Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Kasultanan Utsmaniyah

{{Infobox former country
|common_name = Kasultanan Utsmaniyah Agung
|native_name = دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه <br />''Devlet-i Âliyye-i Osmâniyye''
|conventional_long_name = Nagara `Utsmaniyah Agung
|continent = Afroeurasia
|status = Empire
|event_start = [[Patempuran Bapheus]]
|year_start = 1299
|event_end = [[Labuhna Kasultanan]]
|year_end = 1922
|date_end = 29 Oktober
|event_start = [[Ngadegna Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Ngadeg]]
|event_end = [[Républik Turki]]<ref group=dn>[[Pajangjian Sévres]] (10 Agustus 1920) ngahasilkeun kaayaan leutik pikeun Kasultanan Utsmaniyah. Majelis Agung Nasional nyebatkeun yén Kasultanan Utsmaniyah dibubarkeun saprak 16 Maret 1920 ([[panajajahan militér Konstantinopel]]) dina 1 Nopémber 1922.  Pangakuan internasional kana [[Majelis Agung Nasional Turki]] dilaksanakeun langkung [[Pajangjian Lausanne]] (24 Juli 1923). Teras, [[Majelis Agung Nasional Turki]] ngadéklarasikeun yén nagara panerusna nyaéta "[[Républik Turki]]" (29 Oktober 1923), nu mana nyaéta ahir ti Kasultanan Utsmaniyah dina sajarah.</ref>
|event1 = [[Konféderasi Utsmaniyah|Konféderasi]]
|date_event1 = 1402–1414
|event2 = [[jaman Konstitusional Kahiji (Kasultanan Utsmaniyah)|Konstitusional I]]
|date_event2 = 1876–1878
|event3 = [[jaman Konstitusional Kadua (Kasultanan Utsmaniyah)|Konstitusional II]]
|date_event3 = 1908–1918
|event4 = [[Dibubarkeunana Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Bubar]] (1 Nopémber 1922) jeung angkatna [[Mehmed VI]], Sultan panungtungna (17 Nopémber 1922)
|date_event4  = 1 Nopémber 1922
|p1           = Kasultanan Seljuk Rûm
|flag_p1      =
|p2           = Kakaisaran Bizantium{{!}}Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan
|flag_p2      =
|p3           = Kakaisaran Trebizond
|flag_p3      = 
|p4           = Kalaliman Morea
|flag_p4      =
|p5           = Kalaliman Epirus
|flag_p5      =
|p6           = Kalaliman Dobruja
|flag_p6      =
|p7           = Kadipatén Kapuloan
|flag_p7      =
|p8           = Karaman
|flag_p8      = Karamanid Dynasty flag.svg
|p9           = Karajaan Bosnia
|flag_p9      = Coat of Arms of the House of Kotromanić.svg
|p10          = Kakaisaran Bulgaria Kadua
|flag_p10     = Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg
|p11          = Kalaliman Sérbia
|flag_p11     =
|p12          = Liga Lezhë
|flag_p12     = Coa Kastrioti Family.svg
|p13          = Kasultanan Mamluk (Kairo){{!}}Kasultanan Mamluk
|flag_p13     = Mameluke Flag.svg
|p14          = Karajaan Hungaria dina Jaman Patengahan{{!}}Karajaan Hungaria
|flag_p14     = Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg
|p15          = Basisir Barbary{{!}}Aljazair jeung Tunis
|flag_p15     =
|s1           = Pamaréntahan Sawatara Turki
|flag_s1      = Flag of Turkey.svg
|s2           = Républik Yunani Kahiji{{!}}Républik Yunani
|flag_s2      = Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg
|s3           = Kasultanan Mesir
|flag_s3      = Egypt_flag_1882.svg
|s4           = Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina (Féderasi Austria-Hungaria){{!}}Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina
|flag_s4      = Flag_of_Bosnia_(1878-1908).svg
|s5           = Kapangéranan Sérbia{{!}}Sérbia
|flag_s5      = Civil Flag of Serbia.svg
|s6           = Pamaréntahan Sawatara Albania{{!}}Albania
|flag_s6      = Flag of Albanian Provisional Government 1912-1914.gif
|s7           = Karajaan Romania
|flag_s7      = Flag of Romania.svg
|s8           = Kapangéranan Bulgaria{{!}}Bulgaria
|flag_s8      = Flag of Bulgaria.svg
|s9           = Sajarah Modéren Siprus{{!}}Siprus Britania
|flag_s9      = Cyprus Blue Ensign-1922.svg
|s10          = Mandat Mésopotamia Britania{{!}}Mésopotamia Britania
|flag_s10     = Flag of Iraq 1924.svg
|s11          = Mandat Paléstina Britania{{!}}Paléstina Britania
|flag_s11     = Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948.svg
|s12          = Aljazair Perancis
|flag_s12     = Flag_of_France.svg
|s13          = Protéktorat Perancis di Tunisia{{!}}Tunisia Perancis
|flag_s13     = Flag of French Tunisia.svg
|s14          = Karajaan_Suriah{{!}}Suriah
|flag_s14     = Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg
|s15          = Afrika Kalér Italia
|flag_s15     = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
|s16          = Karajaan Mutawakkili Yaman{{!}}Yaman
|flag_s16     = Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg
|s17          = Karajaan Hejaz
|flag_s17     = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
|s18          = Républik Kars
|flag_s18     = Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg
|s19          = Kuwait
|flag_s19     = Flag of Kuwait.svg
|s20          = Karajaan Hejaz
|flag_s20     = Flag of Hejaz 1914.svg
|image_coat   = Osmanli-nisani.svg
|image_flag   = Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg
|flag = Bandéra Utsmaniyah
|symbol = Lambang Utsmaniyah
|image_map = OttomanEmpireIn1683.png
|image_map_caption = Kasultanan Utsmaniyah dina taun 1683.
|national_motto = دولت ابد مدت<br />Devlet-i Ebed-müddet<br />(Nagara Abadi)
|national_anthem = [[Lagu kabangsaan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]
|capital = |capital = [[Söğüt]]<br /><small>(1302–1326)</small><br /> [[Bursa]]<br /><small>(1326–1365)</small><br />[[Edirne]]<br /><small>(1365–1453)</small><br />[[Konstantinopel]]<br /><small>(1453–1922)<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; ''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''</ref><ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Britannica, Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul |date=2007-12-18 }}:''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref>
|common_languages = Basa resmi:<br /> [[Basa Turki Utsmaniyah]]<br /> Basa wewengkon:<br /> Basa [[Basa Albania|Albania]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]], [[basa Arménia|Arménia]], [[Basa Neo-Aramaik Assyria|Assyria]], [[Basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Basa Neo-Aramaik Chaldea|Babylonia]], [[rungkun Basa Berber|Berber]], [[basa Bosnia|Bosnia]], [[basa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[basa Domari|Domari]], [[basa Gagauz|Gagauz]], [[basa Géorgia|Géorgia]], [[basa Ibrani|Ibrani]], [[basa Hungaria|Hungaria]], [[basa-basa Italia]], [[Basa Jérman]], [[rungkun basa Kaukasus|sadaya Basa Kaukasus]], Basa [[Basa Koptik|Koptik]], [[basa Kroasia|Kroasia]], [[basa Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[basa Latin|Latin]],<ref group=dn>Di [[Républik Ragusa]] nu mana aya dina palindungan Utsmaniyah.</ref> [[basa Laz|Laz]], [[basa Makédonia|Makédonia]], [[basa Pérsia|Pérsia]], [[basa Romania|Romania]], [[basa Rusia|Rusia]], [[basa Rusyn|Rusyn]], [[basa Sérbia|Sérbia]], [[basa Somali|Somali]],<ref>Yücel Karadaş, ''Ziya Gökalp'te Şarkiyatçılık: Doğu'nun batıcı üretimi'', Anahtar Kitaplar, 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=8Is3AQAAIAAJ&q=osmanl%C4%B1ca+t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+halk%C4%B1n+konu%C5%9Fulan&dq=osmanl%C4%B1ca+t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+halk%C4%B1n+konu%C5%9Fulan&hl=en&ei=Wc4aTtKwJa7imAX-6ukb&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA p. 133.] {{Tr icon}}, ''Osmanlı devrinde resmi dil olarak kullanılan Osmanlıca ile halk arasında konuşulan Türkçe, söz konusu dönemde kullanılan dillerdir.''</ref><ref>Şerafettin Turan, ''Türk Kültür Tarihi: Türk Kültüründen Türkiye Kültürüne ve Evrenselliğe'', Bilgi Yayınevi, 1990, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9YkNAAAAIAAJ&q=%22osmanl%C4%B1ca%22+%22halk%C4%B1n+konu%C5%9Ftu%C4%9Fu+t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e%22&dq=%22osmanl%C4%B1ca%22+%22halk%C4%B1n+konu%C5%9Ftu%C4%9Fu+t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e%22&hl=en&ei=b88aTrrXPIyhmQWW7tkE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ p. 59.]{{Tr icon}},  ''...devlet kuruluşlarında kullanılan Arapça – Farsça – Türkçe karışımı Osmanlıca ile halkın konuştuğu Türkçe arasındaki uçurum giderek artarken, ...''</ref> [[basa Spanyol Yahudi|Spanyol Yahudi]], [[Basa Tatar Kriméa|Tatar Kriméa]], [[basa Ukraina|Ukraina]], [[basa Urum|Urum]], [[basa Vlach|Vlach]], [[basa Yunani|Yunani]], [[basa Zazaki|Zazaki]]
|government_type = [[Monarki absolut]]<br /><small>(1299-1876, 1878-1908, 1920-1922)</small><br />[[Monarki konstitusional]]<br /><small>(1876-1878, 1908-1920)</small>
|title_leader = [[Daptar sultan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Sultan]]
|leader1 = [[Osman I]]
|year_leader1 = 1281–1326 (kahiji)
|leader2 = [[Mehmed VI]]
|year_leader2 = 1918–1922 (panungtungna)
|title_deputy = [[Daptar Wazir Agung Utsmaniyah|Wazir Agung]]
|deputy1 = Alaeddin Pasha
|year_deputy1 = 1320–1331 (Kahiji)
|deputy2 = Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
|year_deputy2 = 1920–1922 (panungtungna)
|legislature  = [[Parlemén Kakaisaran Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Parlemén Impérial]]
|house1       = [[Senate]]
|type_house1  =
|house2       = [[Déwan Députi Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Déwan Députi]]
|type_house2  =
|stat_year1 = 1683
|ref_area1 =<ref name=uconn>{{cite web |url=http://www.yeniturkiye.com/display.asp?c=0340 |title=Yeni Turkiye Araştırma ve Yayın Merkezi; Geleceğin Türkiye'si bambaşka olacak |publisher=Yeniturkiye.com |accessdate=6 November 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029142530/http://www.yeniturkiye.com/display.asp?c=0340 |date=29 October 2015 }}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 5200000
|ref_area1 =<ref name=autogenerated1>Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, "[http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf East-West Orientation of Historical Empires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf |date=2007-02-22 }}", ''Journal of World-Systems Research'' Vol. 12 (no. 2), pp. 219–229 (2006).</ref>
|stat_year2 = 1914<ref>Dündar, Orhan; Dündar, Erhan, 1.Dünya Savaşı, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-11-1643-0</ref>
|stat_area2 = 1800000
|ref_area2 =
|stat_year3 = 1856
|stat_pop3 = 35350000
|stat_year4 = 1906
|stat_pop4 = 20884000
|stat_year5 = 1912
|stat_pop5 = 24000000
|ref_pop5 =<ref name=autogenerated2>Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913, Edward J. Erickson, page 59</ref>
|stat_year6 = 1914
|stat_pop6 = 18520000
|stat_year7 = 1919
|stat_pop7 = 14629000
|religion = Ageman resmi:<br />[[Islam Sunni]]<br />Ageman minoritas:<br />[[Garéja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]], [[garéja Katolik Romawi|Katolik Romawi]], [[Sajarah Yahudi di Turki#Kristen jeung Yahudi jaman Utsmaniyah|Yahudi]]
|currency = [[Akçe]], [[Para (mata uang)|Para]], [[Kuruş]], [[Lira Utsmaniyah|Lira]], [[Sultani|Sultanî]]
|today = [[#Ayeuna bagian ti|Tingali artikel]]
|footnotes =<big>[[Gurat wanci Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]<br />[[Daptar artikel nu patali jeung Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]</big>
}}
'''Kasultanan `Utsmaniyah Agung''', atanapi '''Kasultanan/Kakaisaran Turki''', '''Nagara `Utsmaniyah Agung''', atanapi '''Turki''' <ref>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_London_Gazzette_(Thursday,_9_January_1672).jpg</ref> ([[Basa Turki Utsmaniyah]]: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه ''Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO<u>s</u>mâniyye''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twareekh.com/images/upload/aboutus/ottmani10liras1334F-.jpg |title=Ottoman banknote with Arabic script |accessdate=26 August 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328141013/http://www.twareekh.com/images/upload/aboutus/ottmani10liras1334F-.jpg |date=28 March 2017 }}</ref> (atanapi عثمانلى دولتى {{italics correction|''Osmanlı Devleti''}}),<ref group=dn>Ti abad ka-19, ngaran ''Osmanlı Devleti'' (Nagara Utsmaniyah) jadi katelah di antara rahayat jeung pajabat Utsmaniyah. Saméméh 1800-an, ngaran ''Osmanlı Devleti'' mangrupa ngaran teu resmi, tapi aya catetan nu nunjukkeun yén ngaran ieu dipaké kalawan teu resmi ku rahayat Utsmaniyah.</ref> [[Basa Turki|Basa Turki Modéren]]: ''Osmanlı Devleti'' atanapi ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'') nyaéta hiji kakaisaran/kasultanan [[urang Turki|Turki]] nu aya ti 27 Juli 1299<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/grammarofturkish00davirich#page/xxvi/mode/2up |title=A grammar of the Turkish language |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> nepi ka 1 Nopémber 1922 (623 taun), nalika Kasultanan dibubarkeun.<ref>''Temel Britannica'', Ana Yayıncılık-Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1992, Cilt 18, Sh. 41–96; Türkiye. ISBN 975-7760-02-1</ref>

== Sajarah ==

=== Kabangkitan ===
Sanggeus Kasultanan Rum anu dipingpin ku dinasti Seljuq Turki bubar dina taun 1300-an, wewengkon Anatolia dibagi jadi sababaraha nagara merdéka anu disebut Émirat Ghazi, anu lolobana mah etnis Turki. Salah sahiji emirat Ghazi ieu dipingpin ku Osman I (1258 - 1326), anu ngaranna saterusna diabadikeun jadi ngaran Ottoman. Osman I ngalegaan wewengkon padumukan Turki ka pinggiran Kakaisaran Bizantium. Sajarah kumaha Osman I bisa ngadalikeun wewengkon tatangga na tetep can écés alatan kurangna informasi ngeunaan Anatolia abad pertengahan.

Sabada Osman I pupus, kakawasaan Ottoman mimiti ngalegaan ka Laut Tengah Wétan jeung Balkan. Putra Osman Orhan junun nalukkeun kota Bursa dina 1324 sarta ngajadikeun eta ibukota Ottoman. Nalukkeun Bursa nandaan tungtung kakawasaan Bizantium di Anatolia Kulon Kulon. Kota Thessaloniki direbut ti Républik Venesia dina 1387. Kameunangan Ottoman dina Patempuran Kosovo di 1389 hastened downfall kakawasaan Serbia sarta muka jalan pikeun perluasan Ottoman di Éropa. Patempuran Nicopolis di 1396, dianggap perang salib hébat panungtungan Abad Pertengahan, gagal pikeun halt kamajuan Ottoman.

Kalayan ékspansi di Balkan, penaklukan Konstantinopel janten tujuan utama. Sanajan Kakaisaran Ottoman ngawasa ampir sakabéh urut wewengkon Bizantium sabudeureun kota, populasi Yunani Bizantium lolos nalika pangawasa Turk-Mongolia, Tamerlane, nyerang Anatolia sarta direbut Sultan Bayezid I dina Patempuran Ankara di 1402. Panangkepan Bayezid I ngabalukarkeun rusuh. jeung perang sipil antara populasi Turki, nu lumangsung ti 1402 nepi ka 1413 salaku putra Bayezid urang perang pikeun tahta. Perang sipil réngsé nalika Mehmet I naék salaku sultan, mulangkeun kakawasaan Ottoman, sarta mungkas Interregnum katelah Fetret Devri dina basa Turki Ottoman.

Sababaraha wewengkon Ottoman di Balkan saperti Thessaloniki, Makédonia jeung Kosovo leungit sanggeus 1402, tapi direbut deui ku Murad II antara 1430s jeung 1450s. Dina tanggal 10 Nopémber 1444, Murad II ngéléhkeun pasukan Hungaria, Polandia, jeung Wallachia nu dipingpin ku Władysław III ti Polandia (ogé Raja Hungaria) jeung János Hunyadi dina Patempuran Varna, nu mangrupa perang ahir Perang Salib Varna. Opat taun ti harita, János Hunyadi nyiapkeun pasukanana pikeun nyerang Ottoman, tapi dielehkeun deui ku Murad II dina Patempuran Kadua Kosovo dina 1448.

=== Perkembangan ===
Putra Murad II, Mehmed II, ngarobih kaayaan sareng militérna, nalukkeun Konstantinopel dina 29 Méi 1453. Mehmed II masihan otonomi sareng kapamilikan lahan ka Garéja Ortodoks salaku tukeran pikeun pangakuan kakawasaan Ottoman. Alatan hubungan goréng antara nagara Éropa Kulon jeung Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan, loba warga Ortodoks pikaresep pamaréntahan Ottoman leuwih Venice.

Dina abad ka-15 jeung ka-16, Kakaisaran Ottoman ngalaman periode ékspansi signifikan. Kasultanan makmur dina kapamimpinan teguh tur éféktif sababaraha sultan, sarta ékonomi na thrived sabab dikawasa jalur dagang darat utama antara Éropa jeung Asia.

Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) ngalegaan wewengkon wétan jeung kidul Kasultanan ku cara ngéléhkeun Syah Ismail ti Persia Safavid dina Patempuran Chaldiran. Selim I ngadegkeun kakawasaan Ottoman di Mesir sarta nyebarkeun angkatan laut na ka Laut Beureum, sparking kompetisi jeung Kakaisaran Portugis pikeun jadi kakuatan dominan di wewengkon.

Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), Ottoman ngacaplok Belgrade dina 1521 sarta ngawasa wewengkon kidul jeung tengah Karajaan Hungaria salaku bagian tina Perang Ottoman-Hungaria. Sanggeus meunang Patempuran Mohács dina 1526, Suleiman ngadegkeun kakawasaan Turki di Hungaria (iwal beulah kulonna) jeung sakuliah Éropa Tengah. Sanajan gagal ngepung Wina dina 1529 jeung 1532, Ottomans junun nyieun Transilvania, Wallachia, jeung Moldavia jadi kapangéranan vassal.

Di wétan, Ottoman ngarebut Baghdad ti Persia dina 1535, ngawasa Mesopotamia, sarta miboga aksés laut ka Teluk Pérsia. Perancis jeung Kakaisaran Ottoman bersekutu ngalawan Habsburgs, jeung Perancis mantuan dina nalukkeun Nice (1543) jeung Corsica (1553). Sanggeus kamajuan Usmani di 1543, Habsburg sacara resmi ngaku kakawasaan Ottoman di Hungaria dina 1547.

Dina 1559, sanggeus perang Ajuran-Portugal kahiji, Kakaisaran Ottoman ngacaplok Kasultanan Adal lemah, ngalegaan pangaruhna di Somalia jeung Tanduk Afrika, sarta ngaronjatkeun ayana di Samudra Hindia pikeun bersaing jeung Portugal.

Nepi ka tungtun taun pamaréntahan Suleiman, Kakaisaran Ottoman miboga populasi kira-kira 15 juta jalma sumebar ka sakuliah tilu buana, sarta mangrupa kakuatan maritim utama ngadalikeun loba Laut Tengah. Kakaisaran Ottoman dianggap bagian utama pulitik Éropa, sarta kasuksésan pulitik jeung militér mindeng dibandingkeun jeung Kakaisaran Romawi ku sarjana kayaning Francesco Sansovino jeung Jean Bodin.

== Ayeuna bagian ti ==
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*{{flag|Yordania}}
*{{flag|Yunani}}
</div>

== Tingali ogé ==
*[[Daptar artikel nu patali jeung Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]
*[[Gurat wanci Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]
*[[Mehmed II]]
*[[Suleiman nu Agung]]
*[[Labuhna Konstantinopel]]
*[[Ngaran-ngaran Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Catetan suku ==
<references group="dn"/>

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sister project links|Ottoman Empire}}
* [http://courses.washington.edu/otap/ Ottoman Text Archive Project – University of Washington]
* [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=0&_pos=3 Ottoman Empire in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206170311/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=0&_pos=3 |date=2010-12-06 }}
* [http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/ottemp.html The Ottoman Empire: Resources – University of Michigan]
* [http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman.html The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline]
* [http://aton.ttu.edu/ Turkish Oral Narrative]
* [http://www.theottomans.org/ Information about Ottomans]
* [http://ottomanblog.wordpress.com/ Ottomans History Blog]
* [http://www.turkeyswar.com/ Turkey in the First World War]
* [http://www.ottomannavy.com/ Ottoman Navy and Navigation]
* [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2001043336.pdf The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe]
* [http://www.karalahana.com/fotograflar/thumbnails.php?album=35 Engravings of Ottoman Empire – HQ image gallery]
* [http://www.dilbilimi.net/osmanli_arastirmalari.htm Ottoman Studies Resources in Internet]
* [http://www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/ Ottoman History Podcast] An internet radio broadcast dedicated to the history, culture and society of the Ottoman Empire and Middle éast
*[http://www.osmanliedebiyati.com/ Osmanlı Edebiyatı Çalışmaları Bibliyografyası Veritabanı] Turkish version of The Online Bibliography of Ottoman-Turkish Literature
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.unm.edu/~phooper/thesis_condensed.pdf Forced population transfers in early Ottoman imperial policy]|566&nbsp;KB}} – covers 1300–1600
* [http://www.ottomanliterature.com/ The Online Bibliography of Ottoman-Turkish Literature] A bi-lingual site (English version) presenting a user-submissable database of references to theses, books, articles, papers and reséarch-projects

{{History of Europe}}
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