View source for Lamport and Holt

{{Short description|Defunct UK merchant shipping line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
|name= Lamport and Holt
|logo= Lamport and Holt house flag.svg
|logo_caption= [[House flag]]
|fate= taken over
|predecessor= 
|successor= 
|foundation= 1845
|founder= WJ Lamport, [[George Holt (merchant)|George Holt]]
|defunct= 30 June 1991
|location=*Liverpool (1845–1980s)
*London (1980s–1991)
|owner=*[[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]] 1911–44
*[[Vestey Holdings|Vestey Group]] 1944–91
|key_people= 
|industry= [[maritime transport]]
|products= 
|revenue= 
|net_income= 
|num_employees= 
}}

'''Lamport and Holt''' was a [[United Kingdom|UK]] merchant [[shipping line]]. It was founded as a partnership in 1845, reconstituted as a [[limited company]] in 1911 and ceased trading in 1991.

From 1845 until 1975 Lamport and Holt was headquartered in [[Liverpool]]. The founders of [[Alfred Booth and Company|Booth Line]] and [[Blue Funnel Line]] had family links with the original partners in Lamport and Holt, and worked for them before founding their own steamship lines in the 1860s.

Lamport and Holt was an independent partnership until 1911, when it became a limited company and the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]] (RMSP) took it over. RMSP collapsed as a result of the [[Royal Mail Case]] in 1931 but was reconstituted as Royal Mail Lines in 1932. [[Vestey Holdings|Vestey Group]] bought Lamport and Holt in 1944 and absorbed it into its [[Blue Star Line]] subsidiary in 1991.

For much of its history Lamport and Holt traded with the east coast of [[South America]], operating liner services there to and from New York, Britain and mainland Europe. from 1902 to 1928 it operated a significant passenger [[ocean liner]] service and from 1932 to 1939 it ran [[cruise ship]]s.

Lamport and Holt carried cargo for the UK government in the [[Crimean War]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]] and [[Falklands War]]. In each World War it operated [[troopship]]s and lost numerous ships and personnel to enemy action.

From 1932 [[Liverpool City Council]] authorised the company to fly the city's civic flag when in port. It is the only shipping company to have been granted this privilege.

==Founding==
[[File:George Holt d. 1861.jpg|thumb|upright|George Holt, senior, in 1851]]
William James Lamport (1815–1874) was born in [[Lancaster, Lancashire]], the son of a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister. In the 1830s he started work in the office of Gibbs, Bright and Company in [[Liverpool]], where he learnt commerce and [[ship management]]. His brother Charles Lamport became the proprietor of a [[shipyard]] in [[Workington]], [[Cumberland]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=8}}

George Holt, junior (1824–96) was one of five sons born to George Holt, senior (1790–1861) and his wife Emma. George senior was a cotton broker in Liverpool. George junior was apprenticed to the shipping line of [[Brocklebank Line|Thomas and John Brocklebank]], where he met WJ Lamport.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=8}}

In 1845 the two young men formed a partnership to own and manage merchant ships. WJ Lamport was 30 years old and George Lamport junior was 21. Their original trade was cotton from [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] to Liverpool to supply [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|Lancashire cotton mills]], but they soon expanded their trade to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]], New Zealand, Australia, the US and South America.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=9}}

The partners' first ship was the 335 ton [[barque]] ''Christabel'', which James Alexander of Workington built new for them and launched on 17 September. Traditionally the ownership of merchant ships was divided into 64 shares. George Lamport senior helped to establish the business by buying a controlling interest of 34 shares in the new ship. After barely two months, on 14 November, George senior transferred his shares to the young partners, making them the controlling owners.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=9}}

==House flag and funnel colours==
[[File:Rear garden of Sudley House 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Sudley House]] in Liverpool, the former home of George Holt, junior]]
A mid-19th-century painting of the three-masted sailing ship ''Emma'', which Lamport and Holt owned from 1847 to 1852, shows her flying a [[Maritime flag#House flag|house flag]] from her foremast of three horizontal bars. The top and bottom bars are scarlet, and the middle bar is white defaced with the initials "L&H" in black. This remained Lamport and Holt's house flag throughout its 146 years of trading. The painting is now in George Holt junior's former home in Liverpool, [[Sudley House]], which is now a museum and art gallery.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=9}}

When Lamport and Holt started to operate steamships in the 1860s they adopted pale blue as the main colour for the funnel, with a black top and a white band below the white top. Early evidence for this includes a painting of a steamship, the {{GRT|1585}} ''Galileo'' that Lamport and Holt operated from 1864 to 1869.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=20}} The blue was a pale shade like that of the [[flag of Argentina]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=73}}

In 1932 [[Liverpool City Council]] presented Lamport and Holt with the city's colours and granted permission for the company's ships to fly the Liverpool Civic Flag when in port. At the same time Lamport and Holt darkened the blue of its funnels to match the civic colours.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=73}}

In 1936 the proportions of Lamport and Holt's funnel colours were in sevenths. The lowest three sevenths of the funnel were blue, the top two sevenths black and the two sevenths between were white.{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1936|p=487}}

==Early growth==
Lamport and Holt expanded their fleet. Their second ship was a larger barque, the 677 ton ''Junior'', which was built in [[Quebec]]. Her first captain was John Eils, who had 16 shares in her and became a minority investor in many of Lamport and Holt's early fleet. By 1850 the partnership had a fleet of 10 sailing ships.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=9}}

In 1850 Lamport and Holt started to invest in [[steamship]]s by buying minority shares in ships operated by another Liverpool shipping line, James Moss & Co. Others who invested in James Moss's steamships in 1850 included WJ Lamport's cousin [[Charles Booth (social reformer)|Charles Booth]] (1840–1916), who with his brother Alfred went on to found [[Alfred Booth and Company]] in 1863.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=12}}

[[File:Alfred Holt (1829-1911) by Robert E. Morrison.jpg|thumb|upright|Alfred Holt before 1903]]
Two of George Holt junior's brothers were apprenticed to Lamport and Holt: [[Alfred Holt]] from 1850 to 1857 and Charles Holt from 1855 to 1862. Alfred had been apprenticed to a railway engineer{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=8}} and became head of Lamport and Holt's engineering department.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=13}} Another brother, Philip Holt, was a partner in Lamport and Holt.<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Holt, Alfred (1829–1911), engineer and shipowner |first=J Gordon |last=Read |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/47428 |url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47428 |access-date=8 February 2017}} </ref> In 1866 Alfred and Philip Holt founded their own shipping company, which became [[Blue Funnel Line]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=12}}

Lamport and Holt continued to invest in sailing ships. In 1850 Charles Holt in Workington built the first of his ships for the partnership: the 407-ton ''Cathaya''. In the [[Crimean War]] (1853–56) the UK government chartered steamships to carry troops and cavalry and sailing ships to carry stores. In February 1856 a Lamport and Holt sailing ship, the 697-ton ''Simoda'', was wrecked off the [[Dardanelles]]. The partnership replaced her with the newly built ''Agenoria'' which at 1,023 tons was the largest ship Lamport and Holt had yet owned.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=13}}

The first steamship in which the partnership had a controlling interest was the 189-ton ''Zulu'' which they bought in 1857 from [[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company|Scotts]] in [[Greenock]]. But they sold her in 1858 and continued trade with a fleet of 17 sailing ships.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=13}}

==Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate Steam Navigation Co Ltd==
In 1861 Lamport and Holt finally committed to operating steamships by obtaining the {{GRT|1290}} ''Memnon'' from Scotts. In 1862 [[Andrew Leslie (shipbuilder)|Andrew Leslie]] of [[Hebburn]], County Durham built the {{GRT|1372}} ''Copernicus'' to join her. Each of the two new steamships had an iron hull and was rigged as a [[brig]]. They joined James Moss & Co's steamships on a joint trade between Liverpool and the Mediterranean. ''Copernicus'' began Lamport and Holt's custom of naming its steamships after notable scientists and artists.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=15}}

Lamport and Holt operated purely as a partnership for their first two decades of trading. On 18 December 1865 they added a limited company, the Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate Steam Navigation Co Ltd, to own their steamships. However, they continued to own and operate sailing ships under the traditional system of 64 shares.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=15}}

Until the 1860s the [[Empire of Brazil]] banned foreign ships from the Brazilian coastal shipping trade. Foreign ships could bring imports to Brazil and take exports abroad, and they could move between Brazilian ports in doing so, but they could not take a Brazilian cargo from one Brazilian port to another. In 1862 its [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] voted to suspend this [[protectionism]] for the years 1863 and 1864. It repeated the suspension several times until 1873, when the suspension was made permanent.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=6}}

At first Lamport and Holt was the only foreign company to take up the new freedom. By the late 1860s it was running a coastal service between [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]].{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=6}} Lamport and Holt won a mail contract from the Brazilian government in 1868, soon followed by one with the UK [[General Post Office]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=15}} In 1872 Brazil founded a ''Companhia Nacional de Navegação a Vapor'' ("National Steam Navigation Company"), but Lamport and Holt continued to compete with it for coastal trade.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=7}}

[[File:StateLibQld 1 133053 Agamemnon (ship).jpg|thumb|[[Blue Funnel Line|Alfred Holt Ltd]]'s {{SS|Agamemnon|1865|2}}, the first steamship to use the benefits of a [[Marine steam engine#Compound|compound engine]] by running at a higher boiler pressure]]
Early steamships had [[Marine steam engine#Simple expansion|simple engines]] with high coal consumption. They offered more reliable journey times than sailing ships, but at a high cost. The large amount of coal that had to be carried reduced space for cargo, so that many longer routes were economically unfeasible. A [[Marine steam engine#Compound|compound engine]] achieved much better fuel economy, but generally required higher boiler pressures than were currently allowed by the [[Board of Trade]].{{efn|At the start of the 1860s, the Board of Trade typically allowed a steam pressure of {{convert|20|psi|kPa|abbr=on}}, which was insufficient to realise the benefits of a compound engine. {{SS|Carnatic}}, launched in 1863, had a boiler pressure of only {{convert|26|psi|kPa|abbr=on}}, but used a large amount of [[Superheater|superheat]] to overcome this disadvantage. Alfred Holt, after experimenting in the test bed ''Cleator'', persuaded the Board of Trade to allow {{convert|60|psi|kPa|abbr=on}}. Not only did Alfred Holt achieve this key negotiation, but he then designed an easily driven, light but strong ship's hull and a compact compound engine to power it. SS Agamemnon and her two sister ships were able to compete in trade to China before the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and created the model for the fuel efficient, long-distance steamship.<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite book |last1=Jarvis |first1=Adrian |editor1-last=Gardiner |editor1-first=Robert |title=The Advent of steam : the merchant steamship before 1900 |date=1993 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-563-2 |chapter=Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine}}</ref>}} In 1865 George Holt junior's brother Alfred Holt introduced {{SS|Agamemnon|1865|2}}, the first ship authorised by the Board of Trade to use the higher boiler pressure of {{convert|60|psi|kPa|abbr=on}}, so benefitting from her [[Marine steam engine#Compound|compound engine]]. This increased fuel efficiency, reduced coal consumption and enabled steamships to take more trade from sailing ships.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=8}} Between 1864 and 1867 Lamport and Holt's LB&SP Navigation company bought 20 steamships, all but one of which were newly built to its own specification.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|pp=20–25}}

The last sailing ship built for Lamport and Holt was the {{GRT|1350}} ''Sarah J. Ellis'', which was completed in [[New Brunswick]] in 1869. Lamport and Holt sold her in 1871.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=25}} The last sailing ship in the Lamport and Holt fleet may have been the ''Southern Queen'', which was bought nearly new in 1866 and sold in 1880.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=24}}

WJ Lamport died in 1874 aged 59. At the time of his death the fleet had 31 ships and totalled {{GRT|48236}}. Lamport was succeeded in the partnership by Walter Holland, who had been an apprentice with Lamport at Gibbs, Bright & Co. Another long-serving employee, Charles Jones, was also made a partner.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=15}}

In 1886 Lamport and Holt got its first contract to carry frozen meat from the River Plate.<ref name=Sheet23>{{cite web |url= https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archivesheet23 |title=Lamport and Holt |work=Information sheet 23 |publisher=National Museums Liverpool |access-date=3 July 2020}}<!-- NB there are inaccuracies in this information sheet. Please corroborate with other published sources. --></ref> In 1887 the {{GRT|1501}} cargo steamship ''Thales'' was converted into the partnership's first [[Reefer ship|refrigerated cargo ship]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}}

Also in the 1880s Lamport and Holt extended its trade to [[Valparaíso]] in Chile. This trade continued until 1896.<ref name=Sheet23/>

==Competition to carry Brazilian coffee==
In 1869 the LB&RP Steam Navigation Co's {{GRT|1637}} steamship ''Halley'' became the first iron-hulled ship to carry coffee from Brazil to New York. Hitherto it was believed that an iron hull would taint the flavour of coffee, so it had to be carried in wooden-hulled ships. This was the first time a Lamport and Holt ship had sailed directly between South America and the US.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=15}} Lamport and Holt became a major operator on the route, establishing a triangular trade. Its ships took raw materials such as wheat from the US to the UK, manufactured goods from the UK to Brazil and coffee from Brazil to the US.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=8}}

A US company, the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company, tried to circumvent the triangular trade by taking manufactured products from the US to Brazil and coffee from Brazil to the US. But the company, popularly called simply the "Brazil Line", made the mistake of rejecting compound steam engines and continuing to use inefficient simple ones. Although both the Brazilian and US governments subsidized the Brazil Line, its high fuel costs prevented it from competing with Lamport and Holt's freight rates. In 1875 the US Government ended its subsidy to the Brazil Line, which for the moment left Lamport and Holt without a competitor.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=8}}

[[File:CA-boys-on-board-the-city-of-rio-de-janeiro-mail-steamer-1898.jpg|thumb|The Brazil Line steamship {{SS|City of Rio de Janeiro||2}}, which competed against Lamport and Holt 1878–81]]
In 1877 the Brazilian Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] awarded the Brazil Line a new subsidy to operate compound steamships. {{SS|City of Rio de Janeiro||2}} was built in [[Chester, Pennsylvania]] and launched in 1878. Lamport and Holt lobbied the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Brazilian Chamber of Deputies]] to stop subsidising the Brazil Line. The Emperor temporarily paid the subsidy from his own budget.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=9}}

Lamport and Holt retaliated by scheduling its ships to leave Brazilian ports a few days before Brazil Line departures, and would even keep a ship stationed in Rio de Janeiro any time that a Brazil Line ship was in port. Lamport and Holt also waged a [[Price war|rate war]] against the Brazil Line. The British company thus managed to secure most of the Brazilian coffee cargoes to the US and left Brazil Line ships often sailing north only half-laden. In 1881 the Brazil Line again withdrew from the competition.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=9}} ''City of Rio de Janeiro'' was sold to the [[Pacific Mail Steamship Company]].

In 1883 the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies awarded the Brazil Line a subsidy large enough to compete with Lamport and Holt. In 1890 the Brazil Line introduced two new ships. But UK-owned merchant houses, warehouses, insurers and banks supported Lamport and Holt, and the Brazil Line went bankrupt in 1893.{{sfn|Tomán|1998|p=9}}

==Societé de Navigation Royale Belge Sud-Americaine==
Since 1866 Lamport and Holt had traded with [[Port of Antwerp|Antwerp]] and in 1877 they won a Belgian government mail contract to and from Brazil, [[Uruguay]] and [[Argentina]]. The contract required all ships on the service to be registered in Belgium, so Lamport and Holt founded a Belgian subsidiary, ''Societé de Navigation Royale Belge Sud-Americaine''. In 1877 the {{GRT|1629}} steamship ''Copernicus'' was transferred from the LB&RP SN Co to the new company and its registration transferred to Antwerp. In 1878 seven other LB&RP steamships followed. Lamport and Holt's Belgian operation continued until 1908.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=29}}

As the initial Royal Belge Sud-Americaine fleet came due for replacement, Lamport and Holt tended to replace its ships with others second-hand from LB&RP. The {{GRT|2267}} ''Galileo'', built in 1873, was transferred in 1886.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=27}} The {{GRT|2280}} ''Leibnitz'', also built in 1873, was transferred in 1889. The {{GRT|2605}} ''Maskelyne'' and {{GRT|2583}} ''Hevelius'', both built in 1874, were also transferred in 1889.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=28}} The {{GRT|2610}} ''Coleridge'', built in 1875, was transferred in 1890.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=37}}

==Argentine Steam Lighter Co Ltd==
[[File:Amadeo.png|thumb|''Amadeo'' after her sale to Chilean owners]]
In 1884 Lamport and Holt formed another subsidiary, the Argentine Steam Lighter Co Ltd, to run a feeder cargo service in the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]]. Its vessels ranged from {{GRT|300}} to {{GRT|700}}. They were registered in Liverpool but their [[Vessel safety survey|survey]] port was [[Port of Montevideo|Montevideo]] or [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]. The company operated until about 1900.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=29}}

The lighter company's first ship was the {{GRT|411}} ''Amadeo'', built in Liverpool in 1884. In 1892 she was sold to [[Chile]]an owners and re-registered in [[Punta Arenas]]. In the 1930s she was beached at [[San Gregorio, Chile|San Gregorio]] in the [[Strait of Magellan]]. Her rusting hulk survives there to this day.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=34}}

==Further growth==
[[File:George Holt 1825-1896.jpg|thumb|upright|George Holt, junior, in 1892]]
In 1888 Lamport and Holt had a fleet of 50 ships totalling {{GRT|93331}}. In 1890 its number of ships peaked at 59, totalling {{GRT|109493}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} Thereafter the number of ships declined but the average tonnage per ship increased and so did the total tonnage of the fleet.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=29}} In the 1890s three new partners joined Lamport and Holt: George Holt's nephew George Melly, Charles Jones' son Sidney Jones, and one Arthur Cook. George Holt died in 1896 after more than 50 years in the business.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=29}}

Between 1898 and 1902 a dozen new steamships were completed for LB&SP. Five of these were designed to carry livestock on the hoof from Argentina to the UK. The smallest, the {{GRT|4501}} ''Romney'' completed in 1899, was built by Sir [[Raylton Dixon]] and Company on the [[River Tees]]. The other four were built by [[D. and W. Henderson and Company]] on the [[River Clyde]]. They included the [[sister ship]]s ''Raeburn'' and ''Rosetti'', both completed in 1900, which at {{GRT|6511}} and {{GRT|6540}} respectively were the largest ships in the Lamport and Holt fleet.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=43}}{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=45}} All five of the livestock carriers had names beginning with "R", and although they were not all sisters they became called the "R-class".{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=45}}

In 1902 [[Furness Withy]] put a pair of modern {{GRT|3900}} cargo liners up for sale. [[Alexander Stephen and Sons]] had built ''Evangeline'' in 1900 and ''Loyalist'' in 1901. Lamport and Holt bought them for the LB&SP fleet and renamed them ''Tennyson'' and ''Byron'' respectively. The pair had more passenger berths than was usual in the LB&SP fleet, so Lamport and Holt put them on the route between New York and the River Plate.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=45}}

==V-class liners==
[[File:The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation (1908) (14574570437).jpg|thumb|''Verdi'', completed in 1907]]
The increase in passenger capacity on the route was a commercial success, so Lamport and Holt ordered four new liners with even more passenger capacity and refrigerated cargo space. Sir Raylton Dixon completed the {{GRT|7542}} ''Velasquez'' in 1906. [[Workman, Clark and Company]] of [[Belfast]] completed the {{GRT|7877}} ''Veronese'' in 1906 and {{GRT|7120}} ''Verdi'' in 1907. Later in 1907 D&W Henderson completed the ''Voltaire'',{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=45}} which at {{GRT|8615}} was Lamport and Holt's largest ship yet.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=52}} All five of the new liners had names beginning with "V", and although they were not all sisters they were the first of what became the "V-class".{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=45}}

The route included calls in the Caribbean and at [[Port of Salvador|Salvador]], [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Port of Santos|Santos]]. ''Tennyson'' and ''Byron'' tended to work only as far south as Santos, while the "V-class" continued to the River Plate.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=46}}

On 16 October 1908 ''Velasquez'' was heading north with 137 passengers<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?111888 |title=SS Velasquez [+1908] |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Vleggert |first2=Nico |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> and a cargo of coffee and mail. After leaving Santos she ran into a high sea and thick fog and struck rocks off Ponta da Sela near [[Ilhabela]] in Brazil. Her passengers and crew were successfully transferred to her [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboats]], which stood off from the wreck until daybreak. They then took everyone ashore at the beach of Praia do Veloso with no loss of life.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=46}}

On 17 October Lamport and Holt's {{GRT|2679}} steamship ''Milton'' left Santos to look for ''Velasquez''. She found and rescued the passengers and crew on the beach, and salvaged the mails and some of the passengers' baggage from the wreck. Attempts to salvage ''Velasquez'' were unsuccessful and her insurers wrote her off as a [[total loss]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=46}}

Lamport and Holt replaced ''Velasquez'' on the New York – River Plate route with the {{GRT|10117}} liner {{SS|Vasari||2}}, which was built by Sir Raylton Dixon & Co and launched in 1909.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=46}} She was considerably larger than ''Voltaire'' and the first Lamport and Holt ship of more than {{GRT|10000}}.

[[File:SS Vestris Postcard.jpg|thumb|{{SS|Vestris||2}}, completed in 1912]]
Lamport and Holt decided that its route between Liverpool and the River Plate ''via'' [[Port of Vigo|Vigo]], [[Leixões]] and [[Port of Lisbon|Lisbon]] should also have {{GRT|10000}} liners, so in 1910<ref name=Sheet23/> it ordered three [[sister ship]]s from Workman, Clark & Co. The first to be delivered was the {{GRT|10327}} {{SS|Vandyck|1911|2}}, launched in June 1911. She was followed by the {{GRT|10660}} {{SS|Vauban||2}} in January 1912 and {{GRT|10494}} {{SS|Vestris||2}} in May 1912, each of which had berths for slightly more passengers than ''Vandyck''. Each of the trio had a top speed of {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=49}}{{sfn|Dunn|1973|p=111}}

[[File:Royal Liver Building (219398043).jpeg|thumb|upright|The [[Royal Liver Building]], where Lamport and Holt was headquartered from 1912 to 1975.]]
Also in 1911 Lamport and Holt was converted from a partnership into a limited company. The [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]] quickly took advantage of this and took over Lamport and Holt. In 1912 management of the company was moved from Lamport and Holt's offices in Fenwick Street, Liverpool to the RMSP's offices in the [[Royal Liver Building]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=158}}

RMSP was also planning a fast ocean liner service with new ships between Britain and the River Plate. Until enough of its new ships were delivered, RMSP chartered ''Vauban'' to help to inaugurate the route between [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] and Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Dunn|1973|p=111}} This left Lamport and Holt with too few ships to offer the service frequency it had planned from Liverpool.

In 1913 RMSP returned ''Vauban'' to Lamport and Holt, having successfully forced the smaller company out of the route. Lamport and Holt then transferred ''Vandyck'', ''Vauban'' and ''Vestris'' to strengthen its service between New York and the River Plate ''via'' Barbados and Trinidad, where they became the largest, quickest and most luxurious ships on the route.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=48}}

On 16 January 1913 ''Veronese'' was heading from Liverpool to Buenos Aires with 144 passengers and 77 crew<ref name=Veronese>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?146876 |title=SS Veronese (+1913) |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> when she struck rocks off [[Leça da Palmeira]] in Portugal in heavy sea and thick fog. The weather was so adverse that the rescue of survivors took 48 hours. Eventually a [[breeches buoy]] was secured. More than 200 passengers and crew were rescued. One source states that 27 people were killed,{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=46}} but another source puts the death toll at 38.<ref name=Veronese/>

==First World War==
[[File:SP000515HMSCanningWithBalloonAloftSalonikaNovember1915.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Canning'', built as a Lamport and Holt cargo ship in 1896 and requisitioned as a balloon ship in 1914]]
When the First World War began in July 1914 Lamport and Holt had a fleet of 36 steamships totalling {{GRT|198992}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} By the time of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] it had lost 11 ships including three V-class liners.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}

Lamport and Holt's modern R-class ships, having been built to carry livestock on the hoof from South America, were chartered to carry horses and mules from North America to France. Other Lamport and Holt ships carried horses, vehicles, troops, military mail and other war materials. The [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] requisitioned the {{GRT|5366}} cargo steamship ''Canning'' and used her throughout the war as the [[observation balloon]] ship HMS ''Canning''.

Between 1915 and 1917 Lamport and Holt took delivery of six new refrigerated cargo ships to carry frozen meat. They were large for their time, each being more than {{GRT|7000}}. All six had names beginning with "M". Only three were sisters, but all six became called the "M-class".{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}}

To mitigate war losses Lamport and Holt took delivery of two new sister ships from the shipbuilder Archibald McMillan and Son of [[Dumbarton]]: the {{GRT|4659}} ''Swinburne'' completed in September 1917<ref>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1151.pdf |year=1930–31 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> and {{GRT|4665}} ''Sheridan'' completed in January 1918.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=68}}<ref>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1076.pdf |year=1930–31 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

In December 1917 Lamport and Holt took over the Nicholas Mihanovich fleet, which operated passenger services on the River Plate and to [[Asunción]] and [[Tugboat|tugs]] at Buenos Aires and [[La Plata]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=63}}

===Ships lost or damaged===
[[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-01, Kleiner Kreuzer "Karlsruhe".jpg|thumb|The German cruiser {{SMS|Karlsruhe||2}}, which in October 1914 intercepted and sank ''Cervantes'' and ''Vandyck'']]
At the outbreak of war the German [[light cruiser]] {{SMS|Karlsruhe}} was in the Caribbean. On 8 October she intercepted Lamport and Holt's {{GRT|4635}} cargo ship ''Cervantes'' about {{convert|100|nmi|km}} southwest of [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago|St Paul's Rocks]], removed the crew and [[Scuttling|scuttled]] the cargo ship.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15339 |title=SS Cervantes (+1914) |last1=Claes |first1=Johnny |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 26 October 1914 ''Vandyck'' was about {{convert|690|nmi|km}} west of St Paul's Rocks with 200 passengers and a cargo that included about 1,000 tons of frozen meat when ''Karlsruhe'' intercepted her. The cruiser transferred ''Vandyck''{{'}}s passengers and crew to the steamship ''Ascuncion'', took much of Vandyck's cargo and on 27 October scuttled ''Vandyck''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?17925 |title=SS Vandyck (+1914) |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Lamport and Holt continued to run its New York – River Plate service, but at reduced frequency.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}}

Lamport and Holt survived 1915 without loss. On 9 February 1916 the German [[merchant raider]] {{SMS|Möwe|1914|2}} intercepted and sank the company's {{GRT|3335}} cargo ship ''Horace'' about {{convert|600|nmi|km}} northeast of [[Pernambuco]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?152716 |title=SS Horace (+1916) |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> On 2 December 1916 ''Möwe'' intercepted and sank the V-class liner ''Voltaire'' about {{convert|650|nmi|km}} west of [[Fastnet Rock]] in the [[Western Approaches]]. Both ships were captured and scuttled without loss of life.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}

On 17 December 1916 {{SMS|U-70|sub=y}} torpedoed the {{GRT|5587}} cargo ship ''Pascal'' {{convert|12|nmi|km}} north of the [[Les Casquets|Casquets]] in the English Channel, sinking her and killing two of her crew.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?4583 |title=SS Pascal (+1916) |author1=Egkw |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> The submarine captured ''Pascal''{{'}}s [[Master mariner|Master]], who was interned in Germany for the remainder of the war.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2074.html |title=Pascal |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 6 April 1916 {{SMS|U-39|sub=y}} shelled the {{GRT|5394}} cargo ship ''Colbert'' in the Mediterranean west of [[Sardinia]], damaging the ship and killing two crewmen. ''Colbert'' was a French-registered cargo steamship in which Lamport and Holt held a 49 per cent share. Just over a year later, on 30 April 1917, {{SMS|UC-37|sub=y}} torpedoed and sank ''Colbert'' in the Mediterranean about {{convert|15|nmi|km}} northeast of Cape Rose on the coast of [[French Algeria|Algeria]]. She sank in only five minutes,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?136727 |title=SS Colbert (+1917) |last1=Vleggeert |first1=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> killing 51 people aboard.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6735.html |title=Colbert |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 28 April 1917 {{SMS|U-81|sub=y}} torpedoed and sank the {{GRT|4309}} cargo ship ''Terence'' about {{convert|150|nmi|km}} northwest by north of Fastnet, killing one crewman.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/5943.html |title=Terence |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?13478 |title=SS Terence (+1917) |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |last2=Lettens |first2=Jan |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 22 August 1917 {{SMS|U-53|sub=y}} torpedoed and sank the V-class liner ''Verdi'' in the Western Approaches about {{convert|115|nmi|km}} northwest by north off [[Eagle Island, County Mayo]], killing six of her crew.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6297.html |title=Verdi |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?115887 |title=SS Verdi [+1917] |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 26 August 1917 the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian]] submarine {{SMS|U-14|Austria-Hungary|sub=y|6}} sank the {{GRT|4170}} ''Titian'' in the Mediterranean about {{convert|170|nmi|km}} southeast of [[Malta]], fortunately without loss of life.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?167246 |title=SS Titian (+1917) |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> ''Titian'' was a sister of ''Terence'' which had been sunk only four months previously.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}} ''U-14''{{'}}s commander was [[Korvettenkapitän|KKpt]] [[Georg von Trapp]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6033.html |title=Titian |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 3 October 1917 the {{GRT|7307}} M-class refrigerated ship ''Memling'' was damaged by a torpedo in the North Atlantic off [[Brest, France]]. With help ''Memling'' reached port, but she was written off as a constructive total loss and scrapped.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?4882 |title=SS Memling [+1917] |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |last2=Lettens |first2=Jan |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 24 December 1917 {{SMS|U-105|sub=y}} torpedoed and sank the {{GRT|4637}} cargo ship ''Canova'' in the Western Approaches about {{convert|15|nmi|km}} south of [[Mine Head Lighthouse|Mine Head]], [[County Waterford]], killing seven crewmen.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=59}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1090.html |title=Canova |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?12412 |title=SS Canova [+1917] |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 6 January 1918 {{SMS|U-61|sub=y}} torpedoed and sank the {{GRT|4186}} cargo ship ''Spenser''{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}} in [[St George's Channel]] about {{convert|35|nmi|km}} northeast of [[Tuskar Rock, Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/5687.html |title=Spenser |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 27 February 1918 {{SMS|U-61|sub=y}} torpedoed the {{GRT|7402}} M-class refrigerated ship ''Marconi'' in the Mediterranean off [[Málaga]], killing two crewmen.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3892.html |title=Marconi |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> ''Marconi'' remained afloat, reached port and was repaired.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}}

On 28 March 1918 the {{GRT|5839}} cargo ship ''Dryden'' struck a [[Naval mine|mine]] in the [[River Mersey]]. She managed to reach port and was repaired.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=61}}

==Between the World Wars==
Lamport and Holt replaced First World War losses mostly by buying war standard merchant ships that had been ordered by the UK [[Shipping Controller]]. The Type B war standard was a {{GRT|5030}} two-deck dry cargo steamship. In 1919–20 Lamport and Holt bought nine of them, renamed each of them with a name beginning with "B", and they became the "B-class". The Type N war standard was a {{GRT|6500}} dry cargo steamship of fabricated construction. In 1919 Lamport and Holt bought two that [[Harland and Wolff]] had been building for the Shipping Controller, and had them completed to L&H's own specification as ''Nasmyth'' and ''Newton''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=69}}

Lamport and Holt also ordered ships built entirely to its specification, starting with the {{GRT|7327}} steamship ''Laplace'' from A McMillan launched in 1919 and {{GRT|7453}} ''Laplace'' from D&W Henderson launched in 1920. A McMillan followed these with Lamport and Holt's first [[motor ship]]s, the {{GRT|7412}} ''Leighton'' and {{GRT|7424}} ''Linnell'' launched in 1921 and {{GRT|7417}} ''Lassell'' launched in 1922. Together these two steamships and three motor ships formed the "L-class", each of which had berths for 12 passengers. D&W Henderson also supplied a larger ship, the {{GRT|8190}} ''Hogarth'', launched in 1921.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=69}}

[[File:StateLibQld 1 169627 Voltaire (ship).jpg|thumb|The second {{HMS|Voltaire||2}}, completed in 1923, in her 1930s cruising livery]]
In the war the V-class liners ''Vandyck'', ''Voltaire'' and ''Verdi'' had all been sunk. ''Vandyck'' and ''Voltaire'' had each been more than {{GRT|10000}}, but Lamport and Holt decided that their replacements should be considerably larger. Accordingly, Workman, Clark & Co launched a new {{GRT|13233}} {{HMS|Vandyck||2}} in 1921 and her sister, the new {{GRT|13243}} {{HMS|Voltaire||2}}, in 1923.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=70}}

''Vandyck'' was Lamport and Holt's first [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|steam turbine]] ship. She had four turbines, which drove her twin screws by [[Gear train#Double reduction gear|double reduction gearing]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1247.pdf |year=1930–31 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> giving her a speed of {{convert|14+1/2|kn|km/h|0}}.{{sfn|Harnack|1938|p=521}} However, for the new ''Voltaire'' two years later Lamport and Holt reverted to a pair of [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple-expansion engines]], one driving each of her twin screws.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1271.pdf |year=1930–31 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> This gave ''Voltaire'' the same speed as her turbine-powered sister.{{sfn|Harnack|1938|p=521}}

By 1924 Lamport and Holt's fleet had increased to 50 ships with a combined tonnage of {{GRT|322857}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}}

[[File:SS Vestris Awash.jpg|thumb|{{SS|Vestris||2}} listing to starboard with part of her upper deck awash before she sank in 1928]]
On 12 November 1928 ''Vestris'' foundered in a heavy sea in the North Atlantic about 300 miles off [[Hampton Roads]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?144560 |title=SS Vestris (+1914) |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |author2=Dr Juice |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> with the loss of at least 110 lives. Both the sinking and the loss of life were attributed to Lamport and Holt's negligence. The adverse publicity led the company to withdraw its New York – River Plate passenger service. Its ocean liners returned to Britain and were laid up: ''Vauban'' and ''Vandyck'' at Southampton and ''Voltaire'' on the [[River Blackwater, Essex]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=71}}

The [[Great Depression]] that began in 1929 caused a global [[Recession|slump]] in shipping. Lamport and Holt's parent company RMSP ran into financial trouble and in 1930 the UK Government investigated its affairs. In 1931 RMSP's chairman, [[Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant|Lord Kylsant]], was tried in the [[Royal Mail Case]] for misrepresenting the state of the company and was jailed. In 1932 the group was reconstituted as a new company, Royal Mail Lines under a new chairman. In 1934 Lamport and Holt was restructured. The LB&RP Steam Navigation Co took over all the assets of Lamport and Holt, and the new company was called Lamport and Holt Line Ltd.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=73}}

In 1930 Lamport and Holt owned 41 ships. As the slump deepened the company laid up many of its cargo ships as well as its passenger liners.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=71}} Between 1930 and 1935 Lamport and Holt sold almost half of its fleet.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|pp=71–72}} In 1932 the liners ''Vandyck'' and ''Voltaire'' returned to service as [[cruise ship]]s. This proved successful, so the pair were refitted for their new purpose and their hulls were repainted in white. From then until 1939 they offered holiday cruises to the Mediterranean, West Africa, islands in the Atlantic, the Caribbean, Norway and the Baltic.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=73}}

Slowly global trade recovered until Lamport and Holt felt able to add new cargo ships. In 1937 Harland and Wolff completed the {{GRT|6065}} motor ship ''Delius''. It was Lamport and Holt's first new ship since ''Voltaire'' in 1923: a gap of 14 years. ''Delius'' was joined by her {{GRT|6054}} sisters ''Delane'' and ''Devis'' in 1938. Each of these "D-class" ships had berths for 12 passengers. They were of strikingly modern appearance, with clean lines and a single large funnel amidships partly incorporated into the superstructure.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=74}} In 1940 Harland and Wolff delivered two more D-class ships: {{GRT|6244}} ''Debrett'' and {{GRT|6245}} ''Defoe''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=91}}

==Second World War==
When the Second World War began in September 1939 Lamport and Holt had a fleet of 16 steamships and five motorships with a combined tonnage of {{GRT|141003}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} By the time [[Surrender of Japan|Japan capitulated]] in 1945 the company had lost 14 of its fleet, including its last two V-class liners.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=90}}

After the [[Munich Agreement|Sudetenland crisis]] of September 1938 and [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia]] in March 1939 the UK increased its preparations for war. Early in the 1939 season ''Vandyck'' and ''Voltaire'' ceased holiday cruising and were converted into [[troopship]]s.

''Voltaire'' sailed for [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] in June 1939 and docked in Southampton on 28 August. In October [[Swan Hunter]] and [[Wigham Richardson]] in [[Wallsend]] started to convert her into an [[Armed merchantman#Armed merchant cruisers|armed merchant cruiser]]. In January 1940 she was commissioned as HMS ''Voltaire''. She served in the Mediterranean until [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|France capitulated in June 1940]], after which she became a convoy escort in the North Atlantic,{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=90}} and was [[Action of 4 April 1941|sunk in April 1941]] by the [[German auxiliary cruiser Thor|''Thor'']].

During the war Lamport and Holt's managing director, Francis Lowe, designed and developed a lifeboat with improved buoyancy and more shelter for its occupants. The "Lowe Life-Boat" was designed to carry 55 people but on 27 January 1944 the ''[[Evening Express (Scotland)|Evening Express]]'' reported that one had remained afloat during a shipwreck despite carrying 84 men. The newspaper stated that Lowe experimented with his design for three years until it was ready to be tested by the Ministry of War Transport.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|pp=105–106}}

In 1944 the Vestey Group, parent company of [[Blue Star Line]], took over Lamport and Holt.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=65}}

To mitigate war losses Harland and Wolff built two more D-class motor ships, which were given the same names as the two that had been sunk.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=104}} The second ''Devis'' was {{GRT|8187}} and was launched in 1944.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=108}} The second ''Defoe'', built to a slightly revised design, was {{GRT|8462}} and was launched in 1945.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=109}}

===Ships lost or damaged===
''Vandyck'' was converted into the armed boarding vessel HMS ''Vandyck''. On the final day of the Franco-British [[Norwegian campaign]], 10 June 1940, German dive bombers bombed and sank her off [[Andenes]] in northern Norway, killing two officers and five men.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?139701 |title=HMS Vandyck (+1940) |last1=Chipchase |first1=Nick |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> The remainder of her crew reached the shore and was captured.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=91}}

On 7 July 1940 in the South Atlantic off [[Ascension Island]] the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Thor}} captured and scuttled ''Delambre'', a Japanese-built {{GRT|7032}} cargo steamship that Lamport and Holt had bought in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?137047 |title=SS Delambre [+1940] |last1=Vleggert |first1=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 15 October 1940 {{GS|U-138|1940|6}} torpedoed and sank the {{GRT|5327}} B-class cargo steamship ''Bonheur'' in the Western Approaches about {{convert|38|nmi|km}} northwest of the [[Butt of Lewis]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=91}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/593.html |title=Bonheur |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?14984 |title=SS Bonheur (+1940) |last1=Claes |first1=Johnny |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 26 February 1941 a German [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor]] aircraft<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?148415 |title=SS Swinburne (+1941) |last2=Vleggeert |first2=Nico |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> bombed and sank ''Swinburne'' in home waters.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=91}}

On 9 April 1941 the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Thor||2}} attacked ''Voltaire'' about {{convert|900|nmi|km}} west of [[Cape Verde]]. ''Voltaire'' returned fire but was outgunned, caught fire and sank. One source states that 81 of her crew were lost;<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?30780 |title=HMS Voltaire (F47) (+1941) |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |last2=Vleggeert |first2=Nico |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> another puts the death toll at 100.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=90}}

On 30 April 1941 {{GS|U-107|1940|2}} torpedoed and sank the motor ship ''Lassell'' about {{convert|300|nmi|km}} southwest of Cape Verde, killing two of her crew.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/893.html |title=Lassell |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> 25 of the survivors were rescued by the [[Ben Line Agencies|Ben Line]] cargo ship ''Benvrackie'', but 15 of them were killed on 13 May when that ship was also sunk.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=91}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?31159 |title=MV Lassell [+1941] |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 9 June 1941 {{GS|U-46|1938|2}} torpedoed and shelled the {{GRT|5623}} cargo steamship ''Phidias'' in the mid-Atlantic, sinking her and killing her master and seven other crew.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=97}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/982.html |title=Phidias |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?31586 |title=SS Phidias (+1941) |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Hilfskreuzer Atlantis.jpg|thumb|The German raider {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||2}}, which in June 1941 sank ''Balzac'']]
On 22 June 1941 the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} attacked the {{GRT|5372}} B-class cargo steamship ''Balzac'' in the Atlantic northeast of Para. Despite being heavily outgunned and several knots slower than the raider, ''Balzac'' returned fire and zig-zagged to evade German shells. ''Atlantis'' fired 190 rounds, only four of which hit ''Balzac''. But eventually the raider overtook and sank her. One source states that three members of ''Balzac''{{'}}s crew were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?14964 |title=SS Balzac (+1941) |last1=Claes |first1=Johnny |last2=Lettens |first2=Jan |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Another puts the death toll at four.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=97}}

On 31 January 1942 {{GS|U-98|1940|2}} torpedoed and sank the {{GRT|5623}} B-class cargo steamship ''Biela'' in the North Atlantic about {{convert|400|nmi|km}} southwest of [[Cape Race]], [[Newfoundland]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=97}} ''U-98'' saw survivors abandon ship in lifeboats and rafts, but after the U-boat left the area they were never seen again. All hands were lost: a crew of 49<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15420 |title=SS Biela (+1942) |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> or 50 men.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1333.html |title=Biela |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 24 June 1942 about {{convert|700|nmi|km}} southeast of [[Bermuda]], {{GS|U-156|1941|2}} shelled the {{GRT|4857}} cargo steamship {{USS|Willimantic|ID-3549|2}}, which Lamport and Holt was managing for the [[Ministry of War Transport]]. The steamship caught fire and was abandoned. Six of her complement were killed, another was wounded and her Master was captured.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|pp=97–98}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1846.html |title=Willimantic |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?58173 |title=SS Willimantic (+1942) |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 23 September 1942 the {{GRT|5335}} B-class cargo steamship ''Bruyère'' was approaching [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] when {{GS|U-125|1940|2}} torpedoed and sank her, fortunately without loss of life.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=98}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2200.html |title=Bruyère |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?16347 |title=SS Bruyere (+1942) |last=Allen |first=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

Lamport and Holt's next loss was not to enemy action. On 24 September 1942 the D-class cargo motor ship ''Defoe'' was in the North Atlantic southwest of [[Rockall]],{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=106}} ''en route'' from [[Port of Manchester|Manchester]] in England to [[Port of Famagusta|Famagusta]] in [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]] laden with chlorine in drums and aeroplane varnish, when she suffered an explosion. Her bow forward of her foremast was blown off and fire broke out.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=98}} Six of her crew were killed and the remainder abandoned ship. ''Defoe'' drifted for at least two days before sinking.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131752 |title=MV Defoe (+1942) |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 29 October 1942 the L-class cargo steamship ''Laplace'' was about {{convert|350|nmi|km}} south-southeast of Cape Agulhas, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] when {{GS|U-159|1941|2}} torpedoed and sank her. All 61 members of her complement survived.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=98}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2316.html |title=Laplace |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?58406 |title=SS Laplace (+1942) |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 12 November 1942 the {{GRT|5332}} B-class cargo steamship ''Browning'' was laden with munitions, tanks and other materiél for the [[Operation Torch|Allied invasion of French North Africa]] when {{GS|U-593||2}} torpedoed and sank her off [[Oran]] on the coast of Algeria. One member of her crew, her deck boy, was killed.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=99}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2405.html |title=Browning |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37353 |title=SS Browning (+1942) |last1=Vleggeert |first1=Nico |last2=Lettens |first2=Jan |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

The D-class motor ship ''Devis'' was modified as an assault command ship. On 5 July 1943 she was the commodore ship in Convoy KMS 18B for the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]. She was carrying a [[rear-admiral]], 289 Canadian troops and two landing craft. That afternoon ''U-593'' torpedoed and sank her northeast of Cape Bengut on the coast of Algeria, killing 52 of the personnel aboard.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=102}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2981.html |title=Devis |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=uboat.net |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?137055 |title=MV Devis (+1943) |last1=Vleggeert |first1=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

On 21 November 1943 the D-class motor ship ''Delius'' in the Western Approaches about {{convert|300|nmi|km}} southwest of [[Land's End]] when an enemy aircraft attacked her with a [[Fritz X|glide bomb]]. The bomb did not sink her but it killed her Master and three of her crew{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=100}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?269211 |title=MV Delius (+1943) |last=Lettens |first=Jan |work=Wrecksite |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> and wounded several other crewmen.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=101}}

==Polish and Belgian passenger ships==
[[File:HMS Batory FL1582.jpg|thumb|The Polish liner {{MS|Batory||2}} (left) as a troop ship in the Second World War, with another troop ship in the background (centre right)]]
After the German and Soviet [[Invasion of Poland]] the UK Ministry of War Transport put three [[Gdynia America Line|Gdynia–America Line]] passenger liners under Lamport and Holt management. The {{GRT|6345}} ''[[SS Czar|Pułaski]]'', {{GRT|6852}} {{SS|Kościuszko||2}} and {{GRT|14287}} motor ship {{MS|Batory||2}} became troop ships. They retained their Polish officers and crew but each carried a Lamport and Holt liaison officer.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=102}}

In 1946, the {{abbr|MoWT|Ministry of War Transport}} returned ''Batory'' to Poland, which by then was under Soviet occupation. But the crews of ''Pułaski'' and ''Kościuszko'' refused to be repatriated. The MoWT re-registered the ships in the UK as ''[[SS Czar|Empire Penryn]]'' and ''Empire Helford'' respectively, the Polish crews signed UK articles and the ships were sold to Lamport and Holt.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=102}}

In 1940, the {{abbr|MoWT|Ministry of War Transport}} put a pair of [[Compagnie Maritime Belge]] passenger liners under Lamport and Holt management. The {{GRT|8851}} sister ships {{SS|Elisabethville|1921|2}} and {{SS|Thysville||2}} became troop ships. In 1947 they were renamed ''Empire Bure'' and ''Empire Test'' respectively.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=102}}

==After the Second World War==
By the end of the war in 1945 Lamport and Holt owned nine cargo ships with a total tonnage of {{GRT|65396}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} On behalf of the MoWT it was managing several cargo ships and four passenger ships. The company increased its fleet by buying [[Empire ship]]s of various ages and sizes from the MoWT. The largest of these was the {{GRT|9942}} ''[[List of Empire ships (H)#Empire Haig|Empire Haig]]'', which Lamport and Holt renamed ''Dryden''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|pp=110–111}} In 1947 the company bought one [[Liberty ship]], the {{GRT|7256}} ''[[List of Liberty ships (Je–L)|John J.McGraw]]'', which it renamed ''Lassell''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=113}} In the same year it chartered two [[Victory ship]]s from the Panama Shipping Corporation.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=110}} They were the {{GRT|7602}} ''Atlantic City Victory'', which was renamed ''Vianna'',{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=114}} and the {{GRT|7607}} ''El Reno Victory'', which was renamed ''Vilar''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=115}}

Some ships were also transferred between Lamport and Holt and other Vestey Group subsidiaries, and renamed according to the naming policy of each company. This practice was to continue throughout Lamport and Holt's decades as a member of the Vestey Group. In 1946 the group took over [[Alfred Booth and Company]],{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=110}} which increased the scope for fleet transfers between subsidiaries.

Not until 1952 did Lamport and Holt resume adding ships to its fleet newly built to its own specification. These were two motor ships, the {{GRT|4459}} ''Siddons'' and {{GRT|8311}} ''Raeburn'', plus the {{GRT|8237}} steamship ''Romney'', which became the company [[flagship]]. They were joined in 1953 by the {{GRT|7971}} motor ship ''Raphael'', which had a top speed of {{convert|17+1/2|kn|km/h|0}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} In 1953 the fleet was back up to 16 ships and had a combined tonnage of {{GRT|105970}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=119}} A sister ship for ''Raphael'', the {{GRT|7840}} ''Ronsard'', was built in 1957.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=120}}

Lamport and Holt continued to buy second-hand ships. They included the {{GRT|3022}} refrigerated cargo motor ship ''Mosdale'' in 1954, which Lamport and Holt renamed ''Balzac'' and used almost entirely to ship bananas from [[Port of Santos|Santos]] in Brazil to mainland Europe or for [[Bakkavör|Geest]] from the island of [[Dominica]] to Britain. Its success led the company to have two new refrigerated ships built: the {{GRT|3099}} ''Constable'' in 1959 and {{GRT|3005}} ''Chatham'' in 1960.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=120}}

[[File:Albion House, James Street-Strand Street - geograph.org.uk - 596865.jpg|thumb|upright|Albion House in Liverpool, where Lamport and Holt was headquartered from 1975 until the 1980s]]
In 1967 Booth Line took over Lamport and Holt's services to New York, ending a trade in which Lamport and Holt had been engaged for more or less a century.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=120}} In 1974 Vestey Group moved Lamport and Holt's head office from the Royal Liver Building to [[Albion House, Liverpool]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=158}} By 1977 Lamport and Holt's fleet was reduced to four ships.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=120}}

==Containerisation==
Modern [[intermodal container]]s for freight were developed in the 1950s and standardised by [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standards from the end of the 1960s. They were rapidly transforming cargo shipping. Lamport and Holt's traditional break-bulk cargo ships were not equipped to carry containers, but the company believed that it would be some time before all ports in South America would be adapted to handle them.

Since 1967 [[Austin & Pickersgill]] had been mass-producing a standardised motor ship, the SD14, in [[Sunderland]] on the [[River Wear]]. The SD14 was designed as a shelter deck break-bulk cargo ship to replace Liberty ships and Victory ships. Subsequently, A&P adapted the design to carry 118 20-foot containers on deck and on the hatch covers as well as break-bulk cargo in the holds.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=140}}

Accordingly, in the late 1970s Lamport and Holt ordered four SD14s of {{GRT|9324}} and {{DWT|15265}} from A&P. They were launched as ''Bronte''. ''Browning'' and ''Boswell'' in 1979 and ''Belloc'' in 1980. They formed a new "B-class", and Lamport and Holt rapidly sold its existing fleet as they were delivered. Unlike previous Lamport and Holt ships, the new B-class had no passenger berths at all. Their introduction brought the company's passenger service to an end after 135 years.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=140}}

Lamport and Holt operated a joint service between the British Isles and South America with its sister company Blue Star Line and with two [[Furness Withy|Furness, Withy & Co]] subsidiaries: [[Houlder Line|Houlder Brothers]] and [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company#Reconstitution as Royal Mail Lines|Royal Mail Lines]]. Between them the four companies traded as the Joint British Line or as BHLR.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=140}}

[[File:Crowd gathers for launch (14108626833).jpg|thumb|''Ruddbank'' being launched in [[Sunderland]] for [[Bank Line]] in 1978. In 1983 Lamport and Holt bought her and renamed her ''Romney''.]]
In 1982 the [[Falklands War]] and its aftermath rapidly increased demand for container ships to operate between Britain and the South Atlantic. In 1983 Lamport and Holt bought the {{GRT|12214}} motor ship ''Ruddbank'' from [[Bank Line]] and renamed her ''Romney''. She took government cargo outward from Britain to the [[Falkland Islands]] and commercial cargo homeward from Brazil to Europe. Lamport and Holt sold her in 1986 after the UK government completed building [[RAF Mount Pleasant]].{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=140}}

In the 1980s BHLR became British South America Lines or Brisa. Its headquarters was moved to London and its service was reorganised with a smaller number of larger ships. Accordingly, Lamport and Holt sold its SD14s between 1981 and 1983, and in 1986 took a share in Blue Star Line's 1979 container ship ''New Zealand Star''. She was rebuilt in [[Singapore]] with a mid-section of greater beam, which increased her capacity from 721 containers to 1,143. Berths were added for 12 passengers. In total the rebuild increased her tonnage from {{GRT|17082}} to {{GRT|22635}}.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=140}} She was repainted in Lamport and Holt colours and in a ceremony on 12 May 1986 [[Mary Soames|Lady Soames]], the youngest daughter of [[Winston Churchill]], formally renamed her ''Churchill''.{{sfn|Heaton|2004|p=141}}

==Demise==
In 1990 [[Dr. Oetker|Oetker Group]] took over Furness, Withy and decided to withdraw Houlder Brothers and Royal Mail Lines from the Brisa partnership. Vestey Group decided to continue its remaining trade with South America solely under the Blue Star name. When Brisa Line ceased trading at the end of June 1991 ''Churchill'' reverted to Blue Star Line under the new name ''Argentina Star'', and Lamport and Holt ceased trading.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Dunn |first=Laurence |year=1973 |title=Merchant Ships of the World in Colour 1910–1929 |place=London |publisher=Blandford Press Ltd |isbn=0-7137-0569-8 |pages=110–111 }}
*{{cite book |last=Harnack |first=Edwin P |orig-year=1903 |year=1938 |title=All About Ships & Shipping |place=London |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |edition=7th }}
*{{cite book |last=Heaton |first=Paul M |year=2004 |title=Lamport & Holt Line |place=Abergavenny |publisher=PM Heaton Publishing |isbn=1-872006-16-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Talbot-Booth |first=EC |year=1936 |title=Ships and the Sea |edition=Third |place=London |publisher=[[Sampson Low]], Marston & Co Ltd }}
*{{cite book |last=Tomán |first=René De La Pedraja |year=1998 |title=Oil and Coffee: Latin American Merchant Shipping from the Imperial Era to the 1950s |place=Santa Barbara |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-31330-839-0 |pages=6–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj7XCXKHPU4C&pg=PA9 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.ggarchives.com/OceanTravel/SteamshipLines/LamportAndHoltLine.html |title=Lamport & Holt Line History and Ephemera |publisher=GG Archives }}
*{{cite web |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Lamport and Holt Line / Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate Steam Navigation Company / Société de Nav. Royale Belge Sud-Americaine |work=TheShipsList |publisher=Susan Swiggum & Stephen Morse |date=18 March 2010 |url= http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/lamport.shtml }}

[[Category:1845 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1845]]
[[Category:Companies based in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Holt family]]