View source for MTA2

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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{About|proteins|the Islamic TV channel|MTA 2}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Metastasis-associated protein MTA2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''MTA2'' [[gene]].<ref name="1-Futamura">{{cite journal | vauthors = Futamura M, Nishimori H, Shiratsuchi T, Saji S, Nakamura Y, Tokino T | title = Molecular cloning, mapping, and characterization of a novel human gene, MTA1-L1, showing homology to a metastasis-associated gene, MTA1 | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–6 | date = 1999 | pmid = 9929979 | doi = 10.1007/s100380050107 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MTA2 metastasis associated 1 family, member 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9219}}</ref>

MTA2  is the second member of the MTA family of genes.<ref name="1-Futamura" /><ref name="2-zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Ng HH, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Bird A, Reinberg D | title = Analysis of the NuRD subunits reveals a histone deacetylase core complex and a connection with DNA methylation | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | pages = 1924–35 | date = Aug 1999 | pmid = 10444591 | doi=10.1101/gad.13.15.1924 | pmc=316920}}</ref><ref name="3-li">{{cite book | vauthors = Li DQ, Kumar R | title = Unravelling the Complexity and Functions of MTA Coregulators in Human Cancer | journal = Advances in Cancer Research | volume = 127 | pages = 1–47 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26093897 | doi = 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.005 | isbn = 9780128029206 }}</ref> MTA2 protein localizes in the nucleus and is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and the deacetylation complex ([[NuRD]]).<ref name="3-li" /> Similar to the founding family member [[MTA1]], MTA2 functions as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates gene expression.<ref name="4-sen">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sen N, Gui B, Kumar R | title = Physiological functions of MTA family of proteins | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 869–77 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25344801 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9514-4 | pmc=4245464}}</ref><ref name="5-kumar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R | title = Functions and clinical relevance of MTA proteins in human cancer. Preface | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 835 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25348751 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9509-1 | pmc=4245326}}</ref> MTA2 is overexpressed in human cancer and its dysregulated level correlates well with cancer invasiveness and aggressive phenotypes.<ref name="6-covin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Covington KR, Fuqua SA | title = Role of MTA2 in human cancer | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 921–8 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25394532 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9518-0 | pmc=4425804}}</ref>

== Discovery ==

MTA2 was initially recognized as an MTA1 like 1 gene, named MTA1-L1, from a large scale sequencing of randomly selected clones from human [[cDNA]] libraries in 1999.<ref name="1-Futamura" /> Clues about the role of MTA2 in gene expression came from the association of MTA2 polypeptides in the NuRD complex in a proteomic study<ref name="2-zhang" /> This was followed by targeted cloning of murine Mta2 in 2001.<ref name="7-xia">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xia L, Zhang Y | title = Sp1 and ETS family transcription factors regulate the mouse Mta2 gene expression | journal = Gene | volume = 268 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 77–85 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11368903 | doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00429-2| s2cid = 20705099 }}</ref>

== Gene and spliced variants ==

MTA2 is localized on chromosome 11q12-q13.1 in human and on 19B in mice. The 8.6-kb long human MTA2 gene contains 20 exons and seven transcripts inclusive of three protein-coding transcripts but predicted to code for two polypeptides of 688 amino acids and 495 amino acids.<ref name="8-Kumar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar R, Wang RA | title = Structure, expression and functions of MTA genes | journal = Gene | volume = 582 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–21 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26869315 | pmc = 4785049 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.012 }}</ref> The remaining four MTA2 transcripts are non-coding RNA transcripts ranging from 532-bp to 627-bp. The murine Mta2 consists of a 3.1-kb protein-coding transcript to code a protein of 668 amino acids, and five non-coding RNAs transcripts, ranging from 620-bp to 839-bp.

== Structure ==

Amino acid sequence of MTA2 shares 68.2% homology with [[MTA1]]’s sequence. MTA2 domains include, a [[BAH domain|BAH]] (Bromo-Adjacent Homology), an [[ELM2]] (egl-27 and MTA1 homology), a [[SANT domain]] (SWI, ADA2, N-CoR, TFIIIB-B), and a GATA-like [[zinc finger]].<ref name="9-mil">{{cite journal | vauthors = Millard CJ, Watson PJ, Celardo I, Gordiyenko Y, Cowley SM, Robinson CV, Fairall L, Schwabe JW | title = Class I HDACs share a common mechanism of regulation by inositol phosphates | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–67 | date = Jul 2013 | pmid = 23791785 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.020 | pmc=3710971}}</ref><ref name="10-al">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alqarni SS, Murthy A, Zhang W, Przewloka MR, Silva AP, Watson AA, Lejon S, Pei XY, Smits AH, Kloet SL, Wang H, Shepherd NE, Stokes PH, Blobel GA, Vermeulen M, Glover DM, Mackay JP, Laue ED | title = Insight into the architecture of the NuRD complex: structure of the RbAp48-MTA1 subcomplex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 289 | issue = 32 | pages = 21844–55 | date = Aug 2014 | pmid = 24920672 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M114.558940 | pmc=4139204| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="11-mil">{{cite journal | vauthors = Millard CJ, Fairall L, Schwabe JW | title = Towards an understanding of the structure and function of MTA1 | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 857–67 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25352341 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9513-5 | pmc=4244562}}</ref> MTA2 is acetylated at lysine 152 within the BAH domain<ref name="12-zhou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou J, Zhan S, Tan W, Cheng R, Gong H, Zhu Q | title = P300 binds to and acetylates MTA2 to promote colorectal cancer cells growth | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 444 | issue = 3 | pages = 387–90 | date = Feb 2014 | pmid = 24468085 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.062 }}</ref>

== Function ==

This gene encodes a protein that has been identified as a component of [[NuRD]], a nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex identified in the nucleus of human cells. It shows a very broad expression pattern and is strongly expressed in many tissues. It may represent one member of a small gene family that encode different but related proteins involved either directly or indirectly in transcriptional regulation. Their indirect effects on transcriptional regulation may include [[chromatin remodeling]].<ref name="entrez" />

MTA2 inhibits [[estrogen receptor]]-transactivation functions, and participates in the development of hormones independent of breast cancer cells.<ref name="6-covin" /> The MTA2 participate in the circadian rhythm through CLOCK-BMAL1 complex. MTA2 inhibits the expression of target genes owing to its ability to interact with chromatin remodeling complexes, and modulates pathways involved in cellular functions, including invasion, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and growth of normal and cancer cells<ref name="4-sen" /><ref name="6-covin" />

== Regulation ==

Expression of MTA2 is stimulated by [[Sp1 transcription factor]]<ref name="7-xia" /><ref name="13-zhou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou C, Ji J, Cai Q, Shi M, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu B, Zhu Z, Zhang J | title = MTA2 promotes gastric cancer cells invasion and is transcriptionally regulated by Sp1 | journal = Molecular Cancer | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 102 | date = 8 September 2013 | pmid = 24010737 | doi = 10.1186/1476-4598-12-102 | pmc=3851872 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and repressed by [[ZBTB33|Kaiso]].<ref name="14-yoon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoon HG, Chan DW, Reynolds AB, Qin J, Wong J | title = N-CoR mediates DNA methylation-dependent repression through a methyl CpG binding protein Kaiso | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 723–34 | date = Sep 2003 | pmid = 14527417 | doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2003.08.008| doi-access = free }}</ref> Growth regulatory activity of MTA2 is modulated through its acetylation by histone acetylase [[P300-CBP coactivator family|p300]] [12]. The expression of MTA2 is inhibited by the [[ARHGDIA|Rho GDIa]] in breast cancer cells<ref name="15-barone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barone I, Brusco L, Gu G, Selever J, Beyer A, Covington KR, Tsimelzon A, Wang T, [[Susan Hilsenbeck|Hilsenbeck SG]], Chamness GC, Andò S, Fuqua SA | title = Loss of Rho GDIα and resistance to tamoxifen via effects on estrogen receptor α | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 103 | issue = 7 | pages = 538–52 | date = Apr 2011 | pmid = 21447808 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djr058 | pmc=3071355}}</ref> and by human [[Beta defensin|β-defensins]] in colon cancer cells.<ref name="16-uraki">{{cite journal | vauthors = Uraki S, Sugimoto K, Shiraki K, Tameda M, Inagaki Y, Ogura S, Kasai C, Nojiri K, Yoneda M, Yamamoto N, Takei Y, Nobori T, Ito M | title = Human β-defensin-3 inhibits migration of colon cancer cells via downregulation of metastasis-associated 1 family, member 2 expression | journal = International Journal of Oncology | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 1059–64 | date = Sep 2014 | pmid = 24969834 | doi = 10.3892/ijo.2014.2507 | doi-access = free }}</ref> MicroRNAs-146a and miR-34a also regulate the levels of MTA2 mRNA through post-transcriptional mechanism.<ref name="17-vand">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Vandenboom TG, Wang Z, Kong D, Ali S, Philip PA, Sarkar FH | title = miR-146a suppresses invasion of pancreatic cancer cells | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 1486–95 | date = Feb 2010 | pmid = 20124483 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2792 | pmc=2978025}}</ref><ref name="18-kaller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaller M, Liffers ST, Oeljeklaus S, Kuhlmann K, Röh S, Hoffmann R, Warscheid B, Hermeking H | title = Genome-wide characterization of miR-34a induced changes in protein and mRNA expression by a combined pulsed SILAC and microarray analysis | journal = Molecular & Cellular Proteomics | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = M111.010462 | date = Aug 2011 | pmid = 21566225 | doi = 10.1074/mcp.M111.010462  |doi-access=free | pmc=3149097}}</ref><ref name="19-zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Wang XF | title = Post-transcriptional regulation of MTA family by microRNAs in the context of cancer | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 1011–6 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25332146 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-014-9526-0 | pmc=4245459}}</ref>

== Targets ==

MTA2 deacetylates the [[estrogen receptor alpha]] and [[p53]] and inhibits their transactivation functions.<ref name="20-cui">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cui Y, Niu A, Pestell R, Kumar R, Curran EM, Liu Y, Fuqua SA | title = Metastasis-associated protein 2 is a repressor of estrogen receptor alpha whose overexpression leads to estrogen-independent growth of human breast cancer cells | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | volume = 20 | issue = 9 | pages = 2020–35 | date = Sep 2006 | pmid = 16645043 | doi = 10.1210/me.2005-0063 | pmc=4484605}}</ref><ref name="21-luo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo J, Su F, Chen D, Shiloh A, Gu W | title = Deacetylation of p53 modulates its effect on cell growth and apoptosis | journal = Nature | volume = 408 | issue = 6810 | pages = 377–81 | date = Nov 2000 | pmid = 11099047 | doi = 10.1038/35042612 | bibcode = 2000Natur.408..377L | s2cid = 4300392 }}</ref> MTA2 represses the expression of E-cadherin in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.<ref name="23-lu">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu X, Kovalev GI, Chang H, Kallin E, Knudsen G, Xia L, Mishra N, Ruiz P, Li E, Su L, Zhang Y | title = Inactivation of NuRD component Mta2 causes abnormal T cell activation and lupus-like autoimmune disease in mice | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 283 | issue = 20 | pages = 13825–33 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18353770 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M801275200 | pmc=2376246| doi-access = free }}</ref> but stimulates the expression of [[Interleukin 11|IL-11]] in gastric cancer cells.<ref name="24-zhou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou C, Ji J, Cai Q, Shi M, Chen X, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J | title = MTA2 enhances colony formation and tumor growth of gastric cancer cells through IL-11 | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 15 | pages = 343 | date = 2 May 2015 | pmid = 25929737 | doi = 10.1186/s12885-015-1366-y | pmc=4419442 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The MTA2-containing chromatin remodeling complex targets [[CLOCK]]-[[BMAL1]] complex.<ref name="25-kim">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim JY, Kwak PB, Weitz CJ | title = Specificity in circadian clock feedback from targeted reconstitution of the NuRD corepressor | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 56 | issue = 6 | pages = 738–48 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25453762 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Interactions ==

MTA2 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
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* [[CHD4]],<ref name = pmid12920132/> 
* [[HDAC1]],<ref name = pmid12920132>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yao YL, Yang WM | title = The metastasis-associated proteins 1 and 2 form distinct protein complexes with histone deacetylase activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 43 | pages = 42560–8 | date = Oct 2003 | pmid = 12920132 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M302955200 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = pmid11171972>{{cite journal | vauthors = You A, Tong JK, Grozinger CM, Schreiber SL | title = CoREST is an integral component of the CoREST- human histone deacetylase complex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 1454–8 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11171972 | pmc = 29278 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1454 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98.1454Y | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = pmid10444591>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Ng HH, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Bird A, Reinberg D | title = Analysis of the NuRD subunits reveals a histone deacetylase core complex and a connection with DNA methylation | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | pages = 1924–35 | date = Aug 1999 | pmid = 10444591 | pmc = 316920 | doi = 10.1101/gad.13.15.1924 }}</ref><ref name = pmid12374985>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yasui D, Miyano M, Cai S, Varga-Weisz P, Kohwi-Shigematsu T | title = SATB1 targets chromatin remodelling to regulate genes over long distances | journal = Nature | volume = 419 | issue = 6907 | pages = 641–5 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12374985 | doi = 10.1038/nature01084 | bibcode = 2002Natur.419..641Y | s2cid = 25822700 | url = https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc733622/ }}</ref> 
* [[Histone deacetylase 2|HDAC2]],<ref name = pmid12920132/><ref name = pmid10444591/><ref name = pmid12493763>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakimi MA, Dong Y, Lane WS, Speicher DW, Shiekhattar R | title = A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene is a component of a new family of histone deacetylase-containing complexes | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 9 | pages = 7234–9 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12493763 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M208992200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 
* [[MBD3]]<ref name = pmid10444591/><ref name = pmid12354758>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakai H, Urano T, Ookata K, Kim MH, Hirai Y, Saito M, Nojima Y, Ishikawa F | title = MBD3 and HDAC1, two components of the NuRD complex, are localized at Aurora-A-positive centrosomes in M phase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 50 | pages = 48714–23 | date = Dec 2002 | pmid = 12354758 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M208461200 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = pmid12124384>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saito M, Ishikawa F | title = The mCpG-binding domain of human MBD3 does not bind to mCpG but interacts with NuRD/Mi2 components HDAC1 and MTA2 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 38 | pages = 35434–9 | date = Sep 2002 | pmid = 12124384 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M203455200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 
* [[MTA1]],<ref name = pmid12920132/> 
* [[RBBP4]],<ref name = pmid12920132/><ref name = pmid10444591/> 
* [[RBBP7]],<ref name = pmid12920132/><ref name = pmid10444591/>  and
* [[SATB1]].<ref name = pmid12374985/>
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==Notes==
{{Academic-written review|Q=Q28273245}}

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|MTA2+protein,+human}}

{{NLM content}}
{{Transcription factors|g2}}

[[Category:Transcription factors]]