View source for Solar eclipse of September 8, 1885

{{Short description|Total eclipse}}
{{Infobox solar eclipse|1885Sep08}}
A total [[solar eclipse]] occurred at the Moon's [[Lunar node|ascending node]] of orbit on Tuesday, September 8, 1885, with a [[Magnitude of eclipse|magnitude]] of 1.0332. A [[solar eclipse]] occurs when the [[Moon]] passes between [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]], thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A [[total solar eclipse]] occurs when the Moon's [[apparent diameter]] is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. [[Eclipse|Totality]] occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the [[partial solar eclipse]] visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.3 days after [[Apsis|perigee]] (on September 6, 1885, at 14:05 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/distance.html?year=1885&n=136|publisher=timeanddate|access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day [[New Zealand]] and [[Antarctica]]. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of [[Oceania]], [[Antarctica]], and southern [[South America]].

== Observations==
[[File:Solar eclipse 1885Sep08-Graydon.png|320px]]

== Eclipse details ==
Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 1885 Sep 08|url=https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1801-1900/SE1885Sep08Tprime.html|publisher=EclipseWise.com|access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="{{{align|left}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|left|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}}"
|+September 8, 1885 Solar Eclipse Times
! Event
! Time (UTC)
|-
| First Penumbral External Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 18:35:56.3 UTC
|-
| First Umbral External Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 19:54:54.3 UTC
|-
| First Central Line
| 1885 September 08 at 19:56:11.9 UTC
|-
| First Umbral Internal Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 19:57:30.8 UTC
|-
| Ecliptic Conjunction
| 1885 September 08 at 20:43:07.3 UTC
|-
| Greatest Duration
| 1885 September 08 at 20:50:23.2 UTC
|-
| Greatest Eclipse
| 1885 September 08 at 20:51:51.9 UTC
|-
| Equatorial Conjunction
| 1885 September 08 at 21:19:51.3 UTC
|-
| Last Umbral Internal Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 21:45:54.9 UTC
|-
| Last Central Line
| 1885 September 08 at 21:47:11.6 UTC
|-
| Last Umbral External Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 21:48:27.1 UTC
|-
| Last Penumbral External Contact
| 1885 September 08 at 23:07:38.7 UTC
|}

{|class="wikitable" align="{{{align|right}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|right|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}}"
|+September 8, 1885 Solar Eclipse Parameters
! Parameter
! Value
|-
| Eclipse Magnitude
| 1.03319
|-
| Eclipse Obscuration
| 1.06749
|-
| Gamma
| −0.84889
|-
| Sun Right Ascension
| 11h09m38.6s
|-
| Sun Declination
| +05°24'05.1"
|-
| Sun Semi-Diameter
| 15'53.2"
|-
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 08.7"
|-
| Moon Right Ascension
| 11h08m38.3s
|-
| Moon Declination
| +04°35'47.3"
|-
| Moon Semi-Diameter
| 16'16.5"
|-
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 0°59'43.9"
|-
| ΔT
| -5.8 s
|}
{{clear}}

== Eclipse season ==
{{See also|Eclipse cycle}}
This eclipse is part of an [[eclipse season]], a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a [[fortnight]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Eclipse season of September 1885
! [[Solar eclipse of September 8, 1885|September 8]]<br/>Ascending node (new moon)<br/> !! [[September 1885 lunar eclipse|September 24]]<br/>Descending node (full moon)<br/>
|-
| [[File:SE1885Sep08T.png|200px]] || 
|- align=center
| [[Total eclipse#Types|Total solar eclipse]]<br />Solar Saros 123 || [[Lunar eclipse#Types of lunar eclipse|Partial lunar eclipse]]<br />Lunar Saros 135
|}

== Related eclipses ==
=== Eclipses in 1885 ===
* [[Solar eclipse of March 16, 1885|An annular solar eclipse on March 16]].
* [[March 1885 lunar eclipse|A partial lunar eclipse on March 30]].
* '''A total solar eclipse on September 8.'''
* [[September 1885 lunar eclipse|A partial lunar eclipse on September 24]].

=== Metonic ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of November 21, 1881]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of June 28, 1889]]

=== Tzolkinex ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of July 29, 1878]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of October 20, 1892]]

=== Half-Saros ===
* Preceded by: [[September 1876 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of September 3, 1876]]
* Followed by: [[September 1894 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of September 15, 1894]]

=== Tritos ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of October 10, 1874]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of August 9, 1896]]

=== Solar Saros 123 ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of August 29, 1867]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of September 21, 1903]]

=== Inex ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of September 29, 1856]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914]]

=== Triad ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of November 8, 1798]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of July 10, 1972]]

=== Solar eclipses of 1884–1888 ===
{{Lunar year eclipse set info}}

The partial solar eclipses on April 25, 1884 and October 19, 1884 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on July 9, 1888 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!class="nowrap" colspan="7" | [[Solar eclipse]] series sets from 1884 to 1888
|-
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Descending node
| rowspan="6" |&nbsp;
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Ascending node
|- style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" | Saros
! scope="col" | Map
! scope="col" | Gamma
! scope="col" | Saros
! scope="col" | Map
! scope="col" | Gamma
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 108
| March 27, 1884<br />[[File:SE1884Mar27P.gif|150px]]<br />Partial
| 1.4602
| 113
| 
| 
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 118
| March 16, 1885<br />[[File:SE1885Mar16A.gif|150px]]<br />Annular
| 0.8030
| 123
| [[Solar eclipse of September 8, 1885|September 8, 1885]]<br />[[File:SE1885Sep08T.png|150px]]<br />Total
| −0.8489
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 128
| March 5, 1886<br />[[File:SE1886Mar05A.gif|150px]]<br />Annular
| 0.0970
| 133
| [[Solar eclipse of August 29, 1886|August 29, 1886]]<br />[[File:SE1886Aug29T.png|150px]]<br />Total
| −0.1059
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 138
| February 22, 1887<br />[[File:SE1887Feb22A.png|150px]]<br />Annular
| −0.6040
| 143
| [[Solar eclipse of August 19, 1887|August 19, 1887]]<br />[[File:SE1887Aug19T.png|150px]]<br />Total
| 0.6312
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 148
| February 11, 1888<br />[[File:SE1888Feb11P.gif|150px]]<br />Partial
| −1.2684
|
| 153
| August 7, 1888<br />[[File:SE1888Aug07P.gif|150px]]<br />Partial
| −1.2797
|}

=== Saros 123 ===
{{Solar Saros series 123}}

=== Metonic series ===
{{Solar Metonic series 1859–1946}}

=== Tritos series ===
{{Solar Tritos series 2005 October 3}}

=== Inex series ===
{{Solar Inex series 2001 June 21}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1801-1900/1885-09-08.gif NASA graphic]
** [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=18850908 Googlemap]
** [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=18850908 NASA Besselian elements]
* {{cite book|author=Mabel Loomis Todd|title=Total Eclipses of the Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI0-AAAAYAAJ|year=1900|publisher=Little, Brown}}
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1885MNRAS..45..126H ''Note on the track of the total phase in the solar eclipse of, September 8, 1885, in its passage across New Zealand''], Hind, J. R.  [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]], Vol. 45, p.&nbsp;126
* [http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_18/rsnz_18_00_004110.html Art. LIX.—The Total Eclipse of the Sun of the 9th September, 1885] Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
* [http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_18/rsnz_18_00_005470.html Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand] Second Meeting. 13th July, 1885.

{{Solar eclipses}}
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Eclipse Of September 8, 1885}}
[[Category:Total solar eclipses|1885 09 08]]
[[Category:1885 in science]]
[[Category:19th-century solar eclipses|1885 09 08]]
[[Category:September 1885 events]]