Fontem paginae Rodentia inspicere

{{Taxobox
| name = Rodentia
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|65|0|r=[[Palaeocaenum]] inferius > [[Recens]]}}
| image = Indian Palm Squirrel Portrait.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Funambulus palmarum]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| infraclassis = [[Eutheria]]
| magnordo = [[Boreoeutheria]]
| superordo = [[Euarchontoglires]]
| mirordo = [[Simplicidentata]]
| ordo = '''Rodentia'''
| ordo_authority = [[Thomas Eduardus Bowdich|Bowdich]], [[1821]]
| range_map = 
| range_map_caption = 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subordo|Subordines]]
| subdivision =
[[Sciuromorpha]]<br>
[[Castorimorpha]]<br>
[[Myomorpha]]<br>
[[Anomaluromorpha]]<br>
[[Hystricomorpha]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:bristol.zoo.capybara.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Duo]] ''[[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris|Hydrochoeri hydrochaeres]],'' singuli maximorum Rodentium exstantium, quae ponderis usque ad 91 kg possunt; spectaculum "Zona Brazil" in Vivario Bristolensi, [[Bristolium|Bristolii]] [[Anglia]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Capybara.jpg|thumb|''[[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Apodemus sylvaticus bosmuis.jpg|thumb|''[[Apodemus sylvaticus]]'' [[vibrissa]]s longas monstrat]]
[[Fasciculus:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|thumb|''[[Tamias striatus]]'' [[victus|cibum]] in buccis fert.]]
[[Fasciculus:Társas prérikutya 4.jpg|thumb|Urbs ''[[Cynomys|Cynomurum]]'']]
[[Fasciculus:Octodon degus -Heidelberg Zoo, Germany-8a.jpg|thumb|''[[(Octodon degus]]'' in vivario Heidelbergensi]]
[[Fasciculus:Gnagarnas tandsystem, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|upright=0.5|Usitatum [[dens|dentium]] Rodentium exemplar.]]
'''Rodentia''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[mammalia|mammalium]] quorum proprietas principalis est in [[maxilla|maxillis]] superioribus et inferioribus [[duo]] [[incisor]]es continenter crescentes, quibus breviores faciendum est rodendo.<ref name="rodent-encyclopedia">{{cite web | title = rodent - Encyclopedia.com | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-rodent.html | accessdate = 2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Rodents: Gnawing Animals | url = http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/Animals/Rodents.htm | accessdate = 2007-11-03}}</ref> Inter [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] bene nota sunt ''[[Fiber|Castor]], [[Cricetus]], [[Laonastes]], [[Mus]], [[Rattus]], [[Sciurus]].''

[[Quadraginta]] centesimae [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] [[mammalia|mammalium]] sunt Rodentia, quae in numeris amplissimis trans omnes [[continens|continentes]] [[endemismus|endemicae]] sunt, [[Antarctica]] et interiore [[Groenlandia]]e parte exceptis. Inter eorum numerum sunt [[Mus|mures]], [[Rattus|ratti]], [[sciuridae]], [[hystricomorpha]], [[Fiber|castores]], ''[[Cavia porcellus|Caviae porcelli]],'' et [[cricetinae]].<ref name="rodent-encyclopedia"/> Rodentibus sunt acuti [[incisor]]es, quibus ea [[lignum]] adrodunt, [[victus|victum]] refringunt, [[praedator]]es mordunt. Plurima [[semen|seminibus]] vel [[planta|plantis]] [[victus|vescuntur]], sed nonnullis sunt [[alimentum|alimenta]] varioria. Nonnullae species sunt [[Pestis (organismus)|pestes]] quae semina ab [[homo|hominibus]] coacervata comedunt<ref>{{cite journal |author=B. G. Meerburg, G. R. Singleton, et H. Leirs|title=The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!|journal=Pest-Management Science |volume=65 |issue=4 |year=[[2009]] |doi=10.1002/ps.1718 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract |pmid=19206089 |pages=351–2}}.</ref> [[morbus|morbosque]] communicant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=B. G. Meerburg, G. R. Singleton, et A. Kijlstra|title=Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health|journal=Critical Review of Microbiology|volume=35 |issue=3|year=2009|doi=10.1080/10408410902989837|url=http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837 |pmid=19548807 |pages=221–70}}</ref>

== Ordinis magnitudo et area geographica ==
Numeris [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]]—quamquam non numeris [[organismus|organismorum]] vel [[biomassa]]e—Rodentia sunt maximus [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]]. Sunt circa 2277 species Rodentium (Wilson et Reeder 2005), plus quam 40 centesimae specierum mammalium.<ref>Phil Myers (2000), [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rodentia.html "Rodentia,"] in ''Animal Diversity Web'' (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology).</ref> Prospere procedunt probabiliter ob eorum [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] parvam, breve [[fetura]]e [[tempus]], et facultas rodendi et multorum [[cibus|ciborum]] edendorum (Lambert 2000).

Inveniuntur Rodentia numeris amplissimis in omnibus [[continens|continentibus]] praeter [[Antarctica]]m, in plurimis [[insula|insulis]], et in omnibus [[habitatio]]nibus praeter [[oceanus|oceanos]]. Eorum est solus ordo [[animal]]ium [[placentalia|placentalium]] non [[animal volans|volantium]] et non [[Mammalia marina|marinorum]], et solus ordo praeter [[Chiroptera]] et [[Pinnipedia]] qui [[Australia]]m sine introductione [[homo|humana]] attigit.

== Proprietates ==

=== Dentitio ===
Omnibus Rodentibus sunt [[dens|dentes]] rodendo apti; ergo eorum [[nomen proprium|nomen]] [[taxinomia|scientificum]].<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Pearsall, J.|year=[[2002]] |title= The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, ed. 10a, retractata|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxfoniae|page= 1,239|isbn= 0-19-860572-2}}.</ref> Omnibus Rodentibus est [[unus|unum]] [[incisor]]um superiorum par et unum incisorum inferiorum par, ante spatium (diastema) situm, tum unum vel plurium [[molar]]es vel [[praemolar]]es. Hi incisores continenter crescunt ac rodendo conteruntur. [[Superficies]] [[anterior]]es [[lateral]]esque [[enamelum|enamelo]]<!--Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria--> teguntur, sed superficies posterior est [[dentinum]]<!--Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria --> expositum. Incisores rodentes inter se frendunt, mollius dentinum conterentes et marginem enameli acutam sicut lamina [[scalprum|scalpri]] efficientes.<ref name="Hurst, (1999)">J. L. Hurst (1999), "Introduction to rodents," in ''The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals,'' vol. 1, ''Terrestrial Vertebrates,'' ed. 7a, ed. T. Poole (Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing), pp. 262–273.</ref> Hoc exemplar acuendi est efficacissimum et una ex causis prosperitatis Rodentium.<ref name="(Myers, 2000)">P. Myers (2000), [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rodentia.html ''Rodentia''] (Animal Diversity Web).</ref> Rodentia [[dens caninus|dentibus caninis]] carent, et [[diastema]] inter [[incisor]]es et [[praemolar]]es habent. Ea [[dens|dentibus]] utuntur ad [[lignum]] adrodendum, [[cutis|cutem]] [[fructus|fructuum]] [[semen|seminumque]] refringendum, et [[praedator]]es mordendos. Paene omnia Rodentia [[planta|plantis]] [[victus|vescuntur]], praecipue seminibus, sed pauca, sicut ''[[Onychomys leucogaster]],'' [[insecta]], et pauca, sicut ''[[Fiber|castores]],'' [[piscis|pisces]] comedunt. Nonnullae [[Sciuridae]] [[Cardinalidae|Cardinalidas]], ''[[Cyanocitta cristata|Cyanocittas cristatas]],'' et alias [[aves]] [[passeriformes]] comedunt.

=== Magnitudo ===
Multa Rodentia sunt parva: ''[[Mus minutoides]]'' quidem maturus solum 6 cm longus et 7 g [[pondus|ponderis]] potest, et ''[[Salpingotulus michaelis]]'' [[dimensio (mensura)|dimensiones]] fere similes habet; sed ''[[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]]'' plerumque usque ad 65 kg ponderis est, quamquam [[singulus]] 91 kg ponderis esse observatus est,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160412092559/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-264-01-0001.pdf</ref> et maximum Rodens notum, ''[[Josephoartigasia monesi]],'' [[animal]] [[exstinctio|exstinctum]], traditur ponderis fuisse circa 1000 kg, et fortasse usque ad 1534 kg<ref name=Millien>{{cite journal | last = Millien | first = Virginie | year = [[2008]] | month = 05 | title = The largest among the smallest: the body mass of the giant rodent ''Josephoartigasia monesi'' | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 275| issue = 1646| pages = 1953–1955 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2008.0087 | url = http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/pg31525230323q27/?p=35f8c90fe97d44c9b32766e547837566&pi=0 | accessdate = 2008-05-27 | pmid = 18495621 | pmc = 2596365}}.</ref> aut etiam 2586 kg.<ref name=Rinderknecht>{{cite journal | last = Rinderknecht | first = Andrés | coauthors = Blanco, R. Ernesto | year = [[2008]] | month = 01 | title = The largest fossil rodent | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 275| issue = 1637| pages = 923–928 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2007.1645 | url = http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/34j867846u164624/fulltext.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = 2008-05-27 | pmid = 18198140 | pmc = 2599941}}.</ref>

== Classificatio usitata ==
Rodentium [[ordo|ordinis]] divisiones sunt [[ordo|subordines]], [[ordo|infraordines]], [[superfamilia]]e, [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]].

;Ordo Rodentia
{{div col|2}}
* Subordo [[Anomaluromorpha]]
*::* Familia [[Anomaluridae]]
*::* Familia [[Pedetidae]]
* Subordo [[Castorimorpha]]
*:* Superfamilia [[Castoroidea]]
*:** Familia [[Castoridae]]
*:* Superfamilia [[Geomyoidea]]
*:** Familia [[Geomyidae]]
*:** Familia [[Heteromyidae]]
* Subordo [[Hystricomorpha]]
*::* Familia incertae sedis [[Diatomyidae]]
** Infraordo [[Ctenodactylomorphi]]
**:* Familia [[Ctenodactylidae]]
** Infraordo [[Hystricognathi]]
**:* Familia [[Bathyergidae]]
**:* Familia [[Hystricidae]]
**:* Familia [[Petromuridae]]
**:* Familia [[Thryonomyidae]]
*** Parvordo [[Caviomorpha]]
**** Familia †[[Heptaxodontidae]]
**** Familia [[Abrocomidae]]
**** Familia [[Capromyidae]]
**** Familia [[Caviidae]]
**** Familia [[Chinchillidae]]
**** Familia [[Ctenomyidae]]
**** Familia [[Dasyproctidae]]
**** Familia [[Cuniculidae]]
**** Familia [[Dinomyidae]]
**** Familia [[Echimyidae]]
**** Familia [[Erethizontidae]]
**** Familia [[Myocastoridae]]
**** Familia [[Octodontidae]]
* Subordo [[Myomorpha]]
*:* Superfamilia [[Dipodoidea]]
*:** Familia [[Dipodidae]]
*:* Superfamilia [[Muroidea]]
*:** Familia [[Calomyscidae]]
*:** Familia [[Cricetidae]]
*:** Familia [[Muridae]]
*:** Familia [[Nesomyidae]]
*:** Familia [[Platacanthomyidae]]
*:** Familia [[Spalacidae]]
* Subordo [[Sciuromorpha]]
*::* Familia [[Aplodontiidae]]
*::* Familia [[Gliridae]] (etiam Myoxidae, Muscardinidae)
*::* Familia [[Sciuridae]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Chinchilla]]''
* ''[[Heterocephalus glaber]]''

== Notae ==
<references />

== Bibliographia ==
* Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowest, et R. L. Honeycutt. [[2001]]. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes, ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 18(5): 777–791. PMID 11319262.
* Carleton, M. D., et G. G. Musser. [[2005]]. "Order Rodentia," pp.&nbsp;745–752 in ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Lambert David, et Diagram Group. [[1985]]. ''The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life.'' Novi Eboraci: Facts on File Publications. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7.
* Leung, L. K. P., Peter G. Cox, Gary C. Jahn, et Robert Nugent. [[2002]]. Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers, ''Cambodian Journal of Agriculture'' 5: 21–26.
* McKenna, Malcolm C., et Susan K. Bell. [[1997]]. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
* Nowak, R. M. [[1999]]. ''Walker's Mammals of the World'', vol. 2. Londinii: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, et J. Anderson. [[2004]]. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes, ''Systematic Biology'' 53(4): 533–553. DOI 10.1080/10635150490468701. PMID 15371245.
* University of California Museum of Paleontology. [[2007]]. "Rodentia". [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/rodentia/rodentia.html]
* Wilson, D. E., et D. M. Reeder, eds. [[2005]]. ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/life/can-hamsters-be-trained-not-to-gnaw-by-nadia-vella-of-hamster-club-551911/;_ylt=ApViaif0tCOuFd_0HxExXFNcbqU5 "Can Rodents be trained not to gnaw?"]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud situm shine.yahoo.com
* [http://projects.biodiversity.be/africanrodentia De Rodentibus Africanis] apud situm projects.biodiversity.be
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/vector/chapter_08.htm Pestes] apud situm entomology.ifas.ufl.edu, capitulum in ''National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual'' (United States Environmental Protection Agency et University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences)
* [http://flickr.com/photos/peromhc/sets/72157604976601269/ Photogrammata] apud situm flickr.com
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Rodentia|!]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Bowdich]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1821]]