View source for National Anthem of Colombia

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|es|italic=no|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia}}
| english_title = National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia
| image         = Himno Nacional de Colombia.pdf{{!}}border
| image_size    = 
| caption       = Front page of the sheet music to the National Anthem of Colombia
| prefix        = National
| country       = {{COL}}
| author        = [[Rafael Núñez (politician)|Rafael Núñez]]
| lyrics_date   = 1850, 1883
| composer      = [[Oreste Sindici]]
| music_date    = 1887
| adopted       = {{start date|1920|10|28|df=y}}
| until         = 
| sound         = File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg
| sound_title   = ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible! by the [[US Navy Band]] (two choruses and one verse)
}}{{Culture of Colombia}}
The '''National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia'''{{efn|{{langx|es|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia}}, {{IPA|es|ˌimno nasjoˈnal de la reˌpuβlika ðe koˈlombja|pron}}}} is the official name of the [[national anthem]] of [[Colombia]]. It was originally written as a poem in 1850 by future President [[Rafael Núñez (politician)|Rafael Núñez]] as an ode to celebrate the independence of [[Cartagena Province|Cartagena]]. The music was composed by [[Italy|Italian]]-born opera musician [[Oreste Sindici|Oreste Síndici]], at the request of [[Bogotá|Bogotan]]<ref name=":13">{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/co.htm | title=Colombia | publisher=nationalanthems.info | access-date=2020-04-03 }}</ref> actor José Domingo Torres, during the presidency of Núñez, and with lyrics refined by Núñez himself, it was presented to the public for the first time on 11 November 1887. The song became very popular and was quickly adopted, albeit spontaneously, as the national anthem of Colombia.

It was made official through Law 33 of 18 October 1920. Colombian musician {{Interlanguage link|José Rozo Contreras|lt=|es}} reviewed the scores and prepared the transcriptions for symphonic band, which was adopted as an official version by decree 1963 of 4 July 1946. The anthem has been performed in various versions, been the subject of attempted reforms and been widely performed in the arts.

The lyrics of the anthem are composed of a chorus and eleven stanzas, though it is usually sung chorus–first verse–chorus.

== History ==
=== Background ===
In 1819, the [[contradanza]]s "{{Interlanguage link|La vencedora|lt=|es}}" and "{{Interlanguage link|La libertadora|lt=|es}}" were performed to celebrate the triumph of the patriots in the [[Battle of Boyacá]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Símbolos patrios de Colombia|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli93.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223853/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli93.htm|archive-date=2011-11-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Biblioteca Luis-Ángel Arango}}</ref> After the [[Colombian Declaration of Independence|independence of Colombia]] in 1810 and the dissolution of [[Gran Colombia]] in 1831, numerous songs were written in honour of the liberator [[Simón Bolívar]]. One of the first antecedents of the national anthem was presented on 20 July 1836, when the Spanish Francisco Villalba, who had arrived in Colombia with a theatre company, composed a patriotic song for [[Republic of New Granada|New Granada]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aguilera|first=Miguel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFZYAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia del himno nacional de Colombia|date=1958|publisher=Imp. Nacional|pages=3–4|language=es}}</ref> The song became very popular and was considered the first patriotic anthem in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=El Romanticismo musical colombiano|url=http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110644/http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|publisher=Audiovisual Investigation Group. [[National University of Colombia]], Medellín}}</ref> The verses of the chorus were as follows:

{| cellpadding="6"
!Spanish original<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pérez|first=Marcos González|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T0ABwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|title=Ceremoniales: Fiestas y nación.: Bogotá: un escenario|date=2012|publisher=Intercultura Colombia|isbn=978-958-99944-1-2|language=es|page=305}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|Gloria eterna a la [[Republic of New Granada|Nueva Granada]],
Que, formando una nueva nación,{{efn|Occasionally written {{lang|es|que formando una sola nación}} ("which, forming a single nation,").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferrer|first=Alvaro Paredes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cv9rAAAAMAAJ|title=La muerte de la nación|date=1996|publisher=Castillo|isbn=978-958-9499-07-8|language=es|page=244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Arboleda|first=Gustavo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5QCAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia contemporanea de Colombia: (desde la disolución de la antiqua república de ese nombre hasta la época presente)|date=1918|publisher=Arboleda & Valencia|language=es|page=165}}</ref>}}
Hoy levanta ya el templo sagrado
De las leyes, la paz y la unión.}}</poem>
|<poem>Eternal glory to New Granada,
Which, forming a new nation,
Today already raises the sacred temple
Of laws, peace and union.</poem>
|}

[[File:Batalla de Boyaca de Martin Tovar y Tovar.jpg|right|280px|thumb|The contradanza The victor was performed on the field of the Battle of Boyacá.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/book/export/html/88706|title=Música para la independencia|publisher=Credencial Historia|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>]]

In 1847, English composer and painter [[Henry Price (painter)|Henry Price]], founder of the Philharmonic Society, put music to some verses written by [[Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas|Santiago Pérez]] in an anthem called "{{Lang|es|Canción nacional|italic=no}}" ("National Song"), which was not widely accepted, due to its simplicity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Nuestro Himno|url=http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/article-139482.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175416/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/article-139482.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Colombia aprende}}</ref> Henry Price was the father of Jorge Wilson Price, who, after living in [[New York City]], returned to [[Bogotá]] in 1855 to dedicate himself to translating compositions and founding the National Academy of Music of Colombia in 1882,<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Colombian music pioneer|url=http://www.simonbeattie.co.uk/book/7/price-jorge-wilson-las-bases-cientificas-de-la-musica-|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021062655/http://www.simonbeattie.co.uk/book/7/price-jorge-wilson-las-bases-cientificas-de-la-musica-|archive-date=2011-10-21|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.simonbeattie.co.uk}}</ref> inviting the young Italian composer [[Oreste Sindici|Oreste Síndici]] as an adviser and professor of the academy. In 1910, the National Academy of Music would become the National Conservatory of Colombia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=El Romanticismo musical colombiano|url=http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110644/http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|publisher=Audiovisual Investigation Group. [[National University of Colombia]], Medellín}}</ref>

In 1849, José Caicedo Rojas wrote a poem, and José Joaquín Guarín composed the melody of an anthem called "{{Lang|es|Oda al 20 de julio|italic=no}}" ("Ode to 20 July"), which was set to music in the key of [[E-flat major|E flat]] for four voices and orchestra.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}}</ref> Its premiere was held at the {{Interlanguage link|Colonial Museum (Bogotá)|lt=Museum of Colonial Art|es}}, but due to its complexity, it did not convince the public either.<ref name=":1" /> In 1883, Dutch violinist Carlos Von Oecken set music to a poem written by {{Interlanguage link|Lino de Pombo|lt=|es}} in 1852.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}}</ref>

Decree 256 of 12 April 1881 called for a competition to select the national anthem. The jurors for this contest were politician [[Jose Maria Quijano Wallis|José María Quijano]], poet [[Rafael Pombo]] and musician Carlos Schloss. In the reviews published in different newspapers, it was stated that none of the anthems performed aroused enthusiasm in the spirit of the jury and that for this reason the competition was declared void.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=1. Símbolos patrios {{!}} Red de Centros Educativos|url=http://redced-co.relpe.org/node/135|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016160405/http://redced-co.relpe.org/node/135|archive-date=2012-10-16|access-date=2022-01-13|website=redced-co.relpe.org}}</ref>

On 1 July 1883, the government of the [[Cundinamarca State|Sovereign State of Cundinamarca]] organised a competition to select the anthem on the occasion of the centennial of the birth of the Liberator (Bolívar), on 24 July. The first prize was obtained by Daniel Figueroa, who composed an anthem with lyrics from various poems that premiered at the [[Plaza Bolívar, Bogotá|Plaza de Bolívar]] with a choir of 2,000 children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}}</ref> The second prize was obtained by Cayetano Fajardo. For its part, the jury noted that none of the awarded anthems were classified as national anthems but rather patriotic songs.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Urdaneta|first=Alberto|date=August 1883|title=El centenario del Libertador en Bogotá|magazine=Papel Periódico Ilustrado|url=https://babel.banrepcultural.org/digital/collection/p17054coll26/id/380/|access-date=2022-01-13|page=29|language=en|issue=50}}</ref>

=== Composition ===
[[File:Oreste Sindici.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Oreste Sindici]], {{Circa|1870}}]]

In 1887, theatre director José Domingo Torres, who was used to enlivening the national holidays, sought out Síndici to ask him to write a song on the occasion of the celebration of the [[History of Cartagena, Colombia|independence of Cartagena]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia|url=http://pwp.etb.net.co/fdrojas/Himno.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123233/http://pwp.etb.net.co/fdrojas/Himno.htm|archive-date=2012-10-25|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Paisajes colombianos y su folclor}}</ref> which was the first Colombian city to declare independence from the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Spanish]], on 11 November 1811.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independencia de Cartagena: ¿qué pasó el 11 de noviembre de 1811?|url=https://www.canalinstitucional.tv/independencia-de-cartagena-11-de-noviembre|access-date=2022-01-15|website=RTVC|language=es}}</ref> For the song, Domingo Torres asked him to score a poem called {{Lang|es|Himno Patriótico|italic=}} ("Patriotic Hymn"), written by [[President of Colombia|President]] of the Republic [[Rafael Núñez (politician)|Rafael Núñez]], in honour of Cartagena, which was composed to be declared publicly during the celebration of 11 November 1850 and published in the newspaper ''La Democracia'', when Núñez was still secretary of government of the [[Cartagena Province|Province of Cartagena]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Poesía Patriótica del siglo XIX|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/noviembre2010/poesia.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Credencial Historia, edición 2510|language=es}}</ref> After this first publication, the poem was adapted, improved and published by Núñez himself in the magazine ''Hebdomadaria'' number 3 and 4, July 1883.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Gabriel Andrés Eljaiek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTKuSHJFTi0C&pg=PA86|title=La tras escena del museo: nación y objetos en el Museo Nacional de Colombia|date=2006|publisher=Pontificia Universidad Javeriana|isbn=978-958-683-858-0|language=es}}</ref>{{rp|86}} A previous musicalisation of the same poem by Núñez, performed by maestros Delgado and Fortich, at the request of José Domingo Torres himself, which was performed at the Plaza de Bolívar on 20 July 1880, failed to gain acceptance among the audience present.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Rafael Núñez 1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Rafael Núñez (politician)|Rafael Núñez]], {{Circa|1885}}]]

The following is the original poem by Rafael Núñez from 1850:

{| cellpadding="6"
!{{big|{{lang|es|Himno patriótico}}}}<br />(Spanish original)<ref name=":14" />{{rp|97}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lemaitre|first=Eduardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRBsAAAAMAAJ|title=Núñez y su leyenda negra|date=1977|publisher=Ediciones Tercer Mundo|pages=204–205|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-esuAAAAYAAJ|title=Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo|date=1947|publisher=Instituto Caro y Cuervo|language=es|page=295}}</ref>
!{{big|Patriotic Anthem}}<br />(English translation)
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|Del once de noviembre
Mañana brilla el sol
Salud al gran suceso
De nuestra redención.

Cayeron las cadenas de
La libertad sublime
Derrama en todo el orbe
Su bendecida luz.

La humanidad entera
Que esclavizada gime
Comprende las doctrinas
Del que murió en la cruz.

¡Independencia! grita
El pueblo americano
Aniéganse en su sangre
Los hijos de Colón;

Pero este gran principio:
«El pueblo es soberano»
Resuena más vibrante
Que el eco del cañón.}}</poem>
|<poem>From [[Cartagena, Colombia#1811 to the 21st century|11 November]]
Tomorrow the sun shines
Hail to the great event
Of our redemption.

The chains fell, of
Sublime liberty
It spills all over the world
Its blessed light.

The whole of humanity
That moans enslaved
Understands the doctrines
Of [[Jesus|He who died on the cross]].

Independence! shouts
The [[Americas|American]] people
Are bathed in their blood
The children of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]];

But this great principle:
"The people are sovereign"
Resonates more vibrant
Than the echo of the cannon.</poem>
|}

Initially, Síndici refused to compose the song, despite Torres's insistence. He finally managed to convince himself, through his wife Justina Jannaut.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905132804/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Presidencia de la República de Colombia}}</ref> Prior to that, Síndici had demanded that José Domingo Torres look for the author of the poem so that he would adjust the verses according to the necessary arrangement for a melody and give them a national connotation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional|url=http://academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/TEMAS_DE_HISTORIA/ANTONIO_CACUA.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Facademiadehistoria.org%2FGACETA%2FTEMAS_DE_HISTORIA%2FANTONIO_CACUA.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archive-date=2011-02-24|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Academia Colombiana de Historia}}</ref>

For the composition of the anthem, Síndici retired to his [[Hacienda]] "{{Lang|es|El Prado|italic=no}}" ("The Meadow") in [[Nilo, Cundinamarca]], carrying a Dolt Graziano Tubi [[harmonium]]. The original score in the key of E-flat major and four-beat measure (''tempo di marcia'') currently rests in a room in the [[National Museum of Colombia]]. The pre-premiere of the melody would take place under a [[tamarind]] tree in the main park of the Cundinamarca municipality on 24 July 1887, after Sunday mass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2004-05-01|title=La historia del armonio de Síndici|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1507142|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}}</ref>

The national anthem was premiered on 11 November 1887 during the celebration of the independence of Cartagena with a choir of children from three primary schools, students of Síndici.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Historia del himno nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.todacolombia.com/himnocolombia.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Toda Colombia}}</ref> This first interpretation of the anthem was performed at the {{Lang|es|Teatro de Variedades|italic=no}} (Theatre of Varieties) of the public school of Santa Clara,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sanclemente|first1=Carlos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtQlngAACAAJ|title=Los símbolos patrios|last2=Prada|first2=Antonio Cacua|date=1999|publisher=Academia Colombiana de Historia|isbn=978-958-95765-2-6|pages=113|language=es}}</ref> which was located in the current {{Lang|es|carrera octava|italic=no}} (Eighth Avenue), on the site of the {{Interlanguage link|Church of Santa Clara, Bogotá|lt=Church of Santa Clara|es|Museo Iglesia de Santa Clara}}, adjacent to the Convent and to the {{Interlanguage link|National Astronomical Observatory of Colombia|lt=Astronomical Observatory|es|Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Colombia}}, in the jurisdiction of the [[Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá|Bogotá Cathedral]] neighbourhood. Included within the programme of celebrations of that date was the laying of the first stone of the Municipal Theatre of Bogotá in this same place;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Escobar|first=José Ignacio Perdomo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzRzAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia de la música en Colombia|date=1963|publisher=Editorial ABC|pages=168|language=es}}</ref> the theatre was inaugurated in 1890 and operated there until its demolition and transfer to the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Theater in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del teatro|url=http://www.teatrojorgeeliecer.gov.co/historia.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905144447/http://www.teatrojorgeeliecer.gov.co/historia.php|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Teatro Jorge Eliécer Gaitán}}</ref>

President Rafael Núñez learnt of the impact of the melody and invited Oreste Síndici to present it officially. To that end, Minister of Government Felipe Fermín Paul was commissioned to organise a presentation of the anthem on 6 December of the same year at 9 p.m. in the grade room of the [[Palacio de San Carlos]], currently located in the {{Interlanguage link|Colonial Museum (Bogotá)|lt=Museum of Colonial Art|es|Museo de Arte Colonial de Bogotá}}. The anthem was sung by a choir of 25 voices in the presence of the main civil, ecclesiastical and military authorities of the country. In the invitation to the event, the song was already announced as the "National Anthem".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905132804/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Presidencia de la República de Colombia}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The song quickly became well known, and several editions were published throughout the country in the following years. In 1890, the anthem was performed in [[Rome]], [[Mexico]], [[Lima]], [[Caracas]] and [[Curaçao]]. The first phonographic recording was made at the [[Columbia Phonograph Company]] studios in New York City in July 1910,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-17|title=Al maestro Ochoa le hace falta un club de fans|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/A/al_maestro_ochoa_le_hace_falta_un_club_de_fans/al_maestro_ochoa_le_hace_falta_un_club_de_fans.asp|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Colombiano|language=es-ES}}</ref> performed by the musical group {{Lang|es|La Lira Antioqueña|italic=no}} (The [[Antioquia Department|Antioquian]] Lyre) to celebrate the first centenary of the independence of Colombia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=González White|first=Bernardo|date=2008-05-26|title=El Himno Nacional|url=http://www.elmundo.com/portal/pagina.general.impresion.php?idx=85524|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Medellín: El Mundo|language=es}}</ref> The national anthem appears referenced as such in various publications of the time, prior to its official adoption. Thus, an essay by Manuel María Fajardo from 1908, the patriotic [[Primer (textbook)|primer]] by Camilo Villegas y González from 1910, a text of selected poems by Lisímaco Palau from 1912 and a hymn book by Ernesto Murillo from 1917 already cite the song composed by Oreste Síndici as the national anthem of Colombia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hermano Justo Ramón|title=En torno al Himno Nacional en el sesquicentenario de Núñez|year=1976|pages=8|language=es}}</ref> The lyrics and sheet music of the anthem were also included in the centennial urn that was closed on 31 October 1911 and that was opened during the celebration of the {{Interlanguage link|Bicentennial of Colombia|lt=|es|Bicentenario de Colombia}}, on 20 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2010-07-20|title=Los secretos de la urna centenaria|url=https://www.semana.com/wikileaks/articulo/los-secretos-urna-centenaria/119529-3/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Semana|language=es}}</ref>

For the adoption of the national anthem, the representative to the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber]] for the department of [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], Sergio Burbano, presented the bill on 9 August 1920. The plan was approved in the debate of the public instruction commission and later by the plenary session of the [[Congress of Colombia|Congress of the Republic]], making it official by Law 33 of 18 October 1920, which was sanctioned by President [[Marco Fidel Suárez]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qMwAAAAIAAJ|title=Leyes expedidas por el Congreso Nacional en su legislatura de 1920|date=1940|publisher=Imprenta Nacional|pages=40|language=es}}</ref> In this law, an expert opinion was also requested to recognise the artistic property rights of the heirs of Oreste Síndici.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=|title=Ley 33 de 1920|url=http://www.cntv.org.co/cntv_bop/basedoc/ley/1920/ley_0033_1920.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314115926/http://www.cntv.org.co/cntv_bop/basedoc/ley/1920/ley_0033_1920.html|archive-date=2012-03-14|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}</ref>

During the [[Colombia–Peru War|border conflict with Peru (1932–1934)]], the soldiers who defended national sovereignty sang a refrain in the trumpet introduction when entering the battle front, in accordance with the warlike moment that the nation was experiencing. This transitory stanza stood as the following:

{| cellpadding="6"
!Spanish original<ref>{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Ana María Jaramillo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm7pAAAAMAAJ|title=Las horas secretas|last2=Jaramillo|first2=Ana María|date=1990|publisher=Cal y Arena|isbn=978-968-493-201-2|language=es|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Goméz|first=Jorge Adiel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyMBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|title=HISTORIAS DE UN HOMBRE EN BUSCA DE DIOS|date=2016-04-23|publisher=Editorial San Pablo|isbn=978-958-768-234-2|language=es|page=247}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|Hoy que la madre patria se halla herida,
hoy que debemos todos combatir, combatir,
vamos a dar por ella nuestra vida,{{efn|Sometimes written {{lang|es|Demos por ella nuestra vida}} ("Let us give our life for her").<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pabon|first1=Rosemberg Pabon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuNHAAAAYAAJ|title=Así nos tomamos la embajada|last2=Pabón|first2=Rosemberg Pabón|last3=Chiqui|first3=La|date=1984|publisher=Planeta|isbn=978-958-614-059-1|language=es|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-06|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.archivosonoro.org/?id=75|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006125951/http://www.archivosonoro.org/?id=75|archive-date=2011-10-06|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Archivo Sonoro}}</ref>}}
que morir por la patria no es morir, es vivir.}}</poem>
|<poem>Now that the motherland finds herself wounded,
Now that we must all fight, fight,
We are going to give our life for her,
Since to die for the fatherland is not to die, it is to live.</poem>
|}

This introduction was taught to students in primary schools in the 1930s, according to historian José Antonio Amaya,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-03-01|title=Buscan meter al general Santander en el Himno|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-3340627|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}}</ref> and it was still being taught in the 1960s. The final line is very similar to a line in the [[national anthem of Cuba]] that goes, "¡Que morir por la patria es vivir!"

As time went by, different versions of the anthem appeared. In 1946, the [[Ministry of National Education (Colombia)|Ministry of National Education]], with the aim of unifying the criteria, appointed a commission made up of experts. As a result of this investigation, the government issued executive decree number 1963 of 4 July 1946, stating that the official scores and the transcriptions for symphony orchestra of the anthem made by [[Norte de Santander Department|Norte de Santander]] musician {{Interlanguage link|José Rozo Contreras|lt=|es|}} in 1933 are the most faithful to the originals written by Oreste Síndici.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Gobierno oficializa el actual himno nacional|url=http://www.verbienmagazin.com/ColombiaDato.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220124554/http://www.verbienmagazin.com/ColombiaDato.html|archive-date=2010-02-20|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ver Bien Magazín}}</ref> Since then, this version has been officially adopted.<ref name=":5" /> During the government of [[Belisario Betancur]], [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina|San Andrés]] residents were authorised to sing a version of the anthem in English and indigenous peoples to sing the version in their own languages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=El Himno Nacional|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/julio2001/elhimno.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Biblioteca Luis-Ángel Arango|language=es}}</ref>

Decree 3558 of 9 November 1949, which  approves the "Garrison Service Regulations", is the first protocol norm that establishes the occasions on which the anthem must be sung.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decreto 3558 de 1949|url=https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1531213|access-date=2022-01-13|website=SUIN-Juriscol}}</ref> Law 12 of 29 February 1984 ratified in its article 4 the validity of the national anthem of Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Congreso de Colombia|date=1984-02-29|title=Ley 12 de 1984|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1173|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Bogotá: Alcaldía de Bogotá}}</ref>

Law 198 of 17 July 1995, which legislates national symbols, made it mandatory to broadcast them on all radio and [[Television in Colombia|television]] stations in the country at both 6:00&nbsp;a.m. and 6:00&nbsp;p.m. (with the latter medium, on a varied schedule for those deprived of clear signal and not applicable to national cable TV channels), as well as during public addresses by the President of the Republic and other official events.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Ley 198 de 1995|url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/1995/ley_0198_1995.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120115435/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/1995/ley_0198_1995.html|archive-date=2012-01-20|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
The national anthem is made up of an [[Alexandrine]] chorus and eleven stanzas in {{Interlanguage link|Heptasyllabic|lt=heptasyllabic|es|Heptasílabo}} {{Interlanguage link|Octavilla|lt=octavillas|es|Octavilla (poesía)}}; but throughout its execution, only the chorus and the first verse are usually performed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colombia: Consultor temático|publisher=Grupo Editorial Planeta|year=1992|pages=266|language=es|issue=2}}</ref> The stanzas are a recount of [[History of Colombia|historical events]] and philosophical reflections on the independence of Colombia and other [[Latin America]]n countries.<ref name=":3" /> Stanzas I and III can be described as evocative, stanzas II, V, and XI heroic, stanzas VI and VII epic, stanzas IV and VIII elegiac, and stanzas IX and X synthetic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Quintana R|first=Evangelista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqRYzgEACAAJ|title=Símbolos de la nacionalidad colombiana|date=1954|publisher=Asociación Nacional de Profesores|pages=231–233|language=es}}</ref> The music has a tonality of [[E flat major]] and [[4/4 time|4/4]] time (''tempo di marcia'').<ref>{{Cite web|last1=López|first1=Marulanda|last2=Carlos|first2=Juan|date=2007|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/digitalizados/himno_nacional_os_coro_pge.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185528/http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/digitalizados/himno_nacional_os_coro_pge.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-23|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Centro de Documentación Musical - Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia - Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref>

{{Colombian culture}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Spanish original<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himno Nacional |url=http://historico.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=[[President of Colombia|Presidencia de la República de Colombia]]}}</ref>
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Spanish]], [[Spanish phonology]] and [[Colombian Spanish]].}}
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|{{small|'''Coro:'''}}
¡O, gloria inmarcesible!
¡O, júbilo inmortal!
En surcos de dolores,
𝄆 el bien germina ya. 𝄇

¡O, gloria inmarcesible!
¡O, júbilo inmortal!
En surcos de dolores,
el bien germina ya.

'''I'''
Cesó la horrible noche.
La libertad  sublime
derrama las auroras
de su invencible luz.

La humanidad entera,
que entre cadenas gime,
comprende las palabras
del que [[Jesus|murió en La Cruz]].

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''II'''
"¡Independencia!", grita
el mundo americano.
Se baña en sangre de héroes
la tierra de Colón.

Pero este gran principio;
"El rey no es soberano"{{efn|Some versions give {{lang|es|"El pueblo es soberano"}} ("People are sovereign").}}
resuena, y los que sufren
bendicen su pasión.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''III'''
Del Orinoco el cauce
se colma de despojos,
de sangre y llanto un río 
se mira allí correr.

En Bárbula no saben
las almas ni los ojos,
si admiración o espanto
sentir o padecer.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''IV'''
A orillas del Caribe,
hambriento un pueblo lucha,
horrores prefiriendo
a pérfida salud.

¡Oh, sí!, de Cartagena
la abnegación es mucha,
y escombros de la muerte
desprecia su virtud.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''V'''
De Boyacá en los campos, 
el genio de la gloria,
con cada espiga un héroe
invicto coronó.

Soldados sin coraza
ganaron la victoria;
su varonil aliento
de escudo les sirvió.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''VI'''
Bolívar cruza el Ande
que riegan dos océanos,
espadas cual centellas
fulguran en Junín.

Centauros indomables
descienden a los llanos,
y empieza a presentirse,
de la epopeya el fin.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''VII'''
La trompa victoriosa
en Ayacucho truena,
que en cada triunfo crece
su formidable son.

En su expansivo empuje
la libertad se estrena,
del cielo americano 
formando un pabellón.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''VIII'''
La virgen sus cabellos
arranca en agonía
y de su amor viuda
los cuelga del ciprés.

Lamenta su esperanza
que cubre loza fría,
pero glorioso orgullo
circunda su alba tez.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''IX'''
La patria así se forma,
termópilas brotando;
constelación de cíclopes
su noche iluminó.

La flor estremecida
mortal el viento hallando,
debajo los laureles
seguridad buscó.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''X'''
Mas no es completa gloria
vencer en la batalla,
que el brazo que combate
lo anima la verdad.

La independencia sola
el gran clamor no acalla;
si el sol alumbra a todos,
justicia es libertad.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}

'''XI'''
Del hombre los derechos
Nariño predicando,
el alma de la lucha
profético enseñó.

Ricaurte en San Mateo,
en átomos volando,
"Deber antes que vida,"
con llamas escribió.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Coro'''}}}}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{small|'''[ˈkoɾo]'''}}
[o ˈɡloɾja immaɾseˈsible]
[o ˈhubilo immoɾˈtal]
[en ˈsuɾkos de doˈloɾes]
𝄆 [el ˈbjen heɾˈmina ˈʝa] 𝄇

[o ˈɡloɾja immaɾseˈsible]
[o ˈhubilo immoɾˈtal]
[en ˈsuɾkos de doˈloɾes]
[el ˈbjen heɾˈmina ˈʝa]

'''1'''
[seˈso la oˈrible ˈnot͡ʃe]
[la libeɾˈtad suˈblime]
[deˈrama las auˈɾoɾas]
[de su imbenˈsible ˈlus]

[la umaniˈdad enˈteɾa]
[ke ˈentɾe kaˈdenas ˈhime]
[komˈpɾende las paˈlabɾas]
[del ke muˈɾjo en la ˈkɾus]

{{small|'''''[ˈkoɾo]'''''}}</poem>
|<poem>{{small|'''Chorus:'''}}
Oh, unwithering glory!
Oh, immortal jubilance!
In furrows of pain,
𝄆 goodness now germinates. 𝄇

Oh, unwithering glory!
Oh, immortal jubilance!
In furrows of pain,
goodness now germinates.

'''I'''
The horrible night has ceased.
Sublime Liberty
spills the auroras
of her invincible light.

The entirety of humanity
that groans within chains,
comprehend the words
of [[Jesus|He who died on the cross]].

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''II'''
"Independence!" shouts
the [[Americas|American]] world;
The land of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]].
Is bathed in heroes' blood.

But this great doctrine;
"[[Monarchy of Spain|The king]] is not sovereign",
resounds, and those who suffer
bless their passion.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''III'''
The bed of the [[Orinoco]]
Is heaped with plunder,
Of blood and tears a river
is seen to flow there.

In [[Atanasio Girardot|Bárbula]] know
neither souls nor eyes,
whether admiration to feel 
or fear to suffer.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''IV'''
On the shores of the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]], 
a famished people fight,
preferring horror
to fickle health.

O, aye! from [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]]
heavy is the hardship,
and death's rubble
disdains her virtue

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''V'''
From [[Battle of Boyacá|Boyacá]] in the fields,
the genius of glory,
from every sprig a hero
was crowned undefeated.

Soldiers without armor
won the victory;
their virile spirit
served them as a shield.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''VI'''
[[Simón Bolívar|Bolívar]] crosses the [[Andes]]
bathed by two oceans,
swords as though sparks 
flash in [[Battle of Junín|Junín]].

Indomitable centaurs
descend to the plains,
and a premonition begins to be felt,
of the epic's end.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''VII'''
The victorious trumpet
in [[Battle of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]] loudly thunders,
as in every triumph grows
its formidable sound.

In its expansive thrust
Liberty is first felt, 
from the American sky 
forming a pavilion.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''VIII'''
In agony, the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin]]
Tears out her hair,
and bereft of her love,
leaves it to hang on a cypress.

Regretting her hope
covered by a cold headstone,
but glorious pride
hallows her fair skin.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''IX'''
Thus the motherland is formed,
[[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]]s bursting forth;
a constellation of cyclops
the night did brighten.

The trembling flower
finding the wind mortal,
underneath the laurels
safety sought.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''X'''
But it's not complete glory
to defeat in battle,
the arm that fights
is encouraged by truth.

For independence alone
The great clamour doesn't silence;
if the sun shines on everyone,
justice is liberty.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''XI'''
[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Of men the rights]]
[[Antonio Nariño|Nariño]]'s preaching,
the soul of struggle
was prophetically taught.

[[Antonio Ricaurte|Ricaurte]] in [[Battle of San Mateo (1814)|San Mateo]],
in atoms flying,
"Duty before life,"
with flames he wrote.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}</poem>
|}

== Protocol ==
[[File:59 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.JPG|230px|thumb|The National Anthem must be sung when raising and lowering the Colombian flag.]]

The rules of protocol for singing and listening to the national anthem of Colombia are regulated in articles 10 and 11 of decree 1967 of 15 August 1991.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=|title=Decreto 1967 de 1991|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130657/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}</ref> The national anthem is authorised to be played at official functions that have a patriotic character, when raising and lowering the [[flag of Colombia]], when honouring the [[Blessed Sacrament]] and at educational events and sports competitions. It is also authorised to sing it with or without musical accompaniment by the general public.

When listening to the national anthem, those present must stop their activities and stand up, and the men must uncover their heads. All people should release their arms and adopt a posture of respect and veneration. Riders, drivers and passengers of the vehicles must alight and proceed accordingly.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=|title=Decreto 1967 de 1991|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130657/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}</ref> The national anthem is never applauded.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Cacua Prada|first=Antonio|date=1987|title=Síndici o la música de la libertad|url=http://editorial.ucentral.edu.co/editorialuc/index.php/editorialuc/catalog/book/34|access-date=2022-01-13|page=|publisher=Ediciones Universidad Central |language=es}}</ref>{{Rp|page=325}}

By decree 91 of 21 January 1942, only Colombian patriotic anthems are allowed to be sung in the country's educational institutions, with the exception of special ceremonies in honour of friendly countries that are held on campus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decreto 91 de 1942|url=http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/articles-102848_archivo_pdf.pdf|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Educación Nacional}}</ref> In accordance with decree 1722 of 16 July 1942, all schools must begin their tasks on the first Monday of each month with a brief but solemn act during which the flag is raised to the chords of the national anthem, sung by the whole community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decreto 1722 de 1942|url=http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/articles-102874_archivo_pdf.pdf|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Educación Nacional}}</ref> According to the Protocol Manual of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], for the presentation of the credentials of a new ambassador, the performance of the national anthem is assigned to the Band of Musicians of the [[37th Infantry Presidential Guard Battalion|Presidential Guard Battalion]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manual del Protocolo|url=http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/lecturas/Manual_Protocolo_Republica_de_Colombia.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917162842/http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/lecturas/Manual_Protocolo_Republica_de_Colombia.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores}}</ref>

=== Verses ===
The anthem should be played chorus-verse-chorus. Although the first verse is usually sung between choruses, any of the eleven verses may be used. This is how it is customarily performed in all public, political, and other important events both public and private.<ref name=":13" />

However, it is not uncommon for only the chorus and verse to be played without repeating the chorus. This is usually the case when brevity is sought. Official 6:00 am and 6:00 pm radio broadcasts of the national anthem invariably use the shorter format. The shorter anthem is also used at international events such as the Olympic Games or World Cup.

In ceremonies of the Colombian Artillery, the last verse is used instead of the first verse.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The Colombian Cavalry traditionally uses the sixth verse, while the fourth verse is used by the [[Colombian Navy]].

== Attempted reforms ==
[[File:Santander by Acevedo Bernal.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Francisco de Paula Santander]]]]

On 25 September 1997, a citizen filed a lawsuit of unconstitutionality against ten of the eleven stanzas of the national anthem and inexorability of the regulations that officially adopted it because, according to the plaintiff, the lyrics constitute an apology for violence and religious discrimination and encourage class struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Una demanda inusual|url=http://www.elementosdejuicio.com/edianterioresrr.php?id=244&PHPSESSID=0ec1380fe8a876c49b5e66ba42bfd5be|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132831/http://www.elementosdejuicio.com/edianterioresrr.php?id=244&PHPSESSID=0ec1380fe8a876c49b5e66ba42bfd5be|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Elementos de juicio}}</ref> The constitutional court, through ruling C-469, declared Law 33 of 1920, which adopted the national anthem, enforceable.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Sentencia C-469 de 1997|url=http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1997/C-469-97.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Corte Constitucional}}</ref> Responding to the aforementioned demand, the Constitutional Court indicated in the judgment:<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Sentencia C-469 de 1997|url=http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1997/C-469-97.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Corte Constitucional}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"The national anthem is a poetic-musical composition whose point is to honour historical figures and events that contributed to the emergence of the Colombian nation. Its lyrical inspiration, typical of the time of its composition, does not adopt a normative content of an abstract nature that forces its realisation by the social conglomerate. Materially, it does not create, extinguish or modify objective and general legal situations; its scope is not properly legal and, therefore, does not go beyond the philosophical, historical and patriotic meaning expressed in its stanzas. The anthem, as a national symbol, has been part of the Nation's cultural heritage for more than a century, a heritage that, moreover, enjoys the protection of the State. It does not in itself have binding force as a norm of positive law. No one is forced, then, by its stanzas, and to pretend otherwise is to fall into the absurd."}}

A 2008 bill proposed that citizens be ordered to take a firm stance with their heads held high and their right hands over their hearts when listening to the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tributo al Himno Nacional|url=http://www.senado.gov.co/portalsenado/attachments/647_PL_090_08_S_TRIBUTO_AL_HIMNO_NACIONAL.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108164739/http://190.26.211.100/portalsenado/attachments/647_PL_090_08_S_TRIBUTO_AL_HIMNO_NACIONAL.pdf|archive-date=2014-11-08|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Senado de la República}}</ref> The plan was inspired by the gesture that former president [[Álvaro Uribe]] usually adopts when singing the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senado estudia adopción de gesto de Álvaro Uribe al escuchar Himno Nacional|url=https://www.radiosantafe.com/2008/08/11/senado-estudia-adopcion-de-gesto-de-alvaro-uribe-al-escuchar-himno-nacional/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Radio Santa Fe|date=11 August 2008 }}</ref>

Another bill that was processed in the Colombian Congress was that presented by Senator {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Emiro Barriga|lt=|es|}} of the Second Commission of the Senate of the Republic on 30 April 2009, in which he proposed a change to the last lines of the sixth stanza as follows:

{| cellpadding="6"
!Spanish original<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Peñaranda|first1=Barriga|last2=Emiro|first2=Carlos|date=2009-04-30|title=Proyecto de Ley del 30 de abril de 2009|url=http://www.congresovisible.org/proyectos-de-ley/por-medio-de-la-cual/1530/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403010439/http://www.congresovisible.org/proyectos-de-ley/por-medio-de-la-cual/1530/|archive-date=2016-04-03|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso Visible}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|Centauros indomables ascienden de los llanos
y Santander encabeza de la epopeya el fin."}}</poem>
|<poem>Indomitable centaurs rise from the plains
and Santander heads the end of the epic.</poem>
|}

The modification, supported by the {{Lang|es|Academia de Historia de Norte de Santander|italic=no}}, intended to include in its text General [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] as the ruler who has ruled the nation's destinies for the longest time, as president and founder of public education in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Propuesta Himno|url=http://academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/136/PROPUESTA_HIMNO.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710201353/http://www.academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/136/PROPUESTA_HIMNO.html|archive-date=2009-07-10|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Academia de Historia de Norte de Santander}}</ref>

In 2016, it was proposed to add a new stanza in commemoration of the [[Colombian peace process|Peace Dialogues]] that had taken place that year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2016-07-17|title=Posible nueva estrofa en el Himno Nacional genera controversia|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/himno-nacional-de-colombia-seria-modificado-por-el-acuerdo-de-paz-con-las-farc/482360|access-date=2022-01-13|newspaper=Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=es |author1=Semana }}</ref>

== Versions ==
[[File:Cumbre de Cartagena Shakira.jpg|335px|right|thumb|[[Shakira]] performing the Colombian anthem a cappella at the [[6th Summit of the Americas]] in April 2012]]

The first edition of the national anthem published by Oreste Síndici included the scores for singing and piano performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=¿Cuál es la historia del Himno Nacional?|url=http://pamplona.eovirtual.com/himno-colombia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220020438/http://pamplona.eovirtual.com/himno-colombia|archive-date=2016-02-20|website=Pamplona Colombia}}</ref> From then on, different transcriptions and versions appeared, until the officialisation in 1946 of the scores for symphonic band and military band published by José Rozo Contreras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=José Rozo Contreras|url=http://www.cucutanuestra.com/temas/historia/personajes/jose_rozo_contreras_.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111115325/http://www.cucutanuestra.com/temas/historia/personajes/jose_rozo_contreras_.htm|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Cúcuta Nuestra}}</ref> In addition to these scores, Rozo himself published a version for [[a cappella]] mixed choir for [[soprano]], [[alto]], [[tenor]] and [[Bass (voice type)|bass]] voices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rozo Contreras|first=José|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThZAAAAMAAJ|title=Memorias de un músico de Bochalema|date=1960|publisher=Biblioteca de Autores Nortesantandereanos|pages=138–139|language=es}}</ref>

The national anthem has been performed with an accordion and a [[vallenato]] rhythm on several occasions, notably within the framework of the [[Vallenato Legend Festival|Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata]]. Some of these performances have been made by [[Jorge Celedón]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=ElVallenato.com|date=2004-06-16|title=Jorge Celedón, interpretará el himno nacional en el partido Once Caldas – Sao Paulo #Noticia|url=https://www.elvallenato.com/noticias/88/Jorge-Celedón,-interpretará-el-himno-nacional-en-el-partido-Once-Caldas-–-Sao-Paulo-.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Vallenato|language=es}}</ref> [[Rafael Orozco Maestre|Rafael Orozco]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desarrollo Festival 1990|url=http://www.festivalvallenato.com/html/el_festival/1990/el_festival_desarrollo_1990.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041821/http://www.festivalvallenato.com/html/el_festival/1990/el_festival_desarrollo_1990.htm|archive-date=2010-12-01|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata}}</ref> and Silvestre Dangond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himno nacional por Silvestre Dangond|url=http://www.elvallenato.com/videos/videos/7381/Himno%20nacional%20de%20colombia-Silvestre%20Dangond-.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173937/http://www.elvallenato.com/videos/videos/7381/Himno%20nacional%20de%20colombia-Silvestre%20Dangond-.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Vallenato}}</ref> A version of the anthem in rock rhythm by the group [[Ekhymosis]], of which [[Juanes]] was a member, made in 1995 for the radio station [[Radioacktiva]] generated controversy in various media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1995-11-02|title=El himno nacional, a ritmo rock|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-444841|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}}</ref>

The animated series {{Interlanguage link|El siguiente programa|lt=|es|}} ("The Following Programme"), in episode 4 of the second season, created the parody the "Chibchombia National Anthem", known as the "Anthem of Corruption".

The version of the national anthem on [[marimba]] was presented in June 2009 by the secretariat of culture of [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] with indigenous rhythms of the [[Pacific/Chocó natural region|Colombian Pacific]] under the musical direction of Raúl Rosero, in the celebration of the centenary of the creation of the department of Valle del Cauca.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-06-04|title=A ritmo de marimba Colombia tiene nueva versión del Himno Nacional|url=http://www.valledelcauca.gov.co/publicaciones/a_ritmo_de_marimba_colombia_tiene_nueva_version_del_himno_nacional_pub|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109162357/http://www.valledelcauca.gov.co/publicaciones/a_ritmo_de_marimba_colombia_tiene_nueva_version_del_himno_nacional_pub|archive-date=2014-11-09|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Gobernación del Valle del Cauca}}</ref>

In the National Concert of the Bicentennial of Colombia in July 2010, different versions of the anthem were heard in various cities of the country, in various languages and in various styles of interpretation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diferentes versiones del himno nacional|url=http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231430/http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|archive-date=2013-12-02|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref> The anthem was performed in a [[llanera harp]] version with the voice of {{Interlanguage link|Cholo Valderrama|lt=Orlando "El Cholo" Valderrama|es|}} and the [[National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia|National Symphony Orchestra]] in [[Tame, Arauca|Tame]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tame se prepara para El Gran Concierto Nacional|url=http://www.portalaraucano.com/contenido/35|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425024857/http://www.portalaraucano.com/contenido/35|archive-date=2010-04-25|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Portal Araucano}}</ref> sung a cappella by [[Shakira]] in the city of [[Leticia, Amazonas|Leticia]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakira entonó el himno nacional|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/video-shakira-entono-el-himno-nacional|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126121909/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/video-shakira-entono-el-himno-nacional|archive-date=2010-11-26|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Espectador}}</ref> and performed in the [[Wayuu language|Wayuu]], [[Choco languages|Choco]] and [[San Andrés–Providencia Creole]] languages, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diferentes versiones del himno nacional|url=http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231430/http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|archive-date=2013-12-02|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref> Shakira performed the anthem again a cappella during the inauguration of the [[6th Summit of the Americas]] at the [[Cartagena de Indias]] Convention Center on 14 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-27|title=Entona Shakira Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Entona-Shakira-Himno-Nacional-de-Colombia-20120414-0037.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Informador|language=es-MX}}</ref>

== Representations ==
=== Art ===
The national anthem has been referenced through different artistic manifestations. In poetry, two compositions can be mentioned in honour of the national anthem that were published in the newspaper ''La Pluma'' de [[Cali]] in June 1944, which were included by educator Evangelista Quintana in his article titled {{Lang|es|La escuela pública da a Colombia su Himno Nacional}} ("The Public School Gives Colombia Its National Anthem").<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=|pages=308–309}}

The [[triumphal arch]] erected on the [[Boyacá Bridge]] is the only monument that contains the lyrics of the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plan especial de protección del bien de interés cultural del Puente de Boyacá y su zona de influencia|url=http://www.contratos.gov.co/archivospuc1/2009/DA/133001000/09-15-247472/DA_PROCESO_09-15-247472_133001000_1374925.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111119/http://www.contratos.gov.co/archivospuc1/2009/DA/133001000/09-15-247472/DA_PROCESO_09-15-247472_133001000_1374925.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref> The arch was built in 1954 by teacher Luis Alberto Acuña and contains the complete notes of the anthem in the lower part, which is in the same place the Battle of Boyacá took place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Arco del Triunfo|url=http://www.tunja.gov.co/?idcategoria=3124&download=Y|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327170639/http://www.tunja.gov.co/?idcategoria=3124&download=Y|archive-date=2012-03-27|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Alcaldía Mayor de Tunja}}</ref>

The façade of the Alberto Castilla Music Hall of the [[Tolima Conservatory]], located in the historic centre of [[Ibagué]], is decorated with a [[Staff (music)|stave]] that contains the musical notes of the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sala Alberto Castilla|url=http://monumentosdeibague.es.tl/SALA-ALBERTO-CASTILLA.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132904/http://monumentosdeibague.es.tl/SALA-ALBERTO-CASTILLA.htm|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Monumentos de Ibagué}}</ref> The building was built between 1932 and 1934 by architect Elí Moreno Otero and was declared a {{Interlanguage link|Bien de Interés Cultural (Colombia)|lt=Bien de Interés Cultural|es|}} (Site of Cultural Interest) by Decree 745 of 24 April 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bienes de Interés Cultural en el ámbito nacional|url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=37666#|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716235707/http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=37666|archive-date=2010-07-16|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref>

An artistic composition was the reason for a stamp in honour of the national anthem issued by the National Postal Administration in 1988 to mark the centenary of the melody.<ref name=":11" />

=== Film ===
One of the first references to the national anthem in [[Cinema of Colombia|film]] appeared on 1 April 1937 in the film {{Lang|es|Los primeros ensayos del cine parlante nacional}} ("The First Rehearsals of the National Talking Cinema") produced by the Acevedo brothers, where the National Band, directed by José Rozo Contreras, performs an instrumental interpretation with the symphonic arrangements that were made official in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fragmento de la película de los hermanos Acevedo|url=https://wn.com/Himno_Nacional_De_Colombia_1937|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629083538/http://wn.com/himno_nacional_de_colombia_1937|archive-date=2012-06-29|access-date=2022-01-13|website=World News|language=en}}</ref> The premiere of some first films such as ''Antonia Santos'' (1944) was accompanied by a live performance of the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-07-22|title=Patria Films|url=http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/cultura/articuloimpreso-214824-patria-films|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Espectador|language=es}}</ref>

In 2006, a controversy<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Colombian Dream|url=http://www.canalrcn.com/comunidad/laRecetaDelDia/index.php?op=info&idC=23229&idI=1&idP=100|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Canal RCN}} {{Dead link|date=January 2022|fix-attempted=y}}</ref> arose due to the song "{{Lang|es|Aquí manda el patrón|italic=no}}" ("Here the Boss Commands") that is used in the film ''[[El colombian dream]]'', which is based on the music of the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Colombian Dream|url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=97740|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132942/http://www.semana.com/cultura/colombian-dream/97740-3.aspx|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Semana}}</ref>

A short film produced by Rafael Enrique Galán, which was selected by the Ministry of Culture in a competition by the Cinematographic Development Fund in October 2009, was titled ''¡Oh gloria inmarcesible!'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=El FDC entregará 4.290 millones al cine colombiano|url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=27550|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132920/http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=27550|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}</ref> alluding to the first verse of the national anthem. The production participated in the competition within the category of making short films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fondo para el Desarrollo Cinematográfico|url=http://www.reddebibliotecas.org.co/sites/Bibliotecas/cinefilos/Noticias/Paginas/Entrega%20de%20estimulos%20del%20fondo%20para%20el%20desarrollo%20cinematografico.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203034303/http://www.reddebibliotecas.org.co/sites/Bibliotecas/cinefilos/Noticias/Paginas/Entrega%20de%20estimulos%20del%20fondo%20para%20el%20desarrollo%20cinematografico.aspx|archive-date=December 3, 2020|url-status=dead|website=Red de Bibliotecas de Medellín}} </ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nationalanthems.me/colombia-himno-nacional-de-la-republica-de-colombia-oh-gloria-inmarcesible Colombia: ''Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia (¡Oh gloria inmarcesible!)'' - Audio of the national anthem of Colombia, with information and lyrics] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180209020658/http://www.nationalanthems.me/colombia-himno-nacional-de-la-republica-de-colombia-oh-gloria-inmarcesible/ archive link])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111130033656/http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno.html "Letra official del Himno de la República de Colombia"]

{{Symbols of Colombia}}
{{National Anthems of South America}}
{{Americas topic|National anthem of}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Colombian songs]]
[[Category:National symbols of Colombia]]
[[Category:South American anthems|Colombia]]
[[Category:Songs in Spanish]]
[[Category:1887 songs]]
[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:Compositions in E-flat major]]