{cite web|url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm|access-date=25 January 2014|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218214456/http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm|archive-date=18 February 2014|script-title=ru:РУССКИЙ – РОССИЙСКИЙ}}. On the 1830s change in the Russian name of the Russian language and its causes, see: [[Tomasz Kamusella]]. 2012. The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? (pp. 73–96). ''Acta Slavica Iaponica''. Vol 32, {{cite web|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf|title=The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It?|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518165147/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2013}}}} 
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ru|ˈruskʲɪi̯ jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}
| region =
| ethnicity =
| speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{Significant figures|146.9|2}} million
| date = 2020 census
| ref = e26
| speakers2 = [[L2 speakers|L2]]: {{Significant figures|107.9|2}} million (2020 census)<ref name=e26/>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4 = [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old East Slavic]]
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Russian alphabet]]) [[Russian Braille]]
| nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language|5 UN member states]]|
|
*{{flag|Russia}} (state)<ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
*{{flag|Belarus}} (co-official)<ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}} (co-official)<ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev
|url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> 
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} (co-official)<ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
*{{flag|Tajikistan}} (as inter-ethnic language designated by the constitution)<ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035434/http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

 {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or [[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language#Status in dependencies or regions|as official on regional level]]|
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}{{efn|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=8 May 2019}}}} (as inter-ethnic language despite having no ''de jure'' status)<ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
*{{flag|Moldova}}:
** {{flag|Gagauzia}} (co-official)<ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>
** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (co-official)
*{{flag|Ukraine}}:
** {{flag|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}} (co-official){{efn|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]]}}}}

 {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language|Partially recognized states]]|

*{{flag|Abkhazia}}{{efn|Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]].|name=AbkhaziaSouthOssetia}} (co-official)<ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref>
*{{flag|South Ossetia}}{{efn|name=AbkhaziaSouthOssetia}} (co-official)<ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of South Ossetia |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref>
*{{flag|Transnistria}} (state)<ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}}

 {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organizations|
{{flag|United Nations}}:
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]
* [[UNESCO]]
* [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
[[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] 
[[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]] 
[[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] 
[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] 
[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] 
[[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]] 
[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}}
| minority = {{collapsible list|
{{flag|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=19 February 1999 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131170434/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |url-status=live }}</ref> 
{{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref> 
{{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> 
{{flag|Slovakia}}<ref name=No148/> 
{{flag|Moldova}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129050215/https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> 
{{flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=21 May 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref> 
{{flag|China}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm|title=少数民族的语言文字有哪些？|language=zh|website=fujian.gov.cn|date=13 September 2022|access-date=28 October 2022|author=Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fujian Provincial Government|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028081421/http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm|url-status=live|quote="我国已正式使用和经国家批准推行的少数民族文字有19种，它们是...俄罗斯文..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html|title=中国语言文字概况（2021年版）|language=zh|website=moe.gov.cn|date=27 August 2021|access-date=18 December 2023|author=[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]]|quote="...属于印欧语系的是属斯拉夫语族的俄语..."|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104031557/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| agency = [[Russian Language Institute|V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Russian Language Institute |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>
| iso1 = ru
| iso2 = rus
| iso3 = rus
| lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]] (varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat)
| image =
| map = Idioma ruso.PNG
| mapsize =
| mapcaption = {{Legend inline|#0080ff|Russian is a majority language}} 
{{Legend inline|#88c4ff|Russian is a minority language}} 
| notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| glotto = russ1263
| glottorefname = Russian
| map2 =
| mapcaption2 =
}}

'''Russian'''{{Efn|{{lang-ru|Русский язык|Russkiy yazyk|label=none}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk|pron|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}}} is an [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic language]], spoken primarily in [[Russia]]. It is the [[First language|native language]] of the [[Russians]] and belongs to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,{{efn|Including [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], which is sometimes classified as a [[dialect]] of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Magocsi|first=Paul Robert|title=Language and National Survival|volume=44|number=1|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas|publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]]|pages=83–85|date=1996|jstor=41049661}}</ref>}} and is also a part of the larger [[Balto-Slavic languages]]. It was the ''de facto'' and ''de jure''<ref name=":1">Since 1990</ref> [[De facto#National languages|official language]] of the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="USSR">[[1977 Soviet Constitution|Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], 1977: Section II, Chapter 6, Article 36</ref> Russian has remained an [[official language]] in independent Russia, [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Tajikistan]], and is still commonly used as a [[lingua franca]] in [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], and to a lesser extent in the [[Baltic states]] and [[Russian language in Israel|Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/109228/russian-language-enjoying-boost-postsoviet-states.aspx|title=Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States|publisher=Gallup |date=1 August 2008|access-date=16 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518073110/http://www.gallup.com/poll/109228/Russian-Language-Enjoying-Boost-PostSoviet-States.aspx|archive-date=18 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="demoscope">{{cite journal|last=Арефьев|first=Александр|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|journal=Демоскоп Weekly|year=2006|issue=251|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308114703/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Spolsky|Shohamy|1999|p=236}}{{sfn|Isurin|2011|p=13}}

Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rus|title=Russian|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223132915/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rus|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the most spoken [[First language|native language]] in [[Europe]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe|title=The 10 Most Spoken Languages in Europe|work=[[Tandem (app)|Tandem]]|date=12 September 2019|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215325/https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe|url-status=live}}</ref> the most spoken [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]],<ref name="language"/> as well as the most geographically widespread language of [[Eurasia]].<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian|title=Russian|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]|quote="Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics."|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628022427/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the world's [[List of languages by number of native speakers|seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers]], and the world's [[List of languages by total number of speakers|ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages |url=http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |website=Saint Ignatius High School |access-date=17 February 2012 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Russian is one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Wakata|first=Koichi|author-link=Koichi Wakata|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|title=My Long Mission in Space|publisher=[[JAXA]]|quote="The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian."|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> one of the six [[official languages of the United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages|title=Official Languages|publisher=United Nations|quote="There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The correct interpretation and translation of these six languages, in both spoken and written form, is very important to the work of the Organization, because this enables clear and concise communication on issues of global importance."|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the [[Languages used on the Internet|fourth most widely used language]] on the [[Internet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Most used languages online by share of websites 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/262946/most-common-languages-on-the-internet/ |website=Statista.com |access-date=12 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427100253/https://www.statista.com/statistics/262946/most-common-languages-on-the-internet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Russian is written using the [[Russian alphabet]] of the [[Cyrillic script]]; it distinguishes between consonant [[phoneme]]s with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatal]] [[secondary articulation]] and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every [[consonant]] has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. Another important aspect is the [[vowel reduction|reduction]] of unstressed [[vowel]]s. [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]], which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated [[orthographically]],{{sfn|Timberlake|2004|p=17}} though an optional [[acute accent]] may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between [[homograph]]ic words (e.g. {{lang|ru|замо́к}} [{{Lang|ru-latn|zamók}}, 'lock'] and {{lang|ru|за́мок}} [{{Lang|ru-latn|zámok}}, 'castle']), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.

== Classification ==
Russian is an [[East Slavic language]] of the wider [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family]]. It is a descendant of [[Old East Slavic]], a language used in [[Kievan Rus']], which was a loose conglomerate of [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of [[spoken language]], its closest relatives are [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], and [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Most similar languages to Russian |url=http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=rus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141518/http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=rus |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as [[Surzhyk]] in eastern Ukraine and [[Trasianka]] in Belarus. An East Slavic [[Old Novgorod dialect]], although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] due to a common [[Church Slavonic]] influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=477–478, 480}}

Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, [[Latin]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], German, French, Italian, and English,<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Russian Language |first=Ellis Hovell |last=Minns |author-link=Ellis Minns|volume=23 |pages=912–914}}</ref> and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Turkic Languages of Central Asia: Problems of Planned Culture Contact by Stefan Wurm |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=392–394 |jstor=610442 |last=Waterson |first=Natalie |year=1955 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00111954|issn=0041-977X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/491-0102/491-0102-GOUSKOVA-0-0.PDF |title=Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505092913/http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/491-0102/491-0102-GOUSKOVA-0-0.PDF |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya |author2=Eftekhar Sadat Hashemi |url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1317_hashemi_1.pdf|title=Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach |website=roa.rutgers.edu |year=2010 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505092721/http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1317_hashemi_1.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Iraj Bashiri |url=https://www.academia.edu/10442551|title=Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language |website=academia.edu |year=1990|access-date=4 May 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193133/http://www.academia.edu/10442551/Russian_Loanwords_in_Persian_and_Tajiki_Languages |archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> [[Arabic]], and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones [https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&dq=russian+loanwords+in+hebrew&pg=PA219 ''Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320151848/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA219&dq=russian+loanwords+in+hebrew&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=Y75GVbmtKomuUe25gbAJ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw |date=20 March 2018}} pp 219 Multilingual Matters, 1998 {{ISBN|1-85359-362-1}}</ref>

According to the [[Defense Language Institute]] in [[Monterey, California]], Russian is classified as a [[DLI levels|level III language]] in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Irene|title=Language Learning Difficulty|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-difficulty|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140527094808/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-difficulty|archive-date=27 May 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|website=mustgo}}</ref>

== Standard Russian ==
{{Main|Moscow dialect}}

Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between the Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from the government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries.<ref name=":0"/> Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and the broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Kadochnikov|first=Denis V.|title=Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia|date=2016|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_20|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language|pages=538–580|editor-last=Ginsburgh|editor-first=Victor|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_20|isbn=978-1-349-67307-0|access-date=16 February 2021|editor2-last=Weber|editor2-first=Shlomo|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122222530/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_20|url-status=live}}</ref>

The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the ''modern Russian literary language'' ({{lang|ru|современный русский литературный язык}} – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of [[Peter the Great]] and developed from the Moscow ([[Central Russian dialects|Middle or Central Russian]]) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language.<ref name=":0" />

Prior to the [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However, the peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity.<ref>Nakhimovsky, A. D. (2019). ''The Language of Russian Peasants in the Twentieth Century: A Linguistic Analysis and Oral History''. United Kingdom: Lexington Books. (Chapter 1)</ref> This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist [[Nikolai Mikhailovich Karinsky|Nikolai Karinsky]], who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects."<ref>Nakhimovsky, A. D. (2019). ''The Language of Russian Peasants in the Twentieth Century: A Linguistic Analysis and Oral History''. United Kingdom: Lexington Books. (p.2)</ref>

After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930:

<blockquote>The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society.<ref>''Ibid.''(p.3)</ref></blockquote>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Main|Geographical distribution of Russian speakers}}
[[File:Ruština ve světě.svg|thumb|Hemisphere view of countries where Russian is an official language and countries where it is spoken as a first or second language by at least 30% of the population but is not an official language]]

[[File:Russian ex-USSR 2004.PNG|thumb|upright=1.8|Competence of Russian in countries of the former Soviet Union (except Russia), 2004]]

In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in the Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., [[Canada]], Australia, and [[New Zealand]] – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the [[Languages by number of native speakers|seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers]], after English, Mandarin, [[Hindi]]-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese.<ref name="demoscope.ru">{{cite web|title=Демографические изменения – не на пользу русскому языку|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php|archive-date=5 August 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|publisher=Demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue-rating-2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|title=Statistical Summaries. Summary by language size. Language size|date=21 February 2018|editor=Lewis, M. Paul|editor2=Gary F. Simons|editor3=Charles D. Fennig|work=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]]|edition=21st|location=Dallas|publisher=[[SIL International]]|language=en|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040016/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Арефьев А. Л. Сжимающееся русскоязычие">{{cite web|author=Арефьев А. Л.|date=31 October 2013|title=Сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения — не на пользу русскому языку|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php|work=[[Демоскоп Weekly]]|language=ru|number=571–572|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian is one of the [[Official languages of the United Nations|six official languages]] of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics.<ref name=gallup2008>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/112270/Russias-Language-Could-Ticket-Migrants.aspx |title=Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] |access-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928191526/http://www.gallup.com/poll/112270/russias-language-could-ticket-migrants.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG|thumb|right|Languages spoken at home in [[Belarus]] (according to the [[2009 Belarusian census]]) (green — Belarusian, blue — Russian) ([[Districts of Belarus|by raion]])]]
[[File:Russophone population in Estonia.png|thumb|right|Percentage of Russian speakers in [[Estonia]] (according to the 2000 Estonian census)]]
[[File:Use of Russian language at home in Latvia (2011).svg|thumb|200px|Percentage of Russian speakers in different regions of [[Latvia]] (according to the {{Interlanguage link|2011 Latvian census|lt=2011 census|lv|2011. gada tautas skaitīšana Latvijā}})]]
[[File:UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png|thumb|right|Percentage of people in [[Ukraine]] with Russian as their native language (according to the [[Languages of Ukraine#2001 national census|2001 Ukrainian census]])]]
In [[Belarus]], Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the [[Constitution of Belarus]].<ref name="fundeh1"/> 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329">{{cite web|title=Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011719/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|archive-date=23 October 2016|website=demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref> According to the [[2019 Belarusian census]], out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of [[Poles in Belarus#Current situation|ethnic Poles]] declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in the Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for [[Russians in Belarus|Russians]] — 97.2%, for [[Ukrainians in Belarus|Ukrainians]] — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for [[Jews in Belarus|Jews]] — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%.<ref>{{cite web |title = Общая численность населения, численность населения по возрасту и полу, состоянию в браке, уровню образования, национальностям, языку, источникам средств к существованию по Республике Беларусь |url = https://belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/471/471b4693ab545e3c40d206338ff4ec9e.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20201004235333/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/471/471b4693ab545e3c40d206338ff4ec9e.pdf |archivedate = 4 October 2020 |url-status= live |access-date = 6 October 2020 }}</ref>

In [[Estonia]], Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,<ref name=bookoffact/> and is officially considered a foreign language.<ref name="fundeh1"/> School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022, the parliament approved to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ERR|date=12 December 2022|title=Riigikogu kiitis heaks eestikeelsele õppele ülemineku|url=https://www.err.ee/1608817708/riigikogu-kiitis-heaks-eestikeelsele-oppele-ulemineku|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202094203/https://www.err.ee/1608817708/riigikogu-kiitis-heaks-eestikeelsele-oppele-ulemineku|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2022|title=Estonia's Russian schools to switch to Estonian-language schooling|website=[[Estonian World]]|url=https://estonianworld.com/knowledge/estonias-russian-schools-to-switch-to-estonian-language-schooling/ |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>

In [[Latvia]], Russian is officially considered a foreign language.<ref name="fundeh1"/> 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/> On 18 February 2012, Latvia held a [[2012 Latvian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cvk.lv/pub/public/28361.html/|title=Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia'|publisher=Central Election Commission of Latvia|year=2012|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502013728/http://web.cvk.lv/pub/public/28361.html|archive-date=2 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn2012.cvk.lv/|title=Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia'|language=lv|publisher=Central Election Commission of Latvia|year=2012|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415075014/http://www.tn2012.cvk.lv/|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in 2019, [[Russian language in Latvia|instruction in Russian]] will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed |url=https://www.dw.com/en/latvia-pushes-majority-language-in-schools-leaving-parents-miffed/a-45385830 |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=8 September 2018 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223709/https://www.dw.com/en/latvia-pushes-majority-language-in-schools-leaving-parents-miffed/a-45385830 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/03/moscow-threatens-sanctions-against-latvia-removal-russian-secondary/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/03/moscow-threatens-sanctions-against-latvia-removal-russian-secondary/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=3 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 29 September 2022, [[Saeima]] passed in the final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in [[Latvian language|Latvian]]. From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bnn-news.com/latvia-to-gradually-transition-to-education-only-in-official-language-238962|title=Latvia to gradually transition to education only in official language|date=29 September 2022|access-date=21 November 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153814/https://bnn-news.com/latvia-to-gradually-transition-to-education-only-in-official-language-238962|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheremet |first=Anhelina |date=13 May 2022 |title=In Latvia, from 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only |url=https://babel.ua/en/news/78675-in-latvia-from-2025-all-children-will-be-taught-in-latvian-only |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121114406/https://babel.ua/en/news/78675-in-latvia-from-2025-all-children-will-be-taught-in-latvian-only |archive-date=21 November 2023 |website=Бабель}}</ref> On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]]) should be only in Latvian or a language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Saeima approves updated National Security concept for Latvia |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/28.09.2023-saeima-approves-updated-national-security-concept-for-latvia.a525735/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121114206/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/28.09.2023-saeima-approves-updated-national-security-concept-for-latvia.a525735/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |website=Eng.LSM.lv}}</ref>

In [[Lithuania]], Russian has no official or legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mfa.lt/in/en/news/statistics-lithuania-785-of-lithuanians-speak-at-least-one-foreign-language|title=Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News |website= Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=28 December 2020|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106145651/https://in.mfa.lt/in/en/news/statistics-lithuania-785-of-lithuanians-speak-at-least-one-foreign-language|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, English has replaced Russian as ''[[lingua franca]]'' in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investlithuania.com/news/employees-fluent-in-three-languages-its-the-norm-in-lithuania/|title=Employees fluent in three languages – it's the norm in Lithuania |publisher=Outsourcing&More |date=26 September 2018 |first1=Rūta |last1=Labalaukytė |website=Invest Lithuania |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019201722/https://investlithuania.com/news/employees-fluent-in-three-languages-its-the-norm-in-lithuania/ |archive-date= 19 October 2023 }}</ref> In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008).<ref name="andrlik">{{cite web|title=Ethnic and Language Policy of the Republic of Lithuania: Basis and Practice |first1=Jan |last1=Andrlík|url=http://alppi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Andrlik_2009.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403213425/http://alppi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Andrlik_2009.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> According to the [[2011 Lithuanian census]], Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population.<ref>Statistics Lithuania census 2011: {{cite web |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf |title=Gyventojai pagal tautybę, gimtąją kalbą ir tikybą |website=Oficialiosios statistikos portalas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404074611/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2023 }}</ref>

In [[Moldova]], Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law.<ref name="fundeh1"/> On 21 January 2021, the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2021 |title=The Court examined the constitutionality of the Law on the Usage of Languages Spoken on the Territory of the Republic of Moldova |url=https://www.constcourt.md/libview.php?l=en&idc=7&id=2067&t=/Media/News/The-Court-examined-the-constitutionality-of-the-Law-on-the-Usage-of-Languages-Spoken-on-the-Territory-of-the-Republic-of-Moldova |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022191049/https://www.constcourt.md/libview.php?l=en&idc=7&id=2067&t=/Media/News/The-Court-examined-the-constitutionality-of-the-Law-on-the-Usage-of-Languages-Spoken-on-the-Territory-of-the-Republic-of-Moldova |archive-date=22 October 2021 |website=Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanas |first=Alexander |date=21 January 2021 |title=Moldovan court overturns special status for Russian language |language=en-US |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-moldova-language-idUSKBN29Q2J0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095432/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-moldova-language-idUSKBN29Q2J0/ |archive-date= 21 November 2023 }}</ref> 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/> According to the [[2014 Moldovan census]], Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=The Population of the Republic of Moldova at the time of the Census was 2 998 235 |url=https://statistica.gov.md/en/the-population-of-the-republic-of-moldova-at-the-time-12_896.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121100936/https://statistica.gov.md/en/the-population-of-the-republic-of-moldova-at-the-time-12_896.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova}}</ref>

According to the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 census in Russia]], Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of the respondents), while according to the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 census]] – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents).<ref>{{cite web|date=8 November 2011|title=Демоскоп Weekly. Об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Сообщение Росстата|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2011/0491/perep01.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018055149/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2011/0491/perep01.php|archive-date=18 October 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|publisher=Demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

In [[Ukraine]], Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers.<ref name="demoscope251">{{cite web|title=Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025204352/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=25 October 2016|website=demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref> 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/> On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a [[Ukrainization#2017 law "On Education"|new education law]] which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language.<ref>{{cite web |title=New education law becomes effective in Ukraine |url=https://www.unian.info/society/2159231-new-education-law-becomes-effective-in-ukraine.html |website=www.unian.info |access-date=22 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202400/https://www.unian.info/society/2159231-new-education-law-becomes-effective-in-ukraine.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324150210/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=24 September 2017 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331162824/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2019 [[Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"]] gives priority to the [[Ukrainian language]] in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in [[public administration]], media, education, science, culture, advertising, [[Service (economics)|services]]. The law does not regulate private communication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2704-19#Text|title=Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної|website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України|access-date=21 November 2023|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502182619/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2704-19#Text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2019|title=Кому варто боятися закону про мову?|url=http://language-policy.info/2019/05/komu-varto-boyatysya-zakonu-pro-movu/|access-date=14 May 2022|website=Портал мовної політики|language=uk|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518152707/http://language-policy.info/2019/05/komu-varto-boyatysya-zakonu-pro-movu/|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted in March 2022 by [[Sociological group "RATING"|RATING]] in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On the other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the [[Southern Ukraine|south]] and [[Eastern Ukraine|east]]. But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's full-scale invasion]], their number dropped by almost half.<ref>{{cite web |title=Шосте загальнонаціональне опитування: мовне питання в Україні (19 березня 2022) |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/language_issue_in_ukraine_march_19th_2022.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=uk |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824150442/https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/language_issue_in_ukraine_march_19th_2022.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the survey carried out by [[Sociological group "RATING"|RATING]] in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. [[Internally displaced person|IDPs]] and [[Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)|refugees living abroad]] are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rating_independence_august_2023.pdf |title=Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002638/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rating_independence_august_2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old [[Warsaw Pact]] and in other [[Communist state|countries]] that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Europeans and their Languages|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/pdf/doc631_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521033643/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/pdf/doc631_en.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2009|website=europa.eu}}</ref> fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries.

=== Asia ===
In [[Armenia]], Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]].<ref name="fundeh1"/> 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/>

In [[Azerbaijan]], Russian has no official status, but is a ''lingua franca'' of the country.<ref name="fundeh1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fundeh.org/files/publications/90/vedenie_obshchee_sostoyanie_russkogo_yazyka.pdf |title=Введение |access-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122143/http://www.fundeh.org/files/publications/90/vedenie_obshchee_sostoyanie_russkogo_yazyka.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/>

In [[China]], Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the [[Russians in China|small Russian communities]] in the northeastern [[Heilongjiang]] and the northwestern [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964.

In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]].<ref name="fundeh1"/> Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |date=4 February 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.<ref name="ethn">{{Ethnologue21|rus|Russian}}</ref>

In [[Kazakhstan]], Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the [[Constitution of Kazakhstan]] its usage enjoys equal status to that of the [[Kazakh language]] in state and local administration.<ref name="fundeh1"/> The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language.<ref name=kazcensus>{{cite web |title=Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Kasachstan/40_gesellschaft/Kaz2009_Analytical_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010100/https://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Kasachstan/40_gesellschaft/Kaz2009_Analytical_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |access-date=31 October 2015 }}</ref> In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan drafts media law to increase use of Kazakh language over Russian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/06/kazakhstan-drafts-media-law-to-increase-use-of-kazakh-language-over-russian|website=The Guardian|id=0261-3077|date=6 October 2023|accessdate=28 October 2023|language=en-GB|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028002220/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/06/kazakhstan-drafts-media-law-to-increase-use-of-kazakh-language-over-russian|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Kyrgyzstan]], Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan]].<ref name="fundeh1"/> The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population.<ref name=kyrcen>{{cite web|title=Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Kyrgyzstan/A5-2PopulationAndHousingCensusOfTheKyrgyzRepublicOf2009.pdf |publisher=UN Stats |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710092216/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Kyrgyzstan/A5-2PopulationAndHousingCensusOfTheKyrgyzRepublicOf2009.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group.<ref name=kyrcen/>

In [[Tajikistan]], Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under the [[Constitution of Tajikistan]] and is permitted in official documentation.<ref name="fundeh1"/> 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work.<ref name="demoscope329"/> The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business.<ref name="bookoffact">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=https://www.hannasles.com/languages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523002924/https://www.hannasles.com/russian-translation-services/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=The World Factbook}}</ref>

In [[Turkmenistan]], Russian lost its status as the official ''lingua franca'' in 1996.<ref name="fundeh1"/> Among 12%<ref name=bookoffact/> of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bekmurzaev |first1=Nurbek |title=Russian Language Status in Central Asian Countries |date=28 February 2019 |url=https://cabar.asia/en/russian-language-status-in-central-asian-countries |publisher=Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173149/https://cabar.asia/en/russian-language-status-in-central-asian-countries |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Uzbekistan]], Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication.<ref name="AA"/><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов"/><ref name="AB"/> It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the ''lingua franca'' of the country and the language of the elite.<ref name="fundeh1"/><ref name=UZB>{{cite web |title=Law on Official Language |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/Law_on_official_language.pdf |publisher=Government of Uzbekistan |access-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231323/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/Law_on_official_language.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook.<ref name=bookoffact/>

In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Brooke |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future |date=15 February 2005 |access-date=16 May 2009 |url=https://nytimes.com/2005/02/15/international/asia/15mongolia.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225411/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/15/international/asia/15mongolia.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all |archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref>

Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017.<ref>[http://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/340519-rossiysko-izrailskie-ekonomicheskie-svyazi-ne-tolko-neft-na К визиту Нетаньяху: что Россия может получить от экономики Израиля] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313125416/http://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/340519-rossiysko-izrailskie-ekonomicheskie-svyazi-ne-tolko-neft-na |date=13 March 2017}} Алексей Голубович, Forbes Russia, 9 March 2017</ref> The Israeli [[Mass media|press]] and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/russians-in-israel|title= Russians in Israel|access-date= 11 July 2019|archive-date= 11 July 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190711133459/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/russians-in-israel/|url-status= live}}</ref> There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with [[Israel Plus]]. See also [[Russian language in Israel]].

Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Awde and Sarwan, 2003</ref>

In [[Vietnam]], Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-to-add-chinese-russian-to-elementary-school-curriculum-3470743.html |title=Vietnam to add Chinese, Russian to elementary school curriculum |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121639/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-to-add-chinese-russian-to-elementary-school-curriculum-3470743.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== North America ===
{{See also|Russian language in the United States}}
The Russian language was first introduced in North America when [[Russian explorers]] voyaged into [[Alaska]] and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagehat.com/ninilchik/ |title=Ninilchik |publisher=languagehat.com |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107112220/http://languagehat.com/ninilchik/ |archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> In [[Nikolaevsk, Alaska]], Russian is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as [[Russian Americans in New York City|New York City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Boston]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[San Francisco]], [[Seattle]], [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]], [[Toronto]], [[Calgary]], [[History of the Russians in Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[Miami]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Chicago]], [[Denver]], and [[Cleveland]]. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in [[ethnic enclave]]s (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the overwhelming majority of [[Russophone]]s in [[Brighton Beach, Brooklyn]] in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former [[Soviet Union]] changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the [[United States Census]], in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614060228/http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>

== As an international language ==
{{See also|Russophone|List of official languages by institution|Internet in Russian}}

Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following:

{{div col}}
* [[United Nations]]
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [[World Health Organization]]
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]
* [[UNESCO]]
* [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]
* [[International Telecommunication Union]]
* [[World Meteorological Organization]]
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
* [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]
* [[International Criminal Court]]
* [[International Olympic Committee]]
* [[Universal Postal Union]]
* [[World Bank]]
* [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]
* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
* [[Eurasian Economic Community]]
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]
* [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]]
* [[International Organization for Standardization]]
* [[International Mathematical Olympiad]]
{{div col end}}

The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]] – [[NASA]] astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the [[Apollo–Soyuz]] mission, which first flew in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wakata|first=Koichi|author-link=Koichi Wakata|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|title=My Long Mission in Space|publisher=[[JAXA]]|quote="The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian."|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of [[.ru]] sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain [[.su]]. Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian is now the second most used language on the web|url=http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web|work=W3Techs|publisher=Q-Success|access-date=17 June 2013|author=Matthias Gelbmann|date=19 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412034448/http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web|archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
{{Main|Russian dialects|Moscow dialect|Pomor dialect}}
[[File:Dialects of Russian language-ru.png|thumb|upright=1.35|
Russian dialects in 1915
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Northern dialects
{{legend|#587942|1. [[Arkhangelsk]] dialect}}
{{legend|#3E7D6D|2. [[Olonets]] dialect}}
{{legend|#45AD96|3. [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] dialect}}
{{legend|#69A74B|4. [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Viatka]] dialect}}
{{legend|#61C57A|5. [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] dialect}}
{{col-break}}
Central dialects
{{legend|#F587C1|6. [[Moscow dialect]]}}
{{legend|#D172A2|7. [[Tver]] dialect}}
Southern dialects
{{legend|#FF9B06|8. [[Oryol|Orel]] (Don) dialect}}
{{legend|#FF7D26|9. [[Ryazan]] dialect}}
{{legend|#FFAA71|10. [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] dialect}}
{{legend|#F2D273|11. [[Smolensk]] dialect}}
Other
{{legend|#40956C|12. Northern Russian dialect with [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] influences}}
{{legend|#ECBD00|13. {{ill|Slobozhan dialect|lt=Slobozhan|uk|Слобожанський говір}} and {{ill|Steppe dialect|lt=Steppe|uk|Степовий говір}} dialects of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]}}
{{legend|#FFD93E|14. Steppe dialect of Ukrainian with Russian influences ([[Balachka]])}}
{{col-end}}]]

Despite [[Dialect levelling|leveling]] after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern]], [[Central Russian dialects|Central]] (or Middle), and [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern]], with Moscow lying in the Central region.<ref>David Dalby. 1999–2000. ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities''. Linguasphere Press. Pg. 442.</ref>{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}}

The [[Northern Russian dialects]] and those spoken along the [[Volga River]] typically pronounce unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} clearly, a phenomenon called [[vowel reduction in Russian#Back vowels|okanye]] ({{lang|ru|оканье}}).{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}} Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have [[high vowel|high]] or [[diphthong]]al {{IPA|/e⁓i̯ɛ/}} in place of {{proto|slavic|ě}} and {{IPA|/o⁓u̯ɔ/}} in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}, respectively.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}} Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article ''-to'', ''-ta'', ''-te'' similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}}

In the [[Southern Russian dialects]], instances of unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} following [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to {{IPA|[ɪ]}} (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced {{IPA|[a]}} in such positions (e.g. {{wikt-lang|ru|несл'''и'''}} is pronounced {{IPA|[nʲaˈslʲi]}}, not {{IPA|[nʲɪsˈlʲi]}}) – this is called [[yakanye]] ({{lang|ru|яканье}}).{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Language of the Russian Village|language=ru|url=http://www.gramota.ru/book/village/map13.html|access-date=10 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607225323/http://gramota.ru/book/village/map13.html|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> Consonants include a [[Voiced velar fricative|fricative {{IPA|/ɣ/|cat=no}}]], a [[semivowel|semivowel {{IPA|/w⁓u̯/|cat=no}}]] and {{IPA|/x⁓xv⁓xw/}}, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, and final {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}, respectively.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}} The morphology features a palatalized final {{IPA|/tʲ/}} in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects).{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=521–526}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Language of the Russian Village|language=ru|url=http://www.gramota.ru/book/village/map14.html|access-date=10 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212213519/http://www.gramota.ru/book/village/map14.html|archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>

== Comparison with other Slavic languages ==
During the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects.<ref>Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16</ref> There is a high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] between Russian, [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.<ref>Sussex & Cubberley, p. 3.</ref><ref>[https://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=rus Similar languages to Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055107/https://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=rus |date=25 February 2021 }}, EZ Glot</ref>

== Derived languages ==
* [[Balachka]], a Ukrainian dialect spoken in Krasnodar region, Don, [[Kuban]], and [[Terek River|Terek]], brought by relocated [[Ukrainian Cossacks|Cossacks]] in 1793 and is based on the so-called "southwest Russian" dialect (Ukrainian dialect). During the Russification of the aforementioned regions in the 1920s to 1950s, it was replaced by the Russian language.
* [[Esperanto etymology|Esperanto]] has some words of Russian and Slavic origin and some features of its grammar could be derived from Russian.<ref name="Kiselman">{{cite journal |url=http://www2.math.uu.se/~kiselman/pau2008.pdf |journal=Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU |volume=II |pages=39–56 |editor=Andrzej Pelczar |location=Krakow |publisher=Polska Akademia Umieje ̨tno ́sci |date=2008 |author=Christer Kiselman |title=Esperanto: its origins and early history |language=en |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222655/http://www2.math.uu.se/~kiselman/pau2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Fenya]], a criminal [[argot]] of ancient origin, with Russian grammar, but with distinct vocabulary
* [[Lojban]], Russian is one of its six source languages, weighed for the number of Russian speakers in 1985.<ref name="Lojban">{{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=John Woldemar |author1-link=John W. Cowan |title=The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology - The Lojban Reference Grammar |url=https://lojban.github.io/cll/4/14/ |via=lojban.github.io |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en |date=1997 |publisher=Logical Language |isbn=0-9660283-0-9 |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112115705/http://lojban.github.io/cll/4/14/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Medny Aleut language]], an extinct [[mixed language]] that was spoken on [[Bering Island]] and is characterized by its [[Aleut]] nouns and Russian verbs
* [[Padonkaffsky jargon]], a slang language developed by [[padonki]] of [[Runet]]
* [[Quelia]], a [[macaronic language]] with Russian-derived basic structure and part of the [[lexicon]] (mainly nouns and verbs) borrowed from German
* [[Runglish]], a Russian-English pidgin. This word is also used by English speakers to describe the way in which Russians attempt to speak English using Russian morphology or syntax.
* [[Russenorsk language|Russenorsk]], an extinct [[pidgin]] language with mostly Russian vocabulary and mostly [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] grammar, used for communication between [[Russians]] and Norwegian traders in the Pomor trade in [[Finnmark]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]]
*[[Surzhyk]], a range of mixed (macaronic) sociolects of Ukrainian and Russian languages used in certain regions of Ukraine and adjacent lands.
* [[Trasianka]], a heavily russified variety of [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] used by a large portion of the rural population in Belarus
* [[Taimyr Pidgin Russian]], spoken by the [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]] on the [[Taymyr Peninsula|Taimyr Peninsula]]

== Alphabet ==
{{Main|Russian alphabet|Russian Braille}}

[[File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov.png|thumb|A page from Azbuka ([[Alphabet book]]), the first East Slavic printed textbook. Printed by [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the [[Cyrillic script]].]]

Russian is written using a [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with [[help:IPA|IPA]] values for each letter's typical sound:

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|{{lang|ru|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}}а {{IPA|/a/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}}б {{IPA|/b/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}}в {{IPA|/v/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}}г {{IPA|/ɡ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}}д {{IPA|/d/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]}}е {{IPA|/je/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]]}}ё {{IPA|/jo/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}}ж {{IPA|/ʐ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]}}з {{IPA|/z/}}||{{lang|ru|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}и {{IPA|/i/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Short I|Й]]}}й {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
|{{lang|ru|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}}к {{IPA|/k/}}||{{lang|ru|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}}л {{IPA|/l/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}}м {{IPA|/m/}}||{{lang|ru|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}н {{IPA|/n/}}||{{lang|ru|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}о {{IPA|/o/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}п {{IPA|/p/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]}}р {{IPA|/r/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]}}с {{IPA|/s/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]}}т {{IPA|/t/}}||{{lang|ru|[[U (Cyrillic)|У]]}}у {{IPA|/u/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]}}ф {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
|{{lang|ru|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}х {{IPA|/x/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}ц {{IPA|/ts/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}ч {{IPA|/tɕ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}ш {{IPA|/ʂ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Shcha (Cyrillic)|Щ]]}}щ {{IPA|/ɕː/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Hard sign|Ъ]]}}ъ {{IPA|/-/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yery|Ы]]}}ы {{IPA|/ɨ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Soft sign|Ь]]}}ь {{IPA|/ʲ/}}||{{lang|ru|[[E (Cyrillic)|Э]]}}э {{IPA|/e/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]}}ю {{IPA|/ju/}}||{{lang|ru|[[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я]]}}я {{IPA|/ja/}}
|}

Older letters of the Russian alphabet include {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѣ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|е}}}} ({{IPA|/je/}} or {{IPA|/ʲe/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|і}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѵ}}}}, which both merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|и}}}} ({{IPA|/i/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѳ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ф}}}} ({{IPA|/f/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѫ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|у}}}} ({{IPA|/u/}}); {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѭ}}}}, which merged to {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ю}}}} ({{IPA|/ju/}} or {{IPA|/ʲu/}}); and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѧ}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|orv|ѩ}}}}, which later were graphically reshaped into {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|я}}}} and merged phonetically to {{IPA|/ja/}} or {{IPA|/ʲa/}}. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The [[yer]]s {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ъ}}}} and {{Angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ь}}}} originally indicated the pronunciation of ''ultra-short'' or ''reduced'' {{IPA|/ŭ/}}, {{IPA|/ĭ/}}.

=== Transliteration ===
{{Further|Romanization of Russian}}

Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, {{wikt-lang|ru|мороз}} ('frost') is transliterated ''moroz'', and {{wikt-lang|ru|мышь}} ('mouse'), ''mysh'' or ''myš'''. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode [[character encoding]], which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this [[Unicode]] extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caloni |first=Wanderley |title=RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets |url=http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11940/RusKey-mapping-the-Russian-keyboard-layout-into-th |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=28 January 2011 |publisher=[[The Code Project]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301121842/http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11940/RusKey-mapping-the-Russian-keyboard-layout-into-th |archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Computing ===
{{Main article|History of computing in the Soviet Union}}
The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the [[Automatic Digital Computer M-1|M-1]], and [[MESM]] models were produced in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracing the Origins of the First Soviet Computers, Beyond Legends {{!}} IEEE Journals and Magazine {{!}} IEEE Xplore |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2023.3326668 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10332944}}</ref>

=== Orthography ===
{{Main|Russian orthography}}

According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional [[acute accent]] ({{lang|ru|знак ударения}}) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: {{lang|ru|замо́к}} (''zamók'' – "lock") – {{lang|ru|за́мок}} (''zámok'' – "castle"), {{lang|ru|сто́ящий}} (''stóyashchy'' – "worthwhile") – {{lang|ru|стоя́щий}} (''stoyáshchy'' – "standing"), {{lang|ru|чудно́}} (''chudnó'' – "this is odd") – {{lang|ru|чу́дно}} (''chúdno'' – "this is marvellous"), {{lang|ru|молоде́ц}} (''molodéts'' – "well done!") – {{lang|ru|мо́лодец}} (''mólodets'' – "fine young man"), {{lang|ru|узна́ю}} (''uznáyu'' – "I shall learn it") – {{lang|ru|узнаю́}} (''uznayú'' – "I recognize it"), {{lang|ru|отреза́ть}} (''otrezát'' – "to be cutting") – {{lang|ru|отре́зать}} (''otrézat'' – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like {{lang|ru|афе́ра}} (''aféra'', "scandal, affair"), {{lang|ru|гу́ру}} (''gúru'', "guru"), {{lang|ru|Гарси́я}} (''García''), {{lang|ru|Оле́ша}} (''Olésha''), {{lang|ru|Фе́рми}} (''Fermi''), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example {{lang|ru|Ты́ съел печенье?}} (''Tý syel pechenye?'' – "Was it ''you'' who ate the cookie?") – {{lang|ru|Ты съе́л печенье?}} (''Ty syél pechenye?'' – "Did you ''eat'' the cookie?) – {{lang|ru|Ты съел пече́нье?}} (''Ty syel pechénye?'' "Was it the ''cookie'' you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341623843|first=Sviatlana|last=Karpava|title=Lexical stress assignment and reading skills of Russian heritage children}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{{Main|Russian phonology}}

The Russian [[syllable]] structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows:

(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] /[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! plain
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]
! plain
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]
! plain
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]
! plain
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|mʲ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|nʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|pʲ}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʲ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʲ}}
|-
!voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|bʲ}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dʲ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʲ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
|({{IPA link|t͡sʲ}})
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|fʲ}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|sʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}ː
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|xʲ}}
|-
!voiced
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|vʲ}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|zʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}}
|({{IPA link|ʑ}}ː)
|
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|({{IPA link|ɣʲ}})
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɫ}}
| {{IPA link|lʲ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|rʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Russian is notable for its distinction based on [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] of most of its consonants. The phoneme /{{IPA|ts}}/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as [[Zürich|Цюрих]] and some other neologisms contain /{{IPA|tsʲ}}/ through the word-building processes (e.g. фрицёнок, шпицята). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of {{IPA|/tʲ/}} and {{IPA|/dʲ/}}, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds; cf. Belarusian ць, дзь, or Polish ć, dź). The sounds {{IPA|/t, d, ts, s, z, n, rʲ/}} are [[dental consonant|dental]], that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the [[alveolar ridge]]. According to some linguists, the "plain" consonants are velarized as in [[Irish language|Irish]], something which is most noticeable when it involves a labial before a hard vowel, such as мы, {{IPA|/mˠɨː/}}, "we" , or бэ, {{IPA|/bˠɛ/}}, "the letter Б".

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: left; margin-right: 1em;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| style="font-size:90%" | {{IPA link|i}}
| style="font-size:90%" | ({{IPA link|ɨ}})
| style="font-size:90%" | {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="font-size:90%" | {{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|
| style="font-size:90%" | {{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| style="font-size:90%" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|}

[[File:Russian vowel chart.svg|thumb|Russian vowel chart by {{Harvcoltxt|Trofimov|Jones|1923|p=55}}]]

Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, {{IPA|/i, u, e, o, a/}}, and in some analyses {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, but in most cases these vowels have merged to only two to four vowels when unstressed: {{IPA|/i, u, a/}} (or {{IPA|/ɨ, u, a/}}) after hard consonants and {{IPA|/i, u/}} after soft ones. These vowels have several [[allophones]], which are displayed on the diagram to the right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2020 |title=Russian Vowels: All the Rules You Need to Know {{!}} FluentU Russian Blog |url=https://www.fluentu.com/blog/russian/russian-vowels/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=FluentU Russian |language=en-US |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104031432/https://www.fluentu.com/blog/russian/russian-vowels/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Ordin, Mikhail. (2011). Palatalization and Intrinsic Prosodic Vowel Features in Russian. Language and speech. 54. 547-68. 10.1177/0023830911404962.</ref>

== Grammar ==
{{Main|Russian grammar}}

{{expand section|date=August 2014}}

Russian has preserved an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Synthetic language|synthetic]]-[[inflection]]al structure, although considerable [[Morphological levelling|leveling]] has occurred.
Russian grammar encompasses:

* a highly [[Fusional language|fusional]] '''morphology'''
* a '''syntax''' that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements:<ref name="rbthdialects">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp|title=Can Russians from different parts of the country understand each other?|website=www.rbth.com|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313070741/https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
** a polished [[vernacular]] foundation;{{clarify|What is this supposed to mean?|date=August 2014}}
** a [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] inheritance;
** a [[Western Europe|Western European]] style.{{clarify|What is this supposed to mean?|date=August 2014}}

The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features.<ref name="rbthdialects"/>

In terms of actual grammar, there are three [[tenses]] in Russian{{spaced en dash}} past, present, and future{{spaced en dash}} and each verb has two [[Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages|aspects]] (perfective and imperfective). Russian nouns each have a gender{{spaced en dash}} either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. Words change depending on both their gender and function in the sentence. Russian has six [[Grammatical case|cases]]: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions в "in", на "on", о "about", при "in the presence of"). Verbs of motion in Russian{{spaced en dash}} such as 'go', 'walk', 'run', 'swim', and 'fly'{{spaced en dash}} use the imperfective or perfective form to indicate a single or return trip, and also use a multitude of [[prefix]]es to add shades of meaning to the verb. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion.<ref name="Nesset">{{cite journal|last=Nesset|first=Tore|title=Path and Manner: An Image-Schematic Approach to Russian Verbs of Motion|journal=Scando-Slavica|date=2008|volume=54|issue=1|pages=135–158|doi=10.1080/00806760802494232|s2cid=123427088}}</ref>

== Vocabulary ==
[[File:Karion Istomin's alphabet P.jpg|thumb|This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter '''[[П]]'''.]]

The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:<ref>[http://www.gramota.ru/slovari/types/17_26 ''What types of dictionaries exist?''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117151535/http://www.gramota.ru/slovari/types/17_26 |date=17 January 2012}} from www.gramota.ru {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yarus.asu.edu.ru/?id=426|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112125045/http://www.yarus.aspu.ru/?id=426|url-status=dead|title={section.caption}|archive-date=12 January 2012|website=yarus.asu.edu.ru|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
|-
! Work||Year||Words||Notes
|-
|Academic dictionary, I Ed.||1789–1794||43,257||Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary.
|-
|Academic dictionary, II Ed||1806–1822||51,388||Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary.
|-
|Academic dictionary, III Ed.||1847||114,749||Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary.
|-
|''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]]'' ([[Vladimir Dahl|Dahl]]'s)||1880–1882||195,844||44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words.
|-
|''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov)|Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language]]'' ([[Dmitry Ushakov|Ushakov]]'s)||1934–1940||85,289||Current language with some archaisms.
|-
|Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language ([[Sergey Ozhegov|Ozhegov]]'s)||1950–1965 1991 (2nd ed.)
||120,480||"Full" 17-volumed dictionary of the contemporary language. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished.
|-

|Lopatin's dictionary||1999–2013||≈200,000||Orthographic, current language, several editions
|-
|Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language||1998–2009||≈130,000||Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998.
|-
|Russian [[Wiktionary]]||11 October 2021||442,533||Number of entries in the category [[wikt:ru:Category:Русский язык|Русский язык (Russian language)]]
|}

== History and literary language ==
{{Main|History of the Russian language}}
{{See also|Reforms of Russian orthography}}

No single periodization is universally accepted, but the history of the Russian language is sometimes divided into the following periods:<ref>{{cite book |author=Лопатин В. В., Улуханов И. С. |chapter=Восточнославянские языки. Русский язык |title=Языки мира. Славянские языки |location=М. |year=2005 |publisher=[[Academia (Soviet publishing house)|Academia]] |pages=448–450 |isbn=978-5-87444-216-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Development of Tense and Aspect Systems |date=2022 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia |isbn=9789027257444 |pages=12}}</ref><ref name="Matthews">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=W. K. |title=The structure and development of Russian |date=2013 |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781107619395 |pages=112–113 |edition=First paperback |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* [[History of the Russian language#Feudal and linguistic breakup (13th–14th century)|Old Russian]] or [[Old East Slavic]] (until the 14th or 15th century)
* [[History of the Russian language#The Moscow period (15th–17th centuries)|Middle Russian]] (14th or 15th century until the 17th or 18th century)
* [[History of the Russian language#Empire (18th–19th centuries)|Modern Russian]] (17th century or 18th century to the present)

The history of the Russian language is also divided into ''Old Russian'' from the 11th to 17th centuries, followed by ''Modern Russian''.<ref name="Matthews"/>

[[File:Ostromir Gospel 1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ostromir Gospels]] of 1056 is the second oldest [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] book known, one of many medieval [[illuminated manuscript]]s preserved in the [[Russian National Library]].]]

The political reforms of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] (Пётр Вели́кий, ''Pyótr Velíky'') were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s (Лев Толсто́й) ''[[War and Peace]]'', contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.<ref name="Jeffra">{{cite book |title=The ideology of English: French perceptions of English as a world language |last=Flaitz |first=Jeffra |year=1988 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn= 978-3-110-11549-9 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5fotqsglPEC&q=French+language+in+Russian+aristocracy |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref>

The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of [[Alexander Pushkin]] ({{lang|ru|Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин}}) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized [[Russian literature]] by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called {{lang|ru|высо́кий стиль}} — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, [[Mikhail Lermontov]] ({{lang|ru|Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов}}), [[Nikolai Gogol]] ({{lang|ru|Никола́й Го́голь}}), [[Aleksander Griboyedov]] ({{lang|ru|Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов}}), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.<ref name="Jeffra"/>

{{Listen|filename=Ru-Zimniy vecher.ogg|title=Winter Evening|description=Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" (Зимний вечер), 1825.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

{|
! Russian text || Pronunciation || Transliteration || English Translation
|-
| {{lang|ru|'''Зи́мний ве́чер'''}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈzʲimnʲɪj ˈvʲetɕɪr|}} || '''''Zímnij véčer''''' || '''Winter evening'''
|-
| {{lang|ru|Бу́ря мгло́ю не́бо кро́ет,}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈburʲə ˈmɡɫoju ˈnʲɛbə ˈkroɪt|}} || ''Búrja mglóju nébo krójet,'' || The storm covers the sky with a haze
|-
| {{lang|ru|Ви́хри сне́жные крутя́;}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈvʲixrʲɪ ˈsʲnʲɛʐnɨɪ krʊˈtʲa|}} || ''Víhri snéžnyje krutjá,'' || As it swirls heaps of snow in the air.
|-
| {{lang|ru|То, как зверь, она́ заво́ет,}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈto kaɡ zvʲerʲ ɐˈna zɐˈvoɪt|}} || ''To, kak zveŕ, oná zavójet,'' || At times, it howls like a beast,
|-
| {{lang|ru|То запла́чет, как дитя́,}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈto zɐˈpɫatɕɪt, kaɡ dʲɪˈtʲa|}} || ''To zapláčet, kak ditjá,'' || And then cries like a child;
|-
| {{lang|ru|То по кро́вле обветша́лой}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈto pɐˈkrovlʲɪ ɐbvʲɪtˈʂaɫəj|}} || ''To po króvle obvetšáloj'' || At times, on top of the threadbare roof,
|-
| {{lang|ru|Вдруг соло́мой зашуми́т,}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈvdruk sɐˈɫoməj zəʂʊˈmʲit|}} || ''Vdrug solómoj zašumít,'' || It suddenly rustles straw,
|-
| {{lang|ru|То, как пу́тник запозда́лый,}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈto ˈkak ˈputʲnʲɪɡ zəpɐˈzdaɫɨj|}} || ''To, kak pútnik zapozdályj'' || And then, like a late traveller,
|-
| {{lang|ru|К нам в око́шко застучи́т.}} || {{IPA|ru|ˈknam vɐˈkoʂkə zəstʊˈtɕit|}} || ''K nam v okóško zastučít.'' || It knocks upon our window.
|}

:

During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the [[official language]] only in 1990.<ref>[http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm "Закон СССР от 24 April 1990 О языках народов СССР"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm |date=8 May 2016}} (The 1990 USSR Law about the Languages of the USSR) {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|break-up of the USSR]] in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wp.towson.edu/iajournal/2021/12/08/language-and-geopolitics-a-case-study-of-the-former-soviet-union/|first=Meyer|last= Madeleine|title=Language and Geopolitics: A Case Study of the Former Soviet Union|date=8 December 2021 }}</ref>

The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of [[Russians]] in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however {{Clarify|reason=The decline, decrease, or diminution; or all three?|date=October 2022|text=this}} has since been reversed.<ref name="demoscope.ru"/><ref name=autogenerated20130215-1/><ref name="Mof.gov.cy">{{cite web |date=23 May 2012 |title=журнал "Демоскоп". Где есть потребность в изучении русского языка |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405005201/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php |archive-date=5 April 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |website=Mof.gov.cy |language=ru}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Recent estimates of the total number of speakers of Russian
! Source || Native speakers || Native rank || Total speakers || Total rank
|-
| G. Weber, "Top Languages", ''Language Monthly'', 3: 12–18, 1997, ISSN 1369-9733 || 160,000,000 || 8 || 285,000,000 || 5
|-
| World Almanac (1999) || 145,000,000 || 8 (2005) || 275,000,000 || 5
|-
| SIL (2000 WCD) || 145,000,000 || 8 || 255,000,000 || 5–6 (tied with Arabic)
|-
| CIA World Factbook (2005) || 160,000,000 || 8 ||||
|}

According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "[[:ru:Демоскоп Weekly|Demoskop Weekly]]" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)]] Arefyev A. L.,<ref>{{cite web |last=Арефьев |first=А. Л |script-title=ru:Сведения об авторе |url=http://www.socioprognoz.ru/index.php?page_id=80&id=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511073946/http://www.socioprognoz.ru/index.php?page_id=80&id=2 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |publisher=Socioprognoz.ru |language=ru}}</ref> the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular.<ref name="autogenerated20130215-1">{{cite web |last=Арефьев |first=А. |script-title=ru:Меньше россиян — меньше русскоговорящих|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema04.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308114712/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema04.php |archive-date=8 March 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Арефьев |first=А. |script-title=ru:В странах Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки наш язык стремительно утрачивает свою роль |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema03.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308100454/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema03.php|archive-date=8 March 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |last=Арефьев |first=А. |script-title=ru:Будет ли русский в числе мировых языков в будущем? |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512104646/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Арефьев|first=А.|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308114703/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php |archive-date=8 March 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref> In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "[[:ru:Демоскоп Weekly|Demoskop Weekly]]").<ref name="demoscope.ru"/><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Все меньше школьников обучаются на русском языке |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema03.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805082906/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema03.php |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский Язык На Рубеже Xx-Ххi Веков |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203021/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated20130213-1>[http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf Русский язык на рубеже XX-XXI веков] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042230/http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf |date=15 June 2013}} — М.: Центр социального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2012. — 482 стр.</ref> In the countries of the former [[Soviet Union]] the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages.<ref name="demoscope.ru"/><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:журнал "Демоскоп". Русский язык — советский язык? |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema01.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402125223/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema01.php |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |website=Demoscope.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Currently, the number of speakers of Russian in the world depends on the number of [[Russians]] in the world and total population in Russia.<ref name="demoscope.ru"/><ref name=autogenerated20130215-1/><ref name="Mof.gov.cy"/>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ The changing proportion of Russian speakers in the world (assessment Aref'eva 2012)<ref name="demoscope.ru"/><ref name=autogenerated20130213-1/>{{rp|387}}
|- style=vertical-align:bottom
! Year || worldwide population, billion || population Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation, million || share in world population, % || total number of speakers of Russian, million || share in world population, %
|-
| 1900 || 1.650 || 138.0 ||  8.4 || 105 || 6.4
|-
| 1914 || 1.782 || 182.2 ||  10.2 || 140 || 7.9
|-
| 1940 || 2.342 || 205.0 ||  8.8 || 200 || 7.6
|-
| 1980 || 4.434 || 265.0 ||  6.0 || 280 || 6.3
|-
| 1990 || 5.263 || 286.0 ||  5.4 || 312 || 5.9
|-
| 2004 || 6.400 || 146.0 ||  2.3 || 278 || 4.3
|-
| 2010 || 6.820 || 142.7 ||  2.1 || 260 || 3.8
|-
| 2020 || 7.794 || 147.3 ||  1.8 || 256 || 3.3
|}

== Sample text ==
Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' in Russian:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Russian (Russky) |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/russian |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181634/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/russian |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.</blockquote>The [[Romanization of Russian|romanization]] of the text into [[Latin alphabet]]:<blockquote>''Vse lyudi rozhdayutsya svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoyem dostoinstve i pravakh. Oni nadeleny razumom i sovest'yu i dolzhny postupat' v otnoshenii drug druga v dukhe bratstva.''</blockquote>Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nations |first1=United |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |newspaper=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</blockquote>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia|Soviet Union|Language}}
* [[List of English words of Russian origin]]
* [[List of Russian language topics]]
* [[List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]
* [[Computer Russification]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; In English
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages |last=Carleton |first=T. R. |year=1991 |publisher=Slavica Press |location=Columbus, Ohio |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Comrie |first1=Bernard S. |author1-link=Bernard Comrie |last2=Stone |first2=Gerald |last3=Polinsky |first3=Maria |title=The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, England |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-824066-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last=Cubberley |first=P. |title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction|edition=1st|location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79641-5 |ref=none}}
* [https://www.academia.edu/33192973/THE_RUSSIAN_GENITIVE_OF_NEGATION_AND_ITS_JAPANESE_COUNTERPART Iliev, Iv. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. International Journal of Russian Stidies. 1, 2018 (In Print)]
* {{cite book |last=Isurin |first=Ludmila |date=2011 |title=Russian Diaspora Culture, Identity, and Language Change |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter, Inc. |isbn=9781934078457}}
* O'Brien, M.A., New English–Russian and Russian–English Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications.
*{{cite book|last=Shohamy|first=Elana|title=Language policy: hidden agendas and new approaches|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415328647 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last1=Spolsky|first1=Bernard|title=The languages of Israel: policy, ideology, and practice|year=1999|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Clevedon, UK|isbn=9781853594519 |last2=Shohamy |first2=Elana }}
* {{cite book
| last1=Sussex
| first1=Roland
| author1-link=Roland Sussex
| last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul
| title=The Slavic languages
| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
| year=2006
| location=[[Cambridge]], England
| isbn=978-0-521-22315-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Timberlake
|first=Alan
|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian
|location=New York, NY
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|year=2004
|isbn=978-0-521-77292-1
|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB
|access-date=6 May 2015
|archive-date=7 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907175751/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Timberlake
| first=Alan
| chapter=Russian
| title=The Slavonic languages
| publisher=Routledge
| editor1-last=Comrie
| editor1-first=Bernard
| editor2-last=Corbett
| editor2-first=Greville G.
| year=1993
| location=London, England; New York, NY
| pages=827–886
| isbn=978-0-415-04755-5
| ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Trofimov
| first1=Michael V.
| last2=Jones
| first2=Daniel
| title=The Pronunciation of Russian
| series=Cambridge primers of pronunciation
| place=Cambridge
| publisher=University Press
| date=1923
}}
* {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Terence |author-link=Terence Wade |year=2000 |editor-last=Holman |editor-first=Michael |title=A Comprehensive Russian Grammar |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, England |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-631-20757-3 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

{{col-2}}
; In Russian
{{refbegin}}
* [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 571 – 572 14 – 31 октября 2013. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения - не на пользу русскому языку] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php |date=5 August 2014 }}
* [http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf Русский язык на рубеже XX-XXI веков] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042230/http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf |date=15 June 2013 }} — М.: Центр социального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2012. — 482 стр. Аннотация книги в [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА РУБЕЖЕ XX-XXI ВЕКОВ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203021/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php |date=1 February 2014 }}
* [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 329 – 330 14 – 27 апреля 2008. К. Гаврилов. Е. Козиевская. Е. Яценко. Тема номера: русский язык на постсоветских просторах. Где есть потребность в изучении русского языка] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405005201/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php |date=5 April 2013 }}
* [http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 251 – 252 19 июня – 20 августа 2006. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сколько людей говорят и будут говорить по-русски? Будет ли русский в числе мировых языков в будущем?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512104646/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php |date=12 May 2013 }}
* Жуковская Л. П. (отв. ред.) Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. — М.: «Наука», 1987.
* Иванов В. В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. — М.: «Просвещение», 1990.
* Новиков Л. А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы. — М.: Лань, 2003.
* Филин Ф. П. [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130042407/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm |date=30 January 2008 }} // Вопросы языкознания. — М., 1982, No. 5. — С. 18–28
{{refend}}
{{col-end}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite JIPA|last=Yanushevskaya|first=Irena |last2=Bunčić|first2=Daniel|title=Russian|volume=45|issue=2|pages=221–228|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395|printdate=2015-08|soundfiles=yes}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Russian Swadesh list}}
* [https://russianenthusiast.com/ Russian Enthusiast] - Prominent Russian language resource for English speakers
* [http://www.ruscorpora.ru/ Национальный корпус русского языка] National Corpus of the Russian Language {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.ruslang.ru/ Russian Language Institute] Language regulator of the Russian language {{in lang|ru}}

{{Russian language |state=uncollapsed}}
{{navboxes
|list =
{{Russian dialects}}
{{Slavic languages}}
{{Languages of Russia}}
{{Languages of Belarus}}
{{Languages of Kazakhstan}}
{{Languages of Kyrgyzstan}}
{{Languages of China}}
{{Languages of Israel}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{Soviet Union topics}}
}}
{{Sister bar|auto=1|wikt=Category:Russian language|iw=ru}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Russian language| ]]
[[Category:East Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages written in Cyrillic script]]
[[Category:Lingua francas]]
[[Category:Culture of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Stress-timed languages]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]

East Slavic languages

2024-09-10T10:52:48Z

Wolverène: /* Vocabulary */ m.

{{Short description|Language family}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = East Slavic
| region = [[Eurasia]] ([[Eastern Europe]], [[North Asia|Northern Asia]], and the [[Caucasus]])
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old East Slavic]]
| child1 = [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| child2 = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| child3 = [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
| child4 = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| iso5 = zle
| glotto = east1426
| glottorefname = East Slavic
| altname =
}}

The '''East Slavic languages''' constitute one of three regional subgroups of the [[Slavic languages]], distinct from the [[West Slavic languages|West]] and [[South Slavic languages]]. East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout [[Eastern Europe]], and eastwards to [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162518/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru}}</ref> In part due to the large historical influence of the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Russian language|Russian]] language is also spoken as a [[lingua franca]] in many regions of [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]. Of the three Slavic branches, East Slavic is the most spoken, with the number of native speakers larger than the Western and Southern branches combined.

The common consensus is that [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] are the extant East Slavic languages.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=79–89}} Some linguists also consider [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] a separate language,{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=7}}{{sfn|Moser|2016|p=124-139}} although it is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulichenko, Aleksandr ''The language of Carpathian Rus': Genetic Aspects'' |url=http://www.rusyn.org/images/1.%20Language%20of%20Carpathian%20Rus'.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625103006/http://www.rusyn.org/images/1.%20Language%20of%20Carpathian%20Rus'.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-25 |access-date=2009-12-12}}</ref>

The modern East Slavic languages descend from a [[Old East Slavic|common predecessor]] spoken in [[Kievan Rus']] from the 9th to 13th centuries, which later evolved into [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], the chancery language of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in the [[Dnieper]] river valley, and into medieval [[Russian language|Russian]] in the [[Volga]] river valley, the language of the Russian principalities including the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].

All these languages use the [[Cyrillic script]], but with particular modifications. [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], which are descendants of [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], have a tradition of using [[Latin alphabet|Latin-based alphabets]]—the [[Belarusian Latin alphabet|Belarusian Łacinka]] and the [[Ukrainian Latin alphabet|Ukrainian Latynka]] alphabets, respectively (also Rusyn uses Latin in some regions, e.g. in [[Slovakia]]). The Latin alphabet is traditionally more common in Belarus, while the usage of the Cyrillic script in Russia and Ukraine could never be compared to any other alphabet.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2003">{{cite book|last1=Comrie|first1=Bernard|authorlink1=Bernard Comrie|last2=Corbett|first2=Greville G.|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|accessdate=22 November 2017|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-21320-9|page=45|quote=...following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel systems|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215081739/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45}}</ref>

== Classification ==
Modern East Slavic languages include Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian. The Rusyn language is sometimes considered the fourth living language of the group, its status as an independent language being the subject of scientific debate.<ref name="Moser2016">{{Cite journal |last=Moser |first=Michael A. |year=2018 |title=The Fate of the Ruthenian or Little Russian (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536 |url-status=live |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=35 (2017–2018) |pages=124–139 |jstor=44983536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505215931/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |number=1/4}}</ref>

== Distinctive features ==

=== Vocabulary ===
The East Slavic territory exhibits a linguistic continuum with many transitional dialects. Between Belarusian and Ukrainian there is the [[West Polesian dialect|Polesian dialect]], which shares features from both languages. East Polesian is a transitional [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] between Belarusian and Ukrainian on one hand, and between South Russian and Ukrainian on the other hand. At the same time, Belarusian and [[Southern Russian]] form a [[Dialect continuum|continuous area]], making it virtually impossible to draw a line between the two languages. [[Central Russian|Central]] or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. [[Northern Russian]] with its predecessor, the [[Old Novgorod dialect]], has many original and archaic features.

Ruthenian, the ancestor of modern Belarusian and Ukrainian, was the official language of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] as "Chancery Slavonic" until the end of the 17th century when it was gradually replaced by the Polish language. It was also the native language of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] until the end of the 18th century, when the Ukrainian state completely became part of the Russian Empire in 1764.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов |url=https://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=constitution.garant.ru}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk]] from 1710 is one of the most important written sources of the Ruthenian language. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish, a [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language. As a result of the long Polish-Lithuanian rule, these languages had been less exposed to [[Church Slavonic]], featuring therefore less Church Slavonicisms than the modern Russian language, for example:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of the word "sweet"
!Ukrainian
!Belarusian
!Russian
|-
|солодкий (''solodkyj'')
|салодкі (''salodki'')
|сладкий (''sladkij'')
|}
Additionally, the original East Slavic phonetic form was kept in many words in Ukrainian and Belarusian, for example:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of the word "unit"
!Ukrainian
!Belarusian
!Russian
|-
|одиниця (''odynycia'')
|адзінка (''adzinka'')
|eдиница (''yedinica'')
|}
In general, Ukrainian and Belarusian are also closer to other Western European languages, especially to [[German language|German]] (via Polish). At the same time Russian was being heavily influenced by Church Slavonic (South Slavic language), but also by the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-14 |title=Turkic words in Russian |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/historical-linguistics/turkic-words-in-russian.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Languages Of The World |language=en-US}}</ref> For example:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of the word "to search"
!Ukrainian
!Belarusian
!Russian
|-
|шукати (''šukaty'')
|шукаць (''šukać'')
|искать (''iskat́'')
|-
| colspan="2" |Compare Polish "szukać" and [[Old Saxon|Old Low German]] "sōkian" (German "suchen")
|Compare Bulgarian "искам" (''iskam'') (with a meaning shift: "to want") and Serbo-Croatian "искати" (''iskati'')
|}
What's more, all three languages do also have [[False friend|false friends]], that sometimes can lead to (big) misunderstandings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database of False Friends in Slavic Languages |url=https://oesteuropastudier.dk/en/dictionaries/fauxamis |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Danish Portal for East European Studies |language=en-gb}}</ref> For example, Ukrainian орати (''oraty'') — "to plow" and Russian орать (''orat́'') — "to scream", or Ukrainian помітити (''pomityty'') — "to notice" and Russian пометить (''pometit́'') — "to mark".

===Orthography===

==== Alphabet ====
The alphabets of the East Slavic languages are all written in the Cyrillic script, however each of them has their own letters and pronunciations. Russian and Ukrainian have 33 letters, while Belarusian has 32. Additionally, Belarusian and Ukrainian use the [[apostrophe]] (') for the [[hard sign]], which has the same function as the letter Ъ in Russian.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em"
|+Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
! colspan="39" style="text-align: center" |East Slavic languages
|-
!Russian
|А
|Б
|В
|Г
|
|Д
|Е
|
|Ё
|Ж
|З
|И
|
|
|Й
|К
|Л
|М
|Н
|О
|П
|Р
|С
|Т
|У
|
|Ф
|Х
|Ц
|Ч
|Ш
|Щ
|Ъ
|Ы
|Ь
|Э
|Ю
|Я
|-
!Belarusian
|А
|Б
|В
|Г
|
|Д
|Е
|
|Ё
|Ж
|З
|
|І
|
|Й
|К
|Л
|М
|Н
|О
|П
|Р
|С
|Т
|У
|Ў
|Ф
|Х
|Ц
|Ч
|Ш
|
|'
|Ы
|Ь
|Э
|Ю
|Я
|-
!Ukrainian
|А
|Б
|В
|Г
|Ґ
|Д
|Е
|Є
|
|Ж
|З
|И
|І
|Ї
|Й
|К
|Л
|М
|Н
|О
|П
|Р
|С
|Т
|У
|
|Ф
|Х
|Ц
|Ч
|Ш
|Щ
|'
|
|Ь
|
|Ю
|Я
|}
Some letters, that are not included in the alphabet of a language, can be written as [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]. For example, the sound values of the letter Ё, which doesn't exist in the Ukrainian alphabet, can be written as ЙО (ЬО before and after consonants), while the letter Щ in Russian and Ukrainian corresponds to ШЧ in Belarusian (compare Belarusian плошча and Ukrainian площа ("area")).

There are also different rules of usage for certain letters, e.g. the [[soft sign]] (Ь) cannot be written after the letter Ц in Russian, because such combination straightforwardly doesn't exist in the Russian language, while in Ukrainian and especially Belarusian, on the contrary, it's a relatively common maneuver (Ukrainian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Belarusian ц; Belarusian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Ukrainian ть). Moreover, the letter Щ in standard Russian is always pronounced softly ([[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]).

Standard Ukrainian, unlike all the other Slavic languages (excl. [[Serbo-Croatian]]), does not exhibit [[Final-obstruent devoicing|final devoicing]]. Nevertheless, this rule is not that clear when listening to colloquial Ukrainian. It's one of the typical deviations that occur in the Ukrainian spoken language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Фонетика й вимова - Олександр Пономарів |url=http://ponomariv-kultura-slova.wikidot.com/fonetyka |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ponomariv-kultura-slova.wikidot.com}}</ref>

==== Different sound values of letters ====
Besides the differences of the alphabets, some letters represent different sounds depending on the language. For example, the letter И (romanized as ''I'' for Russian and ''Y'' for Ukrainian) in Russian is mostly pronounced as {{IPA|/i/}} (identical with the Ukrainian І), while in Ukrainian it's mostly pronounced as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} (very similar to the Russian Ы). Other examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|+"False friends"
! colspan="2" |Letter
!Pronunciation
|-
|Belarusian and Russian Е
|Ukrainian {{lang|uk|Є}}
|{{IPA|/je/, /ʲe/}}
|-
|Belarusian and Russian Э
|Ukrainian {{lang|uk|Е}}
|{{IPA|/e/}}
|-
|Belarusian and Russian Ы
|Ukrainian {{lang|uk|И}}
|{{IPA|/ɨ/}} (B. and R.), {{IPA|/ɪ/}} (U.)
|-
|Belarusian and Ukrainian І
|Russian {{lang|ru|И}}
|{{IPA|/i/, /ʲi/}}
|-
|Belarusian and Ukrainian Г
|no sound in Russian
|{{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
|Russian {{lang|ru|Г}}
|Ukrainian {{lang|uk|Ґ}} (rarely used)
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|}

===Phonology===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! [[Isogloss]]es
! [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern Russian]]
! Standard Russian (Moscow dialect)
! [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern Russian]]
! Standard Belarusian
! Standard Ukrainian
! Examples
|-
! scope="row" | reduction of unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} ([[akanye]])
| no || colspan="3" | yes<ref group=n>Except for the Polesian dialect of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]</ref> || no<ref group=n>Except for the Eastern [[Polesia]]n dialect</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɡɐlɐˈva/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|галава́}} {{IPA|/ɣalaˈva/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɦɔlɔˈʋa/}} "head"
|-
! scope="row" | pretonic {{IPA|/ʲe/}} ([[yakanye]])
| {{IPA|/ʲe/}} || {{IPA|/ʲi/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʲa/}} || {{IPA|/e/}}<ref group=n>Consonants are hard before {{IPA|/e/}}</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|земля́}} {{IPA|/zʲiˈmlʲa/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|зямля́}} {{IPA|/zʲaˈmlʲa/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|земля́}} {{IPA|/zeˈmlʲa/}} "earth"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''i''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/i/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<ref group=n>Except for some dialects</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|лист}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲist/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|ліст}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲist/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|лист}} {{IPA|/ˈlɪst/}} "leaf"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''y''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/ɨ/}} || {{nowrap|R./B. {{wikt-lang|ru|ты}} {{IPA|/ˈtɨ/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|ти}} {{IPA|/ˈtɪ/}} "thou, you"}}
|-
! scope="row" | stressed CoC
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/o/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}<ref group=n>In some Ukrainian dialects C{{IPA|/o/}}C can be {{IPA|/y~y̯e~y̯i~u̯o/}}</ref><ref group=n>In some Ukrainian dialects PSl *''ě'' can be {{IPA|/e̝~i̯ɛ/}}</ref> || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ночь}} {{IPA|/ˈnot͡ɕ/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|ноч}} {{IPA|/ˈnot͡ʂ/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|ніч}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲit͡ʃ/}} "night"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''ě''
| {{IPA|/e̝~i̯ɛ~i/}} || colspan="3" | {{IPA|/e/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|се́мя}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲemʲa/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|се́мя}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲemʲa/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|сі́м'я}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲimja/}} "seed"
|-
! scope="row" | /e/>/o/ change before nonpalatalized consonants<ref group=n>Also at the end of words (in Russian and Belarusian). In Belarusian (unlike Russian), the change is not present in stressed 2 and 3 sg. pres. ind. endings.</ref>
| always || colspan="3" | under stress || after /j/, /nʲ/, /lʲ/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|зелёный}} {{IPA|/zʲiˈlʲonɨj/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|зялёны}} {{IPA|/zʲaˈlʲonɨ/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|зеле́ний}} {{IPA|/zeˈlenɪj/}} "green"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''c''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/t͡s/}}<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/s/}} in South Russian</ref><ref group=n name="c">In some Northern Russian dialects, Proto-Slavic *''c'' and *''č'' have merged into one sound, variously pronounced as {{IPA|/t͡s, t͡sʲ, t͡ʂ, t͡ɕ/}} depending on a dialect.</ref> || {{IPA|/t͡s, t͡sʲ/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''č''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/ɕ/}} in Southern Russian</ref><ref group=n name="c"/> || {{IPA|/t͡ʂ/}} || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ɕas/}} "hour", B. {{wikt-lang|be|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ʂas/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ʃas/}} "time (of day)"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''skj'', ''zgj''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɕː/}},<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/ɕt͡ɕ/}}, {{IPA|/ʂː/}}</ref> {{IPA|/ʑː/}} || {{IPA|/ʂt͡ʂ/}}, {{IPA|/ʐd͡ʐ/}} || {{IPA|/ʃt͡ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒd͡ʒ/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | soft [[dental stop]]s
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/dʲ/}}<ref group=n>In Russian light affrication can occur: {{IPA|[tˢʲ]}} , {{IPA|[dᶻʲ]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/t͡sʲ/}}, {{IPA|/d͡zʲ/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/dʲ/}} || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|де́сять}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲesʲitʲ/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|дзе́сяць}} {{IPA|/ˈd͡zʲesʲat͡sʲ/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|де́сять}} {{IPA|/ˈdesʲatʲ/}} "ten"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''v''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/v, f/}}<ref group=n>In some Northern Russian sub-dialects {{IPA|/v/}} is not devoiced to {{IPA|/f/}}</ref> || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/v/}} {{IPA|[v, w]}} || {{IPA|/w/}} {{IPA|[β, w]}} || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|о́стров}} {{IPA|/ˈostraf/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|во́страў}} {{IPA|/ˈvostrau̯/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|о́стрів}} {{IPA|/ˈostriʋ/}} "island"}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IPA|/f/}} (in loanwords)
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} || {{IPA|/x~xv~xw~xu̯/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Prothetic {{IPA|/v~w~u̯/}}
| colspan="2" | no<ref group=n>Except for ''восемь'' "eight" and some others</ref> || colspan="3" | yes || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|о́стров}} {{IPA|/ˈostraf/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|во́страў}} {{IPA|/ˈvostrau̯/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|о́стрів}} {{IPA|/ˈostriʋ/}} "island"}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Proto-Slavic]] *''g''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɡɐlɐˈva/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|галава́}} {{IPA|/ɣalaˈva/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɦɔlɔˈʋa/}} "head"
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Hardening of final soft [[labial consonant|labials]]
| colspan="2" | no || colspan="3" | yes ||R. {{wikt-lang|ru|степь}} /sʲtʲepʲ/,
B. стэп /stɛp/,
U. {{wikt-lang|uk|степ}} /stɛp/

"steppe"
|-
! scope="row" | Hardening of soft {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
| colspan="3" | no || yes || partially ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''CrьC, ClьC, CrъC, CrъC''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/rʲe/}}, {{IPA|/lʲe/}}, {{IPA|/ro/}}, {{IPA|/lo/}} || {{IPA|/rɨ/}}, {{IPA|/lʲi/}}, {{IPA|/rɨ/}}, {{IPA|/lɨ/}} || {{IPA|/rɪ/}}, {{IPA|/lɪ/}}, {{IPA|/rɪ/}}, {{IPA|/lɪ/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *-''ъj-'', -''ьj''-
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/oj/}}, {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ɨj/}}, {{IPA|/ij/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic adj. end. *''-ьjь''
| {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ij/}},<ref group=n name=chsl>Only unstressed, [[Church Slavonic]] influence</ref> {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ej/}}<ref group=n>Stressed, unstressed is usually reduced to {{IPA|[ʲəj]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/ij/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/ij/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic adj. end. *''-ъjь''
| {{IPA|/oj/}} || {{IPA|/ɨj/}},<ref group=n name=chsl/> {{IPA|/oj/}} || {{IPA|/oj/}}<ref group=n>Stressed, unstressed is usually reduced to {{IPA|[əj]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/ɨj/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Loss of the vocative case
| no || colspan="3" | yes<ref group=n>In colloquial Russian, new vocative has appeared from a pure stem: мам, пап, Маш, Вань etc.</ref> || no ||
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sg. & pl. pres. ind.
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}} || {{IPA|/t͡sʲ/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}} || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ду́мают}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajut/}}, B. {{lang|be|ду́маюць}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajut͡sʲ/}}, Uk. {{lang|uk|ду́мають}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajutʲ/}} "(they) think"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Dropping out of 3 sg. pres. ind. ending (in ''e''-stems)
| colspan="2" | no || colspan="3" | yes ||
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sg. masc. past ind.
| {{IPA|/v~w~u̯/}}<ref group=n>In the dialect of [[Vologda]]</ref> || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/v, w/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ду́мал}} {{IPA|/ˈdumal/}}, B. {{lang|be|ду́маў}} {{IPA|/ˈdumau̯/}}, U. {{lang|uk|ду́мав}} {{IPA|/ˈdumaʋ/}} "(he) thought"
|-
! scope="row" | [[Slavic second palatalization|2nd palatalization]] in oblique cases
| colspan="3" | no || colspan="2" | yes || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|рука|руке́}} {{IPA|/ruˈkʲe/}}, B. {{wikt-lang|be|рука|руцэ́}} {{IPA|/ruˈt͡se/}}, U. {{wikt-lang|uk|рука|руці́}} {{IPA|/ruˈt͡sʲi/}} "hand" ([[locative case|locative]] or [[prepositional case]])
|}

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n|2}}

==History==

===Influence of Church Slavonic===
After the conversion of the East Slavic region to Christianity the people used service books borrowed from [[Bulgaria]], which were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]] (a [[South Slavic language]]).{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=63–65}} The Church Slavonic language was strictly used only in text, while the colloquial language of the [[Bulgarians]] was communicated in its spoken form.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Throughout the Middle Ages (and in some way up to the present day) there existed a duality between the Church Slavonic language used as some kind of 'higher' register (not only) in religious texts and the popular tongue used as a 'lower' register for secular texts. It has been suggested to describe this situation as ''[[diglossia]]'', although there do exist mixed texts where it is sometimes very hard to determine why a given author used a popular or a Church Slavonic form in a given context. Church Slavonic was a major factor in the evolution of modern Russian, where there still exists a "high stratum" of words that were imported from this language.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|pp=477–478}}

==See also==
* [[Outline of Slavic history and culture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Moser|first=Michael A.|chapter=Rusyn: A New-Old Language In-between Nations and States|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders|year=2016|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=124–139|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7|isbn=978-1-349-57703-3|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114121225/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Rusyn Language|last=Pugh|first=Stefan M.|year=2009|publisher=LINCOM GmbH|location=Munich, Germany|isbn=978-3-89586-940-2|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/2WPXQMIRNX7WE2VPAI6JHAOSMXYMVH5P|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215214401/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/2WPXQMIRNX7WE2VPAI6JHAOSMXYMVH5P|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book
| last = Sussex
| first = Roland
| author-link = Roland Sussex
| last2 = Cubberley
| first2 = Paul
| title = The Slavic languages
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| year = 2006
| location = [[Cambridge]]
| isbn = 978-0-521-22315-7
}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| chapter = East Slavonic languages
| title = The Slavonic languages
| publisher = Routledge
| editor1-last= Comrie
| editor1-first = Bernard
| editor2-last= Corbett
| editor2-first = Greville G
| year = 1993
| location = London, New York
| pages = 827–1036
| isbn = 0-415-04755-2
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2024/03/belgorod-residents-speak-their-own.html "Belgorod Residents Speak Their Own Language, Even Russian Linguists Say"] by [[Paul A. Goble]], ''Window on Eurasia'' (March 24, 2024)

{{Slavic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East Slavic Languages}}
[[Category:East Slavic languages| ]]

Bonnie Hunt

2024-09-06T13:02:37Z

Wolverène: ,

{{short description|American actress and comedian (born 1961)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bonnie Hunt
| image = Bonniehunt06.jpg
| caption = Hunt at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] in 2006
| birth_name = Bonnie Lynn Hunt
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|comedian|director|producer|writer|television host}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| spouse = {{marriage|John Murphy|1988|2008|reason={{abbr|div.|divorced}}}}
| module = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes
| medium = Film, television
| genre = [[Improvisational comedy]]
| subject = [[Popular culture]]
| children =
| parents =
| signature =
| website =
}}
}}
'''Bonnie Lynn Hunt''' (born September 22, 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieactors.com/actors/bonniehunt.htm|title=About Bonnie Hunt (1961– )|access-date=October 22, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726224153/http://www.movieactors.com/actors/bonniehunt.htm|url-status=dead}} MovieActors.com</ref> is an American actress, comedian, director, producer, writer, and television host. Her film roles include ''[[Rain Man]]'', ''[[Beethoven (film)|Beethoven]]'', ''[[Beethoven's 2nd (film)|Beethoven's 2nd]]'', ''[[Jumanji]]'', ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'', ''[[The Green Mile (film)|The Green Mile]]'', ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)|Cheaper by the Dozen]]'', and ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen 2]]''.

Hunt has done voice work in ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', ''[[Zootopia]]'', and the ''[[Monsters, Inc. (franchise)|Monsters, Inc.]]'', ''[[Cars (franchise)|Cars]]'', and ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]'' franchises. She starred in ''[[Grand (TV series)|Grand]]'' and ''[[Davis Rules]]'', as well as creating, producing, writing, and starring in ''[[The Building (TV series)|The Building]]'', ''[[Bonnie (TV series)|Bonnie]]'', and ''[[Life with Bonnie]]''. From 2008 to 2010, she hosted ''[[The Bonnie Hunt Show]]''.

==Early life==
Bonnie Lee Hunt was born on September 22, 1961, in [[Chicago, Illinois]], to Robert Edward Hunt (1927-1981), an electrician, and Alice E. Hunt (née Jatczak)(1925-2021).<ref name="Filmreference-Bio" /> Her father was of [[Irish American|Irish]] and [[Belgians|Belgian]] ancestry and her mother is of [[Polish American|Polish]] descent.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Episode |series=The Bonnie Hunt Show |series-link=The Bonnie Hunt Show |credits=Bonnie Hunt, host; [[Jared Padalecki]], guest |airdate=February 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Grahnke1992-04-14" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/s/c/h/Carrie-A-Schafer/GENE2-0048.html |title=Genealogy Report: Descendants of Joannis Backes |website=[[Family Tree Maker]] |access-date=February 17, 2012}}</ref> She has three older brothers named Patrick, Kevin, and Tom, two older sisters named Cathy and Carol, and a younger sister named Mary.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
She was educated in [[Catholic school]]s, attending [[List of schools of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago|Saint Ferdinand School]] and [[Notre Dame High School for Girls]] in Chicago, and worked part-time as a nurse's aide.<ref name=post>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/04/17/in-the-magazine/people-and-places/teaming-bonnie-hunt.html |title=Teaming Up with Bonnie Hunt |last=Reiss |first=Dawn |date=April 17, 2009 |magazine=[[The Saturday Evening Post]]}}</ref>

In 1982, Hunt worked as an [[oncology]] nurse at [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]] in Chicago. In 1984, she co-founded an [[improvisational comedy]] troupe called An Impulsive Thing.<ref name=post/> Hunt also performed as a member of Chicago's world-famous the [[The Second City|Second City]], joining in 1986.

In 1988, while a nurse, Hunt auditioned on her lunch break for the role of waitress Sally Dibbs in ''[[Rain Man]]'' and won it.<ref name=post/>

==Career==
In 1990, Hunt portrayed Carol Anne Smithson in ''[[Grand (TV series)|Grand]]''. She refused to become a cast member of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' because the series' producers generally frowned on her preferred improvisational style. In 1992, she was offered the part of B.J. Poteet, a replacement for [[Julia Duffy]], on ''[[Designing Women]]''.<ref name=Collins/> Instead, she chose to co-star in ''[[Davis Rules]]''.

In 1993, Hunt teamed with good friend [[David Letterman]] to produce ''[[The Building (TV series)|The Building]]''. The series was also filmed live; mistakes, accidents, and forgotten lines were often left in the aired episode.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} In 1995, Hunt and Letterman reteamed for ''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' (later retitled ''Bonnie''), which featured many of the same cast members as ''The Building'' and the same loose style. The show was praised by critics but was canceled after 11 of the 13 episodes produced were aired. In 2002, Hunt returned to television with ''[[Life with Bonnie]]''. Her role on the series earned her a 2004 [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] nomination (which was her first). Despite fair ratings, the series was canceled in its second season. Hunt announced on ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'' that ABC had offered her another sitcom, in which she would have portrayed a divorced detective. This pilot titled ''Let Go'' (also known as ''Crimes and Dating'') was not picked up for the fall 2006 schedule.

She directed, co-wrote, and co-starred in ''[[Return to Me]]''. It was filmed in her Chicago neighborhood and included bit parts for a number of her relatives. The film, which received a positive reception from critics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/return_to_me/ |title=Return to Me |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> was largely influenced by Hunt's blue-collar Catholic upbringing in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2000-04-02/entertainment/17643420_1_fight-cancer-bonnie-hunt-second-city |title=Hunt's Full Heart |last=Stack |first=Peter |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=April 2, 2000 |access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>

Hunt portrayed Alice Newton in ''[[Beethoven (film)|Beethoven]]'' and ''[[Beethoven's 2nd (film)|Beethoven's 2nd]]'', Sarah Whittle/Madam Serena in ''[[Jumanji (film)|Jumanji]]'', and Kate Baker in ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)|Cheaper by the Dozen]]'' and ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen 2]]''. She portrayed the sister of Renée Zellweger's character in ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' and Jan Edgecomb in ''[[The Green Mile (film)|The Green Mile]]''. She portrayed Grace Bellamy in ''[[Loggerheads (2005 film)|Loggerheads]]''. She has provided her voice for a total of eight [[Pixar]] films: ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' as Rosie, ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' as Ms. Flint, ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'', ''[[Cars 2]]'', and ''[[Cars 3]]'' as [[Sally Carrera]], ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' and ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' as Dolly, and ''[[Monsters University]]'' as Karen Graves. In addition, Hunt voiced Bonnie Hopps in the [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]' film, ''[[Zootopia]]'', which marked her first non-Pixar animated film.

===''The Bonnie Hunt Show''===
{{main|The Bonnie Hunt Show}}

In 2007, Hunt taped a pilot episode for [[Telepictures]]. The pilot was approved and the talk show was created. ''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' premiered on Monday, September 8, 2008. The set design was a tribute to [[Dean Martin]] and on the walls are pictures of historic television personalities, as well as Hunt's family members. The series was inspired by the format of ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'', with the host and guests often interacting with the audience. Many of the series' staffers were longtime friends of Hunt's from Chicago. The series typically started with an opening monologue followed by guest interviews and games played with the audience. Hunt's mother Alice often appeared in [[webcast]]s from her home in Chicago. ''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' taped in Culver City, California, and was viewed in 17 of the top 20 US television markets in the United States. In its first year, ''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' was nominated for three Daytime Emmy Awards, for opening theme, hairstyle, and makeup. It won the Gracie Award for "Outstanding Talk Show" in 2009. In 2010, Hunt was nominated for "Outstanding Talk Show Host" at the Daytime Emmy Awards. The final episode aired on May 26, 2010.

==Personal life==
In 1988, Hunt married investment banker John Murphy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2000/04/28/true-blue-bonnie-hunt/?outputType=amp |title=True blue Bonnie Hunt |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=April 28, 2000 |access-date=December 15, 2023}}</ref> The couple separated in 2006; their divorce was officially finalized in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/bonnie-hunt-bio-ex-husband-divorce-and-reason-for-divorce/ |title=Bonnie Hunt - Bio, Ex-Husband, Divorce and Reason for Divorce |publisher=Naija News |date= July 21, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2023}}</ref>

Hunt is a lifelong [[Chicago Cubs]] fan, having not missed an opening day at [[Wrigley Field]] since 1977. She was in attendance in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] for the Cubs' historic Game 7 victory during the [[2016 World Series]].

She is a supporter of the [[Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation]], of which she is an honorary board member.<ref name="TheMMRF" />

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988
! scope="row"| ''[[Rain Man]]''
| Sally Dibbs (the waitress)
|
|-
| 1992
! scope="row"| ''[[Beethoven (film)|Beethoven]]''
| Alice Newton
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
! scope="row"| ''[[Dave (film)|Dave]]''
| White House Tour Guide
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Beethoven's 2nd (film)|Beethoven's 2nd]]''
| Alice Newton
|
|-
| 1994
! scope="row"| ''[[Only You (1994 film)|Only You]]''
| Kate Corvatch
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995
! scope="row"| ''[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]''
| Mrs. DeWitt
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jumanji]]''
| Sarah Whittle
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1996
! scope="row"| ''[[Getting Away with Murder (1996 film)|Getting Away with Murder]]''
| Gail Holland
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jerry Maguire]]''
| Laurel Boyd
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1998
! scope="row"| ''{{sortname|A|Bug's Life}}''
| Rosie (voice)
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kissing a Fool]]''
| Linda Streicher
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999
! scope="row"| ''[[Random Hearts]]''
| Wendy Judd
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''{{sortname|The|Green Mile|The Green Mile (film)}}''
| Jan Edgecomb
|
|-
| 2000
! scope="row"| ''[[Return to Me]]''
| Megan Dayton
| Also director and co-writer
|-
| 2001
! scope="row"| ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]''
| Ms. Flint (voice)
|
|-
| 2002
! scope="row"| ''[[Stolen Summer]]''
| Margaret O'Malley
|
|-
| 2003
! scope="row"| ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)|Cheaper by the Dozen]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kate Baker
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
! scope="row"| ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen 2]]''
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Loggerheads (2005 film)|Loggerheads]]''
| Grace
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006
! scope="row"| ''[[I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With]]''
| Stella Lewis
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]''
| [[Sally Carrera]] (voice)
|
|-
| 2009
! scope="row"| ''[[Hurricane Season (2009 film)|Hurricane Season]]''
| Principal
|
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Toy Story 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[List of Toy Story characters#Dolly|Dolly]] (voice)
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Hawaiian Vacation]]''
| Short film
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars 2]]''
| Sally Carrera (voice)
|
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Monsters University]]''
| Karen Graves (voice)
|
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Zootopia]]''
| Bonnie Hopps (voice)
|
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars 3]]''
| Sally Carrera (voice)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/05/30/sneak-peek-exclusive-cars-3-new-character-cruz-ramirez/84981778/?hootPostID=15e4821211580d8c480a7f4ec7f520ef |title=Sneak peek: 'Cars 3' zooms ahead with new character Cruz Ramirez |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |first=Bryan |last=Alexander |date=May 30, 2016 |access-date=2024-01-26 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Toy Story 4]]''
| Dolly (voice)
|
|-
| 2021
! scope="row"| ''[[The Ultimate Playlist of Noise]]''
| Dr. Lubinsky
|
|-
| 2024
! scope="row"| ''[[Red One (film)|Red One]]''
| [[Mrs. Claus]]
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1984
! scope="row"| ''[[American Playhouse]]''
| Foxtrot Dancer
| Episode: "Under the Biltmore Clock"
|-
| 1990
! scope="row"| ''[[Grand (TV series)|Grand]]''
| Carol Anne Smithson
| Main role (26 episodes)
|-
| 1991–92
! scope="row"| ''[[Davis Rules]]''
| Gwen Davis
| Main role (18 episodes)
|-
| 1993
! scope="row"| ''[[The Building (TV series)|The Building]]''
| Bonnie Kennedy
| Lead role; also creator, executive producer, writer
|-
| 1995–96
! scope="row"| ''[[Bonnie (TV series)|Bonnie]]''
| Bonnie Kelly
| Lead role; also co-creator, producer, writer
|-
| 1997
! scope="row"| ''[[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]''
| Herself
| Played alongside her mother Alice
|-
| 1997
! scope="row"| ''[[Subway Stories|Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground]]''
| Fern
| Vignette: "Fern's Heart of Darkness"
|-
| 2002–04
! scope="row"| ''[[Life with Bonnie]]''
| Bonnie Molloy
| Lead role; also co-creator, director, executive producer, writer
|-
| 2006
! scope="row"| ''Let Go''
| Kate Holloway
| Unsold ABC pilot; lead role, also director, executive producer, writer
|-
| 2008–10
! scope="row"| ''{{sortname|The|Bonnie Hunt Show}}''
| Herself / Host
| Also executive producer, writer
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[The Life & Times of Tim]]''
| Gabe's Mother (voice)
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2013–18
! scope="row"| ''[[Sofia the First]]''
| Aunt Tilly (voice)
| Recurring role (7 episodes)
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Call Me Crazy: A Five Film]]''
| {{dash}}
| TV film; Director of "[[Call Me Crazy: A Five Film#Segment Eddie|Eddie]]" segment
|-
| 2014
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars Toons|Cars Toons: Tales From Radiator Springs]]''
| Sally Carrera (voice)
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Escape at Dannemora]]''
| Catherine Leahy Scott<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harnick |first1=Chris |title=Why Bonnie Hunt Returned to TV for Escape at Dannemora |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/988242/why-bonnie-hunt-returned-to-tv-for-escape-at-dannemora |website=E! Online |access-date=December 28, 2021 |date=November 18, 2018}}</ref>
| Miniseries (7 episodes)
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Forky Asks a Question]]''
| Dolly (voice)
| Episode: "What Is a Leader?"
|-
| 2021
! scope="row"| ''[[Monsters at Work]]''
| Ms. Flint (voice)
| 6 episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Amber Brown (TV series)|Amber Brown]]''
| {{dash}}
| Creator, director, executive producer, writer
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars on the Road]]''
| Sally Carrera (voice)
| Episode: "Dino Park"
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Zootopia+]]''
| Bonnie Hopps (voice)
| Episode: "Hopp on Board"
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Voice role
|-
| 1998
! scope="row"| ''A Bug's Life''
| Rosie
|-
| 2006
! scope="row"| ''[[Cars (video game)|Cars]]''
| Sally Carrera
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Toy Story 3: The Video Game]]''
| [[List of Toy Story characters#Dolly|Dolly]]
|}

===Theme park attractions===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Radiator Springs Racers]]''
| Sally Carrera
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Result
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Jumanji]]''
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Bonnie (TV series)|Bonnie]]''
| [[Viewers for Quality Television]] Founder's Award
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Green Mile (film)|The Green Mile]]''
| [[Blockbuster Entertainment Award]] for Favorite Supporting Actress – Drama
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Life with Bonnie]]''
| [[TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Bonnie Hunt Show]]''
| [[Daytime Emmy Award]] for Outstanding Talk Show Host
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist
| refs =

<ref name="Filmreference-Bio">
{{cite web |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/6/Bonnie-Hunt.html |title=Bonnie Hunt Biography |website=Film Reference |access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Grahnke1992-04-14">{{cite news |last=Grahnke |first=Lon |title=Hunt draws on improv talents for 'Davis' role |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=April 14, 1992 |page=43 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB373A952BEE9E4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |access-date=August 12, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=Collins>{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Scott |title=Hunt ready to take on daytime |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=August 31, 2008 | page=10 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1545117111.html?dids=1545117111:1545117111&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+31%2C+2008&author=Scott+Collins&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Hunt+ready+to+take+on+daytime&pqatl=google |access-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105033736/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1545117111.html?dids=1545117111:1545117111&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+31%2C+2008&author=Scott+Collins&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Hunt+ready+to+take+on+daytime&pqatl=google |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="TheMMRF">{{cite web |url=http://www.themmrf.org/about-the-mmrf/leadership/honorary-board-of-directors.html |title=Honorary Board |website=[[Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation]] |access-date=August 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715050906/http://www.themmrf.org/about-the-mmrf/leadership/honorary-board-of-directors.html |archive-date=July 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bonnie Hunt}}

* {{IMDb name|1372}}
* {{TCMDb name|id=90820|name=Bonnie Hunt}}

{{Bonnie Hunt}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt, Bonnie}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chicago]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American nurses]]
[[Category:American people of Belgian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:American television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American video game actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American women nurses]]
[[Category:American women screenwriters]]
[[Category:American women television directors]]
[[Category:American women television producers]]
[[Category:American women television writers]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Comedians from Chicago]]
[[Category:Disney people]]
[[Category:Pixar people]]
[[Category:Television producers from Illinois]]
[[Category:Writers from Chicago]]
[[Category:The Second City Training Center alumni]]

Howard Ziehm

2024-09-04T17:50:35Z

Wolverène:

{{Short description|American adult film director and producer (1940–2024)}}
'''Howard Ziehm''' (April 7, 1940 – August 26, 2024) was an American director, director of photography, producer, and writer of adult cinema.

Ziehm is regarded as a pioneer in the porn industry. His 1970 film ''[[Mona the Virgin Nymph]]'' was the first 35mm adult feature film that was nationally released in theaters. He was inducted into the [[X-Rated Critics Organization|XRCO]] (X-Rated Critics Organization) Hall of Fame for his work in 1986.

Ziehm's best-known film is ''[[Flesh Gordon]]'', a 1974 soft sex spoof of the [[Flash Gordon]] serials. It was nominated for a [[Hugo Award]] for "Best Dramatic Presentation" in 1975 and is now celebrated as a cult classic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loftcinema.com/film/flesh-gordon/|title=Flesh Gordon, The Loft Cinema|website=The Loft Cinema|date=19 May 2015|access-date=2016-09-11}}</ref> The film is also notable for providing the training grounds for several now-famous special effects artists like [[Rick Baker]], [[Dennis Muren]] and [[Greg Jein]]; animator [[Jim Danforth]] also worked on the film.

== Early life and career ==
Born on April 7, 1940, Ziehm grew up in a strict Lutheran family as the oldest of five siblings. He went to highschool in Monterey, California, before enrolling at MIT to study engineering and mathematics. He dropped out of college before graduation, however.

In 1961, he moved to Berkeley and opened a folk music club called The Cabale in September 1962. He encountered marijuana and even tried his hand at smuggling drugs, hitchhiked across North America and enjoyed the sexual revolution of the 1960s. He lost his co-ownership of The Cabale and moved to Los Angeles in 1967, where he briefly worked as a carpenter and started a rock band.

He met a business-savvy young man named [[Bill Osco]], who became the manager of Ziehm's short-lived band. Osco wanted to get involved with the movie business, so he and Ziehm founded Graffiti Productions and started making [[porn loop]]s. Ziehm would direct and shoot the films, Osco would produce and sell them. Since pornography, despite still being illegal, was quickly becoming an in-demand product, Graffiti was successful enough not only to become a sought-after supplier of films, but also to start producing longer, more ambitious films.

After two feature films (''What Happened to Stud Flame?'' and ''Virgin Runaway''), Graffiti made [[Mona the Virgin Nymph|Mona: The Virgin Nymph]], which became the first pornographic 35mm feature film to be nationally released in regular theaters and helped start the "[[Golden Age of Porn|porno chic]]" of the 1970s. Ziehm co-directed the film with Michael Benveniste and served as its director of photography. The film had no credits because the filmmakers didn't want to draw attention to themselves, and since Osco was the one travelling around and selling the movie to theaters, he was sometimes thought of as the director or sole creator of Graffiti's films.

Ziehm and Osco quickly followed up with several other films, including [[Harlot (1971 film)|Harlot]], ''City of Sin'' and ''Seeds of Lust''. Ziehm often credited himself as "Harry Hopper". He would later on use a variety of other names such as "Lynn Metz", "Linus Gator" or "Hans Johnson".

In 1972, Graffiti wanted to produce a more ambitious film: a porn parody of the old [[Flash Gordon]] serials called [[Flesh Gordon]]. The production was plagued by numerous problems, including a police raid where all the negatives were confiscated, and the budget quickly ballooned from $25,000 to a reported $700,000. During the making of the film, Ziehm had a falling-out with Osco over financial issues, and became the sole owner of Graffiti. Osco would later go on and produce [[Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)|Alice in Wonderland]], a sex musical version of the [[Lewis Carroll]] tale.

While Flesh Gordon was successful, Ziehm did not want to move into regular, i.e. non-pornographic film work. He struck up a partnership with producer Peter Locke and made six more adult feature films from 1976 to 1981: ''Sexteen'', ''Honey Pie'', ''Sweet Cakes'', ''Hot Cookies'', ''Star Virgin'' and ''Naughty Network''. By then, video had replaced film in the production of adult movies, and since Ziehm was not interested in competing with decreasing budgets, he retired from filmmaking - even though he appeared as a performer in [[Suze Randall]]'s 1984 film ''Miss Passion''.

In 1989, Ziehm returned to the director's chair one more time for a sequel to Flesh Gordon called [[Flesh Gordon Meets the Cosmic Cheerleaders]]. The film failed to perform at the box office, and Ziehm retired for good.

== Post-retirement activities ==
After making his last adult feature film ''Naughty Network'' in 1981, Ziehm began to focus on other endeavors, including a series of vocabulary training audio cassettes called ''Wordbank'' and ''Wordbuilders''.

In the 90's, Ziehm edited two books of historic cartoons. The first, ''Golf in the Comic Strips'', was released in 1997. It collected golf-related cartoons from 1897 to 1995 and featured a foreword by [[Bob Hope]]. Two years later, a collection called ''Lawyers in the Comic Strips'' followed.

In 2015, Ziehm published his memoirs, Take Your Shame and Shove It: My Wild Journey Through the Mysterious Sexual Cosmos. The book was first released as an ebook, a paperback followed in early 2016.

In March 2015, [[The Rialto Report]] released a 99-minute audio interview<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therialtoreport.com/2015/03/15/howard-ziehm-mona-and-marijuana-music-and-m-i-t/|title=Howard Ziehm: Mona… (and marijuana, music, and M.I.T.)|date=2015-03-15|website=The Rialto Report|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> of Ziehm.

In June 2016, Ziehm started a website called [http://www.howardziehm.com howardziehm.com]. The site includes his personal blog ''ShameBusters'' where he attacks prudery and prejudices.

In September 2017, director Christian Genzel began production on the documentary ''Finding Planet Porno'', which details Ziehm's life and career. Interviewees include Ziehm himself and ''Flesh Gordon'' actors Jason Williams, [[William Dennis Hunt]] and Bruce Scott.

Ziehm died on August 26, 2024, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite web |title=Howard Ziehm was an erratic underground filmmaker on the brink of legality. |url=https://www.facebook.com/turbinemedien/posts/pfbid0qxt8KED6qWcAkhJzDUigi7d1p5Rb2h9u5v91hHZZhZye8Ezp4gquhtyEC3eETgfYl |website=Turbine on Facebook |access-date=2 September 2024 |date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=R.I.P. Howard Ziehm: Mona… (and marijuana, music, and M.I.T.) – Podcast Reprise |url=https://www.therialtoreport.com/2024/09/01/howard-ziehm-2/ |website=The Rialto Report |access-date=2 September 2024 |date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Director
of Photography
!Writer
!Producer
!Notes
|-
|1970
|Whatever Happened to Stud Flame?
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1970
|Virgin Runaway
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1970
|[[Mona the Virgin Nymph|Mona: The Virgin Nymph]]
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|(uncredited, co-directed with Michael Benveniste)
|-
|1970
|Hollywood Blue
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|1971
|[[Harlot (1971 film)|Harlot]]
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Howard Zeihm,
co-directed with Michael Benveniste)
|-
|1971
|The Daring French Touch
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper)
|-
|1971
|Seeds of Lust
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper and William A. Boedeker)
|-
|1971
|City of Sin
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper)
|-
|1971
|Naked Hunter
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper)
|-
|1972
|The Incredible Body Snatchers
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper and William A. Boedecker)
|-
|1972
|Tijuana Blue
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(as Harry Hopper and William A. Boedecker)
|-
|1973
|Cop Killers
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|-
|1974
|[[Flesh Gordon]]
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(co-directed with Michael Benveniste)
|-
|1975
|Sexteen
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(credited as Lynn Metz)
|-
|1976
|Honey Pie
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1976
|Sweet Cakes
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(credited as Hans Johnson)
|-
|1977
|Hot Cookies
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(credited as Albert Wilder)
|-
|1979
|Star Virgin
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(credited as Linus Gator and Thomas Jacques)
|-
|1981
|Naughty Network
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|(credited as Linus Gator)
|-
|1990
|[[Flesh Gordon Meets the Cosmic Cheerleaders]]
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|{{center|{{X mark}}}}
|
|
|}

== Publications ==
* 1997: ''Golf in the Comic Strips: A Historic Collection of Classic Cartoons.'' General Publishing, {{ISBN|1-57544-053-9}}.
* 1999: ''Lawyers in the Comic Strips.'' General Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-575441-19-1}}.
* 2015: ''Take Your Shame and Shove It: My Wild Journey through the Mysterious Sexual Cosmos''. Graffiti Productions, {{ISBN|978-0692593646}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziehm, Howard}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American pornographic film directors]]
[[Category:American pornographic film producers]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]

Julie St. Claire

2024-08-30T18:49:19Z

Wolverène:

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Julie St. Claire
|birth_name = Juliette Marie Capone
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|6|10}}
|birth_place = [[Geneva, New York]] U.S.
|occupation = Actress, director, producer
|yearsactive = 1982–2009
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Patrick Robert Smith (1995–present)}}

'''Julie St. Claire''' (born '''Juliette Marie Capone'''; June 10, 1970), is an American actress, director, and producer.{{Citation needed |date=January 2021}}

==Early life==
St. Claire was born in [[Geneva, New York]], but moved to California with her family in 1979. She competed in the U.S. Gymnastic Federation as a child, and also showed horses (both Western and English).{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}

==Career==
In 1982 she debuted on the [[NBC]] television series ''[[Silver Spoons]]'', portraying [[Ricky Schroder]]'s girlfriend, which led to numerous guest appearances and film roles,{{Citation needed |date=January 2021}} including ''[[Sid & Nancy]]'' (1986). The Southern California Motion Picture Council awarded her the Bronze Halo in 1983 for Best Up & Coming Young Actress; she also received a nomination for the [[Young Artist Award]].

Her first regular television role came on ''Personal & Confidential''. Following high school, after a year of attending the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (West) in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] on a scholarship, in 1990 she starred as Tawny Richards on the soap opera series ''[[Santa Barbara (TV series)|Santa Barbara]]''.{{Citation needed |date=October 2023}} In 1987 she was nominated for "Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress, Guest Starring in a Television, Comedy or Drama Series" for a 1986 appearance on ''[[The Judge (TV series)|The Judge]]''.

==Later work==
After ''Santa Barbara'' and along with many more film and television roles, St. Claire went on to star as Maria in [[UPN]]'s ''[[A.J.'s Time Travelers]]'' and portrayed Marla Antoni on ''[[Lincoln Heights (TV series)|Lincoln Heights]]''.

==Personal details==
St. Claire lives in California with her husband, actor Patrick R. Smith, and their son. She is a member of the Hollywood Knights celebrity basketball team hall of fame and has been credited as "Julie Capone".<ref>[http://www.hollywoodknights.com/hk/halloffame2.htm Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063606/http://www.hollywoodknights.com/hk/halloffame2.htm |date=October 27, 2007 }}, HollywoodKnights.com; accessed April 11, 2015.</ref> She attended [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts|AADA West]] in [[Pasadena, California]].{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}

==See also==
* ''[[Lima: Breaking the Silence]]'' (1999 film)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0002930|name=Julie St. Claire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Claire, Julie}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:Film producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Geneva, New York]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Julie St. Claire

2024-08-30T18:48:54Z

Wolverène: /* Personal details */ clarifying

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Julie St. Claire
|birth_name = Juliette Marie Capone
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|6|10}}
|birth_place = [[Geneva, New York]] U.S.
|occupation = Actress, director, producer
|yearsactive = 1982–2009
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Patrick Robert Smith (1995–present)}}

'''Julie St. Claire''' (born '''Juliette Marie Capone'''; June 10, 1970), is an American actress, director and producer.{{Citation needed |date=January 2021}}

==Early life==
St. Claire was born in [[Geneva, New York]], but moved to California with her family in 1979. She competed in the U.S. Gymnastic Federation as a child, and also showed horses (both Western and English).{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}

==Career==
In 1982 she debuted on the [[NBC]] television series ''[[Silver Spoons]]'', portraying [[Ricky Schroder]]'s girlfriend, which led to numerous guest appearances and film roles,{{Citation needed |date=January 2021}} including ''[[Sid & Nancy]]'' (1986). The Southern California Motion Picture Council awarded her the Bronze Halo in 1983 for Best Up & Coming Young Actress; she also received a nomination for the [[Young Artist Award]].

Her first regular television role came on ''Personal & Confidential''. Following high school, after a year of attending the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (West) in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] on a scholarship, in 1990 she starred as Tawny Richards on the soap opera series ''[[Santa Barbara (TV series)|Santa Barbara]]''.{{Citation needed |date=October 2023}} In 1987 she was nominated for "Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress, Guest Starring in a Television, Comedy or Drama Series" for a 1986 appearance on ''[[The Judge (TV series)|The Judge]]''.

==Later work==
After ''Santa Barbara'' and along with many more film and television roles, St. Claire went on to star as Maria in [[UPN]]'s ''[[A.J.'s Time Travelers]]'' and portrayed Marla Antoni on ''[[Lincoln Heights (TV series)|Lincoln Heights]]''.

==Personal details==
St. Claire lives in California with her husband, actor Patrick R. Smith, and their son. She is a member of the Hollywood Knights celebrity basketball team hall of fame and has been credited as "Julie Capone".<ref>[http://www.hollywoodknights.com/hk/halloffame2.htm Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063606/http://www.hollywoodknights.com/hk/halloffame2.htm |date=October 27, 2007 }}, HollywoodKnights.com; accessed April 11, 2015.</ref> She attended [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts|AADA West]] in [[Pasadena, California]].{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}

==See also==
* ''[[Lima: Breaking the Silence]]'' (1999 film)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0002930|name=Julie St. Claire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Claire, Julie}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:Film producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Geneva, New York]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Dannemann

2024-08-28T08:51:55Z

Wolverène: typo

'''Danneman''' is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*[[Christian Dannemann Eriksen]], Danish professional footballer
*[[Don Dannemann]], American musician and jingle writer
*[[Friedrich Dannemann]], German physicist, high school teacher and historian of science
*{{ill|Geraldo Dannemann|de}}, founder of [[Dannemann Cigars]]
*[[Karl Dannemann]] (22 March 1896 – 4 May 1945) was a German actor
*[[Monika Dannemann]], German figure skater and painter
*[[Robert Dannemann]] (6 February 1902 – 28 September 1965) was a German politician, M.P.
*[[Steve Dannenmann]], American poker player

==See also==
{{intitle|Dannemann}}
*[[Daneman]]

{{surname}}
[[Category:German-language surnames]]