View source for 9K33 Osa

{{Short description|Vehicle-launched surface-to-air missile system}}
{{Redirect|SA-8|the Apollo flight|A-104 (SA-8)|other uses|SA8 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9K33 Osa <br /><small>([[NATO reporting name]]: SA-8 Gecko, SA-N-4 Gekko)</small>
| image              = File:ParkPatriot2015part8-28.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = 9A33BM3 [[Missile vehicle|transporter-launcher]] and radar vehicle of the upgraded 9K33M3 Osa-AKM.
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = 6×6 amphibious [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_missile         = 
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1971–present
| used_by            = See list of [[#Operators|present and former operator]]
| wars               = {{plainlist|
*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
*[[1982 Lebanon War]]
*[[Angolan Civil War]]
*[[Western Sahara War]]
*[[Gulf War]]
*[[Russo-Georgian War]]
*[[First Libyan Civil War]]
*[[Syrian Civil War]]
*[[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani skirmishes]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Orbiter-3 downed in Artsakh hit with OSA AKM modernized in Armenia |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2020/07/18/75099 |website=lragir.am |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>
*[[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]
*[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1498698218854563855|user=visegrad24|title=Ukrainian business owners are doing what they can to help the Ukrainian Army.<br />The owner of a transport company decided to load 2 abandoned Russian 9K33 Osa SAM systems on to a truck and transport them to a Ukrainian Army base.|author=Visegrád 24|date=2022-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301163503/https://twitter.com/visegrad24/status/1498698218854563855|archive-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>
}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[NII-20]] Research Institute
| design_date        = 1960–1972
| manufacturer       = [[Znamya Truda Plant]]
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1970–1988<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kupol.ru/company/history|title=Прочие с долевым участием|website=www.kupol.ru|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206054446/http://www.kupol.ru/company/history|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| number             = 1,200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raspletin.ru/zenitnyy-raketnyy-kompleks-osa |title=Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Оса" |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524022815/http://www.raspletin.ru/zenitnyy-raketnyy-kompleks-osa |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
| variants           = OSA-A, OSA-AK, OSA-AKM, OSA-M
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = OSA-AKM
| weight             = 17.5 [[tonne]]s
| length             = {{cvt|9.14|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = 
| width              = {{cvt|2.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height             = {{cvt|4.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (radar mast stowed)
| diameter           = 
| crew               = 5 soldiers
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 6 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2 or 9M33M3 missiles
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = D20K300 diesel
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = {{cvt|400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{cvt|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = {{cvt|80|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}<br /> {{cvt|8|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} (swimming)
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''9K33 ''Osa''''' ({{Langx|ru|9К33 «Оса»}}; English: "[[wasp]]"; [[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-8 ''Gecko''''') is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical [[surface-to-air missile]] system developed in the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1960s and fielded in 1972. Its export version name is '''Romb'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Zestaw przeciwrakietowy Osa.JPG|thumb|left|Polish OSA-AKM.]]
The Osa was the first mobile air defense missile system incorporating its own engagement radars on a single vehicle.

All versions of the 9K33 feature all-in-one '''9A33''' [[Transporter erector launcher and radar|transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR)]] vehicles which can detect, track and engage aircraft independently or with the aid of regimental surveillance [[radar]]s. The six-wheeled transport vehicles [[Bryansky Avtomobilny Zavod|BAZ]]-5937 are fully amphibious and air transportable. The road range is about 500&nbsp;km.

The 1S51M3-2 radar system of the 9K33 Osa [[TELAR]] received the [[NATO]] [[codename]] ''Land Roll''. It was derived from the naval 'Pop Group' radar system but is smaller as it does not require a stabilisation system. An improved system, the Osa-AKM ([[NATO reporting name]] SA-8B 'Gecko' Mod 1) was first seen in Germany in 1980. It had improvements to the launcher configuration, carrying six missiles in ribbed containers.

The system is reported to be of the frequency-agile monopulse type. It consists of an elliptical rotating surveillance antenna mounted on top of the array, operates in H band (6 to 8&nbsp;GHz) and has a 30&nbsp;km acquisition range against most targets. The large pulsed J band (14.5&nbsp;GHz) engagement antenna is mounted below it in the centre of the array and has a maximum tracking range of about 20&nbsp;km.

Mounted on either side of the tracking radar antenna is a small J band parabolic dish antenna to track the missile. Below it is a small circular antenna which emits an I band uplink capture beam to gather the missile shortly after launch. The final antennas in the array are two small white rectangular ones, one on either side of the array mounted alongside the I band, used for command uplink to the missile. The twin antenna system permits the 'Land Roll' radar to control up to two missiles simultaneously against a single target. 

Two missiles can be guided on different frequencies to further complicate [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM). The 9Sh33 electro optical tracker is fitted to and above the tracking radar, used to track the target when the main tracking radar is jammed by ECM.

A 9K33 battery comprises four 9A33B TELAR vehicles and two '''9T217''' transloader vehicles on BAZ-5939 chassis with reload missiles and a crane. A reload time of five minutes has been reported per TELAR.

In addition to the TELARs, each regiment is assigned a '''9V914''' radar [[collimation]] vehicle (initially on the BAZ-5938 chassis but more often found on the ZiL-131 truck) that assists in the alignment of the TELAR's radar systems, ensuring accurate target tracking and engagement.

==Variants==
[[File:SA-N-4.jpg|thumb|right|SA-N-4 launcher covered by a circular plate on the ''Slava''-class cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov''.]]
* '''9K33 "Osa"''' ([[United States Department of Defense|US DoD]] designation '''SA-8A "Gecko"''') began development in 1960 and was introduced in 1971–1972 with four exposed 9M33 missiles per '''9A33B''' TELAR and maximum range of {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* '''4K33 "OSA-M"''' ([[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-N-4 "Gecko"''') was introduced in 1972 and is the naval version of the system with two 9M33M missiles on a ZIF-122 retractable rotating launcher and improved performance. It has been installed on {{sclass2|Gepard|frigate|1}}, [[Kara-class cruiser|Kara-class guided missile cruisers]], [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|''Kiev''-class VTOL cruisers]] and also the ''Kirov'', ''Slava'' and Krivak classes.
* '''9K33M2 "Osa-AK"''' (US DoD designation '''SA-8B "Gecko Mod-0"''') with '''9A33BM2''' TELAR was introduced in 1975 with the new six-missile box launcher, each '''9M33M2''' missile being a [[sealed round]].
* '''9K33M3 "Osa-AKM"''' (US DoD designation '''SA-8B "Gecko Mod-1"''') with '''9A33BM3''' TELAR and '''9M33M3''' missiles was introduced in 1980 with the maximum range extended to {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} and maximum altitude to 12&nbsp;km (40,000&nbsp;ft) as explained above. Most OSA-AKM systems also feature an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] antenna.
* '''Saman''' and '''Saman-M''' (Russian Саман – ''adobe'') is a development of the Osa\Osa-M system into target drones, used for testing and training with [[air defense]] systems, including SAMs.
The 9K33M3 is also able{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} to use wire-guided missiles, presumably for use in an [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]]-heavy environment where radio command guidance may not operate properly.

==Missiles==
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9M33
| image              = Osa-AKM 9M33M3.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = 9M33M3 missile
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = 
| is_missile         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1971–present
| used_by            = See list of [[#Operators|present and former operator]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = MKB "Fakel"
| design_date        = 1960–1972
| manufacturer       = Znamya Truda Plant
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1970–1988
| number             = 
| variants           = 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2, 9M33M3, 9A33BM3
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 9K33M3<ref name="fas">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |title=9K33M3 Osa-AKM |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219014816/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live }}.</ref>
| weight             = {{cvt|170|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{cvt|3158|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{cvt|209.6|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| crew               = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling            = Frag-HE
| filling_weight     = {{cvt|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|pages=144−145}}
| detonation         = Contact and proximity
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = Solid propellant rocket motor
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|15|km|mi}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = {{convert|12000|m|ft}}
| boost              = 2 s boost, then 15 s sustain
| speed              = 1020 m/s (Mach 2.9)
| guidance           = RF [[Missile guidance#Command to line-of-sight|CLOS]]
| steering           = [[dual-thrust]] rocket motor
| accuracy           = 5 m
| launch_platform    = 9P35M2
| transport          = 
}}

Engagement range for early versions is approximately 2–9&nbsp;km (1.3–5.6 mi) with engagement altitudes of between 50 and 5,000 m (164–16,400&nbsp;ft). The '''9M33M2 "Osa-A"''' missile extends the ranges to 1.5–10&nbsp;km (1–6.2 mi) and engagement altitudes to 25–5,000 m (82–16,400&nbsp;ft). The '''9M33M3''' missile greatly enhances the altitude engagement envelope to 10–12,000 m (33–42,500&nbsp;ft), and are able to travel further (about 15&nbsp;km/9 mi). However, the system is unable to engage targets at longer ranges, due to other factors such as the limitations of the radar tracking of the missiles. The system is designed for use primarily against jet aircraft and helicopters in any weather.

The 9M33 missiles are 3.158&nbsp;m (10.3&nbsp;ft) long, weigh 126&nbsp;kg (278&nbsp;lb) and use [[command guidance]]. A backup low-light optical tracking system is available for heavy [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] environments. The latest 9M33M3 missiles have an increased total weight of 170&nbsp;kg (375&nbsp;lb) in order to provide extended range coverage and larger warhead. Propulsion is provided by a [[dual-thrust]] [[solid fuel]] [[rocket motor]]. Both versions feature a missile speed of around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.4 (peaking at around Mach 3) for a maximum target engagement speed of around Mach 1.4 for the original 9M33 missile and Mach 1.6 for the 9M33M2\M3 missiles. The [[warhead]] for 9M33/M2 versions weighs 19&nbsp;kg (42 lb), increased to 40&nbsp;kg (88&nbsp;lb) in the M3 version to improve performance against helicopters. All versions have impact and proximity fuzes.

Each TELAR is able to launch and guide two missiles against one target simultaneously. [[Kill probability]] is quoted as 0.35–0.85 for the Osa and 0.55–0.85 for the Osa-AK and Osa-AKM (presumably depending upon target aspect, speed, maneuverability and radar cross section). Reaction time (from target detection to launch) is around 26 seconds. Preparation time for engagements from transit is around 4 minutes and missile reloading takes around 5 minutes. Each battery of four TELARs is usually accompanied by two reload vehicles carrying 18 missiles in sets of three, with a crane mounted on the reload vehicles to assist in moving the missiles.

When launched, the booster motor burns for two seconds, permitting the radar to gather and control it at very short ranges (about 1.6&nbsp;km). The sustainer motor burns for 15 seconds, bringing the missile to a top speed of about Mach 2. Once launched, the missile is command-guided for the whole flight, and the warhead is detonated by its proximity fuze or possibly command. The warhead is said to have a lethal radius of 5 m at low altitude against an [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] size target. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

==Radars==
[[File:Longtrack.jpg|thumb|P-40 'Long Track' radar set]]
* '''1S51M3''' ("Land Roll") – [[C band (NATO)|C band]] target acquisition radar, [[H band (NATO)|H band]] conical scan target tracking radar and two [[J band (NATO)|J band]] pulse mode fire control radars (range 35&nbsp;km/22 mi for acquisition, 30&nbsp;km/19 mi for tracking and 25&nbsp;km/16 mi for guidance). Mounted on the TELAR.
* '''[[P-40 radar|P-40]]''' ("Long Track") – [[E band (NATO)|E band]] early warning radar (also used by [[2K11 Krug]] and [[2K12 Kub]], range 175&nbsp;km/108 mi), mounted on a tracked vehicle (a modified [[AT-T]]).
* '''[[P-15 radar|P-15]]''' ("Flat Face A") or '''[[P-19 radar|P-19]]''' ("Flat Face B") or '''P-15M(2)''' ("Squat Eye") – 380&nbsp;kW C band target acquisition radar (also used by the [[S-125 Neva/Pechora]] and 2K12 Kub, range 250&nbsp;km/155 mi), mounted on a ZiL-131 truck.
* '''PRV-9''' or '''PRV-16''' ("Thin Skin") – E band height finding radar (also used by 2K11 Krug and 2K12 Kub, range 240&nbsp;km/148 mi), mounted on a KrAZ-255B truck.

==Deployment and operational history==
Produced by the [[Soviet Union]]/[[Russia]], the system was exported to many countries, including [[Cuba]], [[Greece]] (from the former [[East Germany]]), [[Polish military|Poland]], [[Syria]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Iraq]].

During the [[1982 Lebanon war]] in which Syrian air defenses were obliterated by a massive air campaign against Syrian SAM sites in the Beqaa valley, the Syrians deployed Osas. An [[F-4 Phantom]] in a [[Supression of enemy air defenses|SEAD]] mission was shot down on 24 July 1982 by an Osa system. The [[Weapon systems officer|WSO]] (back seater), Aharon Katz was killed, while the pilot, Gil Fogel, survived and was held captive by the Syrians for two years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cs7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title = The Sword of David: The Israeli Air Force at War|isbn = 978-1-78159-290-8|last1 = McCarthy|first1 = Don|date = 14 November 2013| publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref>

In the late 1980s, Cuba deployed several 9K33 Osa units in southern Angola, which posed a significant threat to [[South African Air Force|South African]] [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] at shorter ranges.<ref>George, Edward in: ''The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991'', Frank Cass, London, New York, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-35015-8}}, p. 236-237</ref> The South African [[61 Mechanised Battalion Group]] captured an intact 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system on 3 October 1987 during the [[Battle of Cuito Cuanavale]]. This was the first time that such a system had fallen into possession of non-Warsaw Pact forces, giving Western intelligence agencies an opportunity to examine an important Soviet-bloc weapon system.<ref>Turton, A.R. 2010. ''Shaking Hands with Billy''. Durban: Just Done Publications.</ref>

Iraq fielded Osa systems during the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. The Russians claimed that it was the most effective system alongside the [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka]] at shooting down [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk cruise missile]]s, with several downings credited to hits from Osa weapons.{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=143}}

The system also saw use in the [[2008 Russo-Georgian War]] by both the Georgian and Russian militaries.

Libya deployed 9K33 Osa, with some destroyed during the [[Libyan civil war (2011)|2011 Libyan Civil War]] by NATO airstrikes.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1 | work=CNN | title=U.S. aviators rescued; Gadhafi remains defiant | date=2011-08-24 | access-date=22 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324052912/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1 | archive-date=24 March 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Yemeni Civil War ===
On 29 November 2019, Russian sources speculated a Soviet-made 9K33 Osa fired by Houthi forces shot down a [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi Arabian Army Aviation]] [[AH-64 Apache]] in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbs.news/homepage-infinite-scroll|title=Homepage – Infinite Scroll &#124; MBS News|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621071600/https://www.mbs.news/homepage-infinite-scroll/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/12/02/houthi-rebels-claim-to-have-shot-down-saudi-apache-gunship-and-wing-loong-uav-in-yemen/|title=Houthi Rebels Claim To Have Shot Down Saudi Apache Gunship And Wing Loong UAV in Yemen.|date=2 December 2019|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Neither Yemen nor Iran had any 9K33 Osa in their armed forces, while known Houthi-operated systems are based on the Soviet-made [[2K12 Kub]] surface-to-air missile system which employs a two-stage rocket engine, and the air-to-air missiles [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] and [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)|R-27T]] which both have a single-stage rocket engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://debriefer.net/en/news-10890.html|title=Houthis reveal 2 new air defense systems|date=25 August 2019|website=debriefer.net|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

===2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict===
The [[Armenian Air Defense]] extensively employed 9K33 Osa missile systems during the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]. During the opening days of the war, several videos released by the Azerbaijani military showed several Armenian 9K33 Osa and [[9K35 Strela-10]] vehicles destroyed by [[Bayraktar TB2]] armed drones,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/09/27/azerbaijan-destroyed-twelve-9k33-osa-short-range-anti-aircraft-systems-of-armenia/|title=Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia|date=27 September 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36777/everything-we-know-about-the-fighting-that-has-erupted-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan|title=Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan|first=Joseph Trevithick and Thomas|last=Newdick|website=The Drive|date=28 September 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> with a number of them destroyed in the following weeks when found on the battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.az/news/span-classred-highlightazerbaijan-destroys-another-osa-anti-aircraft-missile-system-of-armenian-troops-videospan|title=Azerbaijan destroys another "Osa" anti-aircraft missile system of Armenian troops (VIDEO)|website=News.az|date=30 October 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Twelve 9K33 Osa missile systems of Armenian Army were destroyed during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by Azerbaijani Bayraktar TB2s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GDC|date=2020-09-27|title=Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/09/27/azerbaijan-destroyed-twelve-9k33-osa-short-range-anti-aircraft-systems-of-armenia/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Global Defense Corp|language=en-US}}</ref>
On 4 October 2020, an Azerbaijani Air force [[Sukhoi Su-25]] aircraft was shot down by Armenian forces, probably by a 9K33 Osa while targeting Armenian positions in Fuzuli. The pilot, [[Zaur Nudiraliyev|Colonel Zaur Nudiraliyev]], died in the crash. Azerbaijani officials acknowledged the loss in December 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/xeber/Asir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563\?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=b725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg|title=Əsir düşməmək üçün "Su-25" döyüş təyyarəsini düşmən səngərinə çırpan şəhid polkovnik Zaur Nudirəliyev VİDEO|date=27 December 2020|language=Azerbaijani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/|title=Armenian air defenses shot down Azerbaijani Su-25 during Karabakh conflict, pilot was killed: media|work=Al-Masdar News|date=27 December 2020|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122065323/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the 9K33 Osa vehicle possibly using passive detection and [[Shoot-and-scoot|shoot and scoot]] tactics to survive the Azerbaijani [[suppression of enemy air defenses|suppression of air defenses]] (SEAD) missions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/combat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war|title = Combat missions of the Azerbaijani Air Force in the Second Karabakh War| date=27 December 2020 }}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War===
[[File:Выдвижение автомобильной колонны снабжения ВС РФ в Харьковской обл. 004.png|thumb|Ukrainian 9K33 Osa launcher destroyed during the 2022 Russian invasion.]]
Both Russia and Ukraine have 9K33 Osa systems in their inventory.

On 30 March 2019, during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]], the Ukrainian Joint Forces reported destruction of an Osa-AKM surface-to-air missile system along with a [[Zhitel]] [[R330Zh]] automatic jamming system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Escalation in Donbas: One Ukrainian soldier killed, four wounded amid 19 enemy attacks in past day |url=https://www.unian.info/war/10498560-escalation-in-donbas-one-ukrainian-soldier-killed-four-wounded-amid-19-enemy-attacks-in-past-day.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190917/https://www.unian.info/war/10498560-escalation-in-donbas-one-ukrainian-soldier-killed-four-wounded-amid-19-enemy-attacks-in-past-day.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

For the main phase of hostilities starting in spring 2022, and as of 20 September 2023, 15 losses of 9K33s by Russia are documented with photos or video. Of these, 8 were destroyed, 2 were damaged, 1 was abandoned, and 4 were captured by the Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oryx |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Oryx}}</ref>

On 23 March 2022, following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|Russian invasion]], ''The Washington Post'' reported that the United States was sending additional Osa systems to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-sending-soviet-air-defense-systems-it-secretly-acquired-to-ukraine-11647878422|title=US sending soviet air defence systems to Ukraine|date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

==Command post==
[[PPRU-1|PPRU-M1]] (PPRU-M1-2) is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces, including 9K33 Osa, and [[Tor missile system]], [[2K22 Tunguska]], [[9K35 Strela-10]] and [[9K38 Igla]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Зенитные ракетные системы и комплексы|url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926124750/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue|archive-date=26 September 2011|access-date=14 November 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

==Upgrades==
===Belarus===
[[File:Т38 «Стилет».JPG|thumb|T38 Stilet]]
* '''9K33-1T "Osa-1T"''' was developed by UE "Tetraedr" from Belarus. A SAM system comprises combat assets and technical support means, including:
** '''9А33-1Т''' TELAR or "Combat Vehicle" (CV), based on the original BAZ-5937 (or the new MZKT-69222) and equipped with a new day/night camera system OES-1T instead of the original day-only 9Sh33 or 9Sh38-2 "Karat";
** 9M33M2 or M3 SAMs, or the new '''9M33M3-1''' with a range of 20&nbsp;km;
** 9Т217-1T Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV);
** 9V210-1T Maintenance Vehicle (MV);
** 9V214-1T Alignment Vehicle (AV);
** 9V242-1T Automatic Mobile Check-up and Testing Station (AKIPS) and
** 9F16M2 Ground Equipment Kit (GEK).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=10|title=933-1 SA-1 Short Range Air Defence System|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145745/http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=10|archive-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/d52/d521887e3fe536d84c3440378450e0c0.pdf |title=Tetraedr reveals three contracts for Osa-1T |website=Janes |date=January 2009 |last=Gyürösi |first=Miroslav |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145511/http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/d52/d521887e3fe536d84c3440378450e0c0.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/588/58800b30e603bcc2b990aa5091daa7a5.pdf |title=Osa-1T upgrade boosts combat capability |website=Janes |date=February 2006 |last=Gyürösi |first=Miroslav |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145627/http://www.tetraedr.com/mupload/iblock/588/58800b30e603bcc2b990aa5091daa7a5.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''T38 "Stilet"''' is a further development of Osa-1T. Main components are the '''T381''' TELAR on [[MZKT-69222]] chassis and the new '''T382''' missile. Maximum range of targets' destruction 20&nbsp;km, minimal RCS of targets detected 0.02 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=11|title=T38 STILET Short Range Air Defence System|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126145359/http://www.tetraedr.com/en/production/production_war/detail.php?ID=11|archive-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Poland===
* '''Osa-AKM-P1 "Żądło"''' (export name '''SA-8P Sting''') is a Polish upgrade of 9K33M2 "Osa-AK" and 9K33M3 "Osa-AKM". Probably 32 of the 64 systems purchased from the Soviet Union have been upgraded. An upgraded '''9A33BM3-P1''' TELAR was displayed at the MSPO 2004 exhibition in Kielce, Poland. The upgraded vehicle is fitted with the SIC 12/TA  passive detection and identification system as well as the ISZ-01 IFF system.<ref name="articles.janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Poland-gives-the-SA-8-a-sharper-sting.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126201634/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Poland-gives-the-SA-8-a-sharper-sting.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/9K33-OSA-AK-Polish-Upgrade-Programme-Poland.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126164503/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/9K33-OSA-AK-Polish-Upgrade-Programme-Poland.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> 
In 2019, Poland began modification of the whole environment of the Osa system. Those works has been commissioned to WZU Grudziądz. The total cost is about €40-50 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:153124-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 153124-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:158283-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 158283-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:155907-2019:TEXT:PL:HTML&src=0|title=Usługi - 155907-2019 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ted.europa.eu/TED/notice/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:172966-2018:TEXT:PL:HTML|title=Usługi - 172966-2018 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily|website=ted.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:9K33 Osa Operator Map 25.10.2023.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0360d5|Current}}{{legend|#dd001e|Former}}]]
[[File:B8fnRA7c8Go.jpg|thumb|Armenian 9K33 Osa missiles during a military parade in Yerevan]]
[[File:Romanian SA-8.jpg|thumb|right|Romanian 9K33 Osa missile launch at the [[Capu Midia Training Range|Capu Midia]] firing range.]]

===Current operators===
* {{ANG}} – 15 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=472}}
* {{ARM}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=179}}
* {{AZE}} – Upgraded to the Osa-1T standard{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=180}}
* {{BLR}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=183}}
* {{BGR}} − 24 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=77}}
* {{CUB}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=428}}
* {{ECU}} − 10 as of 2024, operated by the Air Force{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=432}}
* {{GEO}} − 8 Osa-AK and Osa-AKM as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=185}}
* {{GRE}} – 38 Osa-M as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=100}}
* {{IND}} – 50+ Osa-AKM as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=267}}
[[File:The OSA-AK Weapons System passes through the Rajpath during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.jpg|thumb|Indian 9K33 Osa missile system in Delhi during a military parade]]
* {{POL}} − 64 as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=125}} Modernized to the Osa-AKM-P1 standard<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabak |first1=Julius |title=Ukraina: Polskie systemy rakietowe postrachem dronów Shahed-136 [KOMENTARZ] |url=https://defence24.pl/wojna-na-ukrainie-raport-specjalny-defence24/ukraina-polskie-systemy-rakietowe-postrachem-dronow-shahed-136-komentarz |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=defence24.pl |date=12 October 2022 |language=pl}}</ref>
* {{ROM}} – 16 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=131}}
* {{RUS}} – 390 Osa-AKM used by the Ground Forces and 20 by the Naval Infantry as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=193,199}}
* {{SUD}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=521}}
* {{SYR}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=386}}
* {{TKM}} – 40 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=209}}
* {{UKR}} – Estimated by the [[IISS]] to have 65 OSA-AKM in 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=212}} Received an unknown number of systems from Poland during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |title=What Could Happen If Ukraine's Stock Of Soviet SAMs Runs Dry |url=https://www.twz.com/what-could-happen-if-ukraines-stocks-of-soviet-sams-runs-dry |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=19 April 2023}}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{ALG}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{flag|Artsakh}} − Seized by Azerbaijan after the [[2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Armenian separatists start surrendering weapons in Karabakh |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/armenian-separatists-start-surrendering-weapons-in-karabakh/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=Militarnyi}}</ref>
* {{CRO}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{CZS}} – 40 in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to the Czech Republic{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{CZE}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{DDR}} – 41 received from the Soviet Union between 1981 and 1985. 12 sold to Greece after the [[German reunification]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arms transfer database |url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister |website=SIPRI |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq|1991}} – 50 systems delivered from the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIPRI Arms Transfers Database to Iraq, 1970-2004|url=http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/atirq_data.html|access-date=2021-01-04|archive-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512001146/http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/atirq_data.html}}</ref> As well as captured Kuwaiti units.
* {{JOR}} – retired in 2017, 52 offered for sale.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Najib |first1=Mohammed |title=Jordan to sell Osa SAMs |url=http://www.janes.com/article/75246/jordan-to-sell-osa-sams |website=Jane's |date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104074342/http://www.janes.com/article/75246/jordan-to-sell-osa-sams |archive-date=4 November 2017 }}</ref> 35 Osa-AKs sold to Armenia before 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Armenia's Last Deterrent: The Buk-M1-2 SAM System |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/armenias-last-deterrent-buk-m1-2.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{KWT}} – Purchased in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Forgotten Deterrent: Kuwait's Luna-M 'FROG-7' Artillery Rockets |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/03/kuwaits-little-known-9k52-luna-m-frog-7.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=22 December 2020}}</ref> Captured by the Iraqi forces in the [[Gulf War]].
* {{flag|Libya|1977}} – 40 used by the Army and 50 by the Air Defense Command in 1992,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} unknown number operational prior to the [[First Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 2011 |date=4 March 2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-85743-606-8 |page=321 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}
* {{SAF}} − Captured from Angola. Used for training{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=143}}
* {{USSR}} – 1000+ in 1991.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to successor states.
* {{YUG}} − 20 in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=134}} Passed on to successor states{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=145}}

==References==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |edition=5th |url=https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/tdg/ADNVANCED%20MILITARY%20PLATFORM%20DESIGN/Janes%20Land-Based%20Air%20Defence%201992-93%20by%20Tony%20Cullen,%20Christopher%20F.%20Foss%20(z-lib.org).pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm Federation of American Scientists page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219014816/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm |date=19 February 2013 }}
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}}}}
* [http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/osa.htm Astronautix.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212225747/http://astronautix.com/lvs/osa.htm |date=12 February 2005 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=O'Halloran |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2437-6 |edition=15th}}
* [http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_def/air_def.pdf ROSOBORONEXPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928213825/http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_def/air_def.pdf |date=28 September 2011 }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227053132/http://www.thetankmaster.com/ENGLISH/AFV/OSA.asp AIR-DEFENCE MISSILE LAUNCHER 9K33 "OSA"( 9A33 -CARRIER, 9M33 – MISSILES)(SA-8 GECKO) – Walk around photos]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home 9K33M2 OSA-AK (SA-8B Gecko) Simulator]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|9K33]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s]]