View source for La Toca Formation

{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = La Toca Formation
| image          =
| caption        =
| type           = [[Formation (stratigraphy)|Formation]]
| age            = [[Burdigalian]]-[[Langhian]] ([[Hemingfordian]])<br />~{{fossil range|20|14}}
| period         = Langhian
| prilithology   = [[Sandstone]], [[marl]], [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]], [[breccia]]
| otherlithology = [[Dominican amber]]
| namedfor       = La Toca mine
| namedby        = Redmond
| year_ts        = 1982
| region         = [[Duarte Province|Duarte]], [[Hermanas Mirabal Province|Hermanas Mirabal]], [[Puerto Plata Province]], [[Samaná Province]] & [[La Vega Province]]s
| country        = {{DOM}}
| coordinates    = {{coord|19.2|N|69.3|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|19.0|N|68.1|W|display=inline}}
| unitof         =
| subunits       =
| underlies      = [[La Jaiba Conglomerate]], [[Villa Trina Formation]]
| overlies       = [[Los Hidalgos Formation, Dominican Republic|Los Hidalgos Formation]]
| thickness      =
| extent         = [[Cordillera Septentrional]], [[Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic|Cordillera Central]]
| area           =
| map            = {{Location map+ | Dominican Republic
| relief  = 1
| width   = 250
| float   = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | Dominican Republic
  | lat_deg = 19.2
  | lon_deg = -69.3
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 8
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Dominican Republic
  | lat_deg = 19.6
  | lon_deg = -70.6
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 8
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Dominican Republic
  | lat_deg = 19.5
  | lon_deg = -70.6
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 8
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Dominican Republic
  | lat_deg = 19.2
  | lon_deg = -70.7
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 8
  }}
}}
| map_caption    =
}}

The '''La Toca Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] in the northern and eastern part of the [[Dominican Republic]]. The formation, predominantly an alternating sequence of [[marl]]s and [[turbidite|turbiditic]] [[sandstone]]s, [[breccia]]s and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]], is renowned for the preservation of [[insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s in [[amber]], known as [[Dominican amber]]. The formation is dated to the [[Burdigalian]] to [[Langhian]] [[Stage (geology)|stages]] of the [[Miocene]] [[period (geology)|period]] ([[Hemingfordian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]]).<ref>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayStrata&geological_group=&formation=La%20Toca&group_formation_member=La%20Toca La Toca Formation] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Geologic Map Dominican Republic.png|thumb|330px|[[Geologic map]] of Hispaniola. La Toca Formation forms part of the brown-colored areas in the north and northeast of the island, indicated by uT. The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo [[thrust fault]].]]
La Toca Formation was first defined by Redmond in 1982.<ref name=HojaEsperanza_p20>Hoja de Esperanza - 6074-IV, 2010, p.20</ref> The formation mainly consists of [[marl]]s and [[turbidite|turbiditic]] [[sandstone]]s and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] deposited in the northeastern part of [[Hispaniola]].<ref name=Diaz2017_p663>Díaz de Neira, 2017, p.663</ref> The formation overlies the [[Los Hidalgos Formation, Dominican Republic|Los Hidalgos Formation]] and is overlain by the [[La Jaiba Conglomerate]] and in places by the [[Villa Trina Formation]].<ref name=HojaPuertoPlata_p105>Hoja de Puerto Plata - 6075-II, 2010, p.105</ref> It is laterally and time-equivalent with the [[Altamira Formation, Dominican Republic|Altamira]] and [[Luperón Formation]]s and the Agua Clara Unit.<ref name=HojaEsperanza_p18>Hoja de Esperanza - 6074-IV, 2010, p.18</ref>

;Esperanza
In the vicinity of [[Esperanza, Dominican Republic|Esperanza]],<ref name=HojaEsperanza_pp37_39>Hoja de Esperanza - 6074-IV, 2010, pp.37-39</ref> La Toca Formation is cropping out in the northeast of the geologic map, while it is also present in the neighboring municipalities of [[Imbert, Dominican Republic|Imbert]] and [[San Francisco de Macorís|San Francisco Arriba]]. The formation in this area comprises rhythmic alternations of ochre fine-to-medium-grained, locally grading to course-grained sandstones and greyish clayey and ochre marls. This succession is locally cut by meters thick microconglomerates and conglomerates with rounded and subrounded clasts. Analysis of the clasts in San Francisco Arriba shows the clasts consist of up to ten percent of volcanic rock fragments, mainly limestone fragments (23-42%), [[quartz]] (8-33%), [[chert]] of up to five percent and minor [[metamorphic rock]] fragments. The matrix which comprises about a quarter of the volume is [[micrite|micritic]].

The formation is in this area poor in [[microfossil]]s, although [[foraminifera]] of ''[[Catapsydrax|Catapsydrax af. dissimilis]]'', ''[[Globigerinoides|Globigerinoides trilobus]]'', ''[[Globigerina|Globigerina sp.]]'', ''[[Globorotalia|Globorotalia sp.]]'', ''[[Cibicides|Cibicides sp.]]'', ''[[Brizalina|Brizalina sp.]]'', ''[[Reophax|Reophax sp.]]'', ''[[Cassidulina (foraminifera)|?Cassidulina sp.]]'' and ''[[Pirgo|Pirgo sp.]]'' have been found in the succession.<ref name=HojaEsperanza_pp37_39/>

Turbidite deposition moved to the northeast during the Miocene.<ref name=HojaEsperanza_p99>Hoja de Esperanza - 6074-IV, 2010, p.99</ref>

=== Tectonics and depositional environment ===
[[File:Turbidite formation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The turbidites of La Toca Formation were deposited at the base of slope]]
La Toca Formation is in places inverted and put in contact with the [[San Marcos Formation, Dominican Republic|San Marcos Formation]] along the [[Camú Fault]].<ref name=HojaPuertoPlata_p100>Hoja de Puerto Plata - 6075-II, 2010, p.100</ref> The [[Septentrional Fault]] bounds the formation to the south.<ref name=Diaz2017_p662>Díaz de Neira, 2017, p.662</ref>

=== Individual outcrops ===
The formation crops out in the [[provinces of the Dominican Republic|provinces]] [[Puerto Plata Province|Puerto Plata]] and [[Hermanas Mirabal Province|Hermanas Mirabal]].<ref name=SGNPuertoPlataType/><ref name=SGNPuertoPlata/><ref name=SGNHermanas/>

;Puerto Plata
In Puerto Plata Province, two sections of La Toca Formation are visible. The type section along the [[Bajabonico River]] shows volcaniclastic [[breccia]]s with clasts originating from the [[Pedro García Formation]]. The breccias are poorly stratified and contain angular clasts of [[Vesicular texture|vesicular]] [[basalt]]s and [[andesite]]s, polymictic conglomerates of various provenance and [[chlorite group|chlorite]]-rich [[feldspar|feldspathic]] [[arenite]]s. This sequence is overlain by bluish-grey [[marl]]s and black [[silt]]y [[shale]]s with conglomeratic intercalactions.<ref name=SGNPuertoPlataType>{{in lang|es}} [http://sgn.gob.do/museovirtual/columna-tipica-de-la-formacion-la-toca-rio-bajabonico/ Museo Virtual - Geositio Puerto Plata type section] - SGN</ref>

A second outcrop in Puerto Plata shows a less typical debris flow setting, with a varied sedimentological character.<ref name=SGNPuertoPlata>{{in lang|es}} [http://sgn.gob.do/museovirtual/afloramiento-de-la-formacion-la-toca/ Museo Virtual - Geositio Puerto Plata] - SGN</ref>

;Hermanas Mirabal
The section of La Toca Formation in Hermanas Mirabal Province displays a thick series of matrix supported [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]]. The clasts of these massively bedded conglomerates are characterized by two main [[lithology]] types; [[tuff]] and [[limestone]]. The limestone clasts are dark grey and white, where the light colored limestones contain carbonate platform fauna including [[coral]]s. The clasts are well-rounded and medium-sized. The succession increases upwards in bedding thickness where limestone clasts become more dominant, larger in size and more angular. The total visible thickness of the succession is approximately {{convert|100|m|ft}}.<ref name=SGNHermanas/>

The sequence of conglomerates and provenance of the clasts point to sedimentation in a [[river delta|deltaic]] to shallow marine [[depositional environment|environment]], where the clasts were transported by fluvial systems in the [[hinterland]].<ref name=SGNHermanas>{{in lang|es}} [http://sgn.gob.do/museovirtual/seccion-estratigrafica-de-la-formacion-la-toca/ Museo Virtual - Geositio Hermanas Mirabal] - SGN</ref>

== Paleontological significance ==
[[File:Acropyga glaesaria SMFBE457B2 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Electromyrmococcus abductus'' carried by ''Acropyga glaesaria''<br />La Toca mine of La Toca Formation]]
[[File:Cephalotes integerrimus SMNSDO5689 dorsal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Cephalotes integerrimus'' from El Valle locality of La Toca Formation]]
{{see also|Dominican amber}}
La Toca Formation is one of the formations of the Dominican Republic where Dominican amber is found. The amber is known for the many types of insects and other arthropods it contains and even [[mammal]]ian hair, a leptodactylid [[frog]] and a gilled mushroom have been discovered in the Dominican amber.<ref name=Henwood1992_p902>Henwood, 1992, p.902</ref> Decades of study have led to an increased understanding of the invertebrate terrestrial fauna of the subtropical Early Miocene. Several genera have been described on the basis of these inclusions in [[resin]] from the fossil ''[[Hymenaea protera]]'' tree and the many fossils found in the amber provided a unique insight in the paleobiology of the Caribbean of the time. Of the 82 genera of spiders in Dominican amber, one third are extinct and about thirty percent are congeneric with extant taxa.<ref name=Poinar2010_p27>Poinar, 2010, p.27</ref>

=== Fossil content ===
The following fossils have been found in the formation:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group !! Fossil !! Location !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=19 | [[Diptera]] || ''[[Brachypogon (Isohelea) dominicanus]]'' || rowspan=9 | El Valle || rowspan=9 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaElValle>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=125970 El Valle] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Golub2000>Golub & Popov, 2000</ref>
|-
| ''[[Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea)|Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea) sp.]]''
|-
| ''[[Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea) antilleana]]''
|-
| ''[[Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea) chrysosuccinea]]''
|-
| ''[[Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea) domibicolor]]''
|-
| ''[[Miomyia]]''
|-
| ''[[Protortalotrypeta grimaldii]]''
|-
| ''[[Archicratyna arcana]]''
|-
| ''[[Procolobostema roseni]]''
|-
| ''[[Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia)|Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) sp.]]'' || rowspan=3 | La Toca mine || rowspan=2 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineAMNH>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=123393 La Toca mine (AMNH coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Davis2006>Davis & Engel, 2006</ref>
|-
| ''[[Procolobostema roseni]]''
|-
| ''[[Antiquatortia histuroides]]'' || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineAMNH/><ref name=Davis2006/><ref name=ZT43941>Heikkilä et al., 2018</ref>
|-
| ''[[Culex malariager]]'' || rowspan=5 | La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=3 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/>
|-
| ''[[Dominimyza tanyacaena]]''
|-
| ''[[Diceratobasis worki]]''
|-
| ''[[Feroseta prisca]]'' || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/><ref name=Poinar2006>Poinar, 2006</ref>
|-
| ''[[Polyvena horatis]]'' || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/><ref name=PoinarBrown1993>Poinar & Brown, 1993</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enischnomyia stegosoma]]'' || La Bucara mine (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaBucaraMinePoinar/><ref name=Poinar2011/>
|-
| ''[[Archicratyna arcana]]'' || El Valle locality (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaElVallePoinar>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=155411 El Valle locality (Poinar coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Mohrig2005>Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005</ref>
|-
| rowspan=19 | [[Hemiptera]] || ''[[Leptopharsa evsyunini]]'' || El Valle || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaElValle/><ref name=Golub2000/>
|-
| ''[[Enicocephalus omen]]'' || rowspan=5 | La Toca mine || rowspan=5 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineAMNH/><ref name=Davis2006/>
|-
| ''[[Enicocephalus seniculus]]''
|-
| ''[[Enicocephalus subvitreus]]''
|-
| ''[[Amnestus electricus]]''
|-
| ''[[Empiploiariola inermis]]''
|-
| ''[[Prisciba dominicana]]'' || rowspan=5 | La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=5 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=124475 La Toca mine (Poinar coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Nel2006>Nel et al., 2006</ref>
|-
| ''[[Apicrenus fossilis]]''
|-
| ''[[Praecoris dominicana]]''
|-
| ''[[Panstrongylus hispaniolae]]''	
|-
| ''[[Schizoptera dominicana]]''
|-
| ''[[Electromyrmococcus abductus]]'' || rowspan=2 | La Toca mine (SMF coll) || rowspan=2 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineSMF>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=124596 La Toca mine (SMF coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Johnson2001>Johnson et al., 2001</ref>
|-
| ''[[Acropyga|Acropyga sp.]]''
|-
| ''[[Minyscapheus dominicanus]]'' || rowspan=4 | La Bucara mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=4 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaBucaraMinePoinar>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=134455 La Bucara mine (Poinar coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Poinar2011>Poinar, 2011</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prisciba serrata]]''
|-
| ''[[Hypselosoma dominicana]]''
|-
| ''[[Schizoptera hispaniolae]]''
|-
| ''[[Enicocephalus prius]]'' || La Vega group of mines (AMNH coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaVegaAMNH>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=140223 La Vega group of mines (AMNH coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Grimaldi1993>Grimaldi et al., 1993</ref>
|-
| ''[[Electrobates spinipes]]'' || El Valle locality (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaElVallePoinar/><ref name=Mohrig2005/>
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Coleoptera]] || ''[[Okamninus annae]]'' || rowspan=3 | La Toca mine || rowspan=3 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineAMNH/><ref name=Davis2006/>
|-
| ''[[Caulophilus ashei]]''
|-
| ''[[Electroborus brighti]]''
|-
| ''[[Bicalcasura maculata]]'' || La Bucara mine (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaBucaraMinePoinar/><ref name=Poinar2011/>
|-
| ''[[Dominibrentus leptus]]'' || Ron Cauble coll || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaRonCauble/><ref name=Poinar2009/>
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Hymenoptera]] || ''[[Pseudomyrmex antiquus]]'' || rowspan=2 | La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=2 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/>
|-
| ''[[Wanderbiltiana wawasita]]''
|-
| ''[[Technomyrmex hispaniolae]]'' || rowspan=3 | El Valle locality (MCZ coll) || rowspan=2 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaElValleMCZ>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=138708 El Valle locality (MCZ coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Wilson1985>Wilson, 1985</ref>
|-
| ''[[Proceratium gibberum]]''
|-
| ''[[Cephalotes integerrimus]]'' || <ref name=FWLaTocaElValleMCZ/><ref name=Wilson1985/><ref name=Andrade1999>De Andrade & Urbani, 1999</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Orthoptera]] || ''[[Proanaxipha latoca]]'' || rowspan=2 | La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=2 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/>
|-
| ''[[Anaxipha dominica]]''
|-
| [[Ephemeroptera]] || ''[[Borinquena parva]]'' || La Bucara mine (Manchester coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaBucaraManchester/><ref name=Penney2012/>
|-
| [[Enoplea]] || ''[[Palaeodiplogaster brentiphila]]'' || Ron Cauble coll || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaRonCauble>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=134457 Ron Cauble coll] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Poinar2009>Poinar, 2009</ref>
|-
| [[Symphypleona]] || ''[[Sphyrotheca|?Sphyrotheca sp.]]'' || La Bucara mine (Manchester coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaBucaraManchester>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=134944 La Bucara mine (Manchester coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Penney2012>Penney et al., 2012</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Pterygota]] || ''[[Myopsocus arthuri]]'' || La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/>
|-
| ''[[Troctopsocoides gracilis]]'' || Los Cacaos (INHS coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLosCacaos>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=162585 Los Cacaos (INHS coll)] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=Mockford2014>Mockford & García Aldrete, 2014</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Arachnida]] || ''[[Tityus geratus]]'' || rowspan=3 | La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || rowspan=3 align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006/>
|-
| ''[[Habrotrocha|Habrotrocha sp.]]''
|-
| [[Bdelloidea|Bdelloidea indet.]]
|-
| ''[[Dipoena dominicana]]'' || La Toca mine (SMF coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMineSMF/><ref name=Johnson2001/>
|-
| [[Phasmatodea]] || ''[[Clonistria dominicana]]'' || La Bucara mine (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaBucaraMinePoinar/><ref name=Poinar2011/>
|-
| [[Funghi]] || ''[[Coprinites dominicana]]'' || La Toca mine (Poinar coll) || align=center | <ref name=FWLaTocaLaTocaMinePoinar/><ref name=Nel2006>Nel et al., 2006</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Dominican Republic|Paleontology}}
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in the Dominican Republic]]
** [[El Mamey Formation]] - Dominican amber formation of the Dominican Republic
** [[Yanigua Formation]] - Dominican amber formation of the Dominican Republic
* [[Thomonde Formation]] - Early Miocene formation of Haiti
* [[Lagunitas Formation, Cuba|Lagunitas Formation]] - Burdigalian fossiliferous formation of Cuba
* [[Cucaracha Formation]] - Burdigalian to Langhian fossiliferous formation of Panama
* [[Castillo Formation, Venezuela|Castillo Formation]] - Burdigalian fossiliferous formation of Venezuela
* [[Honda Group, Colombia|Honda Group]] - Langhian fossiliferous formation of Colombia

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
;General geology
* {{citation |last1=Díaz de Neira |first1=J.A. |last2=Braga |first2=J.C. |last3=Pérez Cerdán |first3=F. |last4=Lopera |first4=E. |year=2017 |title=Las terrazas marinas del Promontorio de Cabrera (Pleistoceno, norte de la República Dominicana) |url=http://www.igme.es/Boletin/2017/128_3/BGM_128-3_Art-7.pdf |journal=[[Boletín Geológico y Minero]] |volume=128 |pages=657–674 |doi=10.21701/bolgeomin.128.3.007 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}

;Dominican amber
* {{citation |last1=De Andrade |first1=Maria |last2=Urbani |first2=Cesare |year=1999 |title=Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, past and present (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-102758/page/n548 |journal=[[Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde|Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)]] |volume=271 |pages=548–549 |accessdate=2019-02-08}}
* {{citation |last1=Davis |first1=S.R. |last2=Engel |first2=M.S. |year=2006 |title=A weevil of the genus Caulophilus in Dominican amber (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |url=http://pte.up.poznan.pl/ppe/PPE1-2006/101-104_Engel.pdf |journal=[[Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne]] |volume=75 |pages=101–104 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Golub |first1=V.B. |last2=Popov |first2=Y.A. |year=2000 |title=New Cenozoic lace bugs (Heteroptera: Tingidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289367863 |journal=[[Paleontological Journal]] |volume=34 |pages=S290–S297 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Grimaldi |first1=D.A. |last2=Michalski |first2=C. |last3=Schmidt |first3=K. |year=1993 |title=Amber fossil Enicocephalidae (Heteroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Lebanon and Oligo-Miocene of the Dominican Republic, with biogeographic analysis of ''Enicocephalus'' |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1034.4118&rep=rep1&type=pdf |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=3071 |pages=1–30 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1034.4118 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Heikkilä |first1=Maria |last2=Brown |first2=John W. |last3=Baixeras |first3=Joaquin |last4=Mey |first4=Wolfram |last5=Kozlov |first5=Mikhail V. |year=2018 |title=Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4394.1.2/32005 |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=4394 |issue=1 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4394.1.2 |pmid=29690381 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last=Henwood |first=Alison A |year=1992 |title=Soft-part preservation of beetles in Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic |url=https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_35/vol35_part4_pp901-912.pdf |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=35 |pages=901–912 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Johnson |first1=C. |last2=Agosti |first2=D. |last3=Delabie |first3=J.H. |last4=Dumpert |first4=K. |last5=Williams |first5=D.J. |last6=Tschirnhaus |first6=M. |last7=Maschwitz |first7=U. |year=2001 |title=''Acropyga'' and ''Azteca'' ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 million years of intimate symbiosis |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2888//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3335.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=3335 |pages=1–18 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Mockford |first1=E.L. |last2=García Aldrete |first2=A.N. |year=2014 |title=A new genus and two new species, one extant and one fossil, in the family Troctopsocidae (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Troctomorpha: Amphientometae: Electrentomoidea) |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3869.2.5/9971 |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3869 |issue=2 |pages=159–164 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3869.2.5 |pmid=25283908 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Mohrig |first1=W. |last2=Röschmann |first2=F. |year=2005 |title=Sciarid flies from Dominican amber (Diptera, Sciaridae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313200806 |journal=[[Beiträge zur Entomologie]] |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=319–361 |doi=10.21248/contrib.entomol.55.2.319-361 |accessdate=2019-02-07|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last1=Nel |first1=A. |last2=Waller |first2=A. |last3=Poinar |first3=G.O. |year=2006 |title=The first fossil Myopsocidae (Psocoptera) in Dominican amber |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310954174 |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1349 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1349.1.6 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last1=Penney |first1=D. |last2=McNeil |first2=A. |last3=Green |first3=D.I. |last4=Bradley |first4=R.S. |last5=Jepson |first5=J.E. |last6=Withers |first6=P.J. |last7=Preziosi |first7=R.F. |year=2012 |title=Ancient Ephemeroptera-Collembola symbiosis fossilized in amber predicts contemporary phoretic associations |journal=[[PLoS One]] |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e47651 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047651 |doi-access=free |pmid=23082186 |pmc=3474712 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...747651P }}
* {{citation |last=[[George Poinar Jr.|Poinar]] |first=George |year=2011 |title=A walking stick, ''Clonistria dominicana'' n. sp. (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae) in Dominican amber |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233196063 |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=223–226 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2010.522405 |bibcode=2011HBio...23..223P |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last=[[George Poinar Jr.|Poinar]] |first=George |year=2010 |title=Palaeoecological perspectives in Dominican amber |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228681523 |journal=[[Annales de la Société Entomologique de France]] |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=23–52 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697637 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last=[[George Poinar Jr.|Poinar]] |first=George |year=2009 |title=''Dominibrentus leptus'', n. gen., n. sp. (Curculionoidea, Brentidae, Cyphagoginae, Dominibrentini, n. tribe), a straight-snouted weevil in Dominican amber |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247525421 |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |volume=21 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–55 |doi=10.1080/08912960903122807 |bibcode=2009HBio...21...51P |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last=Poinar Jr. |first=G |year=2006 |title=''Feroseta priscus'' (Neuroptera : Mantispidae), a new genus and species of mantidflies in Dominican amber |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30253833#page/419/mode/1up |journal=[[Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington]] |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=411–417 |accessdate=2019-02-08}}
* {{citation |last1=Poinar |first1=G.O. |last2=Brown |first2=J.W. |year=1993 |title=A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249568085 |journal=[[Insect Systematics & Evolution]] |volume=24 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1163/187631293X00028 |accessdate=2019-02-08 |author1-link=George Poinar Jr }}
* {{citation |last=Wilson |first=E.O |year=1985 |title=Ants of the Dominican Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 3. The Subfamily Dolichoderinae |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373015 |journal=[[Psyche: A Journal of Entomology]] |volume=92 |pages=17–37 |doi=10.1155/1985/20969 |doi-access=free |accessdate=2019-02-07}}

==== Maps ====
* {{citation |last=Ramírez Merino |first=José Ignacio |year=2010 |title=Mapa geológico de la República Dominicana - Escala 1:50.000 - Hoja Esperanza (6074-IV)  |url=http://repo.sgn.gob.do/memogeo50/MemoG_6074_IV_Esperanza.pdf |publisher=[[Servicio Geológico Nacional República Dominicana]] |pages=1–132 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}
* {{citation |last=Monthel |first=Jacques |year=2010 |title=Mapa geológico de la República Dominicana - Escala 1:50.000 - Hoja Puerto Plata (6075-II)  |url=http://repo.sgn.gob.do/memogeo50/MemoG_6075_II_Puerto_Plata.pdf |publisher=[[Servicio Geológico Nacional República Dominicana]] |pages=1–160 |accessdate=2019-02-07}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last1=Engel |first1=M.S. |last2=Grimaldi |first2=D.A. |year=2007 |title=The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) | journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=3587 |pages=1–58 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=49393365 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169241 }}

[[Category:Geologic formations of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Neogene Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Burdigalian]]
[[Category:Marl formations]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Conglomerate formations]]
[[Category:Turbidite deposits]]
[[Category:Deltaic deposits]]
[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Dominican amber|*Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of Duarte Province|Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of Hermanas Mirabal Province|Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of Puerto Plata Province|Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of Samaná Province|Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of La Vega Province|Formations]]