See soorce fer Karlsruhe

{{Ither uises|Karlsruhe (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German location
|Name               = <small>Ceety o Karlsruhe</small>
|German_name        = Karlsruhe
|Art                = Stadt
|image_photo        = Karlsruhe town centre air.jpg
|image_caption      = View ower Karlsruhe
|image_flag         = Flagge Karlsruhe.svg
|Wappen             = DEU Karlsruhe COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|49.00920970|8.40395140|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|Karte              = Karlsruhe-Position.png
|Bundesland         = Baden-Württemberg
|Regierungsbezirk   = Karlsruhe
|Landkreis          = [[Urban destricts o Germany|Urban destrict]]
|Höhe               = 115
|Fläche             = 173.46
|Einwohner          = 288917
|Stand              = 2007-12-31
|pop_ref            = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?99025010GE212000
|title=Landesinformationssystem (LIS) - Übersichts- und Vergleichsdaten I  (Gebiet, Bevölkerung) Karlsruhe, Stadt
|publisher=Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg
|year=2009
|accessdate=2009-03-27
|language=German
}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|PLZ                = 76131–76229 <!-- keine Postfächer/Großempfänger -->
|PLZ-alt            = 7500
|Vorwahl            = 0721
|Kfz                = KA
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 08 2 12 000
|NUTS               = DE122
|LOCODE             = DE KAE
|Gliederung         = 27 [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]]
|Website            = [http://www.karlsruhe.de www.karlsruhe.de]
|Bürgermeister      = Frank Mentrup
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|Partei             = SPD
|year               = 1715
}}

'''Karlsruhe''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə}}; umwhile '''Carlsruhe''') is the seicont-lairgest [[Ceeties o Germany|ceety]] in the [[States o Germany|state]] o [[Baden-Württemberg]], in soothwast [[Germany]], near the Franco-German border. It haes a population o 296,033. [[Karlsruhe Pailace]] wis biggit in 1715 an the ceety is nou the seat o twa o the heichest courts in Germany, the [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] an the [[Federal Court o Juistice o Germany|Federal Court o Juistice]].<ref>History o the German Reichsgericht http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgericht</ref><ref>Karlsruhe considers itsel the ''Residence o the Law'' http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Residenz_des_Rechts</ref>

It haes been speculatit that Karlsruhe wis a model for [[Washington, D.C.]] as baith ceeties hae a centre frae which the streets radiate ootwaird.<ref>V.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Ihle, Karlsruhe und die USA (an the United States), p. 15.</ref>

==Geografie==
[[File:49th Parallel Karlsruhe.JPG|thumb|left|The [[49th parallel north]] in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten]]
The ceety lees at an altitude atween 100&nbsp;m (on the eastren shore o the river [[Rhine]]) an 322&nbsp;m (near the communications touer. In the suburb o Wettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are {{Coord|49|00|N|8|24|E|type:ceety(282595)_region:DE-BW}}; the 49th [[Circle o latitude|parallel]] rins throuch the ceety centre. Its course is merked bi a stane an painted line in the ''Stadtgarten'' ("ceety park").

[[File:MiRO8.jpg|thumb|MiRO oil refinery]]

The ceety wis planned wi the palace touer (''Schloss'') at the centre an 32&nbsp;streets radiating oot frae it lik the [[spokes]] o a [[wheel]], or the ribs o a [[fan (implement)|folding fan]], sae that ane [[nickname]] for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan ceety" (''Fächerstadt''). Naur aw o thir streets survived til the day. Acause o this ceety layout, in [[metric geometry]], [[Karlsruhe metric]] refers tae a meisur o distance that assumes traivel is anerly possible alang radial streets an alang circular avenues aroon the centre.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rashid Bin Muhammad |url=http://ƒpala//www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Compgeometry/MyCG/CG-Applets/VoroKarlsruhe/karlcli.htm |title=Karlsruhe-Metric Voronoi Diagram |publisher=Personal.kent.edu |accessdate=2011-04-07 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ceety centre is the auldest pairt o toun an lees sooth o the palace in the quadrant defined bi nine o the radial streets. The central pairt o the palace rins east-wast, wi twa wings, ilk o thaim at a 45°&nbsp;angle, direckit southeast an southwest (i.e.,&nbsp;parallel wi the streets markin the boundaries o the quadrant definin the ceety centre).

The [[mercat square]] lees on the street rinnin sooth frae the palace tae [[Ettlingen]]. The mercat square haes the [[town hall]] (''Rathaus'') tae the wast, the main [[Lutheran]] [[Kirk (biggin)|kirk]] (''Evangelische Stadtkirche'') tae the east, an the tomb o [[Charles III William, Margrave o Baden-Durlach|Margrave Charles III William]] in [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|a pyramid]] in the buildings, resultin in Karlsruhe bein ane o anerly three muckle cities in Germany whaur buildings are laid oot in the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style.

The aurie north o the palace is a [[park]] an [[forest]]. Oreeginally the aurie tae the east o the palace consisted o [[gardens]] an wids, some o it remainin, but the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]] (foundit in 1825), [[Wildparkstadion]], an residential auries hae been biggit thare. The aurie wast o the palace is nou maistly residential.

[[File:Karlsruhe 180 panorama.JPG|thumb|centre|700 px|Panorama o Karlsruhe, leukin sooth frae the palace touer. The Institute o Technology is on the left, the Market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Note wings o the palace alignin wi streets, aw radiatin oot frae the centre o toun (i.e.,&nbsp;the palace touer).]]

[[File:Karlsruher Schloss 180 degrees south panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|180 degree panorama frae atop [[Karlsruhe Palace|the palace]] touer, facin north.]]

===Climate===
Karlsruhe experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') seemilar tae a fair bit o Germany. In comparison, Karlsruhe features het simmers an average tae mild winters. The ceety is ane o the warmest an sunniest in Germany. Precipitation is awmaist evenly spread atouer the year. In 2008, the mair nor 130 year-auld wather station in Karlsruhe wis closed, that is replaced bi a wather station in [[Rheinstetten]], sooth o Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de/Wetterstation.htm |title=Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe |publisher=Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Karlsruhe/Rheinstetten, Germany for 1981–2010 (Source: DWD)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 17.5
|Feb record high C = 22.0
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 29.2
|May record high C = 33.3
|Jun record high C = 37.2
|Jul record high C = 38.5
|Aug record high C = 40.2
|Sep record high C = 32.8
|Oct record high C = 29.5
|Nov record high C = 21.8
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|year record high C = 40.2
|Jan high C = 4.7
|Feb high C = 6.8
|Mar high C = 11.7
|Apr high C = 16.4
|May high C = 20.9
|Jun high C = 24.0
|Jul high C = 26.6
|Aug high C = 26.5
|Sep high C = 21.6
|Oct high C = 15.8
|Nov high C = 9.1
|Dec high C = 5.5
|year high C = 15.8
|Jan mean C = 2.0
|Feb mean C = 3.0
|Mar mean C = 6.9
|Apr mean C = 10.7
|May mean C = 15.2
|Jun mean C = 18.3
|Jul mean C = 20.6
|Aug mean C = 20.1
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 10.9
|Nov mean C = 5.8
|Dec mean C = 2.9
|year mean C = 11.0
|Jan low C = -0.7
|Feb low C = -0.3
|Mar low C = 2.7
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.6
|Jun low C = 12.8
|Jul low C = 14.9
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.9
|Oct low C = 7.2
|Nov low C = 2.9
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 6.7
|Jan record low C = -20.0
|Feb record low C = -15.0
|Mar record low C = -14.6
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -0.3
|Jun record low C = 3.6
|Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 6.3
|Sep record low C = 2.5
|Oct record low C = -2.8
|Nov record low C = -9.3
|Dec record low C = -18.7
|year record low C = -20.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 55.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.7
|May precipitation mm = 77.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 76.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 75.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 58.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 57.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 73.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 63.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 75.2
|year precipitation mm = 783.4
|Jan sun = 56.7
|Feb sun = 87.8
|Mar sun = 131.2
|Apr sun = 182.7
|May sun = 218.4
|Jun sun = 232.1
|Jul sun = 253.9
|Aug sun = 237.3
|Sep sun = 174.4
|Oct sun = 110.9
|Nov sun = 65.5
|Dec sun = 45.6
|year sun = 1796.43
|source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
  |title=Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte
  |accessdate=}}</ref>
|date=April 2013
}}

==History==
Accordin tae legend, the name Karlsruhe, that translates as Charles’ repose, wis gien tae the new ceety efter a huntin trip whan [[Charles&nbsp;III William, Margrave o Baden-Durlach]], woke frae a dream in that he dreamt o foundin his new ceety.

Charles William foundit the ceety on Juin 17, 1715, efter a dispute wi the ceetizens o his previous caipital, [[Durlach]]. The foundin o the ceety is close linkit tae the construction o the [[Karlsruhe Palace|palace]]. Karlsruhe became the caipital o [[Baden-Durlach]] an in 1771 o the unitit [[Baden]] til 1945. Biggit in 1822, the "Ständehaus" wis the first parliament biggin in a German State. In the eftercome o the democratic revolution o 1848, a republican govrenment wis elect here.

In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention, the [[Karlsruhe Congress]], wis held in the ceety.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

A fair bit o the central aurie, includin the palace, wis reduced tae rubble bi Allied bombing durin Warld War II but wis biggit again efter the war. Locate in the American zone o the [[Allied-occupied Germany|post-war Allied occupation]], Karlsruhe wis hame tae an [[United States Armed Forces|American military]] base, established in 1945. In 1995, the bases [[List o Unitit States Army installations in Germany#Former installations|closed]] an thair facilities war turned ower tae the ceety o Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ka.stadtwiki.net/U.S._Military_Installations |title=U.S. Military Installations |publisher=Stadtwiki Karlsruhe |accessdate=21 July 2012 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029154209/http://en.ka.stadtwiki.net/U.S._Military_Installations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Walter |last=Elkins |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/USAREUR_ceety_Karlsruhe.htm |title=U.S. Army Installations - Karlsruhe |publisher=U.S. Army in Germany |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==Main sights==
The ''Stadtgarten'' is a recreational aurie naur the main railwey station (''Hauptbahnhof'') an wis biggit again in 1967 durin the 'Federal Garden Shaw' (''Bundesgartenschau''). It is the site o [[Karlsruhe Zoo]] an aa.

The ''[[Durlach]]er [[Turmberg]]'' haes a leuk-oot touer (hence its name). It is a umwhile [[keep]] datin back tae the 13t century.

The ceety haes twa botanical gardens: the municipal ''[[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]]'' that forms pairt o the Palace complex, an the ''[[Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe]]'' which is maintained bi the varsity.

[[File:Karlsruhe Orangerie garden panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Panorama o the close o [[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]].]]

The ''Marktplatz'' haes a [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|stane pyramid]] markin the grave o the ceety's founder. Biggit in 1825, it is the emblem o Karlsruhe.
The ceety is eiknamed ''the fan ceety'' (''Die Fächerstadt'') acause o its design layout, wi straucht streets radiating fan-lik frae the Palace.

The [[Karlsruhe Palace]] (''Schloss'') is a interestin piece o airchitectur; the adjacent ''Schlossgarten'' includes the Botanical Garden wi a palm, cactus an orchid hoose, an walkin paths throuch the wid tae the north.

The sic-cried ''Kleine Kirche'' (Little Kirk), biggit atween 1773 an 1776, is the auldest kirk o Karlsruhe's ceety centre.

The architect [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] designed mony o the ceety's  maist important sights. Anither sicht is the ''Rondellplatz'' wi its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicate tae Baden's first constitution in 1818, that wis ane o the maist liberal o its time. The ''Münze'' (mint), erected in 1826/27, wis an aa biggit bi Weinbrenner.

[[File:Karlsruhe StStephan.jpg|thumb|St. Stephan parish kirk]]
The St. Stephan parish kirk is ane o the masterpieces o neoclassical kirk airchitectur in Southern Germany. Weinbrenner, wha biggit this kirk atween 1808 an 1814, orientated it tae the [[Pantheon, Rome]].
[[File:Karlsruhe Grabkapelle.jpg|thumb|Grand Ducal burial chapel]]
The neo-gothic ''Grand Ducal burial chapel'', biggit atween 1889 an 1896, is a [[mausoleum]] rather than a kirk, an is locatit in the middle o the forest.

The main cemetery o Karlsruhe is the auldest park-lik cemetery in Germany. The [[cremation|crematorium]] wis the first tae be biggit in the style o a kirk.

Karlsruhe is hame tae a Museum o Natural History an aa, an opera hoose (the '[[Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe|Baden State Theatre]]'), in addition tae a nummer o independent theatres an art galleries. The [[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe|State Art Gallery]], biggit in 1846 bi [[Heinrich Hübsch]], displays pentins an sculptures frae sax centuries, parteecularly frae France, Germany an Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is ane o the maist important art museums in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Further cultural attractions are scattered atouer Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. The ''Scheffel Association'' or literary society (established in 1924), is the mucklest literary organisation in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Thir days the ''Prinz-Max-Palais'', biggit atween 1881 an 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation an includes its museum.
[[File:Karlsruhe Moninger Jugendstil.jpg|thumb|Breweries an biggins in art nouveau style war predominant in the wastren ceety]]
Due tae population growthe in the late 19t century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban auries (''[[Vorstadt]]'') in the ''[[Gründerzeit]]'' an inspecially [[art nouveau]] styles o airchitectur, wi mony preserved examples.

Karlsruhe is home tae the ''Majolika-Manufaktur'' an aa,<ref>{{cite web|author=Staatliche Majolika Manufaktur Karlsruhe GmbH |url=http://www.majolika-karlsruhe.com/ |title=Majolika-Manufaktur |publisher=Majolika-karlsruhe.com |accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref> the anly art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Foundit in 1901, it is locatit in the ''Schlossgarten''. A 'blue streak' (''Blauer Strahl'') consisting o 1,645 ceramic tiles, connecks the studio wi the Palace. It is the warld's mucklest ceramic artwork.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

Anither tourist attraction is the [[Center for Art an Media Karlsruhe|Centre for Art an Media]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', or ZKM), that is locatit in a converted ammunition factory.

==Government==

===Justice===
[[File:Karlsruhe bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany]]]]
Karlsruhe is the seat o the German [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] ''(Bundesverfassungsgericht)'' an the heichest [[Court o Appeals]] in civil an criminal cases, the ''[[Bundesgerichtshof]]''. The courts came tae Karlsruhe efter Warld War II, whan the provinces o [[Baden Germany|Baden]] an [[Württemberg]] war merged. [[Stuttgart]], caipital o Württemberg, became the caipital o the new province ([[Württemberg-Baden]] in 1945 an [[Baden-Württemberg]] in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated tae Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied tae acome the seat o the heich court.<ref>Stadt Karlsruhe Stadtarchiv (ed.): ''Karlsruhe. Die Stadtgeschichte.'' Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, ISBN 3-7617-0353-8, p. 591–594</ref>

===Public health===
Thare fower hospitals: The municipal ''Klinikum Karlsruhe'' provides the maximum level o medical services, the ''St. Vincentius-Kliniken'' an the ''[[Deaconess|Diakonissen]]<nowiki /> krankenhaus'', conneckit tae the Catholic an Protestant kirks, respectively, offer central services, an the private ''Paracelsus-Klinik'' basic medical care, accordin tae state hospital demand planning.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}

==Economy==
Germany's mucklest [[oil refinery]] is locatit in Karlsruhe, at the wastren rand o the ceety, directly on the river [[Rhine]]. The ''Technologieregion Karlsruhe'' is a loose confederation o the region's cities for tae promote heich tech industries; the day, aboot 20% o the region's jobs are in research an development. [[EnBW]], ane o Germany's muckle maist [[electric utility]] companies an a revenue o 19.2 billion € in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Report 2012|url=https://www.enbw.com/media/konzern/docs/integrierte-berichterstattung/bericht-2012/enbw-finanzbericht-2012.pdf|publisher=EnBW|page=3}}</ref> is headquartered in the ceety.

===Internet activities===
Due tae the [[University o Karlsruhe]] providin services til the late 1990, Karlsruhe became kent as the ''internet capital'' o Germany.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} The [[DENIC]] itsel, Germany's [[Network Information Centre]], haes syne muived tae Frankfurt, whaur [[DE-CIX]] is locatit.

Twa major [[internet service provider]]s, [[WEB.DE]] an [[schlund+partner]]/[[1&1 Internet|1&1]], nou baith owned bi [[United Internet]]&nbsp;AG, are locatit at Karlsruhe.

The {{lang|de|[[Stadtwiki Karlsruhe]]}} is the mucklest [[ceety wiki]] in the warld.

The leebrar o the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]] developed the [[Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog]], the first internet site that alloued researchers warldwide (for free) tae search multiple leebrar catalogues warldwide.

In the year 2000 the regional online "newspaper" ''ka&#8209;news.de'' wis creatit. As a daily newspaper, it disnae jist provides the news, but an aa informs readers aboot upcoming events in Karlsruhe an surroondin auries.
[[File:Karlsruhe Rbf Einfahrgruppe.jpg|thumb|[[Rail yard]], [[bypass (road)|bypass road]] Südtangente]]

==Transport==
The [[Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe]] (VBK) operates the ceety's urban public transport network, comprising seiven [[tram]] routes an a network o bus routes. This network is weel developed an aw ceety auries can be reaked roun the clock bi tram an a nicht bus seestem. The [[Turmbergbahn]] [[funicular|funicular railwey]], tae the east o the ceety centre, is operated bi the VBK an aa.

The VBK is a partner, wi the [[Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft]] an [[Deutsche Bahn]], in the operation o the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]], the rail seestem that serves a lairger aurie aroond the ceety. This seestem maks it possible tae reak ither towns in the region, lik [[Ettlingen]], [[Wörth am Rhein]], [[Pforzheim]], [[Bad Wildbad]], [[Bretten]], [[Bruchsal]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Baden-Baden]], an even [[Freudenstadt]] in the [[Black Forest]] right frae the ceety centre. The Stadtbahn is weel kent in transport circles aroond the warld for pioneering the concept o operating trams on train tracks, tae achieve a mair effective an attractive [[public transport]] seestem, tae the extent that this is aften kent as the [[Karlsruhe model]] [[tram-train]] seestem.

Karlsruhe is weel-connected via road an rail, wi [[Autobahn]] an [[InterCityExpress]] connections gaun tae [[Frankfurt]], [[Stuttgart]]/[[Munich]] an [[Freiburg]]/[[Basel]]. Syne Juin 2007 it haes been connected tae the [[TGV]] network, reducin traivel time tae [[Paris]] tae anly three oors (previously it haed takken five oors).

[[File:Karlsruhe OElhafen.jpg|thumb|Oil port]]
Twa [[port]]s on the [[Rhine]] provide transport capacity on [[cargo ship]]s, especially for [[petroleum products]].

The nearest airport is pairt o the [[Baden Airpark]] (offeecially ''Flughafen Karlsruhe/[[Baden-Baden]]'') aboot {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest o Karlsruhe, wi regular connections tae airports in Germany an Europe in general. [[Frankfurt International Airport]] can be reakit in aboot an oor an a hauf bi car (ane oor bi [[InterCityExpress]]); [[Stuttgart Airport]] can be reakit in aboot ane oor (aboot an oor an a hauf bi train an [[S-Bahn|S&#8209;Bahn]]).

Twa interestin facts in transportation history are that baith [[Karl Drais]], the inventor o the [[bicycle]], in addition tae [[Karl Benz]], the inventor o the [[automobile]] war born in Karlsruhe. Benz wis born in Mühlburg, that later became a borough o Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz studied at the Karlsruhe varsity an aw. It is interestin that Benz’s wife [[Bertha Benz|Bertha]] teuk the warld's first lang distance-drive wi a car frae [[Mannheim]] tae Karlsruhe-Grötzingen an [[Pforzheim]] (see [[Bertha Benz Memorial Route]]). Thair professional lifes led baith men tae the neibourin ceety o Mannheim, whaur thay first applied thair maist famous inventions.

[[File:Karlsruhe Leibgrenadierdenkmal.jpg|thumb|Memorial for Baden Life Grenadiers in several wars, 1803–1918]]
[[File:Karlsruhe Durlach Karlsburg.jpg|thumb|[[Karlsburg Castle]] in Durlach]]

==Jewish community==
[[File:Juedischer Friedhof Groetzingen.jpg|thumb|Jewish cemetery o Grötzingen]]
Jews settled in Karlsruhe syne its foundation. Thay war attracted bi the numerous privileges granted bi its founder tae settlers, athout discrimination as tae creed. offeecial documents attest the presence o several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717. A year later, the ceety council addressed tae the margrave a report whaur a quaisten wis raised as tae the proportion o municipal charges tae be borne bi the newly arrived Jews, wha formed an organized congregation in that year, wi Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen o Metz at its heid. A document dated 1726 gies the names o twenty-fower Jews wha haed takken pairt in an election o municipal officers. As the ceety grew permission tae settle thare became less easy obtained bi Jews, an the community developed mair slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews war forbidden tae lae the ceety on Sundays an Christian halidays, or tae gang oot o thair houses durin kirk services, but thay war exempted frae service bi court summonses on Sabbaths. Thay coud sell wine anerly in inns awned bi Jews an graze thair nowt, no on the commons, but anerly on the wayside. Karlsruhe wis the seat o the central council o Baden Jewry. The first chief rabbi o the kitnra Rabbi Asher Lowe wis frae (Durlach) Karlsruhe, [[Nethaneel Weil]] wis a rabbi in Karlsruhe frae 1750 til his deith.

[[File:Karlsruhe Synagoge 1810.jpg|thumb|[[Karlsruhe Synagogue]], biggit bi [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] in 1798, existit until 1871]]
In 1783, bi a decree issued bi Margrave [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke o Baden|Charles Frederick o Baden]], the Jews ceased tae be serfs, an consequently coud settle in whitever place thay pleased. The same decree freed thaim frae the "Todfall" tax, paid tae the clergy for ilk Jewish burial. In commemoration o thir chynges special prayers war prepared bi the actin rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, wha, succeeding his faither in 1770, held the office til 1805. In 1808 the govrenment issued regulations anent the admeenistration o the spiritual affairs o the Jewish community; bi that, the chief rabbi o Karlsruhe became the spiritual heid o the Jews o the country. Complete emancipation wis gien in 1862, Jews war elected tae ceety council an Baden parliament, an frae 1890 war appyntit judges. Jews war persecuted in riots occurring in 1819 an anti-Jewish demonstrations war held in 1843, 1848, an the 1880s. The weel-kent German-Israeli airtist [[Leo Kahn]] studied in Karlsruhe afore leaing for France an Israel in the 1920s an 1930s.
[[File:Chanukka Karlsruhe 3.jpg|thumb|Public [[hanukkah]] on the ''Schlossplatz'']]
The day, thare are aboot 900 members in the Jewish community; mony o thaim are recent immigrants frae Roushie, an an orthodox rabbi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jg-karlsruhe.de |title=Jewish Community Karlsruhe - Karlsruhe, Germany }}</ref>

Karlsruhe haes memorialized its Jewish community an notable pre-war synagogues wi a memorial park.<ref>http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%2021/ka%20syn.jpg</ref>

===Karlsruhe an the Holocaust===
[[File:Karlsruhe Synagoge Luftbild.jpg|thumb|The new synagogue]]
In 1933, 3,358 Jews stayed in Karlsruhe. The community awned buildings an property, lik twa [[synagogue]]s, ane on Karl-Friedrich-Straße an ane on Kronenstraße, twa elderly ceetizens' hames, a Jewish scuil, a hospital, welfare institutions, an several Jewish cemeteries. Durin the first years o the Nazi regime, the community continued tae function, parteecularly tae prepare Jews for emigration. On October 28, 1938, aw male Pols Jews livin in Karlsruhe war deported tae Poland. Synagogues war destroyed on [[Kristallnacht]], 9–10 November 1938. Maist o the men war arrested an sent tae [[Dachau concentration camp]], but war released efter thay haed furnished proof that thay intendit tae emigrate. In October 1940, 895 Jews war expelled during [[Operation Wagner-Bürckel]] an interned bi the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] authorities in [[Camp Gurs|Gurs]] in soothren France. Maist o thaim war then deported frae thare tae [[Auschwitz]] (via the [[Drancy deportation camp]], on the outskirts o [[Paris]]) atween August an November 1942. Maist o the 429 remainin Jews an ither sae‑cried "non-[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" war deported tae the east atween 1941 an 1944. In 1945 thare war anerly 18 Jews in Karlsruhe. Mair nor 1,000 o thaim haed been killt atween 1933 an 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/gedenkbuch.de |title=Karlsruhe condolence book |publisher=Karlsruhe.de |date=2006-12-20 |accessdate=2011-04-07 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805011005/http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/gedenkbuch.de |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Baden Central Jewish Council wis reorganized in 1948. A new synagogue wis biggit in 1969.

Some 113 holocaust victims are commemorated bi brass plaques on Karlsruhe's sidewalks, the sae-cried [[Stolperstein]]e.<ref>[http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Stolpersteine_Karlsruhe Stadtwiki Karlsruhe]</ref>

==Historical population==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Inhabitants
|-
| 1719   || 2,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history'>{{cite web | url = http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/stadtarchiv/kurzestadtgeschichte.de | title = Kurze Karlsruher Stadtgeschichte | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | last = Dr. Bräunche | first = Ernst Otto | coauthors = Dr. Koch, Manfred | date = 2003-11-17 | work = Stadtarchiv & Historische Museen | publisher = Stadt Karlsruhe | language = German | archive-date = 2010-06-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100623104929/http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/stadtarchiv/kurzestadtgeschichte.de | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1750   || 2,500<ref name='karlsruhe_history' />
|-
| 1815   || >15,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' />
|-
| 1901   || 100,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' />
|-
| 1933   || 155,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' />
|-
| 1973   || 264,249<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/afsta/Statistik/Index.htm | title = Eingliederung ehemals selbständiger Gemeinden | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | date = 2010-06-07 | work = Amt für Stadtentwicklung | publisher = Stadt Karlsruhe | language = German | archive-date = 2011-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111222043210/http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/afsta/Statistik/Index.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2003   || 282,595
|-
| 2007   || 288,917
|-
| 2012  || 296,033
|}

==Eddication==
Karlsruhe is a renowned research an study centre, wi ane o Germany's finest institutions o heicher education.

===Technology, ingineerin, an business===
The [[Karlsruhe University]] (''Universität Karlsruhe-TH'') is the auldest technical varsity in Germany in addition tae the home o the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' (Research Center Karlsruhe), at which ingineerin an scienteefic research is performed in the auries o heal, earth, an environmental sciences. The [[Karlsruhe University o Applied Sciences]] (''Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS'') is the lairgest varsity o technology in the state o [[Baden-Württemberg]], offerin baith professional an academic education in [[ingineerin]] sciences an business. On October 1, 2009, the [[University o Karlsruhe]] joined the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' tae form the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]](KIT).

===The arts===
The [[State Academy o Fine Arts Karlsruhe]] is ane o the weeest varsities in Germany wi average 300 students, but it is kent as ane o the maist significant Academies o Fine Arts. The [[Karlsruhe University o Arts an Design]] (HfG) wis foondit tae the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art an Media Karlsruhe (''[[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie]]''). The HfG teaching an research focuses on [[new media]] an [[media art]]. The [[Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe]] is a muisic [[Music school|conservatory]] that offers degrees in [[Musical composition|composition]], music performance, education, an radio [[jurnalism]]. Syne 1989 it haes locatit in the Gottesaue Palace (see picture).

===International education===
The [[Karlshochschule International University]] (formerly kent as ''Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule'') wis foundit in 2004. As a foundation owned state approved [[Management School]] Karlshochschule offers [[undergraduate education]] in baith German an Inglis focusin on international an [[intercultural]] [[management]] in addition tae service- an cultur-relatit industries. Mair outouer an international consecutive [[Master o Arts (postgraduate)]] in [[leadership studies]] is offered in Inglish.

===European Institute o Innovation an Technology (EIT)===
{{Main|European Institute o Innovation an Technology}}
Karlsruhe hosts ane o the [[European Institute o Innovation an Technology]]'s Knawledge an Innovation Communities (KICs) focussin on [[sustainable energy]]. Ither co‑centres are based in [[Grenoble]], France (CC Alps Valleys); [[Eindhoven]], the [[Netherlands]], an [[Leuven]], [[Belgium]] (CC [[Benelux]]); [[Barcelona]], Spain (CC Iberia); [[Kraków]], Poland (CC PolandPlus); an [[Stockholm]], Swaden (CC Swaden).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529160533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
In 1999 the [[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie|ZKM]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', Centre for Art an Media) wis opened. Athin a short time, it biggit up a warldwide reputation as a cultural institution. Linking new media theory an practice, the ZKM is locatit in a umwhile wappens factory. Amang the institutes relatit tae the ZKM are the ''[[Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung]]'' (State University o Design), whase preses is philosopher [[Peter Sloterdijk]] an the Museum for Contemporary Art.

[[File:Karlsruhe Nancybrunnen.jpg|thumb|Nancy fountain]]

==International relations==
{{See also|List o twin towns an sister cities in Germany}}

===Twin towns / Sister cities===
Karlsruhe is [[Twin towns an sister cities|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724221530/http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archivedate=2010-07-24|title=Städtepartnerschaften|accessdate=2011-01-05|date=2010-12-16|publisher=Stadt Karlsruhe|language=German|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Nottingham]]''', [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/><ref name="Nottingham twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599|title=European networks an ceety partnerships|publisher=Nottingham ceety Council|date=11 March|accessdate=2013-07-20|archive-date=2012-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072955/http://nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Nancy, France|Nancy]]''', [[France]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Krasnodar]]''', [[Roushie]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Timişoara]]''', [[Romania]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]''', [[Germany]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/>

===Partnerships===
The ceety is an aa in a partnership relationship wi:
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]]<ref name="Oulu Partnership an twinning cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit|title=Partneri- ja kummikaupungit (Partnership an twinning cities)|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Oulun kaupunki (Ceety o Oulu)|language=Finnish|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010526/http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Karlsruhe Gottesaue3.jpg|thumb|Gottesau Palace (nou music college).]]

==Events==
Ilka year in Julie, thare a muckle open air festival lastin three days cried ''Das Fest'' ("The Festival").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dasfest.net/ | title = das FEST | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | language = German | archive-date = 2010-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231223432/http://www.dasfest.net/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Baden State Theatre haes sponsored the ''[[Händel]] festival'' syne 1978.

The ceety hosted the 23rd an 31st [[European Juggling Convention]]s (EJC) in 2000 an 2008.

In Julie, the African Simmer Festival is held in the ceety's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied childer's programme, an musical performances tak place durin the three days festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africansummerfestival.de |title=Karlsruhe Afrikamarkt & Festival 2011 |publisher=Africansummerfestival.de |accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref>

In the past, Karlsruhe haes been the host o [[LinuxTag]] (the mucklest Linux event in Europe) an til 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lac.zkm.de/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2015-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012140355/http://lac.zkm.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Visitors an locals watched the tot [[solar eclipse]] at noon on August 11, 1999. The ceety wisnae jist locatit athin the eclipse path but wis ane o the few athin Germany no plagued bi bad wather.

==Sport==
'''Fitbaa (Soccer)'''
[[Karlsruher SC]] (KSC), [[2. Bundesliga]] (seicont diveesion)

'''Basketball'''
[[BG Karlsruhe]], [[Basketball-Pro-Liga A]] (seicont diveesion)

'''Tennis'''
[[TC Rueppurr]] (TCR), [Tennis-Bundesliga] (weemen's first diveesion)

'''Basebaw''' an '''Softbaw'''
[[Karlsruhe Cougars]], Regional League South-East (men's basebaw), 1st Bundesliga South (weemen's softbaw I) an State League South (weemen's softbaw II)

'''American Fitbaa'''
[[Badener Greifs]], currently competin in the Regional League Central but umwhile a member o the [[GFL]]'s 1st Bundesliga, lost tae the [[Berlin Adler]] in the 1987 [[German Bowl]] (see: [[German Football League]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Karlsruhe}}
* [http://geodaten.karlsruhe.de/stadtplan/ Map o Karlsruhe]
* [http://ikar.us/KAzilla/English List o Inglis-leid wabsteids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927074901/http://ikar.us/KAzilla/English |date=2014-09-27 }}
*{{Official website|http://www.karlsruhe.de}} (in German)
* [[Karlsruhe:en:Main Page|Ceety wiki o Karlsruhe (German an Inglis)]]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.KarlsruheNuclideChart.net Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart]
{{Germany destricts baden-württemberg}}
{{Ceeties in Germany}}

[[Category:Karlsruhe| ]]
[[Category:Karlsruhe (region)]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Planned caipitals]]
[[Category:Caipitals o umwhile naitions]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1715]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Varsity touns in Germany]]