View source for Japanese era name

The {{nihongo|'''Japanese era name'''|年号|nengō|"year name"}}, also known as {{nihongo|''gengō''|元号}}, is a traditional [[calendar]] system which began during the [[wikt:reign|reign]] of [[Emperor Kōtoku]] in the [[7th century]]. This calendar has been in use in [[Japan]] since the beginning of the [[8th century]].<ref name="gukansh" />

The historical [[Japanese calendar]] system [[wikt:define|defines]] and [[wikt:parse|parses]] time in terms of [[wikt:ordinal number|ordinal numbers]].

== Usage ==
{{Main|List of emperors of Japan}}
Each new {{nihongo|Japanese era|年号,|''[[nengō]]'',|lit. "[[year]] name"}} was usually started soon after the beginning of the reign of a new emperor. [[Era]] names were also changed due to other events.<ref name="Drifting Toward the Southeast: The Story of Five Japanese Castaways : a Complete Translation of Hyoson Kiryaku (a Brief Account of Drifting Toward the Southeast) as Told to the Court of Lord Yamauchi of Tosa in 1852 by John Manjiro" />  Starting in the reign of [[Emperor Yōzei]], the tradition of naming eras because of good omens changed.  Instead, the name of an era might be chosen to ward off something bad.<ref name="bialock63" />

The first day of the {{nihongo|first year of a ''nengō''|元年|''gannen''}} started whenever the emperor decided. This first year continued until the next [[lunar]] new year, which is understood to be the start of the ''nengō's'' second year.<ref name="ponsonby-fane321" />

To change a Japanese year to a Western or [[Gregorian calendar]] year, find the first year of the ''nengō'' (see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the [[Shōwa period]] (''Shōwa 23'') was 1948:

:::ILLUSTRATION: '''1926 − 1 = 1925''' ..., and then  '''1925 + 23 = 1948''' ... or ''Shōwa'' 23.

{|  border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse"
|-
!colspan="5" |CONVERSION TABLE: [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar years]] / ''[[nengō]]''
|-
! style="width:5%;"| Year&nbsp;1
! style="width:5%;"| [[Kanji]]
! style="width:8%;"| [[Romanization]]
! style="width:20%;"| Meaning
! style="width:62%;"| Notes
|-
!colspan="5" |'''[[Asuka period]]'''
|-
| 645
| 大化
| [[Taika (era)|Taika]]
| "Great Reform"<ref name="b24" />
| [[Emperor Kōtoku]], 645-654.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon" />  Also known as "Great Development"<ref name="lp461" />
|-
| 650
| 白雉
| [[Hakuchi (era)|Hakuchi]]
| "White Pheasant"<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon1" />
|
|-
| 654
|colspan="90%" |''Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 654-686''
|-
| 686
| 朱鳥
| [[Shuchō]]
| "Red bird of the south"<ref name="jstor" />
| ''also'' Suchō, Akamitori or Akamidori; [[Emperor Temmu]], 672-686.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon2" />
|-
| 686
|colspan="90%" |''Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 686-701''
|-
| 701
| 大宝
| [[Taihō (era)|Taihō]]
| "Great Law"<ref name="b24" /> or "Great Treasure"<ref name="mix" />
| ''also'' Daihō; [[Emperor Mommu]], 697-707.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon3" />
|-
| 704
| 慶雲
| [[Keiun]]
| -
| ''also'' Kyōun; [[Empress Gemmei]], 707-715.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon4" />
|-
| 708
| 和銅
| [[Wadō (era)|Wadō]]
| "Japanese Copper"<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon5" />
|
|-
!colspan="5" |'''[[Nara period]]'''
|-
| 715
| 霊亀
| [[Reiki (era)|Reiki]]
| -
| [[Empress Genshō]], 715-724.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon6" />
|-
| 717
| 養老
| [[Yōrō]]
| -
|
|-
| 724
| 神亀
| [[Jinki (era)|Jinki]]
| "Sacred Tortoise"<ref name="bialock63" />
| ''also'' Shinki; [[Emperor Shōmu]], 724-749.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon7" />
|-
| 729
| 天平
| [[Tenpyō]]
| "Heavenly Peace"<ref name="The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia" />
| ''also'' Tenbyō or Tenhei
|-
| 749
| 天平感宝
| [[Tenpyō-kanpō]]
| "Gratitude for Treasure"<ref name="Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century" />
| ''also'' Tenbyō-kanpō
|-
| 749
| 天平勝宝
| [[Tenpyō-shōhō]]
| "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Buddhism"<ref name="Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture" />
| ''also'' Tenbyō-shōbō or Tenpei-shōhō; [[Empress Kōken]], 749-758.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon8" />
|-
| 757
| 天平宝字
| [[Tenpyō-hōji]]
| "Lucky Inscription"<ref name="The Shoso-in" />
| ''also'' Tenbyō-hōji or Tenpei-hōji; [[Emperor Junnin]], 758-764;<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon9" /> [[Empress Shōtoku]], 764-770.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon10" />
|-
| 765
| 天平神護
| [[Tenpyō-jingo]]
| "Divine Protection"<ref name="Coins of Japan" />
| ''also'' Tenbyō-jingo or Tenhei-jingo
|-
| 767
| 神護景雲
| [[Jingo-keiun]]
| "Divine Merit"<ref name="Coins of Japan11" />
|
|-
| 770
| 宝亀
| [[Hōki]]
| -
| [[Emperor Kōnin]], 770-781.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon12" />
|-
| 781
| 天応
| [[Ten'ō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Kammu]], 781-806.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon13" />
|-
| 782
| 延暦
| [[Enryaku]]
| "Prolonged Succession"<ref name="Classical learning and taoist practices in early Japan: with a translation of Books XVI and XX of the Engi-shiki" />
|
|-
!colspan="5" |'''[[Heian period]]'''
|-
| 806
| 大同
| [[Daidō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Heizei]], 806-809;<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon14" /> [[Emperor Saga]], 809-823.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon15" />
|-
| 810
| 弘仁
| [[Kōnin (era)|Kōnin]]
| -
| [[Emperor Junna]], 823-833.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon16" />
|-
| 824
| 天長
| [[Tenchō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Ninmyō]], 833-850.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon17" />
|-
| 834
| 承和
| [[Jōwa (Heian period)|Jōwa]]
| "Flourishing Treasure"<ref name="Coins of Japan18" />
| ''also'' Shōwa or Sōwa
|-
| 848
| 嘉祥
| [[Kashō (early Heian period)|Kashō]]
| "Good Augury"<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon19" />
| ''also'' Kajō; [[Emperor Montoku]], 850-858.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon20" />
|-
| 851
| 仁寿
| [[Ninju]]
| -
|
|-
| 854
| 斉衡
| [[Saikō]]
| -
|
|-
| 857
| 天安
| [[Ten'an]]
| -
| ''also'' Tennan; [[Emperor Seiwa]], 858-876.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon21" />
|-
| 859
| 貞観
| [[Jōgan]]
| -
| [[Emperor Yōzei]], 876-884.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon22" />
|-
| 877
| 元慶
| [[Gangyō]]
| -
| ''also'' Gankyō or Genkei; [[Emperor Kōkō]], 884-887.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon23" />
|-
| 885
| 仁和
| [[Ninna]]
| -
| ''also'' Ninwa; [[Emperor Uda]], 887-897.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon24" />
|-
| 889
| 寛平
| [[Kanpyō (era)|Kanpyō]]
| "Liberal Peace"<ref name="Coins of Japan25" />
| ''also'' Kanpei or Kanbyō or Kanbei or Kanhei; [[Emperor Daigo]], 887-930.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon26" />
|-
| 898
| 昌泰
| [[Shōtai]]
| -
|
|-
| 901
| 延喜
| [[Engi (era)|Engi]]
| -
|
|-
| 923
| 延長
| [[Enchō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Suzaku]], 930-946.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon27" />
|-
| 931
| 承平
| [[Jōhei]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōhei
|-
| 938
| 天慶
| [[Tengyō]]
| "Heavenly Felicitation"<ref name="A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period" />
| ''also'' Tenkei or Tenkyō; [[Emperor Murakami]], 946-967.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon28" />
|-
| 947
| 天暦
| [[Tenryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenreki
|-
| 957
| 天徳
| [[Tentoku]]
| -
|
|-
| 961
| 応和
| [[Ōwa]]
| -
|
|-
| 964
| 康保
| [[Kōhō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Reizei]], 967-969.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon29" />
|-
| 968
| 安和
| [[Anna (era)|Anna]]
| -
| ''also'' Anwa; [[Emperor En'yū]], 969-984.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon30" />
|-
| 970
| 天禄
| [[Tenroku]]
| -
|
|-
| 973
| 天延
| [[Ten'en]]
| -
|
|-
| 976
| 貞元
| [[Jōgen (Heian period)|Jōgen]]
| -
| ''also'' Teigen
|-
| 978
| 天元
| [[Tengen (era)|Tengen]]
|
|
|-
| 983
| 永観
| [[Eikan]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōkan; [[Emperor Kazan]], 984-986.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon31" />
|-
| 985
| 寛和
| [[Kanna (era)|Kanna]]
| -
| ''also'' Kanwa; [[Emperor Ichijō]], 986-1011.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon32" />
|-
| 987
| 永延
| [[Eien]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōen
|-
| 988
| 永祚
| [[Eiso]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōso
|-
| 990
| 正暦
| [[Shōryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Jōryaku or Shōreki
|-
| 995
| 長徳
| [[Chōtoku]]
| -
|
|-
| 999
| 長保
| [[Chōhō (era)|Chōhō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1004
| 寛弘
| [[Kankō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Sanjō]], 1011–1016.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon33" />
|-
| 1012
| 長和
| [[Chōwa]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Ichijō]], 1016–1036.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon34" />
|-
| 1017
| 寛仁
| [[Kannin]]
| -
|
|-
| 1021
| 治安
| [[Jian (era)|Jian]]
| -
| ''also'' Chian
|-
| 1024
| 万寿
| [[Manju (era)|Manju]]
| -
|
|-
| 1028
| 長元
| [[Chōgen]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]], 1036–1045.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon35" />
|-
| 1037
| 長暦
| [[Chōryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Chōreki
|-
| 1040
| 長久
| [[Chōkyū]]
| -
|
|-
| 1044
| 寛徳
| [[Kantoku]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Reizei]], 1045–1068.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon36" />
|-
| 1046
| 永承
| [[Eishō (Heian period)|Eishō]]
| -
| ''also'' Eijō or Yōjō
|-
| 1053
| 天喜
| [[Tengi]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenki
|-
| 1058
| 康平
| [[Kōhei]]
| -
|
|-
| 1065
| 治暦
| [[Jiryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Chiryaku
|-
| 1069
| 延久
| [[Enkyū]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]], 1068–1073.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon37" />
|-
| 1074
| 承保
| [[Jōhō]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōhō or Shōho; [[Emperor Shirakawa]], 1073–1086.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon38" />
|-
| 1077
| 承暦
| [[Jōryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōryaku or Shōreki
|-
| 1081
| 永保
| [[Eihō]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōhō
|-
|1084
| 応徳
| [[Ōtoku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1087
| 寛治
| [[Kanji (era)|Kanji]]
| -
| [[Emperor Horikawa]], 1087–1107.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon39" />
|-
| 1094
| 嘉保
| [[Kahō]]
| -
|
|-
|1096
| 永長
| [[Eichō]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōchō
|-
| 1097
| 承徳
| [[Jōtoku]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōtoku
|-
| 1099
| 康和
| [[Kōwa (Heian period)|Kōwa]]
| -
|
|-
| 1104
| 長治
| [[Chōji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1106
| 嘉承
| [[Kashō (late Heian period)|Kashō]]
| -
| ''also'' Kajō or Kasō; [[Emperor Toba]], 1107–1123.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon40" />
|-
| 1108
| 天仁
| [[Tennin (era)|Tennin]]
| -
|
|-
|1110
| 天永
| [[Ten'ei]]
| -
| ''also'' Ten'yō
|-
| 1113
| 永久
| [[Eikyū]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōkyū
|-
| 1118
| 元永
| [[Gen'ei]]
| -
|-
| 1120
| 保安
| [[Hōan]]
| -
| [[Emperor Sutoku]], 1123–1142.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon41" />
|-
| 1124
| 天治
| [[Tenji (era)|Tenji]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenchi
|-
| 1126
| 大治
| [[Daiji (era)|Daiji]]
| -
| ''also'' Taiji
|-
| 1131
| 天承
| [[Tenshō (Heian period)|Tenshō]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenjō
|-
| 1132
| 長承
| [[Chōshō]]
| -
| ''also'' Chōjō
|-
| 1135
| 保延
| [[Hōen]]
| -
|
|-
| 1141
| 永治
| [[Eiji (era)|Eiji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1142
| 康治
| [[Kōji (Heian period)|Kōji]]
| -
| [[Emperor Konoe]], 1142–1155.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon42" />
|-
| 1144
| 天養
| [[Ten'yō]]
| -
|  ''also'' Tennyō
|-
| 1145
| 久安
| [[Kyūan]]
| -
|
|-
| 1151
| 仁平
| [[Ninpei]]
| -
| ''also'' Ninpyō or Ninbyō or Ninhyō or Ninhei
|-
| 1154
| 久寿
| [[Kyūju]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]], 1155–1158.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon43" />
|-
| 1156
| 保元
| [[Hōgen (era)|Hōgen]]
| -
| ''also'' Hogen; [[Emperor Nijō]], 1158–1165.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon44" />
|-
| 1159
| 平治
| [[Heiji]]
| -
| ''also'' Byōji
|-
| 1160
| 永暦
| [[Eiryaku]]
| "Everlasting Happiness"<ref name="Coins of Japan45" />
| ''also'' Yōryaku
|-
| 1161
| 応保
| [[Ōhō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1163
| 長寛
| [[Chōkan]]
| -
| ''also'' Chōgan
|-
| 1165
| 永万
| [[Eiman]]
| -
| ''also'' Yōman; [[Emperor Rokujō]], 1165–1168.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194" />
|-
| 1166
| 仁安
| [[Nin'an]]
| -
| ''also'' Ninnan; [[Emperor Takakura]], 1168–1180.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194" />
|-
| 1169
| 嘉応
| [[Kaō (era)|Kaō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1171
| 承安
| [[Jōan (era)|Jōan]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōan
|-
| 1175
| 安元
| [[Angen]]
| -
|
|-
| 1177
| 治承
| [[Jishō]]
| -
| ''also'' Jijō or Chishō; [[Emperor Antoku]], 1180–1185.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon46" />
|-
| 1181
| 養和
| [[Yōwa]]
| -
|
|-
| 1182
| 寿永
| [[Juei]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Toba]], 1183–1198.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon47" />
|-
| 1184
| 元暦
| [[Genryaku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1185
| 文治
| [[Bunji (era)|Bunji]]
| -
| ''also'' Monchi
|-
| 1190
| 建久
| [[Kenkyū]]
| -
| [[Emperor Tsuchimikado]], 1198–1210.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon48" />
|-
!colspan="5"|'''[[Kamakura period]]'''
|-
| 1199
| 正治
| [[Shōji (era)|Shōji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1201
| 建仁
| [[Kennin]]
| -
|
|-
| 1204
| 元久
| [[Genkyū]]
| -
|
|-
| 1206
| 建永
| [[Ken'ei]]
| -
| ''also'' Ken'yō
|-
| 1207
| 承元
| [[Jōgen (Kamakura period)|Jōgen]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōgen; [[Emperor Juntoku]], 1210–1221.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon49" />
|-
| 1211
| 建暦
| [[Kenryaku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1213
| 建保
| [[Kempo (era)|Kenpō]]
| -
| ''also'' Kenhō
|-
| 1219
| 承久
| [[Jōkyū]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōkyū; [[Emperor Chūkyō]], 1221;.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon50" /> [[Emperor Go-Horikawa]], 1221–1232.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon51" />
|-
| 1222
| 貞応
| [[Jōō (Kamakura period)|Jōō]]
| -
| ''also'' Teiō
|-
| 1224
| 元仁
| [[Gennin]]
| -
|
|-
| 1225
| 嘉禄
| [[Karoku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1227
| 安貞
| [[Antei]]
| -
| ''also'' Anjō
|-
| 1229
| 寛喜
| [[Kangi]]
| -
| ''also'' Kanki
|-
| 1232
| 貞永
| [[Jōei]]
| -
| ''also'' Teiei; [[Emperor Shijō]], 1232–1242.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon52" />
|-
| 1233
| 天福
| [[Tenpuku]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenfuku
|-
| 1234
| 文暦
| [[Bunryaku]]
| -
| ''also'' Monryaku or Monreki
|-
| 1235
| 嘉禎
| [[Katei]]
| -
|
|-
| 1238
| 暦仁
| [[Ryakunin]]
| -
| ''also'' Rekinin
|-
| 1239
| 延応
| [[En'ō]]
| -
| ''also'' Ennō
|-
| 1240
| 仁治
| [[Ninji]]
| -
| ''also'' Ninchi; [[Emperor Go-Saga]], 1242–1246.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon53" />
|-
| 1243
| 寛元
| [[Kangen]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]], 1246–1260.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon54" />
|-
| 1247
| 宝治
| [[Hōji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1249
| 建長
| [[Kenchō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1256
| 康元
| [[Kōgen]]
| -
| [[Emperor Kameyama]], 1260–1274.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon55" />
|-
| 1257
| 正嘉
| [[Shōka]]
| -
|
|-
| 1259
| 正元
| [[Shōgen]]
| -
|
|-
| 1260
| 文応
| [[Bun'ō]]
| -
| ''also'' Bunnō
|-
| 1261
| 弘長
| [[Kōchō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1264
| 文永
| [[Bun'ei]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Uda]], 1274–1287.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon56" />
|-
| 1275
| 建治
| [[Kenji (era)|Kenji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1278
| 弘安
| [[Kōan (Kamakura period)|Kōan]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Fushimi]], 1287–1298.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon57" />
|-
| 1288
| 正応
| [[Shōō (Kamakura period)|Shōō]]
| -
| ''also'' Shō-ō
|-
| 1293
| 永仁
| [[Einin]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Fushimi]], 1298–1301.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon58" />
|-
| 1299
| 正安
| [[Shōan]]
| -
| [[Emperor Go-Nijō]], 1301–1308.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon59" />
|-
| 1302
| 乾元
| [[Kengen]]
| -
|
|-
| 1303
| 嘉元
| [[Kagen]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1306
| 徳治
| [[Tokuji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1308
| 延慶
| [[Enkyō (Kamakura period)|Enkyō]]
| "Becoming Prolonged"<ref name="Hachiman Taro: Firstborn of the God of War" />
| ''also'' Engyō or Enkei; [[Emperor Hanazono]], 1308–1318.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon60" />
|-
| 1311
| 応長
| [[Ōchō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1312
| 正和
| [[Shōwa (Kamakura period)|Shōwa]]
| -
|
|-
| 1317
| 文保
| [[Bunpō]]
| -
| ''also'' Bunhō; [[Emperor Go-Daigo]], 1318–1339.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon61" />
|-
| 1319
| 元応
| [[Gen'ō]]
| -
| ''also'' Gennō
|-
| 1321
| 元亨
| [[Genkyō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1324
| 正中
| [[Shōchū (era)|Shōchū]]
| -
|
|-
| 1326
| 嘉暦
| [[Karyaku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1329
| 元徳
| [[Gentoku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1331
| 元弘
| [[Genkō (era)|Genkō]]
| -
|
|-
| 1334
| 建武
| [[Kemmu|Kenmu]]
| -
| ''also'' Kenbu
|-
!colspan="5"|'''[[Nanboku-chō period]]'''
|-
|colspan="90%" |*'''[[Nanboku-chō]] [[Southern Court]]'''
|-
| 1336
| 延元
| [[Engen]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1340
| 興国
| [[Kōkoku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1346
| 正平
| [[Shōhei]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1370
| 建徳
| [[Kentoku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1372
| 文中
| [[Bunchū]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1375
| 天授
| [[Tenju]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1381
| 弘和
| [[Kōwa (Muromachi period)|Kōwa]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1384
| 元中
| [[Genchū]]
| ...
|colspan="90%" |''Genchū 9 becomes ''<u>[[Meitoku]] 3</u>'' in post Nanboku-chō reunification''
|-
|colspan="90%" |*'''[[Nanboku-chō]] [[Northern Court]]'''
|-
| 1332
| 正慶
| [[Shōkyō]]
| ...
| ''also'' Shōkei
|-
| 1333
|colspan="70%" |''Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336; no era names apply from 1333 to 1338.''
|-
| 1338
| 暦応
| [[Ryakuō]]
| ...
| ''also'' Rekiō
|-
| 1342
| 康永
| [[Kōei (era)|Kōei]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1345
| 貞和
| [[Jōwa (Muromachi period)|Jōwa]]
| ...
| ''also'' Teiwa
|-
| 1350
| 観応
| [[Kannō]]
| ...
| ''also'' Kan'ō
|-
| 1352
| 文和
| [[Bunna]]
| ...
| ''also'' Bunwa
|-
| 1356
| 延文
| [[Enbun]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1361
| 康安
| [[Kōan (Muromachi period)|Kōan]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1362
| 貞治
| [[Jōji]]
| ...
| ''also'' Teiji
|-
| 1368
| 応安
| [[Ōan]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1375
| 永和
| [[Eiwa]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1379
| 康暦
| [[Kōryaku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1381
| 永徳
| [[Eitoku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1384
| 至徳
| [[Shitoku]]
| ...
|''also'' Meitoku
|-
| 1387
| 嘉慶
| [[Kakei]]
| ...
| ''also'' Kakyō
|-
| 1389
| 康応
| [[Kōō]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1390
| 明徳
| [[Meitoku]]
| -
|colspan="90%" |''Meitoku 3 replaces ''<u>[[Genchū]] 9</u>'' in post-Nanboku-chō reunification''
|-
!colspan="5"|'''[[Muromachi period]]'''
|-
| 1394
| 応永
| [[Ōei]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Shōkō]], 1412–1428.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon62" />
|-
| 1428
| 正長
| [[Shōchō]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Go-Hanazono]], 1428–1464.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon63" />
|-
| 1429
| 永享
| [[Eikyō]]
| ...
| ''also'' Eikō
|-
| 1441
| 嘉吉
| [[Kakitsu]]
| ...
| ''also'' Kakichi
|-
| 1444
| 文安
| [[Bun'an]]
| ...
| ''also'' Bunnan
|-
| 1449
| 宝徳
| [[Hōtoku]]
| ...
|-
| 1452
| 享徳
| [[Kyōtoku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1455
| 康正
| [[Kōshō]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1457
| 長禄
| [[Chōroku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1460
| 寛正
| [[Kanshō]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]], 1464–1500.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon64" />
|-
| 1466
| 文正
| [[Bunshō]]
| ...
| ''also'' Monshō
|-
| 1467
| 応仁
| [[Ōnin]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1469
| 文明
| [[Bunmei]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1487
| 長享
| [[Chōkyō]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1489
| 延徳
| [[Entoku]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1492
| 明応
| [[Meiō]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Go-Kashiwabara]], 1500–1526.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon65" />
|-
| 1501
| 文亀
| [[Bunki]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1504
| 永正
| [[Eishō (Muromachi period)|Eishō]]
| ...
|
|-
| 1521
| 大永
| [[Daiei (era)|Daiei]]
| ...
| [[Emperor Go-Nara]], 1526–1557.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon66" />
|-
| 1528
| 享禄
| [[Kyōroku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1532
| 天文
| [[Tenbun]]
| -
| ''also'' Tenmon
|-
| 1555
| 弘治
| [[Kōji (Muromachi period)|Kōji]]
| -
| [[Emperor Ōgimachi]], 1557–1586.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon67" />
|-
| 1558
| 永禄
| [[Eiroku]]
| -
|
|-
| 1570
| 元亀
| [[Genki]]
| -
|
|-
| 1573
| 天正
| [[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]]
| "Heavenly Virtue"<ref name="watsky24" />
| [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]], 1586–1611.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon68" />
|-
| 1592
| 文禄
| [[Bunroku]]
| "Enlightened Benevolence"<ref name="watsky24" />
|
|-
| 1596
| 慶長
| [[Keichō]]
| "Eternal Jubilance"<ref name="watsky24" />
| ''also'' Kyōchō; [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], 1611–1629.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon69" />
|-
!colspan="5"|'''[[Edo period]]'''
|-
| 1615
| 元和
| [[Genna]]
| "Commencement of Concord"<ref name="mix" />
| ''also'' Genwa
|-
| 1624
| 寛永
| [[Kan'ei]]
| "Permanent Liberality"<ref name="Coins of Japan70" />
| [[Empress Meishō]], 1629–1643;<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon71" /> [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]], 1643–1654.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon72" />
|-
| 1644
| 正保
| [[Shōhō]]
| -
| -
|-
| 1648
| 慶安
| [[Keian]]
|
| ''also'' Kyōan
|-
| 1652
| 承応
| [[Jōō (Edo period)|Jōō]]
| -
| ''also'' Shōō; [[Emperor Go-Sai]], 1655–1663.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon73" />
|-
| 1655
| 明暦
| [[Meireki]]
| -
| ''also'' Myōryaku or Meiryaku
|-
| 1658
| 万治
| [[Manji (era)|Manji]]
| -
| -
|-
| 1661
| 寛文
| [[Kanbun (era)|Kanbun]]
| -
| [[Emperor Reigen]], 1663–1687.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon74" />
|-
| 1673
| 延宝
| [[Enpō]]
| -
| ''also'' Enhō
|-
| 1681
| 天和
| [[Tenna]]
| "Peace of Heaven"<ref name="jankins21" />
| ''also'' Tenwa
|-
| 1684
| 貞享
| [[Jōkyō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Higashiyama]], 1687–1709.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon75" />
|-
| 1688
| 元禄
| [[Genroku]]
| "Origin of Good Fortune"<ref name="jankins21" />
| -
|-
| 1704
| 宝永
| [[Hōei]]
| -
| [[Emperor Nakamikado]], 1709–1735.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon76" />
|-
| 1711
| 正徳
| [[Shōtoku (era)|Shōtoku]]
| "Correct Virtue"<ref name="Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-1829" />
| [[Emperor Go-Momozono]], 1771–1779.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 419" />
| -
|-
| 1716
| 享保
| [[Kyōhō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Sakuramachi]], 1735–1747.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon77" />
|-
| 1736
| 元文
| [[Genbun]]
| -
| -
|-
| 1741
| 寛保
| [[Kanpō]]
| -
| ''also'' Kanhō
|-
| 1744
| 延享
| [[Enkyō (Edo period)|Enkyō]]
| -
| [[Emperor Momozono]], 1747–1762.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon78" />
|-
| 1748
| 寛延
| [[Kan'en]]
| -
| -
|-
| 1751
| 宝暦
| [[Hōreki]]
| "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac"<ref name="ponsonby-fane321" />
| ''also'' Hōryaku; [[Empress Go-Sakuramachi]], 1762–1771.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon79" />
|-
| 1764
| 明和
| [[Meiwa]]
| "Radiant Harmony"<ref name="screech99" />
| [[Emperor Go-Momozono]], 1771–1779.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 419" />
|-
| 1772
| 安永
| [[An'ei]]
| "Eternal Tranquility"<ref name="okitsugu" />
| [[Emperor Kōkaku]], 1780–1817.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon80" />
|-
| 1781
| 天明
| [[Tenmei]]
| "Heavenly Radiance"<ref name="screech100" />
| also a "popular expression meaning 'difficulty'"<ref name="screech100" />
|-
| 1789
| 寛政
| [[Kansei]]
| "Lenient Government" <ref name="Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-1829" />
| from [[Sui Dynasty]] phrase, "When conducting ''government'', do so with ''lenience''"<ref name="Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-182982" />
|-
| 1801
| 享和
| [[Kyōwa]]
| -
| -
|-
| 1804
| 文化
| [[Bunka]]
| -
| [[Emperor Ninkō]], 1817–1846.<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon83" />
|-
| 1818
| 文政
| [[Bunsei]]
| -
| ''also'' Monsei
|-
| 1830
| 天保
| [[Tenpō]]
| "Heavenly Protection"<ref name="The Meiji Restoration" />
| ''also'' Tenhō; name [[wikt:link|links]] with ''Tenna'' and ''Kyōhō''<ref name="emergence" />
|-
| 1844
| 弘化
| [[Kōka]]
| -
| [[Emperor Kōmei]], 1846–1867.
|-
| 1848
| 嘉永
| [[Kaei]]
| "Celebration of Eternity"<ref name="Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era – Poetry, Drama, Criticism" /> or "Eternal Felicity"<ref name="s11" />
|
|-
| 1854
| 安政
| [[Ansei]]
| "Tranquil Government"<ref name="s11" />
|
|-
| 1860
| 万延
| [[Man'en]]
| "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"<ref name="Reading Against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel" />
|
|-
| 1861
| 文久
| [[Bunkyū]]
| -
|
|-
| 1864
| 元治
| [[Genji]]
| -
|
|-
| 1865
| 慶応
| [[Keiō]]
| "Joyous Concord"<ref name="lp97" />

|
|-
!colspan="5"|'''Modern Japan'''
|-
| 1868
| 明治
| [[Meiji period|Meiji]]
| "Enlightened Rule"<ref name="d55" />
| [[Emperor Meiji]], 1868–1912. Also known as "Enlightened Government" or "Brilliant Rule"<ref name="lp97" />
|-
| 1912
| 大正
| [[Taishō period|Taishō]]
| "Great Justice"<ref name="Japan Encyclopedia" />
| [[Emperor Taishō]], 1912–1926.<ref name="global" />
|-
| 1926
| 昭和
| [[Shōwa period|Shōwa]]
| "Brilliant Harmony"<ref name="d55" />
| [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]], 1926–1989.<ref name="global" />
|-
| 1989
| 平成
| [[Heisei period|Heisei]]
| "Achieving Peace"<ref name="d55" />
| [[Akihito]], 1989–2019.<ref name="global" />
|-
| 2019
| 令和
| [[Reiwa period|Reiwa]]
| "Culture is born and nurtured as people beautifully meet each other"
| [[Naruhito]], 2019-present [the reigning emperor].<ref name="global" />
|
|}

;Timeline of Japanese era names
{{collapse top}}
{{Timeline of Japanese era names}}
{{collapse bottom}}

== Related pages ==
* [[List of emperors of Japan]]
* [[Japanese Imperial year]]
* [[Japanese calendar]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="b24">{{cite book| last = Beasley| first = William G.| title = The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9AivK7yMICgC&pg=PA24| year = 2000| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-22560-2| page = 24 }}</ref>

<ref name="bialock63">{{cite book| last = Bialock| first = David| title = Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kfWvoVERWREC&pg=PA63| year = 2007| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-6764-4| page = 63 }}</ref>

<ref name="d55">{{cite book| author = Dean| title = Japanese Legal System| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OohyicuN-GIC&pg=PA55| year = 2002| publisher = Cavendish Publishing| isbn = 978-1-84314-322-2| page = 55 }}</ref>

<ref name="lp461">{{cite book| last1 = Lane-Poole| first1 = Stanley| last2 = Dickins| first2 = Frederick Victor| title = The Life of Sir Harry Parkes: Minister plenipotentiary to Japan. by F.V. Dickens. Minister plenipotentiary to China by S. Lane-Poole| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uq4JAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97| year = 1894| publisher = Macmillian and Company| isbn = | page = 461 }}</ref>

<ref name="lp97">{{cite book| last1 = Lane-Poole| first1 = Stanley| last2 = Dickins| first2 = Frederick Victor| title = The Life of Sir Harry Parkes: Minister plenipotentiary to Japan. by F.V. Dickens. Minister plenipotentiary to China by S. Lane-Poole| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uq4JAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97| year = 1894| publisher = Macmillian and Company| isbn = | page = 97 }}</ref>

<ref name="mix">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 63 }}</ref>

<ref name="s11">{{cite book| last = Bunyel| first = Baba| title = Japan 1853–1864: Or, Genji Yume Monogatari| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=22cP2o20HrAC| year = 1905| publisher = 内外出版協會| isbn = | page = 11 }}</ref>

<ref name="screech100">{{cite book| last = Screech| first = Timon| title = Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760–1829| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iEz8oVNwT7wC&pg=PA100| year = 2000| publisher = Reaktion Books| isbn = 978-1-86189-064-1| page = 100 }}</ref>

<ref name="screech99">{{cite book| last = Screech| first = Timon| title = Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760–1829| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iEz8oVNwT7wC&pg=PA99| year = 2000| publisher = Reaktion Books| isbn = 978-1-86189-064-1| page = 99 }}</ref>

<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 194 }}</ref>

<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 419">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 419 }}</ref>

<ref name="watsky24">{{cite book| last = Watsky| first = Andrew Mark| title = Chikubushima: Deploying the Sacred Arts in Momoyama Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m7okz1DQslwC&pg=PA28| year = 2004| publisher = University of Washington Press| isbn = 978-0-295-98327-1| page = 24 }}</ref>

<ref name="A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period">{{cite book| title = A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oWyaAAAAIAAJ| year = 1980| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-1039-8 }}</ref>

<ref name="Classical learning and taoist practices in early Japan: with a translation of Books XVI and XX of the Engi-shiki">{{cite book| last = Bock| first = Felicia Gressitt| title = Classical learning and taoist practices in early Japan: with a translation of Books XVI and XX of the Engi-shiki| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oWYOAAAAIAAJ| year = 1985| publisher = Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University| isbn = 978-0-939252-13-8| page = 7 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA46| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 46 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan11">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 45 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan18">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 63 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan25">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 71 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan45">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA92| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 92 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coins of Japan70">{{cite book| last = Munro| first = Neil Gordon| title = Coins of Japan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA111| year = 1904| publisher = Box of curios printing and publishing Company| isbn = | page = 111 }}</ref>

<ref name="Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture">{{cite book| last = Bowman| first = John Stewart| title = Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pg5Qi28akwEC| year = 2000| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn = 978-0-231-11004-4| page = 127 }}</ref>

<ref name="Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era – Poetry, Drama, Criticism">{{cite book| last = Keene| first = Donald| title = Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era – Poetry, Drama, Criticism| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kKIHQxTA5cC&pg=PA393| year = 1999| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn = 978-0-231-11439-4| page = 393 }}</ref>

<ref name="Drifting Toward the Southeast: The Story of Five Japanese Castaways : a Complete Translation of Hyoson Kiryaku (a Brief Account of Drifting Toward the Southeast) as Told to the Court of Lord Yamauchi of Tosa in 1852 by John Manjiro">{{cite book| last1 = Kawada| first1 = Ikaku| last2 = Nakahama| first2 = Manjiro| title = Drifting Toward the Southeast: The Story of Five Japanese Castaways : a Complete Translation of Hyoson Kiryaku (a Brief Account of Drifting Toward the Southeast) as Told to the Court of Lord Yamauchi of Tosa in 1852 by John Manjiro| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4N3aqNBINz0C&pg=PA138| year = 2003| publisher = Spinner Publications| isbn = 978-0-932027-56-6| page = 138 }}</ref>

<ref name="emergence">[[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] (1995). ''The Emergence of Meiji Japan,'' p. 1.</ref>

<ref name="global">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html  GlobalSecurity.org], [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/year.htm Japanese years]; retrieved 2012-12-11.</ref>

<ref name="gukansh">[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' p.32.</ref>

<ref name="Hachiman Taro: Firstborn of the God of War">{{cite book| last = Greenwood| first = Ned| title = Hachiman Taro: Firstborn of the God of War| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=inKezeEVwf8C&pg=PA87| year = 2011| publisher = Tate Publishing| isbn = 978-1-61777-532-1| page = 87 }}</ref>

<ref name="jankins21">Jenkins, Donald. (1971). ''Ukiyo-e Prints and Paintings: the Primitive Period, 1680–1745,'' p. 21.</ref>

<ref name="Japan Encyclopedia">{{cite book| author = Louis-Frédéric| title = Japan Encyclopedia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA929| year = 2002| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-01753-5| page = 929 }}</ref>

<ref name="jstor">Bender, Ross. (2009). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41038700?uid=3739256&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101187570013 "The Suppresion of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy,"] ''Japanese Journal of Religious Studies'' 37/2:224; compare [http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/846.pdf  mirrored full-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212223250/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/846.pdf |date=2012-02-12 }}; retrieved 2012-10-23.</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 47–50 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon1">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 49 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon10">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 276 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon12">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 276–277 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon13">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 277–279 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon14">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 279–280 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon15">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 280–282 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon16">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 282–283 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon17">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 283–284 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon19">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 111 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon2">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 268–269 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon20">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 285–286 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon21">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 286–288 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon22">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 288–289 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon23">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 289 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon24">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 289–290 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon26">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 290–293 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon27">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 294–295 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon28">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 295–298 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon29">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 298 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon3">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 270–271 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon30">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 299–300 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon31">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 300–302 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon32">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 302–307 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon33">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 307 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon34">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 307–310 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon35">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 310–311 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon36">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 311–314 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon37">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 314–315 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon38">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 315–317 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon39">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 317–320 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon4">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 271 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon40">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 320–322 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon41">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 322–324 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon42">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 324–326 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon43">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 326–327 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon44">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 327–329 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon46">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 333–334 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon47">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 334–339 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon48">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 339–341 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon49">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 341–343 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon5">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 63 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon50">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 343–344 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon51">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 344–349 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon52">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 227 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon53">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 228–231 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon54">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 231–232 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon55">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 232–233 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon56">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 233–237 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon57">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 237–238 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon58">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 238–239 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon59">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 239 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon6">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 271–272 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon60">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 239–241 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon61">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 241–269 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon62">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 327 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon63">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 331 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon64">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 352 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon65">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 364 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon66">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 372 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon67">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 382 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon68">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 402 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon69">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 410 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon7">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 272–273 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon71">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 411 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon72">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 412 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon73">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 413 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon74">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 414 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon75">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 415 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon76">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 416 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon77">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 417 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon78">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 418 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon79">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 419 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon8">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 274–275 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon80">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | pages = 420–421 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon83">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 421 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon9">{{cite book| last = Klaproth| first = Julius von| title = Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ| year = 1834| publisher = Oriental Translation Fund| isbn = | page = 275 }}</ref>

<ref name="okitsugu">[[John Whitney Hall|Hall, John Whitney]]. (1955). ''Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788,'' p. 7.</ref>

<ref name="ponsonby-fane321">[[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869,'' p. 321.</ref>

<ref name="Reading Against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel">{{cite book| last = Pollack| first = David| title = Reading Against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qYDzjGVWs0gC&pg=PA208| year = 1992| publisher = Cornell University Press| isbn = 0-8014-8035-3| page = 208 }}</ref>

<ref name="Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century">{{cite book| title = Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_DEwTJq3TbcC&pg=PA153| year = 1999| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn = 978-0-231-11441-7| page = 153 }}</ref>

<ref name="Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-1829">{{cite book| last = Screech| first = Timon| title = Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760–1829| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iEz8oVNwT7wC&pg=PA100| year = 2000| publisher = Reaktion Books| isbn = 978-1-86189-064-1| page = 100 }}</ref>

<ref name="Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-182982">{{cite book| last = Screech| first = Timon| title = Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760–1829| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iEz8oVNwT7wC&pg=PA99| year = 2000| publisher = Reaktion Books| isbn = 978-1-86189-064-1| page = 99 }}</ref>

<ref name="The Meiji Restoration">{{cite book| last = Beasley| first = W.| title = The Meiji Restoration| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k2FQEaQtWHIC&pg=PA64| year = 1972| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-7990-6| page = 64 }}</ref>

<ref name="The Shoso-in">{{cite book| last = David| first = Sir Percival| title = The Shoso-in| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dhdJAAAAMAAJ| year = 1932| publisher = Printed by the Eastern press, ltd.| isbn = | page = 32 }}</ref>

<ref name="The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia">{{cite book| last = Bedini| first = Silvio A.| title = The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xdVkzs6iI1YC&pg=PA85| year = 1994| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-37482-8| page = 85 }}</ref>
}}

== Other websites ==
* [[National Diet Library]], [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ "The Japanese Calendar"]
* [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc]

{{Japanese calendars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Japanese eras}}
[[Category:Japanese eras|*]]
[[Category:Japan-related lists|Eras]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in Japan]]