Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Dinosaurus

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Dinosaurus
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|233.23|0|[[Triassik Ahir]]–[[Holosén|Ayeuna]], 233.23 – 0 Mya| | earliest=247.22|PS=(Rentang kaasup manuk (Aves)) }} (Kamungkinan jejak Triassik Tengah)
| image = Dinosauria montage 2.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Kompilasi rorongkong dinosaurus. Saarah jarum jam ti kiri atas: ''[[Microraptor|Microraptor gui]]'' ([[Theropoda]] buluan), ''[[Apatosaurus|Apatosaurus louisae]]'' ([[Sauropoda]] gedé), ''[[Edmontosaurus|Edmontosaurus regalis]]'' ([[Ornithopoda]] nu pamatukna siga bébék), ''[[Triceratops|Triceratops horridus]]'' ([[ceratopsia]] nu boga tanduk), ''[[Stegosaurus|Stegosaurus stenops]]'' ([[Stegosauria]] nu boga pelat di tongkorna), ''[[Pinacosaurus|Pinacosaurus grangeri]]'' ([[Ankylosauria]] nu boga armor kendel)
| taxon = Dinosauria
| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1842
| subdivision_ranks = Grup major
| subdivision = {{Collapse top|title=Pembagian |left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}}
*{{extinct}}[[Silesauridae]]? <small>([[parafilétik]]?)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferigolo|first1=Jorge|last2=Langer|first2=Max C.|date=2007-01-01|title=A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600845767|journal=Historical Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–33|doi=10.1080/08912960600845767|s2cid=85819339|issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Langer|first1=Max C.|last2=Ferigolo|first2=Jorge|date=2013-01-01|title=The Late Triassic dinosauromorph ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities|url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=379|issue=1|pages=353–392|doi=10.1144/SP379.16|bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..353L|s2cid=131414332|issn=0305-8719}}</ref><ref name="cabreira2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cabreira|first1=S.F.|last2=Kellner|first2=A.W.A.|last3=Dias-da-Silva|first3=S.|last4=da Silva|first4=L.R.|last5=Bronzati|first5=M.|last6=de Almeida Marsola|first6=J.C.|last7=Müller|first7=R.T.|last8=de Souza Bittencourt|first8=J.|last9=Batista|first9=B.J.|last10=Raugust|first10=T.|last11=Carrilho|first11=R.|date=2016|title=A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet|journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=22|pages=3090–3095|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040|pmid=27839975|doi-access=free|first12=A.|last12=Brodt|first13=M.C.|last13=Langer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Rodrigo Temp|last2=Garcia|first2=Maurício Silva|date=2020-08-26|title=A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs|journal=Biology Letters|volume=16|issue=8|pages=20200417|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417|pmid=32842895|pmc=7480155|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*{{extinct}}[[Herrerasauridae]]<ref>Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. {{doi|10.4202/app.00372.2017}}.</ref><ref>Andrea Cau (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. {{doi|10.4435/BSPI.2018.01}}.</ref>
*{{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]]
*[[Theropoda]]
*{{extinct}}[[Ornithischia]]
*Dinosaurus nu teu pasti
**?{{extinct}}''[[Nyasasaurus]]''
**?{{extinct}}''[[Pisanosaurus]]'' ([[Ornithischia]]? or [[Silesauridae]]?)
**{{extinct}}''[[Buriolestes]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Chilesaurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Chindesaurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Daemonosaurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Eodromaeus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Nhandumirim]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Tawa hallae|Tawa]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Thecospondylus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Velocipes]]''
**{{extinct}}[[Guaibasauridae]]
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}}
'''Dinosaurus''' mangrupa [[sato]] [[vertebrata]] nu ngadominasi [[ékosistim]] [[darat]] salila leuwih ti 160 juta taun (munggaran mucunghul kira 230 juta taun ka tukang). Dominasi dinosaurus tumpur dina ahir mangsa [[Cretaceous]] 65 juta taun ka tukang, alatan kajadian alam nu maéhan spésiés-spésiésna. Para ahli loba nu nganggap [[manuk]] modéren salaku turunan langsung ti dinosaurus [[téropoda]].

Ti saprak munggaran kapanggih salaku fosil dina abad ka-19, dinosaurus jadi pangirutan jalma réa di [[musium|musium-musium]] di sakuliah dunya. Dinosaurus jadi bagian tina budaya dunya sarta tetep populér, utamana pikeun barudak. Misalna dina pilem ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' (Taman Jurasik), nu ogé dirojong ku papanggihan-papanggihan nu terus kagali nepi ka kiwari.

Istilah ''dinosaurus'' ogé dipaké sacara informal pikeun ngagambarkeun réptil prasajarah, kayaning [[pélikosaurus]] ''[[Dimetrodon]]'', [[ptérosaurus]] jangjangan, sarta [[ihtiosaurus]] cai, [[plésiosaurus]], jeung [[mosasaurus]], najan sabenerna mah lain dinosaurus.

== Dinosaurus téh naon? ==
=== Watesan ===
[[Gambar:Triceratops 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Rorongkong]] [[Triceratops|triseratop]] di [[National Museum of Natural History|Musium Nasional Sajarah Alam]] [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]].]]
[[Superordo]] atawa [[clade|klad]] '''"Dinosauria"''' mimiti dipaké sacara formal ku [[Richard Owen]], lmuwan [[Inggris]], taun [[1842]]. Istilah ieu diturunkeun tina kecap [[basa Yunani]] ''deinos'' ("kacida badagna") ''sauros'' ("kadal" atawa "réptil"). Owen milih ieu istilah pikeun némbongkeun nunjukkeun rasa hélokna kana ukuran jeung "kaagungan" sato nu geus lastari ieu, lain alatan kasieun mun enya nyanghareupan ieu sato raksasa.

Dinosaurus téh rupa-rupa pisan. Aya nu [[hérbivora]], tapi lolobana mah [[karnivora]]. Aya nu leumpangna ku [[bipéd|dua suku]], aya nu ku [[kuadrupéd|opat suku]], aya ogé nu bisa duanana (misalna ''[[Amosaurus]]'').

Dina [[taksonomi]] filogénétik, dinosaurus téh kawates pikeun sakabéh turunan karuhun umum (''common ancestor'') ''[[Triseratop]]'' jeung [[manuk]] modéren.<!-- [[Ornitisia]] is defined as all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with ''Triceratops'' than with [[Saurischia]]. Saurischia is defined as all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined as all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Megalosaurus]]'' and ''[[Iguanodon]]''.

There is an almost universal consensus among paleontologists that [[bird]]s are the descendants of [[theropoda|theropod]] dinosaurs. Using the strict [[cladistics|cladistical]] definition that all descendants of a single common ancestor are related, modern birds ''are'' dinosaurs and dinosaurs are, therefore, not extinct. Modern [[bird]]s are classified by most paleontologists as belonging to the subgroup [[Maniraptora]], which are [[Coelurosauria|coelurosaur]]s, which are [[Theropoda|theropods]], which are [[Saurischia|saurischians]], which are dinosaurs.

However, referring to birds as "avian dinosaurs" and to all other dinosaurs as "non-avian dinosaurs" is clumsy. Birds are still birds, at least in popular usage and among [[ornithologist]]s. It is also technically correct to refer to birds as a distinct group under the older [[Linnaean classification]] system, which accepts [[paraphyletic]] taxa that exclude some descendants of a single common ancestor. Paleontologists mostly use [[cladistics]], which classifies birds as dinosaurs, to construct their taxonomies, but many other scientists do not.

For clarity, this article will use "dinosaur" as a synonym for "non-avian dinosaur", and "bird" as a synonym for "avian dinosaur" (meaning any animal that evolved from the common ancestor of ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' and modern birds). It should be noted that this article's definition of "bird" differs from the definition common in everyday language; to most non-scientists, a "bird" is simply a two-legged animal with wings and feathers.
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=== Ukuran ===
Sato nu ngalaman fosilisasi téh perséntasena saeutik pisan, sarta lolobana mah kakubur na taneuh. Ku kituna, para élmuwan ogé meureun teu pasti pisan ngeunaan [[organisme pangbadagna|dinosaurus nu pangbadagna atawa nu pangleutikna]]. Nu kagali dina kaayaan lengkep mah ukur saeutik, komo nepi ka aya kulit atawa jaringan lemesna mah, jarang pisan. Ngawangun ulang rorongkong ku ngabandingkeun morfologi tulang jeung spésiés nu dipikawanoh sarupa, mangrupa seni nu teu pasti.

'''Dinosaurus pangbadagna jeung pangleutikna'''

[[Gambar:Trex1.png|thumb|210px|Ukuran manusa dibandingkeun jeung ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''.]]
Sanajan bukti-buktina teu lengkep, sacara umum mah tétéla yén golongan dinosaurus téh kaasup badag. Ti golongan dinosaurus, nu kasebut raksasa téh [[Sauropoda]]. Sauropod pangleutikna leuwih badag batan nu lianna di habitatna, sedengkeun nu pangbadagna dianggap mangrupa mangkeluk pangbadagna nu kungsi kumelendang di alam dunya.

Dinosaurus pangjangkungna sarta pangbeuratna (dumasar rorongkong lengkep), nyaéta ''[[Brahiosaurus]]'', nu kapanggih di [[Tanzania]] antara [[1907]]–[[1912]]. Rorongkong ieu geus dipindahkeun sarta dipintonkeun di [[Musium Humboldt]] di [[Berlin]]: jangkungna [[1 E1 m|12 m]], sedengkeun beuratna meureun antara [[1 E4 kg|30.000–60.000 kg]] (33–66 ton). Dinosaurus pangpanjangna nyaéta ''[[Diplodokus]]'': [[1 E1 m|27 m]], kapanggih taun [[1907]] di [[Wyoming]], AS, dipintonkeun di [[Musium Sajarah Alam Carnegie]], [[Pittsburgh]].

Aya dinosaurus nu leuwih badag, tapi teu pasti pisan, ku sabab kasimpulan ieu ngan dumasar kana sabagian leutik conto fosil nu teu lengkep.<!-- The largest specimens on record were all discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', which may have weighed [[1 E5 kg|80,000–100,000 kg]] (88–121 tons); the longest, the [[1 E1 m|40 m]] (130 ft) long ''[[Supersaurus]]''; and the tallest, the [[1 E1 m|18 m]] (60 ft) ''[[Sauroposeidon]]'', which could have reached a sixth-floor window.

Dinosaurs were the largest of all terrestrial animals. The largest [[elephant]] on record weighed [[1 E4 kg|12,000 kg]] (13.2 tons), while the tallest [[giraffe]] was [[1 E0 m|6 m]] (20 ft) tall. Even giant prehistoric [[mammal]]s such as the ''[[Indricotherium]]'' and the Columbian [[mammoth]] were dwarfed by the giant sauropods. Only a handful of modern aquatic animals approach them in size, most notably the [[blue whale]] (which reaches up to [[1 E5 kg|190,000 kg]] (209 tons) and [[1 E1 m|33.5 m]] (110 ft) in length).

Not including modern birds like the [[bee hummingbird]], the smallest dinosaurs known were about the size of a [[crow]] or a [[chicken]]. The ''[[Microraptor]]'', ''[[Parvicursor]]'', and ''[[Saltopus]]'' were all under [[1 E-1 m|60 cm]] (2 ft) in length.
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'''Ukuran rata-rata'''

"Ukuran rata-rata dinosaurus" di dieu bisa dipadungdengkeun. Bukti nu aya nunjukkeun yén niléyna béda di saban yuga, antara yuga Triasik, Jurasik awal, Jurasik ahir, jeung Krétasius. Ceuk Bill Erickson, "Siger tengah beurat dinosaurus téh antara 500 kg nepi ka 5 métrik ton [...] Dalapan puluh persén biomasa ti formasi Morrison Ahir Jurasik di kulon AS téh mangrupa stégosaurus jeung sauropod; nu panungtung ieu beuratna 20-an ton."

=== Paripolah ===
Interprétasi ngeunaan paripolah dinosaurus sacara umum dumasar kana dedegan fosil awak jeung [[habitat]]na, [[simulasi komputer]] [[biomékanika]]na, sarta tina babadingan jeung sato modéren nu mibanda [[perenah ékologis]] nu sarupa. Ku kituna, pamahaman kiwari ngeunaan paripolah dinosaurus téh dumasar kana spékulasi, sarta bakal salawasna kontroversial. Najan kitu, aya kasapukan umum yén sababaraha paripolah nu ilahar aya dina buhaya jeung manuk, dulur dinosaurus pangdeukeutna, ogé ilahar pikeun dinosaurus.

Bukti munggaran ngeunaan polah ngagorombol aya dina papanggihan 31 dinosaurus ''[[Iguanodon]]'' taun [[1878]] di [[Bernissart]], [[Bélgia]], nu kakubur sanggeusna tigebrus sarta kakubur dina jungkrang. Bukti nu sarupa ogé aya dina papanggihan spésiés-spésiés dinosaurus lianna. Tapak ratusan (atawa malah rébuan) hérbivora nunjukkeun yén hadrosaurid (''duck-bill'') pindah ngagorombol, kawas [[Bison Amérika]] atawa [[Antelop]] Afrika. Tapak sauropod nunjukkeun yén sasatoan ieu migrasina téh babarengan sababaraha spésiés bari salawasna ngajaga anak-anakna tetep di tengah rombongan, sahingga kajaga kasalametanana.

Papanggihan [[Jack Horner (paléontolog)|Jack Horner]] taun [[1978]], nyaéta mangrupa [[sayang]] ''[[Maiasaura]]'' ("dinosaurus nu indungna bageur") di [[Montana]] nunjukkeun yén indung dinosaurus tetep ngasuh anakna sanggeus borojol/megar. Aya ogé bukti nu nunjukkeun yén dinosaurus yuga Krétasius, kayaning sauropod [[Patagonia]] ''[[Saltasaurus]]'' (papanggihan taun [[1997]]), boga kabiasaan nyayang nu sarupa, sarta ngabentuk koloni sayang nu lega kawas [[pinguin]]. [[Maniraptora]] [[Mongolia]] (''[[Oviraptor]]'') kagali dina posisi [[nyileungleum]] kawas [[hayam]] taun [[1993]]. Tapak ogé ngabuktikeun ayana kabiasaan ngasuh di antara sauropod jeung ornitopod di [[Pulo Skye]] di Inggris. Sayang jeung [[endog]] mindeng pisan kapanggih, nu nunjukkeun paripolah nu sarupa jeung manuk/buhaya modéren.
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The [[Sagittal crest|crest]]s and frills of some dinosaurs, like the [[marginocephalia]]ns, [[theropod]]s and [[lambeosaurin]]es, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and [[territory (animal)|territorialism]]. The nature of dinosaur [[Animal communication|communication]] also remains enigmatic, and is an active area of research. For example, recent evidence suggests that the hollow crests of the lambeosaurines may have functioned as [[resonance chamber]]s used for a wide range of [[vocalization]]s.

From a behavioral standpoint, one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the [[Gobi Desert]] in 1971. It included a ''[[Velociraptor]]'' attacking a ''[[Protoceratops]]'',{{ref|raptorceratopsfossil}} proving that dinosaurs did indeed attack and eat each other. While [[cannibal]]istic behavior among [[theropod]]s is no surprise,{{ref|cannibaldino}} this too was confirmed by tooth marks from Madagascar in 2003.{{ref|dinocannibalism}}

There seem to have been no burrowing and few climbing dinosaur species. This is somewhat surprising when compared to the later mammalian radiation in the [[Cenozoic]], which included many species of these types. As to how the animals moved, [[biomechanics]] has provided significant insight. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have demonstrated how fast dinosaurs could run,{{ref|gaitdinospeed}}{{ref|speedcalculator}} whether [[diplodocid]]s could create [[sonic boom]]s via [[whip]]-like tail snapping,{{ref|boom}} whether giant theropods had to slow down when rushing for food to avoid fatal injuries,{{ref|hastydino}} and if sauropods could float.{{ref|floatingdino}}
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== Ulikan ngeunaan dinosaurus ==
Pangaweruh ngeunaan dinosaurus dihasilkeun tina rupa-rupa catetan fosil jeung non-fosil, nyaéta fosil [[tulang]], [[tai]], [[tapak]], [[gastrolit]], [[bulu]], imprési [[kulit]], [[Viscus|jeroan]], jeung [[jaringan lemes]]. Anapon widang-widang anu ngarojong tumuwuhna ieu pangaweruh, di antarana [[fisika]], [[kimia]], [[biologi]], jeung [[élmu bumi]] (di mana [[paléontologi]] mangrupa salah sahiji sub-disiplina).
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Dinosaur remains have been found on every continent on Earth, including [[Antarctica]]. Numerous fossils of the same dinosaur species have been found on completely different continents, corroborating the generally-accepted theory that all land masses were at one time connected in a super-continent called [[Pangaea]]. Pangaea began to break apart during the [[Triassic]] period roughly 230 million years ago.{{ref|joined}}

===The current "dinosaur renaissance"===
The field of dinosaur research has enjoyed a surge in activity that began in the 1970s and is ongoing. This was triggered, in part, by [[John Ostrom]]'s discovery of ''[[Deinonychus]]'', an active, vicious [[predator]] that may have been [[warm-blooded]] (homeothermic), in marked contrast to the prevailing image of dinosaurs as sluggish and [[cold-blooded]]. [[Vertebrate paleontology]], arguably the primary scientific discipline involved in dinosaur research, has become a global [[science]]. Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexploited regions, including [[India]], [[South America]], [[Madagascar]], [[Antarctica]], and most significantly in [[China]] (the amazingly well-preserved [[feathered dinosaurs]] in [[China]] have further solidified the link between dinosaurs and their living descendants, modern [[bird]]s). The widespread application of [[cladistics]], which rigorously analyzes the relationships between biological organisms, has also proved tremendously useful in [[scientific classification|classifying]] dinosaurs. Cladistic analysis, among other modern techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary [[fossil record]].

===Classification===
''Main article'': [[List of dinosaur classifications|Dinosaur classification]]

Dinosaurs (including birds) are [[archosaur]]s, like modern [[crocodilia|crocodilian]]s.  Archosaurs' [[diapsid]] skulls have two holes located where the jaw muscles attach, called [[temporal fenestrae]]. Most reptiles (including birds) are diapsids; mammals, with only one temporal fenestra, are called [[synapsid]]s; and [[turtle]]s, with no temporal fenestra, are [[anapsid]]s. Anatomically, dinosaurs share many other archosaur characteristics, including teeth that grow from sockets rather than as direct extensions of the jawbones.  Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodylians sprawl out to either side. All dinosaurs were land animals.

Many other types of reptiles lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Some of these are commonly, but incorrectly, thought of as dinosaurs, including [[plesiosaur]]s (which are not closely related to the dinosaurs) and [[pterosaurs]], which developed separately from reptilian ancestors in the late Triassic period.

Dinosaurs are divided into two [[Order (biology)|orders]], the ''[[Saurischia]]'' and the ''[[Ornithischia]]'', on the basis of their hip structure. Saurischians (from the Greek meaning "[[lizard]] hip") are dinosaurs that originally retained the hip structure of their ancestors. They include all the [[Theropoda|theropods]] (bipedal [[carnivore]]s) and [[Sauropoda|sauropod]]s (long-necked [[herbivore]]s). Ornithischians (from the Greek meaning "bird-hip") is the other dinosaurian order, most of which were [[quadruped]]al herbivores.

<center>
{|
| width=50% valign=top|
[[Image:Saurischia.png|thumb|220px|[[Saurischia]]n pelvis structure.]]
| width=50% valign=top|
[[Image:Ornithischia.png|thumb|220px|[[Ornithischia]]n pelvis structure.]]
|}
</center>

The following is a simplified classification of dinosaurs familes. A more detailed version can be found at [[List of dinosaur classifications]].

The dagger (†) is used to indicate taxa that are [[extinct]].

===Order [[Saurischia]]===
* †Family [[Herrerasauridae]]
* Suborder [[Theropoda]]
** †Superfamily [[Coelophysoidea]]
** †Superfamily [[Ceratosauria]]
*** †Family [[Abelisauridae]]
** (unranked) [[Tetanurae]]
*** †Family [[Spinosauridae]]
*** †(unranked) [[Carnosauria]]
*** (unranked) [[Coelurosauria]]
**** †Family [[Coeluridae]]
**** †Superfamily [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosauroidea]]
**** †Superfamily [[Ornithomimidae|Ornithomimosauria]]
***** †Family [[Alvarezsauridae]]
**** (unranked) [[Maniraptora]]
***** †(unranked) [[Oviraptorosauria]]
****** †Superfamily [[Therizinosauria]]
***** †Superfamily [[Deinonychosauria]]
****** †Family [[Troodontidae]]
****** †Family [[Dromaeosauridae]]
****** †Family [[Microraptoria]]
***** Class [[Aves]] (birds)
* †Suborder [[Sauropodomorpha]]
** †''[[Thecodontosaurus]]''
** †Family [[Plateosauridae]]
** †''[[Riojasaurus]]''
** †(unranked) [[Sauropoda]]
*** †Family [[Diplodocidae]]
*** †(unranked) [[Macronaria]]
**** †(unranked) [[Titanosauriformes]]
***** †Family [[Brachiosauridae]]
***** †Family [[Titanosauridae]]

=== †Order [[Ornithischia]] ===
* †Suborder [[Thyreophora]]
** †Superfamily [[Stegosauria]]
** †Superfamily [[Ankylosauria]]
* †Suborder [[Cerapoda]]
** †Family [[Heterodontosauridae]]
** †Superfamily [[Pachycephalosauria]]
** †Superfamily [[Ceratopsia]]
*** †Family [[Psittacosauridae]]
*** †Family [[Protoceratopsidae]]
*** †Family [[Ceratopsidae]]
** †Superfamily [[Ornithopoda]]
*** †Family [[Hypsilophodontidae]]
*** †Family [[Iguanodontidae]]
*** †Family [[Hadrosauridae]]

===Evolution===
[[Image:Eoraptor.jpg|right|thumb|210px|A reconstruction of [[Eoraptor]], an early dinosaur.]]
Dinosaurs split off from their [[archosaur]] ancestors approximately 230 million years ago during the early [[Triassic]] period, roughly 20 million years after the [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] wiped out an estimated 95 percent of all life on Earth.{{ref|permian1}} {{ref|permian2}} [[Radiometric dating]] of fossils from the early dinosaur species [[Eoraptor]] establishes its presence in the fossil record at this time. Paleontologists believe Eoraptor resembles the [[Common descent|common ancestor]] of all dinosaurs; {{ref|evolution}} if this is true, its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small, bipedal predators.{{ref|eoraptor}}

Also among the earliest dinosaurs was the primitive [[Lagosuchus]]; [[Saltopus]], which was barely larger than a human hand, appeared slightly later. The first few lines of primitive dinosaurs diversified rapidly through the rest of the Triassic period; dinosaur species quickly evolved the specialized features and range of sizes needed to exploit nearly every terrestrial [[ecological niche]]. During the period of dinosaur predominance, which encompassed the ensuing [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods, nearly every known land animal larger than [[1 E0 m|1 meter]] in length was a dinosaur.

The [[Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event]], which occured approximately 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, caused the extinction of all dinosaurs except for the line that had already given rise to the first birds. Other [[diapsid]] species related to the dinosaurs also survived the event.
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== Padungdengan ==
=== Getih haneut? ===
[[Gambar:DMSN dinosaurs.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Modél dinosaurus di [[Royal Ontario Museum]].]]
Padungdengan ngeunaan régulasi temperatur awak dinosaurus geus aya ti taun [[1960-an]]. Mimitina mah para lolobana élmuwan téh teu satuju mun dinosaurus bisa ngatur suhu awakna. Ka dieunakeun, [[éndotérm]]i dinosaurus malah jadi kasapukan balaréa, sedengkeun padungdenganana pindah kana mékanisme pangaturan suhuna. 
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After dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were [[ectotherm]]ic creatures: "terrible [[lizard]]s" as their name suggests. This supposed cold-bloodedness implied that dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, comparable to modern reptiles, which need external sources of heat in order to regulate their body temperature. Dinosaur ectothermy remained a prevalent view until [[Robert T. Bakker|Robert T. "Bob" Bakker]], an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968.

Modern evidence indicates that dinosaurs thrived in cooler temperate climates, and that at least some dinosaur species must have regulated their body temperature by internal biological means (perhaps aided by the animals' bulk).  Evidence of [[endotherm]]ism in dinosaurs includes the discovery of [[polar dinosaurs in Australia]] and [[Antarctica]] (where they would have experienced a cold, dark six-month winter), the discovery of dinosaurs whose feathers may have provided regulatory insulation, and analysis of blood-vessel structures that are typical of endotherms within dinosaur bone. Skeletal structures suggest that theropods and other dinosaurs had active lifestyles better suited to an endothermic cardiovascular system, while sauropods exhibit fewer endothermic characteristics. It is certainly possible that some dinosaurs were endothermic while others were not. Scientific debate over the specifics continues.{{ref|parsons}}

Complicating the debate is the fact that warm-bloodedness can emerge based on more than one mechanism. Most discussions of dinosaur endothermy tend to compare them to average birds or mammals, which expend energy to elevate body temperature above that of the environment.  Small birds and mammals also possess [[insulation]], such as [[fat]], [[fur]], or [[feather]]s, which slows down heat loss. However, large mammals, such as elephants, face a different problem due to their relatively small ratio of surface area to volume  ([[Haldane]]'s principle). This ratio compares the volume of an animal with the area of its skin: as an animal gets bigger, its surface area increases more slowly than its volume.  At a certain point, the amount of heat radiated away through the skin drops below the amount of heat produced inside the body, forcing animals to use additional methods to avoid overheating. In the case of elephants, they are hairless, and have large ears which increase their surface area, and have behavioral adaptations as well (such as using the trunk to spray water on themselves and mud wallowing). These behaviors increase cooling through evaporation.

Large dinosaurs would presumably have had to deal with similar issues; their body size would dictate that they lost heat relatively slowly to the surrounding air, and so could have been what are called [[gigantothermy|bulk endotherms]], animals that are warmer than their environments through sheer size rather than through special adaptations like those of birds or mammals. However, so far this theory fails to account for the vast number of dog- and goat-sized dinosaur species which made up the bulk of the ecosystem during the Mesozoic period.
-->

=== Hubungan antara dinosaurus buluan jeung manuk ===
{{utama|Dinosaurus buluan}}
Manuk jeung dinosaurus lain-unggas mibanda fitur-fitur nu sarupa. Manuk jeung dinosaurus [[teropod]] boga leuwih ti saratus fitur nu mirip, sahingga sacara umum diaku salaku dulur kuna anu pangdeukeutna.<!--

'''Bulu'''
[[Image:Archaeopteryx-model.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Modél ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' nu dipintonkeun di [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|Musium Sajarah Alam Universitas Oxford]].]]
''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', conto alus "dinosaurus buluan" munggaran, kagali taun [[1861]]. Spésimén mimitina kapanggih di [[batu kapur Solnhofen]], Jérman kidul, nu mangrupa hiji ''[[Lagerstätten|lagerstätte]]'', formasi géologis nu a rare and remarkable geological formation known for its superbly detailed fossils. Archaeopteryx is a [[transitional fossil]], with features clearly intermediate between those of modern reptiles and birds. Brought to light just two years after Darwin's seminal ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of [[evolutionary biology]] and [[creationism]]. This early bird is so dinosaur-like that, without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock, specimens are commonly mistaken for ''[[Compsognathus]]''.

Since the 1990s, a number of additional [[feathered dinosaurs]] have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. Most of these specimens were unearthed in the [[Liaoning]] province in northeastern [[China]], which was part of an island continent during the Cretaceous period. Though feathers have been found only in the [[Lagerstätten|lagerstätte]] of the [[Yixian Formation]] and a few other places, it is possible that dinosaurs elsewhere in the world were also feathered. The lack of widespread fossil evidence for feathered dinosaurs may be due to the fact that delicate features like skin and feathers are not often preserved by [[fossil]]ization and thus are absent from the fossil record.

The feathered dinosaurs discovered so far include ''[[Beipiaosaurus]]'', ''[[Caudipteryx]]'', ''[[Dilong paradoxus|Dilong]]'', ''[[Microraptor]]'', ''[[Protarchaeopteryx]]'', ''[[Shuvuuia]]'', ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]'', ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'', and ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]''. Dinosaur-like birds like ''[[Confuciusornis]]'', which are anatomically closer to modern avians, have also been discovered. All of these specimens come from the same formation in northern China. The [[dromaeosauridae]] family in particular seems to have been heavily feathered, and at least one dromaeosaurid, ''[[Cryptovolans]]'', may have been capable of flight.

'''Skeleton'''
[[Image:TRex3a.jpg|250px|left|thumb|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' skeleton at the [[Field Museum of Natural History]].]]
Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the [[missing link]] between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent the more important link for [[paleontologist]]s. Furthermore, it is increasingly clear that the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, and the evolution of flight, are more complex topics than previously realized. For example, while it was once believed that birds evolved from dinosaurs in one linear progression, some scientists, most notably [[Gregory S. Paul]], conclude that dinosaurs such as the [[dromaeosaur]]s may have evolved from birds, losing the power of flight while keeping their feathers in a manner similar to the modern ostrich and other [[ratite]]s.

Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons, as well as [[cladistics|cladistic analysis]], strengthens the case for the link, particularly for a branch of theropods called [[maniraptor]]s. Skeletal similarities include the [[neck]], [[pubis]], [[wrist]] (semi-lunate [[carpal]]), [[arm]] and [[pectoral girdle]], [[shoulder blade]], [[furcula|clavicle]] and [[keel (bird)|breast bone]].

'''Reproductive biology'''
[[Image:Trex skull.gif|250px|thumb|''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' skull at [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh|Carnegie Museum Natural History]].]]
A discovery of features in a ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' [[skeleton]] recently provided even more evidence that dinosaurs and birds evolved from a common ancestor and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a dinosaur. When laying eggs, female birds grow a special type of bone in their limbs. This [[medullary bone]], which is rich in calcium, forms a layer inside the hard outer bone that is used to make eggshells. The presence of endosteally-derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of the ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' specimen's hind limb suggested that ''T. rex'' used similar reproductive strategies, and revealed the specimen to be female.

A dinosaur embryo was found without teeth, suggesting that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaur. It is also possible that the adult dinosaurs regurgitated into a young dinosaur's mouth to provide sustenance, a behavior that is also characteristic of numerous modern bird species.

'''Lungs'''

Large meat-eating dinosaurs had a complex system of air sacs similar to those found in modern birds, according to an investigation which was led by [[Patrick O'Connor]] of [[Ohio University]]. The lungs of theropod dinosaurs(carnivores that walked on two legs and had birdlike feet) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their [[skeleton]]s, as is the case in birds. "What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds", O'Connor said. The study was funded in part by the [[National Science Foundation]].{{ref|lungs}}

'''Heart and sleeping posture'''

Modern [[computerized tomography]] (CT) scans of dinosaur chest cavities (conducted in 2000) found the apparent remnants of complex four-chambered hearts, much like those found in today's mammals and birds. A recently discovered [[Troodontidae|troodont]] fossil demonstrates that the dinosaurs slept like certain modern birds, with their heads tucked under their arms.{{ref|sleepingdino}} This behavior, which may have helped to keep the head warm, is also characteristic of modern birds.

'''Gizzard'''

Another piece of evidence that birds and dinosaurs are closely related is the use of [[gizzard]] stones. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibres once they enter the stomach. When found in association with [[fossil]]s, gizzard stones are called [[gastrolith]]s. Because a particular stone could have been swallowed at one location before being carried to another during migration, paleontologists sometimes use the stones found in dinosaur stomachs to establish possible [[migration]] routes.
-->

=== Bukti dinosaurus Sénozoik ===
Dina taun [[2002]], paléontolog Zielinski jeung Budahn ngalaporkeun kapanggihna fosil tulang cokor [[hadrosauridae|hadrosaurus]] di [[El Ojo]], Amérika Kidul. Formasi tempat kapanggihna nunjukkeun yén asalna ti yuga [[Paléosin]] awal, kira 64,5 juta taun ka tukang. Mun bener, lain ngised ka strata éta alatan kajadian alam lainna, ieu jadi bukti yén aya [[populasi]] dinosaurus nu salamet, sahanteuna salila satengah juta taun, nepi ka yuga Sénozoik.

=== Ngahirupkeun deui dinosaurus ===
Kamajuan [[téhnologi]] pikeun sabagian jalma kadang dihubungkeun jeung harepan bisa ngahirupkeun deui dinosaurus. Dina buku ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' karangan [[Michael Crichton]], nu mopulérkeun ieu pamanggih, élmuwan ngagunakeun [[getih]] tina fosil [[reungit]] nu kakurung ku [[geutah]] tangkal jaman Mésozoik pikeun ngawangun ulang [[DNA]] dinosaurus, sarta ngeusi jurang kromosomna ku [[gén]] [[bangkong]] modéren. Mun ditilik sacara ilmiah, téhnik ieu téh hésé pisan kalaksana. Nu utama mah ku sabab DNA téh bakal ruksak kahakan waktu, alatan keuna ku udara, cai, jeung radiasi (luruhna DNA bisa diukur ku uji [[rasemisasi]]).

Aya dua laporan ngeunaan hasilna ékstraksi DNA kuna tina fosil dinosaurus, tapi hasil pamariksaan nunjukkeun yén dua laporan ieu teu bisa dikonfirmasi. Najan kitu, [[péptida]] visual fungsional ti dinosaurus (téoritis) kungsi dihasilkeun ngagunakeun métode wangun ulang filogénétik kana runtuyan gén spésiés dulurna nu hirup kénéh (réptil jeung manuk).

Mun téa mah DNA dinoasurus bisa diwangun ulang, tetep baé bakal susah "numuwuhkeun" dinosaurus ngagunakeun téhnologi kiwari, sabab euweuh spésiés ayeuna nu bisa nyadiakeun [[zigot]] pikeun prosés [[émbriogenesis]]na.

=== Kapanggihna jaringan lemes dina fosil dinosaurus ===
Dina jurnal ''[[Science]]'' bulan [[Maret 2005]], Dr. Mary Higby Schweitzer saparakanca ngémbarkeun matéri jaringan lemes tina jero tulang cokor ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' nu umurna 68 juta taun (ti [[Formasi Hell Creek]] di [[Montana]]). Sanggeus kacokot, jaringan ieu diréhidrasi.

Sanggeus fosil tulang ieu diolah sababaraha minggu pikeun miceun kandungan mineral tina solobong sungsum tulangna (prosésna katelah demineralisasi), Schweitzer manggihan struktur weuteuh kayaning [[saluran getih]], matriks tulang, jeung jaringan panyambung (serat tulang). Pamariksaan maké [[mikroskop]] nunjukkeun yén jaringan lemes dinosaurus téa téh malah masih alus nepi ka tingkat sélulér. Watek jeung kandunganana mah can pertéla pisan, sedengkeun kapentingan papanggihan ieu ogé can écés rék ka mana léosna.

== Téori kapunahan ==
<!--{{utama|Kajadian kapunahan Krétasius-Térsiér}}-->
Punahna dinosaurus sacara masal sarta ngadadak, nu lumangsung kira 65 juta taun ka tukang, mangrupa  hiji kajadian anu acan bisa kabongkar dina [[paléontologi]]. Sasatoan nu séjén gé loba nu ngilu punah dina mangsa harita téh, kayaning [[amonit]] ([[moluska]] mirip [[nautilus]]), [[mosasaurus]], plésiosaurus, ptérosaurus, [[kuya]] jeung [[buhaya]] hérbivora, bangsa manuk, jeung loba pisan kelompok mamalia. Nu ngabalukarkeun ieu kajadian, geus mimiti ditalungtik ti taun [[1970-an]]. Kiwari, aya sababaraha téori nu diaku ku para ahli.

=== Tabrakan astéroid ===
[[Gambar:Chicxulub radar topography.jpg|thumb|[[Kawah Chicxulub]] di tungtung [[Tanjung Yucatán]], nu kabentuk alatan tabrakan jeung astéroid nu bisa ngabalukarkeun punahna dinosaurus.]]
Téori tabrakan astérioid, nu munggaran diajukeun ku [[Walter Alvarez]] ahir [[1970-an]], numbukeun kapunahan dina tungtung yuga Krétaséus jeung tabrakan kira 65.5 juta taun ka tukang. Alvarez ngajukeun yén ngaronjatna kadar [[iridium]] ngadadak nu kacatet sumebar di sakuliah dunya. Bukti-bukti nu aya nunjukkeun yén banda angkasa nu neunggar Tanjung Yucatán téh diaméterna 10&nbsp;km, sahingga nyiptakeun [[kawah Chicxulub]] nu lébarna [[1 E5 m|170&nbsp;km]] nu ngabalukarkeun kapunahan masal. Para élmuwan can sapuk ngeunaan hal ieu, naha punahna dinosaurus téh gara-gara kajadian ieu atawa kajadian saméméhna. Ceuk sabagian élmuwan, [[météor]] ieu ngabalukarkeun nyirorotna suhu Bumi, tapi ceuk sabagian nu lain, kajadian ieu téh justru ngaronjatkeun suhu Bumi.

Najan gancangna kapunahan ieu teu bisa dicindekkeun tina catetan fosil wungkul, sababaraha modél nu kungsi dijieun tetep nunjukkeun yén kajadian ieu téh lumangsung gancang, saharita. Kasapukan para élmuwan nu satuju kana ieu téori nyebutkeun yén kajadian ieu téh sakaligus nyiptakeun kapunahan boh sacara langsung (alatan [[panas]] tina tabrakan météorit) sarta sacara teu langsung (alatan nyirorotna suhu balukar tina katutupna sinar srangéngé ku rabengna kebul tina tabrakan tadi).

=== Hujan astéroid—awan Oort ===
Sarupa jeung téori tabrakan Alvarez (nu ngalibetkeun hiji astéroid atawa [[komét]]), téori ieu ngunggelkeun leupasna komét-komét tina [[awan Oort]] alatan gangguan gravitasi balukar tina aya béntang nu ngaliwat. Hiji atawa sababaraha ti ieu komét nubruk Bumi dina waktu nu méh bareng, sahingga ngabalukarkeun kapunahan saampar dunya. Sarua jeung tubrukan astéroid, kajadian ieu ngabalukarkeun nyirorotna suhu global.

=== Parobahan lingkungan ===
Dina puncak jaman dinosaurus, di kutub téh euweuh és, sedengkeun beungeut laut ayana 100-250 [[méter]] luhureun beungeut laut ayeuna. Suhu Bumi ogé leuwih saragam, ti kutub ka katulistiwa téh bédana ukur 25&nbsp;°C. Rata-ratana mah, suhu [[atmosfir]] téh leuwih haneut; di kutub leuwih haneut 50&nbsp;°C batan ayeuna.

Komposisi atmosfir dina jaman dinosaurus ogé béda ti ayeuna. Kadar [[karbon dioksida]] 12 kali ti kadar ayeuna, sedengkeun kadar [[oksigén]] di atmosfir gé 32-35% (ayeuna mah ukur 21%). Najan kitu, dina Krétasius tungtung, lingkungan téh ngadadak obah. Aktivitas gunung api nyirorot, sahingga suhu niisan alatan nyirorotna kadar CO<sub>2</sub>. Kadar oksigén di atmosfir ogé mimiti obah nepi ka tungtungna nyirorot ogé. Sabagian élmuwan boga hipotésis yén parobahan iklim, katambah ku leutikna kadar oksigén, ngabalukarkeun paéhna rupa-rupa spésiés.

== Jujutan kapanggihna ==
Fosil dinosaurus geus dipikawanoh salila rébuan taun sajarah manusa, najan watek nu sabenerna mah can bener-bener jéntré; ku urang Cina mah dianggap tulang [[Naga Cina|naga]], sedengkeun urang Éropah percaya yén éta téh ruruntuk raksasa sarta mangkeluk lian nu paraéh alatan [[Deluge (mitologi)|Caah Badag]].

Spésiés dinosaurus nu munggaran diidéntifikasi nyaéta ''[[Iguanodon]]'', kapanggih taun [[1822]] ku ahli géologi Inggris [[Gideon Mantell]], nu dianggap sarupa jeung tulang [[iguana]] modéren. Dua taun ti harita, [[William Buckland]], profésor [[géology]] di [[Universitas Oxford]], ngagali fosil tulang ''[[Megalosaurus bucklandii]]'' deukeut [[Oxford]]. Buckland lajeng jadi jalma munggaran nu ngalaporkeun papanggihanana dina jurnal ilmiah.

Ulikan ngeunaan "kadal fosil raksasa" ngadadak jadi pangirutan élmuwan Éropah jeung Amérika, sahingga taun [[1842]], istilah "dinosaur" ieu diwanohkeun ku ahli paléontologi Inggris, [[Richard Owen]]. Anjeunna manggihan yén ruruntuk nu geus kapanggih, ''Iguanodon'', ''Mégalosaurus'', jeung ''[[Hilaosaurus]]'', mibanda fitur-fitur nu béda, sahingga nempatkeun éta fosil dina golongan taksonomi nu béda. Kalawan pangrojong ti [[Pangéran Albert ti Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], salakina [[Ratu Victoria]], Owen ngadegkeun [[Natural History Museum]] (Musium Sajarah Alam) di [[Kensington Kidul]], [[London]], pikeun mintonkeun koléksi nasional fosil dinosaurus sarta banda [[biologi]] jeung géologi lianna.

Taun [[1858]], dinosaurus Amérika munggaran kagali di kota leutik [[Haddonfield, New Jersey]] (sabenerna mah geus kapanggih ti saméméhna, tapi can kaulik). Mangkeluk ieu dingaranan ''[[Hadrosaurus]] foulkii'', tina ngaran kota jeung nu manggihanana, [[William Parker Foulke]]. Papanggihan ieu penting pisan, sabab ''Hadrosaurus'' mangrupa rorongkong dinosaurus munggaran nu kapanggih dina kaayaan méh lengkep, nepi ka pertéla watek [[bipédal]]na. Papanggihan révolusional, sabab saméméhna mah para élmuwan téh yakin yén dinosaurus téh leumpang maké opat suku, kawas ilaharna kadal. <!--Papanggihan Foulke ieu nimbulkeun "demam" dinosaurus di [[Amérika Serikat|AS]].

Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between [[Edward Drinker Cope]] and [[Othniel Charles Marsh]], both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the [[Bone Wars]]. The feud probably originated when Marsh publicly pointed out that Cope's reconstruction of an ''[[Elasmosaurus]]'' skeleton was flawed; Cope had inadvertently placed the [[plesiosaur]]'s head at what should have been the animal's tail end. The fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. Marsh won the contest primarily because he was better funded through a relationship with the [[US Geological Survey]]. Unfortunately, many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods; for example, their diggers often used [[dynamite]] to unearth bones (a method modern paleontologists would find sacrilegious). Despite the pair's unrefined methods, their contributions to paleontology were vast; Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, for a total of 142 new species. Cope's collection is now at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York]], while Marsh's is on display at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] at [[Yale University]].{{ref|batofbones}}

Since 1897, the search for dinosaur fossils has extended to every continent, including [[Antarctica]]. The first Antarctic dinosaur to be discovered, the [[nodosaur]]id ''[[Ankylosaurus]]'', was found on [[Ross Island]] in 1986, although it was 1994 before an Antarctic species, the ''[[Cryolophosaurus ellioti]]'', was formally named and described in a scientific journal.
 
Current dinosaur "hot spots" include southern South America (especially [[Argentina]]) and [[China]]. China in particular has produced many exceptional [[feathered dinosaur]] specimens due to the unique geology of its dinosaur beds, as well as an ancient arid climate particularly conducive to [[fossil]]ization.
-->

== Baca ogé ==
[[Gambar:Chicago Illinois - Sue the TRex- Field Museum2.jpg|thumb|Rorongkong [[Tiranosaurus Réks]] atawa katelah T-Réks di Field Museum, [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].]]
* [[Fosil]]
* [[Daptar dinosaurus]]
* [[Daptar klasifikasi dinosaurus]]
* [[Kahirupan prasajarah]]
* [[Réptil prasajarah]]
*[[Jaman Réptil]]
*[[Kapunahan Kapur-Térsiér]], kapunahan massal anu munahkeun dinosaurus (65 juta taun ka tukang).

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Dinosaur|Dinosaur]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 15 Pébruari 2006.
* Kevin Padian & Philip J. Currie (1997). ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-226810-5. (Artikel-artikelna ditulis ku para ahli).
* [[Gregory S. Paul|Paul, Gregory S.]] (2000). ''The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs''. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-26226-4.
* Paul, Gregory S. (2002). ''Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of flight in Dinosaurs and Birds''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6763-0.
* [[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel, David B.]] (2004). ''The Dinosauria''. University of California Press; éd ka-2. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Dinosauria}}
* [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct-creatures/index.html Dinosaurs & other extinct creatures] ti [[Natural History Museum]]. Loka populér di London, ngandung gambar jeung katrangan-katrangan anu lengkep.
* [http://www.arches.uga.edu/~rfreeman/GEOL3350_'4HistoryDinoSt.htm History of Dinosaur discovery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217211451/http://www.arches.uga.edu/~rfreeman/GEOL3350_%274HistoryDinoSt.htm |date=2006-02-17 }} Kala papanggihan dinosaurus.
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/ Dinosaurs: Facts and Fiction] ti [[United States Geological Survey]]. Dadaran populér.
* [https://www.efor-real.com/2763/nature-extinction-killed-dinosaurs-many-theories/ What Killed The Dinosaurs: The Many Theories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629214324/https://www.efor-real.com/2763/nature-extinction-killed-dinosaurs-many-theories/ |date=2019-06-29 }}. Loka populér, dilengkepan ku gambar.
* [http://www.dinodata.net/Discussions/dinosaurs.html Discussions] ti DinoData. Kumpulan padungdengan modéren ngeunaan dinosaurus.
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html Dinosauria] ti Musium Paléontologi UC Berkeley.
* [http://www.dinosaurnews.org/ The Dinosaur News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323232010/http://dinosaurnews.org/ |date=2005-03-23 }} ''headline'' ngeunaan dinosaurus ti sakuliah dunya. Warta anyar, kaasup papanggihan jeung rupa-rupa pamanggih, dilengkepan ku tumbu ka loka-loka lianna.
* [http://www.bowdoin.edu/~dbensen/ OPUS: Dinosaur by Daniel Bensen] Galeri lukisan dinosaurus.

[[Kategori:Dinosaurus]]
[[Kategori:Paléontologi]]
[[Kategori:Paléozoologi]]
[[Kategori:Réptil prasajarah]]
[[Kategori:Sauropsida]]