View source for 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake

{{Short description|Severe earthquake and tsunami in southwestern Alaska, USA}}
{{Infobox earthquake
 | name        = 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake
 | image       = 
 | alt         = 
 | caption     = 
 | map         = 
 | map_alt     = 
 | map_caption =
 | map2        = {{Location map+ | Alaska
 | relief = yes
| places =
{{Location map~|Alaska|lat=61.22|long=-149.9|label_size=100|label=Anchorage|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Alaska|lat=51.5|long=-175.63|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
 | width = 250
 | float = right
 | caption=}}
 | timestamp   = 1957-03-09 14:22:33
 | isc-event   = 886030
 | anss-url    = iscgem886030
 | local-date  = {{Start date|1957|03|09}}
 | local-time  = 04:22:33
 | duration    =
 | magnitude   = 8.6 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/><br />8.1–8.3 {{M|s|link=y}}{{sfn|Brockman|Espinosa|Michael|1988}}{{sfn|Kanamori|1977}}<br />9.0 {{M|t|link=y}}{{sfn|Abe|1979}}{{efn|Other estimates include {{M|b|7.7}},{{sfn|Brockman|Espinosa|Michael|1988}} {{M|s20|8.2}},{{sfn|Sykes|1971}} and {{M|.|8.3}}.{{sfn|Brockman|Espinosa|Michael|1988}}}}
 | depth       = {{cvt|25|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
 | location    = {{coord|51.5|-175.63|region:US-AK_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
 | fault       = [[Aleutian Trench]]
 | type        = [[Megathrust earthquake|Megathrust]]
 | affected    = [[Aleutian Islands]] & [[Hawaii]] 
 | damage     = [[United States dollar|$]]5 million{{sfn|Stover|Coffman|1993}}
 | intensity   = {{MMI|8}}{{sfn|Stover|Coffman|1993}}
 | pga         = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
 | tsunami     = {{cvt|23|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Tsunami1957"/>
 | landslide   =
 | foreshocks  =
 | aftershocks =
 | casualties  = 2 dead (indirect)
}}

The '''1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake''' occurred at 04:22 local time on March 9 with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] estimated at 8.6 and a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''). It occurred south of the [[Andreanof Islands]] group, which is part of the [[Aleutian Islands]] arc. The event occurred along the [[Aleutian Trench]], the [[Convergent boundary|convergent plate boundary]] that separates the Pacific plate and the North American plates near [[Alaska]]. A basin-wide [[tsunami]] followed, with effects felt in Alaska and Hawaii, and strong waves recorded across the Pacific rim. Total losses were around [[United States dollar|$]]5 million ({{inflation|US|5000000|1957|fmt=eq}}).

==Tectonic setting==
[[File:Alaska earthquakes.jpg|thumb|260 px|Map showing the [[tectonics]] and [[earthquake|seismicity]] of Alaska]]
The Aleutian Islands lie between [[Kamchatka]] and mainland Alaska. They were formed as the result of the {{convert|4000|km|abbr=on}} long [[convergent boundary]] that accommodates the [[subduction]] of the oceanic [[Pacific plate]] underneath the continental [[North American plate]].<ref name="AleutianTrench"/> This [[oceanic trench]] runs from the [[Kuril-Kamchatka Trench]] in the west to the Yakutat Collision Zone in the east. Most of the trench ruptured in a sequence of earthquakes from east to west.{{sfn|Sykes|1971}} Earthquakes in 1938, [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|1946]], 1948, and [[1965 Rat Islands earthquake|1965]] generally progressed westward with smaller earthquakes filling in any gaps.{{sfn|Sykes|1971}} At each terminus of the subduction zone, convergence ends in favor of right-lateral transform faults.{{sfn|Yeats|2012}} In the west, convergence becomes increasingly oblique until the [[Commander Islands]] where faulting is nearly completely strike-slip—a [[2017 Komandorski Islands earthquake|2017 earthquake]] was associated with this tectonic setting.{{sfn|Lay|Ye|Bai|Cheung|2017}} The plate boundary ends at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.{{sfn|Yeats|2012}} In the east, the Pacific plate continues to subduct underneath the North American plate until the Yakutat microplate.{{sfn|Doser|2012}} There, a transition from subduction to strike-slip faulting exists.{{sfn|Doser|2012}} When this transition ends, faulting is completely right-lateral transform and is largely accommodated along the [[Queen Charlotte Fault]].{{sfn|Doser|2012}} 

==Earthquake==
The seismic intensity peaked at VIII (''Severe'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]] at [[Adak Island|Adak]] and [[Umnak Island|Umnak]].{{sfn|Brockman|Espinosa|Michael|1988}} As the shock occurred before the World Wide Standardised Seismological Network was in operation, few instruments recorded the event, and its mechanism is not understood well as a result. Some effort was made with the limited data to gain an understanding of the rupture area and the distribution of slip. One aspect of the event that was certain was that the {{convert|1200-1230|km|abbr=on}} aftershock zone was one of the largest that had ever been observed,{{sfn|Johnson|Tanioka|Ruff|Satake|1994}}{{sfn|Tape|Lomax|2022}} comparable to the approximate lower rupture length limit of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.]] The aftershock zone may slightly overlap other ruptures, however there is minimal overlap between the aftershocks of the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake to the east and the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake to the west.{{sfn|Tape|Lomax|2022}} Studies{{Specify|date=January 2023}} of the event differ on rupture characteristics. Some suggest a rupture zone greater than {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}}, stretching from Amchitka Pass in the east to Unimak Pass in the west.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Other studies{{Specify|date=January 2023}} have the rupture area at a significantly longer {{convert|850|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Johnson|Tanioka|Ruff|Satake|1994}} Yet other studies{{Specify|date=January 2023}} conclude that the entirety of the aftershock area ruptured in the earthquake, for a total rupture length of {{convert|1200|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Hwang|Kanamori|1986}} The western portion of the rupture stopped at [[Bowers Ridge]].{{sfn|Davies|Sykes|House|Jacob|1981}} Studies also disagree on whether the easternmost area near Unalaska ruptured. Some of the early scientific papers{{Specify|date=January 2023}} conclude that this area remained unruptured during the event and remains a seismic gap.{{sfn|Johnson|Tanioka|Ruff|Satake|1994}} Others, especially ones written decades after the fact, conclude that slip did occur here,{{sfn|Witter|Briggs|Engelhart|Gelfenbaum|2019}} but signals from it were blocked by the coda of the main slip.{{sfn|Johnson|Tanioka|Ruff|Satake|1994}} However, the amount of slip is not agreed upon. Some studies support a low amount of slip,{{sfn|Boyd|Jacob|1986}} while others conclude that there was large amounts of slip in this area,{{sfn|Witter|Carver|Briggs|Gelfenbaum|2016}} up to {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Nicolsky|Freymueller|Witter|Suleimani|2016}} A maximum slip of {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} was estimated in the eastern portion of the rupture.{{sfn|Nicolsky|Freymueller|Witter|Suleimani|2016}} If the eastern portion of the megathrust did rupture, then a magnitude of {{M|w|9.0–9.1}} is more reflective of the event.{{sfn|Witter|Briggs|Engelhart|Gelfenbaum|2019}} The tsunami created by the earthquake suggests a ({{M|t|9.0|link=y}}) event.{{sfn|Abe|1979}} The earthquake was previously assigned magnitude 9.1 and subsequent analysis have revised it to magnitude 8.6.<ref>{{cite anss|iscgem886030|1957|M 8.6 – 81&nbsp;km ESE of Adak, Alaska|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official19570309142233_30/region-info}}</ref>

==Tsunami==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size:80%;"
|+ Teletsunami observations{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}}<ref name="Tsunami1957"/>
|-
! Location !! Recorded height (m)
|-
| [[Hāʻena, Kauai County, Hawaii]], Hawaii || 16.1
|-
| [[Wainiha, Hawaii]], Hawaii|| 11.6
|-
| Pololu Valley, Hawaii || 9.8
|-
| [[Oahu]], Hawaii || 7.0
|-
| [[Fagasā, American Samoa]] || 1.5
|-
| [[Crescent City, California]] || 0.7
|-
| [[San Diego]], California || 0.2
|}

Tsunami waves were reported in far way places such as in Chile.{{sfn|Salsman|1959}} The tsunami's strength led to suspicion that a landslide may have contributed to its severity, but there is no evidence of a landslide.{{sfn|Witter|Carver|Briggs|Gelfenbaum|2016}} A submarine landslide is considered inconsistent with the wave patterns recorded, and the high wave heights could be explained by large amounts of near trench slip.{{sfn|Witter|Carver|Briggs|Gelfenbaum|2016}}

===Alaska===
Wave heights were the highest in Alaska. On [[Unimak Island]], waves reached as high as {{convert|23|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Tsunami1957"/> Also on Unimak, near the Scotch Cap Lighthouse that was destroyed in the [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|1946 earthquake]], run up heights of {{convert|12-15|m|abbr=on}} were observed.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Trappers Cove recorded wave heights of {{convert|13.7|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|1996}} At Sand Bay, the tsunami reached {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Dutch Harbor in [[Unalaska]] recorded waves of {{convert|0.7|m|abbr=on}}, Massacre Bay in [[Attu, Alaska|Attu]] recorded waves up to {{convert|0.6|m|abbr=on}} high and [[Sitka]] had waves reaching {{convert|0.4|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} At [[Yakutat, Alaska|Yakutat]] run-ups measured {{convert|0.3|m|abbr=on}}, while [[Womens Bay, Alaska|Women's Bay]], [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]], [[Seward, Alaska|Seward]], and [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]] had recorded tsunami heights of {{convert|0.2|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}}

===Hawaii===
On the island of [[Kauai]], the wave height reached {{convert|16.1|m}} at [[Hāʻena, Kauai County, Hawaii|Haena]].{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} In northern [[Oahu]], wave heights reached {{convert|7|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Various areas around [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] recorded tsunami waves with heights ranging {{convert|1–9.8|m|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} including a reading of {{convert|3.9|m|abbr=on}} at [[Hilo]].<ref name="UWTsunami"/> In [[Kahului]], [[Maui]], tide gauges recorded waves up to {{convert|1.8|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[Coconut Island (Hawaii Island)|Coconut Island]] was submerged by {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}}

===California===
[[Crescent City, California|Crescent City]] recorded a tsunami wave of {{convert|0.7|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[Los Angeles]] recorded run-ups of {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}}, [[Santa Monica]] experienced a {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}}-high tsunami, while [[Anaheim Bay]] had {{convert|0.4|m|abbr=on}} waves.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[San Francisco]]'s tide gauge recorded run-ups of {{convert|0.3|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} In [[San Diego]], a {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} wave caused minor damage, however the tide gauge only recorded a wave {{convert|0.2|m|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Other tide gauges across the state recorded run-up heights of {{convert|0.1-0.5|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}}

===Elsewhere===
At [[Fagasā, American Samoa]], tsunami run-up heights reached {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[Pago Pago]] recorded wave heights of {{convert|0.3|m|abbr=on}}, however the amplitude of the wave was {{convert|1.2|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}}  [[Midway Atoll|Midway]] recorded tsunami waves up to {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[Wake Island]] recorded amplitudes of {{convert|0.4|m|abbr=on}}, [[Kwajalein Atoll|Kwajalein]] and [[Enewetak Atoll|Enewetak]] recorded heights of {{convert|0.3|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} [[Johnston Atoll]] experienced waves of {{convert|0.1|m|abbr=on}}, while waves less than {{convert|0.1|m|abbr=on}} were recorded at [[Guam]] and [[Chuuk Lagoon]].{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} In [[Mexico]], the tidal gauge in [[Ensenada, Baja California]] recorded the strongest waves at {{convert|3.4|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Salsman|1959}} Many countries in [[Central America]] also recorded tsunami run-ups including {{convert|0.8|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} at [[Puntarenas]], [[Costa Rica]], {{convert|0.6|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} at [[Puerto San José]], [[Guatemala]], and {{convert|0.2|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} waves at [[La Unión, El Salvador]].{{sfn|Salsman|1959}} [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] were favorably oriented for large waves from the tsunami, and as a result strong waves were recorded. In Peru, the strongest wave heights of {{convert|4.2|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} were recorded at [[Matarani]], with other coastal areas recording wave heights of {{convert|0.9-2.6|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Salsman|1959}} [[Valparaíso]], Chile recorded wave heights of {{convert|6.7|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}, which were the highest across the country.{{sfn|Salsman|1959}} Across the rest of the country, wave heights of {{convert|3.0|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}, {{convert|3.0|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}, {{convert|4.2|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|4.6|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} were recorded at [[Arica]], [[Antofagasta]], [[Caldera]], and [[Talcahuano]], respectively.{{sfn|Salsman|1959}}

==Damage==
Prompt warnings from the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System were credited with preventing major damage or loss of life.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} The [[earthquake]] caused severe damage to roads and buildings on Adak including a crack {{convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}} in size,{{sfn|Stover|Coffman|1993}} however there were no deaths.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} Two bridges and some oil and fuel-related structures at a dock were also destroyed there.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} On Umnak, a concrete mixer and some docks were lost.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} At Chernofski,<ref name="UNESCO1957"/> Trappers Cove, and [[Mount Vsevidof|Vsevidof]], strong waves drowned sheep.{{sfn|Lander|1996}} Oil pipelines were damaged at Sand Bay.{{sfn|Lander|1996}} Many boats were damaged from strong waves.{{sfn|Lander|1996}}

The tsunami caused twice the damage the tsunami of the 1946 earthquake did.{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} In Hawaii, damage was much more extensive, including two indirect fatalities that occurred when a pilot and photographer were killed while attempting to document the tsunami's arrival from an airplane. About 50 homes were flooded on the north shore of Oahu and significant effects were seen in [[Waialua, Hawaii|Waialua Bay]]. Buildings and bridges were also flooded in [[Haleiwa, Hawaii|Haleiwa]].{{sfn|Lander|Lockridge|1989}} In Hilo, the tsunami damaged buildings.<ref name="UWTsunami"/> The total damage cost was over $5 million ($46 million in 2017).<ref name="Tsunami1957"/>

==See also==
*[[List of earthquakes in 1957]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Alaska]]
*[[List of earthquakes in the United States]]
*[[Mount Vsevidof]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="AleutianTrench">{{cite web|url=http://oceana.org/es/explore/marine-places/aleutian-trench |title=Aleutian Trench |access-date=August 7, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225094151/http://oceana.org/es/explore/marine-places/aleutian-trench |archive-date=February 25, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{Cite isc|OB|886030}}</ref>
<ref name="Tsunami1957">{{cite web |title=Tsunami Historical Series: Aleutian Islands – 1957 Dataset {{!}} Science on a Sphere |url=https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/tsunami-historical-series-aleutian-islands-1957/ |website=sos.noaa.gov |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="UNESCO1957">{{cite web |title=The 9 March 1957 Aleutian Tsunami |url=http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/list_of_tsunamis/1957/1957.pdf |website=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="UWTsunami">{{cite web |title=1957 Aleutian Tsunami |url=https://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/general/historic/aleutian57.html |website=Earthweb |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

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* {{cite journal |last1=Tape |first1=Carl |last2=Lomax |first2=Anthony |title=Aftershock Regions of Aleutian-Alaska Megathrust Earthquakes, 1938–2021 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=2022 |volume=127 |issue=7 |doi=10.1029/2022JB024336|bibcode=2022JGRB..12724336T |s2cid=249857173|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Witter |first1=Robert C. |last2=Carver |first2=Gary A. |last3=Briggs |first3=Richard W. |last4=Gelfenbaum |first4=Guy |last5=Koehler |first5=Richard D. |last6=la Selle |first6=SeanPaul |last7=Bender |first7=Adrian M. |last8=Engelhart |first8=Simon E. |last9=Hemphill-Haley |first9=Eileen |last10=Hill |first10=Troy D. |title=Unusually large tsunamis frequent a currently creeping part of the Aleutian megathrust |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=16 January 2016 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066083 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43...76W |s2cid=131231692 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Witter |first1=Robert C. |last2=Briggs |first2=Rich |last3=Engelhart |first3=Simon E. |last4=Gelfenbaum |first4=Guy |last5=Koehler |first5=Richard D. |last6=Nelson |first6=Alan |last7=la Selle |first7=SeanPaul |last8=Corbett |first8=Reide |last9=Wallace |first9=Kristi |title=Evidence for frequent, large tsunamis spanning locked and creeping parts of the Aleutian megathrust |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |date=16 November 2019 |volume=131 |issue=5–6 |pages=707–729 |doi=10.1130/B32031.1 |bibcode=2019GSAB..131..707W |s2cid=134362013 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/131/5-6/707/566656/Evidence-for-frequent-large-tsunamis-spanning |access-date=31 December 2022}}
* {{cite book |title=Active Faults of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQUgAwAAQBAJ|last=Yeats|first=R.|date=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521190855|page=23}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411180509/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1957_03_09.php USGS Earthquake Hazards Program – Andreanof Islands, Alaska, Magnitude 8.6]
* [http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/historic/aleutian57.html Tsunami! – 1957 Aleutian tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611082330/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/historic/aleutian57.html |date=2010-06-11 }}
* [http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1957.html The March 9, 1957 Aleutian Tsunami] – George Pararas-Carayannis
* {{EQ-isc-link|886030}}

{{Earthquakes in 1957}}
{{Earthquakes in Alaska}}
{{Earthquakes in the United States}}
{{Alaska history footer|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andreanof Islands Earthquake}}
[[Category:1957 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1957 in Alaska]]
[[Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Alaska|1957]]
[[Category:Tsunamis in the United States|1957]]
[[Category:1950s tsunamis|Andreanof]]
[[Category:March 1957 events in the United States]]
[[Category:March 1957 events in Oceania]]
[[Category:Andreanof Islands]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands|1957]]