View source for Jiangxi Soviet

{{Short description|Part of the Chinese Soviet Republic the Chinese Civil War}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}
{{original research|date=March 2010}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2010}}
}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name            = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hant|中央革命根據地}}}}
|conventional_long_name = Central Revolutionary Base Area
|common_name            = Jiangxi Soviet
|nation                 = [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]
|status_text            = [[Revolutionary base area]] of the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]
|capital                = Ruijin
|year_start             = 1931
|year_end               = 1934
|era                    = [[Chinese Civil War]]
|image_flag             = Chinese soviet flag.svg
|p1 = Communist-controlled China (1927–1949){{!}}Communist-controlled China
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg
|s1 = Communist-controlled China (1927–1949){{!}}Communist-controlled China
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg
|s2 = Republic of China (1912–1949){{!}}Republic of China
|flag_s2 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
}}
{{Chinese
|name = Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
|t = 閩贛蘇區
|s = 闽赣苏区
|p = Mǐn-Gàn Sūqū
|w = Min-kan Su-ch'ü
|s2 = 中央革命根据地
|altname = Central Revolutionary Base Area
|t2 = 中央革命根據地
|p2 = Zhōngyāng Gémìng Gēnjùdì
|w2 = Chung-yang Ko-ming Ken-chü-ti
|altname3 = Central Soviet Zone
|t3 = 中央蘇區
|s3 = 中央苏区
|p3 = Zhōngyāng Sūqū
|w3 = Chung-yang Su-ch'ü
}}
{{Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar}}
The '''Jiangxi Soviet'''{{efn|Sometimes referred to as the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, which is romanized as the "Kiangsi–Fukien Soviet" in [[Wade-Giles]]. The official name was the '''Central Revolutionary Base Area'''.}} was a [[Soviet republic (system of government)|soviet]] governed by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) that existed between 1931 and 1934. It was the largest component of the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] and home to its capital, [[Ruijin]]. At the time, the CCP was engaged in a rural insurgency against the [[Kuomintang]]-controlled [[Nationalist Government]] as part of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. CCP leaders [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhu De]] chose to create the soviet in the rugged [[Jinggang Mountains]] on the border of [[Jiangxi]] and [[Fujian]] because of its remote location and defensible terrain. The [[History of the People's Liberation Army|First Red Front Army]] successfully repulsed a series of [[encirclement campaigns]] by the Kuomintang's [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) during the first few years of the Soviet's existence, but they were eventually defeated by the NRA's [[Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet|fifth attempt]] in 1934-35. After the Jiangxi Soviet was defeated militarily, the CCP began the [[Long March]] towards a new base area in the northwest.

== Beginning ==
On November 7, 1931, on the anniversary of the 1917 Russian [[Bolshevik]] Revolution, the [[Soviet Union]] helped organize a National Soviet People's Delegates Conference in [[Ruijin]], [[Jiangxi]] province. Ruijin was the county seat and was selected as the capital of the new Soviet republic. The "[[Chinese Soviet Republic]]" was born, though the majority of China was still under the control of the nationalist [[Government of the Republic of China]]. On that day, they had an open ceremony for the new country, and Mao Zedong and other [[Chinese Communist Party|communists]] attended a [[military parade]]. Claiming its own bank, printing its own money, and collecting tax through its own tax bureau, the modern Chinese Communist Party considers this the beginning of [[Two Chinas]].

With [[Mao Zedong]] as both [[head of state]] ({{lang-zh|links=no|c=中央执行委员会主席|lit=Chairman of the Central Executive Committee}}) and [[head of government]] ({{lang-zh|c=人民委员会主席|lit=Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars|labels=no}}), the CSR expanded, especially within Jiangxi-Fujian border region, reaching a peak territory claim of more than {{cvt|30,000|km2|sp=us}} and a population that numbered more than three million, covering considerable parts of two provinces (with [[Changting Prefecture|Tingzhou]] in [[Fujian]]). Its economy was doing better than most other areas that were under the control of the Chinese warlords, though still suffered by comparison to non-warlord-controlled China. In addition to militia, its regular [[History of the People's Liberation Army|army]] numbered more than 140,000 by the early 1930s -- larger than the armies of most contemporary Chinese warlords, though still smaller than the Nationalist forces. The Chinese Red Army also possessed modern communications equipment, such as telephones, telegraphs, and radios, which most Chinese warlords' armies still lacked, and was regularly transmitting and receiving wireless coded messages.

== Policy ==
By 1930, [[Deng Zihui]]'s experiments with land reform in Minxi had been widely disseminated in Communist Party publications and became an important point of reference for the Jiangxi Soviet's land policies from 1931 to 1934.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=48}}

==Purges and massacres==

As Marc Opper (2018) wrote,<ref name="Revolution Defeated">{{cite journal|last=Opper|first=Marc|date=2018|title=Revolution Defeated: The Collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic|journal=Twentieth-Century China|volume=43|issue=1|page=60|doi=10.1353/tcc.2018.0003 |s2cid=148775889 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In its drive to prevent defection to the GMD [also spelled "KMT"] and to ensure continued compliance, the CCP engaged in a widespread campaign of violence against civilians. The CCP detained those it suspected of being unreliable, confiscated their property, and organized them into hard labor brigades. Yet others were killed because they were regarded as suspect by the CCP because they criticized the CSR [Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi]’s enormous extraction of manpower and resources. But by far the greatest amount of violence was against those the CCP suspected of being sympathetic to the advancing GMD. [...] Mass killings took place throughout the CSR in anticipation of the GMD attack, as well as prior to the CCP’s evacuation of territory. [[Mass execution]]s of civilians were reported in Ruijin and Ningdu, and relief work by the [[Red Swastika Society]], a religious charity, gave proper burials to thousands of bodies in [[Ningdu]] and [[Guangchang County|Guangchang]]. The scale of the killing was so extensive that the then-leader of the CCP, [[Zhang Wentian]], called for moderation, but only once and only briefly.}}

According to [[Li Weihan]], a high-ranking communist in Jiangxi at the time, "The reaction from local authorities, he noted, was usually to send armed squads after those attempting to flee and kill them on the spot, producing numerous [[mass grave]]s throughout the CSR [Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi] that would later be uncovered by the KMT and its allies."<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Chinese Soviet Republic, 1931-1934|title= People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam|first=Marc|last=Opper|date=2019|page=58|publisher= University of Michigan Press|doi= 10.3998/mpub.11413902|jstor= 10.3998/mpub.11413902.8|hdl= 20.500.12657/23824|isbn= 9780472131846|s2cid= 211359950|url= http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23824|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.3998/mpub.11413902.8.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118062521/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.3998/mpub.11413902.8.pdf|archivedate=2022-01-18}}</ref> According to censuses, Jiangxi's population reduced 3.16 million from 1931 to January 1936 due to the [[Chinese Civil War]],<ref>{{cite book|title=中国人口史 第六卷: 1910-1953年|last=侯杨方|publisher=复旦大学出版社|date=2001|pages=170–171|quote=1936年1月的户口统计数字的大幅度下降并不奇怪, 这是江西为第二之国内革命战争主战场的必然结果, 是年人口数较之1931年下降了300万人以上 [頁170表5-12: 1931年人口18,724,133, 1936年1月人口15,565,299.]}}</ref> among which, there was a drop of 700,000 (roughly 20%) in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi Soviet.<ref name="Halliday"/> [[Jon Halliday]] and [[Jung Chang]] in the book ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]]'', estimated all these 700,000 deaths, were attributable to the regime of Jiangxi Soviet.<ref name="Halliday"/> Causes of death included being murdered as [[class enemies]], worked to death, or committed suicide.<ref name="Halliday">{{cite book|last1=Halliday|first1=Jon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_bQX73aOvcC&pg=PA133|title=Mao: The Unknown Story|last2=Chang|first2=Jung|date=30 September 2012|isbn=9781448156863|page=133|publisher=Random House }} The English and Chinese versions of the book had different interpretations of the statistics. The Chinese version: "中央苏区地处江西、福建。在它存在的四年中，人口在全国下降最多。根据中国人口统计，从一九三一到一九三五年，江西根据地内为中共完全控制的十五个县(不包括为中共部分控制的边缘县)，人口减少五十多万，占总人口的百分之二十。闽西根据地的减少幅度也差不多。中央苏区人口共下降七十万。由于住在这些地带的人很难外逃，这七十万基本上应属于死亡人数。毛死后的一九八三年，江西有二十三万八千八百四十四人被官方追认为“烈士”，包括战死的和肃反被杀的。"  English version: The Ruijin base, the seat of the first Red state, consisted of large parts of the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian. These two provinces suffered the greatest population decrease in the whole of China from the year when the Communist state was founded, 1931, to the year after the Reds left, 1935. The population of Red Jiangxi fell by more than half a million — a drop of 20 percent. The fall in Red Fujian was comparable. Given that escapes were few, this means that altogether some 700,000 people died in the Ruijin base. A large part of these were murdered as “class enemies,” or were worked to death, or committed suicide, or died other premature deaths attributable to the regime.</ref>

In 1983, the [[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] ordered local governments to [[Political rehabilitation|politically rehabilitate]] the dead who were wrongfully purged during this period.<ref>{{cite book|last=State Council of China|title=国务院批转民政部关于对第二次国内革命战争时期肃反中被错杀人员的处理意见的通知（国发[1983]91号）|date=1983-06-08|url=http://temp.pkulaw.cn:8117/chl/47727.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120160314/http://temp.pkulaw.cn:8117/chl/47727.html|archivedate=2022-01-20}}</ref> As a result, around 250,000 Jiangxi people were posthumously recognized as "revolutionary martyrs", including both the purged and civilian war casualties.<ref name="Halliday"/> Among these 250,000, 160,000 were from Ganzhou and Ji'an, the base of Jiangxi Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|title=江西省有名有姓革命烈士达25万人 赣州吉安上饶烈士最多|newspaper=江西晨报|date=2014-08-29|last=|url=https://jiangxi.jxnews.com.cn/system/2014/08/29/013295035.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128145122/https://jiangxi.jxnews.com.cn/system/2014/08/29/013295035.shtml|archivedate=2022-01-28|quote=据1996年相关部门的统计，江西省有名有姓的革命烈士共有253331人...赣州籍的革命烈士有108727人，吉安籍、上饶籍革命烈士人数分别是46634人、36306人。}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=曾山对江西苏维埃运动的重大贡献|last=刘勉玉|journal=南昌大学学报( 人社版)|volume=31|issue=1|date=2000|page=74|url=http://www.nlc.cn/newzxfw/zxzl/zxzl/gczglswxz/zsydlj/yjwz/201107/P020110701395493059666.pdf|quote=苏区群众以各种形式配合红军作战...从1933年至1934年, 全中央苏区有16万青年参加红军, 其中大部分是江西省的青年。据江西省民政厅资料, 江西革命烈士25万多人, 占全国烈士总数的六分之一, 其中赣州地区11万, 吉安地区近5万, 占全省烈士总数的三分之二。}}</ref>

== Encirclement ==

The government of China, the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), led by Chiang Kai-shek, moved against the Soviet republic, consolidating many former Chinese warlords in the creation of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] to repeatedly besiege the various enclaves of the Soviet Republic, launching what Chiang and his fellow nationalists called [[Encirclement Campaigns]] (the Communists called their counterattacks "counter-encirclement campaigns"). While the [[First Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet|first]], [[Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet|second]] and [[Third Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet|third]] military encirclements were defeated by the [[History of the People's Liberation Army|First Front Red Army]], they suffered massive losses: the Red Army was nearly halved, with most its equipment lost during Chiang and [[Hans von Seeckt|von Seeckt]]'s [[Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet|Fifth Encirclement Campaign]], utilizing fortified blockhouses.

In an effort to break the blockade, the Red Army under the orders of the three-man committee besieged the forts many times but continued to suffer heavy casualties with little success at the hands of untrained, untested, and uncaring leadership. The Jiangxi Soviet shrank significantly in size due to the disastrous leadership, manpower, and material losses. By the fall of 1934, the Communists faced near-total annihilation. This situation had already convinced Mao Zedong and his supporters to believe that the Communists should abandon their bases in the Jiangxi Soviet republic. However, the Communist leadership refused to accept the failure, continuing to plot the defeat of the nationalist forces. The three-man committee devised a plan of diversions, and then a regroup after a temporary retreat. Once the regroup was complete, a counterattack would be launched in conjunction with the earlier diversion forces, driving the enemy out of the Jiangxi Soviet.

The first movements of the retreating diversion were undertaken by [[Fang Zhimin]]. Fang Zhimin and his deputy, Xun Weizhou, were first to break through Kuomintang lines in June, followed by [[Xiao Ke]] in August. Though these movements were unexpected, as the Kuomintang were numerically superior to the Communists at the time and did not expect an attack on their fortified perimeter, things did not turn out as the Communists had hoped: Fang Zhimin's force was crushed after its initial success, and with Xun Weizhou killed in action, nearly every commander in this force was wounded and captured alive, including Fang Zhimin himself, and all were executed. The only exception was [[Su Yu]], who managed to escape. [[Xiao Ke]] fared no better: although his force initially managed to break through and then reached [[He Long]]'s Communist base in [[Hubei]], but even with their combined forces, they were entirely defeated and unable to challenge the far superior nationalist force besieging the Jiangxi Soviet, never to return until the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] 15 years later.

The failure of the diversion forces resulted in their loss of contacts with the Jiangxi Soviet, and the Communist leadership failed to coordinate its next proper move in a timely fashion, still believing that a temporary retreat near or within the Jiangxi Soviet would allow them to recover and counterattack, eventually driving out the nationalist force.

== Collapse ==

In late September 1934, Chiang distributed his top-secret plan named "Iron Bucket Plan" to everyone in his general headquarter at [[Lushan District|Lushan]] (the alternative summer site to [[Nanchang]]), which detailed the final push to totally annihilate all Communist forces. The plan was to build 30 blockade lines supported by 30 [[barbed wire]] fences, most of them electric, in the region {{cvt|150|km}} around [[Ruijin]], to starve the Communists. In addition, more than 1,000 trucks were to be mobilized to form a rapid reaction force in order to prevent any Communist breakout. Realizing the certain annihilation of the Communists, [[Mo Xiong]] handed the document weighing several kilograms to his Communist handler Xiang Yunian ({{zh|項與年|labels=no}}) the same night he received it, risking not only his own life but that of his entire family.

With the help of Liu Yafo ({{zh|劉亞佛|labels=no}}) and [[Lu Zhiying]], the Communist agents copied the important intelligence onto four dictionaries and Xiang Yunian was tasked to take the intelligence personally to the Jiangxi Soviet. The trip was hazardous, as the nationalist force would arrest and even execute anyone who attempted to cross the blockade. Xiang Yunian was forced to hide in the mountains for a while, and then used rocks to knock out 4 of his own teeth, resulting in swollen face. Disguised as a beggar, he tore off the covers of the four dictionaries and hid them at the bottom of his bag with rotten food, then successfully crossed several lines of the blockade and reached [[Ruijin]] on October 7, 1934. The valuable intelligence provided by Mo Xiong finally convinced the Communists in Jiangxi Soviet to abandon its base and started a general retreat before Chiang could complete the building of his blockade lines with supporting barbed wire fences and mobilizing trucks and troops, thus saving themselves from total annihilation.

As the result of their catastrophic defeat, [[Xiang Ying]] was removed from his post of the chairman of the communist central military committee, and replaced by [[Zhou Enlai]]. Xiang Ying was put in charge of 20,000 soldiers that were assigned to stay behind in Jiangxi Soviet to continue the fight against the nationalists after the communist main force consisted of more than 80,000 had broken out. Xiang Ying was assisted by other top-ranking communist cadres assigned to stay behind with him, including [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]], [[Zeng Shan]], {{ill|He Chang|zh|贺昌}}, and {{ill|Ruan Xiaoxian|zh|阮啸仙}}, but Xiang had not learned from his previous disastrous blunder and continued his early practice when conducting battles, against the strong objection of [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]]. As a result of another huge blunder committed by Xiang Ying, the Chinese Red Army stayed behind was soon annihilated by the superior nationalist force, Xiang was barely able to escape with his own life, while many of his comrades were killed, including He Chang and Ruan Xiaoxian. So insignificant was the communist threat left had become that the nationalist reward for capturing Chen Yi was once dropped to 500 dollars in silver, a tiny .25% of its earlier peak of 200,000 dollars in silver.

On October 10, 1934, the three-man committee Communist leadership formally issued the order of the general retreat, and on October 16, 1934, the [[Chinese Red Army]] begun what was later known as the [[Long March]], fully abandoning the Jiangxi Soviet. 17 days after the main Communist force had already left its base, the nationalists were finally aware that the enemy had escaped after reaching the empty city of Ruijin on November 5, 1934. Contrary to the common erroneous belief, the original destination was [[He Long]]'s Communist base in [[Hubei]], and the final destination [[Yan'an]] was not decided on until much later during the Long March, well after the rise of Mao Zedong. To avoid panic, the goal was kept a secret from most people, including Mao Zedong, and the public was told that only a portion of the Chinese Red Army would be engaged in mobile warfare to defeat nationalist forces, and thus this part of the army would be renamed as ''Field Army''.

== First Front Red Army ==

However, the so-called the portion of the Chinese Red Army engaged in the mobile warfare was actually the majority portion of the Communist force making a general retreat, but the bulk of this force was only a fraction of what used to be more than 140,000 men army at its peak. With most of its equipment lost, many of the surviving members of the Chinese Red Army were forced to arm themselves with ancient weaponry. According to the ''Statistical Chart of the Field Army Personnel, Weaponry, Ammunition, and Supply'' completed by the Chinese Red Army on October 8, 1934, two days before the Long March began, the Communist Long March force consisted of:

=== Order of battle ===
The escaping communists included a total of 72,313 combatants and additional noncombatants, and they were organized into 7 formations, 5 armies (called legions by the communists) and 2 [[Division (military)|divisions]] (called columns by the communists), and these included:
*(Communist) Central Military Committee Column (1st Column)
**Committee chairman / Commander-in-Chief: [[Zhu De]]
**Deputy committee chairmen: [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Wang Jiaxiang]]
**Chief-of-general-staff: [[Liu Bocheng]]
**Director of the General Political Directorate: [[Li Fuchun]]
*(Communist) Central (Committee) Column (2nd Column)
**Commander: [[Zhou Enlai]]
**Political commissar: [[Li Weihan]] (using alias Luo Mai 罗迈参 at the time)
**Chief-of-staff: [[Zhang Yunyi]]
**Security Bureau chief: [[Deng Fa]]
**Senior Cadres Regiment consisted of Chinese Red Army University cadets:
***Commander: [[Xiao Jinguang]]
**Cadres Regiment consisted of Chinese Red Army (Junior) Academy cadets:
***Commander: [[Chen Geng]]
***Political Commissar: [[Song Renqiong]]
***Chief-of-staff: {{ill|Bi Shiti|zh|毕士悌}}, aka Yang Lin (杨林, a Korean communist)
***Director of the Political Directorate: {{ill|Mo Wenhua|zh|莫文骅}}
**National Garrison Regiment
***Commander: [[Yao Zhe]]
***Political commissar: {{ill|Zhang Nansheng|zh|张南生}}
*The 1st Legion (The largest of the five armies, with 19,880 combatants)
**Commander: [[Lin Biao]]
**Political commissar: [[Nie Rongzhen]]
**Chief-of-staff: [[Zuo Quan]]
**(Communist) Central (Committee) Local Work Regiment commander:
**Security Bureau special appointee: [[Luo Ruiqing]]
**Secretariat political secretary: Fang Qiang (方强)
*The 3rd Legion
**Commander: [[Peng Dehuai]]
**Political commissar: [[Yang Shangkun]]
**Chief-of-staff: {{ill|Deng Ping|zh|邓萍}}
**Director of the Political Directorate: [[Yuan Guoping]]
**(Communist) Central (Committee) Local Work Regiment commander: Guo Qian (郭潜), later defected to the nationalist side and changed his name to Guo Qianhui (郭乾辉)
**Security Bureau special appointee: Zhang Chunqing (张纯清)
*The 5th Legion
**Commander: {{ill|Dong Zhengtang|zh|董振堂}}
**Political commissar: {{ill|Cai Shufan|zh|蔡树藩}}
**Chief-of-staff: [[Chen Bojun]]
**Director of the Political Directorate: [[Li Zhuoran]]
**(Communist) Central (Committee) Local Work Regiment commander: Zheng Zhenxun (郑询振)
*The 8th Legion (The newest and smallest of the five, with 10,922 combatants)
**Commander: {{ill|Zhou Kun|zh|周昆 (军事人物)}}
**Political commissar: [[Kai Feng (politician)|Kai Feng]]
**Chief-of-staff: Zhong Weijian (钟伟剑)
**Director of the Political Directorate: [[Liu Shaoqi]]
**(Communist) Central (Committee) Local Work Regiment commander: [[Liu Xiao (diplomat)|Liu Xiao]]
*The 9th Legion
**Commander: {{ill|Luo Binghui|zh|罗炳辉}}
**Political commissar: [[He Changgong]]
**Chief-of-staff: [[Zhang Zongxun]]
**Director of the Political Directorate: [[Wang Shoudao]]
**(Communist) Central (Committee) Local Work Regiment commander: [[Feng Xuefeng]]

The 5 armies and the 2 columns had a total of 86,859 combatants when they first left their abandoned base in Jiangxi.

=== Weaponry ===
The ''Statistical Chart of Field Army Personnel, Weaponry, Ammunition, and Supply'' (Currently kept at the ''People's Liberation Army'''s ''Archives'') also provided the weaponry and provisions prepared for the Long March, and the weapons deployed included:

*[[Artillery]]: 39 total
**[[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]: 38
**[[Mountain gun]]: 1 (originally not included, but was added later on)
*[[Breech-loading weapon|Breechloading Firearms]]: 33,244 total (with 1,858,156 rounds of munition), and of these, a total of 29,016 were distributed to the 5 corps, including:
**[[Rifle]]s: 25,317
**[[Machine gun]]s: 618
**[[Submachine gun]]s: 28
**[[Handgun]]s: 2,804

Other weapons included:
*[[Lance]]: 6,101
*[[Dao (Chinese sword)|Chinese saber]]: 882

Various weapons were also deployed but their numbers were not counted, and these included:
*muzzle-loading rifled muskets and smoothbore muskets
*[[Flintlock]] and [[Snaphance]] guns
*[[Matchlock]] and [[Wheellock]] guns
*[[Spear]]s and [[rake (tool)|rakes]] (though later during the [[Long March]], [[spear]]s were most useful as canes)
*[[Axe]]s and [[polearm]]s (though later during the [[Long March]], poles were most useful as building material such as that for stretchers)
*[[dagger]]s and [[knife|knives]]

Other material included:
* Provisions
* Winter clothing: 83,100 sets
* [[Horse]]s: 338
* Herbal medicine: 35,700 [[kilogram|kg]]
* [[Salt]]: 17,413&nbsp;kg

== Economics ==
1.642 million [[Chinese yuan|dollars]] of the Soviet Republic. Most of the stamps are [[imperforate]] and are printed on white newspaper-quality paper. The [[Chinese numerals|numeral]]s printed on the stamp are of the complex style to prevent forgery.

*They are quite rare today, with prices ranging from US$1,000 to over $25,000.

When the [[Long March]] began in October 1934, the Communist bank was part of the retreating force, with 14 bank employees, over a hundred coolies and a company of soldiers escorting them while they carried all of the money and mint machinery. One of the important tasks of the bank during the Long March whenever the Chinese Red Army stayed in a place for longer than a day was to tell the local population to exchange any Communist paper bills and copper coins to goods and currency used in nationalist controlled regions, so that the local population would not be persecuted by the pursuing nationalists after the Communists had left. After the [[Zunyi Conference]], it was decided that carrying the entire bank on the march was not practical, so on January 29, 1935, at {{ill|Tucheng (Zunyi)|lt=Tucheng|zh|土城镇 (习水县)}}, the bank employees burned all Communist paper bills and mint machinery under order. By the time the [[Long March]] had concluded in October 1935, only 8 out of the 14 original employees survived; the other 6 had died along the way.

*China Soviet Silver Dollars were made at that time. These dollars have the full name of China Soviet Republic and the hammer and sickle inside a globe on the reverse side. Some coins also have the slogan of "[[Workers_of_the_world,_unite!|Proletarians of all countries, unite!]]". China Soviet Silver coins are rare. A genuine China Soviet Silver coin should have a fair market value of US$20000-25000 (200,000 China yuan). China Soviet Silver coin is like the Cultural Revolution type of China stamps - historic or cultural item of the PRC. For example, a W7 China Cultural Revolution stamp set has a value of around US$2500–3000. A genuine coin of China Soviet is 8-10 times more expensive but 100 times more difficult to find than the W7 stamp set.

=== Red tourism ===
*In 2002 the building of the CSR ''National Tax Bureau'' was fixed for visitors.

==See also==
* [[Outline of the Chinese Civil War]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kun-bela/assorted/1934/china.htm Preface to Fundamental Laws of the Chinese Soviet Repub]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081031010456/http://www.hhg-magazine.org/issue03/2_3_1.jpg 2 photos] of a handwritten official declaration document and the Conference
* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn-csr.html flags] from FOTW website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828075846/http://www.lotn.org/~calkinsc/coins/000175.html coins]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030626111040/http://www.btxx.cn.net/stamps/tu/s09.htm 12 stamps] (explanatory caption in [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]])

{{Chinese Civil War}}
{{Jiangxi topics}}
{{Fujian topics}}

{{coord missing|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiangxi Soviet}}
[[Category:1935 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Chinese Civil War]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics]]
[[Category:Chinese Soviet Republic]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1931]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1931]]
[[Category:1931 in China]]