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Jean Grey

2016-10-07T20:32:04Z

XanderSt98: Added bullet point

{{redirect|Jean Gray|British actress|Vivean Gray}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=November 2013}}
{{Overly detailed|date=November 2013}}
{{Original research|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox comics character
|character_name=Jean Grey
|image=JeanGreyPhoenix.png
|imagesize=
|converted=y
|caption=Jean Grey as Phoenix. {{Descript-inner-art|Astonishing X-Men|2|1|September 1999}}Art by [[Brandon Peterson]].
|real_name= Jean Elaine Grey-Summers
|species=[[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|Human mutant]]
|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
|debut=''X-Men'' #1 (September 1963)
|creators=[[Stan Lee]] (writer) [[Jack Kirby]] (artist)
|alliances=[[X-Men]] [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
|aliases= [[Marvel Girl]], Red, [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix]], Dark Phoenix, White Phoenix of the Crown, Redd Dayspring
|powers= '''As Jean Grey''':
*Telepathy
*Telekinesis
*Empathy
'''As [[#Phoenix Force|Phoenix]]''':
*Telepathy
*Telekinesis
*Empathy
*Immense cosmic abilities involving cosmic fire, reality warping, space and time control, and life force control
|cat=super
|subcat=Marvel Comics
|hero=y
|sortkey=Grey, Jean
}}
'''Jean Elaine Grey-Summers''' (born: '''Jean Elaine Grey'''), is a fictional [[superhero]] appearing in [[American comic book]]s published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The character is a founding member of the [[X-Men]], and has been known under the aliases '''[[Marvel Girl]]''', '''[[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix]]''', and '''Dark Phoenix'''. Created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Jack Kirby]], the character first appeared in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|The X-Men]]'' #1 (September 1963).

Jean Grey is a member of a subspecies of humans known as [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]], who are born with superhuman abilities. She was born with [[Telepathy|telepathic]] and [[Psychokinesis|telekinetic]] powers. Her powers first manifested when she saw her childhood friend being hit by a car. She is a caring, nurturing figure, but she also has to deal with being an [[Omega-level mutant]] and the physical manifestation of the cosmic [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]]. Jean Grey experienced a transformation into the Phoenix in the ''X-Men'' storyline "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]". She has faced death numerous times in the history of the series. Her first death was under her guise as Marvel Girl, when she died and was "reborn" in the ''X-Men'' storyline "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]" as Phoenix. This transformation led to her second death, though not her last.

She is an important figure in the lives of other [[Marvel Universe]] characters, mostly the [[X-Men]], including her husband [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]], her mentor and father figure [[Professor X|Charles Xavier]], and [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]], who holds an unrequited love for her, her best friend and sister-like figure [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]], and her genetic children [[Rachel Summers]], [[Nate Grey|X-Man]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], and [[Stryfe]].

The character was present for much of the X-Men's history, and she was featured in all three ''X-Men'' [[animation|animated series]] and several video games. She is a playable character in ''[[X-Men Legends]]'' (2004), ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]'' (2005), ''[[Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2]]'' (2009), ''[[Marvel vs Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds]]'' (2011), ''[[Marvel Heroes (video game)|Marvel Heroes]]'' (2013), and ''[[Lego Marvel Super Heroes]]'' (2013), and appeared as an enemy in the first ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''.

[[Famke Janssen]] portrayed Jean in five installments of the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' films]]. [[Sophie Turner (actress)|Sophie Turner]] portrays a younger version of Jean Grey in the 2016 film, ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]''.

In 2006, [[IGN]] rated Jean Grey #6 on their list of Top 25 X-Men from the past forty years,<ref name=IGNTop25>{{cite web
| author = Hilary Goldstein
|author2=Richard George
| title = The Top 25 X-Men
| work =
| publisher = [[IGN]]
| url = http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/15/the-top-25-x-men
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 }}
</ref> and in 2011, IGN ranked her 13th in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean Grey|url=http://au.ign.com/top/comic-book-heroes/13|publisher=IGN|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> Her Dark Phoenix persona was ranked 9th in IGN's "Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time" list.<ref name=IGNTop100Villains>{{cite web
| title = Top 100 Villains
| work =
| publisher = IGN
| url = http://au.comics.ign.com/top-100-villains/9.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2013-08-19 }}
</ref> She was ranked third in ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'s'' 100 Sexiest Women in Comics list.<ref>{{cite book| last = Frankenhoff| first = Brent| authorlink = Brent Frankenhoff| title = Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics| publisher = [[Krause Publications]] | year = 2011| pages = 8–9| url = | isbn = 1-4402-2988-0}}</ref>

==Publication history==

===Debut (1960s)===
Created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist/co-writer [[Jack Kirby]], Jean first appeared as '''Marvel Girl''' in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]'' #1 (September 1963). The original team's sole female member, Marvel Girl was a regular part of the team through the series' publication. Initially possessing the ability of [[telekinesis]], the character was later granted the power of [[telepathy]],<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Roy Thomas]]
| penciller = [[George Tuska]]
| inker = [[John Tartaglione]]
| story = X-Men
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 43
| date = April 1968
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> which would be [[retcon]]ned years later as a suppressed mutant ability.<ref name="BA27">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Buscema]]
| inker = [[Klaus Janson]]
| story = Phoenix
| title = [[Bizarre Adventures]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 27
| date = July 1981
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She began a relationship with Scott Summers (her teammate Cyclops), which persisted as her main romantic relationship throughout the ''X-Men'' franchise, though she would also harbor a secret attraction to teammate [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].<ref name="CLSXMN1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Bolton (comics)|John Bolton]]
| story = First Night
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = September 1986
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

==="The Phoenix Saga" and "The Dark Phoenix Saga" (1976–1980)===
[[File:UncannyXMen101.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Marvel Girl becomes Phoenix. (''[[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]'', vol. 1 #101) Art by [[Dave Cockrum]].]]Under the authorship of [[Chris Claremont]] and the artwork of first [[Dave Cockrum]] and then [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]] in the late 1970s, Jean Grey underwent a significant transformation from the X-Men's weakest member<ref name="XMN105">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Dave Cockrum
| inker = Bob Layton
| story = Phoenix Unleashed!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 105
| date = June 1977
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> to its most powerful.

In an attempt to save her fellow X-Men by piloting their damaged shuttle back to earth, Jean was exposed to fatal levels of radiation. Dying but determined to save Scott and her friends, Jean's love pushed her to reach her full potential as a psychic and telekinetic.<ref name="UXM125">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = John Byrne
| inker = Terry Austin
| story = There's Something Awful on Muir Island
| title = Uncanny X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 125
| date = September 1979
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The ship landed in [[Jamaica Bay]], with the other X-Men unharmed. Jean then surfaced wearing a new green and gold costume and adopted the codename '''Phoenix''', having gained immense powers.<ref name="UXM125"/>

This new identity and immense abilities eventually resulted in Jean becoming overwhelmed and corrupted by her god-like powers after a failed attempt by the villainous group called the Hellfire Club to control her mind. She transformed into a force of total destruction; now called '''Dark Phoenix''', she consumed a star, inadvertently killing the inhabitants of the star's planetary system, and jeopardized the entire universe. Eventually, in a regained moment of mental clarity, Jean committed suicide to ensure the universe's, and her fellow X-Men's, safety.

The storyline in which Jean Grey died as Marvel Girl and was reborn as Phoenix (''Uncanny X-Men'' [vol. 1] #101–108, 1976–1977) has been retroactively dubbed by fans "The Phoenix Saga", and the storyline of her eventual corruption and death as Dark Phoenix (''Uncanny X-Men'', vol. 1 #129–138, 1980) has been termed "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]". This storyline is one of the most well-known and heavily referenced in mainstream American superhero comics, and is widely considered a classic, including Jean Grey's suicidal sacrifice.<ref name="Epic">{{cite news|url=http://austin.culturemap.com/newsdetail/07-05-12-11-53-assemble-true-believers-legendary-x-men-comic-book-writer-chris-claremont-emerges-at-dragons-lair/|title=Assemble, true believers: Legendary X-Men comic book writer Chris Claremont emerges at Dragon's Lair|last=Graupman|first=Michael|date=July 12, 2012|publisher=CultureMap Austin|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Classic">{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2012/7/13/lifebookshelf/11637153&sec=lifebookshelf|title=Showdown Supreme|last=Rahan|first=Kaleon|date=July 13, 2012|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Claremont">{{cite news|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/blogs/books/2012-07-14/chris-claremont-dead-should-mean-dead/|title=Chris Claremont: Dead Should Mean Dead—'X-Men' mastermind talks the Phoenix and the flame|last=Whittaker|first=Richard|date=July 14, 2012|work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref>

When the first [[Trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]] of "The Dark Phoenix Saga" was published in 1984, Marvel also published a 48-page special issue titled ''Phoenix: The Untold Story''. It contained the original version of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #137, the original splash page for ''Uncanny X-Men'' #138, and transcripts of a [[Round table (discussion)|roundtable discussion]] between Shooter, Claremont, Byrne, editors [[Jim Salicrup]] and [[Louise Simonson|Louise Jones]], and inker [[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]] about the creation of the new Phoenix persona, the development of the story, and what led to its eventual change, and Claremont and Byrne's plans for Jean Grey had she survived.<ref name="Deeley">[http://www.fullfilmizlesin.com/dark-phoenix-the-directors-cut/ ]</ref>

Claremont revealed that his and Cockrum's motivation for Jean Grey's transformation into Phoenix was to create "the first female cosmic hero".<ref name="DPT"/> The two hoped that, like [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] had been integrated into ''[[Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]]'' lineup, Phoenix would also become an effective and immensely powerful member of the X-Men. However, both Salicrup and Byrne had strong feelings against how powerful Phoenix had become, feeling that she drew too much focus in the book.<ref name="DPT"/> Byrne worked with Claremont to effectively remove Phoenix from the storyline, initially by removing her powers. However, Byrne's decision to have Dark Phoenix destroy an inhabited planetary system in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #135, coupled with the planned ending to the story arc, worried then-Editor-in-Chief [[Jim Shooter]], who felt that allowing Jean to live at the conclusion of the story was both morally unacceptable (given that she was now a "mass murderer")<ref name="Deeley"/> and also an unsatisfying ending from a storytelling point of view.<ref name="Deeley"/> Shooter publicly laid out his reasoning in the 1984 roundtable:
<blockquote>
I personally think, and I've said this many times, that having a character destroy an inhabited world with billions of people, wipe out a starship and then—well, you know, having the powers removed and being let go on Earth. It seems to me that that's the same as capturing [[Hitler]] alive and letting him go live on Long Island. Now, I don't think the story would ''end'' there. I think a lot of people would come to his door with machine guns...<ref name="DPT">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont; John Byrne; Jim Shooter; Jim Salicrup, Louise Jones; Terry Austin
| penciller =
| inker =
| story = The Dark Phoenix Tapes
| title = Phoenix: The Untold Story
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = April 1984
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
One of the creative team's questions that affected the story's conclusion was whether the Phoenix's personality and later descent into madness and evil were inherent to Jean Grey or if the Phoenix was itself an entity merely possessing her.<ref name="DPT"/> The relationship between Jean Grey and the Phoenix would continue to be subject to different interpretations and explanations by writers and editors at Marvel Comics following the story's [[retcon]] in 1986. At the time of the Dark Phoenix's creation, Byrne felt that, "If someone could be seen to corrupt Jean, rather than her just turning bad, this could make for an interesting story."<ref name="XEffectByrne">{{cite web |first=Jeffrey |last=Klaehn |url=http://www.graphicnovelreporter.com/content/x-effect-interview-john-byrne-interview |title=The X-Effect: An Interview with John Byrne |work=Creator Interviews |publisher=Graphic Novel Reporter |accessdate=January 17, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mquoVLkj | archivedate = 2010-01-17| deadurl=no}}</ref> Salicrup and Byrne stated later that they viewed Phoenix as an entity that entirely possessed Jean Grey, therefore absolving her of its crimes once it was driven out.<ref name="DPT"/> However, the creative and editorial team ultimately agreed that Phoenix had been depicted as an inherent and inseparable aspect of Jean Grey, meaning that the character was fully responsible for her actions as Phoenix. As a result, Shooter ordered that Claremont and Byrne rewrite issue #137 to explicitly place in the story both a consequence and an ending commensurate with the enormity of Phoenix's actions.<ref name="DPT"/> In a 2012 public signing, Claremont spoke about the context of the late 1970s and the end of the [[Vietnam War]] during the story's writing, stating that the history of these events also made Jean Grey's genocidal actions difficult to redeem.<ref name="Claremont"/>

In the original ending, Jean does not revert to Dark Phoenix, and the Shi'ar subject her to a "psychic lobotomy", permanently removing all her telepathic or telekinetic powers.<ref name="DPT"/> Claremont and Byrne planned to later have Magneto offer Jean the chance to restore her abilities, but Jean choosing to remain depowered and eliminate the threat of Dark Phoenix returning to power.<ref name="DPT"/>

===Return to publication (1986)===
[[File:Xfactor1undecided.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The unfinished cover for ''X-Factor'' #1, before Bob Layton and Jackson Guice decided on the fifth female team member. (''[[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]'', vol. 1 #1) Art by [[Jackson Guice]].]]
After several years, Marvel decided to revive the character, but only after an editorial decree that the character be absolved of her actions during The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="Busiek">{{cite web|url=http://www.comiclist.com/index.php/news/interview-with-kurt-busiek-marathon-man |title=Interview With Kurt Busiek: Marathon Man |publisher=ComicList |accessdate=2013-11-07}}</ref> Writer [[Kurt Busiek]] is credited with devising the plot to revive Jean Grey.<ref name="Busiek"/> Busiek, a fan of the original five X-Men, was displeased with the character's death and formulated various storylines that would have met Shooter's rule and allowed the character to return to the X-Men franchise.<ref name="Busiek"/> He eventually shared his storyline idea with fellow writer [[Roger Stern]] who mentioned it to Byrne, who was both writing and illustrating the ''Fantastic Four'' at the time.<ref name="Busiek"/> Both series writer [[Bob Layton]] and artist [[Jackson Guice]], who were developing the series ''[[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]''—a team of former X-Men—had yet to settle on their fifth team member, initially considering [[Dazzler]].<ref name="5thmember">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Cronin |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/06/26/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-161/ |title=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #161 |work=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]] |date=June 26, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2010}}</ref> Layton opted to fill the open spot with Jean instead, and both he and Byrne submitted the idea to Shooter, who approved it.<ref name="Busiek"/> Jean Grey's revival became a crossover plotline between the ''Avengers'' under Stern, ''Fantastic Four'' under Byrne, and ''X-Factor'' under Layton.<ref name="Busiek"/>

Jean Grey was reintroduced in Marvel Comics six years after the publication of The Dark Phoenix Saga in ''Avengers'' #263 (January 1986) and was revived in ''Fantastic Four'' #286 (January 1986), with the events of The Dark Phoenix Saga [[retcon]]ned. The new version of events was that rather than being Jean Grey reborn, Phoenix was actually an entirely separate entity posing as Jean. The new events state that while near-death in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #100, Jean made contact with a cosmic entity called the "[[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]]".<ref name="FF286">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| penciller = [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| inker= [[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]]
| story = Like a Phoenix!
| title = [[Fantastic Four]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 286
| date = January 1986
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The Phoenix Force offered to save Jean's life and that of other X-Men and took on Jean's form.<ref name="FF286"/> Jean Grey imbued the copy with her essence, causing the Phoenix Force to believe that it truly was Jean Grey.<ref name="FF286"/> The Phoenix Force, now in the form of Jean Grey and calling itself "Phoenix", placed the dying Jean Grey's body in a healing cocoon, which sinks in the ocean during the events of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #101.<ref name="FF286"/> The duplicate continued on in the events from ''Uncanny X-Men'' #101, all the while believing itself to actually be Jean Grey up to its "death" at the conclusion of The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="FF286"/> Future issues would further explore the details of the interaction and connection between Jean and the Phoenix Force.<ref name="CLSX8">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Bolton (comics)|John Bolton]]
| story = Phoenix
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 8
| date = April 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="Classic43">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Mike Collins (comics)|Mike Collins]]
| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]
| story = Flights of Angels
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 43
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The real Jean Grey awoke from the cocoon when her injuries were healed (though without access to her telepathy) and with no recollection or involvement in the events that had occurred after meeting the Phoenix Force.<ref name="FF286"/>

Busiek later found out that his idea had been used thanks to Layton, and he was credited in ''Fantastic Four'' #286 and paid for his contributions.<ref name="Busiek"/> The decision to revive Jean Grey was controversial among fans, with some appreciating the return of the character and others feeling it weakened the impact of the Dark Phoenix Saga's ending.<ref name="Busiek"/> Busiek maintained that the idea that led to Jean Grey's official return to Marvel Comics was merely a case of sharing his ideas with friends as a fan, and that he neither formally pitched the idea to anyone nor gave it the final go ahead.<ref name="Busiek"/> Claremont expressed dissatisfaction with the retcon, stating in 2012: "We’d just gone to all the effort of saying, 'Jean is dead, get over it,' and they said, 'Haha, we fibbed.' So why should anyone trust us again? But that’s the difference between being the writer and being the boss."<ref name="Claremont"/>

In the comics, having been fully established as separate from the "Jean Grey" copy created and taken over by the Phoenix Force, Jean is "absolved" of involvement in the atrocities of "The Dark Phoenix" storyline, and she returned in the first issue of ''X-Factor'' (1st Series) only to find that the other members of the original X-Men have retired.<ref name="XFT1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Bob Layton]]| penciller = [[Jackson Guice]]| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]| story = Third Genesis| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]| volume = 1| issue = 1| date = February 1986| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> Jean convinced the retired X-Men to found a new team, X-Factor, to respond to growing anti-mutant sentiment and reused the "Marvel Girl" codename.<ref name="XFT1"/> The series also reunited Jean with Cyclops, who abandoned his wife, [[Madelyne Pryor]]—a woman who looked uncannily like Jean—and their infant son, [[Cable (comics)|Nathan Christopher]], to run the X-Factor team.<ref name="XFT1"/> Upon discovering that her former lover had established a family during her absence, Jean encouraged Cyclops to return to his wife and child.<ref name="XFT8">{{Cite comic|writer = [[Bob Layton]]| penciller = [[Jackson Guice]]
| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]| story = Third Genesis| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 8
| date = February 1986| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref><ref name="XFT13">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]| penciller = [[Walter Simonson]]| inker = [[Dan Green (artist)|Dan Green]]| story = Third Genesis| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 13| date = February 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> However, finding their home abandoned, he believed Madelyne had left him and taken Nathan with her, prompting Scott to return to X-Factor and continue his relationship with Jean.<ref name="XFT13"/>

The team's adventures continued throughout the series, culminating in the line-wide "[[Inferno (Marvel Comics)|Inferno]]" crossover. Madelyne resurfaced, now nearly insane and with powers awakened by a demonic pact, calling herself the Goblyn Queen.<ref name="UNCXM240">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]| penciller = [[Mark Silvestri]]| inker = [[Dan Green (artist)|Dan Green]]| story = Strike the Match| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]| volume = 1| issue = 240| date = January 1989| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> During the crossover, the X-Men discovered that Madelyne was a clone of Jean created by [[Mister Sinister]] and brought to life by the Phoenix Force after the events of The Dark Phoenix Saga. Sinister created her with the purpose of having a child with Scott Summers, because their genetics carried the potential to produce powerful mutant offspring. This drove her completely insane and she planned to sacrifice her son to achieve greater power and forge her own destiny.<ref name="UNCXM241">{{Cite comic| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Mark Silvestri| inker = Dan Green| story = Fan the Flames| title = Uncanny X-Men
| volume = 1| issue = 241| date = February 1989| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> ''Inferno'' reunited Jean with the X-Men, who were happy to learn that she was alive, particularly Wolverine, reminding Jean of her unaddressed feelings for him. At the conclusion of ''Inferno'', Jean and Madelyne confronted each other, with Madelyne attempting to mind meld with Jean and kill them both. Jean only managed to survive by absorbing the remnants of the Phoenix Force housed within Madelyne, giving her both Madelyne's memories and the Phoenix's memories from The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="XFT38">{{Cite comic| writer = Louise Simonson| penciller = Walter Simonson
| inker = Dan Green| story = Duet!| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 38| date = March 1989
| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref>

Claremont later commented on how Jean's revival affected his original plans for Madelyne Pryor, stating that the relationship between the two women was intended to be entirely coincidental.<ref name="SerieJournalen">{{cite web| last1=Kristiansen| first1=Ulrik| last2= Sørensen| first2=Tue |url= http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32|title= An interview with Chris Claremont| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080223175441/http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32| archivedate= 23 February 2008| website=SerieJournalen.dk |date= 1 May 1996| deadurl=yes }} Accessed July 9, 2010.</ref> He intended Madelyne only to look like Jean by complete coincidence and exist as a means for Cyclops to move on with his life and be written out of the ''X-Men'' franchise, part of what he believed to be a natural progression for any member of the team.<ref name="SerieJournalen"/> Claremont expressed dismay that Jean's resurrection ultimately resulted in Cyclops abandoning his wife and child, tarnishing his written persona as a hero and "decent human being", and the "untenable situation" with Madelyne was dealt with by transforming her into a [[prolicide|prolicidal]] demonic villain and killing her off.<ref name="SerieJournalen"/>

Soon after the beginning publication of ''X-Factor'', Marvel also reprinted and released the original ''X-Men'' series under the title ''Classic X-Men''. These reissues paired the original stories with new vignettes, elaborating on plot points. One such issue, ''Classic X-Men'' #8 (April 1987), paired the original ''X-Men'' #100 (August 1976) story of Jean Grey's disastrous return flight from space immediately preceding her transformation into Phoenix ("Love Hath No X-Man...") with the new story "Phoenix". The story further supported the retcon establishing Jean Grey and the Phoenix Force as two separate entities. The vignette elaborated on the events between ''X-Men'' #100 and ''X-Men'' #101: facing certain death from radiation poisoning, Jean Grey cried out for help to save the lives of her fellow X-Men. Hearing her cry and sensing her intense passion for life and love for Scott and her friends, the Phoenix Force—the "sum and substance of life"—responded, offering to save her by bonding to her, coupling her humanity with its incredible power. Jean accepted and immediately found her consciousness in a duplicated body. She placed her former dying body, still containing a spark of her soul, in a healing cocoon. The duplicate, now calling itself Phoenix, proceeded to the events depicted in the original ''X-Men'' #101 (October 1976) story "Like A Phoenix, From The Ashes!" with the cocoon sinking to the bottom of Jamaica Bay to be discovered in ''Avengers'' #263.<ref name="CLSX8"/>

===Return to the X-Men (1990s)===
[[Image:Uncanny X-Men Vol 1 334.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Jean Grey on the cover of ''[[Uncanny X-Men]]'' Vol. 1 #334.]]
Following the conclusion of ''Inferno'', Jean continued to be a mainstay character throughout the rest of ''X-Factor'', rejecting a marriage proposal from Scott and meeting her alternate future daughter [[Rachel Summers]], whom she also rejected out of the feeling that they both suggest her life is predetermined.<ref name="XFT53">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = Terry Shoemaker
| inker = [[Allen Milgrom]]
| story = Ghosts
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 53
| date = April 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="XFTANN5">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = [[Allen Milgrom]]
| inker = [[Bob McLeod (comics)|Bob McLeod]]
| story = Days of Future Present (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 5
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She also regained her telepathy during a battle with the villain [[Psynapse (comics)|Psynapse]].<ref name="XFT65">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Jim Lee]], [[Whilce Portacio]], [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Whilce Portacio]]
| inker = [[Art Thibert]]
| story = Endgame, Part 1: Malign Influences
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 65
| date = April 1991
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

''X-Factor'' (1st Series) ended its run featuring the original X-Men with ''X-Factor'' #70 (September 1991), with the characters transitioning over to ''Uncanny X-Men'', explained in continuity as the two teams deciding to merge. The fourteen X-Men divide into two teams—"Blue" and "Gold"—led by Cyclops and [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]], respectively. Jean was added to the Gold Team beginning in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #281 (October, 1991).<ref name="UNCXM281">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Jim Lee]], [[Whilce Portacio]], [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| penciller = [[Whilce Portacio]]
| inker = [[Art Thibert]]
| story = Fresh Upstart
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 281
| date = October 1991
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> During this time, she was no longer given a codename, but instead was referred to by her full name, '''Jean Grey'''. In ''Uncanny X-Men'' #308 (January 1994), Jean proposed to Scott and the two were married in ''X-Men'' #30. Jean had also, by this time, reconciled her initially hostile feelings toward Rachel and welcomed her into her life permanently (March 1994).<ref name="UXM308">{{Cite comic
| writer = Fabian Nicieza
| penciller = Andy Kubert
| inker = Matt Ryan
| story = The Ties That Bind
| title = X-Men
| volume = 2
| issue = 30
| date = March 1994
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean and Scott were immediately featured in the four-part miniseries ''The Adventures of Cyclops & Phoenix'', where the two were psychically transported 2,000 years into the future to raise Scott's son Nathan, who had been transported to the future as an infant in hope of curing him of a deadly virus. The series depicted the couple assuming the names Redd (Jean) and Slym (Cyclops) and raising Nathan Christopher for twelve years before being sent back into their bodies on their honeymoon. Before their return, Jean learned that Rachel had transported them to the future to protect Nathan and, following her request, adopted the codename '''"Phoenix"''' once again to establish it as a symbol of good after all the bad it had caused.<ref name="TAoC&P">{{cite book |title=The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix |first=Scott |last=Lobdell |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-0171-0 |year=1994}}</ref>

Jean continued to appear as a mainstay character in both ''[[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]'' and ''Uncanny X-Men'' including franchise-wide crossovers like ''[[Phalanx Covenant|The Phalanx Covenant]]'' and the line-wide crossover ''Onslaught'', which featured the manifestation of Charles Xavier's dark half. The crossover revisited long untouched issues between Xavier and Jean, including Xavier's secret love for Jean mentioned in the original ''X-Men'' comic series decades earlier.<ref name="XMN53">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Mark Wade]]
| penciller = [[Andy Kubert]]
| inker = [[Cam Smith]], John Dell
| story = False Fronts
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 53
| date = June 1996
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="TXMN3">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Stan Lee]]
| penciller = [[Jack Kirby]]
| inker = [[Paul Reinman]]
| story = Beware of...the Blob!
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|The X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| date = January 1964
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean also met another alternate future child of hers and Scott's: the immensely powerful [[Nate Grey|Nathan Grey]], who accidentally revived the psionic ghost of Madelyne Pryor, leading to another confrontation between the two women.<ref name="XMAN25">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Roger Cruz]]
| inker = Bud LaRosa
| story = Closer to the Lame
| title = [[X-Man]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 25
| date = March 1997
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> While appearing in ''Uncanny X-Men'' and ''X-Men'', Jean grew more comfortable with her immense psychic powers and began using the iconic green and gold Phoenix costume again.<ref name="UNCXM356">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Steve Seagle]]
| penciller = [[Chris Bachalo]]
| inker = Tim Townsend
| story = Reunion
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 356
| date = June 1998
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She also quickly brought together a team of X-Men in the three-issue revival of the ''[[Astonishing X-Men]]'' title.<ref name="ASTXM1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Howard Mackie]]
| penciller = [[Brandon Peterson]]
| inker = Tim Townsend, Dan Panosian
| story = Call to Arms
| title = [[Astonishing X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 1
| date = September 1999
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

===New X-Men (2000s)===
[[Image:Cover of New X-Men Vol. 1 no. 128.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Jean Grey on the cover of ''[[New X-Men]]'' Vol. 1 #128.]]
Following Cyclops's possession by the mutant villain [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] and disappearance in the conclusion of the crossover storyline "Apocalypse: The Twelve",<ref name="Twelve">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Alan Davis]], [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Alan Davis]]
| inker = [[Mark Farmer]]
| story = The End of the World As We Know It (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 97
| date = February 2000
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="AGES">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Alan Davis]], [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Alan Davis]]
| inker = [[Mark Farmer]]
| story = First and Last (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 98
| date = March 2000
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean lost her telekinetic abilities and was left with increased psychic powers, the result of the "six month gap" in plot across the ''X-Men'' franchise created by the ''Revolution'' revamp. During the ''Revolution'' event, all ''X-Men'' titles began six months after the events of ''Apocalypse: the Twelve'', allowing writers to create fresh situations and stories and gradually fill in the missing events of the previous six months of continuity. Due to editing decisions following the success of the 2000 ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' film, which depicted the character of Jean Grey with both telepathy and telekinesis, an explanation for Jean's altered powers in the comics was never explicitly made, though writer Chris Claremont revealed in interviews that it was intended to be an accidental power switch between fellow X-Man [[Psylocke]], explaining Psylocke's new telekinetic powers as well.

Jean was next featured in the six-issue miniseries ''[[X-Men Forever]]'' written by [[Fabian Nicieza]], which was designed to tie up remaining plot lines. During the series, Jean revisited many of the events involving the Phoenix Force and the series introduced the concept of "Omega level mutants", a category for mutants with unlimited potential, which included Jean herself.<ref name="XMFRV">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Fabian Nicieza]]
| penciller = [[Kevin Maguire (artist)|Kevin Maguire]]
| inker = [[Andrew Pepoy]]
| story = Chapter 3: All of God's Creatures...
| title = [[X-Men Forever]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| date = March 2001
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Cable and Jean were the central characters in the 2001 miniseries ''[[X-Men: Search for Cyclops]]'' where the two believe Cyclops to be alive. The two tracked Cyclops down and Jean was able to psychically free him from Apocalypse's possession. The couple then returned as mainstay characters in ''X-Men'' (2nd Series) once again.<ref name="XMSfC">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Joe Harris (filmmaker)|Joseph Harris]]
| penciller = [[Tom Raney]]
| inker = Scott Hanna
| story = Book Four: Found!
| title = [[X-Men: Search for Cyclops]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 4
| date = March 2001
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

In June 2001, ''X-Men'' was retitled as ''New X-Men'' under writer [[Grant Morrison]]. The title consisted of a smaller team featuring Jean, Cyclops, Beast, Wolverine, [[Emma Frost]], and Charles Xavier. The overarching plot focused on the team assuming the roles of teachers to a new generation of mutants at the Xavier Institute while navigating their personal relationships and dealing with newly emerging pro- and anti-mutant political sentiments.<ref name="NWXMNOMN">{{cite book |title=New X-Men Omnibus (Hardcover) |first=Grant |last=Morrison |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-2326-2 |year=2006}}</ref> The series saw the return of Jean's telekinesis, her emerging ability to tap into the powers of the Phoenix Force once again, her assumption of the duties as headmistress of the Xavier Institute, and the failing of her marriage to Scott following his traumatic experience of being possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean and Wolverine addressed their long-unspoken mutual attraction, deciding it was best not to act on their feelings, while Scott began feeling further alienated from Jean and sought consolation from Emma Frost to address his disillusionment and his experiences while possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> These interactions led to a "psychic affair" between Scott and Emma. Jean's discovery of the psychic affair resulted in a confrontation between Emma and her, though ultimately Jean realized that her marriage to Scott has run its course.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean also made minor appearances in other titles during the ''New X-Men'' run, such as Chris Claremont's ''X-Treme X-Men'', occasionally lending support to the characters.<ref name="XTRXMN27">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Salvador Larroca]]
| inker =
| story = Day of the Dead
| title = [[X-Treme X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 27
| date = November 2002
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

''New X-Men'' concluded with Jean fully realizing and assuming the powers of the Phoenix under her complete control. However, in the final chapters of ''New X-Men'', she was killed in battle by Magneto,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> though Marvel later retconned her killer's identity to that of an [[Xorn|imposter]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Contino, Jennifer M. | year=2004 | title=Chuck Austen X-Men Writer | publisher=Comicon.com | url=http://www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=36;t=002359|accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> The series also explored a dystopian future caused when Scott chooses not to run the Institute with Emma following Jean's death. This alternate future timeline, called "Here Comes Tomorrow", was the closing chapter of Grant Morrison's run on ''New X-Men''.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> The story was eventually resolved by a resurrected Jean becoming the fully realized '''White Phoenix of the Crown''', using the abilities of the Phoenix Force to reach back in time and influence Scott to accept Emma's offer to run the school together.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Scott and Jean's relationship ended with her death and he and Emma assumed the duties of co-headmaster and co-headmistress of the Xavier Institute under writer [[Chuck Austen]]'s take over of ''New X-Men'' and its change over to ''[[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]'' under the editorial ''[[X-Men ReLoad]]'' decision.

Jean and her connection with the Phoenix Force was examined again one year after the conclusion of Morrison's run on ''New X-Men'' in ''[[X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong]]'' written by [[Greg Pak]] in 2005.<ref name="PHNXEND">{{cite book |title=X-Men: Phoenix—Endsong |first=Greg |last=Pak |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-1924-1 |year=2005}}</ref> In it, a fragmented Phoenix Force attempts to resurrect Jean, resulting in a struggle between herself and the X-Men as she attempted to control the "Dark Phoenix" persona. The miniseries concluded with Jean resolving her relationship with Scott and moving on to a higher plane of existence with the Phoenix Force.<ref name="PHNXEND"/> The Phoenix Force as its own entity continued to be explored in other later titles, such as ''[[X-Men: Phoenix – Warsong]]'' (2006) and [[Matt Fraction]]'s run on ''Uncanny X-Men'', with brief references to Jean.<ref name="UNCXM510">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Matt Fraction]]
| penciller = [[Greg Land]]
| inker = Jay Leistan
| story =
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 510
| date = July 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> At the 2010 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] X-Men panel, when asked whether or not Jean would return, editor Nick Lowe responded by saying, "She's dead."<ref name="x-position">{{cite web
| title = SDCC 2010: Marvel X-MEN Panel
| publisher = Newsarama
| date = 2010-07-23
| url = http://www.newsarama.com/comics/sdcc-2010-Marvel-X-Men-panel-100723.html
| accessdate = 2010-07-23
}}</ref>

===Return of the Phoenix Force and All-New X-Men (2010s)===

Regarding Jean's actual return to the ''X-Men'' franchise, Marvel indicated that Jean's eventual return is being discussed but stated that the return of Jean Grey was "a story Marvel does not want to rush".<ref>{{cite web
| last = Manning
| first = Shaun
| title = CCI: The X-Men Panel
| publisher = Comic Book Resources
| date = 2008-07-25
| url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=17374
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 
}}</ref> Marvel loosely tied questions regarding Jean Grey's eventual return to the events in 2007's ''[[X-Men: Messiah Complex]]'' in which a mutant girl named [[Hope Summers (comics)|Hope]]—who has red hair, green eyes, and immense mutant powers—is born,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Johnson
| first = Alan
| title = WonderCon '09 - X-Men Panel
| publisher = Newsarama
| date = 2009-03-01
| url = http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090301-wondercon-xmen.html
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 
}}</ref> and 2010's ''[[X-Men: Second Coming]]'' which sees both Hope's return as a teenager and the return of the Phoenix Force.<ref name="X-Men: Kingbreaker">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Christopher Yost]]
| penciller = Dustin Weaver; Paco Diaz
| inker = Jaime Mendoza; Vicente Cifuentes
| story = X-Men: Kingbreaker Part Four
| title = [[X-Men: Kingbreaker]]
| volume =
| issue = 4
| date = May 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="MattFractionPhoenixUtopia">{{cite web
| last = Richards
| first = Dave
| title = Matt Fraction's 'Utopian' Vision
| publisher = Comic Book Resources
| date = 2009-12-21
| url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=24138
| accessdate = 2010-02-25
}}</ref>
In the 2012 line-wide crossover event ''[[Avengers vs. X-Men]]'', Cyclops is possessed by the Phoenix Force and eventually becomes Dark Phoenix. On the brink of destroying the world, his mind reaches the White Hot Room where Jean Grey appears to him and convinces him to let go of the Phoenix Force.<ref>''Avengers Vs X-Men'' #12</ref><ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' v2 #19</ref>

Following the conclusion of the event, as part of the [[Marvel NOW!]] event, a teenage Jean Grey and the four other founding members of X-Men are transported across time to the present day by [[Beast (comics)|Beast]] in the series ''[[All-New X-Men]]'' by [[Brian Michael Bendis]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = White
| first = Brett
| title = Marvel NOW! Q&A: All-New X-Men
| publisher = Marvel.com
| date = 2012-08-07
| url = http://marvel.com/news/story/19161/marvel_now_qa_all-new_x-men
| accessdate = 2012-08-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Truitt
| first = Brian
| title = Marvel NOW! refreshes creativity and characters
| publisher = USA Today
| date = 2012-07-05
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/life/comics/story/2012-07-05/Marve-NOW-comic-book-relaunch/56027428/1
| accessdate = 2012-08-09
}}</ref> The time travel also caused her suppressed telepathic powers to awaken much earlier in her life than they were supposed to.<ref>''All-New X-Men'' #3</ref> She also has a habit of reading people's minds with out their permission, to the great frustration of her team.{{issue|date=June 2016}} During the ''[[Battle of the Atom]]'' crossover, a future version of this Jean Grey, who had never returned to the past and whose powers had grown beyond her control, would return to the present as [[Xorn]], a member of the future [[Brotherhood of Mutants]].<ref>''All-New X-Men'' #16</ref> Xorn perished during the battle, but in the process the X-Men also found out that there is something preventing the All-New X-Men from returning to the past.<ref>''Wolverine and the X-Men'' #37</ref> During this timeline, she reads the mind of current Beast, who regrets never admitting his feelings for her, so confronts younger Beast and gives him a kiss, which creates problems with the younger Cyclops.{{issue|date=June 2016}} She and her team also leave the [[X-Mansion#Post X-Men: Schism|Jean Grey School for mutants]] and go to [[Uncanny_X-Men#2013–2015: Volume 3|Cyclops's school]], where she forms a reluctant friendship with Emma Frost as she trains her physic abilities. {{issue|date=June 2016}}

Young Jean is later kidnapped by the Shi'ar and placed on trial for the destruction done by the Phoenix Force years earlier in a 2014 crossover story line ''Trial of Jean Grey''. The All-New X-Men team up with the [[Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)|Guardians of the Galaxy]] to rescue Jean from the Shi'ar homeworld, but Jean would end up awakening a new power that she never had, in which she is able to absorb massive amounts of psionic energy from others and combine her telepathy and telekinesis, which she used to defeat the powerful Gladiator, leader of the Shi'ar.<ref>''Guardians of the Galaxy'' #13</ref> While searching for new mutants, Jean and the All-New X-Men get teleported into the [[Ultimate Marvel]] universe.{{issue|date=June 2016}} She teams up with [[Spider-Man (Miles Morales)]] to rescue Beast, who's been trapped by the local [[Alternative versions of Doctor Doom#Ultimate Marvel|Dr. Doom]].{{issue|date=June 2016}} Before she is teleported back she gives Miles Morales a kiss. Upon their return to Earth 616, she and the All-New X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy a second time in search of [[The Black Vortex]].{{issue|date=June 2016}}

Following the reconstruction of reality after the [[Secret Wars (2015 comic book)|Battleworld crisis]], Jean has parted ways from the rest of the time-displaced X-Men as she attempts to find her own life in the present.{{issue|date=June 2016}} However, after witnessing the X-Men still struggling for mutant rights, she rejoins the team in ''[[Extraordinary X-Men]]'', along with the displaced [[Old Man Logan]],{{issue|date=June 2016}} assuring Logan that she will keep an eye on him to prevent him from repeating his past and killing the X-Men of this world.{{issue|date=June 2016}}

==Fictional character biography==
Jean Grey was born the second daughter of [[Dr. John Grey (comics)|John]] and [[Elaine Grey]]. She had an older sister, [[Sara Grey-Bailey]]. John Grey was a professor at [[Bard College]] in upstate New York. Depictions of Jean's childhood and her relations with her family have shown a stable, loving family life growing up.

Jean's mutant powers of telepathy and telekinesis first manifest when her best friend is hit by a car and killed. Jean mentally links with her friend and nearly dies as well.<ref name="BA27"/> The event leaves her comatose, and she is brought back to consciousness when her parents seek the help of powerful mutant telepath, Charles Xavier.<ref name="UXM308"/> Xavier blocks her telepathy until she is old enough to be able to control it, leaving her with access only to her telekinetic powers.<ref name="BA27"/><ref>{{Cite comic| writer = Roy Thomas| penciller = Don Heck| inker = [[George Tuska]]| story = If I Should Die...!| title = X-Men| volume = 1| issue = 42| date = March 1968| publisher = Marvel Comics| location =| page =| panel =| id =}}</ref> Xavier later recruits her as a teenager to be part of his X-Men team as "Marvel Girl", the team's sole female member.<ref name="XMN1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Stan Lee]]
| penciller = [[Jack Kirby]]
| inker = [[Paul Reinman]]
| story = X-Men
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = September 1963
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> After several missions with the X-Men, Xavier removes Jean's mental blocks and she is able to use and control her telepathic powers.<ref name="BA27"/> She begins a relationship with teammate Cyclops (Scott Summers), which persists as her main romantic relationship, though she also develops a mutual secret attraction to later addition to the team, [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].<ref name="CLSXMN1"/>

During an emergency mission in space, the X-Men find their shuttle damaged. Jean pilots the shuttle back to Earth, but is exposed to fatal levels of radiation.<ref name="DPT"/> Dying, but determined to save Cyclops and her friends, Jean calls out for help and is answered by the cosmic entity, the Phoenix Force.<ref name="FF286"/> The Phoenix Force, the sum of all life in the universe,<ref name="Classic43"/> is moved by Jean's dedication and love and takes the form of a duplicate body to house Jean's psyche.<ref name="FF286"/> In that instant, the Phoenix Force is overwhelmed and believes itself to be Jean Grey and places Jean's dying body in a healing cocoon.<ref name="CLSX8"/> The ship crashes in Jamaica Bay, with the other X-Men unharmed.<ref name="UCXM101">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Dave Cockrum
| inker =Frank Chiaramonte
| story =Like A Phoenix, From The Ashes!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 101
| date = October 1976
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>
The Phoenix Force, as Jean Grey, emerges in a new green and gold costume and adopts the new codename "Phoenix", with immense cosmic powers.<ref name="UXM125"/> Meanwhile, the cocoon containing the real Jean Grey sinks to the bottom of the bay, unnoticed. Phoenix continues her life as Jean Grey with the other X-Men, joining them on missions and saving the universe. During the "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]", Phoenix becomes overwhelmed and corrupted by her first taste of evil and transforms into a force of total destruction, called "Dark Phoenix", consuming a star, inadvertently killing the inhabitants of the star's planetary system, and jeopardizing the entire universe.<ref name="DPS">{{cite book |title=X-Men: The Dark Phoenix Saga |first=Chris |last=Claremont |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-2213-5 |year=1984}}</ref> However, Jean's personality manages to take control and Phoenix commits suicide to ensure the universe's safety.<ref name="FF286"/><ref name="DPS"/>

Upon its suicide by way of a disintegration ray, the Phoenix Force disperses into its original form and a fragment locates the still-healing Jean at the bottom of Jamaica Bay.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> In trying to bond with her, Jean senses its memories of death and destruction as Dark Phoenix and rejects it, causing it to bond with and animate a lifeless clone of Jean Grey created by the villain Mister Sinister.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> Sinister created the clone to mate with Cyclops to create genetically superior mutants. Named "[[Madelyne Pryor]]", the unaware clone meets Cyclops in a situation engineered by Sinister and the two fall in love, marry, and have a child, Nathan Christopher Summers. Meanwhile, the cocoon is discovered and retrieved by the Avengers and the Fantastic Four.<ref name="FF286"/> Jean emerges with no memory of the actions of the Phoenix/Dark Phoenix.<ref name="FF286"/> The Avengers and Fantastic Four tell her of what happened and that she was believed dead until now.<ref name="FF286"/> She is reunited with the original X-Men, and convinces them to form the new superhero team X-Factor.<ref name="XFT1"/> Jean learns that Cyclops has romantically moved on with Madelyne, who is angered over his decision to lead X-Factor and neglect his family.<ref name="XFT1"/> Though Jean encourages Cyclops to return to Madelyne, he finds their house abandoned and assumes that Madelyne has left him and taken their infant son;<ref name="XFT8"/> Cyclops returns to X-Factor and he and Jean continue their relationship.<ref name="XFT13"/>

Madelyne eventually resurfaces with powers awakened by a demonic pact, calling herself the "Goblyn Queen".<ref name="UNCXM240"/> Learning of her true identity and purpose as a clone drove her completely insane and she plans to sacrifice Nathan Christopher to achieve greater power and unleash Hell on Earth.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> While attempting to stop her, Jean is reunited with the other X-Men, who are happy to learn that she is alive, particularly Wolverine, reminding Jean of her unaddressed feelings for him. Jean and Madelyne confront each other, and Madelyne attempts to kill them both. Jean manages to survive only by absorbing the remnant of the Phoenix Force housed within Madelyne, giving her both Madelyne's memories and the Phoenix's memories from "The Dark Phoenix Saga".<ref name="XFT38"/>

While continuing on X-Factor, Cyclops proposes to Jean and she meets her alternate future daughter Rachel Summers (who goes by the codename "Phoenix" as well and is also able to tap into the Phoenix Force), but she rejects them both out of the feeling that they indicate that her life is predetermined.<ref name="XFT53"/><ref name="XFTANN5"/> When X-Factor unites with the X-Men, Jean joins the Gold Team, led by Cyclops<ref name="UNCXM281"/> During this time, she no longer uses a codename, instead being referred to by her civilian name. After some time, she makes up with Rachel, welcoming her into her life, and proposes to Cyclops and the two marry.<ref name="UXM308"/><ref name="EXC75">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Scott Lobdell]]
| penciller = Ken Lashley
| inker = Randy Elliott
| story = Hello, I Must Be Going
| title = [[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 75
| date = March 1994
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> On their honeymoon, the couple is immediately psychically transported 2000 years into the future to raise Cyclops's son Nathan, who had been transported to the future as an infant in hopes of curing him of a deadly virus. Jean adopts the identity of "Redd" along with Cyclops (“Slym”) and they raise Nathan Christopher for twelve years before they are sent back into their bodies on their wedding honeymoon. Jean learns that a time-displaced Rachel had used her powers to transport them to the future to protect Nathan, and per Rachel’s request, Jean adopts the codename "Phoenix" once again to establish it as a symbol of good after all the bad it had caused.<ref name="TAoC&P"/> Meanwhile, her psychic and telekinetic abilities begin to grow and she begins using the iconic green and gold Phoenix costume again.<ref name="UNCXM356"/>

Following Cyclops's possession by the mutant villain [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] and apparent death,<ref name="Twelve"/><ref name="AGES"/> Jean continues with the X-Men, but is distraught by the loss of her husband. She later learns that she is an "Omega-level" mutant with unlimited potential.<ref name="XMFRV"/> Jean begins to suspect that Cyclops may still be alive and with the help of [[Cable (comics)|Nathan Christopher]] (now the aged superhero "Cable"), is able to locate and free Cyclops of his possession by Apocalypse.<ref name="XMSfC"/> The couple return to the X-Men as part of the Xavier Institute's teaching staff to a new generation of mutants.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> While Jean finds she is slowly able to tap into the powers of the Phoenix Force once again, her marriage to Scott begins to fail.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean and Wolverine address their long-unspoken mutual attraction, deciding it is best not to act on their feelings; Cyclops grows further alienated from Jean due to her growing powers and institute responsibilities and seeks consolation from the telepathic [[Emma Frost]] to address his disillusionment and his experiences while possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> These therapy sessions lead to a "psychic affair" between Scott and Emma. Jean's discovery of the psychic affair results in a confrontation between her and Emma, though ultimately Jean realizes that her marriage to Scott has run its course and that Emma truly loves him.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/>

In a final confrontation with a traitor at the institute (the X-Men's teammate [[Xorn (comics)|Xorn]], posing as Magneto) Jean fully realizes and assumes complete control of the powers of the Phoenix Force, but is killed in a last-ditch lethal attack by Xorn.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean dies, telling Scott "to live". However, after her funeral, Scott rejects Emma and her offer to run the school together. This creates a [[Here Comes Tomorrow|dystopian future]] where all life and natural evolution is under assault by the infectious, villainous, sentient bacteria "[[Sublime (Marvel Comics)|Sublime]]". Jean is resurrected in this future timeline and becomes the fully realized '''White Phoenix of the Crown''', using the abilities of the Phoenix Force to defeat Sublime and eliminate the dystopic future by reaching back in time and influencing Cyclops to accept Emma's love and her offer to run the school together.<ref name="NXM154">{{Cite comic
| writer = Grant Morrison
| penciller = [[Marc Silvestri]]
| inker = Joe Weems
| story = [[Here Comes Tomorrow]]: Rescue...and Emergency
| title = New X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 154
| date = May 2004
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean then reconciles with Cyclops and fully bonds with the Phoenix Force and ascends to a higher plane of existence called the "[[White hot room|White Hot Room]]".<ref name="PHNXEND"/> Though she has yet to fully return, the Phoenix Force continues to manifest itself, particularly through the red-haired, green-eyed "mutant messiah" [[Hope Summers (comics)|Hope Summers]],<ref name="XFC3-28">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Craig Kyle]]; [[Chris Yost]]
| penciller = [[Michael Choi (comics)|Mike Choi]]
| inker = [[Sonia Oback]]
| story =
| volume = 3
| issue = 28
| date = September 2010
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> and Jean briefly appears in a vision to Emma Frost from the White Hot Room, telling the X-Men to "prepare".<ref name="UXM510">{{Cite comic
| writer = Matt Fraction
| penciller = Greg Land
| inker = Jay Leisten
| story =
| volume = 1
| issue = 510
| date = July 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She again appears in a vision to Cyclops when he is overwhelmed by the power of Dark Phoenix, helping him abandon the power so that it can pass on to its true host.{{issue|date=January 2015}}

In ''[[All-New X-Men]]'', a younger version of Jean is relocated to the present day along with the other original X-Men,<ref name="All New X-Men 2"/> and this version has experienced a surge in her abilities due to the trauma of being brought to the future.{{issue|date=January 2015}}. This version of Jean Grey is being trained in her psychic powers by Emma Frost.<ref name="All New X-Men 37"/>

==Powers and abilities==
Jean Grey is an [[Omega-level mutant]], and at her highest and strongest potential was bonded with the [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]] and with it was able to defeat even Galactus.

===Telepathy===
When her powers first manifested, Jean was unable to cope with her [[telepathy]], forcing [[Professor X]] to suppress her access to it altogether. Instead, he chose to train her in the use of her [[psychokinesis|telekinesis]] while allowing her telepathy to grow at its natural rate before reintroducing it.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Scott Lobdell
| penciller = Andy Kubert
| inker = Cam Smith
| story = They’re Baaack...
| title = X-Men (2nd series)
| volume =
| issue = 46
| date = November 1995
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> When the Professor hides to prepare for the [[List of alien races in Marvel Comics#Z|Z'Nox]], he reopens Jean's telepathic abilities, which was initially explained by writers as Xavier 'sharing' some of his telepathy with her.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Roy Thomas
| penciller = Don Heck
| inker = [[George Tuska]]
| story = If I Should Die...!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 42
| date = March 1968
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

Jean's telepathy allows her to read, influence, control, and communicate with the minds of others, project her mind into the [[astral plane]], and generate telepathic force blasts that can stun or even kill others. Jean is one of the few telepaths skilled enough to communicate with animals (animals with high intelligence, such as [[dolphin]]s,<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| artist = John Bolton
| story = Lifesigns
| title = Classic X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 13
| date = September 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> [[dog]]s,<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chuck Austen]]
| penciller = Romano Molenaar
| inker = Danny Miki
| story = Can They Suffer?
| title = X-Men Unlimited
| volume = 1
| issue = 44
| date = May 2003
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> and [[raven]]s<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Steven T. Seagle]]
| penciller = Dan Norton
| inker = [[Dexter Vines]]; Scott Hanna
| story = The Sky Is Falling
| title = The Uncanny X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 357
| date = July 1998
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>). She can also telepathically take away or control people's natural bodily functions and senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, or even mutant powers. As a side effect of her telepathy, she has an [[eidetic memory]].<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Scott Lobdell
| penciller = [[Mel Rubi]]
| inker =
| story = Casualties of War
| title = The Uncanny X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 344
| date = May 1997
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean was able, through telepathic therapy with the comatose Jessica Jones, to grant Jessica immunity to the Purple Man's mind control abilities, despite his powers being chemical in nature rather than psychic.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Brian Michael Bendis
| penciller = Michael Gaydos, Mark Bagley, Art Thibert, Rick Mays
| inker =
| story = Purple, Part III
| title = Alias
| volume = 1
| issue = 26
| date = November 2003
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> When Jean absorbs [[Psylocke]]'s specialized telepathic powers, her own telepathy is increased to the point that she can physically manifest her telepathy as a psionic [[phoenix (mythology)|firebird]] whose claws can inflict both physical and mental damage. Phoenix discovers that she can telepathically enhance the powers of other mutants.{{Issue|date=October 2009}} She briefly develops a psychic shadow form like Psylocke's, with a gold Phoenix emblem over her eye instead of the [[Crimson Dawn]] mark possessed by Psylocke,{{issue|date=July 2012}} Jean briefly lost her telekinesis to Psylocke during this exchange, but her telekinetic abilities later came back in full at a far stronger level than before.{{issue|date=July 2012}}

===Telekinesis===
Her telekinetic strength and skill are both of a supremely high power-level, capable of grasping objects in Earth orbit and manipulating hundreds of components in mid-air in complex patterns. She often uses her telekinesis to lift herself and others, giving her the ability of levitation and flight. She uses her telekinesis to create durable shields and energy blasts. She later manifests a "telekinetic sensitivity" (called "the Manifestation of the Phoenix"<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/>) to objects in her immediate environment that lets her feel the texture and molecular patterns of objects, feel when other objects come into contact with them, and probe them at a molecular or subatomic level.

===Phoenix Force===
When transformed into Phoenix, Jean's powers escalate to a considerably higher level, allowing her to rearrange or disintegrate matter at a subatomic level, fly unaided through space, survive in any environment (even the core of a star), and manipulate electromagnetic and cosmic energies for various effects and atmospheric disturbances. She can create [[Wormhole|stargates]] that can transport her anywhere in the universe instantaneously. At this level, she is powerful enough to easily defeat a herald of [[Galactus]].<ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' #105</ref>

Jean, while acting as a Phoenix Force avatar, can create 'cosmic' fire, even in seemingly impossible situations such as the vacuum of space or underwater. Typically it manifests as a raptor or part of a raptor such as claws or wings. Jean has perfect control over this fire, only consuming what she wills. This fire does not require oxygen to burn, and burns so intensely that matter is consumed without by-products such as ash. It is unclear whether the fire is an extension of her telekinesis and telepathy or a more general property of the Phoenix Force. The cosmic fire is a literal punctuation to the Phoenix's purpose to "burn away what doesn't work", as well as being described as "burning through lies and deception".

As the Phoenix, Jean is able to resurrect after death. In some depictions, these resurrections are immediately after she is killed, while other depictions indicate that resurrection must occur at a "correct" time, sometimes taking a century. The Phoenix Force allows Jean to revive, absorb, rechannel, and preserve the life-force of any kind of life-form, meaning that she can take life energy from one person and give it to others, heal herself with the same life energy, or even resurrect the dead, since the Phoenix is the sum of all life and death.<ref name="Classic43"/>

The relationship between Jean Grey and the Phoenix (and the nature of the powers she has) is portrayed in a variety of ways throughout the character's history. In the initial plotline of the Phoenix being a manifestation of Jean's true potential, these powers are considered her own,<ref name="Classic43"/> as part of Claremont and Byrne's desire to create "the first cosmic superheroine".<ref name="DPT"/> However, since the retcon of the Phoenix as a separate entity from Jean Grey, depictions of these powers vary; these include Jean being one of many hosts to the Phoenix and "borrowing" its "Phoenix powers" during this time,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/><ref name="XFT50">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = [[Rich Buckler]]
| inker = [[Al Milgrom]]
| story = Judgment War, Part 7; Finale: Judgement Day!
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 50
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> being a unique host to the Phoenix,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> and being one with the Phoenix.<ref name="Classic43"/><ref name="PHNXEND"/> She is later described as one of the few to hold the title of "White Phoenix of the Crown" among the many past, present, and future hosts of the Phoenix.<ref name="NXM154"/>

===Education===
Jean Grey is a college graduate from Metro College with a select education in [[psychology]].{{Issue|date=July 2010}} Years later she finished a master's degree at [[Columbia University]] during her membership with the original X-Factor.{{Issue|date=September 2010}}

==Other versions==
{{Main|Alternate versions of Jean Grey}}
As a fictional character in the [[Marvel Universe]], Jean Grey appears in various alternate plot lines and fictional universes.

==In other media==
{{Main|Jean Grey in other media}}

Jean Grey appears in various media, such as animated programs, video games, films, and is sometimes referenced in pop culture.

==See also==
* [[End of Greys]], a story arc featured in the [[Uncanny X-Men]] comic book series.
* [[Rachel Summers]], (also known as Rachel Grey) the daughter of the [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate future]] counterparts to [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] (Scott Summers) and Jean Grey. She inherited her mother's telepathic and telekinetic powers and the code name Phoenix.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cosplay of Phoenix (Jean Grey)}}
{{Marvelwiki|Phoenix_(Jean_Grey)|Phoenix (Jean Grey)}}
* [http://comicsverse.com/jean-grey-and-the-phoenix-as-metaphor-the-phoenix-and-dark-phoenix-sagas/ The Jean Grey Podcast: Jean Grey and the Dark Phoenix Saga as a metaphor, discussed academically]
* [http://uncannyxmen.net/characters/phoenix-iv UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Phoenix]

{{Jack Kirby}}
{{X-Factor}}
{{X-Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grey-Summers, Jean}}
[[Category:Characters created by Jack Kirby]]
[[Category:Characters created by Stan Lee]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1963]]
[[Category:Female characters in comics]]
[[Category:Fictional activists]]
[[Category:Fictional avatars]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from New York]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities]]
[[Category:Fictional empaths]]
[[Category:Fictional mass murderers]]
[[Category:Fictional models]]
[[Category:Fictional schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Fictional telekinetics]]
[[Category:Fictional telepaths]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics mutants]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics superheroes]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics telepaths]]
[[Category:Superhero film characters]]

Jean Grey

2016-10-07T20:29:35Z

XanderSt98: Added a bullet point under character bio

{{redirect|Jean Gray|British actress|Vivean Gray}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=November 2013}}
{{Overly detailed|date=November 2013}}
{{Original research|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox comics character
|character_name=Jean Grey
|image=JeanGreyPhoenix.png
|imagesize=
|converted=y
|caption=Jean Grey as Phoenix. {{Descript-inner-art|Astonishing X-Men|2|1|September 1999}}Art by [[Brandon Peterson]].
|real_name= Jean Elaine Grey-Summers
|species=[[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|Human mutant]]
|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
|debut=''X-Men'' #1 (September 1963)
|creators=[[Stan Lee]] (writer) [[Jack Kirby]] (artist)
|alliances=[[X-Men]] [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
|aliases= [[Marvel Girl]], Red, [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix]], Dark Phoenix, White Phoenix of the Crown, Redd Dayspring
|powers= '''As Jean Grey''':
*Telepathy
*Telekinesis
*Empathy
'''As [[#Phoenix Force|Phoenix]]''':
*Telepathy
*Telekinesis
*Immense cosmic abilities involving cosmic fire, reality warping, space and time control, and life force control
|cat=super
|subcat=Marvel Comics
|hero=y
|sortkey=Grey, Jean
}}
'''Jean Elaine Grey-Summers''' (born: '''Jean Elaine Grey'''), is a fictional [[superhero]] appearing in [[American comic book]]s published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The character is a founding member of the [[X-Men]], and has been known under the aliases '''[[Marvel Girl]]''', '''[[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix]]''', and '''Dark Phoenix'''. Created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Jack Kirby]], the character first appeared in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|The X-Men]]'' #1 (September 1963).

Jean Grey is a member of a subspecies of humans known as [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]], who are born with superhuman abilities. She was born with [[Telepathy|telepathic]] and [[Psychokinesis|telekinetic]] powers. Her powers first manifested when she saw her childhood friend being hit by a car. She is a caring, nurturing figure, but she also has to deal with being an [[Omega-level mutant]] and the physical manifestation of the cosmic [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]]. Jean Grey experienced a transformation into the Phoenix in the ''X-Men'' storyline "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]". She has faced death numerous times in the history of the series. Her first death was under her guise as Marvel Girl, when she died and was "reborn" in the ''X-Men'' storyline "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]" as Phoenix. This transformation led to her second death, though not her last.

She is an important figure in the lives of other [[Marvel Universe]] characters, mostly the [[X-Men]], including her husband [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]], her mentor and father figure [[Professor X|Charles Xavier]], and [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]], who holds an unrequited love for her, her best friend and sister-like figure [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]], and her genetic children [[Rachel Summers]], [[Nate Grey|X-Man]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]], and [[Stryfe]].

The character was present for much of the X-Men's history, and she was featured in all three ''X-Men'' [[animation|animated series]] and several video games. She is a playable character in ''[[X-Men Legends]]'' (2004), ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]'' (2005), ''[[Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2]]'' (2009), ''[[Marvel vs Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds]]'' (2011), ''[[Marvel Heroes (video game)|Marvel Heroes]]'' (2013), and ''[[Lego Marvel Super Heroes]]'' (2013), and appeared as an enemy in the first ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''.

[[Famke Janssen]] portrayed Jean in five installments of the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' films]]. [[Sophie Turner (actress)|Sophie Turner]] portrays a younger version of Jean Grey in the 2016 film, ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]''.

In 2006, [[IGN]] rated Jean Grey #6 on their list of Top 25 X-Men from the past forty years,<ref name=IGNTop25>{{cite web
| author = Hilary Goldstein
|author2=Richard George
| title = The Top 25 X-Men
| work =
| publisher = [[IGN]]
| url = http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/15/the-top-25-x-men
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 }}
</ref> and in 2011, IGN ranked her 13th in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean Grey|url=http://au.ign.com/top/comic-book-heroes/13|publisher=IGN|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> Her Dark Phoenix persona was ranked 9th in IGN's "Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time" list.<ref name=IGNTop100Villains>{{cite web
| title = Top 100 Villains
| work =
| publisher = IGN
| url = http://au.comics.ign.com/top-100-villains/9.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2013-08-19 }}
</ref> She was ranked third in ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'s'' 100 Sexiest Women in Comics list.<ref>{{cite book| last = Frankenhoff| first = Brent| authorlink = Brent Frankenhoff| title = Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics| publisher = [[Krause Publications]] | year = 2011| pages = 8–9| url = | isbn = 1-4402-2988-0}}</ref>

==Publication history==

===Debut (1960s)===
Created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist/co-writer [[Jack Kirby]], Jean first appeared as '''Marvel Girl''' in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]'' #1 (September 1963). The original team's sole female member, Marvel Girl was a regular part of the team through the series' publication. Initially possessing the ability of [[telekinesis]], the character was later granted the power of [[telepathy]],<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Roy Thomas]]
| penciller = [[George Tuska]]
| inker = [[John Tartaglione]]
| story = X-Men
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 43
| date = April 1968
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> which would be [[retcon]]ned years later as a suppressed mutant ability.<ref name="BA27">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Buscema]]
| inker = [[Klaus Janson]]
| story = Phoenix
| title = [[Bizarre Adventures]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 27
| date = July 1981
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She began a relationship with Scott Summers (her teammate Cyclops), which persisted as her main romantic relationship throughout the ''X-Men'' franchise, though she would also harbor a secret attraction to teammate [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].<ref name="CLSXMN1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Bolton (comics)|John Bolton]]
| story = First Night
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = September 1986
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

==="The Phoenix Saga" and "The Dark Phoenix Saga" (1976–1980)===
[[File:UncannyXMen101.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Marvel Girl becomes Phoenix. (''[[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]'', vol. 1 #101) Art by [[Dave Cockrum]].]]Under the authorship of [[Chris Claremont]] and the artwork of first [[Dave Cockrum]] and then [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]] in the late 1970s, Jean Grey underwent a significant transformation from the X-Men's weakest member<ref name="XMN105">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Dave Cockrum
| inker = Bob Layton
| story = Phoenix Unleashed!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 105
| date = June 1977
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> to its most powerful.

In an attempt to save her fellow X-Men by piloting their damaged shuttle back to earth, Jean was exposed to fatal levels of radiation. Dying but determined to save Scott and her friends, Jean's love pushed her to reach her full potential as a psychic and telekinetic.<ref name="UXM125">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = John Byrne
| inker = Terry Austin
| story = There's Something Awful on Muir Island
| title = Uncanny X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 125
| date = September 1979
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The ship landed in [[Jamaica Bay]], with the other X-Men unharmed. Jean then surfaced wearing a new green and gold costume and adopted the codename '''Phoenix''', having gained immense powers.<ref name="UXM125"/>

This new identity and immense abilities eventually resulted in Jean becoming overwhelmed and corrupted by her god-like powers after a failed attempt by the villainous group called the Hellfire Club to control her mind. She transformed into a force of total destruction; now called '''Dark Phoenix''', she consumed a star, inadvertently killing the inhabitants of the star's planetary system, and jeopardized the entire universe. Eventually, in a regained moment of mental clarity, Jean committed suicide to ensure the universe's, and her fellow X-Men's, safety.

The storyline in which Jean Grey died as Marvel Girl and was reborn as Phoenix (''Uncanny X-Men'' [vol. 1] #101–108, 1976–1977) has been retroactively dubbed by fans "The Phoenix Saga", and the storyline of her eventual corruption and death as Dark Phoenix (''Uncanny X-Men'', vol. 1 #129–138, 1980) has been termed "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]". This storyline is one of the most well-known and heavily referenced in mainstream American superhero comics, and is widely considered a classic, including Jean Grey's suicidal sacrifice.<ref name="Epic">{{cite news|url=http://austin.culturemap.com/newsdetail/07-05-12-11-53-assemble-true-believers-legendary-x-men-comic-book-writer-chris-claremont-emerges-at-dragons-lair/|title=Assemble, true believers: Legendary X-Men comic book writer Chris Claremont emerges at Dragon's Lair|last=Graupman|first=Michael|date=July 12, 2012|publisher=CultureMap Austin|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Classic">{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2012/7/13/lifebookshelf/11637153&sec=lifebookshelf|title=Showdown Supreme|last=Rahan|first=Kaleon|date=July 13, 2012|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Claremont">{{cite news|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/blogs/books/2012-07-14/chris-claremont-dead-should-mean-dead/|title=Chris Claremont: Dead Should Mean Dead—'X-Men' mastermind talks the Phoenix and the flame|last=Whittaker|first=Richard|date=July 14, 2012|work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]|accessdate=30 July 2011 }}</ref>

When the first [[Trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]] of "The Dark Phoenix Saga" was published in 1984, Marvel also published a 48-page special issue titled ''Phoenix: The Untold Story''. It contained the original version of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #137, the original splash page for ''Uncanny X-Men'' #138, and transcripts of a [[Round table (discussion)|roundtable discussion]] between Shooter, Claremont, Byrne, editors [[Jim Salicrup]] and [[Louise Simonson|Louise Jones]], and inker [[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]] about the creation of the new Phoenix persona, the development of the story, and what led to its eventual change, and Claremont and Byrne's plans for Jean Grey had she survived.<ref name="Deeley">[http://www.fullfilmizlesin.com/dark-phoenix-the-directors-cut/ ]</ref>

Claremont revealed that his and Cockrum's motivation for Jean Grey's transformation into Phoenix was to create "the first female cosmic hero".<ref name="DPT"/> The two hoped that, like [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] had been integrated into ''[[Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]]'' lineup, Phoenix would also become an effective and immensely powerful member of the X-Men. However, both Salicrup and Byrne had strong feelings against how powerful Phoenix had become, feeling that she drew too much focus in the book.<ref name="DPT"/> Byrne worked with Claremont to effectively remove Phoenix from the storyline, initially by removing her powers. However, Byrne's decision to have Dark Phoenix destroy an inhabited planetary system in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #135, coupled with the planned ending to the story arc, worried then-Editor-in-Chief [[Jim Shooter]], who felt that allowing Jean to live at the conclusion of the story was both morally unacceptable (given that she was now a "mass murderer")<ref name="Deeley"/> and also an unsatisfying ending from a storytelling point of view.<ref name="Deeley"/> Shooter publicly laid out his reasoning in the 1984 roundtable:
<blockquote>
I personally think, and I've said this many times, that having a character destroy an inhabited world with billions of people, wipe out a starship and then—well, you know, having the powers removed and being let go on Earth. It seems to me that that's the same as capturing [[Hitler]] alive and letting him go live on Long Island. Now, I don't think the story would ''end'' there. I think a lot of people would come to his door with machine guns...<ref name="DPT">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont; John Byrne; Jim Shooter; Jim Salicrup, Louise Jones; Terry Austin
| penciller =
| inker =
| story = The Dark Phoenix Tapes
| title = Phoenix: The Untold Story
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = April 1984
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
One of the creative team's questions that affected the story's conclusion was whether the Phoenix's personality and later descent into madness and evil were inherent to Jean Grey or if the Phoenix was itself an entity merely possessing her.<ref name="DPT"/> The relationship between Jean Grey and the Phoenix would continue to be subject to different interpretations and explanations by writers and editors at Marvel Comics following the story's [[retcon]] in 1986. At the time of the Dark Phoenix's creation, Byrne felt that, "If someone could be seen to corrupt Jean, rather than her just turning bad, this could make for an interesting story."<ref name="XEffectByrne">{{cite web |first=Jeffrey |last=Klaehn |url=http://www.graphicnovelreporter.com/content/x-effect-interview-john-byrne-interview |title=The X-Effect: An Interview with John Byrne |work=Creator Interviews |publisher=Graphic Novel Reporter |accessdate=January 17, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mquoVLkj | archivedate = 2010-01-17| deadurl=no}}</ref> Salicrup and Byrne stated later that they viewed Phoenix as an entity that entirely possessed Jean Grey, therefore absolving her of its crimes once it was driven out.<ref name="DPT"/> However, the creative and editorial team ultimately agreed that Phoenix had been depicted as an inherent and inseparable aspect of Jean Grey, meaning that the character was fully responsible for her actions as Phoenix. As a result, Shooter ordered that Claremont and Byrne rewrite issue #137 to explicitly place in the story both a consequence and an ending commensurate with the enormity of Phoenix's actions.<ref name="DPT"/> In a 2012 public signing, Claremont spoke about the context of the late 1970s and the end of the [[Vietnam War]] during the story's writing, stating that the history of these events also made Jean Grey's genocidal actions difficult to redeem.<ref name="Claremont"/>

In the original ending, Jean does not revert to Dark Phoenix, and the Shi'ar subject her to a "psychic lobotomy", permanently removing all her telepathic or telekinetic powers.<ref name="DPT"/> Claremont and Byrne planned to later have Magneto offer Jean the chance to restore her abilities, but Jean choosing to remain depowered and eliminate the threat of Dark Phoenix returning to power.<ref name="DPT"/>

===Return to publication (1986)===
[[File:Xfactor1undecided.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The unfinished cover for ''X-Factor'' #1, before Bob Layton and Jackson Guice decided on the fifth female team member. (''[[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]'', vol. 1 #1) Art by [[Jackson Guice]].]]
After several years, Marvel decided to revive the character, but only after an editorial decree that the character be absolved of her actions during The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="Busiek">{{cite web|url=http://www.comiclist.com/index.php/news/interview-with-kurt-busiek-marathon-man |title=Interview With Kurt Busiek: Marathon Man |publisher=ComicList |accessdate=2013-11-07}}</ref> Writer [[Kurt Busiek]] is credited with devising the plot to revive Jean Grey.<ref name="Busiek"/> Busiek, a fan of the original five X-Men, was displeased with the character's death and formulated various storylines that would have met Shooter's rule and allowed the character to return to the X-Men franchise.<ref name="Busiek"/> He eventually shared his storyline idea with fellow writer [[Roger Stern]] who mentioned it to Byrne, who was both writing and illustrating the ''Fantastic Four'' at the time.<ref name="Busiek"/> Both series writer [[Bob Layton]] and artist [[Jackson Guice]], who were developing the series ''[[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]''—a team of former X-Men—had yet to settle on their fifth team member, initially considering [[Dazzler]].<ref name="5thmember">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Cronin |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/06/26/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-161/ |title=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #161 |work=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]] |date=June 26, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2010}}</ref> Layton opted to fill the open spot with Jean instead, and both he and Byrne submitted the idea to Shooter, who approved it.<ref name="Busiek"/> Jean Grey's revival became a crossover plotline between the ''Avengers'' under Stern, ''Fantastic Four'' under Byrne, and ''X-Factor'' under Layton.<ref name="Busiek"/>

Jean Grey was reintroduced in Marvel Comics six years after the publication of The Dark Phoenix Saga in ''Avengers'' #263 (January 1986) and was revived in ''Fantastic Four'' #286 (January 1986), with the events of The Dark Phoenix Saga [[retcon]]ned. The new version of events was that rather than being Jean Grey reborn, Phoenix was actually an entirely separate entity posing as Jean. The new events state that while near-death in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #100, Jean made contact with a cosmic entity called the "[[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]]".<ref name="FF286">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| penciller = [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| inker= [[Terry Austin (comics)|Terry Austin]]
| story = Like a Phoenix!
| title = [[Fantastic Four]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 286
| date = January 1986
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The Phoenix Force offered to save Jean's life and that of other X-Men and took on Jean's form.<ref name="FF286"/> Jean Grey imbued the copy with her essence, causing the Phoenix Force to believe that it truly was Jean Grey.<ref name="FF286"/> The Phoenix Force, now in the form of Jean Grey and calling itself "Phoenix", placed the dying Jean Grey's body in a healing cocoon, which sinks in the ocean during the events of ''Uncanny X-Men'' #101.<ref name="FF286"/> The duplicate continued on in the events from ''Uncanny X-Men'' #101, all the while believing itself to actually be Jean Grey up to its "death" at the conclusion of The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="FF286"/> Future issues would further explore the details of the interaction and connection between Jean and the Phoenix Force.<ref name="CLSX8">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[John Bolton (comics)|John Bolton]]
| story = Phoenix
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 8
| date = April 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="Classic43">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Mike Collins (comics)|Mike Collins]]
| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]
| story = Flights of Angels
| title = [[Classic X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 43
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> The real Jean Grey awoke from the cocoon when her injuries were healed (though without access to her telepathy) and with no recollection or involvement in the events that had occurred after meeting the Phoenix Force.<ref name="FF286"/>

Busiek later found out that his idea had been used thanks to Layton, and he was credited in ''Fantastic Four'' #286 and paid for his contributions.<ref name="Busiek"/> The decision to revive Jean Grey was controversial among fans, with some appreciating the return of the character and others feeling it weakened the impact of the Dark Phoenix Saga's ending.<ref name="Busiek"/> Busiek maintained that the idea that led to Jean Grey's official return to Marvel Comics was merely a case of sharing his ideas with friends as a fan, and that he neither formally pitched the idea to anyone nor gave it the final go ahead.<ref name="Busiek"/> Claremont expressed dissatisfaction with the retcon, stating in 2012: "We’d just gone to all the effort of saying, 'Jean is dead, get over it,' and they said, 'Haha, we fibbed.' So why should anyone trust us again? But that’s the difference between being the writer and being the boss."<ref name="Claremont"/>

In the comics, having been fully established as separate from the "Jean Grey" copy created and taken over by the Phoenix Force, Jean is "absolved" of involvement in the atrocities of "The Dark Phoenix" storyline, and she returned in the first issue of ''X-Factor'' (1st Series) only to find that the other members of the original X-Men have retired.<ref name="XFT1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Bob Layton]]| penciller = [[Jackson Guice]]| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]| story = Third Genesis| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]| volume = 1| issue = 1| date = February 1986| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> Jean convinced the retired X-Men to found a new team, X-Factor, to respond to growing anti-mutant sentiment and reused the "Marvel Girl" codename.<ref name="XFT1"/> The series also reunited Jean with Cyclops, who abandoned his wife, [[Madelyne Pryor]]—a woman who looked uncannily like Jean—and their infant son, [[Cable (comics)|Nathan Christopher]], to run the X-Factor team.<ref name="XFT1"/> Upon discovering that her former lover had established a family during her absence, Jean encouraged Cyclops to return to his wife and child.<ref name="XFT8">{{Cite comic|writer = [[Bob Layton]]| penciller = [[Jackson Guice]]
| inker = [[Josef Rubenstein]]| story = Third Genesis| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 8
| date = February 1986| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref><ref name="XFT13">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]| penciller = [[Walter Simonson]]| inker = [[Dan Green (artist)|Dan Green]]| story = Third Genesis| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 13| date = February 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> However, finding their home abandoned, he believed Madelyne had left him and taken Nathan with her, prompting Scott to return to X-Factor and continue his relationship with Jean.<ref name="XFT13"/>

The team's adventures continued throughout the series, culminating in the line-wide "[[Inferno (Marvel Comics)|Inferno]]" crossover. Madelyne resurfaced, now nearly insane and with powers awakened by a demonic pact, calling herself the Goblyn Queen.<ref name="UNCXM240">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]| penciller = [[Mark Silvestri]]| inker = [[Dan Green (artist)|Dan Green]]| story = Strike the Match| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]| volume = 1| issue = 240| date = January 1989| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> During the crossover, the X-Men discovered that Madelyne was a clone of Jean created by [[Mister Sinister]] and brought to life by the Phoenix Force after the events of The Dark Phoenix Saga. Sinister created her with the purpose of having a child with Scott Summers, because their genetics carried the potential to produce powerful mutant offspring. This drove her completely insane and she planned to sacrifice her son to achieve greater power and forge her own destiny.<ref name="UNCXM241">{{Cite comic| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Mark Silvestri| inker = Dan Green| story = Fan the Flames| title = Uncanny X-Men
| volume = 1| issue = 241| date = February 1989| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> ''Inferno'' reunited Jean with the X-Men, who were happy to learn that she was alive, particularly Wolverine, reminding Jean of her unaddressed feelings for him. At the conclusion of ''Inferno'', Jean and Madelyne confronted each other, with Madelyne attempting to mind meld with Jean and kill them both. Jean only managed to survive by absorbing the remnants of the Phoenix Force housed within Madelyne, giving her both Madelyne's memories and the Phoenix's memories from The Dark Phoenix Saga.<ref name="XFT38">{{Cite comic| writer = Louise Simonson| penciller = Walter Simonson
| inker = Dan Green| story = Duet!| title = X-Factor| volume = 1| issue = 38| date = March 1989
| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref>

Claremont later commented on how Jean's revival affected his original plans for Madelyne Pryor, stating that the relationship between the two women was intended to be entirely coincidental.<ref name="SerieJournalen">{{cite web| last1=Kristiansen| first1=Ulrik| last2= Sørensen| first2=Tue |url= http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32|title= An interview with Chris Claremont| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080223175441/http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32| archivedate= 23 February 2008| website=SerieJournalen.dk |date= 1 May 1996| deadurl=yes }} Accessed July 9, 2010.</ref> He intended Madelyne only to look like Jean by complete coincidence and exist as a means for Cyclops to move on with his life and be written out of the ''X-Men'' franchise, part of what he believed to be a natural progression for any member of the team.<ref name="SerieJournalen"/> Claremont expressed dismay that Jean's resurrection ultimately resulted in Cyclops abandoning his wife and child, tarnishing his written persona as a hero and "decent human being", and the "untenable situation" with Madelyne was dealt with by transforming her into a [[prolicide|prolicidal]] demonic villain and killing her off.<ref name="SerieJournalen"/>

Soon after the beginning publication of ''X-Factor'', Marvel also reprinted and released the original ''X-Men'' series under the title ''Classic X-Men''. These reissues paired the original stories with new vignettes, elaborating on plot points. One such issue, ''Classic X-Men'' #8 (April 1987), paired the original ''X-Men'' #100 (August 1976) story of Jean Grey's disastrous return flight from space immediately preceding her transformation into Phoenix ("Love Hath No X-Man...") with the new story "Phoenix". The story further supported the retcon establishing Jean Grey and the Phoenix Force as two separate entities. The vignette elaborated on the events between ''X-Men'' #100 and ''X-Men'' #101: facing certain death from radiation poisoning, Jean Grey cried out for help to save the lives of her fellow X-Men. Hearing her cry and sensing her intense passion for life and love for Scott and her friends, the Phoenix Force—the "sum and substance of life"—responded, offering to save her by bonding to her, coupling her humanity with its incredible power. Jean accepted and immediately found her consciousness in a duplicated body. She placed her former dying body, still containing a spark of her soul, in a healing cocoon. The duplicate, now calling itself Phoenix, proceeded to the events depicted in the original ''X-Men'' #101 (October 1976) story "Like A Phoenix, From The Ashes!" with the cocoon sinking to the bottom of Jamaica Bay to be discovered in ''Avengers'' #263.<ref name="CLSX8"/>

===Return to the X-Men (1990s)===
[[Image:Uncanny X-Men Vol 1 334.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Jean Grey on the cover of ''[[Uncanny X-Men]]'' Vol. 1 #334.]]
Following the conclusion of ''Inferno'', Jean continued to be a mainstay character throughout the rest of ''X-Factor'', rejecting a marriage proposal from Scott and meeting her alternate future daughter [[Rachel Summers]], whom she also rejected out of the feeling that they both suggest her life is predetermined.<ref name="XFT53">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = Terry Shoemaker
| inker = [[Allen Milgrom]]
| story = Ghosts
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 53
| date = April 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="XFTANN5">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = [[Allen Milgrom]]
| inker = [[Bob McLeod (comics)|Bob McLeod]]
| story = Days of Future Present (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 5
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She also regained her telepathy during a battle with the villain [[Psynapse (comics)|Psynapse]].<ref name="XFT65">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Jim Lee]], [[Whilce Portacio]], [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Whilce Portacio]]
| inker = [[Art Thibert]]
| story = Endgame, Part 1: Malign Influences
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 65
| date = April 1991
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

''X-Factor'' (1st Series) ended its run featuring the original X-Men with ''X-Factor'' #70 (September 1991), with the characters transitioning over to ''Uncanny X-Men'', explained in continuity as the two teams deciding to merge. The fourteen X-Men divide into two teams—"Blue" and "Gold"—led by Cyclops and [[Storm (Marvel Comics)|Storm]], respectively. Jean was added to the Gold Team beginning in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #281 (October, 1991).<ref name="UNCXM281">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Jim Lee]], [[Whilce Portacio]], [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]]
| penciller = [[Whilce Portacio]]
| inker = [[Art Thibert]]
| story = Fresh Upstart
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 281
| date = October 1991
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> During this time, she was no longer given a codename, but instead was referred to by her full name, '''Jean Grey'''. In ''Uncanny X-Men'' #308 (January 1994), Jean proposed to Scott and the two were married in ''X-Men'' #30. Jean had also, by this time, reconciled her initially hostile feelings toward Rachel and welcomed her into her life permanently (March 1994).<ref name="UXM308">{{Cite comic
| writer = Fabian Nicieza
| penciller = Andy Kubert
| inker = Matt Ryan
| story = The Ties That Bind
| title = X-Men
| volume = 2
| issue = 30
| date = March 1994
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean and Scott were immediately featured in the four-part miniseries ''The Adventures of Cyclops & Phoenix'', where the two were psychically transported 2,000 years into the future to raise Scott's son Nathan, who had been transported to the future as an infant in hope of curing him of a deadly virus. The series depicted the couple assuming the names Redd (Jean) and Slym (Cyclops) and raising Nathan Christopher for twelve years before being sent back into their bodies on their honeymoon. Before their return, Jean learned that Rachel had transported them to the future to protect Nathan and, following her request, adopted the codename '''"Phoenix"''' once again to establish it as a symbol of good after all the bad it had caused.<ref name="TAoC&P">{{cite book |title=The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix |first=Scott |last=Lobdell |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-0171-0 |year=1994}}</ref>

Jean continued to appear as a mainstay character in both ''[[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]'' and ''Uncanny X-Men'' including franchise-wide crossovers like ''[[Phalanx Covenant|The Phalanx Covenant]]'' and the line-wide crossover ''Onslaught'', which featured the manifestation of Charles Xavier's dark half. The crossover revisited long untouched issues between Xavier and Jean, including Xavier's secret love for Jean mentioned in the original ''X-Men'' comic series decades earlier.<ref name="XMN53">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Mark Wade]]
| penciller = [[Andy Kubert]]
| inker = [[Cam Smith]], John Dell
| story = False Fronts
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 53
| date = June 1996
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="TXMN3">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Stan Lee]]
| penciller = [[Jack Kirby]]
| inker = [[Paul Reinman]]
| story = Beware of...the Blob!
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|The X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| date = January 1964
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean also met another alternate future child of hers and Scott's: the immensely powerful [[Nate Grey|Nathan Grey]], who accidentally revived the psionic ghost of Madelyne Pryor, leading to another confrontation between the two women.<ref name="XMAN25">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Roger Cruz]]
| inker = Bud LaRosa
| story = Closer to the Lame
| title = [[X-Man]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 25
| date = March 1997
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> While appearing in ''Uncanny X-Men'' and ''X-Men'', Jean grew more comfortable with her immense psychic powers and began using the iconic green and gold Phoenix costume again.<ref name="UNCXM356">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Steve Seagle]]
| penciller = [[Chris Bachalo]]
| inker = Tim Townsend
| story = Reunion
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 356
| date = June 1998
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She also quickly brought together a team of X-Men in the three-issue revival of the ''[[Astonishing X-Men]]'' title.<ref name="ASTXM1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Howard Mackie]]
| penciller = [[Brandon Peterson]]
| inker = Tim Townsend, Dan Panosian
| story = Call to Arms
| title = [[Astonishing X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 1
| date = September 1999
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

===New X-Men (2000s)===
[[Image:Cover of New X-Men Vol. 1 no. 128.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Jean Grey on the cover of ''[[New X-Men]]'' Vol. 1 #128.]]
Following Cyclops's possession by the mutant villain [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] and disappearance in the conclusion of the crossover storyline "Apocalypse: The Twelve",<ref name="Twelve">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Alan Davis]], [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Alan Davis]]
| inker = [[Mark Farmer]]
| story = The End of the World As We Know It (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 97
| date = February 2000
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="AGES">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Alan Davis]], [[Terry Kavanagh]]
| penciller = [[Alan Davis]]
| inker = [[Mark Farmer]]
| story = First and Last (Part 2)
| title = [[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 98
| date = March 2000
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean lost her telekinetic abilities and was left with increased psychic powers, the result of the "six month gap" in plot across the ''X-Men'' franchise created by the ''Revolution'' revamp. During the ''Revolution'' event, all ''X-Men'' titles began six months after the events of ''Apocalypse: the Twelve'', allowing writers to create fresh situations and stories and gradually fill in the missing events of the previous six months of continuity. Due to editing decisions following the success of the 2000 ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' film, which depicted the character of Jean Grey with both telepathy and telekinesis, an explanation for Jean's altered powers in the comics was never explicitly made, though writer Chris Claremont revealed in interviews that it was intended to be an accidental power switch between fellow X-Man [[Psylocke]], explaining Psylocke's new telekinetic powers as well.

Jean was next featured in the six-issue miniseries ''[[X-Men Forever]]'' written by [[Fabian Nicieza]], which was designed to tie up remaining plot lines. During the series, Jean revisited many of the events involving the Phoenix Force and the series introduced the concept of "Omega level mutants", a category for mutants with unlimited potential, which included Jean herself.<ref name="XMFRV">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Fabian Nicieza]]
| penciller = [[Kevin Maguire (artist)|Kevin Maguire]]
| inker = [[Andrew Pepoy]]
| story = Chapter 3: All of God's Creatures...
| title = [[X-Men Forever]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| date = March 2001
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Cable and Jean were the central characters in the 2001 miniseries ''[[X-Men: Search for Cyclops]]'' where the two believe Cyclops to be alive. The two tracked Cyclops down and Jean was able to psychically free him from Apocalypse's possession. The couple then returned as mainstay characters in ''X-Men'' (2nd Series) once again.<ref name="XMSfC">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Joe Harris (filmmaker)|Joseph Harris]]
| penciller = [[Tom Raney]]
| inker = Scott Hanna
| story = Book Four: Found!
| title = [[X-Men: Search for Cyclops]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 4
| date = March 2001
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

In June 2001, ''X-Men'' was retitled as ''New X-Men'' under writer [[Grant Morrison]]. The title consisted of a smaller team featuring Jean, Cyclops, Beast, Wolverine, [[Emma Frost]], and Charles Xavier. The overarching plot focused on the team assuming the roles of teachers to a new generation of mutants at the Xavier Institute while navigating their personal relationships and dealing with newly emerging pro- and anti-mutant political sentiments.<ref name="NWXMNOMN">{{cite book |title=New X-Men Omnibus (Hardcover) |first=Grant |last=Morrison |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-2326-2 |year=2006}}</ref> The series saw the return of Jean's telekinesis, her emerging ability to tap into the powers of the Phoenix Force once again, her assumption of the duties as headmistress of the Xavier Institute, and the failing of her marriage to Scott following his traumatic experience of being possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean and Wolverine addressed their long-unspoken mutual attraction, deciding it was best not to act on their feelings, while Scott began feeling further alienated from Jean and sought consolation from Emma Frost to address his disillusionment and his experiences while possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> These interactions led to a "psychic affair" between Scott and Emma. Jean's discovery of the psychic affair resulted in a confrontation between Emma and her, though ultimately Jean realized that her marriage to Scott has run its course.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean also made minor appearances in other titles during the ''New X-Men'' run, such as Chris Claremont's ''X-Treme X-Men'', occasionally lending support to the characters.<ref name="XTRXMN27">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Salvador Larroca]]
| inker =
| story = Day of the Dead
| title = [[X-Treme X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 27
| date = November 2002
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

''New X-Men'' concluded with Jean fully realizing and assuming the powers of the Phoenix under her complete control. However, in the final chapters of ''New X-Men'', she was killed in battle by Magneto,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> though Marvel later retconned her killer's identity to that of an [[Xorn|imposter]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Contino, Jennifer M. | year=2004 | title=Chuck Austen X-Men Writer | publisher=Comicon.com | url=http://www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=36;t=002359|accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> The series also explored a dystopian future caused when Scott chooses not to run the Institute with Emma following Jean's death. This alternate future timeline, called "Here Comes Tomorrow", was the closing chapter of Grant Morrison's run on ''New X-Men''.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> The story was eventually resolved by a resurrected Jean becoming the fully realized '''White Phoenix of the Crown''', using the abilities of the Phoenix Force to reach back in time and influence Scott to accept Emma's offer to run the school together.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Scott and Jean's relationship ended with her death and he and Emma assumed the duties of co-headmaster and co-headmistress of the Xavier Institute under writer [[Chuck Austen]]'s take over of ''New X-Men'' and its change over to ''[[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]'' under the editorial ''[[X-Men ReLoad]]'' decision.

Jean and her connection with the Phoenix Force was examined again one year after the conclusion of Morrison's run on ''New X-Men'' in ''[[X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong]]'' written by [[Greg Pak]] in 2005.<ref name="PHNXEND">{{cite book |title=X-Men: Phoenix—Endsong |first=Greg |last=Pak |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-1924-1 |year=2005}}</ref> In it, a fragmented Phoenix Force attempts to resurrect Jean, resulting in a struggle between herself and the X-Men as she attempted to control the "Dark Phoenix" persona. The miniseries concluded with Jean resolving her relationship with Scott and moving on to a higher plane of existence with the Phoenix Force.<ref name="PHNXEND"/> The Phoenix Force as its own entity continued to be explored in other later titles, such as ''[[X-Men: Phoenix – Warsong]]'' (2006) and [[Matt Fraction]]'s run on ''Uncanny X-Men'', with brief references to Jean.<ref name="UNCXM510">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Matt Fraction]]
| penciller = [[Greg Land]]
| inker = Jay Leistan
| story =
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 510
| date = July 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> At the 2010 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] X-Men panel, when asked whether or not Jean would return, editor Nick Lowe responded by saying, "She's dead."<ref name="x-position">{{cite web
| title = SDCC 2010: Marvel X-MEN Panel
| publisher = Newsarama
| date = 2010-07-23
| url = http://www.newsarama.com/comics/sdcc-2010-Marvel-X-Men-panel-100723.html
| accessdate = 2010-07-23
}}</ref>

===Return of the Phoenix Force and All-New X-Men (2010s)===

Regarding Jean's actual return to the ''X-Men'' franchise, Marvel indicated that Jean's eventual return is being discussed but stated that the return of Jean Grey was "a story Marvel does not want to rush".<ref>{{cite web
| last = Manning
| first = Shaun
| title = CCI: The X-Men Panel
| publisher = Comic Book Resources
| date = 2008-07-25
| url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=17374
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 
}}</ref> Marvel loosely tied questions regarding Jean Grey's eventual return to the events in 2007's ''[[X-Men: Messiah Complex]]'' in which a mutant girl named [[Hope Summers (comics)|Hope]]—who has red hair, green eyes, and immense mutant powers—is born,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Johnson
| first = Alan
| title = WonderCon '09 - X-Men Panel
| publisher = Newsarama
| date = 2009-03-01
| url = http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090301-wondercon-xmen.html
| accessdate = 2009-05-29 
}}</ref> and 2010's ''[[X-Men: Second Coming]]'' which sees both Hope's return as a teenager and the return of the Phoenix Force.<ref name="X-Men: Kingbreaker">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Christopher Yost]]
| penciller = Dustin Weaver; Paco Diaz
| inker = Jaime Mendoza; Vicente Cifuentes
| story = X-Men: Kingbreaker Part Four
| title = [[X-Men: Kingbreaker]]
| volume =
| issue = 4
| date = May 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref><ref name="MattFractionPhoenixUtopia">{{cite web
| last = Richards
| first = Dave
| title = Matt Fraction's 'Utopian' Vision
| publisher = Comic Book Resources
| date = 2009-12-21
| url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=24138
| accessdate = 2010-02-25
}}</ref>
In the 2012 line-wide crossover event ''[[Avengers vs. X-Men]]'', Cyclops is possessed by the Phoenix Force and eventually becomes Dark Phoenix. On the brink of destroying the world, his mind reaches the White Hot Room where Jean Grey appears to him and convinces him to let go of the Phoenix Force.<ref>''Avengers Vs X-Men'' #12</ref><ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' v2 #19</ref>

Following the conclusion of the event, as part of the [[Marvel NOW!]] event, a teenage Jean Grey and the four other founding members of X-Men are transported across time to the present day by [[Beast (comics)|Beast]] in the series ''[[All-New X-Men]]'' by [[Brian Michael Bendis]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = White
| first = Brett
| title = Marvel NOW! Q&A: All-New X-Men
| publisher = Marvel.com
| date = 2012-08-07
| url = http://marvel.com/news/story/19161/marvel_now_qa_all-new_x-men
| accessdate = 2012-08-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Truitt
| first = Brian
| title = Marvel NOW! refreshes creativity and characters
| publisher = USA Today
| date = 2012-07-05
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/life/comics/story/2012-07-05/Marve-NOW-comic-book-relaunch/56027428/1
| accessdate = 2012-08-09
}}</ref> The time travel also caused her suppressed telepathic powers to awaken much earlier in her life than they were supposed to.<ref>''All-New X-Men'' #3</ref> She also has a habit of reading people's minds with out their permission, to the great frustration of her team.{{issue|date=June 2016}} During the ''[[Battle of the Atom]]'' crossover, a future version of this Jean Grey, who had never returned to the past and whose powers had grown beyond her control, would return to the present as [[Xorn]], a member of the future [[Brotherhood of Mutants]].<ref>''All-New X-Men'' #16</ref> Xorn perished during the battle, but in the process the X-Men also found out that there is something preventing the All-New X-Men from returning to the past.<ref>''Wolverine and the X-Men'' #37</ref> During this timeline, she reads the mind of current Beast, who regrets never admitting his feelings for her, so confronts younger Beast and gives him a kiss, which creates problems with the younger Cyclops.{{issue|date=June 2016}} She and her team also leave the [[X-Mansion#Post X-Men: Schism|Jean Grey School for mutants]] and go to [[Uncanny_X-Men#2013–2015: Volume 3|Cyclops's school]], where she forms a reluctant friendship with Emma Frost as she trains her physic abilities. {{issue|date=June 2016}}

Young Jean is later kidnapped by the Shi'ar and placed on trial for the destruction done by the Phoenix Force years earlier in a 2014 crossover story line ''Trial of Jean Grey''. The All-New X-Men team up with the [[Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)|Guardians of the Galaxy]] to rescue Jean from the Shi'ar homeworld, but Jean would end up awakening a new power that she never had, in which she is able to absorb massive amounts of psionic energy from others and combine her telepathy and telekinesis, which she used to defeat the powerful Gladiator, leader of the Shi'ar.<ref>''Guardians of the Galaxy'' #13</ref> While searching for new mutants, Jean and the All-New X-Men get teleported into the [[Ultimate Marvel]] universe.{{issue|date=June 2016}} She teams up with [[Spider-Man (Miles Morales)]] to rescue Beast, who's been trapped by the local [[Alternative versions of Doctor Doom#Ultimate Marvel|Dr. Doom]].{{issue|date=June 2016}} Before she is teleported back she gives Miles Morales a kiss. Upon their return to Earth 616, she and the All-New X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy a second time in search of [[The Black Vortex]].{{issue|date=June 2016}}

Following the reconstruction of reality after the [[Secret Wars (2015 comic book)|Battleworld crisis]], Jean has parted ways from the rest of the time-displaced X-Men as she attempts to find her own life in the present.{{issue|date=June 2016}} However, after witnessing the X-Men still struggling for mutant rights, she rejoins the team in ''[[Extraordinary X-Men]]'', along with the displaced [[Old Man Logan]],{{issue|date=June 2016}} assuring Logan that she will keep an eye on him to prevent him from repeating his past and killing the X-Men of this world.{{issue|date=June 2016}}

==Fictional character biography==
Jean Grey was born the second daughter of [[Dr. John Grey (comics)|John]] and [[Elaine Grey]]. She had an older sister, [[Sara Grey-Bailey]]. John Grey was a professor at [[Bard College]] in upstate New York. Depictions of Jean's childhood and her relations with her family have shown a stable, loving family life growing up.

Jean's mutant powers of telepathy and telekinesis first manifest when her best friend is hit by a car and killed. Jean mentally links with her friend and nearly dies as well.<ref name="BA27"/> The event leaves her comatose, and she is brought back to consciousness when her parents seek the help of powerful mutant telepath, Charles Xavier.<ref name="UXM308"/> Xavier blocks her telepathy until she is old enough to be able to control it, leaving her with access only to her telekinetic powers.<ref name="BA27"/><ref>{{Cite comic| writer = Roy Thomas| penciller = Don Heck| inker = [[George Tuska]]| story = If I Should Die...!| title = X-Men| volume = 1| issue = 42| date = March 1968| publisher = Marvel Comics| location =| page =| panel =| id =}}</ref> Xavier later recruits her as a teenager to be part of his X-Men team as "Marvel Girl", the team's sole female member.<ref name="XMN1">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Stan Lee]]
| penciller = [[Jack Kirby]]
| inker = [[Paul Reinman]]
| story = X-Men
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| date = September 1963
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> After several missions with the X-Men, Xavier removes Jean's mental blocks and she is able to use and control her telepathic powers.<ref name="BA27"/> She begins a relationship with teammate Cyclops (Scott Summers), which persists as her main romantic relationship, though she also develops a mutual secret attraction to later addition to the team, [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].<ref name="CLSXMN1"/>

During an emergency mission in space, the X-Men find their shuttle damaged. Jean pilots the shuttle back to Earth, but is exposed to fatal levels of radiation.<ref name="DPT"/> Dying, but determined to save Cyclops and her friends, Jean calls out for help and is answered by the cosmic entity, the Phoenix Force.<ref name="FF286"/> The Phoenix Force, the sum of all life in the universe,<ref name="Classic43"/> is moved by Jean's dedication and love and takes the form of a duplicate body to house Jean's psyche.<ref name="FF286"/> In that instant, the Phoenix Force is overwhelmed and believes itself to be Jean Grey and places Jean's dying body in a healing cocoon.<ref name="CLSX8"/> The ship crashes in Jamaica Bay, with the other X-Men unharmed.<ref name="UCXM101">{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| penciller = Dave Cockrum
| inker =Frank Chiaramonte
| story =Like A Phoenix, From The Ashes!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 101
| date = October 1976
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>
The Phoenix Force, as Jean Grey, emerges in a new green and gold costume and adopts the new codename "Phoenix", with immense cosmic powers.<ref name="UXM125"/> Meanwhile, the cocoon containing the real Jean Grey sinks to the bottom of the bay, unnoticed. Phoenix continues her life as Jean Grey with the other X-Men, joining them on missions and saving the universe. During the "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]", Phoenix becomes overwhelmed and corrupted by her first taste of evil and transforms into a force of total destruction, called "Dark Phoenix", consuming a star, inadvertently killing the inhabitants of the star's planetary system, and jeopardizing the entire universe.<ref name="DPS">{{cite book |title=X-Men: The Dark Phoenix Saga |first=Chris |last=Claremont |publisher= Marvel Publishing |location=New York| isbn=978-0-7851-2213-5 |year=1984}}</ref> However, Jean's personality manages to take control and Phoenix commits suicide to ensure the universe's safety.<ref name="FF286"/><ref name="DPS"/>

Upon its suicide by way of a disintegration ray, the Phoenix Force disperses into its original form and a fragment locates the still-healing Jean at the bottom of Jamaica Bay.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> In trying to bond with her, Jean senses its memories of death and destruction as Dark Phoenix and rejects it, causing it to bond with and animate a lifeless clone of Jean Grey created by the villain Mister Sinister.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> Sinister created the clone to mate with Cyclops to create genetically superior mutants. Named "[[Madelyne Pryor]]", the unaware clone meets Cyclops in a situation engineered by Sinister and the two fall in love, marry, and have a child, Nathan Christopher Summers. Meanwhile, the cocoon is discovered and retrieved by the Avengers and the Fantastic Four.<ref name="FF286"/> Jean emerges with no memory of the actions of the Phoenix/Dark Phoenix.<ref name="FF286"/> The Avengers and Fantastic Four tell her of what happened and that she was believed dead until now.<ref name="FF286"/> She is reunited with the original X-Men, and convinces them to form the new superhero team X-Factor.<ref name="XFT1"/> Jean learns that Cyclops has romantically moved on with Madelyne, who is angered over his decision to lead X-Factor and neglect his family.<ref name="XFT1"/> Though Jean encourages Cyclops to return to Madelyne, he finds their house abandoned and assumes that Madelyne has left him and taken their infant son;<ref name="XFT8"/> Cyclops returns to X-Factor and he and Jean continue their relationship.<ref name="XFT13"/>

Madelyne eventually resurfaces with powers awakened by a demonic pact, calling herself the "Goblyn Queen".<ref name="UNCXM240"/> Learning of her true identity and purpose as a clone drove her completely insane and she plans to sacrifice Nathan Christopher to achieve greater power and unleash Hell on Earth.<ref name="UNCXM241"/> While attempting to stop her, Jean is reunited with the other X-Men, who are happy to learn that she is alive, particularly Wolverine, reminding Jean of her unaddressed feelings for him. Jean and Madelyne confront each other, and Madelyne attempts to kill them both. Jean manages to survive only by absorbing the remnant of the Phoenix Force housed within Madelyne, giving her both Madelyne's memories and the Phoenix's memories from "The Dark Phoenix Saga".<ref name="XFT38"/>

While continuing on X-Factor, Cyclops proposes to Jean and she meets her alternate future daughter Rachel Summers (who goes by the codename "Phoenix" as well and is also able to tap into the Phoenix Force), but she rejects them both out of the feeling that they indicate that her life is predetermined.<ref name="XFT53"/><ref name="XFTANN5"/> When X-Factor unites with the X-Men, Jean joins the Gold Team, led by Cyclops<ref name="UNCXM281"/> During this time, she no longer uses a codename, instead being referred to by her civilian name. After some time, she makes up with Rachel, welcoming her into her life, and proposes to Cyclops and the two marry.<ref name="UXM308"/><ref name="EXC75">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Scott Lobdell]]
| penciller = Ken Lashley
| inker = Randy Elliott
| story = Hello, I Must Be Going
| title = [[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 75
| date = March 1994
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> On their honeymoon, the couple is immediately psychically transported 2000 years into the future to raise Cyclops's son Nathan, who had been transported to the future as an infant in hopes of curing him of a deadly virus. Jean adopts the identity of "Redd" along with Cyclops (“Slym”) and they raise Nathan Christopher for twelve years before they are sent back into their bodies on their wedding honeymoon. Jean learns that a time-displaced Rachel had used her powers to transport them to the future to protect Nathan, and per Rachel’s request, Jean adopts the codename "Phoenix" once again to establish it as a symbol of good after all the bad it had caused.<ref name="TAoC&P"/> Meanwhile, her psychic and telekinetic abilities begin to grow and she begins using the iconic green and gold Phoenix costume again.<ref name="UNCXM356"/>

Following Cyclops's possession by the mutant villain [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] and apparent death,<ref name="Twelve"/><ref name="AGES"/> Jean continues with the X-Men, but is distraught by the loss of her husband. She later learns that she is an "Omega-level" mutant with unlimited potential.<ref name="XMFRV"/> Jean begins to suspect that Cyclops may still be alive and with the help of [[Cable (comics)|Nathan Christopher]] (now the aged superhero "Cable"), is able to locate and free Cyclops of his possession by Apocalypse.<ref name="XMSfC"/> The couple return to the X-Men as part of the Xavier Institute's teaching staff to a new generation of mutants.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> While Jean finds she is slowly able to tap into the powers of the Phoenix Force once again, her marriage to Scott begins to fail.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean and Wolverine address their long-unspoken mutual attraction, deciding it is best not to act on their feelings; Cyclops grows further alienated from Jean due to her growing powers and institute responsibilities and seeks consolation from the telepathic [[Emma Frost]] to address his disillusionment and his experiences while possessed by Apocalypse.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> These therapy sessions lead to a "psychic affair" between Scott and Emma. Jean's discovery of the psychic affair results in a confrontation between her and Emma, though ultimately Jean realizes that her marriage to Scott has run its course and that Emma truly loves him.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/>

In a final confrontation with a traitor at the institute (the X-Men's teammate [[Xorn (comics)|Xorn]], posing as Magneto) Jean fully realizes and assumes complete control of the powers of the Phoenix Force, but is killed in a last-ditch lethal attack by Xorn.<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> Jean dies, telling Scott "to live". However, after her funeral, Scott rejects Emma and her offer to run the school together. This creates a [[Here Comes Tomorrow|dystopian future]] where all life and natural evolution is under assault by the infectious, villainous, sentient bacteria "[[Sublime (Marvel Comics)|Sublime]]". Jean is resurrected in this future timeline and becomes the fully realized '''White Phoenix of the Crown''', using the abilities of the Phoenix Force to defeat Sublime and eliminate the dystopic future by reaching back in time and influencing Cyclops to accept Emma's love and her offer to run the school together.<ref name="NXM154">{{Cite comic
| writer = Grant Morrison
| penciller = [[Marc Silvestri]]
| inker = Joe Weems
| story = [[Here Comes Tomorrow]]: Rescue...and Emergency
| title = New X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 154
| date = May 2004
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean then reconciles with Cyclops and fully bonds with the Phoenix Force and ascends to a higher plane of existence called the "[[White hot room|White Hot Room]]".<ref name="PHNXEND"/> Though she has yet to fully return, the Phoenix Force continues to manifest itself, particularly through the red-haired, green-eyed "mutant messiah" [[Hope Summers (comics)|Hope Summers]],<ref name="XFC3-28">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Craig Kyle]]; [[Chris Yost]]
| penciller = [[Michael Choi (comics)|Mike Choi]]
| inker = [[Sonia Oback]]
| story =
| volume = 3
| issue = 28
| date = September 2010
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> and Jean briefly appears in a vision to Emma Frost from the White Hot Room, telling the X-Men to "prepare".<ref name="UXM510">{{Cite comic
| writer = Matt Fraction
| penciller = Greg Land
| inker = Jay Leisten
| story =
| volume = 1
| issue = 510
| date = July 2009
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> She again appears in a vision to Cyclops when he is overwhelmed by the power of Dark Phoenix, helping him abandon the power so that it can pass on to its true host.{{issue|date=January 2015}}

In ''[[All-New X-Men]]'', a younger version of Jean is relocated to the present day along with the other original X-Men,<ref name="All New X-Men 2"/> and this version has experienced a surge in her abilities due to the trauma of being brought to the future.{{issue|date=January 2015}}. This version of Jean Grey is being trained in her psychic powers by Emma Frost.<ref name="All New X-Men 37"/>

==Powers and abilities==
Jean Grey is an [[Omega-level mutant]], and at her highest and strongest potential was bonded with the [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix Force]] and with it was able to defeat even Galactus.

===Telepathy===
When her powers first manifested, Jean was unable to cope with her [[telepathy]], forcing [[Professor X]] to suppress her access to it altogether. Instead, he chose to train her in the use of her [[psychokinesis|telekinesis]] while allowing her telepathy to grow at its natural rate before reintroducing it.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Scott Lobdell
| penciller = Andy Kubert
| inker = Cam Smith
| story = They’re Baaack...
| title = X-Men (2nd series)
| volume =
| issue = 46
| date = November 1995
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> When the Professor hides to prepare for the [[List of alien races in Marvel Comics#Z|Z'Nox]], he reopens Jean's telepathic abilities, which was initially explained by writers as Xavier 'sharing' some of his telepathy with her.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Roy Thomas
| penciller = Don Heck
| inker = [[George Tuska]]
| story = If I Should Die...!
| title = X-Men
| volume = 1
| issue = 42
| date = March 1968
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>

Jean's telepathy allows her to read, influence, control, and communicate with the minds of others, project her mind into the [[astral plane]], and generate telepathic force blasts that can stun or even kill others. Jean is one of the few telepaths skilled enough to communicate with animals (animals with high intelligence, such as [[dolphin]]s,<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Chris Claremont
| artist = John Bolton
| story = Lifesigns
| title = Classic X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 13
| date = September 1987
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> [[dog]]s,<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chuck Austen]]
| penciller = Romano Molenaar
| inker = Danny Miki
| story = Can They Suffer?
| title = X-Men Unlimited
| volume = 1
| issue = 44
| date = May 2003
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> and [[raven]]s<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Steven T. Seagle]]
| penciller = Dan Norton
| inker = [[Dexter Vines]]; Scott Hanna
| story = The Sky Is Falling
| title = The Uncanny X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 357
| date = July 1998
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref>). She can also telepathically take away or control people's natural bodily functions and senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, or even mutant powers. As a side effect of her telepathy, she has an [[eidetic memory]].<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Scott Lobdell
| penciller = [[Mel Rubi]]
| inker =
| story = Casualties of War
| title = The Uncanny X-Men
| volume =
| issue = 344
| date = May 1997
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> Jean was able, through telepathic therapy with the comatose Jessica Jones, to grant Jessica immunity to the Purple Man's mind control abilities, despite his powers being chemical in nature rather than psychic.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = Brian Michael Bendis
| penciller = Michael Gaydos, Mark Bagley, Art Thibert, Rick Mays
| inker =
| story = Purple, Part III
| title = Alias
| volume = 1
| issue = 26
| date = November 2003
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> When Jean absorbs [[Psylocke]]'s specialized telepathic powers, her own telepathy is increased to the point that she can physically manifest her telepathy as a psionic [[phoenix (mythology)|firebird]] whose claws can inflict both physical and mental damage. Phoenix discovers that she can telepathically enhance the powers of other mutants.{{Issue|date=October 2009}} She briefly develops a psychic shadow form like Psylocke's, with a gold Phoenix emblem over her eye instead of the [[Crimson Dawn]] mark possessed by Psylocke,{{issue|date=July 2012}} Jean briefly lost her telekinesis to Psylocke during this exchange, but her telekinetic abilities later came back in full at a far stronger level than before.{{issue|date=July 2012}}

===Telekinesis===
Her telekinetic strength and skill are both of a supremely high power-level, capable of grasping objects in Earth orbit and manipulating hundreds of components in mid-air in complex patterns. She often uses her telekinesis to lift herself and others, giving her the ability of levitation and flight. She uses her telekinesis to create durable shields and energy blasts. She later manifests a "telekinetic sensitivity" (called "the Manifestation of the Phoenix"<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/>) to objects in her immediate environment that lets her feel the texture and molecular patterns of objects, feel when other objects come into contact with them, and probe them at a molecular or subatomic level.

===Phoenix Force===
When transformed into Phoenix, Jean's powers escalate to a considerably higher level, allowing her to rearrange or disintegrate matter at a subatomic level, fly unaided through space, survive in any environment (even the core of a star), and manipulate electromagnetic and cosmic energies for various effects and atmospheric disturbances. She can create [[Wormhole|stargates]] that can transport her anywhere in the universe instantaneously. At this level, she is powerful enough to easily defeat a herald of [[Galactus]].<ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' #105</ref>

Jean, while acting as a Phoenix Force avatar, can create 'cosmic' fire, even in seemingly impossible situations such as the vacuum of space or underwater. Typically it manifests as a raptor or part of a raptor such as claws or wings. Jean has perfect control over this fire, only consuming what she wills. This fire does not require oxygen to burn, and burns so intensely that matter is consumed without by-products such as ash. It is unclear whether the fire is an extension of her telekinesis and telepathy or a more general property of the Phoenix Force. The cosmic fire is a literal punctuation to the Phoenix's purpose to "burn away what doesn't work", as well as being described as "burning through lies and deception".

As the Phoenix, Jean is able to resurrect after death. In some depictions, these resurrections are immediately after she is killed, while other depictions indicate that resurrection must occur at a "correct" time, sometimes taking a century. The Phoenix Force allows Jean to revive, absorb, rechannel, and preserve the life-force of any kind of life-form, meaning that she can take life energy from one person and give it to others, heal herself with the same life energy, or even resurrect the dead, since the Phoenix is the sum of all life and death.<ref name="Classic43"/>

The relationship between Jean Grey and the Phoenix (and the nature of the powers she has) is portrayed in a variety of ways throughout the character's history. In the initial plotline of the Phoenix being a manifestation of Jean's true potential, these powers are considered her own,<ref name="Classic43"/> as part of Claremont and Byrne's desire to create "the first cosmic superheroine".<ref name="DPT"/> However, since the retcon of the Phoenix as a separate entity from Jean Grey, depictions of these powers vary; these include Jean being one of many hosts to the Phoenix and "borrowing" its "Phoenix powers" during this time,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/><ref name="XFT50">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Louise Simonson]]
| penciller = [[Rich Buckler]]
| inker = [[Al Milgrom]]
| story = Judgment War, Part 7; Finale: Judgement Day!
| title = [[X-Factor (comics)|X-Factor]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 50
| date = January 1990
| publisher = Marvel Comics
| location =
| page =
| panel =
| id =
}}</ref> being a unique host to the Phoenix,<ref name="NWXMNOMN"/> and being one with the Phoenix.<ref name="Classic43"/><ref name="PHNXEND"/> She is later described as one of the few to hold the title of "White Phoenix of the Crown" among the many past, present, and future hosts of the Phoenix.<ref name="NXM154"/>

===Education===
Jean Grey is a college graduate from Metro College with a select education in [[psychology]].{{Issue|date=July 2010}} Years later she finished a master's degree at [[Columbia University]] during her membership with the original X-Factor.{{Issue|date=September 2010}}

==Other versions==
{{Main|Alternate versions of Jean Grey}}
As a fictional character in the [[Marvel Universe]], Jean Grey appears in various alternate plot lines and fictional universes.

==In other media==
{{Main|Jean Grey in other media}}

Jean Grey appears in various media, such as animated programs, video games, films, and is sometimes referenced in pop culture.

==See also==
* [[End of Greys]], a story arc featured in the [[Uncanny X-Men]] comic book series.
* [[Rachel Summers]], (also known as Rachel Grey) the daughter of the [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate future]] counterparts to [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] (Scott Summers) and Jean Grey. She inherited her mother's telepathic and telekinetic powers and the code name Phoenix.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cosplay of Phoenix (Jean Grey)}}
{{Marvelwiki|Phoenix_(Jean_Grey)|Phoenix (Jean Grey)}}
* [http://comicsverse.com/jean-grey-and-the-phoenix-as-metaphor-the-phoenix-and-dark-phoenix-sagas/ The Jean Grey Podcast: Jean Grey and the Dark Phoenix Saga as a metaphor, discussed academically]
* [http://uncannyxmen.net/characters/phoenix-iv UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Phoenix]

{{Jack Kirby}}
{{X-Factor}}
{{X-Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grey-Summers, Jean}}
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