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Bart Tommelein

2019-01-19T16:05:43Z

Zeisterre:

{{short description|Flemish politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Bart Tommelein
|image = Collins Nweke and Bart Tommelein, 2012.jpg
|caption = [[Collins Nweke]] and Bart Tommelein, 2012
|office = Flemish Deputy Minister-President and Flemish Minister of Budget, Finance and Energy
|primeminister = [[Geert Bourgeois]]
|term_start = 4 May 2016
|term_end = 30 November 2018
|predecessor = [[Annemie Turtelboom]]
|successor = [[Lydia Peeters]]
|office1 = Secretary of State for Social fraud, Privacy and the North Sea
|primeminister1 = [[Charles Michel]]
|term_start1 = 11 October 2014
|term_end1 = 4 May 2016
|predecessor1 = [[Philippe Courard]]
|successor1 = [[Philippe De Backer]]
|party = [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats]]
}}
'''Bart Joris Tommelein''' (born 4 May 1962) is a Belgian politician of [[Open Vld]] who was minister in the [[Bourgeois Government]] and is the incumbent mayor of [[Ostend]].

==Career==
Bart Tommelein was born in [[Ostend]] on 4 May 1962.

He started in the [[People's Union (Belgium)|People's Union]] (Volksunie); he was chairman of the People's Union Youth (Volksunie Jongeren) from 1985 until 1990. However, he became member of the VLD in 1999.

He was member of the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]] from 2003 until 2009, where he was political group leader from 2008 to 2009. In 2009 he was elected to the [[Flemish Parliament]], where he became political group leader in 2013.

In October 2014 Tommelein became Secretary of State for Social fraud, Privacy and the North Sea in the [[Michel I Government|Michel Government]].

On 4 May 2016 he succeeded [[Annemie Turtelboom]] as Vice Minister-President and Flemish Minister for Finance, Budget and Energy in the [[Bourgeois Government]]. He resigned from this position in November 2018 to be able to become mayor of [[Ostend]], a position he took up in January 2019 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flanderstoday.eu/bart-tommelein-become-mayor-ostend |title=Bart Tommelein to become mayor of Ostend |publisher=Flanderstoday |date=30 November 2018 |accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref>.

==External links==
* [https://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vlaamse-volksvertegenwoordigers/3434 Bart Tommelein], Flemish Parliament

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tommelein, Bart}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Flanders]]
[[Category:People from Ostend]]
[[Category:Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Belgian politicians]]

Southeast Asia

2015-08-08T18:09:19Z

Zeisterre: /* Sovereign states */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Southeast Asia
|image_skyline = Southeast Asia Montage.jpg
|imagesize = 45px
|image_caption = from top:
| image = [[File:Southeast Asia (orthographic projection).svg|180px|center]]
| label1 = Area
| data1 = {{convert|4500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| label2 = Population
| data2 = ~ 618,000,000
| label3 = Density
| data3 = {{convert|135.6|/km2|abbr=on}}
| label4 = Countries
| data4 = {{collapsible list
|title={{nobold|Sovereign states (11)}} |{{flag|Brunei}} |{{flag|Cambodia}} |{{flag|East Timor}} |{{flag|Indonesia}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Malaysia}} |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{flag|Vietnam}}}}
{{collapsible list
|title={{nobold|Other territories (2+2)}} |'''Dependencies''': {{flagicon|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] |{{flag|Christmas Island}} '''Subdivisions''': {{flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] }}
| label6 = GDP (2011)
| data6 = $2.158 trillion ([[exchange rate]])
| label7 = {{nowrap|GDP per capita}} (2011)
| data7 = $3,538 ([[exchange rate]])
| label8 = [[#Languages|Languages]]
| data8 =
{{collapsible list |title={{nobold|Official languages}} | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] [[Cantonese]] [[English language|English]] [[Filipino language|Filipino]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] [[Khmer language|Khmer]] [[Lao language|Lao]] [[Malaysian language|Malaysian/Standard Malay]] [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Tetum language|Tetum]] [[Thai language|Thai]] [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]}}

{{collapsible list |title={{nobold|Other languages}} | '''[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]''': [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |

'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]''': [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Mon language|Mon]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]], [[Aslian languages|Aslian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|etc.]] |

'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]''': [[Indonesian Language|Indonesian]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Batak languages|Batak]], [[Bikol languages|Bikol]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[Waray-Waray language|Waray-Waray]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Iban language|Iban]], [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]], [[Moken languages|Moken]], [[Austronesian languages|etc.]] |

'''[[Creole languages|Creoles]]''': [[Chavacano language|Chavacano]], [[Tok Pisin language|Tok Pisin]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]], [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]] |

'''[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]''': [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |

'''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''': [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] |

'''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]''': [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Shan language|Shan]] |

'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]''': [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]], [[Karen languages|Karen]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Min Chinese|Min]] |

and [[Languages of Asia|many others]]}}
| label9 = Time Zones
| data9 = {{collapsible list|title= {{nobold|UTC+5:30 to UTC+9}} | [[UTC+5:30]]: Andaman and Nicobar Islands [[UTC+6:30]]: Burma, Cocos (Keeling) Islands [[UTC+7|UTC+7:00]]: Cambodia, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam [[UTC+8|UTC+8:00]]: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore [[UTC+9|UTC+9:00]]: Indonesia}}
| label10 = Capital cities
| data10 = {{Collapsible list |title={{nbsp}} |{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]] |{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[Dili]] |{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]] |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]] |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]] |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]] |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Nay Pyi Daw]] |{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Phnom Penh]] |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]] |{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Vientiane]]}}
| label11 = Largest cities

| data11 = {{Collapsible list |title={{nbsp}} |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]] |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu City|Cebu]] |{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]] |{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]] |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jabodetabek|Jakarta]] |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]] |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]] |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Medan]] |{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Quezon City]] |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]] |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]] |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]]}}


}}


'''Southeast Asia''' or '''Southeastern Asia''' is a [[subregion]] of [[Asia]], consisting of the countries that are geographically south of [[China]], east of [[India]], west of [[New Guinea]] and north of [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm
|title= Map of Southeast Asia Region
|author= Klaus Kästle
|date= 10 September 2013
|website= Nations Online Project
|publisher= One World - Nations Online
|accessdate= 10 September 2013
|quote= Nations Online is an online destination guide with many aspects of the nations and cultures of the world: geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment, travel and tourism, government and history.
}}</ref> The region lies near the intersection of [[plate tectonics|geological plates]], with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:
* '''[[Maritime Southeast Asia]]''', comprising [[Indonesia]], [[East Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Philippines]], [[East Timor]], [[Brunei]], and [[Christmas Island]].
* '''[[Mainland Southeast Asia]]''', also known as '''[[Indochina]]''', comprising [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar (Burma)]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Peninsular Malaysia|West Malaysia]];

The major religions are [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Islam]], [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Buddhism]] and [[Christianity]]. However, a wide variety of religions are found throughout the region, including [[Hinduism]] and many [[Animism|animist]]-influenced practices.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=EJIBZqo30iYC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=animism+%22south+east+asia%22&source=bl&ots=L769mZTxu5&sig=qRkJAbVLgFzUI46w8vqEMSKBQYA&hl=en&ei=tWDvTJjnDYiecZDD_MgK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=animism%20%22south%20east%20asia%22&f=false The modern anthropology of South ..]. .Google Books. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>

==Divisions==

===Political===

Definitions of "Southeast Asia" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states excluding East Timor are members of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the [[Indies|East Indies]] or simply the [[Indies]] until the 20th century. [[Christmas Island]] and {{citation needed span|date=December 2012|text=the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]}} are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed {{citation needed span|date=December 2012|text=by Australia.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Christmas Island Location|url=http://www.shire.gov.cx/location.html|publisher=Shire of Christmas Island|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Sovereignty issues exist over some [[South China Sea Islands|territories in the South China Sea]]. In some occasions, [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and [[Taiwan]], the three disputed regions or nations, are considered as part of the Southeast Asia.<ref>[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/050718c.htm 香港是東南亞結腸腫瘤最高發區, Chinese University of Hong Kong]</ref><ref>[http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3208959336 【东南亚之王】是台湾？香港？澳门？新加坡？]</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html CIA The World Factbook-Hong Kong]</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mc.html CIA The World Factbook-Macau]</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html CIA The World Factbook-Taiwan]</ref> [[Papua New Guinea]] has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.<ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/154860/Papua-New-Guinea-asks-RP-support-for-Asean-membership-bid Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid]. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.op.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22879&Itemid=2 Somare seeks PGMA's support for PNG's ASEAN membership bid]. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</ref>

====Sovereign states====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!State
!Area (km2)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=50&pr1.y=17&c=548%2C518%2C516%2C522%2C566%2C576%2C578%2C537%2C536%2C582%2C544&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=SEA GDP|publisher=IMF}}</ref>

!Population (2014)<ref name="IMF"/>
!Density (/km2)
!GDP (nominal), USD (2014)<ref name="IMF" />
!GDP (nominal) per capita, USD (2014)<ref name="IMF" />
![[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2013)<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |year=2014 |accessdate=13 April 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref>
!Capital
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Brunei}}
| 5,765
| 453,000
| 78
| 17,105,000,000
| $37,759
| 0.852
| align=left|[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Cambodia}}
| 181,035
| 15,561,000
| 85
| 17,291,000,000
| $1,111
| 0.584
| align=left|[[Phnom Penh]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|East Timor}}
| 14,874
| 1,172,000
| 75
| 4,382,000,000
| $3,739
| 0.620
| align=left|[[Dili]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| 1,904,569
| 251,490,000
| 132
| 1,187,962,000,000
| $4,723
| 0.684
|align=left| [[Jakarta]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Laos}}
| 236,800
| 6,557,000
| 30
| 11,206,000,000
| $1,709
| 0.569
|align=left| [[Vientiane]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Malaysia}}
| 329,847
| 30,034,000
| 91
| 367,712,000,000
| $12,243
| 0.773
|align=left| [[Kuala Lumpur]]<cite id=Kuala_Lumpur />[[#Putrajaya|*]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| 676,000
| 51,419,000
| 98
| 63,881,000,000
| $964
| 0.524
|align=left| [[Nay Pyi Daw]]
|-align=right
| align=left|{{flag|Philippines}}
| 342,353
| 101,649,000
| 338
| 278,260,000,000
| $2,737
| 0.660
| align=left| [[Manila]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Singapore}}
| 724
| 5,554,000
| 7,671
| 289,086,000,000
| $52,049
| 0.901
| align=left|[[Singapore]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Thailand}}
| 513,120
| 65,236,000
| 127
| 437,344,000,000
| $6,703
| 0.722
| align=left|[[Bangkok]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| 331,210
| 92,571,000
| 279
| 187,848,000,000
| $2,072
| 0.638
|align=left| [[Hanoi]]
|}
<cite id=Putrajaya>[[#Kuala_Lumpur|*]]</cite> Administrative centre in Putrajaya.

====Dependent territories====
[[File:Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png|thumb|250px|right|[[UNSD]] statistical division for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]|accessdate=2010-07-24|date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000E0|[[North Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E000E0|[[Central Asia]]}}
{{legend|#00E000|[[Western Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E00000|[[South Asia]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF20|[[East Asia]]}}
{{legend|#FFC000|'''Southeast Asia'''}}]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Area (km2)
!Population
!Density (/km2)
!Capital
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Christmas Island}}
| 135<ref name="christmasfactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html|title=Christmas Islands|publisher=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>
| 1,402<ref name="christmasfactbook"/>
| 10.4
|align=left| [[Flying Fish Cove]]
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
| 14<ref name="cocosfactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html|title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands|publisher=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref>
| 596<ref name="cocosfactbook"/>
| 42.6
|align=left| [[West Island]]
|}

====Administrative subdivisions====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Area (km2)
!Population
!Density (/km2)
!Capital
|-align=right
|align=left| {{flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 8,250
| 379,944<ref>Population data as per the Indian Census.</ref>
| 46
|align=left| [[Port Blair]]
|-align=right
|}

===Geographical===

[[File:Southeast asia.svg|thumb|Relief map of Southeast Asia.]]

Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] (or [[Indochina]]) and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] (or the similarly defined [[Malay Archipelago]]) ({{lang-id|Nusantara}}).

[[Mainland Southeast Asia]] includes:
{{colbegin||20em}}
* [[Cambodia]]
* [[Laos]]
* [[Myanmar (Burma)]]
* [[Thailand]]
* [[Vietnam]]
* [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
{{colend}}
[[Maritime Southeast Asia]] includes:
{{colbegin||20em}}
* [[Indonesia]]
* [[Philippines]]
* [[East Malaysia]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Singapore]]
* [[East Timor]]
{{colend}}

The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[India]] are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both [[South Asian]] and Southeast Asian. The [[Seven Sister States]] of [[India]] are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} The [[Papua New Guinea|rest]] of the island of [[New Guinea]] which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are [[Palau]], [[Guam]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], which were all part of the [[Spanish East Indies]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The eastern half of Indonesia and East Timor (east of the [[Wallace Line]]) are considered to be biogeographically part of Oceania.

==History==
{{Main|History of Southeast Asia}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:The-belt1.jpg|thumb|left|A golden vestment similar to those worn by the Hindu [[Brahmin]] Caste, found in Butuan ([[Philippines]]) Archeological Digs. This artefact shows the influence of Indian culture in Southeast Asia, also through trade.]]

''[[Homo sapiens]]'' reached the region by around 45,000 years ago,<ref>Demeter F, et al. (2012) Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(36):14375–14380.</ref> having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smithsonian |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html |title=The Great Human Migration |date=July 2008 |page=2}}</ref> ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Morwood, M. J. | coauthors = Brown, P., Jatmiko, Sutikna, T., Wahyu Saptomo, E., Westaway, K. E., Rokus Awe Due, Roberts, R. G., Maeda, T., Wasisto, S. and Djubiantono, T. | date = 13 October 2005 | title = Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 437 | pages = 1012–1017 | doi = 10.1038/nature04022 | pmid=16229067 | issue=7061}}</ref> [[Austronesian people]], who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from [[Taiwan]]. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as [[Negritos]] of the Philippines or [[Papuans]] of New Guinea to inland regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5|pages=5–7}}</ref>

Studies presented by HUGO (Human Genome Organisation) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia, empirically points out that instead of the other way around, another migration from the south first entered Southeast Asia and then travelled slowly northwards.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm |work=BBC News | title=Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity | date=11 December 2009}}</ref>

Solheim and others have shown evidence for a ''Nusantao'' (''Nusantara'') maritime trading network ranging from [[Vietnam]] to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.<ref>Solheim, ''Journal of East Asian Archaeology'', 2000, '''2''':1–2, pp. 273–284(12)</ref> The peoples of Southeast Asia, especially those of [[Austronesian]] descent, have been seafarers for thousands of years, some reaching the island of [[Madagascar]]. Their vessels, such as the [[vinta]], were ocean-worthy. [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan's]] voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan">Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0-06-621173-5</ref>

Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar by the Austronesian people, as well as commerce between West Asia and Southeast Asia. Gold from [[Sumatra]] is thought to have reached as far west as Rome, while a [[Enrique of Malacca|slave]] from the [[Sulu Sea]] was believed to have been used in [[Magellan's voyage]] as a translator.

Originally most people were [[animist]]. This was later replaced by [[Hinduism]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] soon followed in 525. In the 15th century, Islamic influences began to enter. This forced the last [[Hindu]] court in Indonesia to retreat to [[Bali]].

In Mainland Southeast Asia, Burma, Cambodia and Thailand retained the Theravada form of Buddhism, brought to them from Sri Lanka. This type of Buddhism was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture.

===Indianised kingdoms===
{{Main|Greater India}}
[[File:Angkor Wat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|upright|[[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]], [[Cambodia]]]]
Very little is known about Southeast Asian religious beliefs and practices before the advent of Indian merchants and religious influences from the 2nd century BCE onwards. Prior to the 13th century CE, [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] were the main religions in Southeast Asia.

The [[Jawa Dwipa]] Hindu kingdom in [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|Indian influence]], which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the [[Malay Peninsula]] by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

[[Cambodia]] was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of the [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] kingdom. Hinduism was one of the [[Khmer Empire]]'s official religions. Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples dedicated to [[Brahma]] in the world.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} [[Angkor Wat]] is also a famous Hindu temple of Cambodia.

The [[Champa]] civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] launched a massive conquest against the [[Cham (Asia)|Cham people]] during the [[1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa]], ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Bc30ytJmwzMC&pg=PA110&dq=annam+sacked+their+country+vietnamese+smashed+champa+cham+officials+told+the+chinese#v=onepage&q=annam%20sacked%20their%20country%20vietnamese%20smashed%20champa%20cham%20officials%20told%20the%20chinese&f=false|title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur|author=Ben Kiernan|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press|page=110|isbn=0-300-14425-3|accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref>

The [[Majapahit Empire]] was an [[Indianised kingdom]] based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was [[Hayam Wuruk]], whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], and [[Bali]]. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of [[Sulawesi]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], and some areas of [[western New Guinea]] and the [[Philippines]], making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.

The [[Cholas]] excelled in maritime activity in both military and the mercantile fields. Their raids of [[Kedah]] and the [[Srivijaya]], and their continued commercial contacts with the [[Mid-Imperial China|Chinese Empire]], enabled them to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hindu cultural influence]] found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.<ref name="prambanan">The great temple complex at [[Prambanan]] in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 709</ref>

===Spread of Islam===
{{Main|Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Around-Kota-Bharu-(19).jpg|thumb|left|[[Kampung Laut Mosque]] in [[Tumpat]] is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia, dating to the early 18th century.]]
In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. The [[India]]n [[Chola]] navy crossed the ocean and attacked the [[Srivijaya]] kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram ([[Kedah Kingdom|Kedah]]), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day [[Sumatra]] and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional [[Hindu]] faith, and converted to Islam with the [[Sultanate of Kedah]] established in year 1136. [[Samudera Pasai]] converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. [[Indonesia]]n religious leader and Islamic scholar [[Hamka]] (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: ''"The development of Islam in Indonesia and [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral [[Zheng He]]."''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8ltwAACAAJ Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, History and Development] by Rosey Wang Ma</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Koranschool op Java TMnr 10002385.jpg|thumb|right|Children studying [[Koran]] in [[Java]], Indonesia, during [[Dutch East Indies|colonial period]].]]
There are several theories to the [[Islamisation]] process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or [[Sufi]]s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, [[Malacca Sultanate]], embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

==Trade and colonisation==

===China===
{{See also|List of tributaries of Imperial China|Chinese Empire}}
Records from Magellan's voyage show that [[Brunei]] possessed more [[cannon]] than the European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan"/>

Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, [[Hang Li Po]], to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|Sultan Mansur Shah]] after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is [[Bukit Cina]], where her retinue settled.

The strategic value of the [[Strait of Malacca]], which was controlled by [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] writer [[Duarte Barbosa]], who in 1500 wrote "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of [[Venice]]".

From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han, Eastern Han, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, and Southern Han.

===Europe===
[[File:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Strait of Malacca]] (narrows)]]
Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spanish years later. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch established the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the French [[Indochina]]; and the British [[Strait Settlements]]. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for [[Thailand]].

[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia|European explorers]] were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago.

Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending Royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and [[Russia]].

===Japan===
{{See also|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Slavery in Japan|Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese war crimes}}
During [[World War II]], [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] invaded most of the former western colonies. The [[Shōwa period|Shōwa occupation regime]] committed violent actions against civilians such as the [[Manila massacre]] and the implementation of a system of [[Unfree labour|forced labour]], such as the one involving 4 to 10 million ''[[romusha]]'' in Indonesia.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"] Access date: 9 February 2007.</ref> A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War'' (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)</ref> The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]] then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

===Present===
{{See also|Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia}}
Most countries in the region enjoy national autonomy. [[Democracy|Democratic forms of government]] and the recognition of human rights are taking root. [[ASEAN]] provides a framework for the integration of commerce, and regional responses to international concerns.

Conflicting claims over the [[Spratly Islands]] are made by [[Brunei]], [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Vietnam]].

==Geography==
{{See also|Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|List of Southeast Asian mountains|Zomia (geography)}}
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the [[CIA World Factbook]]). Geologically, the [[Malay archipelago|Indonesian Archipelago]] is one of the most [[volcanology|volcanically]] active regions in the world. Geological [[Tectonic uplift|uplifts]] in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in [[Puncak Jaya]] in [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]], Indonesia at {{convert|5,030|m|ft|abbr=off}}, on the island of [[New Guinea]]; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is [[Mount Kinabalu]] in [[Sabah]], Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of {{convert|4,095|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, [[Mount Everest]].

The [[South China Sea]] is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea.

[[Mayon Volcano]], despite being dangerously [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|active]], holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous [[eruption]].<ref name="Davis">Davis, Lee (1992). Natural disasters: from the Black Plague to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc.. pp. 300–301.</ref>

===Boundaries===
{{See also|Austronesia}}
Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]], a boundary which runs through Indonesia. But a cultural touch point lies between [[Papua New Guinea]] and the Indonesian region of the [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] and [[West Papua (Indonesian province)|West Papua]], which shares the island of [[New Guinea]] with Papua New Guinea.

===Climate===
The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a [[subtropical climate]], which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or [[monsoon]]. The [[tropical rain belt]] causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.

===Environment===
{{See also|Southeast Asian coral reefs|Wallace line}}
[[File:Komodo dragon Nick Hobgood.jpg|thumb|Komodo dragons in [[Komodo National Park]], [[Indonesia]]]]
The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal.
The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], the [[orangutan]], the [[Asian elephant]], the [[Malayan tapir]], the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] and the [[Bornean clouded leopard]] can be also found. Six subspecies of the [[binturong]] or ''bearcat'' exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of [[Palawan]] is now classed as vulnerable.

Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the Sumatran tiger), in peninsular Malaysia (the Malayan tiger), and in Indochina (the Indochinese tiger); all of which are endangered species.

The [[Komodo dragon]] is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]], [[Rinca]], [[Flores]], and [[Gili Motang]] in Indonesia.

[[File:Pithecophaga jefferyi.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Philippine eagle]]]]
The [[Philippine eagle]] is the [[national bird]] of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,<ref>[http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php?view=article&id=223%3Athe-largest-eagle-in-the-world&option=com_content&Itemid=119 ]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> and is endemic to the Philippines' forests.

The [[wild Asian water buffalo]], and on various islands related dwarf species of ''[[Bubalus]]'' such as [[anoa]] were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the [[domestic Asian water buffalo]] is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered.

The [[mouse deer]], a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia) and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). The [[gaur]], a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.<ref>{{Cite book|page=68|title=Southeast Asian Biodiversity in Crisis|author=Navjot S. Sodhi|author2=Barry W. Brook|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=0521839300}}</ref>

Birds such as the [[peafowl]] and [[drongo]] live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The [[babirusa]], a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The [[hornbill]] was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.

[[File:Wallace's line.jpg|thumb|right|Wallace's hypothetical line divide Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deep water of the [[Lombok Strait]] between the islands of [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]] formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side.]]
The [[Malay Archipelago|Indonesian Archipelago]] is split by the [[Wallace Line]]. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent [[soil erosion]] but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the [[Javan rhinoceros]] face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

The shallow waters of the [[Southeast Asian coral reefs]] have the highest levels of [[biodiversity]] for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the [[Raja Ampat]] (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, making Raja Ampat quite possibly the richest coral reef ecosystems in the world. The [[whale shark]], the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of [[sea turtle]]s can also be found in the [[South China Sea]] and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.

While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, [[Deforestation in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation]] which causes habitat loss for various [[endangered species]] such as orangutan and the [[Sumatran tiger]]. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and [[Flora|plant species]] in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/endangered-species/dn3973 Biodiversity wipeout facing Southeast Asia], New Scientist, 23 July 2003</ref> At the same time, [[haze]] has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in [[1997 Southeast Asian haze|1997]] and [[2006 Southeast Asian haze|2006]] in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "[[slash and burn]]" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the [[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]] to combat haze pollution.

The [[2013 Southeast Asian haze|2013 Southeast Asian Haze]] saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest [[Air pollution index|API]] level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.<ref>[[2013 Southeast Asian haze#Air Pollution Index readings]]</ref>

==Economy==
{{see also|Bamboo network}}
[[File:Port of Singapore Keppel Terminal.jpg|thumb|The Keppel Container Terminal in the [[Port of Singapore]]. The Port of Singapore is the busiest [[List of world's busiest transshipment ports|transshipment]] and [[List of busiest container ports|container port]] in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia.]]

Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by [[India]]n and [[Arab]] merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First [[Spain|Spaniards]] ([[Manila galleon]]) and [[Portugal|Portuguese]], then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into [[Indonesia]], the British into [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] and parts of Borneo, the French into [[Indochina]], and the Spanish and the US into the [[Philippines]].

The [[overseas Chinese]] community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the [[bamboo network]], a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pcRlgZttsMUC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref> The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from [[southern China]] settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.<ref name="Weidenbaum2328">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pcRlgZttsMUC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=23–28}}</ref> Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the [[Communist Revolution]] in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.<ref name="Weidenbaum"/>

The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and [[rubber]] have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An [[emerging market]], Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. [[Newly industrialised countries]] include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent [[developed country|developed]] economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. [[Oil reserves in Southeast Asia]] are plentiful.

Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the [[Asia-America Gateway]] submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US<ref>{{cite web |author=Sean Yoong |title=17 Firms to Build $500M Undersea Cable |publisher=International Business Times |date=27 April 2007 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |accessdate=28 July 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927042505/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |archivedate =27 September 2007}}</ref> This is to avoid disruption of the kind recently caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the [[2006 Hengchun earthquake]].

Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."<ref>[http://pub.unwto.org:81/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1240/1240-1.pdf Background overview of The National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Resource Management], Phnom Penh, 9–10 June 2003.</ref> Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."<ref>Hitchcock, Michael, et al. Tourism in South-East Asia. New York: Routledge, 1993</ref> In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.<ref>WDI Online</ref>

Indonesia is the only member of [[G-20 major economies]] and is the largest economy in the region.<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx What is the G-20], www.g20.org. Retrieved 6 October 2009.</ref> Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (nominal) for 2008 was US$511.7 billion with estimated nominal per capita GDP was US$2,246, and per capita GDP PPP was US$3,979 (international dollars).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=67&pr1.y=11&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIE%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=Imf.org |date=14 September 2006 |accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref>

Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' [[PSE Composite Index|PSE]] leading the way with 22 percent growth, followed by Thailand's [[SET Index|SET]] with 21 percent and Indonesia's [[JSX Composite|JKSE]] with 19 percent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE68Q0BL20100927 | work=Reuters | title=SE Asia Stocks-Jakarta, Manila hit record highs, others firm | date=27 September 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/278869/bull-market-lifts-pse-index-top-rank-among-stock-exchanges-asia Bull Market Lifts PSE Index to Top Rank Among Stock Exchanges in Asia | The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online]. Mb.com.ph (24 September 2010). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Southeast Asia.JPG|thumb|Pie chart showing the distribution of population among the nations of Southeast Asia]]
Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2007, more than 593 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (125 million) on the Indonesian island of [[Java]], the most densely populated large island in the world. [[Indonesia]] is the most populous country with 230 million people and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million [[overseas Chinese]] also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in [[Christmas Island]], Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the [[Hoa]], in Vietnam.

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Ati woman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] woman{{spaced ndash}}the [[Negrito]]s were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia]]
In modern times, the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in [[Java]], Indonesia. In Burma, the [[Bamar|Burmese]] account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]] and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], and [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]] groups are significant.

===Religion===
{{See also|Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia|Shenism in Southeast Asia|Muslim Southeast Asia|Christianity in Asia}}
[[File:Ac.buddhists.jpg|thumb|right|Thai [[Theravada]] [[Buddhists]] in [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand]]
Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in [[Brunei]], Indonesia, [[Malaysia]] and in [[Southern Philippines]]. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and [[Confucianism]] are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.

The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]'':<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing – Religions|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=24 February 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque]] in Brunei, an Islamic country with strict [[Syariah]] rule.]]
Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as [[Bali]]. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, [[New Guinea]] and [[Timor]]. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. [[Garuda]] (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] who is the mount (vahanam) of [[Vishnu]], is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on [[Palawan]]; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on [[Mindanao]]. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of [[Sarawak]] in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka ([[Indra]]) is revered as a ''[[nat (spirit)|nat]]''. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on [[Ancestor Worship]].


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=175|Country !!Religions
|-
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| Predominantly [[Hinduism]], with significant Muslim, Christian, and [[Sikh]] minorities.
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Islam''' (67%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)
|-
|{{flag|Burma}}
|'''Buddhism''' (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Buddhism''' (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Christmas Island}}
|'''Buddhism''', Islam, Christianity
|-
|{{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
|'''Islam''' (80%), others
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (90%), Islam, Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Islam''' (87.18%), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, others<ref name='indoCIA'>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html Indonesia] – The World Factbook</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Buddhism''' (67%), Animism, Christianity, others
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Islam''' (60.4%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (80%), Islam (11%),<ref>http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208472.pdf</ref> Protestantism (6%), [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] (2.8%), [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] (2.2%), [[Philippine Independent Church]] (Aglipayan Church) (2%), other Christian denominations (3%), Buddhism (1.5%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/country.php?country_id=55|title=World Buddhist Directory - Presented by BuddhaNet.Net|author=BuddhaNet|work=buddhanet.info}}</ref> Animism (1.25%) others (Hinduism, Baha'i, Judaism, etc.)
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''Buddhism''', Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, others
|-
||[[South China Sea Islands]]
|unknown
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Buddhism''' (95%), Islam (4.6%), others (0.8%)
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| [[Vietnamese folk religion]] (45.3%), Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Muslim (0.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6)<ref>{http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/</ref>
|}

===Languages===
{{See also|Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Sino-Tibetan languages|Austroasiatic languages|Austronesian languages|Hmong–Mien languages|Tai–Kadai languages}}

Each of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well.

The language composition for each country is as follows: (official languages are in '''bold'''.)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Languages
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| '''Hindi''', '''English''', '''Tamil''','''Telugu''', '''Malayalam''', '''Burmese''',{{citation needed span|text='''Mandarin''', '''Cantonese''',|date=December 2012}} '''Thai''', Shompen, A-Pucikwar, Aka-Jeru, Aka-Bea, Aka-Bo, Aka-Cari, Aka-Kede, Aka-Kol, Aka-Kora, Aka-Bale, Jangil, Jarawa, Oko-Juwoi, Önge, Sentinelese, Camorta, Car, Chaura, Katchal, Nancowry, Southern Nicobarese, Teressa
|-
|width=175| {{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Malay''', English, Chinese, indigenous Bornean dialects<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Brunei]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Burma}}
|'''Burmese''', Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayar, Rohingya and other ethnic languages
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Khmer''', Thai, English, French, Vietnamese, Cham, Chinese, others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Cambodia]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Christmas Island}}
|'''English''', Chinese, Malay<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Christmas Island]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
|'''English''', Cocos Malay<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Cocos (Keeling) Islands]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}
|'''Tetum''', '''Portuguese''', Indonesian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – East Timor]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Indonesian''', [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Musi language|Musi]], [[Manado Malay|Manado]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Dayak language|Dayak]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[betawi language|Betawi]], [[Sasak language|Sasak]], [[Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]], [[Ambonese language|Ambonese]], [[makassarese language|Makassarese]], [[Pakpak language|Batak Dairi]], [[Batak Simalungun language|Batak Simalungun]], [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[ngaju language|Ngaju]], [[nias language|Nias]], [[batak language|Batak]], [[North Moluccan Malay|North Moluccan]], [[Min Nan|Southern Min]], [[Hakka Chinese]], [[batak languages|Batak]], [[Uab Meto]], [[Bima language|Bima]], [[Manggarainese language|Manggarai]], [[Toraja-Sa'dan language|Toraja-Sa'dan]], [[komering language|Komering]], [[tetum language|Tetum]], [[Rejang language|Rejang]], [[Muna language|Muna]], [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Osing dialect|Osing]], [[Gayo language|Gayo]], [[Bungku-Tolaki languages]], [[Moronene language|Moronene]], [[Bungku language|Bungku]], [[Bahonsuai language|Bahonsuai]], [[Kulisusu language|Kulisusu]], [[Wawonii language|Wawonii]], [[Mori Bawah language|Mori Bawah]], [[Mori Atas language|Mori Atas]], [[Padoe language|Padoe]], [[Tomadino language|Tomadino]]), [[Lewotobi language|Lewotobi]], [[Tae' language|Tae']], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[lampung language|Lampung]], [[Tolaki language|Tolaki]], [[Ma'anyan language|Ma'anyan]], [[Simeulue language|Simeulue]], [[gayo language|Gayo]], [[buginese language|Buginese]], [[mandar language|Mandar]], [[minahasan language|Minahasan]], [[Enggano language|Enggano]], [[ternate language|Ternate]], [[tidore language|Tidore]], [[mairasi language|Mairasi]], [[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Cenderawasih Language]], [[lakes plain languages|Lakes Plain Languages]], [[Tor-Kwerba languages|Tor-Kwerba]], [[Nimboran languages|Nimboran]], [[Skou languages|Skou/Sko]], [[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border languages]], [[Senagi languages|Senagi]], [[Pauwasi languages|Pauwasi]]

Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the Archipelago, making Indonesia as ''the largest number of local languages around the world''. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) as a language of education, political, economic, and the other formal situation. While, in daily activities and informal situation, most of Indonesian peoples speak in their own local language. For more details ''see:[[Languages of Indonesia]]''.
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Lao''', Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan; French, English, others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Laos]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Malay''', [[Malaysian English|English]], [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kedah Malay]], [[Sabah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay]], [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan Malay]], [[Brunei Bisaya|Bisaya]], [[Okolod language|Okolod]], [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]], [[Lotud language|Lotud]], [[Terengganu Malay]], [[Semelai language|Semelai]], [[Pahang Malay]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Cantonese]], [[Min Nan]], [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Southern Thai language|Thai]], [[Iban language|Iban]], [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]], [[Dusunic languages|Dusun]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]], [[Bajau language|Bajau]], [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]], [[Batek language|Batek]], [[Melanau language|Melanau]], [[Semai language|Semai]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Temuan language|Temuan]], [[Temiar language|Temiar]], [[Penan language|Penan]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Iranun language|Iranun]] and others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Malaysia]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>''See:[[Languages of Malaysia]]''
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''[[Filipino language|Filipino]]''' ('''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]'''), '''[[Philippine English|English]]''', [[Aklan language|Aklanon]], [[Central Bikol language|Bikol]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Ivatan language|Ibatan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinense]], [[Sama language|Sama]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Cuyunon language|Cuyunon]], [[Chavacano Language|Caviteño]]

The Philippines has more than a hundred native languages, most without official recognition from the national government. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are on a voluntary and optional basis. [[Malaysian language|Bahasa Malay]], [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Lan-nang]] ([[Min Nan]]), [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] are also spoken in the Philippines due to immigration, geographic proximity and historical ties. ''See:[[Languages of the Philippines]]''
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''[[Singapore English|English]]''', '''[[Singapore Mandarin|Mandarin]]''', '''Malay''', '''Tamil''', Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Telugu, Malayalam, Arabic, Persian, [[Singlish]] creole, others
|-
|{{noflag|[[South China Sea Islands]]}}
| English, [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Central Bikol language|Bikol]], [[Cebuano Language|Cebuano]], [[Chavacano Language|Zamboangueño]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Ivatan language|Ibatan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] (other Filipino Languages through internal migration), Malay, Mandarin, Korean, Vietnamese, Cantonese,{{citation needed span|text=Thai|date=December 2012}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Second Philippine Republic}} [[Second Philippine Republic|South Philippines]]
|'''[[Filipino language|Filipino]]''' '''[[Japanese language|Japanese]]''', [[Aklan language|Aklanon]], [[Cebuano Language|Cebuano]], [[Chavacano Language|Zamboangueño]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]], [[Maranao language|Meranaw]], [[Sambal language|Sambal]], [[Surigaonon language|Suriganon]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Waray-Waray language|Waray-Waray]], [[Yakan language|Yakan]], [[Subanon language|Subanon]], [[Chavacano Language|Bahra]], [[Chavacano Language|Abakay]], [[Chavacano Language|Ermitense]], [[Chavacano Language|Cotabateño]]
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Thai''', Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Cantonese, English, Malay, Lao, Khmer, Isaan, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Burmese, others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Thailand]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|'''Vietnamese''', English, Khmer, French, Cantonese, Hmong, Tai, Cham, and others<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html#People CIA – The World Factbook – Vietnam]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>
|}

===Cities===
[[File:Jabodetabek map.jpg|thumb|The Jabodetabek area (in blue line) is [[List of metropolitan areas by population|the second largest metropolitan area]] in the world by population.]]
* [[Jabodetabek]] ([[Jakarta]]/[[West Java]]/[[Banten]]), {{flag|Indonesia}}. Jabodetabek is an abbreviation of Jakarta, [[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Tangerang]], and [[Bekasi]], which are the satellite cities of the [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]].
* [[Bangkok Metropolitan Region]] ([[Bangkok]]/[[Samut Prakan]]), {{flag|Thailand}}
* [[Metro Manila]] ([[Manila]]/[[Quezon City|Quezon]]/[[Makati]]/[[Taguig]]/[[Pasay]]), {{Flag|Philippines}}
* [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Klang Valley]] ([[Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Selangor]]), {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area]] ([[Ho Chi Minh City]]/[[Vung Tau]]), {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Yangon Region]] ([[Yangon]]/[[Thanlyin]]), {{flag|Myanmar}}
* [[Hanoi Capital Region]] ([[Hanoi]]/[[Hai Phong]]/[[Ha Long]]), {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Gerbangkertosusila]] ([[Surabaya]]/[[Sidoarjo]]/[[Gresik]]/[[Mojokerto]]/[[Lamongan]]/[[Bangkalan]]), {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Bandung Metropolitan Area]] ([[Bandung]]/[[Cimahi]]), {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Metro Cebu]] ([[Cebu City]]/[[Mandaue City]]), {{Flag|Philippines}}
* [[Metro Davao]] ([[Davao City]]/[[Digos City]]/[[Tagum City]]), {{Flag|Philippines}}

==Culture==
{{See also|Southeast Asian cinema|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian music}}
[[File:Paddy field, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|A [[paddy field]] in Vietnam.]]
The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indian (Burma, Cambodia, Laos, western Malaysia and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, eastern Malaysia, and the Philippines, the culture is a mix of indigenous [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]], Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence<ref>http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147804eb.pdf</ref> in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in [[East Asian cultural sphere|China's sphere of influence]] for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants,<ref>http://www.microsite.nl.sg/PDFs/BiblioAsia/BIBA_0303Oct07a.pdf</ref> which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

[[Rice paddy]] agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for thousands of years, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] in the mountains of Luzon in the [[Philippines]]. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.

[[Stilt house]]s can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Laos, to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to [[Papua New Guinea stilt house|Papua New Guinea]]. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This include weaponry, such as the distinctive [[kris]], and musical instruments, such as the [[gamelan]].

===Influences===
The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of [[Islam]], [[Culture of India|India]], and [[Culture of China|China]]. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of the Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese trading era. The [[Filipinos]] are of indigenous [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] blood with varying admixtures of Indian, Arab, Spanish, and Chinese.

As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with [[chopstick]]s; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The [[fish sauce]]s distinctive to the region tend to vary.

===Arts===
[[File:Royal Ballet Camboda Apsara Mera.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Ballet of Cambodia]] (Paris, France 2010)]]
The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, [[Khmer classical dance|Cambodian royal ballet]] represented them in the early 7th century before the [[Khmer Empire]], which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. [[Apsara Dance]], famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being [[Wayang]] from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the [[Wayang Kulit]] (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the [[Ramayana]]. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by [[UNESCO]] on November 7, 2003, as a [[Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].

It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The [[Tai peoples|Tai]], coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and [[Mon people|Mon]] traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with [[Culture of China|Chinese]] arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their [[lacquerware]].

====Music====
[[File:Indonesianbamboomusicangklung.jpg|thumb|Indonesian Angklung has been recognized by UNESCO as a ''Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity''.]]
* [http://www.sriwittayapaknam.ac.th/multimedia/s_khim.html ''Khim'' audio]
Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. Main styles of traditional music can be seen: Court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region.

Of the court and folk genres, [[gong-chime]] ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). ''[[Gamelan]]'' and ''[[Angklung]]'' orchestras from Indonesia, ''[[Piphat]]'' /''[[Pinpeat]]'' ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia and the ''[[Kulintang]]'' ensembles of the southern Philippines, [[Borneo]], [[Sulawesi]] and [[Timor]] are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments also are popular in the region.

On November 18, 2010, UNESCO officially recognized angklung as a ''Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity'', and encourage Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of angklung making.
[[File:Chiangmai-market3.jpg|thumb|upright|A Thai boy plays the khim, a traditional Thai instrument similar to the yangqin from China.]]

====Writing====
{{Main|Baybayin|Jawi script|S.E.A. Write Award|Thai alphabet}}
[[File:KlMuseumBatuBersurat.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]] in Malaysia, written in year 1303. It is the oldest written artefact with Jawi script on it.]]
The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.

Originally, [[Culture of India|Indians]] were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through [[Brahmic family|Brahmic]] forms of writing present in the region such as the [[Balinese script]] shown on split palm leaf called ''lontar'' (see image to the left — magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be [[abugida]]s, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi').

The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of Chinese characters in Vietnam dates back to around 111BC, when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called [[Chu nom]] used modified Chinese characters to express the Vietnamese language. Both classical Chinese and Chu Nom were used up until the early 20th century.

==See also==
{{portal|Southeast Asia}}
* [[List of Southeast Asian leaders]]
* [[Northeast Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]
* [[Tiger Cub Economies]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}



{{refbegin}}
* Tiwari, Rajnish (2003): ''[http://www.global-innovation.net/team/tiwari/PDF/exchange-rate.pdf Post-crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast Asia]'' (PDF), Seminar Paper, University of Hamburg.
* {{cite book | last = Rand | first = Nelson| title = Conflict: Journeys through war and terror in SouthEast Asia | publisher=Maverick House Publishers | location = Dunboyne | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-905379-54-5}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). [http://books.google.com/books?id=4fzDN4374JUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Southeast+asia&hl=en&ei=qlDjTtmVGcPgiAKz09ngBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Southeast%20asia&f=false ''Southeast Asia: An Introductory History''] Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-302-7
* [[Banister Fletcher|Fletcher, Banister]]; Cruickshank, Dan (1996; first published in 1896). [http://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC&printsec=frontcover ''Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture''], Architectural Press, 20th edition. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. Cf. Part Four, Chapter 27.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf Topography of Southeast Asia in detail] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) ([http://web.archive.org/web/20120916231056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf previous version])
* [http://www.citymayors.com/government/se_asia_government.html CityMayors.com article]
* [http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html Southeast Asian Archive] at the University of California, Irvine
* [http://sea.lib.niu.edu Southeast Asia Digital Library] at Northern Illinois University
* [http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/ "Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience"], exhibit at the [[University of California, Irvine]], Library
* [http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives] Cornell University Library Digital Collection
* {{URL|www.southeastasia.org}} Official website of the ASEAN Tourism Association
* [http://vimeo.com/20278207/ Southeast Asia Time Lapse Video] Southeast Asia Time Lapse Video
* [http://ecomeye.com Southeast Asia eCommerce] Southeast Asia eCommerce
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/42850/rec/1 Art of Island Southeast Asia], a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
* [http://bratalkstore.com/south-east-asia-ecommerce-listing/ List of Southeast Asia eCommerce]
{{Southeast Asia}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Southeast Asia| ]]

Category:History of the Low Countries

2015-02-07T22:50:03Z

Zeisterre:

{{commonscat|Low Countries| Low Countries}}
*History of the '''[[Low Countries]]''' — a low elevation region of northwestern continental [[Europe]].
::::::::::*Location includes the present day countries of [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], and the [[Netherlands]].
{{-}}
[[Category:History of Europe by region|Low Countries]]
[[Category:History of Belgium|Low Countries]]
[[Category:History of Luxembourg|Low Countries]]
[[Category:History of the Netherlands|Low Countries]]

[[nl:Categorie:Geschiedenis van de Lage Landen]]
[[vls:Categorie:Geschiedenisse van de Lege Landn]]

AD 21

2015-01-02T21:40:30Z

Zeisterre: /* Deaths */

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Year dab|21}}
{{Year nav|21}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
__NOTOC__
Year '''21''' ('''[[Roman numerals|XXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. At the time, it was known as the '''Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar''' (or, less frequently, '''year 774 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]'''''). The denomination 21 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===
==== Roman Empire ====
* Revolt of the [[Aedui]] under [[Julius Florus]] and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by [[Gaius Silius]].
* Emperor [[Tiberius]] is a [[List of Early Imperial Roman Consuls|Roman Consul]] for the fourth time.
* The Romans create a [[buffer state]] in the territory of the [[Quadi]] in southern [[Slovakia]].
* [[Barracks]] are constructed for the [[Praetorian Guard]] on the [[Quirinal]].

==== Asia ====
* [[Daeso|King Daeso of Dongbuyeo]] is killed in battle against the armies of Goguryeo, led by its third ruler, [[Daemusin of Goguryeo|King Daemusin]].

=== By topic ===
==== Arts and sciences ====
* The manufacture of [[pen]]s and metal writing tools begins in Rome.
</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
*

== Deaths ==
* [[Publius Sulpicius Quirinius]], Roman governor of [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]] (b. c. [[51 BC]])
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus]], [[List of Early Imperial Roman Consuls|Roman Consul]] (or [[20]]) (b. [[11 BC]])
* [[Arminius]], Germanic leader who defeated three Roman legions at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] (b. [[18 BC|18]]/[[17 BC]])
* [[Empress Wang (Xin Dynasty)|Empress Wang]]
* [[Daeso|King Daeso of Dongbuyeo]] (b. [[60 BC]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:21}}
[[Category:21| ]]

Julien Lootens

2014-12-01T13:39:16Z

Zeisterre:

{{Infobox cyclist
| name = Julien Lootens
| image = Julien Lootens.jpg
| caption = Lootens in the [[1903 Tour de France]]
| fullname = Julien Lootens
| nickname = Samson
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1876|8|2}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|8|5|1876|8|2}}
| birth_place = [[Wevelgem]], [[Belgium]]
| death_place = [[Brussels]], Belgium
| height =
| weight =
| currentteam =
| discipline = Road
| role = Rider
| ridertype =
| amateuryears =
| amatuerteams =
| proyears = 1903 1904–1905 1906 1911 1913
| proteams = Brennabor JC Cycles Samson Cycles Alcyon - Dunlop La Française
| majorwins =
| updated = {{date|2007-03-09}}
}}

'''Julien Lootens''' (2 August 1876, [[Wevelgem]], [[Belgium]] - 5 August 1942, [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]<ref>{{cycling archives|4852}}</ref>) was an early twentieth century [[Belgian]] [[cyclist]] who participated in the [[1903 Tour de France]] and finished seventh. He was a professional cyclist between 1901 and 1921.

== Palmarés ==
{{palmares start}}
;1903
:2nd [[Belgian National Road Race Championships]]
:7th [[1903 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
::18th Stage 1, Tour de France, [[Lyon]]
::15th Stage 2, Tour de France, [[Marseille]]
::3rd Stage 3, Tour de France, [[Toulouse]]
::2nd Stage 4, Tour de France, [[Bordeaux]]
::12th Stage 5, Tour de France, [[Nantes]]
::3rd Stage 6, Tour de France, [[Paris]]

;1904
:10th [[Paris - Roubaix]]

;1905
:20th [[1905 Tour de France|Tour de France]]

;1906
:3rd Belgian National Track Championships, Sprint, Elite
{{palmares end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lootens, Julien
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = cyclist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 August 1876
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Wevelgem, Belgium
| DATE OF DEATH = 5 August 1942
| PLACE OF DEATH = Brussels, Belgium
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lootens, Julien}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Belgian cyclists]]
[[Category:People from West Flanders]]

{{Belgium-cycling-bio-stub}}

BC Oostende

2013-08-09T18:13:17Z

Zeisterre: /* Roster */

{{unreferenced|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox Basketball club
| color1 = Black
| color2 = yellow
| name = Telenet Oostende
| nickname = BCO
| logo = TELENET Oostende logo.gif
| leagues = [[Ligue Ethias|Belgian League]] [[Eurocup Basketball|Eurocup]]
| founded = 1970
| history = '''Sunair Oostende''' 1970–1999 '''Telindus Oostende''' 1999–2008 '''Base Oostende''' 2008–2010 '''Telenet Oostende''' 2010–present
| arena = [[Sleuyter Arena]] (capacity: 5,000)
| location = [[Oostende]], [[Belgium]]
| colors = Yellow and Black {{color box|Yellow}} {{color box|Black}}
| president = Arthur Goethals
| sports manager = Philip Debaere
| coach = Dario Gjergja
| championships = [[Basketball League Belgium|Belgian Championships]]: '''14''' '81, '82, '83, '84, '85, '86, '88, '95, '01, '02, '06, '07, '12, '13 [[Belgian Basketball Cup|Belgian Cups]]: '''13''' '79, '81, '82, '83, '85, '89, '91, '97, '98, '01, '08, '10, '13 BeNeLux Cup: '''1''' '88
| website = [http://www.bcoostende.be/index.php bcoostende.be]
| h_body = ffee00
| h_shorts = ffee00
| a_body = 000000
| a_shorts = 000000
}}

'''BC Oostende''' is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] professional [[basketball]] team that was founded in 1970. The club competes in the top [[Belgian Basketball League|Belgian League]]. For sponsorship reasons, it is known as '''Telenet Oostende'''. For past club sponsorship names, see [[#Sponsorship names|the list below]].

==History==
Oostende has won 14 [[Basketball League Belgium|Belgian League]] titles, including a 6 year in a row sequence, from 1981 to 1986. They have also won 13 [[Belgian Basketball Cup|Belgian Cup]] titles, and the only [[BeNeLux]] title in existence.

==Roster==
{{Basketball roster nationality note}}
{{Basketball roster header|team=BC Oostende
| color1 = Gold | bg1 = Black | color2 = Black | bg2 = Gold}}

{{player3 | num = 5 | nat = Belgium | first = Quentin | last = Serron | pos = SG | m = 1.90}}
{{player3 | num = 10 | nat = Serbia | first = Veselin | last = Petrović | dab = basketball | pos = G/F | m = 1.96}}
{{player3 | num = 11 | nat = USA | first = Wesley | last = Wilkinson | pos = PF | m = 2.07}}
{{player3 | num = 13 | nat = Belgium | first = Jean | last = Salumu | pos = G/F | m = 1.93 }}
{{player3 | num = 15 | nat = Morocco | first = Khalid | last = Boukichou | pos = C | m = 2.08}}
{{player3 | num = 20 | nat = Serbia | first = Dušan | last = Djordjević | pos = G | m = 1.95}}
{{player3 | num = 21 | nat = USA | first= Brent | last= Wright | pos = F/C | m = 2.03}}
{{player3 | num = -- | nat = USA | first = Ryan | last = Thompson | dab = basketball | pos = G/F | m = 1.98}}
{{player3 | num = -- | nat = Belgium | first= Niels | last= Marnegraeve | pos = PG | m = 1.91}}
{{player3 | num = -- | nat = Belgium | first= Pierre-Antoine | last= Gillet | pos = PF | m = 2.01}}


{{Basketball roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{player||Belgium|[[Dario Gjergja]]}}
| asst_coach =

| Team Manager =
| roster_url = http://www.bcoostende.be/index.php?id=9&lang=nl
| accessdate = 2013-07-31
}}

==Notable player==
{| Jon Heath

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Rik Samaey]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Doum Lauwers]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ronny Bayer]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Paul Bayer]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Jean-Marc Jaumin]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Sam Van Rossom]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Tomas Van Den Spiegel]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Matt Lojeski]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}}/{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Veselin Petrović (basketball)|Veselin Petrović]]
*{{flagicon|EST}} [[Gert Kullamäe]]
*{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Marijonas Petravičius]]
*{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Rimantas Kaukėnas]]
*{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Virginijus Praškevičius]]
*{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Andrius Giedraitis]]
*{{flagicon|Bosnia}} [[Mirza Teletović]]
*{{flagicon|Bosnia}} [[Elvir Ovčina]]
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Dušan Kecman]]
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Ivan Paunić]]

*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Teo Čizmić]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Denis Wucherer]]
|
*{{flagicon|RUS}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jon Robert Holden]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tre Kelley]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Barry Mitchell (basketball)|Barry Mitchell]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Carl Nicks (basketball)|Carl Nicks]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Henry James (basketball)|Henry James]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Quinton Ross]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Vincent Yarbrough]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lavor Postell]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ed Cota]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jason Gardner]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Toby Bailey]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ralph Biggs]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rashad Wright]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jimmy Baxter]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nick Fazekas]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Eddie Gill]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bracey Wright]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dwight Buycks]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kennedy Winston]]
* Jon Heath
* Mark Brown
* Ed Rains
|}

==Sponsorship names==
*Sunair Oostende: (1970–1999)
*Telindus Oostende: (1999–2008)
*Base Oostende: (2008–2010)
*Telenet Oostende: (2010–present)

==External links==
*[http://www.bcoostende.be Official Website] {{du icon}}
*[http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Telenet_Oostende/332?team=332 Eurobasket.com Webpage]
*[http://basketnieuws.be/bco-fanclub BCO Fan Club] {{du icon}}
*[http://www.basketleague.be/ Official Belgian League Website]
*[http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/competition/teams/showteam?clubcode=OOS&seasoncode=u2013 Official Eurocup Webpage]

{{Ethias League teams 2012-13}}

[[Category:Basketball teams in Belgium|Oostende]]
[[Category:Sport in Ostend]]
[[Category:Ostend]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Everard

2013-01-19T14:26:37Z

Zeisterre:

===[[Eric Everard]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|B}}

:{{la|Eric Everard}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Everard|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2013 January 18#{{anchorencode:Eric Everard}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} [http://toolserver.org/~snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Eric_Everard Stats])
:({{Find sources|Eric Everard}})
Just a man with a job, nothing special. Article looks like an advertisement. [[User:The Banner|The Banner]] [[User talk:The Banner|talk]] 21:48, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' I can find no significant independent coverage such as would meet the terms of notability. Promotional. ---- [[User:nonsenseferret|''nonsense'']] [[User talk:nonsenseferret|ferret]] 00:10, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' This article has been placed on wikipedia almost '''four years''' ago and has since been regularly completed, without any remark or opposition. The man has become more notable than ever, since beginning this month he was elected "Manager of the Year" by the Belgian financial weekly 'Trends Tendances'. He received his award out of the hands of the Belgian prime minister. He is by all means a innovative entrepreneur. Because a Dutchman thinks that as he does not know this Belgian citizen, he is not noteworthy, he puts this on the deletion list. Only because a recently made article on the Dutch wikipedia does not suit him. As somebody asked the question: "Why deletion-proposal on the Dutch wikipedia for an article since long accepted on the English wikipedia?" he immediately introduced a deletion proposal on the English. This is not a very acceptable way of proceeding and I hope a moderator will assess it for what it is. [[User:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[User talk:Andries Van den Abeele|talk]]) 13:44, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' of course! Elected "Manager of the Year" in Belgium...--[[User:Zeisterre|Zeisterre]] ([[User talk:Zeisterre|talk]]) 14:26, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Nieuport Memorial

2012-07-11T16:11:20Z

Zeisterre:

{{Infobox Military Memorial
|name=Nieuport Memorial
|country=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
|image=[[File:Nieuwpoort-06.jpg|300 px]]
|caption=The Nieuport Memorial and two of the three stone lions
|commemorates=British forces
|coordinates={{coord|51|08|13.64|N|02|45|20.20|E|scale:1250|display=inline,title}}[[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]], Belgium
|unveiled=1 July 1928
|designer=[[William Binnie (architect)|William Bryce Binnie]] (architect) [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] (sculptor)
|inscription=Here are recorded the names of 566 British officers and men who have no known grave. They fell in the Defence of Antwerp in October 1914 and later operations on the Belgian coast.
|source={{cwgc cemetery|142014}}
}}

The '''Nieuport Memorial''' is a [[World War I]] [[war memorial|memorial]], located in the [[Belgium|Belgian]] port city of [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]] ({{lang-fr|link=no|Nieuport}}), which is at the mouth of the [[River Yser]]. The memorial lists 547 names of British officers and men with no known grave who were killed in the [[Siege of Antwerp]] in 1914 or in the defence of this part of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] from June to November 1917. Those that fought in 1914 were members of the [[Royal Naval Division]].<ref name="CWGC">[http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=142014&mode=1 Nieuport Memorial], Commonwealth War Graves Commission, accessed 10/02/2010</ref> The fighting in 1917, when [[British XV Corps|XV Corps]] defended the line from [[Sint-Joris, Nieuwpoort|Sint-Joris]] to the sea, included the German use of chemical weapons such as [[mustard gas]] and [[Blue Cross (chemical warfare)|Blue Cross]].

Designed by the Scottish architect [[William Binnie (architect)|William Bryce Binnie]], the memorial is an 8-metre-high pylon of Euville stone, a [[limestone]] from [[Euville]]. The names of those commemorated are cast on bronze panels surrounding the base of the pylon. Three lions, carved by the British sculptor [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]], stand guard at the corners of the memorial's triangular paved platform.<ref name="CWGC"/> Around the top of the bronze name panels is cast the words from [[Laurence Binyon]]'s famous poem: {{quote|They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old; Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun, and in the morning, we will remember them.|Laurence Binyon - For the Fallen}}

The memorial was unveiled on 1 July 1928 by Sir [[George Macdonogh]],<ref name="CWGC"/> a commissioner for the [[Imperial War Graves Commission]]. Macdonogh had been a staff officer and general for the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence]] for most of the war, being appointed [[Adjutant-General to the Forces]] in September 1918.

==Footnotes and references==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=142014&mode=1 Commonwealth War Graves Commission details of the Nieuport Memorial]
*[http://www.remembering.org.uk/memorials_missing_belgium.htm Memorials to the Missing - Belgium] (includes photograph)
*[http://inventaris.vioe.be/woi/relict/1163 Nieuport Memorial] (Belgian heritage register)
*[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1143072 Catalogue entry for Nieuport Memorial register] (National Library of Australia)

[[Category:British military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:World War I memorials in Belgium]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1928]]

Lodewyk van Bercken

2012-04-04T14:59:20Z

Zeisterre: + vls

{{primary sources|date=December 2010}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2010}}
'''Lodewyk van Berken''' was a mid- to late-15th century [[Flemish Region|Flemish]] <ref>{{cite book
|last=Rosenhøj |first=Vandamme
|title=Brugge Diamantstad : diamanthandel en diamantnijverheid in Brugge in de 15de en de 20ste eeuw
|publisher=Windroos, Beernem
|pages=21
|year=1993
|isbn=9090066667
}}</ref>jeweller and diamond cutter, renowned in the industry for inventing the [[scaif]]. The device revolutionized the diamond cutting industry and contributed to increased popularity of diamonds.

Van Berken was born in [[Bruges]] <ref>{{cite book
|last=Rosenhøj |first=Vandamme
|title=Brugge Diamantstad : diamanthandel en diamantnijverheid in Brugge in de 15de en de 20ste eeuw
|publisher=Windroos, Beernem
|pages=21
|year=1993
|isbn=9090066667
}}</ref>. In 1456 he allegedly invented the scaif,<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rosenhøj |first=Vandamme
|title=Brugge Diamantstad : diamanthandel en diamantnijverheid in Brugge in de 15de en de 20ste eeuw
|publisher=Windroos, Beernem
|pages=21
|year=1993
|isbn=9090066667
}}</ref> a polishing wheel infused with a mixture of olive oil and diamond dust. With the scaif, it became possible to polish all the facets of the diamond symmetrically at angles that best reflected the light.

[[Charles the Bold]] became the [[Patronage|patron]] of van Berken and in the 1470s commissioned him to cut a 137 carat (27.4 g) stone that later became known as the [[Florentine Diamond]].

==Legacy==
A bronze statue of van Berken, holding a diamond in his hand, stands in [[Antwerp diamond district|Antwerp's diamond district]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gemsimport.com/english/diamonds/diamond_cutting.php?vo=2 Diamond cutting. Thank you Lodewyk van Berken] by Jeffrey Blancq. 21 April 2006

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Berken, Lodewyk van
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = jeweller
| DATE OF BIRTH = unknown, fl. 15th century
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = unknown
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}{{dmy|date=January 2011}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Berken, Lodewyk van}}
[[Category:Belgian inventors]]
[[Category:Flemish people]]
[[Category:People from Bruges]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Place of death unknown]]
[[Category:Belgian jewellers]]

{{Belgium-bio-stub}}

[[bg:Лодевейк ван Беркен]]
[[fr:Lodewyk van Berken]]
[[nl:Lodewijk van Berken]]
[[uk:Лодевейк ван Беркен]]
[[vls:Lodewijk van Berquem]]

Lodewyk van Bercken

2012-04-04T14:53:57Z

Zeisterre:

Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert

2012-02-28T10:16:32Z

Zeisterre:

[[Image:Tassaert Kopf eines Cupido.jpg|thumb|upright|''Head of a Cupid'']]
'''Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert''' ([[Antwerp]]<ref>He was baptised 19 August 1727.</ref> 1727 – [[Berlin]] 21 January 1788) was a minor sculptor of [[Flemish people|Flemish]] extraction, who worked in the manner of [[Étienne Maurice Falconet|Falconnet]]. He went to [[Paris]] as a young man to work in the atelier of [[Slodtz|Michel-Ange Slodtz]], a member of a dynasty of designer-sculptors working for the royal account. After Slodtz's death in 1764, he emerged as a sculptor in his own right. In 1774, after a successful decade in Paris, he was called to [[Berlin]], where he was appointed court sculptor to [[Frederick the Great]] and executed decorative sculptures for [[Potsdam]]. He directed the courses in sculpture at the Academy, where his major pupil and successor was [[Johann Gottfried Schadow]].

He was the nephew of Jean-Pierre Tassaert (1651-1725), and the grandson of Pierre Tassaert (master of the painters' guild 1635- ca 1692/93) both
painters of Antwerp.

==Selected works==
[[Image:Louvre pyrrha ent1999.23.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Pyrrha'']]
*''Pyrrha, or Population'', white marble ca. 1773–74 (plaster model exhibited at the [[Paris salon|Salon of 1773]]). Commissioned by [[Joseph Marie Terray|Joseph Marie Terray, the Abbé Terray]] for the sculpture gallery in his Paris residence, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, as a pair to [[Augustin Pajou]]'s ''Mercury, or Commerce''. Michael Levey suggests that the commission is most likely to have dated from Terray's brief tour as Director of the ''[[Bâtiments du Roi]].''<ref>Michael Levey, ''Painting and Sculpture in France, 1700-1789'' (1993:151)</ref>
*Putti representing ''Painting'' and ''Sculpture'', white marble ca 1774–78 also commissioned by Terray as one of four groups by various sculptors<ref>The other sculptors were [[Clodion]], whose ''Music'' and ''Poetry'' are at the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, [[Jean-Jacques Caffiéri]], whose ''Geometry'' and ''Architecture'', signed and dated 1776, are at [[Waddesdon Manor]], and [[Félix Lecomte]]; of the four Michel Levey found Tassaert the least interesting.</ref> representing the arts and sciences. ([[National Gallery of Art]], Washington DC, [http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pinfo?Object=41452+0+none on-line catalogue])
*''Cupid Preparing to Shoot his Arrow'' ([[Malmaison]]).
*''Portrait bust of Christian Fürchtegott Gellert'' (1715 - 1769). ([[Louvre Museum]])
*''Catherine the Great as Minerva Protectress of the Arts'' ([[Hermitage Museum]]) "...a work more Flemish than French in its somewhat confused and untidy Baroque idiom, and altogether somewhat old-fashioned" (Levey 1993:151)..
*(attributed) ''Seated Venus Filling a Quiver with Roses'', white marble (Musée Cognac-Jay, Paris). [http://www.paris.fr/portail/Culture/Portal.lut?page_id=6643&document_type_id=4&document_id=16967&portlet_id=15117&multileveldocument_sheet_id=2060 on-line catalogue])

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Tassaert, Jean-Pierre-Antoine
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1727
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 21 January 1788
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tassaert, Jean-Pierre-Antoine}}
[[Category:Belgian sculptors]]
[[Category:1727 births]]
[[Category:1788 deaths]]

[[de:Antoine Tassaert]]
[[fr:Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert]]
[[la:Ioannes Petrus Antonius Tassaert]]
[[nl:Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert]]
[[pt:Jean Pierre Antoine Tassaert]]
[[sv:Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert]]

Veurne

2012-01-29T21:16:18Z

Zeisterre: /* Veurne celebrities */

{{Infobox Belgium Municipality
|name=Veurne
|picture=Veurne markt.jpg
|picture-width=260px
|picture-legend=Veurne market square
|map=VeurneLocatie.png
|map-legend=Location of Veurne in [[West Flanders]]
|arms=Wapen veurne.jpg
|flag=Flag of Furnes, Belgium.svg
|region={{BE-REG-FLE}}
|community={{BE-NL}}
|province={{BE-PROV-WV}}
|arrondissement=[[Arrondissement of Veurne|Veurne]]
|nis=38025
|pyramid-date=01/01/2006
|0-19=23.44
|20-64=56.87
|65=19.69
|foreigners=1.39
|foreigners-date=01/07/2005
|mayor=Jan Verfaillie ([[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|CD&V]])
|majority=[[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|CD&V]]/[[New Flemish Alliance|N-VA]], [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|VLD]]
|postal-codes=8630
|telephone-area=058
|web=[http://www.veurne.be/ www.veurne.be]
|lat_deg=51
|lat_min=04
|lon_deg=02
|lon_min=39
}}

'''Veurne''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈvøːrnə}} ; {{lang-fr|'Furnes'}}, {{IPA-fr|fyʁn|pron}}) is a [[city]] and [[Municipalities in Belgium|municipality]] in the [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Provinces of Belgium|province]] of [[West Flanders]]. The municipality comprises the town of Veurne proper and the settlements of Avekapelle, Booitshoeke, Bulskamp, De Moeren, Eggewaartskapelle, Houtem, Steenkerke, Vinkem, Wulveringem, and Zoutenaaie.

==History==
===Origins in the 15th century===
Veurne, in Latin ''[[List of Latin place names in Continental Europe|Furna]]'', is first found in 877 as a possession of the [[Saint Bertin]] Abbey in [[Saint-Omer]]. Around 890 AD, it was noted as a fortification against the [[Viking]] raids. It soon was placed at the head of the [[castellany]] of Veurne, a large territory counting 42 parishes and some 8 half-independent parishes,, owing allegiance to the [[Count of Flanders]]. Veurne became a city in the 12th century. During the following century, trade with England flourished. In 1270, however, the relations with England came to a standstill and the city’s economy went into a long decline; hence the nickname of the Veurne Sleepers. On August 20, 1297, the [[Battle of Furnes|Battle of Veurne]] was fought in the ongoing struggle between the Flemish cities and the French king.

The beautiful gothic church of Saint Walburga and the tower of the church of Saint Nicolas, date from that period.
Saint Walburga housed a chapter of [[Canon (priest)|canons]]. Saint Nicholas and Saint Denis (gone 18th century) were the two other parish churches and possessions of the Norbertine abbey of Saint Nicholas.

===15th century until the French Revolution===
[[File:Veurne, Belgium ; Ferraris Map.jpg|thumb|left|Veurne on the [[Ferraris map]] (around 1775)]]
The 15th century saw the construction of a new city hall, which is known today as the Pavilion of the [[Spain|Spanish]] officers, from its use in the 17th century as military headquarters. As most of the "Westhoek" (the Western part of the county of [[Flanders]]), the city and the neighbourghood strongly recessed during the economic and religious problems around 1566–1583. But when the town and the [[castellany]] officially got together, the town flourished, thanks to the expanding agriculture of the agraric region.

Most of the other historic buildings date from this time, the prosperous reign of the Archdukes [[Archduke Albert of Austria (1559–1621)|Albert]] and [[Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain|Isabella]] around 1600.

In 1644 the [[Capucines]] organised a procession. Since 1646, this procession was organised by the "Sodales", a religious confraternity, that organised a crossway during Advent time, under the leadership of the [[Premonstratensian|Norbertine]] monk Jacob Clou. The hooded "Sodales" took a cross for penitence. This procession was expanded at the end of the 17th century with scenes from the Bible, and is the only one of his kind, remaining up to now in Flanders.

The second half of the 17th century was marked by the miseries brought to the region by [[Louis XIV]]’s wars. [[Vauban]] built heavy fortifications around the city, the outlines of which are still noticeable from the air today. [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II of Austria]] put them down and closed some of the religious institutions, putting a temporary end to the penitents’ procession, until [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] allowed it again in 1790. Those few cloisters that were still operating were closed at the [[French Revolution]].

===19th and 20th century===
From the [[Battle of Waterloo]] until [[World War I]], Veurne could enjoy a century of quiet and prosperity. In 1830, Veurne was the first city to welcome Belgium’s new king, [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], in his new country. The railway was made on demand of [[Robert Stephenson]] as a passway to Dunkerque and so to England.

During World War I, Veurne was located within the [[Yser]] pocket of Belgian resistance against the [[Germany|German]] troops. During the [[Battle of the Yser]], the Veurne city hall became the headquarters for the Belgian troops under [[Albert I of Belgium|King Albert I]] and a military hospital was set up in the city. In 1920, French President [[Raymond Poincaré]] came to Veurne to award the city the [[Croix de guerre]] with palm.

Veurne suffered some damage during [[World War II]], mainly from allied bombing but also from the strategic flooding that engulfed the whole area. Today, the city is a regional centre, which gives commercial, medical, and educational services to the surrounding communities while enjoying increasing tourist attention.
[[File:Veurne Stadtansicht.jpg|thumb|left|260px|View of the town]]

==Sights==
[[File:Veurne Rathaus.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Veurne city hall]]
*Several [[Renaissance]]-style buildings, mostly built using the local light-coloured brick, adorn Veurne’s central market square, which make it one of Belgium's finest market squares. Among these are the city hall (''Landhuis'') and [[Belfries of Belgium and France|belfry]], which is recognized by [[UNESCO]] as [[World Heritage Sites]] in 1999.
*The nearby church of Saint [[Walburga]] is a splendid example of the earlier [[Gothic Architecture|Gothic]] style.
*Other buildings of interest include the church of Saint Nicolas, the Spanish Pavilion, and the old meat market.
*The beautiful castle of Beauvoorde on the outskirts of town can also be visited. It shows how a squire re-installed an old manor with its magnificent collection of 17th-century furniture.

==Other remarkable structures==
===NAVO-Toren===
NAVO-Toren is a 243 metres tall guyed mast used for meteorological research and radio relay links.

==Folklore==
The annual ''Boeteprocessie'' (procession of the penitents) takes place every year on the last Sunday of July. This unique event includes cross-carrying, hooded penitents and other groups of participants who recreate the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] of [[Jesus]].

==Towns==
The municipality of Veurne comprises 11 "[[deelgemeente]]s". Veurne proper is the largest centre and has the largest population. The others are small rural villages: [[Avekapelle]], [[Booitshoeke]], [[Bulskamp]], [[De Moeren]], [[Eggewaartskapelle]], [[Houtem]], [[Steenkerke]], [[Vinkem]], [[Wulveringem]] and [[Zoutenaaie]].

{| border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! # !! Naam !! Area km²!! Population (10/04/2006)
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|I || align="left" | Veurne || 22,67 || 8.489
|- align="right"
|II || align="left" | [[Booitshoeke]] || 3,35 || 98
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|III || align="left" | [[Avekapelle]] || 4,58 || 370
|- align="right"
|IV || align="left" | [[Zoutenaaie]] || 2,07 || 17
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|V || align="left" | [[Eggewaartskapelle]] || 4,90 || 180
|- align="right"
|VI || align="left" | [[Steenkerke]] || 11,79 || 446
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|VII || align="left" | [[Bulskamp]] || 8,03 || 692
|- align="right"
|VIII || align="left" | [[Wulveringem]] || 9,37 || 351
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|IX || align="left" | [[Vinkem]] || 5,27 || 362
|- align="right"
|X || align="left" | [[Houtem]] || 12,71 || 702
|- align="right" bgcolor="#efefef"
|XI || align="left" | [[De Moeren]] || 11,58 || 124
|- align="right"
|}
:Source: official website city of Veurne

Veurne borders the following villages and municipalities:
{| align="left"
|-
|
*a. [[Adinkerke]] (De Panne)
*b. [[Koksijde]] (Koksijde)
*c. [[Wulpen]] (Koksijde)
*d. [[Ramskapelle (Nieuwpoort)|Ramskapelle]] (Nieuwpoort)
*e. [[Pervijze]] (Diksmuide)
*f. [[Lampernisse]] (Diksmuide)
*g. [[Alveringem]] (Alveringem)
|}
{| align="left"
|-
|
*h. [[Oeren]] (Alveringem)
*i. [[Izenberge]] (Alveringem)
*j. [[Leisele]] (Alveringem)
*k. [[Hondschoote]] (France)
*l. [[Les Moëres]] (France)
*m. [[Ghyvelde]] (France)
|}
 

===Map===
[[File:MapVeurne.svg|thumb|400px|left|Veurne, towns and neighbouring towns. The yellow areas are urban areas.]]
 

==Veurne celebrities==
* [[Vigor Boucquet]] (1619-1677), painter
* [[Karel Cogge]], ( -1922) hero of the [[Battle of the Yser]] in World War I
* [[Paul Delvaux]], [[Surrealism|surrealist]] painter, lived in Veurne for more than 20 years and died there.
* Edmond Hanssens (1843 - Vivi (Congo) 1884. Explorator of Congo.
* [[Infanta Teresa, Countess of Flanders|Teresa of Portugal, Countess of Flanders]] around 1200, also died in Veurne.
* [[Will Tura]], singer, musician, composer, and songwriter, was born in Veurne.

==Honorary citizens==
* [[Albert I of Belgium|King Albert I]] (1875–1934)
* [[Paul Delvaux]] (1897–1994)
* [[Frans Brouw]] (1929- )
* [[Walter Plaetinck]] (1931- )
* [[Will Tura]] (1940- )
* [[Willem Vermandere]] (1940- )

==Twin city==
* {{GER}}: [[Rösrath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.veurne.be Official website] {{nl icon}}
{{commons category|Veurne}}

{{West_Flanders}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Flanders]]
[[Category:Populated places in Belgium]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Belgium]]

[[br:Veurne]]
[[bg:Вьорне]]
[[ca:Veurne]]
[[de:Veurne]]
[[eo:Veurne]]
[[fa:ورن]]
[[fr:Furnes]]
[[it:Veurne]]
[[la:Furna]]
[[li:Veurne]]
[[nl:Veurne]]
[[no:Veurne]]
[[pl:Veurne]]
[[pt:Veurne]]
[[ro:Veurne]]
[[simple:Veurne]]
[[sk:Veurne]]
[[sv:Veurne]]
[[vi:Veurne]]
[[vo:Veurne]]
[[vls:Veurn]]
[[war:Veurne]]
[[zh:弗尔内]]

Vigor Boucquet

2012-01-29T20:52:15Z

Zeisterre:

{{Orphan|date=March 2011}}
[[file:Boucquet, Vigor - The Standard Bearer.jpg|thumb|<center>The Standard Bearer (1664) by Vigor Boucquet, [[Musée du Louvre]]]]
'''Victor Boucquet''' or '''Vigor Boucquet''', a [[Flemish painting|Flemish painter]], was born at [[Veurne]] in 1619. He was the son of Marcus Boucquet, a painter little known. Descamps supposes he must have visited Italy, as his works exhibit a manner that partakes little of the taste of his country. He painted historical subjects, and was also esteemed as a portrait painter. His works are distributed in the different churches of the towns in Flanders. They are well composed, and, like those of most of the artists of his country, are well coloured. In the great church of [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuport]] are two altar-pieces by this master, one of which, representing 'The Death of St. Francis,' is particularly admired; and in the town-house there is a large picture by him, considered as his principal work, representing 'The Judgment of Cambyses.'
The principal altar-piece in the church at [[Ostend]] is by Boucquet: it represents the Taking down from the Cross. He died at Furnes in 1677.

==References==
{{Bryan|article=BOUCQUET, Victor}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Boucquet, Victor
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Flemish painter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1619
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Veurne]], [[Belgium]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1677
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boucquet, Victor}}
[[Category:1619 births]]
[[Category:1677 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Veurne]]
[[Category:Flemish painters]]

{{Flemish-painter-stub}}

Belle Perez

2012-01-26T13:32:48Z

Zeisterre: Image

{{Primary sources|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Belle Perez
| image = Belle Perez (Beatrixtheater 2008 - 1).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Maribel Pérez
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|1|29}}
| birth_place = [[Neerpelt]], [[Belgium]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Belgian
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = musician
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
'''Maribel Pérez''' (born 29 January 1976), best known by her [[stage name]] '''Belle Perez''', is a [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[musician]] and [[songwriter]].

Born in [[Neerpelt]] to [[Spain|Spanish]] parents as María Isabelle Pérez Cerezo, the Flemish singer was discovered for her musical talents by Patrick Renier at a local talent show in 1997 at the age of 21.<ref>[http://www.sterren.nl/index.php?id=198 Sterren.nl - Belle Perez Biografie]</ref> In 1999 she participated in the Belgian preselections of the Eurovision Song Contest and from then on Belle's career in music took off. She started off in pop music but in 2002 she changed her style to Latino/pop and went live on stage with her own "Baila Perez"-band. The album that came with it was an instant success and remained on the top spot in the Belgian charts for several weeks.

As of 2006, she has achieved a relatively high level of fame in her native Belgium and the Netherlands. She has also become the presenter of a popular Dutch music show in the meanwhile. Perez participated in the Belgian tryouts for the [[2006 Eurovision Song Contest]], but ended up getting 3rd place. Her newest album [[Gotitas De Amor]] was released on August 23, 2006.
In December 2006 she released her 4th single of "Gotitas de amor", called "Hoy (Le pido a dios)", a ballad.

On 5 May she will be performing another "Mega Latino"-Concert in the "Sportpaleis" Antwerpen. She will be performing in front of about 15,000 people. According to some articles on her fan-site she is planning to release a CD in Germany, Austria and Switzerland upcoming summer. She has already signed a contract. Due to some rumours "El mundo bailando" is going to be the first single in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Before summer she will release another single from her album "Gotitas De Amor" in Belgium and Netherlands which will be "Amor Latino" and it peaked in Belgium on Position 11.

In June 2007 she released her first album "Gotitas De Amor" and the first single "El Mundo Bailando" in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In the mean time she recorded a new single called "Djolei! Djolei!" which has been released on 15 June 2007 in [[Belgium]] and [[Netherlands]]. Once again it is a song for the upcoming summer and so she is heading again for her next ''Radio 2-Summer-Award-Trophy'' in August 2007.
She also posed twice for the men's magazine FHM.

In 2008 Belle Pérez and her spouse Mario Winters, with whom she had been a couple as early as 1995 and whom she married in the deepest secret in 2000, broke up after an 8 year's wedding. Some months afterwards Belle met 25 years old Dutch jewel designer Wouter van der Horst in Antwerp with whom she has been going steady until now.

Belle released her new album "Gipsy" in 2008 and made the top10 in both Belgium and The Netherlands. Appreciation in The Netherlands for her music grows and tours bring Belle more to there than to Belgium. In 2009 Belle celebrates her 10 year career. A book has been published containing her ups and downs in the last 10 years and a DVD has been released of a concert without any audience. At the same time a big concert was announced for the fall of 2009. However in September 2009 it was announced that the big concert originally planned is downsized: a smaller concert hall but a sold out crowd. Belle and her team state that she will go in a new direction with her music and that she wants to try new international adventures. She separates from her manager at that time, Patrick Renier, and goes on with Hugo Foets who also has been in the background.

For the second year in a row she is asked to be a special musical guest in the Holiday On Ice Shows. In 2008 she did them in Belgium, in 2009 in The Netherlands. After these shows she will focus on her new tour in The Netherlands: a theater tour "Latino Mundial".

==Discography==
=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! width="20" rowspan="2"| Year
! width="250" rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="5"| Peak-Positions
! width="200" rowspan="2"| Information
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! width="40" | [[Belgium|BE]]
! width="40" | [[Netherlands|NL]]
! width="40" | [[Germany|GER]]
! width="40" | [[Austria|AT]]
! width="40" | [[Switzerland|CH]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Hello World''
| align="center"| 13
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''First studio album'''''
|-
| 2001
| ''Everything''
| align="center"| 10
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''Second studio album'''''
|-
| 2003
| ''Baila Perez''
| align="center"| 1
| align="center"| 20
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''Third studio album'''''
*First Spanish album
*Gold award for 25.000 copies sold in Belgium
|-
| 2004
| ''Arena 2004''
| align="center"| 9
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''Fourth studio album'''''
*Spanish and English songs
|-
| 2005
| ''The Best of Belle Perez''
| align="center"| 2
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*Best-Of compilation
*Only released in [[Belgium]]
|-
| 2005
| ''Que viva la vida''
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| 9
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*Compilation of former Hits
*Only released in [[Netherlands]]
|-
| 2006 / 2007
| ''Gotitas de Amor''
| align="center"| 3
| align="center"| 4
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''Fifth studio album'''''
*First album in [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]]
*Released in [[Germany|GER]], [[Austria|AT]] & [[Switzerland|CH]] on June 22, 2007
*Special Edition: ''Edición Especial'' with Live-Material from the "Sportpaleis"-Concert
*Gold-Award for 35.000 sold copies in [[Netherland|NL]]
|-
| 2007
| ''Greatest Latin Hits''
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| 12
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*Compilation of former hits
*Only released in [[Netherland]]s
|-
| 2008
| ''Gipsy''
| align="center"| 9
| align="center"| 5
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
| align="center"| -
|
*'''''Sixth studio album'''''
*Recorded Fall 2007
*Release June 20, 2008
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! width="20" rowspan="2"| Year
! width="250" rowspan="2"| Tile
! colspan="6"| Peak-Positions
! width="200" rowspan="2"| Information
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! width="40" | [[Belgium|BE]]
! width="40" | [[Netherlands|NL]]
! width="40" | [[New Zealand|NZ]]
! width="40" | [[Germany|GER]]
! width="40" | [[Austria|AT]]
! width="40" | [[Switzerland|CH]]
|-
| 1999
| "Hello World" ''[[Hello World (Belle Perez song)|Hello World]]''
| align="center" | 61
| align="center" | 84
| align="center" | 42
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*Third Position at the [[Belgium]] Qualifying Show for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000]]
*Soundtrack to the movie [[Down To You]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2000
|"Honeybee" ''Hello World''
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 67
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "This Crazy Feeling" ''Hello World''
| align="center" | 60
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "Kiss And Make Up" ''Hello World''
| align="center" | 50
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| "Planet Of Love" ''Everything''
| align="center" | 40
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "Get Up And Boogie" ''Everything''
| align="center" | 29
| align="center" | 61
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002
| "Me & You" ''Everything''
| align="center" | 10
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*''Radio 2'' Sommerhit-Award 2002
*featuring [[Jody Bernal]]
|-
|-
| "Everything" ''Everything''
| align="center" | 66
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2003
| "Hijo De La Luna" ''Everything''
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | 28
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*featuring [[Voice Male]]
|-
|-
| "Bailaremos" ''Baila Perez''
| align="center" | 15
| align="center" | 57
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "Enamorada" ''Baila Perez''
| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | 45
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*''Radio 2'' Summerhit-Awards 2003
|-
|-
| "Sobreviviré" ''Baila Perez''
| align="center" | 34
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*planned as a release in [[Germany]], [[AT]] & [[CH]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2004
| "Light Of My Life" ''Arena 2004''
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*''Radio 2'' Summerhit-Award 2004
|-
|-
| "Loca De Amor" ''Arena 2004''
| align="center" | 23
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "El Ritmo Caliente" ''Baila Perez / Arena 2004''
| align="center" | Promo
| align="center" | 38
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*Original Live-Version of a 1999-Hit from [[Esperanza]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
| "Que Viva La Vida (Chiquitan)" ''The Best Of / Que Viva La Vida''
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*''Radio 2'' Summerhit-Award 2005
|-
|-
| "Dime" ''The Best Of / Que Viva La Vida''
| align="center" | 9
| align="center" | 16
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006
| "El Mundo Bailando" ''Gotitas De Amor''
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | 109
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*Third Position at the [[Belgium]] Qualifying Show for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006]]
*First Single in [[Germany]], [[Austria]] & [[Switzerland]], released on June 15, 2007
|-
|-
| "Ave Maria" ''Gotitas De Amor''
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*Cover-Version of a song from Spanish singer [[David Bisbal]]
*''Radio 2'' Summerhit-Award 2006
|-
|-
| "Gotitas De Amor" ''Gotitas De Amor''
| align="center" | 63
| align="center" | 61
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "Hoy (Le Pido A Dios)" ''Gotitas De Amor''
| align="center" | 74
| align="center" | 63
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007
| "Amor Latino" ''Gotitas De Amor''
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 50
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|-
|-
| "Djolei, Djolei!" ''Greatest Latin Hits''
| align="center" | 32
| align="center" | 40
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
*Participant at the ''Radio 2'' Summerhit-Awards 2007
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008
| "Dime Que Tu Quieres" ''Gipsy''
| align="center" | 10
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
* Release date: May 16, 2008
|-
| "Amame" ''Gipsy''
| align="center" | 24
| align="center" | 90
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
* Release date: August 15, 2008
|-
| "Tú / You" ''Gipsy''
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | 31
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
* Release date: November 2008
* English version ''You'' from her ''[[Holiday On Ice]]'' Show
|-
|-
| 2010
| "La Colegiala" ''-''
| align="center" | 14
| align="center" | 79
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
* Release date: July 16, 2010
|-
|-
|-
| 2011
| "Shake It Out" ''TBA''
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|}

===DVDs===
*''Baila Perez'' (2003)
*''The Best of Belle Perez'' (2005)Gold (16.000 sold copies in Belgium)
*''Mega Latino Concert - Sportpaleis Antwerpen'' (2006)
*''Diez'' (2009)

==Awards And Achievements==
*2000 - [[Zamu Award]] - "Best Pop Artist"
*2002 - Golden Award for single "Me & You" (both in The Netherlands & Belgium)
*2002 - Zomerhit Award 'Me And You' Ft Jody Bernal
*2003 - Platinum Award for "Baila Perez"
*2003 - Zomerhit Award 'Enamorada'
*2004 - Zomerhit Award 'Light Of My Life'
*2005 - Zomerhit Award 'Que Viva La Vida'
*2005 - Radio 2 Zomerhit "Favorite of the public" Award
*2005 - TMF Award - "Best Female Artist"
*2006 - Zomerhit Award Radio 2 'Ave Maria'
*2006 - Radio 2 Zomerhit "Favorite of the public" Award

==Tours==
*''Bailando 2006'' ([[Belgium]]&[[Netherlands]])May 2006 - November 2006
*''The Best Of Belle Perez Live 2005/2006'' ([[Belgium]]&[[Netherlands]]) August 2005 - March 2006
*''Bailando Tour 2006'' ([[Belgium]]&[[Netherlands]]) March - September 2006
*''Latin Fever Tour 2006/2007'' ([[Belgium]]&[[Netherlands]]) September 2006 - March 2007
*''Summer Tour 2007'' ([[Netherlands]]) March - July 2007
*''Latin Days Tour 2007'' ([[Netherlands]]) August 2007 - November 2007
*''Gipsy Live Tour 2008'' ([[Belgium]]&[[Netherlands]]) December 2007 - January 2008
*''Gipsy Live Tour 2008, Part Two'' ([[Netherlands]]) January 2008 - April 2008
*''Diez Tour'' ([[Netherlands]]) January 2009 - April 2009
*''Special Guest @ [[Holiday On Ice]]'' ([[Netherlands]]) October 2009 - January 2010
*''Latino Mundial'' ([[Netherlands]]) January 2010 - April 2010

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.belleperez.be/ Official Website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/belleperez Belle Perez] at [[MySpace]]
* [http://muziek.clubs.nl/belleperezonline/ **Belle Perez On-Line**]
* [http://www.king-is.be/ Booking Agency]
* [http://www.belle-perez.net/ Fansite]
* [http://momsword.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136:music-belle-perez-belgium&catid=1:latest-reviews&Itemid=50/ Belle Perez is awesome]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Perez, Belle
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =29 January 1976
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Neerpelt]], [[Belgium]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perez, Belle}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Neerpelt]]
[[Category:Belgian female singers]]
[[Category:Belgian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Belgian people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:Spanish-language singers]]

[[de:Belle Pérez]]
[[es:Belle Pérez]]
[[fr:Belle Perez]]
[[it:Belle Perez]]
[[nl:Belle Pérez]]
[[sv:Belle Perez]]

Guido Gezelle

2011-10-28T11:37:07Z

Zeisterre: commons

{{Infobox person
| name = Guido Gezelle
| image = Guido_Gezelle.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt = Guido Gezelle
| caption = Guido Gezelle
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1830|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1899|11|27|1830|5|1}}
| death_place = [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]]
| nationality = {{BEL}}
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = poet, priest, writer
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

[[File:Guidogezelle.jpg|right|250px|thumb|statue of Gezelle in Brussels, [[Jules Lagae]], sculptor]]

'''Guido Pieter Theodorus Josephus Gezelle''' (1 May 1830 – 27 November 1899) was an influential [[Flemish language]] [[writer]] and [[poet]] and a [[Roman Catholic]] [[priest]] from [[Belgium]].

== Life ==

He was born in [[Bruges]] in the province of [[West Flanders]], where he also spent most of his life. He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest in 1854, and worked as a teacher and priest in [[Roeselare]]. He was always interested in all things in English and was given the prestigious right of being the priest for the 'English Convent' in Bruges. He died there in a small room, where it is still forbidden to enter.

He was the son of Monica Devrieze and Pieter Jan Gezelle, a Flemish gardener in Bruges. Gezelle was the uncle of Flemish writer [[Stijn Streuvels]] (Frank Lateur).

There is a museum of his works close by the English convent and also a small bar named after him.

He tried to develop an independent Flemish language, more or less separated from the general [[Dutch language]], which had certain more "[[Hollandic]]" aspects. The Dutch he used in his poems was heavily influenced by the local [[West Flemish]] dialect. His works are often inspired by his mystic love towards God and Creation. Later, his poetry was associated with literary [[Impressionism]], and he is considered a forerunner of that movement.

Gezelle also was a translator of poetry and prose, most famous now for his translation of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s ''Song of Hiawatha'', published in 1886. He had already read the original at Roeselare in 1856 and was interested in it because on the one hand, the American Indians fascinated him, and, on the other, he liked its portrayal of Christian missionaries.

For his linguistical mastery, Gezelle is till today considered one of the most important poets in Dutch.

== Bibliography ==

* ''Kerkhofblommen'' (1858)
* ''Vlaemsche Dichtoefeningen'' (1858)
* ''Kleengedichtjes'' (1860)
* ''Gedichten, Gezangen en Gebeden'' (1862)
* ''Longfellows Song of Hiawatha'' (translation, 1886)
* ''Tijdkrans'' (1893)
* ''Rijmsnoer'' (1897)
* ''Laatste Verzen'' (1901)

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Flemish literature]]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.trabel.com/brugge-m-gezelle.htm Guido Gezelle Museum]
* [http://www.gezelle.be/ Gezelle website]
* [http://www.wwaow.com/wwaow/site/bookdetail/?bookid=5337 Gezelle in English]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gezelle, Guido
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = poet, priest, writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1 May 1830
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 27 November 1899
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]]
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gezelle, Guido}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bruges]]
[[Category:Flemish writers]]
[[Category:Flemish activists]]
[[Category:Flemish priests]]
[[Category:Catholic poets]]
[[Category:Belgian Catholic poets]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic priests]]

{{Belgium-writer-stub}}

[[bg:Гидо Гезеле]]
[[ca:Guido Gezelle]]
[[da:Guido Gezelle]]
[[de:Guido Gezelle]]
[[es:Guido Gezelle]]
[[eo:Guido Gezelle]]
[[fr:Guido Gezelle]]
[[fy:Guido Gezelle]]
[[ko:귀도 게젤레]]
[[it:Guido Gezelle]]
[[hu:Guido Gezelle]]
[[nl:Guido Gezelle]]
[[no:Guido Gezelle]]
[[ro:Guido Gezelle]]
[[ru:Гезелле, Гвидо]]
[[sv:Guido Gezelle]]
[[wa:Guido Gezelle]]
[[vls:Guido Gezelle]]

List of windmills in West Flanders

2011-05-30T06:40:03Z

Zeisterre:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
A list of [[windmill]]s in the [[Belgium|Belgian]] province of [[West Flanders]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location
! Name of mill
! Type
! Built
! Notes
! Photograph
|-
| [[Aalbeke]]
| '''Hoogmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1717
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=815 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Aalbeke molen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Aarsele]]
| '''Delmerensmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1857
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=829 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Delmerensmolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Aartrijke]]
| ''Oliemolen Termote''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1837
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1044 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Anzegem]]
| '''Landergemmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1781
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=805 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Ardooie]]
| '''Rysselendemolen Rijsseledemolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1855
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=807 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Rysselendemolen1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Avekappele]]
| '''Oude Zeedijkmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1745
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=840 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Bellegem]]
| ''Kattebergmolen Lonckes Molen''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| Early C19th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=848 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[File:Bellegem-Kattebergmolen-postcard-date-unknown.tif|150px]]
|-
| [[Beveren-aan-de-IJzer]]
| '''Brouckmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1862
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=841 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Beveren-aan-de-IJzer - Brouckmolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Bikschote]]
| '''Beeuwsaertmolen Blauwe Molen Bikschotemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1830
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=819 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Bredene]]
| ''Molen Vyvey''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1908
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=888 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Bruges]]
| '''De Nieuwe Pappegai'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1970
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=843 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Bruges
| '''Bonne Chiere'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1911
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=853 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Windmill Brugge 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Bruges
| '''Sint-Janhuismolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1770
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=854 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Windmill Brugge.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Bruges
| '''Koeleweimolen De Coelewey'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1765
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=855 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Damme]]
| '''Schellemolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1867
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=856 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Damme 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[De Moeren]]
| '''Sint-Karelsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| c1800
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=857 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Deerlijk]]
| '''Molen Ter Geest en Ter Zande'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1888
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=809 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[File:Molen Ter Geest en te Zande Deerlijk 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ernegem]]
| '''Bogaertsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1857
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=847 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Eggewartskapelle]]
| '''Molentje Decroos'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1905
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=845 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Elverdinge]]
| '''Vermeulens Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1843
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=814 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Vermeulens Molen.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Geluveld]]
| '''Geluveldmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| C17th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=836 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Gistel]]
| '''Oostmolen Kleine Molen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1841
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=842 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Gistel - Oostmolen met vier volle zeilen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Gistel
| '''De Meerlaan Meerlaanmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]] built on top of a [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1926
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=859 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Gits, Belgium|Gits]]
| '''Grijspeerdmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1982
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=813 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Gullegem]]
| '''Pompmolentje'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| c1960
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1613 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Harelbeke]]
| '''Koutermolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| C18th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=810 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[File:20081026 Gentbos - De Gavers (0064).jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Heule]]
| '''Preetjesmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1865
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=816 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Preetjes Molen te Heule.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Hoeke]]
| '''Hoekemolen Molen van Hoeke'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1840
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=860 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Houtem]]
| ''Seinemolen De Seine''
| [[smock mill|Achtkante Molen]]
| 1789
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=889 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Hulste]]
| '''Muizelmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1840
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=812 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Ypres|Ieper]]
| '''Molentje van Delboo'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1960
| ⅜ scale model [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1598 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Ingelmunster]]
| '''Doornmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1856
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1045 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Ingelmunster doornmolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Ingelmunster
| '''Zandbergmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellinggmolen]]
| 1839
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1046 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Ingelmunster Zandbergmolen.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Ingooigem]]
| '''Stenen Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1848
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=890 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Izegem]]
| '''Molen van Ave Maria'''
| [[tower mill|Achtkante Molen]]
| 1861
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=902 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Jabbeke]]
| '''Molen van Kerrebroeck'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1911
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1047 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Kanegem]]
| '''Mevrouwmolen Vrouwenmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1844
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=830 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Kaster]]
| ''Stampkotmolen''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1874
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=891 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Klemskerke]]
| '''Geersensmolen Dorpsmolen Levensmolen Zuidmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1697
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=885 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Klerken]]
| ''Vredesmolen Molen Vancoillie''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1879
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=893 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:De Vredesmolen in Klerken.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Knokke]]
| '''Molen Siska'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1902
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=844 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Knokke
| '''Kalfmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| Late C17th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=861 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Knokke
| '''Bosmolen Oude Molen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1858
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=862 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Koekelare]]
| '''Hovaeremolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| Early C18th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=863 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Hovaeremolen Koekelare.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Koekelare
| '''Plaatsmolen Molen van Ghillewe Molen Depreitere'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1837
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=864 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Koksijde]]
| '''Zuid-Abdijmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1773
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=865 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Koksijde - Zuid-Abdijmolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Koolkerke]]
| '''Ter Pannemolen Gailliaertmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1890
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=846 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Kortemark]]
| '''Koutermolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
|
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=866 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Kuurne]]
| '''Stokerijmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1796
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=818 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Kuurne Stokerijmolen -2.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Langemark]]
| '''Hagebosmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1991
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1577 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Langemark
| '''Steenakkermolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1790
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=820 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:LangemarkSteenakkermolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Leffinge]]
| '''Groenhagenmolen Molen Rommel'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1871
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1050 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Leisele]]
| '''Stalijsermolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1804
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=892 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Leisele Stalijzermolen2.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Leke]]
| ''Kruiskalsijdemolen Molen Vandenberghe''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1871
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1049 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Leke - Kruiskalsijdemolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Marke, Belgium|Marke]]
| '''Rodenburgmolen Vannestes Molen Molen Glorieux'''
| [[tower mill|Stellinggmolen]]
| 1840
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=817 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Menen]]
| '''De Goede Hoop'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1798
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=822 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Menen - De Goede Hoop 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Merkem]]
| '''Beukelaremolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1923
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=878 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Beuckelaeremolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Meulebeke]]
| '''Herentmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| Late C16th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=823 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Meulebeke
| '''Kleine Herentmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1983
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1392 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Moorsele]]
| '''De Grote Macht Witte Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1817
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=835 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Moorsele - De Grote Macht 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]]
| '''Mommerency's Molen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1985
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=886 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Oedelem]]
| ''Plaatsmolen''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1868
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=894 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Oedelem
| ''Hoogstraatmolen''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1876
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=895 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Oostkamp]]
| '''Braetsmolen Oostmolen De Wieke'''
| [[tower mill|Stellinggmolen]]
| 1840
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1400 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Oostkerke]]
| '''Oude Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1854
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=879 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Oostkerke
| '''Dorpsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1875
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=881 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Oostvleteren]]
| '''De Meesters Molen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| c1760
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=831 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Oostvleteren
| '''De Lelie'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1983
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1029 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Oudenburg]]
| '''Molen Acker'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1858
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=903 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Outrijve]]
| '''Tombeelmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| C18th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=808 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Pittem]]
| '''Plaatsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1909
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=824 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Pollinkhove]]
| '''Markeymolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1797
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=876 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Pollinkhove
| '''Machuutmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1870
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=877 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Ramskapelle]]
| '''Callantmolen De Kruier'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1897
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=882 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Ramskapelle Callantmolen 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rekkem]]
| '''Stenen Molen Castertmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1825
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=904 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Roksem]]
| '''Witte Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1843
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=896 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Roksem - Witte Molen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ruddervoorde]]
| '''Molenhoekmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1986
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=871 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Ruddervoorde
| '''Zephyrusmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1975
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=872 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Ruiselede]]
| '''Hostensmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1865
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=826 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Ruiselede
| '''Knokmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1840
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=827 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Knokmolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Ruiselede
| '''Vlaagtemolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1868
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1051 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Ruiselede
| '''Poekemolen Molen Van Poucke'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1960
| ⅓ scale model [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1052 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Rumbeke]]
| '''Kazandmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1813
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=825 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[File:Kazandmolen Roeselare.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Schuiferskapelle]]
| '''Balsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1850
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1055 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Sijsele]]
| '''Dorpsmolen Lievensmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1820
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=897 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Sijsele
| '''Alkerkemolen Roelsmolen Oudeakkermolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1873
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=898 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Sint-Denijs]]
| '''Molen ter Claere'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1848
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=839 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:ZwevegemMolen3.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Sint-Eloois-Winkel]]
| '''Lindemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1920
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=821 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Sint-Joris, Beernem]]
| ''Zeldonkmolen Molen Braet''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1871
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1053 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Sint-Pieters]]
| '''Zandwegemolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1860
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=880 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Zandwegemolen.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Snellegem]]
| '''Boerenmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1858
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=849 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Staden]]
| '''Heksenmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1997
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1431 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Stalhille]]
| '''Grote Molen Molen Verburgh'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| Early C19th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=899 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Stene]]
| '''Molen van Stene'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1853
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1054 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Molen.Stene.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tiegem]]
| '''Bergmolen Stampersmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Grondzeiler]]
| 1880
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=806 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[file:Tiegem - Bergmolen.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Tielt]]
| '''Poelbergmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| C18th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=828 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| Tielt
| ''Lonckes Molen Molen Warnez''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1848
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=874 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Torhout]]
| '''Nieuwhovemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 2002
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1576 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Veurne]]
| '''Duiveltje der Nachten'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1979
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=873 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Wakken]]
| '''Goethalsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| c1830
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=901 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Waregem]]
| '''Molentje Casier'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| c1880
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=174 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Wenduine]]
| '''Hubertmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1880
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=852 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Wenduine - Hubertmolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Werken]]
| '''Kruisstraatmolen Berghes Molen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1773
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=868 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Werken - Kruisstraatmolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Wervik]]
| '''Briekenmolen Witte Molen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| c1805
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=832 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Wervik JPG03.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Wervik
| '''Kruiskemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1922
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=833 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Wervik - Kruisekemolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Wervik
| '''Leeskensmolen Quartiersmolentje'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1978
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1430 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Westkerke, Belgium|Westkerke]]
| '''Molen van Damme'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1835
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1056 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Westouter]]
| '''Lijstermolen Hazemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1805
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=850 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Lijstermolen 01.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Wevelgem]]
| '''Vanbutselesmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| c1851
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=834 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Menen - Vanbutselesmolen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Wevelgem
| '''Molen Denys'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1834
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=900 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Wielsbeke]]
| ''Molen Moreau Molen Goemare''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| Late C18th or early C19th
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1057 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Zarren]]
| '''Wullepitmolen Lindemolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| 1623
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=851 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Wullepitmolen.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Zarren
| '''Couchezmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1870
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=867 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Couchezmolen2.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zedelgem]]
| '''Lievensmolen Platsemolen Dorpsmolen'''
| [[tower mill|Bergmolen]]
| 1866
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=1058 Molenechos] {{nl}}
|
|-
| [[Zwevegem]]
| '''Stenen Molen Klockemolen'''
| [[tower mill|Stellingmolen]]
| 1798
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=837 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:Zwevegem - Stenen Molen 1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Zwevegem
| '''Mortiersmolen'''
| [[post mill|Staakmolen]]
| c1794
| [http://www.molenechos.be/molen.php?AdvSearch=838 Molenechos] {{nl}}
| [[Image:ZwevegemMolen2.JPG|150px]]
|}
{{Belgian Windmills}}

[[Category:West Flanders|Windmills]]
[[Category:Lists of windmills in Belgium|Flanders, West]]

[[nl:Lijst van windmolens in West-Vlaanderen]]
[[vls:Windmeulens van West-Vloandern]]

Armand Parmentier

2009-05-09T09:59:38Z

Zeisterre: vls:Armand Parmentier

{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalCountry | {{BEL}} }}
{{MedalSport | Men’s [[Athletics (track and field)|Athletics]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[European Championships in Athletics|European Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[1982 European Championships in Athletics|Athens 1982]] | Marathon}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Armand Parmentier''' (born [[February 15]], [[1954]]) is a former [[long-distance]] [[Running|runner]] from [[Belgium]], who represented his native country in the men's marathon at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles, California]]. There he finished in 30th position, clocking 2:18:10. Two years earlier, he won the silver medal in the classic distance at the [[1982 European Championships in Athletics|1982 European Championships]].

==References==
* [http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/athlete=6809 IAAF profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmentier, Armand}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Belgian athletes]]
[[Category:Long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Athletes at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Belgium]]

[[vls:Armand Parmentier]]

{{Belgium-athletics-bio-stub}}

Choir (architecture)

2008-12-19T15:19:13Z

Zeisterre: vls:Priesterkoor

{{redirect|Stalls|other uses|Stall}}
[[Image:cathedral.architecture.bristol.arp.jpg|thumb|250px|The choir stalls in the quire of [[Bristol Cathedral]], [[Bristol]], [[England]], looking towards the sanctuary.]]
Architecturally, the '''choir''' (alt. spelling '''quire''') is the area of a [[church (building)|church]] or [[cathedral]], usually in the western part of the [[chancel]] between the [[nave]] and the [[sanctuary]] (which houses the [[altar]]). The choir is occasionally located in the eastern part of the nave. In some monastic churches the choir occupies the western end of the nave and thus counterbalances the chancel and sanctuary.

==History==
[[Image:Coro catedral.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The Choir at the [[Palencia]] Catedral, an example of a dedicated monastic choir.]]

In the [[Early Church]] the sanctuary was connected directly to the nave. Choir was simply the east part of the nave, and was fenced off by low railing, called ''cancelli'', from which we get our English word [[chancel]]. The development of the architectural feature known as the choir is the result of the [[liturgy|liturgical]] development brought about by the end of persecutions under [[Constantine the Great]] and the rise of [[monasticism]]. The word "choir" is first used by writers of the [[Western Church]]. [[Isidore of Seville]] and [[Honorius of Autun]] write that the term is derived from the "[[corona]]", the circle of clergy or singers who surrounded the altar.

When first introduced, the choir was attached to the [[bema]], the elevated platform in the center of the nave on which were placed seats for the higher clergy and a [[lectern]] for scripture readings. This arrangement can still be observed at the [[Basilica]] of [[St. Mary Major]] in Rome. Over time, the bema (or [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]]) and choir moved eastward to their current position. In some churches the choir is arranged in the [[apse]] behind the [[altar]].

Some European [[cathedral]]s have a retro-choir behind the High Altar, opening eastward towards the [[chapel]]s ([[chantry|chantries]]) in the eastern extremity.

The architectural details of the choir developed in response to its function as the place where the [[Divine Office]] was chanted by the monastic brotherhood or the [[chapter]] of [[canon (priest)|canons]].

The [[pulpit]] and [[lectern]] are also particular to this area of the church. There may also be another free-standing lectern in the center of the isle, facing towards the sanctuary. The [[organ (instrument)|organ]] may be located here, or in a loft elsewhere in the church.

==Seating==
[[Image:Stalles.eglise.Anellau.png|thumb|Illustration showing monk's stalls at Anellau, France, 14th century.]]
[[Image:Boston Stump misericord 02.JPG|thumb|Choir stalls at [[Boston Stump]], [[Lincolnshire]]. The seat on the left has been lifted to reveal the [[misericord]].]]

The choir area is occupied by sometimes finely carved and decorated wooden seats known as ''choir stalls'', where the members of the [[choir]] sit, stand or kneel during services. The choir may be furnished either with long benches ([[pew]]s) or individual choir stalls. There may be several rows of seating running parallel to the walls of the church.

[[Image:Klosterbuxheim chorgestuehl.jpg|thumb|left|Elaborately carved choir stalls at [[Buxheim Priory]], by Ignaz Waibl.]]

The use of choir stalls (as opposed to benches) is more traditional in [[monasteries]] and [[collegiate church]]es. Monastic choir stalls are often fitted with seats that fold up when the [[monastic]]s stand and fold down when they sit. Often the hinged seat will have a [[misericord]] (small wooden seat) on the underside on which he can lean while standing during the long services. The upper part of the monk's stall is so shaped as to provide a headrest while sitting, and arm rests when standing. Monasteries will often have strict rules as to when the monastics may sit and when they must stand during the services.

Choir benches are more common in [[parish church]]es. Each bench may have padded [[kneeler]]s attached to the back of it so that the person behind may kneel at the appropriate times during services. The front row will often have a long [[prie-dieu]] running in front of it for the choir members to place their books on, and which may also be fitted with kneelers.

In a cathedral, the bishop's throne or ''[[cathedra]]'' is usually located in this space.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Stalls}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Cathedral architecture]]
*[[Cathedral diagram]]
*[[Cathedral architecture of Western Europe]]
*[[Kathisma#Seating|Kathisma]]
*[[Kliros]]

==References==
{{commonscat|choirs (architecture)}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03693a.htm "Choir"] article from ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14243a.htm "Stalls"] article from ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''
*[http://www.southwark.anglican.org/cathedral/tour/choir.htm Choir and Retro-Choir] at [[Southwark Cathedral]]

{{-}}
{{church-stub}}

[[Category:Church architecture]]

[[af:Koor (argitektuur)]]
[[br:Chantele]]
[[bg:Презвитериум]]
[[ca:Cor (arquitectura)]]
[[cs:Chór (architektura)]]
[[de:Chor (Architektur)]]
[[es:Coro (arquitectura)]]
[[eo:Ĥorejo]]
[[fr:Chœur (architecture)]]
[[gl:Coro (arquitectura)]]
[[it:Coro (architettura)]]
[[ja:クワイヤ]]
[[nl:Priesterkoor]]
[[no:Kor (arkitektur)]]
[[nn:Kor i arkitekturen]]
[[pt:Coro (arquitectura)]]
[[ru:Хор (архитектура)]]
[[sk:Chór (architektúra)]]
[[sl:Kor (cerkev)]]
[[fi:Kuori]]
[[sv:Kor]]
[[vls:Priesterkoor]]

Black pepper

2008-12-06T11:12:37Z

Zeisterre: + vls

{{featured article}}
{{taxobox
|name = Black pepper
|image = Koeh-107.jpg
|image_caption = Pepper plant with immature peppercorns
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperm]]s
|unranked_classis = [[Magnoliid]]s
|ordo = [[Piperales]]
|familia = [[Piperaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Piper (genus)|Piper]]''
|species = '''''P. nigrum'''''
|binomial = ''Piper nigrum''
|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28589
|title=Piper nigrum information from NPGS/GRIN
|publisher=www.ars-grin.gov
|accessdate=2008-03-02
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
|}}
'''Black pepper''' ('''''Piper nigrum''''') is a [[flowering plant|flowering]] [[vine]] in the family [[Piperaceae]], cultivated for its [[vegetable]], which is usually dried and used as a [[spice]] and [[seasoning]]. In dried form, the fruit is often referred to as peppercorns. Peppercorns, and the powdered pepper derived from grinding them, may be described as black pepper, white pepper, red/pink pepper, and green pepper, though the terms ''pink peppercorns'', ''red pepper'', and ''green pepper'' are also used to describe the fruits of other, unrelated plants.

Black pepper is native to [[South India]] (Tamil:milagu, மிளகு; Kannada:meNasu, ಮೆಣಸು; Malayalam:kurumulaku, കുരുമുളക്; Telugu:miriyam, మిరియం; Konkani:miriya konu;) and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. The [[fruit]], known as a peppercorn when dried, is a small [[drupe]] five millimetres in diameter, dark red when fully mature, containing a single [[seed]].

Dried ground pepper is one of the most common spices in European [[cuisine]] and its descendants, having been known and prized since antiquity for both its flavour and its use as a [[medicine]]. The spiciness of black pepper is due to the chemical [[piperine]]. Ground black peppercorn, usually referred to simply as "pepper", may be found on nearly every dinner table in some parts of the world, often alongside [[Edible salt#Table salt|table salt]].

The word "pepper" is ultimately derived from the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''[[wikt:पिप्पलि#Sanskrit|pippali]]'', the word for [[long pepper]]<ref>''Pippali'' is Sanskrit for [[long pepper]]. Black pepper is ''marica''. Ancient Greek and Latin borrowed ''pippali'' to refer to either.</ref> via the [[Latin]] ''piper'' which was used by the Romans to refer both to pepper and long pepper, as the Romans erroneously believed that both of these spices were derived from the same plant. The English word for pepper is derived from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''pipor''. The Latin word is also the source of [[German language|German]] ''pfeffer'', [[French language|French]] ''poivre'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''peper'', and other similar forms. In the 16th century, ''pepper'' started referring to the unrelated [[New World]] [[chile pepper]]s as well. "Pepper" was used in a figurative sense to mean "spirit" or "energy" at least as far back as the 1840s; in the early 20th century, this was shortened to ''pep''.<ref>Douglas Harper's ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' entries for [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pepper ''pepper''] and [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pep ''pep'']. Retrieved 13 November 2005.</ref>

==Varieties==
[[Image:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Black and white peppercorns]]
Black pepper is produced from the still-green unripe [[berry|berries]] of the pepper plant. The berries are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures [[cell wall]]s in the fruit, speeding the work of [[browning (chemical process)|browning]] [[enzymes]] during drying. The berries are dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the fruit around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer, the result of a fungal reaction.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Once dried, the fruits are called black peppercorns.

White pepper consists of the seed only, with the fruit removed.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} This is usually accomplished by allowing fully ripe berries to soak in water for about a week, during which the flesh of the fruit softens and [[decomposition|decomposes]]. Rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. Alternative processes are used for removing the outer fruit from the seed, including removal of the outer layer from black pepper produced from unripe berries.

In the U.S., white pepper is often used in dishes like light-colored [[sauce]]s or [[mashed potatoes]], where ground black pepper would visibly stand out. There is disagreement regarding which is generally spicier. They do have differing flavors due to the presence of certain compounds in the outer fruit layer of the berry that are not found in the seed.

[[Image:4 color mix of peppercorns.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Black, green, pink (''Schinus terebinthifolius''), and white peppercorns]]

[[Image:Spilled Pepper.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An example of ground black pepper]]

Green pepper, like black, is made from the unripe berries. Dried green peppercorns are treated in a manner that retains the green colour, such as treatment with [[sulfur dioxide]] or [[freeze-drying]]. Pickled peppercorns, also green, are unripe berries preserved in [[brine]] or [[vinegar]]. Fresh, unpreserved green pepper berries, largely unknown in the West, are used in some [[Asian cuisine]]s, particularly [[Thai cuisine]].<ref>See [http://www.templeofthai.com/cooking/thai-ingredient-glossary.php Thai Ingredients Glossary]. Retrieved 6 November 2005.</ref> Their flavor has been described as piquant and fresh, with a bright aroma.<ref>Ochef, [http://www.ochef.com/205.htm Using fresh green peppercorns]. Retrieved 6 November 2005.</ref> They decay quickly if not dried or preserved.

A product called orange pepper or red pepper consists of ripe red pepper berries preserved in brine and vinegar. Ripe red peppercorns can also be dried using the same colour-preserving techniques used to produce green pepper.<ref>Katzer, Gernot (2006). [http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Pipe_nig.html Pepper]. Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. Retrieved 12 August 2006.</ref> Pink pepper from ''Piper nigrum'' is distinct from the more-common dried "pink peppercorns", which are the fruits of a plant from a different family, the [[Peruvian pepper|Peruvian pepper tree]], ''Schinus molle'', and its relative the [[Brazilian pepper|Brazilian pepper tree]], ''Schinus terebinthifolius''. In years past there was debate as to the health safety of pink peppercorns, which is mostly no longer an issue.<ref>[http://www.epicurious.com/tools/fooddictionary/entry?id=3973 pink peppercorn Definition in the Food Dictionary at Epicurious.com]</ref> [[Sichuan Pepper|Sichuan peppercorn]] is another "pepper" that is botanically unrelated to black pepper.

Peppercorns are often categorised under a label describing their region or port of origin. Two well-known types come from [[India]]'s [[Malabar]] Coast: Malabar pepper and [[Tellicherry]] pepper. Tellicherry is a higher-grade pepper, made from the largest, ripest 10% of berries from Malabar plants grown on Mount Tellicherry.<ref>[http://www.penzeys.com/cgi-bin/penzeys/p-penzeyspeppercorns.html Peppercorns], from Penzey's Spices. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> [[Sarawak]] pepper is produced in the [[Malaysia]]n portion of [[Borneo]], and [[Lampong]] pepper on [[Indonesia]]'s island of [[Sumatra]]. White [[Muntok]] pepper is another Indonesian product, from [[Bangka Island]].<ref>Pepper varieties information from [http://www.cookswares.com/discussions/peppercorns.asp A Cook's Wares]. Retrieved 6 November 2005.</ref>

==The pepper plant==

[[Image:Piper nigrum drawing 1832.jpg|left|thumb|''Piper nigrum'' from an 1832 print]]
The pepper plant is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[woody plant|woody]] [[vine]] growing to four metres in height on supporting [[tree]]s, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, [[root]]ing readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, entire, five to ten centimetres long and three to six centimetres broad. The [[flower]]s are small, produced on pendulous spikes four to eight centimetres long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening to seven to 15 centimeters as the fruit matures.
[[Image:Pepper091.jpg|thumb|Pepper before ripening]]
[[Image:Pepper100.jpg|thumb|High resolution picture]]

Black pepper is grown in soil that is neither too dry nor susceptible to [[flood]]ing, moist, well-drained and rich in organic matter. The plants are propagated by cuttings about 40 to 50 centimetres long, tied up to neighbouring trees or climbing frames at distances of about two metres apart; trees with rough bark are favoured over those with smooth bark, as the pepper plants climb rough bark more readily. Competing plants are cleared away, leaving only sufficient trees to provide shade and permit free ventilation. The roots are covered in leaf [[mulch]] and [[manure]], and the shoots are trimmed twice a year. On dry soils the young plants require watering every other day during the dry season for the first three years. The plants bear fruit from the fourth or fifth year, and typically continue to bear fruit for seven years. The cuttings are usually [[cultivar]]s, selected both for yield and quality of fruit.
A single stem will bear 20 to 30 fruiting spikes. The harvest begins as soon as one or two berries at the base of the spikes begin to turn red, and before the fruit is mature, but when full grown and still hard; if allowed to ripen, the berries lose pungency, and ultimately fall off and are lost. The spikes are collected and spread out to dry in the sun, then the peppercorns are stripped off the spikes.
<div style="clear:both"/>

==History==
[[Image:Sa-pepper.jpg|thumb|right|Peppercorn close-up]]
Pepper has been used as a spice in India since [[prehistory|prehistoric times]]. Pepper is native to [[India]] and has been known to Indian cooking since at least 2000 BC.<ref name=DS>Davidson & Saberi 178</ref> J. Innes Miller notes that while pepper was grown in southern [[Thailand]] and in Malaysia, its most important source was [[India]], particularly the [[Malabar Coast]], in what is now the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>J. Innes Miller, ''The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 80</ref> Peppercorns were a much prized trade good, often referred to as "black gold" and used as a form of [[commodity money]]. The term "[[peppercorn rent]]" still exists today.

The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of [[long pepper]], the [[dried fruit]] of closely related ''Piper longum''. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just "piper". In fact, it was not until the discovery of the New World and of [[chile pepper]]s that the popularity of long pepper entirely declined. Chile peppers, some of which when dried are similar in shape and taste to long pepper, were easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe.

Until well after the [[Middle Ages]], virtually all of the black pepper found in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa travelled there from India's Malabar region. By the 16th century, pepper was also being grown in [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sunda Islands|Sunda]], [[Sumatra]], [[Madagascar]], Malaysia, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, but these areas traded mainly with China, or used the pepper locally.<ref>Dalby p. 93.</ref> Ports in the Malabar area also served as a stop-off point for much of the trade in other spices from farther east in the Indian Ocean.

Black pepper, along with other spices from India and lands farther east, changed the course of world history. It was in some part the preciousness of these spices that led to the European efforts to find a sea route to India and consequently to the European colonial occupation of that country, as well as the European discovery and colonization of the Americas.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

=== Ancient times ===
Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of [[Ramesses II]], placed there as part of the [[mummy|mummification]] rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BC.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Little else is known about the use of pepper in [[ancient Egypt]], nor how it reached the [[Nile]] from India.

Pepper (both long and black) was known in Greece at least as early as the 4th century BC, though it was probably an uncommon and expensive item that only the very rich could afford. Trade routes of the time were by land, or in ships which hugged the coastlines of the [[Arabian Sea]]. Long pepper, growing in the north-western part of India, was more accessible than the black pepper from further south; this trade advantage, plus long pepper's greater spiciness, probably made black pepper less popular at the time.

[[Image:Italy to India Route.PNG|right|frame|A possible trade route from Italy to south-west India]]

By the time of the early [[Roman Empire]], especially after Rome's conquest of Egypt in 30 BC, open-ocean crossing of the Arabian Sea directly to [[southern India]]'s Malabar Coast was near routine. Details of this trading across the Indian Ocean have been passed down in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. According to the Roman geographer [[Strabo]], the early Empire sent a fleet of around 120 ships on an annual one-year trip to India and back. The fleet timed its travel across the Arabian Sea to take advantage of the predictable [[monsoon]] winds. Returning from India, the ships travelled up the [[Red Sea]], from where the cargo was carried overland or via the [[Nile Canal]] to the Nile River, barged to [[Alexandria]], and shipped from there to Italy and Rome. The rough geographical outlines of this same trade route would dominate the pepper trade into Europe for a millennium and a half to come.

With ships sailing directly to the Malabar coast, black pepper was now travelling a shorter trade route than long pepper, and the prices reflected it. [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' tells us the prices in Rome around 77 [[Common era|CE]]: "Long pepper ... is fifteen [[denarius|denarii]] per pound, while that of white pepper is seven, and of black, four." Pliny also complains "there is no year in which India does not drain the Roman Empire of fifty million [[sesterces]]," and further moralises on pepper:
<blockquote>It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to either fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and yet it is for this that we import it all the way from India! Who was the first to make trial of it as an article of food? and who, I wonder, was the man that was not content to prepare himself by hunger only for the satisfying of a greedy appetite? (''N.H.'' 12.14)<ref>From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&query=head%3D%23741 Text online].</ref></blockquote>

Black pepper was a well-known and widespread, if expensive, seasoning in the [[Roman Empire]]. [[Apicius]]' [[De re coquinaria]], a 3rd-century cookbook probably based at least partly on one from the 1st century CE, includes pepper in a majority of its recipes. [[Edward Gibbon]] wrote, in ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', that pepper was "a favourite ingredient of the most expensive Roman cookery".

=== Postclassical Europe ===
Pepper was so valuable that it was often used as [[collateral (finance)|collateral]] or even currency. The taste for pepper (or the appreciation of its monetary value) was passed on to those who would see Rome fall. It is said that [[Alaric I|Alaric]] the [[Visigoths|Visigoth]] and [[Attila the Hun]] each demanded from [[Rome]] a ransom of more than a ton of pepper when they besieged the city in 5th century. After the fall of Rome, others took over the middle legs of the [[spice trade]], first the [[Persian Empire|Persians]] and then the [[Arab]]s; Innes Miller cites the account of [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], who travelled east to India, as proof that "pepper was still being exported from India in the sixth century".<ref>Innes Miller, ''The Spice Trade'', p. 83</ref> By the end of the [[Dark Ages]], the central portions of the spice trade were firmly under [[Islamic]] control. Once into the Mediterranean, the trade was largely monopolised by Italian powers, especially [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]]. The rise of these [[city-state]]s was funded in large part by the spice trade.

A [[riddle]] authored by [[Saint Aldhelm]], a 7th-century [[Bishop of Sherborne]], sheds some light on black pepper's role in [[England]] at that time:

:''I am black on the outside, clad in a wrinkled cover,''
:''Yet within I bear a burning marrow.''
:''I season delicacies, the banquets of kings, and the luxuries of the table,''
:''Both the sauces and the tenderized meats of the kitchen.''
:''But you will find in me no quality of any worth,''
:''Unless your bowels have been rattled by my gleaming marrow.''<ref>Translation from Turner, p 94. The riddle's answer is of course ''pepper''.</ref>

It is commonly believed that during the [[Middle Ages]], pepper was used to conceal the taste of partially rotten meat. There is no evidence to support this claim, and historians view it as highly unlikely: in the Middle Ages, pepper was a luxury item, affordable only to the wealthy, who certainly had unspoiled meat available as well.<ref>Dalby p. 156; also Turner pp. 108–109, though Turner does go on to discuss spices (not pepper specifically) being used to disguise the taste of partially spoiled wine or ale.</ref> In addition, people of the time certainly knew that eating spoiled food would make them sick. Similarly, the belief that pepper was widely used as a preservative is questionable: it is true that piperine, the compound that gives pepper its spiciness, has some antimicrobial properties, but at the concentrations present when pepper is used as a spice, the effect is small.<ref>{{cite journal | author=H. J. D. Dorman and S. G. Deans | title=Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils | journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology | year=2000 | volume=88 Issue 2 | pages=308 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x}}. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x Full text at Blackwell website; purchase required]. "Spices, which are used as integral ingredients in cuisine or added as flavouring agents to foods, are present in insufficient quantities for their antimicrobial properties to be significant."</ref> Salt is a much more effective preservative, and [[salt-cured meat]]s were common fare, especially in winter. However, pepper and other spices probably did play a role in improving the taste of long-preserved meats.

[[Image:Calicut 1572.jpg|left|thumb|350px|A depiction of [[Kozhikode|Calicut, India]] published in 1572 during Portugal's control of the pepper trade]]

Its exorbitant price during the Middle Ages — and the monopoly on the trade held by Italy — was one of the inducements which led the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to seek a sea route to India. In 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] became the first European to reach India by sea; asked by Arabs in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (who spoke Spanish and Italian) why they had come, his representative replied, "we seek [[Christian]]s and spices." Though this first trip to India by way of the southern tip of [[Africa]] was only a modest success, the Portuguese quickly returned in greater numbers and used their superior naval firepower to eventually gain complete control of trade on the Arabian sea. It was given additional legitimacy (at least from a European perspective) by the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], which granted Portugal exclusive rights to the half of the world where black pepper originated.

The Portuguese proved unable to maintain their stranglehold on the spice trade for long. The old Arab and Venetian trade networks successfully smuggled enormous quantities of spices through the patchy Portuguese blockade, and pepper once again flowed through Alexandria and Italy, as well as around Africa. In the 17th century, the Portuguese lost almost all of their valuable Indian Ocean possessions to the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and the [[England|English]]. The pepper ports of Malabar fell to the Dutch in the period 1661–1663.
[[Image:Le livre des merveilles de Marco Polo-pepper.jpg|thumb|Pepper harvested for the European trader, from a manuscript ''[[Marco Polo|Livre des merveilles de Marco Polo]]'' (The book of the wonders of Marco Polo)]]
According to the blog [[Slashfood]], seventeenth-century [[French cuisine]] considered pepper the only spice (as distinct from [[herb]]s such as [[fines herbes]]) which did not overpower the true taste of food; this led to its pairing with table salt as table condiments, [[salt and pepper]].<ref>"[http://www.slashfood.com/2008/08/16/when-did-salt-and-pepper-become-a-pair When did salt and pepper become a pair?]", Max Shrem, [[Slashfood.com]]</ref>

As pepper supplies into Europe increased, the price of pepper declined (though the total value of the import trade generally did not). Pepper, which in the early Middle Ages had been an item exclusively for the rich, started to become more of an everyday seasoning among those of more average means. Today, pepper accounts for one-fifth of the world's spice trade.<ref>Jaffee p. 10.</ref>

===China===
It is possible that black pepper was known in [[China]] in the 2nd century BC, if poetic reports regarding an explorer named Tang Meng (唐蒙) are correct. Sent by [[Emperor Wu of Han China|Emperor Wu]] to what is now south-west China, Tang Meng is said to have come across something called ''jujiang'' or "sauce-betel". He was told it came from the markets of [[Shu (state)|Shu]], an area in what is now the [[Sichuan]] province. The traditional view among historians is that "sauce-betel" is a sauce made from [[betel]] leaves, but arguments have been made that it actually refers to pepper, either long or black.<ref>Dalby pp. 74–75. The argument that ''jujiang'' was long pepper goes back to the 4th century CE botanical writings of Ji Han; Hui-lin Li's 1979 translation of and commentary on Ji Han's work makes the case that it was ''piper nigrum''.</ref>

In the 3rd century CE, black pepper made its first definite appearance in Chinese texts, as ''hujiao'' or "foreign pepper". It does not appear to have been widely known at the time, failing to appear in a 4th-century work describing a wide variety of spices from beyond China's southern border, including long pepper.<ref>Dalby p. 77.</ref> By the 12th century, however, black pepper had become a popular ingredient in the cuisine of the wealthy and powerful, sometimes taking the place of China's native [[Sichuan Pepper|Sichuan pepper]] (the tongue-numbing dried fruit of an unrelated plant).

[[Marco Polo]] testifies to pepper's popularity in 13th-century China when he relates what he is told of its consumption in the city of Kinsay ([[Zhejiang]]): "... Messer Marco heard it stated by one of the Great Kaan's officers of customs that the quantity of pepper introduced daily for consumption into the city of Kinsay amounted to 43 loads, each load being equal to 223 lbs."<ref>Translation from ''The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition, Vol. 2'', Dover. ISBN 0-486-27587-6. p. 204.</ref> Marco Polo is not considered a very reliable source regarding China, and this second-hand data may be even more suspect, but if this estimated 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) a day for one city is anywhere near the truth, China's pepper imports may have dwarfed Europe's.

===Pepper as a medicine===
[[Image:alice pig and pepper.png|right|thumb|250px|'''There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!' Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing.'' — ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1865). Chapter VI: Pig and Pepper. Note the cook's pepper mill.]]
Like many eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used.

Black peppercorns figure in remedies in [[Ayurveda]], [[Siddha]] and [[Unani]] medicine in [[India]]. The 5th century ''Syriac Book of Medicines'' prescribes pepper (or perhaps long pepper) for such illnesses as [[constipation]], [[diarrhea]], [[earache]], [[gangrene]], [[heart disease]], [[hernia]], hoarseness, [[indigestion]], insect bites, [[insomnia]], joint pain, [[liver]] problems, [[lung]] disease, oral [[abscess]]es, [[sunburn]], [[tooth decay]], and [[toothache]]s.<ref>Turner p. 160.</ref> Various sources from the 5th century onward also recommend pepper to treat eye problems, often by applying salves or poultices made with pepper directly to the eye. There is no current medical evidence that any of these treatments has any benefit; pepper applied directly to the eye would be quite uncomfortable and possibly damaging.<ref>Turner p. 171.</ref>

Pepper has long been believed to cause [[sneeze|sneezing]]; this is still believed true today. Some sources say that [[piperine]], a substance present in black pepper, irritates the nostrils, causing the sneezing;<ref>U.S. Library of Congress Science Reference Services "Everyday Mysteries", [http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/pepper.html Why does pepper make you sneeze?]. Retrieved November 12, 2005.</ref> some say that it is just the effect of the fine dust in ground pepper, and some say that pepper is not in fact a very effective sneeze-producer at all. Few if any controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question.

As a medicine, Pepper appears in the Buddhist monastic code, chapter five, as one of the few medicines allowed to be carried by a monk.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

Pepper is eliminated from the diet of patients having abdominal surgery and ulcers because of its irritating effect upon the intestines, being replaced by what is referred to as a [[bland diet]].

Pepper contains small amounts of [[safrole]], a mildly [[carcinogen]]ic compound.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

It has been shown that [[piperine]] can dramatically increase absorption of [[selenium]], [[vitamin B]] and [[beta-carotene]] as well as other nutrients.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

==Flavour==
[[Image:Pfeffermühle.jpg|left|thumb|80px|A handheld pepper mill]]
[[Image:Pepper corns closeup.jpg|thumb|Black peppercorns.]]
Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from the [[piperine]] compound, which is found both in the outer fruit and in the seed. Refined piperine, milligram-for-milligram, is about one percent as hot as the [[capsaicin]] in chilli peppers. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains important odour-contributing [[terpene]]s including [[pinene]], [[sabinene]], [[limonene]], [[caryophyllene]], and [[linalool]], which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, which is stripped of the fruit layer. White pepper can gain some different odours (including musty notes) from its longer fermentation stage.<ref>McGee p. 428.</ref>

Pepper loses flavour and aroma through evaporation, so airtight storage helps preserve pepper's original spiciness longer. Pepper can also lose flavour when exposed to light, which can transform piperine into nearly tasteless [[isochavicine]].<ref>''ibid''.</ref> Once ground, pepper's aromatics can evaporate quickly; most culinary sources recommend grinding whole peppercorns immediately before use for this reason. Handheld [[pepper mill]]s (or "pepper grinders"), which mechanically grind or crush whole peppercorns, are used for this, sometimes instead of pepper shakers, dispensers of pre-ground pepper. Spice mills such as pepper mills were found in European kitchens as early as the 14th century, but the [[mortar and pestle]] used earlier for crushing pepper remained a popular method for centuries after as well.<ref>{{cite book | author=Montagne, Prosper | title=Larousse Gastronomique | publisher=Hamlyn | year=2001 | isbn=0-600-60235-4 | pages=726 | oclc=47231315 50747863 83960122}} "Mill".</ref>
<div style="clear:both"/>

==World trade==
Peppercorns are, by monetary value, the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20 percent of all spice imports in 2002. The price of pepper can be volatile, and this figure fluctuates a great deal year to year; for example, pepper made up 39 percent of all spice imports in 1998.<ref>Jaffee p. 12, table 2.</ref> By weight, slightly more chilli peppers are traded worldwide than peppercorns. The [[International Pepper Exchange]] is located in [[Kochi, India]].

[[Vietnam]] has recently become the world's largest producer and exporter of pepper (82,000 [[long ton]]s in 2003). Other major producers include Indonesia (67,000 tons), India (65,000 tons), [[Brazil]] (35,000 tons), Malaysia (22,000 tons), Sri Lanka (12,750 tons), Thailand, and China. Vietnam dominates the export market, using almost none of its production domestically. In 2003, Vietnam exported 82,000 tons of pepper, Indonesia 57,000 tons, Brazil 37,940 tons, Malaysia 18,500 tons, and India 17,200 tons.<ref>Data from [http://www.mcxindia.com/products_Pepper.html Multi Commodity Exchange of India, Ltd.] Retrieved 6 November 2005.</ref>

== References ==
{{refbegin}}

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Dalby, Andrew (October 1, 2002). [http://print.google.com/print?hl=en&id=7IHcZ21dyjwC&dq=black+pepper+long+pepper&prev=http://print.google.com/print%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26q%3Dblack%2Bpepper%2Blong%2Bpepper%26btnG%3DSearch&lpg=PA90&pg=PA89&sig=FvKr3MxwTnzkahYe5RfZb4bbrck Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices], 89. Google Print. ISBN 0-520-23674-2 (accessed October 25, 2005). Also available in print from University of California Press.
* {{cite book | author=Turner, Jack | title=Spice: The History of a Temptation | publisher=Vintage Books | year=2004 | isbn=0-375-70705-0 | oclc=61213802}}
* {{cite book | author=McGee, Harold | title=On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition) | publisher=Scribner | year=2004 | isbn=0-684-80001-2 | pages=427–429 | oclc=56590708}} "Black Pepper and Relatives".
* Jaffee, Steven (2004). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Standards/IndiaSpices.pdf Delivering and Taking the Heat: Indian Spices and Evolving Process Standards (.pdf)]. An Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper from the [[World Bank]].
* Davidson & Saberi (2002). ''Wilder Shores of Gastronomy: Twenty Years of the Best Food Writing from the Journal Petits Propos Culinaires''. Ten Speed Press: ISBN 9781580084178.

=== Further reading ===
* [http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=74 Nutritional benefits of Black Pepper]
* [http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Pipe_nig.html Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages]
* [http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/black_pepper_landing.html "Black Pepper" from Plant Cultures], a collaboration between NYKRIS and Kew Gardens
* [http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=755 Black Pepper Chemical List (Dr. Duke's Databases)]
{{refend}}

{{commons|Piper nigrum}}
{{cookbook|Pepper}}

{{Herbs & spices}}


[[Category:Peppers]]
[[Category:Piper]]
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[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Native crops of India]]

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[[eo:Nigra pipro]]
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[[hi:काली मिर्च]]
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[[uk:Перець чорний]]
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[[zh-yue:胡椒]]
[[zh:黑胡椒]]

Jan Provoost

2008-11-26T14:24:05Z

Zeisterre: + vls

[[Image:JanProvostDonorwithStNicholas andwifewithStGodelina.JPG|thumb|300px|right|''Donor with [[Saint Nicholas]] and Wife with [[Saint Godelina]]''.]]

'''Jan Provoost''', or '''Jan Provost''' (1462/5, [[Mons]]–January 1529, [[Bruges]]) was a [[Flemings|Flemish]] painter. He was one of the most famous [[Early Netherlandish painting|Netherlandish painters]] of his generation, a prolific master who left his early workshop in [[Valenciennes]] to run two workshops, one in [[Bruges]], where he was made a burgher in 1494, the other simultaneously in [[Antwerp]], which was the economic center of the [[Low Countries]]. Provoost was also a cartographer engineer and architect. He met [[Albrecht Dürer]] in Antwerp in 1520, and a Dürer portrait drawing at the National Gallery, London, is conjectured to be of Provoost. He married the widow of the miniaturist and painter [[Simon Marmion]], after whose death he inherited the considerable Marmion estate.

The styles of [[Gerard David]] and [[Hans Memling]] can be detected in Provoost's religious paintings. The ''Last Judgement'' painted for the Bruges town hall in 1525 is the only painting for which documentary evidence identifies Provoost. Surprising discoveries can still be made: in 1971 an unknown and anonymous panoramic Crucifixion from the village church at Koolkerke was identified as Provoost's. It is on permanent loan to the Groeninge Museum, Bruges, which has several works of Provoost: a retrospective exhibition is scheduled for 2008–9.

==Selected works==
*''Crucifixion'' ca 1495 [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*''Crucifixion'' ca 1500 [[Groeningemuseum]], Bruges
*''The Virgin in Glory'', ''ca'' 1524 [[Hermitage Museum]]
*''The Last Judgment'' [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]
*''Virgin and Child'', attributed, [[National Gallery, London]]
*''Last Judgment'' for the Bruges town hall, 1525 [[Groeningemuseum]], Bruges

==External links==
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/provost_jan.html Artcyclopedia:] Jan Provoost (list of works on-line)
*[http://www.wga.hu/index1.html Gallery of images]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Provoost, Jan}}
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User:Zeisterre

2008-11-20T09:30:41Z

Zeisterre:

[[:vls:Gebruker:Zeisterre|vls:Zeisterre]], [[:Commons:user:Zeisterre|Commons]]

{{Babel|nl|vls|en-3|fr-2|de-1}}

[[fr:Utilisateur:Zeisterre]]

Celery salt

2008-10-29T15:16:01Z

Zeisterre: + vls

'''Celery salt''' is a [[flavored salt]] used as a food seasoning, made from ground seeds, which may come from the [[lovage]] or "false celery" plant{{Fact|date=October 2008}} or from [[celery]]. These ground seeds are mixed with salt, either [[table salt]] or [[sea salt]]. It is an ingredient of the [[Bloody Mary (cocktail)|Bloody Mary]] cocktail. It is also commonly used to season the famous Chicago-style [[hotdog]], salads and stews.

== References ==

http://www.schwartz.co.uk/productdetail.cfm?id=5134

http://www.seasonedpioneers.co.uk/product.aspx?seasid=33

http://www.luminescents.co.uk/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=674&osCsid=784434a12ae42abd3f52

http://www.ocado.com/webshop/product/Bart-Spices-Celery-Salt/10970011?parentContainer=IDEAL_23580011

{{Condiment-stub}}

[[vls:Rystepiet]]

Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain

2008-10-20T13:38:06Z

Zeisterre: + vls

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2007}}
{{otherpeople|Margaret of Austria}}
[[Image:Margaret_of_austria_1609.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Margaret of Austria, 1609, by Bartolomé González y Serrano]]
'''Margaret of Austria''' ([[December 25]], [[1584]]-[[October 3]], [[1611]]), Queen of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], was the daughter of [[Charles II of Austria|Archduke Charles II of Austria]] and [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]], and the sister of the [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Ferdinand II]].

She married [[Philip III of Spain]] on [[18 April]] [[1599]]. Margaret was a great patroness of the arts. She was very influential in palace life.

She was the mother of:
* [[Anne of Austria]] (1601 - 1666), who became Queen of [[France]]; wife of King [[Louis XIII of France]].
* [[Philip IV of Spain]] (1605 - 1665) Married [[Elisabeth of Bourbon]] sister of [[Louis XIII of France]].
* [[Maria Ana of Spain]] (1606 - 1646).
* [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand]] (1609/1610 - 1641). He became [[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands]].
== Sucession ==
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{{s-hou|[[House of Habsburg]]|25 December|1584|3 October|1611|}}
{{s-roy|es}}
{{succession box two to two|title1=[[Royal Consorts of Spain|Queen Consort of Spain]]|title2=[[List of Portuguese queens|Queen Consort of Portugal]]|before=[[Anne of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anne of Austria]]|after=[[Elisabeth of Bourbon]]| |years1=1598-1611|years2=1598-1611 }}
{{end box}}

{{Spanish consorts}}
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[[bg:Маргарита Австрийска (1584-1611)]]
[[ca:Margarida d'Àustria (reina d'Espanya)]]
[[cs:Markéta Habsburská (1584)]]
[[de:Margarete von Österreich (1584–1611)]]
[[es:Margarita de Austria-Estiria]]
[[eo:Margareto de Aŭstrio (1584-1611)]]
[[fr:Marguerite d'Autriche-Styrie]]
[[hr:Margarita Austrijska (1584.-1611.)]]
[[it:Margherita d'Austria-Stiria]]
[[nl:Margaretha van Oostenrijk (1584-1611)]]
[[ja:マルガレーテ・フォン・エスターライヒ (スペイン王妃)]]
[[no:Margarete av Østerrike (1584-1611)]]
[[pl:Małgorzata Austriaczka]]
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[[ru:Маргарита Австрийская (1584–1611)]]
[[vls:Margaretha van Oostnryk (1584-1611)]]

Markt, Bruges

2008-10-15T15:11:27Z

Zeisterre: iw

{{Wikify|date=June 2008}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2008}}
==History==
[[Image: BelfortBrugge.jpg | thumb | 180 px | Belfry of Bruges]] [[Image: Brugge_Markt1.jpg | thumb | 180 px | Provincial Court]]''

The '''Grote Markt''' ("Big Market Square") of [[Bruges]] is located in the heart of the city and covers an area of about 1 hectare. Some historical highlights around the square include the 12th-centure [[Belfry of Bruges|belfry]] and the Provincial Court (originally the Waterhall, which is 1787 was demolished and replaced by a [[Classicism|classicist]] building that from 1850 served as provincial court and after a fire in 1878 was rebuilt in a neo-Gothic style in 1887. In the center of the market stands the statue of [[Jan Breydel]] and [[Pieter de Coninck]].

In 1995 the Market was completely renovated. Parking in the square was removed and the area became mostly traffic-free, thus being more celebration friendly. The renovated Market was reopened in 1996 with a concert by [[Helmut Lotti]].

{{coord|51.2085|N|3.22444|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bruges]]

[[nl:Grote Markt (Brugge)]]
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Louis Delacenserie

2008-10-01T19:01:11Z

Zeisterre: /* Works */

{{Infobox Architect
|image=De la Censerie.jpg
|name=Louis Joseph Jean Baptiste Delacenserie
|nationality=Belgian,
|birth_date=7 September 1838
|birth_place=[[Brugge]], [[Belgium]]
|death_date=2 September 1909
|death_place=[[Brugge]], [[Belgium]]
|practice_name=
|significant_buildings=[[Central station (Antwerp)|Central Station]] in [[Antwerp]] 
Petrus and Paulus Church in [[Oostende]]
|significant_projects=
|awards=
}}

'''Louis Delacenserie''' (1838-1909) was a [[Belgian]] architect from [[Bruges]]. The spelling of his name differs greatly; De la Censerie, Delasencerie, Dela Censerie or Dela Sencerie are the most common alternative forms. His father was a merchant and building contractor from [[Tournai]].

Delacenserie studied architecture at the Académie of his native city under Jean-Brunon Rudd (1792-1870). He was a laureate of the [[Prix de Rome]] in 1862. This prize enabled him to travel to Paris, Italy and Greece where he could admire masterpieces of antique architecture. After his studies he worked for a while in the office of [[Louis Roelandt]], architect to the city of [[Ghent]] who worked in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-Classical]] style. In his early career Delacenserie adopted the [[Neo-Classical architecture|Neo-Classical]] style of his teachers. After he was appointed architect to the city of Bruges he became involved in the Belgian [[Gothic Revival]] movement. He led many "restorations" of the rich Gothic architectural heritage of his native city. This made him familiar with the Gothic brick and sandstone architecture of medieval [[Flanders]]. Thanks to his profound knowledge of medieval architecture he was able to imitate this historic style in all its details although he often used new construction techniques and materials in his own original creations.

At the pinnacle of his career Delacenserie made the designs for the [[Central station (Antwerp)|central station]] in [[Antwerp]]. In this design he made use of a rather eclectic [[Neo-Renaissance]] style that refers to the economic and artistic prime of the city in the 16th-century. Some aspects of this edifice, like the use of colours and materials, were clearly influenced by [[Art Nouveau]] architecture.

== Works ==

Some restoration projects in [[Bruges]]:

*Basilica of the Holy Blood (1870-1877)
*Tolhuis (1879)
*Hof van Gruuthuse (Gruuthuse Museum) (1883-1895) (east and south wings)
*Town hall and [[Belfry of Bruges]] (1894-1895 and 1903-1904)
*Sashuis (1895-1897)
*Poortersloge (1899-1903)
*West front of the [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges|Church of Our Lady]] (1905-1909).

Some of his new original projects:

*City hall of [[Diksmuide]] (1877-1900)
*Palace of the Provincial Council (Provinciaal hof) in Bruges.
*School (Normaalschool) in Bruges (1880-1883)
*Nieuw Sint-Janshospitaal (New Saint-Johns Hospital) in Bruges.
*Church, Saint Peter and Paul, in [[Ostend]] (1901-1905).
*Post Office in Bruges. (1901-1905)
*[[Central station (Antwerp)|Central station of Antwerp]] (1895-1905)
 
<gallery>
Image:Antwerpen-central-station.jpg|Arrival at Antwerp Central Station
Image:Brugge Provinciaal Hof.JPG|"Provinciaal Hof" (Provincial Court) in Bruges
Image:PPkerk(01).jpg|Petrus and Paulus Church in [[Ostend]]
</gallery>

== References ==

*Inge Van Oyen, ''De neogotische architectuur te Brugge, in Vlaams en Europees perspectief, met als belangrijkste Brugse architect Louis Delacenserie (1838-1909)'', Unpublished Masters Thesis, [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], 1985.

==External links==
* [http://www.belgiumview.com/atl3/pa000200.php4 Buildings of Louis Delacenserie on www.belgiumview.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delacenserie, Louis}}
[[Category:Belgian architects]]
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]

[[fr:Louis de la Censerie]]
[[nl:Louis de la Censerie]]
[[vls:Louis de la Censerie]]

Abele (village)

2008-10-01T07:40:49Z

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{{wiktionarypar|abele}}
{{otheruses}}
'''Abele''' is a small [[village]] or [[hamlet]] in the city of [[Poperinge]], in the [[Belgium|Belgian]] province of [[West-Flanders]]. The village is located on the territory of Poperinge proper and its "[[deelgemeente]]" [[Watou]], but is also partly located on [[France|French]] territory. Abele has about 600 inhabitants, of which about 100 are French. The main street coincides with the border between Belgium and France, so houses located on different sides of the street are located in a different country.

The [[Church (building)|church]] of Abele is located on French territory, but the services are organized by the [[Diocese Brugge]]. The church-fabric of Watou and the local authorities of [[Boeschepe]] are responsible for its maintenance.

Abele used to be an import border crossing. In [[1713]], a tollhouse was set up, but it disappeared during the [[French Revolution]]. The old Belgian customs office was renovated en now serves as retro-café with a small exhibition.
==External links==
*[http://www.abele.be/ Web site Abele]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Belgium]]
[[Category:Poperinge]]

[[nl:Abele]]
[[vls:Abêle]]

Roger Wittevrongel

2008-09-06T18:04:33Z

Zeisterre: links

'''Roger Wittevrongel''' ([[Blankenberge]], [[Belgium]], [[23 April]] [[1933]]) is a Belgian [[painter]], [[draughtsman]] and [[graphic artist]], representative of the [[hyperrealism]].

Wittevrongel got his education in [[Ghent]] where he combined his studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (1953-1956) with a teacher training plastic arts in the State School (1954-1956) under the guidance of Octave Landuyt.

From 1956 up to 1971 he worked as a teacher plastic arts at the State School in Ghent. Consequently he was professor [[etching]], drawing and [[lithography]] at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent until 1997, where he got the title of honorary professor since then.

In 1954, Roger Wittevrongel made his debut in the atmosphere of Octave Landuyt, yet more in an abstract way, with work around destruction, devastation and animal heads. Around 1964 he started to paint more figuratively, mainly architectural compositions decorated with vegetable elements and female nudes surrounded by all kinds of attributes (for example painting and drawing tools). Around 1970 he comes to a hyperrealistic style with an absolute accuracy in the reproduction of what the eye could see. However, he continued to evolve within this style and concentrated on trivial subjects, which he also depicted with the greatest precision. The subjects themselves - interiors, fragments of architecture and female characters, are treated as still-lives, which gives them an abstract quality. These works in particular raise questions concerning man's relationship with visible reality. Here the astonishment is less evoked by the technical virtuosity but more by the question of the meaning of things.

Roger Wittevrongel exhibits since 1954 in Belgium, the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Great Britain]], [[Italy]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Japan]], [[Morocco]], [[Brazil]], [[Tunisia]], [[United States of America]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Taiwan]].

Prizes:
* Mention Young Belgian Painting Award in 1958, 1960, 1963
* Provincial painting prize of West Flanders in 1960
* Critics prize in 1979 and 1981
* E. Van Marcke prize in 1981
* State prize in recognition of an artistic career in 1984

At present he lives in Bachte-Maria-Leerne near the [[Lys River|Lys]], close to Ghent in the province of [[East Flanders]] in Belgium.

==External Link==
* [http://www.rogerwittevrongel.be Roger Wittevrongel]

[[br:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[fr:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[nl:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[vls:Roger Wittevrongel]]

[[Category:Belgian artists]]
[[Category:Modern artists]]
[[Category:Belgian painters]]
[[Category:Photorealism]]

Roger Wittevrongel

2008-09-05T12:51:30Z

Zeisterre: links

'''Roger Wittevrongel''' ([[Blankenberge]], [[Belgium]], [[23 April]] [[1933]]) is a Belgian painter, draughtsman and graphic artist, representative of the hyperrealism.

Wittevrongel got his education in [[Ghent]] where he combined his studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (1953-1956) with a teacher training plastic arts in the State School (1954-1956) under the guidance of Octave Landuyt.

From 1956 up to 1971 he worked as a teacher plastic arts at the State School in Ghent. Consequently he was professor etching, drawing and lithography at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent until 1997, where he got the title of honorary professor since then.

In 1954, Roger Wittevrongel made his debut in the atmosphere of Octave Landuyt, yet more in an abstract way, with work around destruction, devastation and animal heads. Around 1964 he started to paint more figuratively, mainly architectural compositions decorated with vegetable elements and female nudes surrounded by all kinds of attributes (for example painting and drawing tools). Around 1970 he comes to a hyperrealistic style with an absolute accuracy in the reproduction of what the eye could see. However, he continued to evolve within this style and concentrated on trivial subjects, which he also depicted with the greatest precision. The subjects themselves - interiors, fragments of architecture and female characters, are treated as still-lives, which gives them an abstract quality. These works in particular raise questions concerning man's relationship with visible reality. Here the astonishment is less evoked by the technical virtuosity but more by the question of the meaning of things.

Roger Wittevrongel exhibits since 1954 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, Tunisia, United States of America, Canada, South Africa, Taiwan

Prizes:
* Mention Young Belgian Painting Award in 1958, 1960, 1963
* Provincial painting prize of West Flanders in 1960
* Critics prize in 1979 and 1981
* E. Van Marcke prize in 1981
* State prize in recognition of an artistic career in 1984

At present he lives in Bachte-Maria-Leerne near the [[Lys River|Lys]], close to Ghent in the province of [[East Flanders]] in Belgium.

==External Link==
* [http://www.rogerwittevrongel.be Roger Wittevrongel]

[[br:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[fr:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[nl:Roger Wittevrongel]]
[[vls:Roger Wittevrongel]]

[[Category:Belgian artists]]
[[Category:Modern artists]]
[[Category:Belgian painters]]
[[Category:Photorealism]]

User:Zeisterre

2008-09-04T21:09:50Z

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[[:vls:Gebruker:Zeisterre|vls:Zeisterre]], [[:Commons:user:Zeisterre|Commons]]

{{Babel|nl|vls|en-3|fr-2|de-1}}

[[nl:Gebruiker:Aquarel]]
[[fr:Utilisateur:Zeisterre]]

User:Zeisterre

2008-09-04T20:47:22Z

Zeisterre: ← Created page with 'vls:Zeisterre, Commons {{Babel|nl|vls|en-3|fr-2|de-1}}'

[[:vls:Gebruker:Zeisterre|vls:Zeisterre]], [[:Commons:user:Zeisterre|Commons]]

{{Babel|nl|vls|en-3|fr-2|de-1}}

Jersey Battle of Flowers

2008-09-03T21:21:32Z

Zeisterre: /* External links */

[[Image:Battle of Flowers 2007 Jersey Optimists Vikings.jpg|thumb|''Valhalla - Viking Sacrifice'' by the Optimists Club, winners in 2007 of the Prix d'Excellence, the Peter Styvesant Trophy, the Spectators' Award, Best Illuminated float over 25ft, and winner of Class 11]]

The '''Jersey Battle of Flowers''' is an annual [[carnival]] held in the [[Channel Island]] of [[Jersey]] in the second week of August. The festival consists of music, [[funfair]]s, dancers, majorettes and a parade of flower floats alongside various street entertainers. It was inaugurated in [[1902]] to celebrate the Coronation of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]. The largest attendance to date is thought to be that of [[1969]], when 60,000 people were present<ref>[http://www.battleofflowers.com/ Battle of Flowers]</ref>.

The major floats are usually produced by the [[parishes of Jersey]]. Miss Battle of Flowers, the overall winner of the Miss Parish contests, rides on her own specially made float. There was also formerly a Maid of Honour who rode with the Miss Battle but this has now been dropped. The tradition of having a ''Mr Battle'' to escort Miss Battle was in abeyance for a number of years, but [[Kyran Bracken]] revived the rôle in 2007 and 2008 will see [[Christopher Biggins]] occupying the role.

The 'Battle' itself originally consisted of dismantling the floats to provide floral ammunition for a literal battle of flowers between participants and spectators, but this aspect has long been abandoned. Since [[1989]], a nighttime Moonlight Parade with the floats festooned in lights has been introduced. The Moonlight parade ends with a large fireworks display.

The event has recently been the target of much criticism over fears that the transportation of foreign and exotic [[flowers]] to the island is unnecessarily increasing the amount of [[greenhouse gases]] in the atmosphere, contributing to [[global warming]].

==Prizes==
[[Image:Battle of Flowers 2007 Jersey St Martin Teddy's Toytime.jpg|thumb|''Teddy's Toytime'' by [[Saint Martin, Jersey|St Martin]], 2007]]
Prizes are awarded in numerous categories, with their names in [[French language|French]], for floats of different sizes and types.

===2007===

Winners at the 2007 Battle included<ref>[[Jersey Evening Post]] [[10 August]] [[2007]]</ref>:

* Prix d'Honneur: [[Saint Clement, Jersey|St. Clement]]
* Prix d'Excellence: The Optimists Club
* Grand Prix des Paroisses: [[Trinity, Jersey|Trinity]]
* Grand Prix des Fleurs: Rob, Adrian and Friends
* Prix d'Honneur de Papier: Peter Heath and Friends
* Prix de Mérite: John Le Cornu Family and Friends

===2006===
[[Image:IMG 2501 Battle of Flowers Jersey aug 2006.JPG|right|thumb|A Gnome sits fishing from his toadstool on the Grouville Too Float, 2006]]
Winners at the 2006 Battle included<ref>[http://www.battleofflowers.com/ Battle of Flowers]</ref>:

* Prix d'Honneur: [[Saint Clement, Jersey|St. Clement]]
* Prix d'Excellence: The Optimists Club
* Grand Prix des Paroisses: [[Trinity, Jersey|Trinity]]
* Grand Prix des Fleurs: Mary Bidan and Friends
* Prix d'Honneur de Papier: Peter Heath and Friends
* Prix de Mérite: Grouville Too

===2005===

Winners at the 2005 Battle included:

* Prix d'Honneur: The Optimists Club
* Prix d'Excellence: [[Saint Clement, Jersey|St. Clement]]
* Grand Prix des Paroisses: [[Grouville]]
* Grand Prix des Fleurs: Mary Bidan and Friends
* Prix d'Honneur de Papier: Peter Heath Family and Friends
* Prix de Mérite: Optimists Juniors

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.battleofflowers.com/ Official Battle of Flowers website]
*[http://www.thisisjersey.com/code/showarticle.pl?ArticleID=000447 2004 event results]

{{commonscat|Battle of Flowers}}

[[Category:Jersey culture]]
[[Category:Parades]]

[[nl:Battle of Flowers]]
[[nrm:Batâle dé Flieurs]]