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{{About|the branch of science|the band|Chemistry (band)|the album|Chemistry (album)}}
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[[File:Chemicals in flasks.jpg|thumb|200px|Chemistry is the science of ''chemical elements'' and ''compounds''.]]

'''Chemistry''' is a branch of [[science]] that deals with [[chemical element]]s and [[Chemical compound|compounds]], and how they work together and change. In other words, chemistry is the branch of science about fundamental properties of matter and chemical reactions. Chemistry is the study of the substances and their [[transformation]]s (or change).

==History==
In history, people studied elements to figure out how to do things such as turn [[lead]] into gold, but they did not manage to do it. This early form of chemistry was called [[alchemy]]. During the [[18th century]], alchemists became chemists when they began using the [[scientific method]]. Chemists separated the air into many parts and isolated the [[noble gas]]es from it. They also processed special minerals from a mine in [[Sweden]] to get [[rare earth metal]]s. [[Radioactivity]] was also discovered. 118 different elements have been found.<ref>{{cite web|title=Periodic Table of Elements|website=[[American Chemical Society]]|url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/periodictable.html|access-date=2023-02-20}}</ref> Some are very common, like [[oxygen]]. Many are very rare and expensive, like [[platinum]]. Some cannot be found on earth and can only be made in labs, like [[rutherfordium]].

Since the 1920s, the increased understanding of [[physics]] has changed chemists' [[theory|theories]] about [[chemical reaction]]s. With smaller and faster [[computer]]s, chemists have built better tools for [[Analytical chemistry|analyzing]] substances. These tools have been sent to study chemicals on [[Mars]]. Police also use those tools to study [[evidence]] from [[crime]] [[wikt:scene|scene]]s.

==Types of chemistry==
There are several types of chemistry. [[Analytical chemistry]] looks at which chemicals are in things. For example, looking at how much [[arsenic]] is in food. [[Organic chemistry]] looks at things that have [[carbon]] in them. For example, making [[acetylene]]. [[Inorganic chemistry]] looks at things that do not have carbon in them. One example is making an [[integrated circuit]]. [[Theoretical chemistry]] tries to explain chemical data with [[mathematics]] and [[computer]]s.

A large area of chemistry is [[polymer chemistry]]. This looks at plastics. One example is making [[nylon]]. Because plastics are made of carbon, polymer chemistry is part of organic chemistry. Another area is [[biochemistry]]. This looks at the chemistry of living things. An example would be seeing how [[arsenic]] poisons people. Biochemistry is also part of organic chemistry. There are many other small branches of chemistry.

==Concepts of chemistry==
===Basic concepts===
The basic unit of an [[Chemical element|element]] is called an [[atom]]. An atom is the smallest building block that you can cut an element into without the element breaking down (turning into a lighter element, for example through [[nuclear fission]] or [[radioactive decay]]). A [[chemical compound]] is a [[substance]] made up of two or more elements. In a compound, two or more atoms are joined to form a [[molecule]]. The tiniest speck of dust or drop of [[liquid]], that one can see is made up of many millions or billions of these molecules. [[Mixture]]s are [[substance]]s where chemicals are mixed but not reacted. An example would be mixing sand and salt. This can be undone again to produce salt and sand separately. Chemical compounds are changed by a [[chemical reaction]]. An example would be heating [[sodium bicarbonate]], common baking soda. It will make water, [[carbon dioxide]], and [[sodium carbonate]]. This reaction cannot be undone.

One very important concept in chemistry is that different atoms interact with one another in very specific proportions. For example, two hydrogen atoms interacting with one oxygen atom lead to the water molecule, H<sub>2</sub>O. This relationship is known as the "Law of constant proportions" and leads to the idea of "stoichiometry", a term that refers to the ratios of different atoms in chemical compounds. For example, in water, there are always exactly 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom. In carbon dioxide, there are exactly 2 oxygen atoms for 1 carbon atom. These relationships are described using chemical formulas such as H<sub>2</sub>O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom) and CO<sub>2</sub> (one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms).

===Mole===
Because atoms of different elements react with one another in very specific proportions but atoms of different elements have different weights, chemists often describe the number of different elements and compounds in terms of the number of "moles". A "mole" of any element contains the same number of atoms: 602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000 atoms. The [[atomic mass]] of an element can be used to see how much of the element makes a mole. For example, the atomic mass of copper is about 63.55. That means about 63.55 [[gram]]s of copper metal has a mole of atoms. The atomic mass of chlorine is about 35.45. That means 35.45 grams of chlorine has a mole of atoms in it.

Moles can be used to see how many molecules are in chemical compounds, too. [[Copper(II) chloride]] is an example. CuCl<sub>2</sub> is its chemical formula. There is one copper atom (63.55) and two chlorine atoms (35.45 · 2 = 70.90). Add all the molar masses of the elements together to get the molar mass of the chemical compound (63.55 + 70.90 = 134.45). That means in 134.45 grams of copper(II) chloride, there is one mole of copper(II) chloride molecules. This concept is used to calculate how much chemicals are needed in a chemical reaction if no reactants (chemicals that are reacted) should be left. If too much reactant is used, there will be some reactants left in the chemical reaction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=10: The Mole|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole|access-date=2023-02-20|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

===Acids and bases===
[[Acid]]s and [[base (chemistry)|bases]] are common chemicals. Acids release H<sup>+</sup> [[ion]]s when in water, and bases release [[Hydroxide|OH<sup>−</sup>]] ions when in water. Acids can react with bases. The H<sup>+</sup> ion is taken from the acid by the base. This makes water, H<sub>2</sub>O. A salt is also made when an acid and a base react together. An example would be reacting [[hydrochloric acid]] (HCl) and [[sodium hydroxide]] (NaOH). Hydrochloric acid releases H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> ions in water. The base releases Na<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup> ions. The H<sup>+</sup> and the OH<sup>-</sup> react to make water. There is a solution of [[sodium chloride]] (NaCl) left. Sodium chloride is a [[salt]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acids and bases – introduction|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/3019-acids-and-bases-introduction|access-date=2023-02-20|website=Science Learning Hub|language=en}}</ref>

==Usefulness==
Chemistry is very useful in everyday life and makes up the foundation of many branches of science. Most objects are made by chemists (people who do chemistry). Chemists are constantly working to find new and useful substances. Chemists make new [[Medicine|drugs]] and materials like [[paint]]s that we use every day.

==Safety==
[[File:Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée laboratoire PMC - 46078413375.jpg|thumb|[[Safety glasses]] give [[Protective clothing|protection]] to the eyes when pouring [[chemical]]s.]]
[[File:Cyril Ponnamperuma analyzing a moon sample.jpg|thumb|200px|This chemist is wearing a lab coat and [[glove]]s. He is looking at a rock from the [[moon]].]]
Many chemicals are harmless, but there are some chemicals that are dangerous. For example, [[mercury(II) chloride]] is very [[wikt:toxic|toxic]]. [[Chromate]]s can cause [[cancer]]. [[Tin(II) chloride]] pollutes water easily. [[Hydrochloric acid]] can cause bad burns. Some chemicals like [[hydrogen]] can explode or catch fire. To stay safe, chemists experiment with chemicals in a chemical lab. They use special equipment and clothing to do reactions and keep the chemicals contained. The chemicals used in [[Medicine|drugs]] and in things like [[bleach]] have been tested to make sure they are safe if used correctly.

== Related pages ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Periodic table]]
* [[List of common elements]]
* [[Laboratory techniques]]
* [[Aerosol]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{BranchesofChemistry}}

[[Category:Chemistry| ]]