View source for Tagetes

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Marigold
| image = Tagetes erecta chendumalli chedi.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Tagetes erecta]]''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Tagetes
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11840 |title=Genus: ''Tagetes'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2011-01-06 |access-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309204231/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11840 |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Adenopappus'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Diglossus'' <small>Cass.</small>
* ''Enalcida'' <small>Cass.</small>
* ''Solenotheca'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''Vilobia'' <small>Strother</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagetes L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325872-2 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tagetes''''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ae|'|dZ|i:|t|i:|z}}) is a [[genus]]<ref name="Soule1996">Soule, J. A.  1996.  Infrageneric Systematics of Tagetes.  Pgs. 435-443 in Compositae: Systematics, Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew 1994, Vol. I, Eds. D.J.N. Hind & H.J. Beentje.</ref>  of 50 species of [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant|perennial]], mostly [[herbaceous plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]]. They are among several groups of plants known in English as '''marigolds'''. The genus ''Tagetes'' was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358908#page/329/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753.  Species Plantarum 2: 887] in Latin</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40009619|title=Tropicos &#124; Name - !Tagetes L.|website=www.tropicos.org}}</ref>

Originally called '''''cempōhualxōchitl''''', by the Nahua peoples, these plants are native to Central and Southern [[Mexico]] and several other [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries. Some species have become naturalized around the world. One species, ''[[Tagetes minuta|T. minuta]]'', is considered a noxious [[invasive species|invasive plant]] in some areas.<ref name="Soule1996"/>

==Description==
''Tagetes'' species vary in size from 0.1 to 2.2&nbsp;m tall. Most species have [[pinnate]] green [[Leaf|leaves]].  Blooms naturally occur in golden, orange, yellow, and white colors, often with maroon highlights. [[Flower|Floral]] heads are typically (1-) to 4–6&nbsp;cm diameter, generally with both ray florets and disc florets. In [[horticulture]], they tend to be planted as [[Annual plant|annuals]], although the perennial species are gaining popularity. Like all marigolds, they have a fibrous root system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marigold Flower Processing {{!}} Dryer Systems |url=http://www.theonixcorp.com/marigold-flower-systems/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The ONIX Corporation |language=en-US}}</ref>

Depending on the species, ''Tagetes'' species grow well in almost any sort of soil. Most horticultural selections grow best in soil with good drainage, and some cultivars are known to have good tolerance to drought.<ref>Cicevan R, Al Hassan M, Sestras AF, Prohens J, Vicente O, Sestras RE, Boscaiu M. (2016) Screening for drought tolerance in cultivars of the ornamental genus Tagetes (Asteraceae) PeerJ 4:e2133 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2133</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The [[Latin]] ''Tagētes'' derives from the [[Tages]] in [[Etruscan mythology]], born from plowing the earth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Everett|first=Thomas H.|title=The New York Botanical Garden illustrated encyclopedia of horticulture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3290|year=1982|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-7240-7|page=3290}}</ref> It likely refers to the ease with which plants of this genus come out each year either by the seeds produced in the previous year, or by the stems which regrow from the stump already in place.<ref>{{cite book |last=Filippi |first=Olivier |date=2007 |title=Pour un jardin sans arrosage (For a garden without irrigation) |location=Arles |publisher=Actes Sud |page=188 |isbn=978-2-7427-6730-4 |language=fr}}</ref>

The common name in English, marigold, is derived from ''Mary's gold'' in honor of the [[Virgin Mary]], a name first applied to a similar plant native to Europe, ''[[Calendula officinalis]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/putnamco/2023/10/26/marigolds-blooms-of-cultural-significance/ |title=Marigolds: Blooms of Cultural Significance |author=Julio Perez |date=October 26, 2023 |website=[[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]], [[University of Florida]] |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109070139/https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/putnamco/2023/10/26/marigolds-blooms-of-cultural-significance/ |archive-date=November 9, 2023  |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://gardening.usask.ca/articles-and-lists/articles-plant-descriptions/annuals/marigold.php |title=Marigold - Tagetes sp. |date=May 2, 2021 |website=[[University of Saskatchewan]] - College of Agriculture and Bioresources |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109071240/https://gardening.usask.ca/articles-and-lists/articles-plant-descriptions/annuals/marigold.php |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/marigolds-marys-gold.php |title=Marigolds: Mary's Gold |author=Brother John M. Samaha, S.M. |website=[[University of Dayton]] |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130406/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/marigolds-marys-gold.php |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The most commonly cultivated varieties of ''Tagetes'' are known variously as African marigolds (usually referring to cultivars and hybrids of ''[[Tagetes erecta]]''), or French marigolds (usually referring to hybrids and cultivars of ''[[Tagetes patula]]'', many of which were developed in France). The so-called signet marigolds are hybrids derived mostly from ''[[Tagetes tenuifolia]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Marigolds |url=https://www.americanmeadows.com/content/wildflower-seeds/marigold-seeds/all-about-marigolds |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=American Meadows |language=en}}</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Urbana Illinois park 20070928 img 2120-crop.jpg|thumb|left|''Tagetes patula'' flowers]]
Depending on the species, marigold foliage has a musky, pungent scent, though some varieties have been bred to be scentless. Due to antibacterial [[thiophenes]] exuded by the roots, ''Tagetes'' should not be planted near any [[legume]] crop.<ref name="Soule1993">Soule, J. A. 1993. Biosystematics of ''Tagetes'' (Compositae). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas.</ref>  Some of the perennial species are [[deer]]-, [[rabbit]]-, [[rodent]]- and [[javelina]] or [[peccary]]-resistant.<ref name="Soule1993"/>

''[[Tagetes minuta|T. minuta]]'' (khakibush or huacatay), originally from South America, has been used as a source of [[essential oil]] for the [[perfume]] industry known as tagette or "marigold oil", and as a flavourant in the food and tobacco industries.  It is commonly cultivated in [[South Africa]], where the species is also a useful [[Pioneer species|pioneer plant]] in the reclamation of disturbed land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jinhao |last2=Ahmed |first2=Waqar |last3=Zhou |first3=Xinghai |last4=Yao |first4=Bo |last5=He |first5=Zulei |last6=Qiu |first6=Yue |last7=Wei |first7=Fangjun |last8=He |first8=Yilu |last9=Wei |first9=Lanfang |last10=Ji |first10=Guanghai |date=2022-09-02 |title=Crop Rotation with Marigold Promotes Soil Bacterial Structure to Assist in Mitigating Clubroot Incidence in Chinese Cabbage |journal=Plants |volume=11 |issue=17 |pages=2295 |doi=10.3390/plants11172295 |doi-access=free |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=9460896 |pmid=36079677}}</ref>
[[File:'Gonepteryx rhamni' 2 male.JPG|thumb|''[[Gonepteryx rhamni]]'' sucking nectar]]
The florets of ''[[Tagetes erecta]]'' are rich in the orange-yellow [[carotenoid]] [[lutein]] and are used as a [[Food coloring|food colour]] ([[INS number]] E161b) in the European Union for foods such as pasta, vegetable oil, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, baked goods, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, citrus juice and mustard. In the United States, however, the powders and extracts are only approved as colorants in animal feed.

Marigolds are recorded as a food plant for some [[Lepidoptera]] [[caterpillar]]s including the [[dot moth]], and a nectar source for other [[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[bumblebee]]s. They are often part of [[butterfly gardening]] plantings.  In the wild, many species are pollinated by beetles.<ref name="Soule1993"/>

==Cultural significance==

===''Tagetes lucida''===
The species ''[[Tagetes lucida]]'', known as ''pericón'', is used to prepare a sweetish, [[anise]]-flavored medicinal tea in Mexico.  It is also used as a culinary herb in many warm climates, as a substitute for tarragon, and offered in the nursery as "Texas tarragon" or "Mexican mint marigold".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexican Mint Marigold |url=https://www.centraltexasgardener.org/resource/mexican-mint-marigold/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Central Texas Gardener |language=en-us}}</ref>

===''Tagetes minuta''===
''[[Tagetes minuta]]'', native to southern South America, is a tall, upright marigold plant with small flowers used as a culinary herb in Peru, Ecuador, and parts of Chile and Bolivia, where it is called by the Incan term ''huacatay''. The paste is used to make the popular potato dish called ''ocopa''.  Having both "green" and "yellow/orange" notes, the taste and odor of fresh ''T. minuta'' is like a mixture of sweet [[basil]], [[tarragon]], [[Mentha|mint]] and [[citrus]].
It is also used as a medicinal tea for gastrointestinal complaints and specifically against nematodes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=David K. |last2=Wells |first2=Carl D. |last3=Dunkel |first3=Florence V. |last4=Bertsch |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Sing |first5=Sharlene E. |last6=Sriharan |first6=Shobha |title=Insecticidal Activity of Floral, Foliar, and Root Extracts of Tagetes minuta (Asterales: Asteraceae) Against Adult Mexican Bean Weevils (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |date=1 December 1994 |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=1718–1725|doi=10.1093/jee/87.6.1718 }}</ref><ref>Soule, J. A.  1993. Tagetes minuta: A Potential New Herb from South America.  Pgs. 649-654 in New Crops, Proceedings of the New Crops Conference 1993,  Eds. J. Janick & J. E. Simon.
</ref>

=== ''Tagetes erecta'' ===
''[[Tagetes erecta]]'' is widely used in [[Day of the Dead]] celebrations in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuál es el origen y significado de la flor de cempasúchil, la reina de los altares de muertos en México |language=es |work=BBC News Mundo |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54756885 |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>

===''Tagetes'' – various species===
[[File:Sepulcro adornado.jpg|thumb|upright|Marigolds decorating a grave for [[Day of the Dead]] in Mexico]]In [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and other [[South Asia|South Asian countries]], marigold is used for ornamentation purposes in functions like the [[Gaye holud|turmeric ceremony]], weddings, [[Pahela Falgun|Pohela Falgun]] and other functions. During the colonial period the native varieties{{which|date=November 2024}} of these flowers were replaced by American species like ''[[Tagetes erecta|T. erecta]]'', ''[[Tagetes patula|T. patula]]'' and ''[[Tagetes tenuifolia|T. tenuifolia]]''. The marigold is also widely cultivated in India and Thailand, particularly the species ''[[Tagetes erecta|T. erecta]]'', ''[[Tagetes patula]]'' and ''[[Tagetes tenuifolia|T. tenuifolia]]''. It is always sold in the markets for daily rituals. Vast quantities of marigolds are used in garlands and decoration for weddings, festivals, and religious events. Marigold cultivation is extensively seen in [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] (for the [[Vijayadashami]] and [[Diwali]] markets<ref name="Gupta 2002">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020909/agro.htm#3
 |title=Let the flower of gods bless you |access-date=2007-09-01
 |last=Gupta |first=Y .C. |author2=Y. D. Sharma 
|author3=N. S. Pathania
 |date=2002-09-09 |work=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India (web site)
}}</ref>) states of India.

In [[Ukraine]], ''chornobryvtsi'' (''T. erecta'', ''T. patula'' and the signet marigold, ''l. tenuifolia'') are regarded as one of the national symbols, and are often mentioned in songs, poems and tales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ВНЗ Національна Академія Управління - Symbols and Markings |url=https://nam.kyiv.ua/en/symbols-and-markings.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=nam.kyiv.ua}}</ref>

<!-- so? Other marigolds have other uses around the world.<ref>Soule, J. A.  1996. "Novel Annual and Perennial Tagetes". Pp. 546–551 in Progress in New Crops, ''Proceedings of the National New Crops Conference 1996'', Ed. J. Janick.</ref>-->

==Species==
; Accepted species<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagetes L. at WFO Plant List {{!}} World Flora Online |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-4000037446-2023-12?page=4&hide_syns=true |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=wfoplantlist.org}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Tagetes apetala]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes arenicola]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes argentina]]'' <small>Cabrera</small>
* ''[[Tagetes biflora]]'' <small>Cabrera</small>
* ''[[Tagetes campanulata]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes coronopifolia]]''
* ''[[Tagetes daucoides]]''
* ''[[Tagetes elliptica]]'' <small>Sm.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes elongata]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes epapposa]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes erecta]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; African marigold, Aztec marigold
* ''[[Tagetes filifolia]]'' <small>Lag.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes foetidissima]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes hartwegii]]''
* ''[[Tagetes hartwegii]]'' <small>Greenm.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes iltisiana]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes inclusa]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes lacera]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes laxa]]'' <small>Cabrera</small>
* ''[[Tagetes lemmonii]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> &ndash; Mt. Lemmon marigold, Mexican marigold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TALE|title=Plants Profile for Tagetes lemmonii (Lemmon's marigold)|website=plants.usda.gov}}</ref>
* ''[[Tagetes linifolia]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes lucida]]'' <small>Cav.</small> &ndash; Mexican mint marigold, Texas tarragon
* ''[[Tagetes lunulata]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes mandonii]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes mendocina]]'' <small>Phil.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes micrantha]]'' <small>Cav.</small> &ndash; licorice marigold
* ''[[Tagetes microglossa]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes minima]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes minuta]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; wild marigold
* ''[[Tagetes moorei]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes mulleri]]'' <small>S.F.Blake</small>
* ''[[Tagetes multiflora]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Tagetes nelsonii]]'' <small>Greenm.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes oaxacana]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes osteni]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes palmeri]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes parryi]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
* ''[[Tagetes patula]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; French marigold
* ''[[Tagetes perezii]]'' <small>Cabrera</small>
* ''[[Tagetes praetermissa]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes pringlei]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''[[Tagetes pusilla]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes riojana]]'' <small>M.Ferraro</small>
* ''[[Tagetes rupestris]]'' <small>Cabrera</small>
* ''[[Tagetes stenophylla]]'' <small>B.L.Rob.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes subulata]]'' <small>Cerv.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes subvillosa]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes tenuifolia]]'' <small>Cav.</small> &ndash; signet marigold
* ''[[Tagetes terniflora]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Tagetes triradiata]]'' 
* ''[[Tagetes verticillata]]'' <small>Lag. & Rodr.</small>
* ''[[Tagetes zypaquirensis]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small> }}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Marigold.jpg|Yellow Marigold
File:Marigold 2.jpg|A marigold
File:Red_Marigold.jpg|''[[Tagetes patula]]'' <br>(hybrid marigold)
Tagetes-DSCN2062.JPG|''Tagetes patula''
File:Tagetes Erecta-Flower 04.jpg|''[[Tagetes erecta]]''
File:Tagetes Erecta-Flower 02.jpg|''Tagetes erecta''
File:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower 08.jpg|''Tagetes'' flowers
File:Newly grown marigold (tagetes) plants.jpg|Newly grown plants in [[West Bengal]], India.
File:Marigoldjf.JPG|'Maxima Yellow' ([[Philippines]])
File:Marigold at lingaraj temple.jpg|Marigold varieties prepared as offerings to a god during the Hindu festival of [[Maha Shivaratri]]
File:Flor de ofrenda.JPG|Marigold on an altar in Mexico
File:Marigold flowers. Eastern Siberia.png|Marigold flowers. Eastern Siberia
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Tagetes}}
* [http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Marigold.htm Marigold Commercial Greenhouse Production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008112423/http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Marigold.htm |date=2015-10-08 }}
* [http://www.discoverplants.com/plant-types/flowers/african-marigold/gardening.php Growing African Marigolds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064936/http://www.discoverplants.com/plant-types/flowers/african-marigold/gardening.php |date=2012-02-07 }}
* [https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tagetes/ North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox]
* {{Cite web |date=2020-03-10 |title=Profitable and growing crops: marigold |url=https://innovatione.eu/en/2020/03/10/profitable-and-growing-crops-marigold/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Innovatione AgroFood Design|language=en-US}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q147552}}

[[Category:Tagetes| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Butterfly food plants]]
[[Category:Culture of Mexico]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]