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{{short description|Overview of the scientific field of astronomy}}
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[[File:KeckObservatory.jpg|right|240px|thumb|[[Mauna Kea Observatory|Mauna Kea]] in [[Hawaii]] is one of the world's premier observatory sites. Pictured is the [[W. M. Keck Observatory]], an optical [[astronomical interferometer|interferometer]].]]

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:

'''[[Astronomy]]''' – studies the [[universe]] beyond Earth, including its [[physical cosmology|formation and development]], and the evolution, [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[meteorology]], and [[motion (physics)|motion]] of [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]] (such as [[galaxy|galaxies]], [[planet]]s, etc.) and [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] that originate outside the [[atmosphere of Earth]] (such as the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation|cosmic background radiation]]). Astronomy also intersects with biology, as [[astrobiology]], studying potential life throughout the universe.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Nature of astronomy==
Astronomy can be described as all the following:

* An [[academic discipline]]: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
* A scientific field (a branch of [[science]]) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
** A [[natural science]] – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the [[nature|natural]] world using [[Empirical method|empirical]] and [[scientific method]]s.
*** A branch or field of [[space science]]
* A [[Amateur astronomy|hobby or part-time pursuit]] for the satisfaction of personal [[curiosity]] or appreciation of [[beauty]], the latter especially including [[astrophotography]].

==Branches<span class="anchor" id="Branches of astronomy"></span>==
* [[Astrobiology]] – studies the advent and [[evolution]] of [[biological system]]s in the universe.
* [[Astrophysics]] – branch of [[astronomy]] that deals with the [[physics]] of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior.<ref>{{cite web | title=astrophysics | publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics | access-date=2011-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stern kaufen |url=https://deinstern24.de/stern-kaufen/ |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Among the objects studied are galaxies, [[star]]s, planets, [[exoplanet]]s, the [[interstellar medium]] and the [[cosmic microwave background]]; and the properties examined include [[luminosity]], [[density]], [[temperature]], and [[chemistry|chemical]] composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
** [[Compact objects]] – this subdiscipline studies very dense matter in [[white dwarf]]s and [[neutron star]]s and their effects on environments including [[accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]].
** [[Physical cosmology]] – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
** [[Quantum cosmology]] - the study of cosmology through the use of [[quantum field theory]] to explain phenomena [[general relativity]] cannot due to limitations in its framework.
** [[Computational astrophysics]] – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
** [[Galactic astronomy]] – deals with the structure and components of our Galaxy and of other galaxies.
** [[High energy astrophysics]] – studies phenomena occurring at high energies including [[active galactic nuclei]], [[supernova]]e, [[gamma-ray burst]]s, [[quasar]]s, and [[Bow shock|shock]]s.
** [[Interstellar astrophysics]] – study of the [[interstellar medium]], [[intergalactic medium]] and [[cosmic dust|dust]].
** [[Extragalactic astronomy]] – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our Galaxy, including [[galaxy formation and evolution]].
** [[Astronomy#Stellar astronomy|Stellar astronomy]] – concerned with [[Star formation]], physical properties, [[main sequence]] life span, [[variable star|variability]], [[stellar evolution]] and extinction.
** [[Plasma astrophysics]] – studies properties of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] in outer space.
** [[Relativistic astrophysics]] – studies effects of [[special relativity]] and [[general relativity]] in astrophysical contexts including [[gravitational waves]], [[gravitational lens]]ing and [[black hole]]s.
** [[Solar physics]] – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
* [[Planetary Science]] – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
** [[Atmospheric science]] – study of atmospheres and weather.
** [[Exoplanetology]] – various planets outside of the Solar System
** [[Planetary formation]] – formation of planets and moons in the context of the [[formation and evolution of the Solar System]].
** [[Planetary rings]] – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
** [[Magnetosphere]]s – magnetic fields of planets and moons
** [[Planetary surface]]s – surface geology of planets and moons
** [[Planetary interiors]] – interior composition of planets and moons
** [[Small Solar System bodies]] – smallest bodies, including [[asteroid]]s, [[comet]]s, [[Kuiper belt object]]s, and dust.
* Astronomy divided by general technique used for astronomical research:
** [[Astrometry]] – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the [[kinematics]] of objects in our Galaxy.
** [[Observational astronomy]] – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of [[observational astronomy]] are generally made by the specifications of the detectors, specifically the ranges of wavelengths observed: 
*** [[Radio astronomy]] – Above 300&nbsp;μm
*** [[Submillimetre astronomy]] – 200&nbsp;μm to 1&nbsp;mm
*** [[Infrared astronomy]] – 0.7–350&nbsp;μm
*** [[Optical astronomy]] – 380–750&nbsp;nm
*** [[Ultraviolet astronomy]] – 10–320&nbsp;nm
*** [[X-ray astronomy]] – 0.01–10&nbsp;nm
*** [[Gamma-ray astronomy]] – Below 0.01&nbsp;nm
*** [[Cosmic ray astronomy]] – [[Cosmic ray]]s, including plasma
*** [[Neutrino astronomy]] – [[Neutrino]]s
*** [[Dust astronomy]] – [[Cosmic dust]]
*** [[Gravitational wave astronomy]] – [[Graviton]]s
** [[Photometry (astronomy)|Photometry]] – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
** [[Spectroscopy]] – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
* Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
** [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[Astrochemistry]]

==History<span class="anchor" id="History of astronomy"></span>==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

[[History of astronomy]]
* [[History of the Center of the Universe]]
** [[Geocentric model]]
** [[Heliocentrism]]
*** [[Copernican heliocentrism]]
*** [[Tychonic system]]
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology]]
* [[Pretelescopic astronomy]] 
** [[Babylonian astronomy]]
** [[Chinese astronomy]]
** [[Egyptian astronomy]]
** [[Greek astronomy]]
** [[Hebrew astronomy]]
** [[Indian astronomy]]
** [[Islamic astronomy]]
** [[Russian astronomy]]
** Astronomy in the Middle Ages
*** [[Science in Medieval Western Europe]]
*** [[Astronomy in medieval Islam]]
* [[History of science in the Renaissance#Astronomy|History of astronomy in the Renaissance]]
** [[Scientific Revolution#Scientific developments|Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution]]
*** [[Patronage in astronomy]]
*** [[Copernican Revolution]]
**** [[Copernican heliocentrism]]
**** [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
***** ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres]]''
**** [[Tycho Brahe]]
***** [[Tychonic system]]
**** [[Galileo Galilei]]
***** ''[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]]'' defense of the heliocentric system written by Galileo, which led to his trial and house arrest by the Inquisition.
*** [[History of the telescope|Invention of the telescope]]
**** [[Visible-light astronomy#Beginning|History of visible-light astronomy]]
* [[Romanticism in science#Astronomy|History of astronomy in the Age of Reflection]]
* {{section link|Radio astronomy|History of radio astronomy}}
* [[History of X-ray astronomy]]
* [[Infrared astronomy#History|History of infrared astronomy]]
* [[Gamma-ray astronomy#Early history|History of gamma-ray astronomy]]
* [[History of supernova observation]]
** [[List of supernovae]]
{{div col end}}

==Basic astronomical phenomena==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Atmosphere]]
* [[Celestial pole]]
* [[Eclipse]]
* [[Ecliptic]]
* [[Cosmic rays]]
* [[Kepler's laws]]
* [[Doppler effect]]
* [[Nutation]]
* [[Orbit]]
* [[Perturbation (astronomy)|Perturbation]]
* [[Precession (astronomy)|Precession]]
* [[Proper motion]]
* [[Redshift]]
* [[Solar eclipse]]
* [[Tides]]
* [[Zodiac]]
{{div col end}}

== Astronomical objects ==
[[Astronomical object]]

===Solar System===
{{Solar System navmap}}

* [[Solar System]]
* [[Geology of solar terrestrial planets]]
* [[List of Solar System objects]]
** [[List of Solar System objects by size]]
* [[Galilean satellites]]
* [[Halley's comet]]

====Sun====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Sun]]
* Location
** [[Milky Way]]
*** [[Solar System]]
* [[Stellar classification]]
** {{section link|Stellar classification|Class G}}
* Internal structure
** [[Standard Solar Model]]
** [[Solar core]]
** [[Radiation zone]]
** [[Convection zone]]
* [[Stellar atmosphere]]
** [[Photosphere]]
*** [[Supergranulation]]
*** [[Solar granule|Granule]]
*** [[Solar facula|Facula]]
*** [[Sunspot]]
** [[Chromosphere]]
*** [[Solar plage|Plage]]
*** [[Solar spicule|Spicule]]
*** [[Moreton wave]]
** [[Solar corona]]
*** [[Solar transition region]]
*** [[Coronal hole]]
*** [[Coronal loop]]
*** [[Coronal mass ejection]]
*** [[Solar prominence]]
*** [[Helmet streamer]]
* [[Solar variation]]
** [[Solar cycle]]
*** [[List of solar cycles]]
** [[Solar maximum]]
** [[Solar minimum]]
** [[Wolf number]]
** [[Solar flare]]
** [[Helioseismology]]
* [[Heliosphere]]
** [[Solar wind]]
*** [[Heliospheric current sheet]]
** {{section link|Heliosphere|Termination shock}}
** {{section link|Heliosphere|Heliosheath}}
** [[Heliopause (astronomy)|Heliopause]]
** [[Bow shock]]
* Related phenomena
** [[Solar dynamo]]
** [[Solar eclipse]]
** [[Sunlight]]
** [[Solar energy]]
* Equipment used to study the Sun
** [[Solar telescope]]
{{div col end}}

==== Planets ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Planet]]
** Features
*** [[Natural satellite]]s (moons)
*** [[Planetary ring]]s
* Planets of the Solar System
** [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
** [[Venus]]
** [[Earth]]
*** [[Moon]]
** [[Mars]]
*** [[Moons of Mars]]
** [[Jupiter]]
*** [[Moons of Jupiter]]
*** [[Rings of Jupiter]]
** [[Saturn]]
*** [[Moons of Saturn]]
*** [[Rings of Saturn]]
** [[Uranus]]
*** [[Moons of Uranus]]
*** [[Rings of Uranus]]
** [[Neptune]]
*** [[Moons of Neptune]]
*** [[Rings of Neptune]]
* [[Dwarf planet]]s of the Solar System
** [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]
** [[Pluto]]
*** [[Moons of Pluto]]
** [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]]
*** [[Moons of Haumea]]
** [[Makemake (dwarf planet)|Makemake]]
** [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]
*** [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]]
{{div col end}}

==== Small Solar System bodies ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Small Solar System body]]
* [[Asteroid]]s
** [[Minor planets]]
** [[:Category:Asteroid groups and families]]
*** [[Vulcanoid asteroid]]s
*** [[Near-Earth asteroid]]s
*** [[Asteroid belt]]
*** [[Trojan asteroid]]
*** [[Centaur (planetoid)|Centaur]]
*** [[Neptune Trojan]]s
*** [[Minor planet moon]]s
*** [[Meteoroids]]
*** [[2 Pallas]]
*** [[3 Juno]]
*** [[4 Vesta]]
*** [[10 Hygiea]]
** [[List of asteroids]]
** [[Meanings of asteroid names]]
* [[Trans-Neptunian object]]s
**[[Kuiper belt]]
*** [[Plutino]]s
**** [[90482 Orcus]]
**** [[28978 Ixion]]
*** [[Cubewano]]s
**** {{mpl-|55637|2002 UX|25}}
*** [[20000 Varuna]]
*** {{mpl-|15760| 1992 QB|1}}
*** {{mpl-|55636|2002 TX|300}}
*** [[50000 Quaoar]]
*** [[38628 Huya]]
*** {{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}}
**[[Scattered disc]]
*** {{mpl-|84522|2002 TC|302}}
*** {{mpl|2004 XR|190}}
*** [[90377 Sedna]]
** [[Comet]]s
** [[List of periodic comets]]
** [[List of non-periodic comets]]
** [[Damocloid]]s
** [[Hills cloud]]
** [[Oort cloud]]
{{div col end}}

=== Exoplanets ===
* [[Exoplanet]] (also known as extrasolar planets) – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 4,341 such planets have been identified as of 28 Jan 2021.
** [[Super-Earth]] – exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's [[ice giant]]s.
** [[Mini-Neptune]] – also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune. 
** [[Super-Jupiter]] – an exoplanet more massive than [[Jupiter]].
** [[Sub-Earth]] – an exoplanet "substantially less massive" than Earth and [[Venus]].
** [[Circumbinary planet]] – an exoplanet that orbits two stars.
** [[Hot Jupiter]] – an exoplanet whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the [[Sun]]) at 5.2&nbsp;AU (780×106&nbsp;km), causing low surface temperatures.
** [[Hot Neptune]] – an exoplanet in an orbit close to its star (normally less than one astronomical unit away), with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune.
** [[Pulsar planet]] – a planet that orbits a pulsar or a rapidly rotating neutron star.
** [[Rogue planet]] (also known as an interstellar planet) – a planetary-mass object that orbits the galaxy directly.

===Stars and stellar objects===
{{main|Star}}
* [[Fixed stars]]

==== Stars ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Stellar evolution]]
** [[Star formation]]
** [[Pre-main-sequence star|Pre–main sequence]]
** [[Main sequence]]
** [[Horizontal branch]]
** [[Asymptotic giant branch]]
** [[Dredge-up]]
** [[Instability strip]]
** [[Red clump]]
** [[PG 1159 star]]
** [[Mira variable]]
** [[Planetary nebula]]
** [[Protoplanetary nebula]]
** [[Luminous red nova]]
** [[Luminous blue variable]]
** [[Wolf–Rayet star]]
** [[Supernova impostor]]
** [[Supernova]]
** [[Hypernova]]
** [[Hertzsprung–Russell diagram]]
** [[Color–color diagram]]
* [[Protostar]]s
** [[Molecular cloud]]
*** [[H II region]]
** [[Bok globule]]
** [[Young stellar object]]
** [[Herbig–Haro object]]
** [[Hayashi track]]
** [[Hayashi limit]]
** [[Henyey track]]
** [[Orion variable]]
*** [[T Tauri star]]
*** [[FU Orionis star]]
** [[Herbig Ae/Be star|Herbig Ae/Be]]
* Luminosity class
** [[Subdwarf star]]
** [[Dwarf star]]
*** [[Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)|Blue dwarf]]
*** [[Red dwarf]]
** [[Subgiant]]
** [[Giant star]]
*** [[Blue giant]]
*** [[Red giant]]
** [[Bright giant]]
** [[Supergiant]]
*** [[Blue supergiant]]
*** [[Red supergiant]]
*** [[Yellow supergiant]]
** [[Hypergiant]]
*** [[Yellow hypergiant]]
** [[Blue straggler]]
* [[Stellar classification]]
** [[O-type main-sequence star]]
** [[B-type main-sequence star]]
** [[A-type main-sequence star]]
** [[F-type main-sequence star]]
** [[G-type main-sequence star]]
** [[K-type main-sequence star]]
** [[M-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Be star]]
** [[OB star]]
** [[Subdwarf B star]]
** [[Late-type star]]
** [[Peculiar star]]
*** [[Am star]]
*** [[Ap and Bp stars]]
**** [[Rapidly oscillating Ap star]]
*** [[Barium star]]
*** [[Carbon star]]
*** [[CH star]]
*** [[Extreme helium star]]
*** [[Lambda Boötis star]]
*** [[Lead star]]
*** [[Mercury-manganese star]]
*** [[S-type star]]
*** [[Shell star]]
*** [[Technetium star]]
* Remnants
** [[White dwarf]]
*** [[Black dwarf]]
*** [[Helium planet]]
** [[Neutron star]]
***[[Pulsar]]
*** [[Magnetar]]
** [[Stellar black hole]]
** [[Compact star]]
*** [[Quark star]]
*** [[Exotic star]]
** Stellar core: [[EF Eridani]]
* Failed and theoretical stars
** [[Substellar object]]
*** [[Brown dwarf]]
**** [[Sub-brown dwarf]]
*** [[Planetar (astronomy)|Planetar]]
** [[Boson star]]
** [[Dark star (dark matter)|Dark star]]
** [[Quasistar]]
** [[Thorne–Żytkow object]]
** [[Iron star]]
* [[Stellar nucleosynthesis]]
** [[Alpha process]]
** [[Triple-alpha process]]
** [[Proton–proton chain reaction]]
** [[Helium flash]]
** [[CNO cycle]]
** [[Lithium burning]]
** [[Carbon-burning process]]
** [[Neon-burning process]]
** [[Oxygen-burning process]]
** [[Silicon-burning process]]
** [[S-process]]
** [[R-process]]
** [[Fusor (astronomy)|Fusor]]
** [[Nova]]
*** [[Nova remnant]]
* [[Stellar structure]]
** [[Solar core]]
** [[Convection zone]]
*** [[Microturbulence]]
*** [[Solar-like oscillations]]
** [[Radiation zone]]
** [[Photosphere]]
** [[Starspot]]
** [[Chromosphere]]
** [[Stellar corona]]
** [[Stellar wind]]
*** [[Stellar-wind bubble]]
** [[Asteroseismology]]
** [[Eddington luminosity]]
** [[Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism]]
* Properties
** [[Star designation]]
** [[Stellar dynamics]]
** [[Effective temperature]]
** [[Stellar kinematics]]
** [[Stellar magnetic field]]
** [[Magnitude (astronomy)|Magnitude]]
*** [[Absolute magnitude]]
** [[Solar mass]]
** [[Metallicity]]
** [[Stellar rotation]]
** [[UBV photometric system]]
** [[Variable star]]
* [[Star system]]s
** [[Binary star]]
*** [[Contact binary]]
*** [[Common envelope]]
** [[Multiple star]]
** [[Accretion disc]]
** [[Planetary system]]
** [[Solar System|Earth's Solar System]]
* Earth-centric observation of stars
** [[Pole star]]
** [[Circumpolar star]]
** [[Magnitude (astronomy)|Magnitude]]
*** [[Apparent magnitude]]
*** [[Photographic magnitude]]
*** [[color-color diagram]]
** [[Radial velocity]]
** [[Proper motion]]
** {{section link|Parallax|Stellar parallax}}
** [[Photometric-standard star]]
* [[Lists of stars]]
** [[List of proper names of stars]]
** [[List of Arabic star names]]
** [[Traditional Chinese star names]]
** [[List of most massive stars]]
** [[List of least massive stars]]
** [[List of largest known stars]]
** [[List of brightest stars]]
*** [[Historical brightest stars]]
** [[List of most luminous stars]]
** [[List of nearest stars]]
*** [[List of nearest bright stars]]
** [[List of exoplanetary host stars]]
** [[List of brown dwarfs]]
** [[List of planetary nebulae]]
** [[List of novae]]
** [[List of supernovae]]
** [[List of supernova remnants]]
** [[List of supernova candidates]]
** [[Timeline of stellar astronomy]]
{{div col end}}

==== Variable stars ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Variable star]]
* Pulsating
** Cepheids and cepheid-like
*** [[Cepheid variable]]
*** [[Type II Cepheids]]
*** [[RR Lyrae variable]]
*** [[Delta Scuti variable]]
*** [[SX Phoenicis variable]]
** Blue-white with early spectra
*** [[Beta Cephei variable]]
*** [[PV Telescopii variable]]
** [[Long period variable|Long Period and Semiregular]]
*** [[Mira variable]]
*** [[Semiregular variable]]
*** [[Slow irregular variable]]
** Other
*** [[RV Tauri variable]]
*** [[Alpha Cygni variable]]
*** [[Pulsating white dwarf]]
* Eruptive
** [[Pre-main sequence star]]
*** [[Herbig Ae/Be stars|Herbig Ae/Be]]
*** [[Orion variable]]
*** [[FU Orionis star]]
** [[Main Sequence]]
*** [[Wolf-Rayet star]]
*** [[Flare star]]
** Giants and supergiants
*** [[Luminous blue variable]]
*** [[Gamma Cassiopeiae variable]]
*** [[R Coronae Borealis variable]]
** Eruptive binary
*** [[RS Canum Venaticorum variable]]
** Cataclysmic or explosive
*** [[Cataclysmic variable star]]
*** [[Dwarf nova]]
*** [[Nova]]
*** [[Supernova]]
*** Z Andromedae
* Rotating
** Non-spherical
***  Ellipsoidal
** Stellar spots
*** FK Comae Berenices
*** [[BY Draconis variable]]
** Magnetic fields
*** [[Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable]]
*** SX Arietis
*** [[Pulsar]]
* [[Eclipsing binary]]
** [[Algol variable]]
** [[Beta Lyrae variable]]
** [[W Ursae Majoris variable]]
{{div col end}}

==== Supernovae ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Supernova]]
* Classes
** [[Type Ia supernova]]
** [[Type Ib and Ic supernovae]]
** [[Type II supernova|Type II (IIP and IIL)]]
* Related
** [[Near-Earth supernova]]
** [[Supernova impostor]]
** [[Hypernova]]
** [[Quark-nova]]
** [[Pulsar kicks]]
* Structure
** [[Pair-instability supernova]]
** [[Supernova nucleosynthesis]]
** [[P-process]]
** [[R-process]]
** [[Gamma-ray burst]]
** [[Carbon detonation]]
* Progenitors
** [[Luminous blue variable]]
** [[Wolf–Rayet star]]
** [[Supergiant]]
*** [[Blue supergiant]]
*** [[Red supergiant]]
*** [[Yellow supergiant]]
** [[Hypergiant]]
*** [[Yellow hypergiant]]
** [[White dwarf]]
* Remnants
** [[Supernova remnant]]
** [[Neutron star]]
*** [[Pulsar]]
*** [[Magnetar]]
*** [[Stellar black hole]]
** [[Compact star]]
** [[Supergiant]]
*** [[Quark star]]
*** [[Exotic star]]
* Discovery
** [[Guest star (astronomy)|Guest star]]
** [[History of supernova observation]]
** [[Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae]]
* Notable
** [[List of supernovae]]
** [[List of supernova remnants]]
** [[List of supernova candidates]]
** [[List of most massive stars]]
** [[Supernovae in fiction]]
** [[SN 1054]]
** [[Supergiant]]
*** [[Crab Nebula]]
** [[SN 1572|Tycho's]]
** [[SN 1604|Kepler's]]
** [[SN 1987A]]
** [[SN 185]]
** [[SN 1006]]
** [[SN 2003fg]]
** [[Vela Supernova Remnant]]
** [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3|Remnant G1.9+0.3]]
** [[SN 2007bi]]
* Research
** [[Supernova Cosmology Project]]
** [[High-z Supernova Search Team]]
** [[Texas Supernova Search]]
** [[Nearby Supernova Factory]]
** [[Supernova Legacy Survey]]
** [[Supernova Early Warning System]]
** [[Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey]]
** [[Supernova/Acceleration Probe]]
** {{section link|Sloan Digital Sky Survey|Sloan Supernova Survey}}
{{div col end}}

==== Black holes ====
[[Image:BlackHole.jpg|thumb|Artist's representation of a black hole.]]
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Black hole]]
* Types
**[[Schwarzschild metric]]
** [[Rotating black hole]]
** [[Charged black hole]]
** [[Virtual black hole]]
* Size
**[[Micro black hole]]
** [[Extremal black hole]] ([[Black hole electron]])
** [[Stellar black hole]]
** [[Intermediate-mass black hole]]
** [[Supermassive black hole]]
** [[Quasar]]
*** [[Active galactic nucleus]]
*** [[Blazar]]
* Formation
**[[Stellar evolution]]
** [[Gravitational collapse]]
** [[Neutron star]] ([[Template:neutron star]])
** [[Compact star]]
*** [[Quark star]]
*** [[Exotic star]]
** [[Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit]]
** [[White dwarf]] ([[Template:white dwarf]])
** [[Supernova]] ([[Template:supernovae]])
** [[Hypernova]]
** [[Gamma-ray burst]]
* Properties
**[[Black hole thermodynamics]]
** [[Schwarzschild radius]]
** [[M–sigma relation]]
** [[Event horizon]]
** [[Quasi-periodic oscillation]]
** [[Photon sphere]]
** [[Ergosphere]]
** [[Hawking radiation]]
** [[Penrose process]]
** [[Bondi accretion]]
** [[Spaghettification]]
** [[Gravitational lens]]
* Models
**[[Gravitational singularity]] ([[Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems]])
** [[Primordial black hole]]
** [[Gravastar]]
** [[Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)|Dark star]]
** [[Dark energy star]]
** [[Black star (semiclassical gravity)|Black star]]
** [[Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object]]
** [[Fuzzball (string theory)|Fuzzball]]
** [[White hole]]
** [[Naked singularity]]
** [[Ring singularity]]
** [[Immirzi parameter]]
** [[Membrane paradigm]]
** [[Kugelblitz (astrophysics)|Kugelblitz]]
** [[Wormhole]]
** [[Quasistar]]
* Issues
**[[No-hair theorem]]
** [[Black hole information paradox]]
** [[Cosmic censorship hypothesis]]
** [[Nonsingular black hole models]]
** [[Holographic principle]]
** [[Black hole complementarity]]
* Metrics
**[[Schwarzschild metric]]
** [[Kerr metric]]
** [[Reissner–Nordström metric|Reissner–Nordström]]
** [[Kerr–Newman metric|Kerr–Newman]]
* Related
**[[List of black holes]]
** [[Timeline of black hole physics]]
** [[Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer]]
** [[Hypercompact stellar system]]
{{div col end}}

===Constellations===
* [[Constellation]]

====The 88 modern constellations====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]]
* [[Antlia]]
* [[Apus]]
* [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
* [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
* [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]]
* [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
* [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]
* [[Boötes]]
* [[Caelum]]
* [[Camelopardalis]]
* [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
* [[Canes Venatici]]
* [[Canis Major]]
* [[Canis Minor]]
* [[Capricornus]]
* [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
* [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
* [[Centaurus]]
* [[Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]]
* [[Cetus]]
* [[Chamaeleon]]
* [[Circinus (constellation)|Circinus]]
* [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]]
* [[Coma Berenices]]
* [[Corona Australis]]
* [[Corona Borealis]]
* [[Corvus (constellation)|Corvus]]
* [[Crater (constellation)|Crater]]
* [[Crux]]
* [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]
* [[Delphinus]]
* [[Dorado]]
* [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
* [[Equuleus]]
* [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
* [[Fornax]]
* [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
* [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
* [[Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]
* [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]
* [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
* [[Hydrus]]
* [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]]
* [[Lacerta]]
* [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
* [[Leo Minor]]
* [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]
* [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
* [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]
* [[Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]]
* [[Lyra]]
* [[Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]]
* [[Microscopium]]
* [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]]
* [[Musca]]
* [[Norma (constellation)|Norma]]
* [[Octans]]
* [[Ophiuchus]]
* [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
* [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]]
* [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
* [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]]
* [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
* [[Pictor]]
* [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
* [[Piscis Austrinus]]
* [[Puppis]]
* [[Pyxis]]
* [[Reticulum]]
* [[Sagitta]]
* [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
* [[Scorpius]]
* [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
* [[Scutum (constellation)|Scutum]]
* [[Serpens]]
* [[Sextans]]
* [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
* [[Telescopium]]
* [[Triangulum]]
* [[Triangulum Australe]]
* [[Tucana]]
* [[Ursa Major]]
* [[Ursa Minor]]
* [[Vela (constellation)|Vela]]
* [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
* [[Volans]]
* [[Vulpecula]]
{{div col end}}

==== Constellation history====

===== The 48 constellations listed by [[Ptolemy]] after 150 AD =====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]]
* [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
* [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
* [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]]
* [[Argo Navis]]
* [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
* [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]
* [[Boötes]]
* [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
* [[Canis Major]]
* [[Canis Minor]]
* [[Capricornus]]
* [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
* [[Centaurus]]
* [[Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]]
* [[Cetus]]
* [[Corona Australis]]
* [[Corona Borealis]]
* [[Corvus (constellation)|Corvus]]
* [[Crater (constellation)|Crater]]
* [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]
* [[Delphinus]]
* [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
* [[Equuleus]]
* [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
* [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
* [[Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]
* [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
* [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
* [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]
* [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
* [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]
* [[Lyra]]
* [[Ophiuchus]]
* [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
* [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
* [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]]
* [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
* [[Piscis Austrinus]]
* [[Sagitta]]
* [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
* [[Scorpius]]
* [[Serpens]]
* [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
* [[Triangulum]]
* [[Ursa Major]]
* [[Ursa Minor]]
* [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
{{div col end}}

===== The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries =====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* <span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Vespucci&nbsp;or&nbsp;Corsalius&nbsp;early&nbsp;16c'':</span> [[Crux]]
* [[Triangulum Australe]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Vopel''&nbsp;1536:</span> [[Coma Berenices]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Keyser&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;de&nbsp;Houtman''&nbsp;1596:</span> [[Apus]]
* [[Chamaeleon]]
* [[Dorado]]
* [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
* [[Hydrus]]
* [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]]
* [[Musca]]
* [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]]
* [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
* [[Tucana]]
* [[Volans]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0; ">''Plancius''&nbsp;1613:</span> [[Camelopardalis]]
* [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]]
* [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Habrecht''&nbsp;1621:</span> [[Reticulum]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Hevelius''&nbsp;1683:</span> [[Canes Venatici]]
* [[Lacerta]]
* [[Leo Minor]]
* [[Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]]
* [[Scutum (constellation)|Scutum]]
* [[Sextans]]
* [[Vulpecula]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''de&nbsp;Lacaille''&nbsp;1763:</span> [[Antlia]]
* [[Caelum]]
* [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
* [[Circinus (constellation)|Circinus]]
* [[Fornax]]
* [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]
* [[Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]]
* [[Microscopium]]
* [[Norma (constellation)|Norma]]
* [[Octans]]
* [[Pictor]]
* [[Puppis]]
* [[Pyxis]]
* [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
* [[Telescopium]]
* [[Vela (constellation)|Vela]]
{{div col end}}

===== Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's ''Argo Navis'' =====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

[[Former constellations|Obsolete constellations]] including Ptolemy's ''Argo Navis''
[[Vulpecula#History|Anser]]
* [[Antinous (constellation)|Antinous]]
* [[Argo Navis]]
* [[Canes Venatici#History|Asterion]]
* [[Cancer Minor (constellation)|Cancer Minor]]
* [[Cerberus (constellation)|Cerberus]]
* [[Canes Venatici#History|Chara]]
* [[Custos Messium]]
* [[Felis (constellation)|Felis]]
* [[Frederici Honores|Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici]]
* [[Gallus (constellation)|Gallus]]
* [[Globus Aerostaticus]]
* [[Jordanus (constellation)|Jordanus]]
* [[Lochium Funis]]
* [[Machina Electrica]]
* [[Malus (constellation)|Malus]]
* [[Mons Maenalus]]
* [[Musca Borealis]]
* [[Noctua (constellation)|Noctua]]
* [[Officina Typographica]]
* [[Polophylax]]
* [[Psalterium Georgii|Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii]]
* [[Quadrans Muralis]]
* [[Ramus Pomifer]]
* [[Robur Carolinum]]
* [[Sceptrum Brandenburgicum]]
* [[Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae]]
* [[Solarium (constellation)|Solarium]]
* [[Rangifer (constellation)|Rangifer/Tarandus]]
* [[Taurus Poniatovii]]
* [[Telescopium Herschelii]]
* [[Pisces (constellation)#Asterisms and subdivision|Testudo]]
* [[River Tigris (constellation)|Tigris]]
* [[Triangulum Minus]]
* [[Turdus Solitarius]]
* [[Vespa (constellation)|Vespa]]
* [[Lyra (constellation)#Mythology|Vultur cadens]]
* [[Aquila (constellation)#History|Vultur volans]]
{{div col end}}

===Clusters and nebulae===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Interstellar matter]]
* [[Nebula]]
* [[Crab Nebula]]
* [[H I region]]
* [[H II region]]
* [[Orion nebula]]
* [[Planetary nebula]]
* [[Pleiades]]
{{div col end}}

{{Stellar system}}

===Galaxies===
* [[Galaxy]]
* [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
* [[Magellanic Clouds]]
* [[Quasar]]

{{Milky Way}}
{{Galaxy}}

===Cosmology===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

* [[Big Bang]]
* [[Cosmic microwave background]]
* [[Cosmos]]
* [[Dark matter]]
* [[Cosmic distance ladder]]
* [[Hubble constant]]
* [[Olbers's paradox]]
* [[Universe]]
{{div col end}}

{{CMB}}

===Space exploration===
: ''See: [[Outline of space exploration]]''

===Organizations===

====Public sector space agencies====

[[List of space agencies|Space agencies]]

=====Africa=====

======North Africa======
* {{flagicon|ALG|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Algerian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|EGY|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences]]
* [[Egypt Remote Sensing Center]]
* {{flagicon|MAR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Royal Centre for Remote Sensing]]
* {{flagicon|TUN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Remote Sensing Center]]

======Sub-Saharan======
* {{flagicon|NGA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Space Research and Development Agency]]
* {{flagicon|RSA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[South African National Space Agency]]

=====North America=====
* {{flagicon|MEX|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Agencia Espacial Mexicana]]
* {{flagicon|CAN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Canadian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|USA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[NASA]]
* {{flagicon|USA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[United States Department of Defense]]
** [[National Reconnaissance Office]]
** [[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]]
** [[United States Space Command]]
** [[United States Space Force]]

=====South America=====
* {{flagicon|VEN<!-- Yes Venezuela, not Bolivia! -->|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales]]
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Brazilian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology]]
* {{flagicon|COL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Colombian Space Commission]]
* {{flagicon|ARG|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales]]
* {{flagicon|PER|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial]]
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica]]
* {{flagicon|VEN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas]]
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Institute for Space Research]]

=====Asia=====

======East Asia======
* {{flagicon|PRC|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]] ([[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology]]
* [[China Academy of Space Technology]]
* [[China Chang Feng]]
* [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]]
* [[Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense]])
* [[China National Space Administration]]
* {{flagicon|JPN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] ([[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]
* [[National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan]]
* [[National Space Development Agency of Japan]])
* [[National Institute of Information and Communications Technology]]
* [[Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer]]
* {{flagicon|MGL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Remote Sensing Center]]
* {{flagicon|PRK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Korean Committee of Space Technology]]
* {{flagicon|KOR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Korea Aerospace Research Institute]]
* {{flagicon|ROC|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Space Organization (Republic of China)|National Space Organization]]

======Southeast Asia======
* {{flagicon|IDN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[National Institute of Aeronautics and Space]]
* {{flagicon|MYS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Malaysian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|PHL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]
* {{flagicon|THA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|VIE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space Technology Institute]]
* [[Vietnam Space Commission]]

======South Asia======
* {{flagicon|BAN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization]]
* {{flagicon|IND|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Department of Space]]
** [[Antrix Corporation]]
** [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
** [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
** [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]]
** [[New Space India Limited]]
** [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]
** [[Physical Research Laboratory]]
** [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]]
*  {{flagicon|PAK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission]]

======Southwest Asia======
* {{flagicon|AZE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|IRN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Iran Aviation Industries Organization]]
* [[Iranian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|ISR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Israel Space Agency]]
* [[National Committee for Space Research]]
* {{flagicon|TUR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute|TÜBİTAK UZAY]]

======Central Asia======
* {{flagicon|KAZ|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[KazCosmos]]
* [[Kazakh Space Research Institute]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|TKM|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Turkmenistan National Space Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|UZB|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[UzbekCosmos]]{{smallsup|1}}

=====Europe=====
* {{flagicon|AUT|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Austrian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|BLR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Belarus Space Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|BEL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy]]
* {{flagicon|BUL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Bulgarian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|CZE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Czech Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|DEN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Danish National Space Center]]
* <span style="background:blue; text-align:center; font-size:7pt; color:white;">esa</span>&nbsp;[[European Cooperation for Space Standardization]]
* [[European Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|EU|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[EUMETSAT]]
* [[European Union Satellite Centre]]
* {{flagicon|FRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[CNES]]
* {{flagicon|GER|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[German Aerospace Center]]
* {{flagicon|GRE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing]]
* {{flagicon|HUN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Hungarian Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|IRL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space Ireland]]
* {{flagicon|ITA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Italian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|LTU|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space Science and Technology Institute]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|LUX|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Luxinnovation]]
* {{flagicon|NLD|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Netherlands Institute for Space Research]]
* {{flagicon|NOR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Norwegian Space Centre]]
* {{flagicon|POL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Space Research Centre]]
* {{flagicon|POR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Portuguese Space Company]]
* {{flagicon|ROU|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Romanian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|RUS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Russian Federal Space Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* [[Russian Space Research Institute]]{{smallsup|1}}
* [[Russian Space Forces]]
* {{flagicon|URS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Soviet space program]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial]]
* {{flagicon|SWE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Swedish National Space Board]]
* {{flagicon|SUI|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Swiss Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|UK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[UK Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|UKR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[State Space Agency of Ukraine]]{{smallsup|1}}

=====Oceania=====
* {{flagicon|AUS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]]

=====World=====
* [[Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization]]
* [[Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems]]
* [[File:COSPAR symbol placeholder.svg]]&nbsp;[[Committee on Space Research]]
* [[International Academy of Astronautics]]
* [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]]
* [[Intercosmos]]
* [[Intersputnik]]
* {{flagicon|Arab League|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Pan-Arab Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|UN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[United Nations]]
** [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]]
** [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]]

{{See also|Timeline of first orbital launches by country}}

{{smallsup|1}} Preceded by the [[Soviet space program]]

===Books and publications===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

* ''[[Almagest]]''
* ''[[Astronomia nova|Astronomia Nova]]''
* ''[[Astronomical Journal]]''
* ''[[Astrophysical Journal]]''
* ''[[Durchmusterung|BD Catalogue]]''
* ''[[De Revolutionibus]]''
* ''[[Henry Draper Catalogue]]''
* ''[[Messier Catalogue]]''
* ''[[New General Catalogue]]''
* ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Astronomers==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
{{See also|List of astronomers}}
* [[Aryabhata]]
* [[Walter Baade]]
* [[Friedrich Bessel]]
* [[Tycho Brahe]]
* [[Annie Jump Cannon]]
* [[Alvan Clark]]
* [[Nicholas Copernicus]]
* [[Galileo Galilei]]
* [[George Ellery Hale]]
* [[William Herschel]]
* [[Edwin Hubble]]
* [[Jacobus Kapteyn]]
* [[Johannes Kepler]]
* [[Gerard Kuiper]]
* [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]
* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]
* [[Henrietta Leavitt]]
* [[Isaac Newton]]
* [[Edward C. Pickering]]
* [[Ptolemy]]
* [[Henry Norris Russell]]
* [[Harlow Shapley]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Asterism (astronomy)|Asterism]]
* [[Constellation]]
* [[Galaxy]]
* [[Globular cluster]]
* [[Gravitation]]
* [[Guest star (astronomy)|Guest star]]
* [[Helioseismology]]
* [[Infrared dark cloud]]
* [[Intergalactic star]]
* [[Open cluster]]
* [[Planet]]
* [[Star cluster]]
* [[Stellar association]]
* [[Supercluster]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Astronomy}}
*[http://astronomyguide.byethost4.com/ Astronomy Guide] For reviews on astronomy products, how-to's and current events.
*[http://www.astronomy.net/ Astronomy Net] Resources, forums (from 1995), articles on Astronomy.
*[http://www.astronomy2009.org International Year of Astronomy 2009] IYA2009 Main website
* [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] from the American Institute of Physics
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19981202085205/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119030529/http://astronomy.net.nz/ Southern Hemisphere Astronomy]
*[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/ ''Sky & Telescope''] publishers
*[http://www.astronomy.com/ ''Astronomy'' Magazine]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195741/http://www.astrolink.ir/en/ Latest astronomy news in 11 languages]
*[http://www.universetoday.com/ Universe Today] for astronomy and space-related news
*[http://www.celestiamotherlode.net/catalog/educational.php/ Celestia Motherlode] Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018205032/http://www.astrofind.net/ Search Engine for Astronomy]
*[http://www.hubblesite.org Hubblesite.org – home of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231451/http://www.literature.at/elib/index.php5?title=Astronomy_-_A_History_-_George_Forbes_-_1909 ''Astronomy – A History'' – G. Forbes – 1909 (eLibrary Project – eLib Text)]
*  (historical)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/16 Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL], Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
* [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/clab/ Core books] and [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/claj/ core journals] in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA [[Astrophysics Data System]]

{{Astronomy navbox|state=expanded}}
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