View source for Help:Score

{{Wikipedia how-to|H:SCORE}}
The {{tag|score}} element in wikitext displays a musical score out of GNU [[LilyPond]] (the default) or [[ABC notation|ABC]] markup syntax. It also produces a [[Help:Media (MIDI)|MIDI file]] of the music and optionally displays an audio player that plays the music. It is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Score|Score extension]] for [[MediaWiki]], available across Wikipedia languages.

For LilyPond resources, see {{sectionlink||External links}}. {{As of|2021|08}}, the extension on Wikipedia is using LilyPond v2.22.0 (check [[Special:Version]] for the current version). Changes to LilyPond since version 2.18 are documented [https://lilypond.org/doc/v2.20/Documentation/changes/ here]. Note that LilyPond's full syntax is available when the extension is invoked with the wikitext {{tag|score|open|attribs='''raw="1"'''}}. A plain {{tag|score|open}} invokes a simplified implementation that is not fully consistent with the LilyPond documentation.

== Element attributes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Attribute || Description
|-
| <code>lang="ABC"</code> || use [[ABC notation]] (see [https://abcnotation.com/wiki/abc:standard:v2.1 standard documentation]; many parts newer than 1.6 are unsupported, so preview often)
|-
| <code>lang="lilypond"</code> || use LilyPond notation (default, see [[#Syntax]])
|-
| <code>sound="1"</code> || add an audio player beneath the score image to play an automatically-generated [[Ogg Vorbis]] audio file
|-
| <code>raw="1"</code> || interpret the markup within the <code>score</code> tag as a complete LilyPond file, allowing more complex scores
|-
| <code>midi="1"</code> || ''obsolete'' This used to control whether the score image links to an automatically-generated [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] file; clicking the score now always shows a JavaScript pop-up with a link to the MIDI file.
|-
| <code>override_midi="…"</code> || ''deprecated'' replace the automatically-generated MIDI file by the given one
|-
| <code>override_audio="…"</code> || ''deprecated'' replace the automatically-generated audio file by the given one
|-
| <code>override_ogg="…"</code> || ''deprecated'' alias for <code>override_audio</code>
|-
| <code>vorbis="1"</code> || ''deprecated'' alias for <code>sound</code>
|}

If there is a MIDI file or audio file of superior quality to the MIDI or audio generated by the Score extension, you can provide a <code><nowiki>[[File::]]</nowiki></code> wikilink to it after the closing <code><nowiki></score></nowiki></code> tag.

== Examples ==
===Simple===
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<score>
{c' d' e' f' g' fis' es' cis' c'2}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
gives
<score>
{c' d' e' f' g' fis' es' cis' c'2}
</score>
Equivalent in ABC notation:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<score lang="ABC">
L:1/4
CDEF | G^F_E^C | C2
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

=== More elaborate ===

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
  \transpose c g \relative c' { % display G for C, etc. and one octave higher
  \key c \minor
  \time 4/4
    c4 e8 e g4 g          % (text after the % is just a comment)
    <c es g>2 <c es g>    % angle brackets create chords
    es4 d( c b)         % parentheses create slurs
    a4. r8 r8 a8 ~ a4     % r creates rests; ~ creates ties
    e-- e-> e-. g\fermata % accents and other signs
    \bar "|."
  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
gives

<score sound="1">
  \transpose c g \relative c'{
  \key c \minor
  \time 4/4
    c4 e8 e g4 g          % (text after the % is just a comment)
    <c es g>2 <c es g>    % angle brackets create chords
    es4 d( c b)           % parentheses create slurs
    a4. r8 r8 a8 ~ a4     % r creates rests; ~ creates ties
    e-- e-> e-. g\fermata % accents and other signs
    \bar "|."
  }
% This is just a comment line.
</score>

Equivalent in ABC (pre-transposed due to differing semantics):
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="ABC">
K: Gm 
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
G =B/2B/2 dd |      % a comment
[gbd']2 [gbd']2 |   % square brackets create chords (not supported by abc2ly)
b (ag^e) |          % parentheses create slurs
=e3/2 z/2 z/2 c/2-c % z creates rests; – creates ties
!tenuto!=B LB .B HB % see standard section "Decorations" (not supported by abc2ly)
|]
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

== Syntax ==
The score section must be surrounded by {{tag|score}}. The notes must be within a set of curly braces <code>{...}</code>.

Comments in the markup start with a percentage sign <code>%</code> and end at the end of the line.

=== Pitch ===
To display a note, type the letter (<code>a b c</code> etc.) Separate each letter with a space.  The bare note name refers to the natural note irrespective of key signature (see "setting the key" below).
These letters are as in English and Dutch, not as in German and many other continental languages (FYI: continental b means b flat and continental h means b – if you find that confusing, forget it).

Sharps and flats are formed by using the Dutch and German suffixes "is" and "es" respectively. To avoid "ees", the note E{{Music|flat}} is simply written as <code>es</code>. The simple [[Accidental (music)|accidental]]s are thus <code>ais bis cis dis eis fis gis</code> for the sharps and <code>aes bes ces des es fes ges</code> for the flats. English language editors may prefer to include the line <code>\language "english"</code> in the script, after which <code>s</code> for sharp and <code>f</code> for flat can be used: <code>as bs cs ds es fs gs</code> and <code>af bf cf df ef ff gf</code>. Double sharps are formed with the suffix <code>isis</code> and double flats with <code>eses</code>, or in English notation with <code>ss</code> or <code>x</code> and <code>ff</code>.  Semi-sharps, -flats and sesqui-sharps and -flats are also supported in both English and German. See: [[#Accidentals]].

By default, each note name refers to the note below middle C. For example, '''<code>a</code>''' would be displayed as <score>\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{a}</score> or <score>\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{\clef bass a}</score>.

Use the apostrophe (<code>'</code>) to go up an octave and a comma (<code>,</code>) to go an octave down. Middle C would be '''<code>c'</code>''' <score>\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{ c'}</score>.

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
  {
    a,, c, e, a, c e a c' % Middle C
    e' a' c'' e'' a'' c''' e''' g''' \bar "||"
    aes'' bes'' gis'' dis'' aeses'' beses'' gisis'' disis'' \bar "||"
    aeh'' beseh'' gih'' disih''  \bar "||"
    \language "english"
    af'' bf'' gs'' ds'' aff'' bff'' gss'' bx'' \bar "||"
    aqf'' btqf'' gqs'' dtqs''
  }
 </score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
  {
    a,, c, e, a, c e a c' %Middle C
    e' a' c'' e'' a'' c''' e''' g''' \bar "||"
    aes'' bes'' gis'' dis'' aeses'' beses'' gisis'' disis'' \bar "||"
    aeh'' beseh'' gih'' disih''  \bar "||"
    \language "english"
    af'' bf'' gs'' ds'' aff'' bff'' gss'' bx'' \bar "||"
    aqf'' btqf'' gqs'' dtqs''
  }
</score>

A much easier way is to use relative coding. If you include <code>\relative</code> before the braces, each note will refer to the note closest to the previous one, and the first one will refer to the note closest to the one mentioned after the <code>\relative</code> tag. ("Closest" ignores sharps and flats.) Use <code>'</code> to go up an extra octave and <code>,</code> to go down.

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
  e f <c e g>2
  a'4( b c) c,
  d8 e f16 g a b
  c4. a8 e' f g, f r \autoBeamOff e d c
  b4 a g b-> c2.-> r4
  \bar "|."
  }
 </score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
  e f <c e g>2
  a'4( b c) c,
  d8 e f16 g a b
  c4. a8 e' f g, f r \autoBeamOff e d c
  b4 a g b-> c2.-> r4
  \bar "|."
  }
 </score>

==== Setting the key ====
{{Anchor|Key|Keys|Key signature|Key signatures}}
By default there is no key signature (no sharps or flats). You can indicate the key with <code>\key g \major</code>, <code>\key c \minor</code>, or even a [[mode (music)|mode]] such as <code>\key c \[[Dorian mode|dorian]]</code> or <code>\key c \[[Mixolydian mode|mixolydian]]</code>. The key can be changed at any point.

Keep in mind that even with a key signature, ''you must still include sharps (-is) and flats (-es) for each individual note name''. If you omit one, it will be considered a natural. For example, this is the key of Gb major:

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
   \key ges \major
   \time 6/8

% Notes with -es suffixes indicating flats
   des8 es ges aes bes ces

% Notes without accidentals (naturals)
   b c d e g a
  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
 \relative c' {
   \key ges \major
   \time 6/8

% Notes with -es suffixes indicating flats
   des8 es ges aes bes ces

% Notes without accidentals (naturals)
   b c d e g a
  }
</score>

==== Accidentals ====
{{anchor|Quarter tones|Quarter tone|Sharps|Sharp|Flats|Flat}}

[[Accidental (music)|Accidentals]] may be indicated by following the note name with the appropriate text:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! {{music|bb}}
! {{music|db}}
! {{music|b}}
! {{music|d}}
! {{music|natural}}
! {{music|t}}
! {{music|#}}
! {{music|#t}}
! {{music|x}}
|-
! De
| eses
| eseh
| es
| eh
| rowspan=2 | !
| ih
| is
| isih
| isis
|-
! En
| ff
| tqf
| f
| qf
| qs
| s
| tqs
| ss or x
|}

Note that E{{music|b}} is "es" alone, rather than "ees". "q" and "tq" refer to "quarter" and "three-quarter" (rather than "hf" for "half flat" and "thf" for "three-half flat"), as in "[[quarter tone]]". However, the "quarter flat/sharp" is not a quarter of a flat/sharp, but instead half of a flat/sharp, and the "three-quarter flat/sharp" is 1.5 flats not 0.75 flats. Notes outside of the quarter-tone scale are not supported.

'''German:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1"> {

\omit Score.TimeSignature
    \relative c'' {
        \time 4/4
        aeses1 aeseh aes aeh a! aih ais aisih aisis
    }  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

'''English:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1"> {

\omit Score.TimeSignature
    \relative c'' {
        \time 4/4
\language "english"
        aff1 atqf af aqf a! aqs as atqs ass
    }  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

'''Both result in:'''
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1"> {

\omit Score.TimeSignature
    \relative c'' {
        \time 4/4
\language "english"
        aff1 atqf af aqf a! aqs as atqs ass
    }  }
</score>

==== Transpose and transposition ====
If, for some reason, a piece needs to be transposed to a different key, it is possible to do so without having to transcribe it manually. This also affects the key signature. The syntax for this is:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
\transpose frompitch topitch musicexpr
</syntaxhighlight>
For example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">\transpose c es {
    \relative c' {
        \key c \major \time 4/4
        c4 d e f g a b c
    }  
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
Results in:
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">\transpose c es {
    \relative c' {
        \key c \major \time 4/4
        c4 d e f g a b c
    }  
}
</score>

MIDI output can be transpositioned with the <code>\transposition <pitch></code> command. The French horn (in C) motif from the opening of Schubert's [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|last symphony]], transpositioned one octave down:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
  \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
  \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0
  \tempo "Andante"
  \tempo 4 = 80
  \transposition c
  \key c \major
  \time 2/2
  c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
  \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
  \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0
  \tempo "Andante"
  \tempo 4 = 80
  \transposition c
  \key c \major
  \time 2/2
  c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1
}
</score>
The <code>\transposition</code> command is mainly intended for scores that incolve transposing instruments not set in concert pitch.
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
\new GrandStaff <<
  \new Staff = "violin" \with {
    instrumentName = "Vln"
    midiInstrument = "violin"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    % not strictly necessary, but a good reminder
    \transposition c'
    \key c \major
    g4( c8) r c r c4
  }
  \new Staff = "clarinet" \with {
    instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) }
    midiInstrument = "clarinet"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    \transposition bes
    \key d \major
    a4( d8) r d r d4
  }
>>
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score sound="1">
\new GrandStaff <<
  \new Staff = "violin" \with {
    instrumentName = "Vln"
    midiInstrument = "violin"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    % not strictly necessary, but a good reminder
    \transposition c'
    \key c \major
    g4( c8) r c r c4
  }
  \new Staff = "clarinet" \with {
    instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) }
    midiInstrument = "clarinet"
  }
  \relative c'' {
    \transposition bes
    \key d \major
    a4( d8) r d r d4
  }
>>
</score>

=== Rhythm ===
Note duration is indicated by a number following the pitch with no space between (<code>a4 b8</code>). Use the number 1 for a whole note (semibreve), 2 for a half note (minim), 4 for a quarter note (crotchet), 8 for an eighth note (quaver), and so on. If a note does not have an explicit duration, it will either default to a quarter note or use the duration of the note preceding it.

Rests are indicated by using the letter <code>r</code> instead of a pitch. Dotted notes are formed simply by following the duration number with a period (<code>c4.</code>).

[[Tuplet]]s are indicated using the <code>\times</code> command, for example <code>\times 2/3 {c8 c c}</code> gives a triplet of three eight-notes (quavers).
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
 <score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
   \relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}
 </score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
\relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}
</score>

==== Setting the time signature ====
The default [[time signature]] is 4/4. To set another time signature, one may use the <code>\time</code> command. For example to set the time signature to cut-time one would use <code>\time 2/2</code> and waltz time would be <code>\time 3/4</code>. The time signature may be changed at almost any point.

==== Removing the time signature ====
For some music examples, removing the time signature may be desirable; the code <code>\remove "Time_signature_engraver"</code> can be used in that case:

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score>
{
  \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
  <d' fis' a'>2
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score>{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } <d' fis' a'>2 }</score>

==== Pick up measure ====
The code <code>\partial 4</code> will create a pickup measure ([[anacrusis]]) of one quarter note, <code>\partial 4*2</code> would create a pickup measure of two quarter notes, etc. See an example in the Adding Lyrics section of this article.

==== Customizing beams ====
<score>
\relative c'' {
   \time 3/4
   r4. g8 a8 b8
}
</score>

The software occasionally combines beamed notes in places that are not desired or look awkward. To override the automatic beams, use <code>\noBeam</code> between the notes that would otherwise be beamed: <code>g a b \noBeam g</code>. To turn off beaming for many notes, use <code>\autoBeamOff</code> and then <code>\autoBeamOn</code>.

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score>
  \relative c'' {
     \time 3/4
     r4. g8 \noBeam a8 b8
  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score>
\relative c'' {
   \time 3/4
   r4. g8 \noBeam a8 b8
}
</score>

To manually beam notes, use square brackets inserting the first one after the first note to be beamed: <code>a8 b[ c d e] f</code>. This would beam the notes b, c, d, and e, but leave the first and last notes without beams.

<score> \relative c''{a8 b[ c d e] f}</score>

=== Adding lyrics ===
You can add lyrics to the score using <code>\addlyrics</code>. See the [http://www.lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/learning/aligning-lyrics-to-a-melody LilyPond Manual] for more information about how to align the lyrics to the score.

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score raw="1" lang="lilypond">
  \header {
    tagline = "" % no footer
    title = "Good Morning"
    composer = "trad."
  }
  \relative g' {
    \key g \major \time 3/4
    \partial 4 d
     e d g
     fis2 d4
     e d a'
     g2 d4
     d' b g
     fis e c'
     b g a
     g2 \fermata
     \bar "|."
   }
   \addlyrics {
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning dear chil -- dren,
     Good mor -- ning to all.
   }
  </score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score raw="1" lang="lilypond">
  \header {
    tagline = "" % no footer
    title = "Good Morning"
    composer = "trad."
  }
  \relative g' {
    \key g \major \time 3/4
    \partial 4 d
     e d g
     fis2 d4
     e d a'
     g2 d4
     d' b g
     fis e c'
     b g a
     g2 \fermata
     \bar "|."
   }
   \addlyrics {
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning to you,
     Good mor -- ning dear chil -- dren,
     Good mor -- ning to all.
   }
</score>

=== Adding chord names ===
Chord names can be added as a separate ChordNames staff as follows:

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
<<
  \new ChordNames \chordmode {
    \set chordChanges = ##t % Only display chord when there is a change (e.g., don't repeat the Am here)
    a4:m a4:m         |% measure 1 – A7 would be a:7
    g2                |% measure 2
  }
  \new Staff \relative c''{
    \key a \dorian
    \time 2/4
    a8 a16 a a8 a16 a |% measure 1
    b8 a g4           |% measure 2
  }
>>
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>

<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
<<
\new ChordNames \chordmode {
  \set chordChanges = ##t
  a4:m a4:m         |% measure 1
  g2                |% measure 2
}
\new Staff \relative c''{
  \key a \dorian
  \time 2/4
  a8 a16 a a8 a16 a |% measure 1
  b8 a g4           |% measure 2
}
>>
</score>

The letter '''<code>s</code>''' can be used in the ChordNames staff in place of '''<code>r</code>''' (the code for a rest) when there is no chord.

An '''<code>r</code>''' will result in an explicit "No Chord" notation <score><<\new ChordNames \chordmode {r2} \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative c''{c}>></score> whereas the '''<code>s</code>''' will result in correct spacing, but no chord name notation will appear.

=== Adding whitespace ===

The letter '''<code>s</code>''' followed by a note duration adds an appropriate amount of whitespace:

{|
! With <code>s4</code> and <code>s1</code> || rowspan="2"|&nbsp;|| Without whitespace
|-
!<score>
\new GrandStaff <<
 \time 5/4
 \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 } { s4 c'1 }
 \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 \clef bass } { s4 s1 } >>
</score>
!<score>
\new GrandStaff <<
 \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 } { c'1 }
 \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 \clef bass } { } >>
</score>
|-
! colspan="3"|Middle C centrally placed on a grand staff
|}

=== Accents and other symbols ===
There are a number of symbols to attach to notes, such as <code>-^</code>. There are also <code>{e-> f-- g-+ a-. b\fermata c-_ d-!}</code>

<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score>
  \relative c' {
  e-> f-- g-+ a-.
  b\fermata c-_ d-! e-^
  }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
producing

<score>
  \relative c' {
  e-> f-- g-+ a-.
  b\fermata c-_ d-! e-^
  }
</score>

===Color===
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble 
  \time 7/4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c4 d \once \override NoteHead.color = #red e f \once \override NoteHead.color = #red g a b  \time 2/4 c2 \bar "||"
  \time 4/4 <c, e g>1 \bar "||"
} }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
produces
<score lang="lilypond" sound="1">
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble 
  \time 7/4 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red c4 d \once \override NoteHead.color = #red e f \once \override NoteHead.color = #red g a b  \time 2/4 c2 \bar "||"
  \time 4/4 <c, e g>1 \bar "||"
} }
</score>

===MIDI instruments===
[[MIDI]] instrument sounds can be assigned with <code>\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"''instrument''"</code> as documented in [http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation/midi-instruments section A6] of LilyPond's ''Notation Reference''. Trial and error may be necessary: some instruments may not work unless the # is omitted, and some may not work with or without the #.  
*The sound of each midi-instrument supported by LilyPond can be heard at [[v:Music/Software/Lilypond/MIDI]]
{{markupv|title=From ''[[The Rite of Spring]]''
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
\relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bassoon" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Lento" 4 = 50 \stemDown c4\fermata(_"solo ad lib." \grace { b16[( c] } b g e b' \times 2/3 { a8)\fermata } }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders=<score sound="1"> \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bassoon" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Lento" 4 = 50 \stemDown c4\fermata(_"solo ad lib." \grace { b16[( c] } b g e b' \times 2/3 { a8)\fermata } } </score>
}}
{{markupv
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
{ \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \tempo 8 = 126 \time 3/16 r16 <d c a fis d>\f-! r16\fermata | \time 2/16 r <d c a fis d>-! \time 3/16 r <d c a fis d>8-! | r16 <d c a fis d>8-! | \time 2/8 <d c a fis>16-! <e c bes g>->-![ <cis b aes f>-! <c a fis ees>-!] } \new Staff \relative c { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef bass \time 3/16 d,16-! <bes'' ees,>-! r\fermata | \time 2/16 <d,, d,>-! <bes'' ees,>-! | \time 3/16 d16-! <ees cis>8-! | r16 <ees cis>8-! | \time 2/8 d16\sf-! <ees cis>-!->[ <d c>-! <d c>-!] } >> }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders= {{:The Rite of Spring|sacrificialdancescore}}
}}

=== Repeated sections and MIDI ===
To indicate a repeated section, prefix it with <code>\repeat volta 2</code>. The MIDI and audio will only play once unless you add <code>\unfoldRepeats</code>, which will also "unfold" the score. To avoid this you must duplicate the score, once for layout and once for MIDI, for example:
{{markupv
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score raw="1" sound="1">
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
  \relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
  \layout { }
}
\score { % "unfold" this score copy so MIDI plays the repeated section twice
  \unfoldRepeats {
    \relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
  }
  \midi { }
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders=<score raw="1" sound="1">
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
  \relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
  \layout { }
}
\score { % "unfold" this score copy so MIDI plays the repeated section twice
  \unfoldRepeats {
    \relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
  }
  \midi { }
}
</score>
}}

===Hiding tempo===
Metronome marks, as shown above, may be hidden with <code>\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t</code>.
{{markupv|title=From ''[[St Matthew Passion]]''
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
{ \new ChoirStaff <<
  \new Staff << 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 120 \stemUp \clef treble \key fis \minor \time 3/8 s4. | <gis' dis>8^.^( <gis dis>^. <gis dis>^.) | s4. | <fis cis>8^.^( <fis cis>^. <fis cis>^.) | s4. | fis16^( eis dis cis) <b' gis>8^. | <a fis>^. r r | s4 } 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown cis8[ d] cis | bis4. | b!32_([ cis d16 cis8)] b | ais4. | b8 a![_( gis)] | a fis[_( eis)] | fis \grace { e(} d4) | cis } \addlyrics { Buß - und Reu,– Buß4 und8 Reu– knirscht das Sün- den- herz ent- zwei }
  \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key fis \minor \time 3/8 fis4.~_"Bar 13" | fis8 gis16( fis eis dis) | eis4. | e!8 fis16( e d cis) | d8( cis b) | cis4.~ | cis8 b16( a gis fis) | eis ^"173 bars"}
   >> >> }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders=<score sound="1">
{ \new ChoirStaff <<
  \new Staff << 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 120 \stemUp \clef treble \key fis \minor \time 3/8 s4. | <gis' dis>8^.^( <gis dis>^. <gis dis>^.) | s4. | <fis cis>8^.^( <fis cis>^. <fis cis>^.) | s4. | fis16^( eis dis cis) <b' gis>8^. | <a fis>^. r r | s4 } 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown cis8[ d] cis | bis4. | b!32_([ cis d16 cis8)] b | ais4. | b8 a![_( gis)] | a fis[_( eis)] | fis \grace { e(} d4) | cis } \addlyrics { Buß - und Reu,– Buß4 und8 Reu– knirscht das Sün- den- herz ent- zwei }
  \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key fis \minor \time 3/8 fis4.~_"Bar 13" | fis8 gis16( fis eis dis) | eis4. | e!8 fis16( e d cis) | d8( cis b) | cis4.~ | cis8 b16( a gis fis) | eis ^"173 bars"}
   >> >> }
</score>
}}

===Individual staff sizes===
Individual staff sizes can be changed with <code>\with{ \magnifyStaff #nn } </code>. Using <code>\with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } </code> after each instance of <code>\new Staff</code>, the example above renders as:
<score sound="1">
{\new ChoirStaff <<
  \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } << 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 120 \stemUp \clef treble \key fis \minor \time 3/8 s4. | <gis' dis>8^.^( <gis dis>^. <gis dis>^.) | s4. | <fis cis>8^.^( <fis cis>^. <fis cis>^.) | s4. | fis16^( eis dis cis) <b' gis>8^. | <a fis>^. r r | s4 } 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown cis8[ d] cis | bis4. | b!32_([ cis d16 cis8)] b | ais4. | b8 a![_( gis)] | a fis[_( eis)] | fis \grace { e(} d4) | cis } \addlyrics { Buß - und Reu,– Buß4 und8 Reu– knirscht das Sün- den- herz ent- zwei }
  \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \relative c { \clef bass \key fis \minor \time 3/8 fis4.~_"Bar 13" | fis8 gis16( fis eis dis) | eis4. | e!8 fis16( e d cis) | d8( cis b) | cis4.~ | cis8 b16( a gis fis) | eis ^"173 bars"}
   >> >> }
</score>
For more intricate details, see [http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation/setting-the-staff-size "Setting the staff size"] in the LilyPond manual.

==Image frame==
===Alignment===
{{Image frame
|content = <score>
    \relative c' {
        \clef treble \time 7/4 \hide Staff.TimeSignature
        c4 d e f g a b c2
    }
</score>
|width=|caption = Diatonic scale on C, a "white note" scale
}}
Use {{tl|Image frame}} to align scores to the left, center, or right.

For example:
:<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">{{Image frame
|content = <score>
    \relative c' {
        \clef treble \time 7/4 \hide Staff.TimeSignature
        c4 d e f g a b c2
    }
</score>
|width=|caption = Diatonic scale on C, a "white note" scale
}}</syntaxhighlight>
results in the image to the right.

===Grouping===
{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Enharmonic genus } feh geses a b ceh deses e

} }
</score>

<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Chromatic genus } f ges a b c des e

} }
</score>

<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Diatonic genus } f g a b c d e
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=The three genera of the Dorian [[octave species]] on E}}

{{tl|Image frame}} may also be used to group score images together. The text below creates the group of images to the right:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Enharmonic genus } feh geses a b ceh deses e

} }
</score>

<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Chromatic genus } f ges a b c des e

} }
</score>

<score>
{
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\relative c' { 
  \clef treble \time 4/4
  e4^\markup { Diatonic genus } f g a b c d e
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=The three genera of the Dorian [[octave species]] on E}}
</syntaxhighlight>

== See also ==
{{Wikisource-multi|caption=[[Wikisource]] has complementary help pages at|Help:Sheet music|Help:LilyPond}}
* [[Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry]]
* [[Special:PagesWithProp/score]], pages where {{Tag|score}} is used, or [[:Category:Pages using the Score extension]]
* Pages with errors are shown in [[:Category:Pages with score rendering errors]]
* For some of the history of attempts to add LilyPond support, see [[Wikipedia:GNU LilyPond support/historical proposal]]
* [[Help:Music]]
* Template {{tl|Music}} that displays a number of music symbols, mainly intended for inline use.
* [[s:de:Benutzer:Sinuhe20/Spielwiese|Sinuhe20/Spielwiese]] presents dozens of helpful examples, even for those who cannot read  the German headings.
* A collection demonstrating some advanced features of LilyPond are at [[User:Michael Bednarek/LilyPond]].
* The German Tutorial [[Wikiversity:de:Kurs:Lilypond für Wikis]] waiting to be translated into English.
**[https://de-m-wikiversity-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurs:Lilypond_f%C3%BCr_Wikis?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=wapp Translated by Google]

== External links ==
* [http://www.lilypond.org/manuals.html LilyPond notation documentation]
* [https://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation-big-page.html Complete LilyPond v2.22.0 manual] – [https://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation.pdf (in PDF)]. 
* [https://lilypond.org/snippets.html LilyPond code snippets]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikipedia technical help|collapsed}}
[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia text help]]