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A '''logic gate''' is an [[electronic component]] that can be used to conduct [[electricity]] based on a rule.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343361651_Chapter_Two_Logic_Gates Hussein, Q. M. 2020. “Chapter Two: Logic Gates.” ''Principle of Logic Design''. Tikrit University, pp 52-72.]</ref> The '''output''' of the gate is the result of applying this rule to one or more "'''inputs'''".  These inputs may be two wires or the output of other logic gates.

Logic gates are [[digital]] components. They normally work at only two levels of [[voltage]], a positive level and  zero level. Commonly they work based on two states: ''On'' and ''Off''. In the On state, voltage is positive. In the Off state, the voltage is at zero. The On state usually uses a voltage in the range of 3.5 to 5 [[volt]]s. This range can be lower for some uses. 

Logic gates compare the state at their inputs to decide what the state at their output should be. A logic gate is ''on'' or active when its rules are correctly met. At this time, electricity is flowing through the gate and the voltage at its output is at the level of its On state.

Logic gates are [[electronics|electronic]] versions of [[Boolean algebra|Boolean logic]]. [[Truth tables]] will tell you what the output will be, depending on the inputs.

== AND logic gate ==
{{main|AND gate}}
[[File:And.svg|thumbnail|200px|A general idea of a symbol for an AND Logic Gate]]
AND gates have two inputs. The output of an AND gate is on only if '''both inputs are on'''. If at least one of the inputs is off, the output will be off. 

Using the image at the right, if ''A'' and ''B'' are both in an On state, the output (out) will be an On state. If either ''A'' or ''B'' is in an Off state, the output will also be in an Off state. ''A'' '''and''' ''B'' must be On for the output to be On. 

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
|colspan=2|'''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || B || A AND B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off
|}

== OR logic gate ==
{{main|OR gate|v=}}
[[File:Or-gate-en.svg|right|thumbnail|200px|A general idea of a symbol for an OR Logic Gate]]
OR gates have two inputs. The output of an OR gate will be on if '''at least one of the inputs are on'''. If both inputs are off, the output will be off. 

Using the image at the right, if either ''A'' '''or''' ''B'' is On, the output (''out'') will also be On. If both ''A'' and ''B'' are Off, the output will be Off. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
|colspan=2|'''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || B || A OR B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || style="background: #ff9b9b"| Off || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off 
|}

== NOT logic gate ==
{{main|NOT gate}}
[[File:Not-gate-en.svg|right|thumbnail|200px|A general idea of a symbol for a NOT Logic Gate]]
The NOT logic gate has only one input. If '''the input is On then the output will be Off'''. In other words, the NOT logic gate changes the signal from On to Off or from Off to On. It is sometimes called an inverter.
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
| '''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || NOT A
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On|| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b"|Off||On
|}

== XOR logic gate ==
{{main|XOR gate}}
[[File:Xor-gate-en.svg|thumb|A general idea of a symbol for a XOR Logic Gate]]
XOR ("exclusive or") gates have two inputs. The output of a XOR gate will be true only if '''the two inputs are different from each other'''. If both inputs are the same, the output will be off.
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
|colspan=2|'''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || B || A XOR B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || On || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || style="background: #ff9b9b"| Off || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off 
|}

== NAND logic gate ==
{{main|NAND gate}}
[[File:Logic-gate-nand-de.png|thumb|A general idea of a symbol for a NAND Logic Gate]]
NAND means not both. It is called NAND because it means "not and." This means that it will always '''output true unless both inputs are on'''.   
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
|colspan=2|'''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || B || A NAND B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || On || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || style="background: #ff9b9b"| Off || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On
|}

== NOR logic gate ==
{{Main|NOR gate}}[[File:NOR-gate-US.png|thumb|A general idea of a symbol for the NOR logic gate]]
NOR means not either. The '''output of the NOR gate will be false unless both inputs are false.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
| colspan="2" |'''INPUT'''
|'''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
|A
|B
|A NOR B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On
|On
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
|On
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
|- style="background:#ff9b9b"
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
| style="background: #ff9b9b" |Off
| style="background: #ddffdd" |On
|}

== XNOR logic gate ==
{{main|XNOR gate}}
[[File:Logic-gate-xnor-us.png|thumb|A general idea of a symbol for a XNOR Logic Gate]]
XNOR means "not exclusive or." This means that it will only output '''true if both inputs are the same'''. It is the opposite of a XOR logic gate.     
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Truth table'''
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff" align="center"
|colspan=2|'''INPUT''' || '''OUTPUT'''
|- style="background:#ddeeff; text-align:center"
| A || B || A XNOR B
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || On || On
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|On || style="background: #ff9b9b"| Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off 
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off 
|- style="background:#ddffdd"
|style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || style="background: #ff9b9b" | Off || On
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Logic gates| ]]
[[Category:Electronic circuits]]