Fontem paginae Ketaminum inspicere

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{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ '''Ketaminum'''
|-
| style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Ketamine.svg|200px|Ketaminum]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Ketamine.png|200px|Ketaminum]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Natura chemica
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica]] || style="font-size: 85%" | {{chem|C|13|H|16|Cl|N|O}}
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[Massa molaris]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 237.725 g/mol
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[PubChem]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3821 3821]
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[DrugBank]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01221 DB01221]
|-
! colspan="2" | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | Codex ATC || style="font-size: 85%" | {{ATC|N01AX|03}}
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 2.5h-3h<br />Norketaminum: 12h
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[Metabolismus]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus): [[CYP3A4]]<br />minus:[[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]]
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | [[Metabolitus|Metaboliti]] || style="font-size: 85%" | Norketaminum<br />Dehydro-Norketaminum<br />Hydroxy-Norketaminum
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | Excretio || style="font-size: 85%" | [[ren]]ibus (91%),<br />[[faeces|faecibus]] (1-3%)
|-
! colspan="2" | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style="font-size: 85%" | Applicatio || style="font-size: 85%" | per os, s.c., i.m., i.v.,<br />intra nasalem
|}
'''Ketaminum''' est [[chemia|chemicum]] cui sunt effectus [[anaesthesia|anaesthetici]] et [[analgesis|analgetici]].<ref>[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/SIGMA/K2753?lang=de&region=DE] Sigma-Aldrich de Ketamino.</ref> [[Antagonista]] [[inhibitio non competitiva|non competitivus]] [[receptorium NMDA|receptoriorum NMDA]] selectivus in [[anaesthesiologia]] ketaminum ad [[anaesthesia]]m incipiendam velut tenendam usitatum est<ref>''Drugs.com'': [https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html de usu ketamini.]</ref>, nimirum quoniam corpus in statum somni brevis et interiungendi cum primis [[memoria]]e perditu et [[dolor]]e vacante (indolentia) et [[sedatio]]ne adducit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Kraiss B |title=Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update |journal=Ann Emergency Med |year=2011 |month=mai |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=449-61 |url=http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(10)01827-5/fulltext}}.</ref>. Nuper ketaminum in [[Depressio (psychiatria)|depressionibus]] tractandis ad beneficentiam conferri expositum est.<ref name="ZAR_2015">{{cite journal |authors=Zarate CA Jr., Niciu MJ |title=Ketamine for Depression: evidence, challenges and promise |journal=World Psych |year=2015 |month=oct |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=348-50 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592658/pdf/wps0014-0348.pdf}}.</ref>

Ketaminum [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|ordinis mundi sanitarii]] [[Index exemplaris medicamentorum essentialium (Ordo mundi sanitarius)|indicem exemplarem medicamentorum essentialium]] receptum est. 

== Natura Ketamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Ketaminum est [[cyclohexanonum|cyclohexanoni]] derivatum, cuius structura chemica ([[Nomenclatura Cahn-Ingold-Prelog|RS)]]-(±)-2-(2-chlorphenylo)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-onum et [[massa molaris]] 237.725 grammata est. 
[[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est {{ATC|N01AX|03}}.

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
Ketaminum est substantia chemica, cuius natura est anaesthetica et analgetica. 

=== Pharmacodynamica ===
Ketaminum est antagonista [[inhibitio non competitiva|non competitivus]] [[receptorium NMDA|receptoriorum NMDA]] selectivus.

=== Pharmacocinetica ===
[[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] <math>t_{\frac{1}{2}}</math>.<ref>[http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html ''IUPAC Goldbook.'']</ref> 2½ - 3 h est, quamquam effectus anaestheticus aliquanto brevior quam una hora est.

==== Excretio ====
Excretio fit per urinas (>95%).

== Effectus Ketamini ==
=== Reactiones adversae ===
{{Main| Adversa drogae reactio}}
* Hypersalivatio
* [[Halucinatio|Pseudohalucinationes]]
* Nausea, [[vomitus]]

== Interactiones ==
Ketaminum interagere potest cum:
* [[benzodiazepinum|benzodiazepinis]], quo [[Diazepamum|Diazepamo]] Ketamini tempus semivitae augeat, ut effectus Ketamini lontiores sint,
* [[hypnoticum|hypnoticis]], [[antipsychoticum|antipsychoticis]], [[barbituratum|barbituratis]], [[opiatum|opiatis]],
* hormontis glandulae thyreoideae
* [[sympathomimeticum|sympathomimeticis]], [[Vasopressinum|Vasopressino]],
* inductoribus [[CYP3A4]], ut [[Carbamazepinum|Carbamazepino]], [[Oxcarbazepinum|Oxcarbazepino]], [[Phenobarbitalum|Phenobarbitalo]], [[Phenytoinum|Phenytoino]], [[Rifampicinum|Rifampicino]], [[hypericum perforatum|''Hyperico perforato'']],
* [[Theophyllinum|Theophyllino]], [[Aminophyllinum|Aminophyllino]],
* suco [[Malum paradisi|''mali paradisi'']].

== Usus Ketamini ==
=== Usus medicus ===
Ketaminum in [[medicina]] ad curam diversorum morborum perturbationumque adhiberi potest: 
* [[Anaesthesia]]
* [[Dolor]] (analgesia)

==== Depressio ====
[[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressionis]] quoque tractationi ketaminum in dosibus subanaestheticis adhiberi potest<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Andrade C |title=Ketamine for Depression, 4: In What Dose, at What Rate, by What Route, for How Long, and at What Frequency? |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |year=2017 |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=e852-7 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749092}}</ref>. Fieri potest, ut effectus in neuronibus [[habenula]]rum perficiantur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Yang Y, Cui Y, Sang K, Dong Y, Ni Z, Ma S, Hu H |title=Ketamine blocks bursting in the lateral habenula to rapidly relieve depression |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=317-22 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29446381}}</ref>. Saepe dosis 0.5 mg/kg eligitur, at nonnullibus hominibus doses minores usque ad 0.1 mg/kg satis sunt, in aliis autem doses maiores usque ad 0.75 mg/kg poscantur. Ketamini per [[vena]]m applicati dodrans necesse est.

=== Abusus ===
Usus Ketamini cum periculo abusus coniunctus est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hong YL, Yee CH, Tam YH, Wong JH, Lai PT, Ng CF |title=Management of complications of ketamine abuse: 10 years' experience in Hong Kong |journal=Hong Kong Med J |year=2018 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=175-81 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29632275}}</ref>. Praeterea abusus Ketamini non raro cum infectionibus vel damnis tractus urogenitalis inferioris convenire videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC, Chu RW, Cheng CH, Wong S, Tse JM, Lau FL, Yiu MK, Man CW |title=The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? |journal=BJU Int |year=2008 |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=1616-22 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680495}}</ref>.

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Dependentia (medicina)|Dependentia]]

== Notae ==
<references />

== Nexus externi ==
* ''DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)'' - Magistratus vigilantiae drogarum ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]]): [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512224948/http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/drug_data_sheets/Ketamine.pdf Descriptio ketamini drogae]

[[Categoria:Anaesthetica]]
[[Categoria:Analgetica]]
[[Categoria:Euphoriantia]]
[[Categoria:Ordinis mundi sanitarii medicamenta essentialia]]