View source for USS Columbia (CL-56)

{{short description|Light cruiser of the United States Navy}}
{{other ships|USS Columbia}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= [[File:USS Columbia (CL-56) off San Pedro 1945.jpg|300px|USS Columbia (CL-56) off San Pedro, 1945]]
|Ship caption=USS ''Columbia'' (CL-56), 15 May 1945
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= United States
|Ship flag= {{USN flag|1946}}
|Ship name= ''Columbia''
|Ship namesake=City of [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
|Ship laid down= 18 August 1940
|Ship launched= 17 December 1941
|Ship commissioned= 29 July 1942
|Ship decommissioned= 30 November 1946
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck= 1 March 1959
|Ship fate= Sold for scrap, 18 February 1959
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Ship class={{sclass|Cleveland|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=
*[[Standard displacement|Standard]]: {{convert|11744|LT|t|0|lk=on}}
*[[Full load]]: {{convert|14131|LT|t|0}}
|Ship length={{convert|610|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|66|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|24|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=
*4 × [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s 
*{{cvt|100000|shp|kW|lk=in}}
|Ship propulsion=
*4 × [[steam turbines]]
*4 × [[Propeller|screw propellers]]
|Ship speed={{convert|32.5|kn|lk=in}} 
|Ship range={{cvt|11000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{cvt|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=1,285 officers and enlisted
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
* 12 × [[6"/47 caliber Mark 16 gun|{{cvt|6|in|0}} Mark 16 guns]]
* 12 × [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|0}}/38 caliber]] guns
* 8 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|{{cvt|40|mm}} Bofors]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]]
* 13 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{cvt|20|mm}} Oerlikon]] anti-aircraft guns
|Ship armor=
*[[Armor belt|Belt]]: {{cvt|3.5|-|5|in}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|2|in}}
*[[Barbette]]s: {{cvt|6|in|0}}
*[[Gun turret|Turret]]s: {{cvt|6|in|0}}
*[[Conning tower|Conning Tower]]: {{cvt|5|in|0}}
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[floatplane]]s
|Ship aircraft facilities=2 × [[stern]] [[Aircraft catapult|catapults]] 
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''USS ''Columbia''''' was a {{sclass|Cleveland|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]] of the [[United States Navy]], which were built during [[World War II]]. The [[ship class|class]] was designed as a development of the earlier {{sclass|Brooklyn|cruiser|1}}s, the size of which had been limited by the [[First London Naval Treaty]]. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the ''Cleveland''s used the same [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The ''Cleveland''s carried a [[main battery]] of twelve [[6"/47 caliber gun|{{convert|6|in|adj=on|0}} guns]] in four three-gun [[gun turret|turrets]], along with a [[secondary armament]] of twelve [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|0}}]] [[dual-purpose gun]]s. They had a top speed of {{convert|32.5|kn|lk=in}}.

The ship, the sixth US Navy ship to bear the name, was named for the city of [[Columbia, South Carolina]]. ''Columbia'' was commissioned in July 1942, and saw service in several campaigns in the Pacific. Like almost all her sister ships, she was decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, and never saw active service again. ''Columbia'' was scrapped in the early 1960s. A memorial to the ship and crew who served on her exists in Columbia.

==Design==
{{main|Cleveland-class cruiser}}
[[File:80-G-165992 Cleveland class camouflage measure 33.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of the ''Cleveland'' class, showing the plan and profile]]

The ''Cleveland''-class [[light cruiser]]s traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] was limited to {{cvt|8000|LT|lk=in}} by the [[Second London Naval Treaty]]. Following the start of [[World War II]] in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the [[US Navy]] quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the ''Cleveland''s were a close development of the earlier {{sclass|Brooklyn|cruiser|1}}s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun {{cvt|5|in|0}} [[dual-purpose gun]] mount for one of the [[main battery]] {{cvt|6|in|0}} [[gun turret]]s.{{sfn|Friedman 1984|pp=245–247}}

''Columbia'' was {{convert|610|ft|1|in|0}} [[length overall|long overall]] and had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|66|ft|4|in|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (nautical)|draft]] of {{convert|24|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}. Her [[standard displacement]] amounted to {{convert|11744|LT|t|abbr=on|0}} and increased to {{convert|14131|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} at [[Full-load displacement|full load]]. The ship was powered by four General Electric [[steam turbines]], each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s. Rated at {{convert|100000|shp|lk=on}}, the turbines were intended to give a top speed of {{convert|32.5|kn|lk=in}}. Her crew numbered 1285&nbsp;officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=119}}

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve [[6"/47 caliber gun|6 in /47-caliber Mark 16 guns]]{{efn|/47 refers to the length of the gun in terms of [[Caliber (artillery)|calibers]]. A /47 gun is 47 times long as it is in bore diameter.}} in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a [[superfire|superfiring pair]]; the other two turrets were placed aft of the [[superstructure]] in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|0}} /38-caliber]] dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the [[conning tower]] and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of eight [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors {{cvt|40|mm}} guns]] in two quadruple mounts and thirteen [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon {{cvt|20|mm}} guns]] in single mounts.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=119}}

The ship's [[belt armor]] ranged in thickness from {{cvt|3.5|to|5|in}}, with the thicker section [[amidships]] where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was {{cvt|2|in}} thick. The main battery turrets were protected with {{cvt|6.5|in}} faces and {{cvt|3|in}} sides and tops, and they were supported by [[barbette]]s 6&nbsp;inches thick. ''Columbia''{{'}}s conning tower had 5-inch sides.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=119}}

==Service history==
The [[keel]] for ''Columbia'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] on 19 August 1940 at the [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]. She was [[ship launching|launched]] on 17 December 1941, ten days after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] brought the United States into World War II. ''Columbia'' was moved to the [[Philadelphia Navy Yard]] before she was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the fleet on 29 June 1942.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=119}}{{sfn|Stern}} After completing [[fitting-out]] work, the ship got underway for initial training on 14 September, which was carried out off [[Hampton Roads]], Virginia, and included weapons familiarization practice and aircraft operations. ''Columbia'' then sailed for the [[Norfolk Navy Yard]] for repairs and alterations and then embarked on her [[shakedown cruise]] in [[Chesapeake Bay]], which lasted from 16 October to 8 November The next day, she got underway and joined Task Group (TG) 2.6, which also included the [[fast battleship]] {{USS|Indiana|BB-58|2}} and the [[destroyer]]s {{USS|De Haven|DD-469|2}}, {{USS|Champlin|DD-601|2}}, and {{USS|Saufley|DD-465|2}}. The ships sailed south and arrived in Panama on 13 November.{{sfn|Stern}}

''Columbia'' and the rest of the ships, less ''Champlin'', continued on through the [[Panama Canal]] on 13 November and sailed on to [[Tongatabu]]. The ships conducted training exercises while on the way. The ships arrived there on 28 November, and TG&nbsp;2.6 was disbanded the same day. After refueling on 29 November, ''Columbia'' was attached to TG&nbsp;66.6 the following day, along with ''Indiana'', ''Saufley'', and ''De Haven''. The task group departed the next day for [[Nouméa]], arriving there on 2 December. The task group was disbanded and ''Columbia'' pulled alongside the [[repair ship]] {{USS|Prometheus|AR-3|2}}, as she had developed turbine problems on the voyage there. ''Prometheus'' made temporary repairs that allowed the turbine to operate at low pressure, and ''Columbia'' could still make {{convert|30|kn}}. She was then assigned Task Force (TF)&nbsp;64, which included the fast battleships {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}} and ''Indiana'', and the destroyers {{USS|Balch|DD-363|2}}, {{USS|Cummings|DD-365|2}}, {{USS|Nicholas|DD-449|2}}, {{USS|Woodworth|DD-460|2}}, and {{USS|Dunlap|DD-384|2}}. The ships departed on 7 December, intending to rendezvous with a task group centered on the fast battleship {{USS|North Carolina|BB-55|2}} the next day.{{sfn|Stern}}

===Operations in the Solomon Islands===
[[File:US Navy CruDiv 12 off Efate 1943.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' (2nd from front) and other cruisers off Efate in 1943]]
{{main|Solomon Islands campaign}}

The two squadrons met at sea on 9 November and the ships were reorganized; ''Columbia'' became part of TG&nbsp;67.2, which departed for [[Espiritu Santo]] in the [[New Hebrides]] later that afternoon. The ships arrived there a day later, and from 17 to 22 December, the ships were primarily occupied with combat training, including night fighting drills, anti-aircraft shooting practice, and combined squadron maneuvers. Further maintenance was carried out from 23 to 31 December at Espiritu Santo. Task Force&nbsp;67 sortied on 2 January 1943 to join the fighting in the [[Guadalcanal campaign]] in the [[Solomon Islands]]. While the ships were en route, one of ''Columbia''{{'}}s floatplanes fell off its catapult; a man who was in the plane at the time was picked up by one of the escorting destroyers. The task force arrived off [[Guadalcanal]] on 4 January and three of the cruisers split off to carry out a bombardment mission while ''Columbia'' and the rest of the force remained off Guadalcanal to screen a group of transports carrying reinforcements for the island. The next morning, the task force came under air attack from three [[Aichi D3A]] [[dive bomber]]s that damaged the New Zealand cruiser {{HMNZS|Achilles}}, but ''Columbia'' was not attacked directly.{{sfn|Stern}}

The task force arrived back in Espiritu Santo on 8 January, and ''Columbia'' received a new seaplane to replace the one that had fallen overboard. She launched both of her aircraft on 12 January for training flights, but one of them crashed at sea; searches for the missing pilot eventually found him on 13 January. That day, the ship was transferred to TF&nbsp;18, which included the [[escort carrier]]s {{USS|Sangamon|ACV-26|2}}, {{USS|Santee|ACV-29|2}}, and {{USS|Chenango|ACV-28|2}}, the [[heavy cruiser]]s {{USS|Wichita|CA-45|2}} and {{USS|Chicago|CA-29|2}}, the light cruisers {{USS|Cleveland|CL-55|2}} and {{USS|Montpelier|CL-57|2}}, and eight destroyers. The light cruisers formed Cruiser Division 12. ''Columbia'' later received yet another replacement seaplane. TF&nbsp;18 was moved from Espiritu Santo to [[Efate]].{{sfn|Stern}}

====Battle of Rennell Island====
{{main|Battle of Rennell Island}}

The task force sortied on 27 January, bound for the Solomons; two days later, the ships' air search radars picked up a group of unidentified aircraft approaching the formation. The escort carriers had already been detached to fly ground support missions, so the cruisers and destroyers were caught without air cover. In the ensuing [[Battle of Rennell Island]], the Japanese launched a series of strikes against the American squadron late in the day. The first wave of sixteen [[Mitsubishi G4M]] bombers did not engage ''Columbia'', but several G4Ms from the second wave of fifteen aircraft attempted to torpedo her. One attacked individually at around 19:34 and missed, though ''Columbia''{{'}}s anti-aircraft gunners also missed the bomber. Shortly thereafter, four more G4Ms began attack runs on the ship, two off her port bow and the other pair off her port quarter. Her anti-aircraft guns destroyed one of the G4Ms, and the rest were forced to break off without launching their torpedoes. At around the same time, two of the torpedoes struck ''Chicago'', inflicting severe damage.{{sfn|Stern}}

''Columbia'' and the other cruisers in the unit closed with ''Chicago'' to provide better defense of the damaged vessel, but around 21:30, the Japanese aircraft that were shadowing the Americans withdrew. The task groups split up after midnight but re-formed later in the morning of 30 January. By that time, ''Chicago''{{'}}s engines had broken down, and she was being towed by the heavy cruiser {{USS|Louisville|CA-28|2}} at a speed of {{convert|4.4|kn}}. ''Columbia'' remained with ''Chicago'' while the [[tugboat]] {{USS|Navajo|AT-64|2}} came from [[Tulagi]]; at around 14:30, ''Columbia'' and the other light cruisers were detached to head back to [[Port Havannah]] on Efate, but around two hours later, the Japanese launched further attacks on ''Chicago'', this time inflicting fatal damage. ''Columbia''{{'}}s group was too far away to intervene, but the ships' crews nevertheless went to [[general quarters]]. The ships arrived at Efate the afternoon of 31 January, but they remained in port for just a day, sorting the following afternoon for patrols off the [[Santa Cruz Islands]].{{sfn|Stern}}

====Training operations====
[[File:SO3C on catapult of USS Columbia (CL-56) 1943.jpg|thumb|One of ''Columbia''{{'}}s floatplanes on  her catapult]]

The ships of TF&nbsp;18 carried out training maneuvers from 1 to 3 February, and then met up with TF&nbsp;69 the following day; the other task force included the old battleships {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}, {{USS|New Mexico|BB-40|2}}, {{USS|Colorado|BB-45|2}}, and {{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|2}}, three escort carriers, and several destroyers. The two task forces were to patrol between the Solomons and [[Samoa]] to try to intercept a Japanese squadron believed to have sortied from [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] in the central Pacific. The ships remained in the area for several days, searching for the Japanese squadron in vain through 10 February. That day, the Americans learned that the Japanese force had returned to port, and in the meantime, the Japanese had launched [[Operation Ke]], their surprise withdrawal from Guadalcanal. ''Columbia'' and the rest of TF&nbsp;18 accordingly ended their patrolling and returned to Efate. By that time, her sister {{USS|Denver|CL-58|2}} had arrived there with a replacement turbine for her damaged engine. The ships reached Savannah on 14 February, where she and the rest of Cruiser Division 12 were transferred to TF&nbsp;68.{{sfn|Stern}}

The ships of TF&nbsp;68 sortied again on 19 February, heading back toward the Solomons; this time, they were to divert Japanese attention from an [[amphibious assault]] force that was to land on the [[Russell Islands]], codenamed [[Operation Cleanslate]]. The cruisers were also to provide close defense of the invasion fleet against a possible raid by Japanese warships. On the night of 20/21 February, the ships passed through [[Ironbottom Sound]], the site of several major naval battles during the Guadalcanal campaign, and anchored in [[Purvis Bay]] the following morning. The landings occurred without any opposition and ''Columbia'', with the rest of TF&nbsp;68, got underway for Noumea on 23 February. While at sea two days later, ''Columbia'' was detached to sail to [[Maré Island]], where final repairs to her new turbine would be completed by ''Prometheus''. She arrived there on 27 February, and the work lasted until 11 March. On 16 March, TF&nbsp;68 was redesignated as TF&nbsp;19; the ships spent most of the month carrying out training exercises, including maneuvers with TF&nbsp;14, centered on the carrier {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}. Captain [[Frank Edmund Beatty Jr.|Frank Beatty]] took command of ''Columbia'' on 6 April. By this time, the Japanese had effectively abandoned the southern Solomons, leaving little opposition in the area to engage. As a result, ''Columbia'' spent the next several months training with the rest of her task force, and occasionally with other units as well.{{sfn|Stern}}

====New Georgia campaign====
[[File:USS Columbia (CL-56) and oiler at Purvis Bay 1943.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' (right) and an [[oil tanker]] in [[Purvis Bay]] in 1943]]
{{main|New Georgia campaign}}

On 27 June, the ships of Cruiser Division 12 were transferred to TG&nbsp;36.2, and they sortied later that day for Purvis Bay to take part in [[Operation Toenails]], the invasion of the [[New Georgia Islands]] in the central Solomons. The ships arrived there two days later and refueled on the morning of 29 June, before departing again to bombard Japanese positions on other, nearby islands. ''Columbia'' and her division-mates were assigned to cover [[minelayer]]s and to shell several of the [[Shortland Islands]] to draw Japanese attention away from the landings. ''Columbia'' fired some 943&nbsp;rounds from her main battery and 525&nbsp;shells from her 5-inc guns at [[Faisi]] before the Americans broke off and returned southeast to cover the withdrawal of the minelayers. After refueling at Tulagi, ''Columbia'' arrived back in Espiritu Santo on 2 July to replenish ammunition and stores. She sortied with the rest of her unit the following day to return to operations off New Georgia, carrying out patrols in the area between 6 and 11 July, operating out of Purvis Bay or Tulagi during this period. The ship did not encounter significant Japanese forces during these patrols.{{sfn|Stern}}

[[File:USN 80-G-201993 Charles Ausburne (DD-570) receiving mail by highline from Columbia while steaming in the Solomon Islands, 27 September 1943.png|thumb|The destroyer {{USS|Charles Ausburne|DD-570}} alongside ''Columbia'' in September 1943]]

At around midnight on 12 July, ''Columbia'' and the rest of her task group sortied to carry out a bombardment of [[Munda (Solomon Islands)|Munda]] on New Georgia to support US Army forces fighting during the [[drive on Munda Point]]. By about 03:00 on 12 July, the ships had arrived off the island, and ''Columbia'' conducted a 30-minute bombardment of the Japanese positions there. The Americans had turned to withdraw by 04:09, bound for Tulagi. ''Columbia'' and the rest of Cruiser Division 12 later continued on to Espiritu Santo, arriving there on 18 July. The ships of her task group spent the next two and a half months operating out of Espiritu Santo, patrolling in the Solomons and conducting training exercises in the area, but saw no further combat during this period. On 6 September, ''Columbia'' was detached for an overhaul at [[Sydney, Australia]], arriving there four days later. Work was completed by 20 September, allowing the cruiser to return to her unit, which had by then been re-designated again, now as TG&nbsp;39.2. On arriving on 24 September, she took over the role of task force [[flagship]], under the command of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Aaron S. Merrill]].{{sfn|Stern}}

On 25–26 September, ''Columbia'' led her task group on a sweep off [[Vella LaVella]], the westernmost of the New Georgia Islands. Shortly after midnight on 26 September, several Japanese scout planes began shadowing the vessels, and ''Columbia'' drove one of them off 5-inch gun fire. The Americans reported a number of torpedo wakes from Japanese [[submarine]]s believed to have been directed by the scout planes. The ship was not hit by any of the torpedoes, and the task group returned to Tulagi to refuel later that day. Task Group&nbsp;39.2 made several abortive sorties over the following days, but every time the cruisers were recalled to Tulagi to avoid risking them. The ships returned to Espiritu Santo in early October, but by the 7th, had already returned to the Solomons for training exercises with several warships from other task forces through 10 October.{{sfn|Stern}}

Admiral [[William F. Halsey]] visited Merrill aboard ''Columbia'' at Espiritu Santo on 21 October, and he gave a speech to the crew while he was aboard. Three days later, Merrill shifted his flag to ''Cleveland'', and ''Columbia'' reverted to serving as the flagship of TG&nbsp;39.2. The ships got underway later that day to cover [[Operation Goodtime]], the invasion of the [[Treasury Islands]]. The assault took place on 27 October, and brought the Allies another step up the Solomon Islands toward [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], the largest island in the Solomons chain. The ships of TF&nbsp;39 first went to bombard [[Buka Airport|the Japanese airfield]] at [[Buka, Bougainville|Buka]] on Bougainville on the night of 31 October – 1 November to destroy aircraft that might try to interfere in the invasion of the Treasury Islands, and to draw Japanese attention away from the invasion fleet. In the early hours of 1 November, ''Columbia'' and the rest of TF&nbsp;39 were spotted by Japanese reconnaissance aircraft, which dropped [[flare]]s to illuminate the ships for Japanese coastal artillery batteries on Faisi. ''Columbia'' and the other cruisers returned fire, and after a short artillery duel, the Americans broke off at around 07:00 to refuel for further operations. The ships of TF&nbsp;39 remained in the area through the day on 1 November to cover the invasion force as the ground forces went ashore.{{sfn|Stern}}

=====Battle of Empress Augusta Bay=====
[[File:A Japanese plane crashes into the sea ahead of USS Columbia (CL-56), in November 1943 (80-G-44059).jpg|thumb|Photograph taken from ''Columbia'' on 1 or 2 November 1943; a Japanese plane has crashed directly ahead of the ship]]
{{main|Battle of Empress Augusta Bay}}

On the evening of 1 November, TF&nbsp;39 cruised in [[Empress Augusta Bay]] in Bougainville, when shortly before 01:00, the American ships picked up a Japanese surface force approaching. In the ensuing [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]], the Americans fired first at around 02:45, the destroyers launching a spread of torpedoes at the oncoming Japanese squadron, which consisted of the heavy cruisers {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Myōkō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Haguro||2}}, the light cruisers {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Sendai||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Agano||2}}, and the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Shigure|1935|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Samidare|1935|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Shiratsuyu|1935|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Naganami||2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Wakatsuki||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Hatsukaze||2}}, along with four more destroyers—{{ship|Japanese destroyer|Amagiri|1930|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Yūnagi|1924|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Uzuki|1925|2}}, and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Yūzuki||2}}—serving as fast transports. A few minutes after the destroyers launched their torpedoes, ''Cleveland'' and ''Denver'', followed shortly thereafter by ''Columbia'', opened fire at a range of around {{cvt|21000|yd}}. The Japanese destroyer began maneuvering erratically in a circle, indicating it was disabled. ''Columbia'' shifted fire to another vessel, which soon turned away and withdrew out of range. ''Columbia'' then engaged a third vessel for several minutes, from 03:11 to 03:32. By that time, ''Columbia'' had been hit once in return, but the shell struck her bow and did negligible damage.{{sfn|Stern}}

Both sides had ceased firing by 03:35 and the Japanese had turned back for Rabaul. The American squadron likewise disengaged and returned to cover the invasion fleet. In the course of the action, the Americans had sunk ''Sendai'' and ''Hatsukaze'' and damaged ''Myoko'' and ''Haguro''; and in the confusion, the two heavy cruisers collided, causing further damage. In return, several American destroyers were damaged in the engagement, including {{USS|Foote|DD-511|2}}, which had been crippled by a Japanese torpedo. For his role in the battle, Beatty was awarded the [[Navy Cross]]; the ship received the [[Navy Unit Commendation]]. On 3 November, TF&nbsp;39 escorted the invasion fleet back to Purvis Bay.{{sfn|Stern}}

====End of the Solomons campaign====
[[File:USS Columbia (CL-56) docks in ABSD-1 at Espiritu Santo, in January 1944.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' in [[dry dock]] in January 1944]]

''Columbia'' and other elements of TF&nbsp;39 returned to Empress Augusta Bay on 4 November to resume operations in support of subsequent landings on Bougainville. The ships remained on station for several days, patrolling for Japanese warships and frequently fending off Japanese search planes and bombers. On 13 November, ''Denver'' was torpedoed and disabled by a G4M bomber; ''Columbia'' and the rest of the task force escorted her as she was towed out of the area. ''Columbia'' spent the rest of November anchored at Purvis Bay, and on 1 December, she had an FH radar set installed. The next day, she sortied to calibrate the new radar; various training exercises followed for several days, until 7 December, when she and the rest of TF&nbsp;39 made a sweep between Buka and Rabaul that failed to locate any Japanese vessels. On the night of 23–24 December, she bombarded Buka again, damaging the airfield there. ''Columbia'' departed for Espiritu Santo on 3 January 1944, arriving there the following day. She was [[dry dock]]ed there from 19 to 26 January for periodic maintenance. In February, the ships of TF&nbsp;39 returned to patrol duty between Buka and Rabaul, but they saw no significant action for the first two weeks of the month.{{sfn|Stern}}

On 13 February, ''Columbia'' and the rest of her task force got underway to participate in the [[Battle of the Green Islands|invasion of the Green Islands]], which were situated between Bougainville and Rabaul. The invasion was one of the last stages of [[Operation Cartwheel]], the plan to [[neutralisation of Rabaul|neutralize Rabaul]]. The ships remained on station through 16 February and did not encounter significant Japanese forces. The ships then returned to Purvis Bay, where they remained for the rest of the month. On 5 March, the ships sortied for a sweep between Truk and [[Kavieng]] to search for Japanese shipping, but arrived back in Purvis on 11 March without having found any ships to attack.{{sfn|Stern}}

The ships of TF&nbsp;39 next sortied on 17 March to take part in the [[landing on Emirau]], the last component of Operation Cartwheel. The ships reached the islands late on 19 March, the day before the landings. No opposition was encountered on the island, so ''Columbia'' did not need to provide fire support. The ships remained on station for another day, but returned to Purvis Bay on 23 March. She remained there for the next two weeks, seeing no further action. On 4 April, she departed for [[San Francisco]], California, for a thorough overhaul. The work lasted from 23 April to 20 June, and during this period, Captain [[Maurice E. Curts]] relieved Beatty as the ship's commander. Defects with her main battery elevation gear identified during post-overhaul trials necessitated further work, and she was not ready to return to operations in the Pacific until 29 June. She reached Pearl Harbor on 6 July, where additional minor repairs were identified. Underway again on 13 July, she carried out further testing and exercises in Hawaiian waters through the end of the month.{{sfn|Stern}}

===Mariana and Palau Islands campaign===
{{main|Mariana and Palau Islands campaign}}

''Columbia'' continued to experience mechanical problems into August; the period from to 2 to 8 August was spent attempting to correct the gas ejection system of Turret IV. Training exercises followed on 9 August, and with her main battery now fully operational, was assigned to Task Group 31.12, part of the fire support group for the upcoming [[Battle of Angaur|invasion of Anguar]]. She left Pearl Harbor to join the unit on 12 August, passing through Guadalcanal on the way, and arriving in Purvis Bay on 24 August. There she rejoined Cruiser Division 12, which was a component of TG&nbsp;32.12; the ships sortied on the afternoon of 29 August to participate in a mock landing at [[Cape Esperance]], though the group was missing the battleships {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}} and {{USS|California|BB-44|2}}, which had been delayed. The practice landing took place the following morning and additional shooting practice occurred on 31 August.{{sfn|Stern}}

By early September, the two battleships had arrived, and the task group sortied on the morning of 6 September. Late on 11 September, the ships closed with the island to begin preparations for the bombardment of Anguar the following morning. ''Columbia'' opened fire at 06:00 and spent most of the day bombarding targets on Anguar; one of her seaplanes crashed on landing next to the ship, though the crew was rescued and the plane was quickly replaced. At 17:51, ''Columbia'' departed from the island for the night. She carried out a similar schedule of bombardment over the following two days, though on 14 September, she also helped to cover the activities of [[underwater demolition team]]s as they cleared paths for the landing force. Bombardment missions continued on 15 September, when neighboring [[Peleliu]] was [[Battle of Peleliu|invaded]]. On 17 September, American forces went ashore on Anguar; ''Columbia'' patrolled off shore to provide fire support as the soldiers fought their way across the island, though by 19 September, this was no longer necessary and she withdrew to refuel on the 20th. The ship then proceeded to [[Kossol Roads]] in [[Palau]] to replenish ammunition and supplies.{{sfn|Stern}}

On 25 September, ''Columbia'' departed in company with Task Unit&nbsp;32.19.9, bound for [[Seeadler Harbor]], [[Manus Island]], part of the [[Admiralty Islands]]. The unit also included the older battleships ''Maryland'', {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}}, {{USS|Idaho|BB-42|2}}, ''Tennessee'', ''Mississippi'', the heavy cruisers ''Louisville'' and {{USS|Minneapolis|CA-36|2}}, the light cruiser ''Denver'', and an escort of six destroyers. The ships arrived in Manus on the afternoon of 28 September, where they refueled. The task unit was dissolved there, and in early October, ''Columbia'' underwent minor repairs and replenished ammunition and other supplies. On 6 October, she was assigned to Task Group 77.2, part of the [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]]. The unit remained in Manus until 12 October, when the ships sortied to begin the campaign to liberate the Philippines.{{sfn|Stern}}

===Philippines campaign===
[[File:Surigao Strait.jpg|thumb|Map of the American and Japanese fleets' maneuvers during the Battle of Surigao Strait]]
{{main|Philippines campaign (1944–1945)}}

====Battles of Leyte and Leyte Gulf====
{{main|Battle of Leyte|Battle of Leyte Gulf}}

While en route, ''Columbia'' refueled from the [[fleet oiler]] {{USS|Salamonie|AO-26|2}} on 16 October. The next day, she was assigned to Task Unit 78.4.3, part of the fire support force for the assault on [[Dinagat Island]], the preparatory bombardment for which began later on the 17th. ''Columbia'' shelled Japanese positions over the following week, and during that period she contributed her anti-aircraft battery to the invasion fleet's defense. Following the attack on Dingat, the fleet moved on to [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] on 20 October. During the landings on Leyte, ''Columbia'' provided fire support and engaged in counter-battery fire against Japanese [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. Late on the 20th, a [[Nakajima B5N]] torpedo bomber appeared, forcing ''Columbia'' to take evasive maneuvers. The Japanese aircraft hit the light cruiser {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}}, inflicting serious damage. ''Columbia'' came alongside to provide assistance, including sending part of her medical staff to tend to the wounded. ''Columbia'' remained on station for the next few days, providing fire support to the soldiers fighting their way across the island. She remained on station through 24 October.{{sfn|Stern}}

In response to the Allied invasion of the Philippines, Japan launched a major naval counter-attack that resulted in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]]. Late on the 24th, the Seventh Fleet commander—[[Vice Admiral]] [[Thomas Kinkaid]]—received reports that a Japanese force was approaching from the south, and would pass through the [[Surigao Strait]] to attack the invasion fleet. The Japanese force, centered on the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamashiro||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Fusō||2}}, was commanded by Vice Admiral [[Shōji Nishimura]]. Kinkaid ordered the bombardment force, which included ''Columbia'', to take up a blocking position at the exit of the strait to protect the fleet. In the ensuing action early the following morning, ''Colubmia'' assisted in the destruction of the Japanese force. By around 5:30, Nishimura had been defeated, and soon thereafter, ''Columbia'' was detached to finish off crippled Japanese ships. She assisted in the sinking of the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Asagumo|1937|2}} during this period. She received no hits in return. ''Columbia'' and ''Denver'' were nearly out of ammunition by this point, and were detached to rearm later on 25 October.{{sfn|Stern}}

====Patrolling Leyte Gulf and the Battle of Mindoro====
{{main|Battle of Mindoro}}

''Columbia'' spent the next four days refueling and rearming, but these operations were repeatedly interrupted by the need to take evasive maneuvers in response to heavy Japanese air attacks. These included several attempted {{lang|ja|[[kamikaze]]}} strikes. After finishing resupplying fuel and ammunition, ''Columbia'' provided anti-aircraft defense to other ships attempting to replenish. On 29 October, the ships of TG&nbsp;77.2 departed for Seeadler Harbor, arriving there on 3 November. There, the ships made preparations for the next major operation in the Philippines campaign. On 10 November, TG&nbsp;77.2 got underway for Kossol Roads, where they refueled and joined supply [[convoy]]s headed to the Philippines. Beginning on 14 November, ''Columbia'' and the other ships patrolled [[Leyte Gulf]], covering the convoys as they carried reinforcements and supplies to the Philippines. The ships came under repeated air attacks, but ''Columbia'' was only attacked directly once, on 18 November, by a Aichi D3A dive bomber. The ship's anti-aircraft gunners shot down the plane, which missed with its bomb. She remained on station through the end of the month, and on 27 November, the Japanese launched a major strike on the ships in Leyte Gulf. During this battle, ''Columbia'' shot down three [[Yokosuka D4Y]] torpedo bombers, and {{lang|ja|kamikazes}} struck ''Colorado'' and  the light cruiser {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}}.{{sfn|Stern}}

After refueling underway on 30 November, ''Columbia'' resumed patrol duties in the gulf in December. A Japanese submarine attacked TG&nbsp;77.2 late on the afternoon of 1 December, but failed to damage any of the ships. TG&nbsp;77.2 withdrew to Kossol Roads on 4 December to replenish supplies. ''Columbia'' was transferred to TG&nbsp;77.12 on 5 December, part of the invasion fleet for the upcoming [[Battle of Mindoro|attack on Mindoro]]. The ships sortied on 10 December to begin the operation against Mindoro. By 13 December, the fleet had arrived off the target island, and the Japanese responded with concerted air attacks, which ''Columbia'' helped to defend against, shooting down one [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] bomber. Japanese attacks continued the following day, though the [[combat air patrol]] fighters intercepted the initial waves. After engaging a subsequent strike later in the afternoon, the ship's forward 5-inch mount accidentally fired a shell while the crew were attempting to unload it. The gun was pointed at the [[port and starboard|port]] side [[Director (military)|director]] for the 40&nbsp;mm guns; it hit the structure and killed four men inside. Another thirty men were wounded, six of whom were seriously hurt. The four fatalities were [[buried at sea]] the next day. The landing on Mindoro began on the morning of 15 December, and during the landing, ''Columbia'' destroyed a pair of Japanese bombers that closed with the invasion fleet, and assisted in the destruction of other planes, including a pair of {{lang|ja|kamikazes}} that attempted to hit the escort carrier {{USS|Marcus Island||2}}.{{sfn|Stern}}

Over the following few days, ''Columbia'' provided gunfire support to the soldiers fighting inland from the [[beachhead]] and contributed her anti-aircraft battery to the defense of supply ships that were bringing reinforcements to the island. On 17 December, the ships of TG&nbsp;77.12 departed for Kossol Roads; on the way, ''Columbia'' refueled some of the escorting destroyers. The ships arrived there late on 19 December, refilled their oil bunkers, and then departed the next day for Seeadler Harbor. They reached their destination on 23 December, and the ships' crews immediately began preparations for the next major phase of the Philippines campaign. ''Columbia'' sortied again on 26 December, steaming in company with [[Battleship Division]]&nbsp;4, once more bound for Kossol Roads. On the way, the ships conducted various training exercises, including shooting practice.{{sfn|Stern}}

====Battle of Lingayen Gulf====
[[File:USS Columbia (CL-56) underway in Surigao Strait on 3 January 1945 (NH 98064).jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' in [[Surigao Strait]] in January 1945, en route to [[Lingayen Gulf]]]]
{{main|Invasion of Lingayen Gulf}}

On 1 January 1945, ''Columbia'' was returned to TG&nbsp;77.2, which was again part of the bombardment force for the [[invasion of Lingayen Gulf]] on the main island of [[Luzon]]. The ships departed Kossol Roads early that morning, and after entering Filipino waters late on the 2nd, the ships arranged themselves in a defensive formation around several escort carriers. ''Columbia'' formed part of the [[rearguard]] formation. On the morning of 3 January, Japanese reconnaissance aircraft spotted the American fleet, which instigated a series of increasingly severe {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} attacks over the following two days. These included a strike on the escort carrier {{USS|Ommaney Bay||2}} on 4 January that resulted in the destruction of the vessel. Heavy strikes followed on 5 January, and several vessels were hit. That night, ''Columbia'' moved into the [[vanguard]] formation; Japanese aircraft shadowed the fleet through the night to track its movements.{{sfn|Stern}}

The next morning, the ships of TG&nbsp;77.2 began their preparatory bombardment of [[Santiago Island (Pangasinan)|Santiago Island]], which lay at the western end of Lingayen Gulf. Heavy {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} attacks met the Allied ships, and several vessels were hit that day. As the vessels were preparing to enter Lingayen Gulf itself later that afternoon, a [[Mitsubishi A6M]] Zero {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} dove on ''Columbia'', but heavy anti-aircraft fire forced the plane to pull up at the last moment. The plane struck the ship's radio antennae and crashed into the sea just beyond her starboard side. Fuel from the Zero sprayed across the ship, but failed to ignite. About an hour later, the Allied ships entered a channel that had been swept of [[naval mine|mines]] to bombard the invasion beaches, but the channel dramatically reduced their ability to take evasive maneuvers in the face of determined {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} attacks, and after less than two hours of bombardment, the Allies were forced to retreat.{{sfn|Stern}}

Shortly after the ships reversed course—placing ''Columbia'' in the lead of the formation—an Aichi D3A dove on ''Columbia''. The ship's gunners struck the oncoming plane, but did not damage it sufficiently to prevent it from crashing into her deck abreast of the rearmost turret. The dive bomber was carrying an {{cvt|800|kg}} armor-piercing bomb, which penetrated into the ship before exploding. The blast started a major fire, disabled both after turrets, and caused significant flooding aft. Seventeen men were killed in the attack, sixty were wounded, and another twenty were missing. ''Columbia''{{'}}s seaplane was also destroyed in the attack. But the ship remained in action, and her anti-aircraft gunners soon contributed to the destruction of another {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} that attempted to crash into {{HMAS|Australia|D84|6}}. Her forward turrets also continued to bombard targets ashore as the task group withdrew. In total, 21 ships were hit by {{lang|ja|kamikazes}} over the course of the day's operations.{{sfn|Stern}}

[[File:US Navy warships entering Lingayen Gulf in January 1945.jpg|thumb|US warships entering Lingayen Gulf; ''Columbia'' is the last vessel in line]]
Through 8 January, the ships remained in the area, continuing their shore bombardment mission, though Japanese air attacks tapered during this period. ''Columbia''{{'}}s crew continued to make repairs to the ship to control flooding. The invasion began the next morning, which prompted a resumption of heavy {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} attacks. At around 07:45, a [[Nakajima Ki-44]] fighter crashed into ''Columbia'', knocking her forward main battery fire control director completely off the ship. The plane was carrying a {{cvt|250|kg}} bomb, which detonated on the deck and started a fire and inflicted heavy casualties. The strike killed 17 men, wounded another 97, and six were declared missing. In total, the two {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} attacks had inflicted 191 casualties. In the days that followed, several of the more severely wounded men died from their injuries. ''Columbia'' nevertheless remained on station for the rest of the day, providing gunfire to soften up the beach defenses and then close-range support the troops as they fought their way ashore. Through the day, wounded men were evacuated to the transport {{USS|Harris|APA-2|2}} and repair work was begun. Another vessel sent medical supplies to ''Columbia'' to assist with treatment of the casualties still aboard the ship.{{sfn|Stern}}{{sfn|Smith|p=62}}

For their actions during the battle, numerous men received awards for valor, including Curts, who was awarded a [[Silver Star]]; 170&nbsp;men received [[Purple Heart]]s. The crew was also awarded a Navy Unit Commendation for remaining in action after three {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} strikes and heavy casualties. With the ground forces having successfully landed with little Japanese opposition, ''Columbia'' received orders at 17:50 to depart as part of the escort for Task Force&nbsp;79, the amphibious assault transports. About forty minutes later, the ships began steaming out of the gulf, and ''Columbia'' rendezvoused with the force as it assembled off [[San Fernando, La Union|San Fernando]]. By 21:30, the ships were underway for Leyte Gulf. The ships sailed south, and by 12 January they had reached the [[Mindanao Sea]], where ''Columbia'' and several other ships that had been damaged by {{lang|ja|kamikazes}} were ordered north to [[San Pedro Bay (Philippines)|San Pedro Bay]] at Leyte. There, the ships received emergency repairs; for ''Columbia'', this included patching a pair of holes below the [[waterline]] by divers. On 14 January, she got underway for Seeadler Harbor in company with the other damaged ships and screened by destroyers, arriving on 18 January.{{sfn|Stern}}

{{Gallery
|title={{lang|ja|Kamikaze}} strikes on ''Columbia''
|width=300
|align=center
|File:NH 79448 A6M Zero diving on USS Columbia.jpg
 |The [[Mitsubishi A6M]] Zero {{lang|ja|[[kamikaze]]}} moments before it struck ''Columbia''{{'}}s antennae on 6 January. Note fragments of the plane falling off as the ship's anti-aircraft guns attempted to shoot it down
|File:Kamikaze attacks USS Columbia (CL-56) in Lingayen Gulf on 6 January 1945 (NH 79449).jpg
 |''Columbia'' is attacked by a {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} off [[Lingayen Gulf]], 6 January 1945
|File:Kamikaze hits USS Columbia (CL-56) in Lingayen Gulf on 6 January 1945 (NH 79450).jpg
 |The {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} hit ''Columbia'' at 17:29. The plane and its bomb penetrated two decks before exploding, killing 13 and wounding 44
|File:USS Columbia (CL-56) burning in Lingayen Gulf 1945.jpg
 |''Columbia'' burning after the {{lang|ja|kamikaze}} strikes
}}

===Repairs===
[[File:USS Columbia (CL-56) arriving in the US in January 1945.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' arriving in California for repairs]]

''Columbia'' remained at Seeadler Harbor From 19 to 21 January, where temporary repairs were effected to permit the ship to make the voyage back to the United States. These included patching the hull with concrete and reinforcing internal supports that had been damaged by the impacts and fires. Ammunition was also removed from damaged areas where possible. The ship departed on 22 January, bound for Pearl Harbor, and while en route, she met up with ''Louisville'' and the destroyer {{USS|Walke|DD-723|2}}, both of which had also been badly damaged in the Lingayen Gulf operation. The ships arrived in Pearl Harbor on 29 January. ''Columbia'' underwent an inspection to determine the scale of the damage, during which time additional temporary repairs were made. On 6 February, she left for [[San Pedro, California|San Pedro]], California, for a thorough overhaul and permanent repairs. She arrived there on 11 February and was dry-docked the next day.{{sfn|Stern}}

Repair work and modifications lasted into mid-April, and on the 17th, she underwent her first round of sea trials. Full power tests were carried out on 24 April, though the tests ended in failure when fires broke out and oil pressure could not be maintained in her starboard engine. After repairs, another attempt was made on 29 April, which was completed successfully. Over the following five days, further tests were carried out, including test firing the main and secondary batteries, and ammunition was loaded. The upgrades to the ship included replacing the single 20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons with twin mounts, improved radars were installed, and the main battery turrets were improved for better night firing capabilities. On 4 May, the ship sailed to begin training exercises in preparation to return to combat. During full power tests on 7 May, one of her turbines leaked, necessitating another round of repairs in dry dock. She was able to resume testing on 13 May, and was pronounced fit for service later that day. On 15 May, she departed for Pearl Harbor.{{sfn|Stern}}

On the way to Pearl Harbor, ''Columbia''{{'}}s crew conducted training exercises. After arriving on 20 May, the crew carried out maintenance work from 21 to 23 May. The ship took part in combat training exercises from 24 to 30 May, and then remained at anchor from 31 May to 2 June. The ship departed to return to the western Pacific that day, joining Task Unit&nbsp;12.5.5 for the voyage to [[Ulithi]], which was by then the fleet's forward operating base in the Caroline Islands. The ships arrived there on 13 June, and the task unit was thereafter dissolved.{{sfn|Stern}}

===End of the war===
[[File:USS Columbia (CL-67) at anchor in 1945.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' at anchor in 1945]]

On 14 June, ''Columbia'' and several destroyers left for Leyte, where two days later, ''Columbua'' was assigned to the covering force for the [[Battle of Balikpapan (1945)|invasion of Balikpapap]] in [[Borneo]]. She departed on 19 June and rejoined her old unit, Cruiser Division 12, four days later; the unit included ''Denver'' and ''Montpelier'', and formed part of Task Group&nbsp;74.2. The preparatory bombardments began later on 23 June and continued for several days. During this period, on 26 June, she picked up survivors from two minesweepers that struck mines and sank. The landings took place on 1 July, and ''Columbia'' provided fire support as the men made their way inland. TG&nbsp;74.2 was then sent south on 2 July to patrol against any Japanese naval forces that might try to interfere with the landing, though none appeared, and the ships of Cruiser Division&nbsp;12 were soon ordered north to Leyte. They arrived in San Pedro Bay on 5 July, and ''Columbia''{{'}}s crew immediately set about refueling, carrying out maintenance on the ship, and conducting training while in harbor.{{sfn|Stern}}

On 7 July, ''Columbia'' and her sisters in the division were assigned to [[Task Force 95]], which had been created to sweep across the [[East China Sea]] to search for Japanese merchant shipping in the area. The unit was centered on the two {{sclass|Alaska|cruiser|0}} large cruisers. The ships sailed north on 13 July, stopping in [[Buckner Bay]], [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], to refuel, before beginning their sweep late on 16 July. A [[typhoon]] forced the ships to withdraw to the east on 17 and 18 July, though they had resumed their patrol to the Chinese coast the following day. They encountered little of note, beyond a stray Japanese aircraft and several [[sampan]]s, before returning to Okinawa on 22 July. Four days later, the ships sortied again for another sweep, this time into the [[Yellow Sea]]. While cruising off [[Shanghai]], China, lookouts spotted several vessels but determined they were crewed by Chinese citizens, and so the American ships did not engage them. They returned to Okinawa on 29 July, once again having failed to locate any significant Japanese activity.{{sfn|Stern}}

The ships of TF&nbsp;95 sorties again on 1 August, but another typhoon forced them to withdraw to the south the following day. They returned to the operational area on 3 August, and over the following days, the ships encountered a few Japanese aircraft, though the escorting combat air patrol shot them down or drove them off without incident. ''Columbia'' and the rest of the task group arrived back in Okinawa on the morning of 8 August. The ships remained in port for the next several days, until 13 August, when they sortied briefly. After returning to port on 15 August, the ships were informed of the [[Victory over Japan Day|Japanese decision to surrender]]. The unit carried out training exercises in the area east of Okinawa through the end of the month. For the ship's actions during the war, ''Columbia'' received ten [[battle star]]s, in addition to the two Navy Unit Commendations.{{sfn|Stern}}

''Columbia'' was initially assigned to the force that was to begin the [[occupation of Japan]], as part of Task Force&nbsp;56. The ship's orders were changed shortly after the unit got underway on 9 September, and she was redirected to the [[Mariana Islands]]. She stopped at [[Iwo Jima]] on the way and embarked passengers bound for [[Saipan]] in the Marianas. She arrived in Saipan on 15 September, sent the passengers ashore, and then embarked others to take them to [[Guam]]. After reaching [[Apra Harbor]] on Guam on 18 September, Vice Admiral [[George D. Murray]] made the vessel his flagship. She remained in Guam for the rest of the month, but on 1 October, she got underway to take inspection parties to Truk to oversee the recently surrendered Japanese garrison there. She arrived there two days later and embarked a Japanese delegation that included Vice Admiral [[Chūichi Hara]] and [[Lieutenant General]] [[Toshisaburo Mugikura]]. Over the following days, the inspection party landed and several islands in the atoll. They found that the Japanese garrison was in poor condition, owing to shortages of food and medical supplies; that most of the facilities had been destroyed by bombing during the war; and that coastal artillery batteries had been disabled by the removal of their [[breechblock]]s.{{sfn|Stern}}

The ship then returned to Guam, arriving in Apra on 8 October. She was dry-docked there on 11 October for periodic maintenance along with repairs to her number&nbsp;3 propeller shaft. Work was completed by 15 October, and she remained in port for the next three days. ''Columbia'' spent the rest of the month shuttling soldiers, sailors, and marines between Guam, Saipan, and Iwo Jima. On 19 October, she took on passengers for transport to Saipan, arriving the following day. She then embarked other men, who were en route to Iwo Jima, and sailed later on 20 October. The ship reached that island two days later and exchanged her passengers for another group of men who were traveling to Saipan. Arriving there on 24 October, ''Columbia'' disembarked those travelers, embarked others headed to Iwo Jima, and sailed again later that evening. The ship reached Iwo Jima on the morning of 25 October, embarked another group to return to Saipan. By 28 October, she was back in Saipan, where she took on other men bound for Guam, which was to be the last of her regional shuttle trips. ''Columbia'' got underway for the [[West Coast of the United States]] on 31 October, carrying more than 500&nbsp;passengers bound for home. She stopped in Pearl Harbor on the way, where some of the passengers left the ship, before continuing on to [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]], California, arriving on 17 November.{{sfn|Stern}}

===Post-war service===
[[File:USS Hawaii (CB-3) and other cruisers in reserve at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 19 May 1955 (80-G-668655).jpg|thumb|Part of the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet]] in [[Philadelphia]] in 1955; ''Columbia'' is one of the vessels in the first row]]

''Columbia'' left California on 20 November, bound for the [[East Coast of the United States]]. She briefly cruised with her sister ''Cleveland'' while on the way, before passing through the Panama Canal on 30 November. ''Columbia'' arrived in the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] on 5 December, where and overhaul was carried out. In early 1946, the ship was assigned to training duties for [[naval cadet]]s from the [[US Naval Reserve]]. On 24 February, the first such voyage began with a contingent of 168&nbsp;men from the [[Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps]]. The ship sailed to Chesapeake Bay, then to Hampton Roads, Virginia, before returning to Philadelphia on 2 March. She next moved to [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], Rhode Island, on 25 March, to begin the next training cruise.{{sfn|Stern}}

On 1 June, ''Columbia'' was assigned to the [[Sixteenth Fleet]], part of the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet]], though she remained in service for training operations. The next day, she moved to her namesake city to participate in Columbia Day, during which the ship was open to public tours. She thereafter embarked on a cruise that took her as far south as [[Bermuda]] in the Caribbean, and as far north as Canada. During this period, she stopped in New York; [[Casco Bay]], Maine; [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]; and various ports in [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]], Canada. She arrived back in Philadelphia on 28 June.{{sfn|Stern}}

''Columbia'' was initially kept in commission after she was placed in [[reserve fleet|reserve]] on 30 October, stationed in Philadelphia. On 30 November, she was decommissioned before being formally allocated to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet on 7 February 1947. She remained in the Navy's inventory until early 1959. She was sold to the Boston Metals Company on 18 February 1959, though she was not actually stricken from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] until 1 March. She was thereafter towed to the breaker's yard to be [[ship breaking|broken up]] between November and December that year.{{sfn|Stern}}

==Footnotes==
{{commons category|USS Columbia (CL-56)}}

===Notes===

{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
  | last=Friedman
  | first=Norman
  | chapter=United States of America
  | pages=86–166
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | editor2-last = Chesneau
  | editor2-first = Roger
  | year = 1980
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-913-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Friedman 1980}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last=Friedman
  | first=Norman
  | year=1984
  | title=U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History
  | location=Annapolis
  | publisher=Naval Institute Press
  | isbn=978-0-87021-739-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Friedman 1984}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Rohwer
  | first = Jürgen
  | author-link = Jürgen Rohwer
  | year = 2005
  | title = Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-59114-119-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Rohwer}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Smith
  |first1=Peter C.
  |title=Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor
  |date=2014
  |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Ltd
  |location=Barnsley
  |isbn=978-1-78159-313-4
  |ref={{sfnref|Smith}}
  }}
* {{cite DANFS
  | last = Stern
  | first = Gregory N.
  | title = Columbia VI (CL-56)
  | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/columbia-vi.html
  | date= 5 March 2020
  | access-date = 26 November 2023
  | ref={{sfnref|Stern}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Tully
  |first=Anthony P.
  |title=Battle of Surigao Strait
  |publisher=Indiana University Press
  |location=Bloomington
  |year=2009
  |isbn=978-0-253-35242-2
  |ref={{SfnRef|Tully}}
  }}

==External links==
*{{navsource|04/056/04056|USS Columbia}}
* [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/cruisers/ca-cl2.htm ''Cleveland'' class light cruisers] US Cruisers List: US Light/Heavy/AntiAircraft Cruisers, Part 2
* [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_USS_Columbia_CL56.html USS ''Columbia'' (CL-56)] HistoryofWar.org
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=p98DAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA17 "Cruisers Are A Tough Breed."] ''Popular Mechanics'', November 1945, pp.&nbsp;17–21, article based on wartime logs.

{{Cleveland class cruiser}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Columbia (CL-56)}}
[[Category:Cleveland-class cruisers]]
[[Category:World War II cruisers of the United States]]
[[Category:Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
[[Category:1941 ships]]