Tazama chanzo cha Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia

[[Picha:Map 1914 WWI Alliances.jpg|thumb|Shirikiano za kijeshi katika Ulaya mwaka 1915. Nyekundu: [[Mataifa ya Kati]]; kijani: [[Mataifa ya Ushirikiano]]; njano: mataifa yasiyoshiriki vita|271x271px]]
[[Picha:WWImontage.jpg|thumb|350 px|right|Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia: &lt;br /&gt;1.Mifereji huko Verdun (Ufaransa) baada ya kulimwa kwa mizinga mikubwa; &lt;br /&gt;2. Ndege za kijeshi na faru za kwanza; &lt;br /&gt;3. bunduki ya mtombo na manowari]]
[[Picha:WWI.png|thumb|400px|Ramani ya dunia ikionyesha nchi na maeneo yaliyoshiriki katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Kijani: [[Mataifa ya Ushirikiano]]; njano: [[Mataifa ya Kati]] ; nchi zisizoshiriki kwa rangi ya kijivu]]

'''Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia''' ilikuwa vita iliyopigwa kuanzia mwaka [[1914]] hadi [[1918]]. Mataifa wapiganaji yalikuwa [[Ujerumani]], [[Austria-Hungaria]], [[Bulgaria]] na [[Uturuki]] (ziliitwa "Mataifa ya Kati", [[ing.]] ''central powers'') kwa upande mmoja dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]], [[Urusi]], [[Uingereza]], [[Italia]], [[Marekani]] na nchi mbalimbali zilizoshirikiana nazo (zilitwa "Mataifa ya Ushirikiano", ing. ''allied powers''). 

Vita hii ilianza katika [[Ulaya]] ikapanuka haraka hadi [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Kupitia koloni za Ujerumani ilipiganiwa pia [[Afrika]] na [[Asia ya Mashariki]] ikasababisha [[kifo]] cha takriban watu milioni tisa.

== Sababu na matokeo ==
'''Sababu yake''' ilikuwa mashindano makali kati ya mataifa ya [[Ulaya]] kuhusu kushika nafasi ya [[kipaumbele]] barani Ulaya na duniani kote. 

'''Matokeo yake''' yalikuwa mwisho wa kipaumbele cha Ulaya duniani na kupanda ngazi kwa Marekani, [[mapinduzi]] katika nchi mbalimbali, mwisho wa falme za Ujerumani, [[Austria]] na Urusi pamoja na mwanzo wa utawala wa [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] katika Urusi, mwisho wa Dola la Austria-Hungaria na wa Milki ya Osmani pamoja na mwisho wa [[ukoloni]] wa Kijerumani duniani. 

Katika Ulaya '''nchi mpya''' zilijitokeza kama vile [[Chekoslovakia]], [[Ufini]], [[Latvia]],  [[Estonia]], na [[Yugoslavia]] pamoja na nchi za zamani zilizotokea tena katika uwanja wa kimataifa ndizo [[Austria]], [[Hungaria]], [[Lithuania]] na [[Poland]]. Katika Mashariki ya Kati Uturuki ilianzishwa kama nchi mpya, ilhali kipindi kifupi cha ukoloni wa Uingereza na Ufaransa kilianza huko [[Syria]], [[Iraq]] na [[Lebanoni]]. 

[[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] liliundwa kama chombo cha kwanza kilicholenga kuunganisha nchi zote za Dunia na kuzuia vita mpya. Koloni za awali za Ujerumani na majimbo ya Kiarabu ya Milki ya Osmani [[Eneo la kudhaminiwa|zilidhaminiwa]] kwa Uingereza na Ufaransa kwa niaba ya Shirikisho, hatua iliyoweka maeneo haya chini ya uangalizi wa kimataifa, tofauti na koloni za kawaida.

== Hali kabla ya vita ==
Sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya iliwahi kuwa na kipindi kirefu cha [[amani]] tangu [[Vita ya Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani ya 1870|vita kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani]] mnamo [[1870]]-[[1871]]. Mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa na mfumo wa mikataba na mapatano kati yao yaliyolenga kuhakikisha uwiano wa mataifa. Mataifa makubwa ya Ulaya yalikuwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Urusi na Italia pamoja na milki ya [[Austria-Hungaria]]. 

Hali ilikuwa tofauti katika Kusini-Mashariki mwa bara hilo. Hadi nusu ya pili ya [[karne ya 19]] sehemu kubwa ya [[Balkani]] ilitawaliwa na [[Milki ya Osmani]] iliyokuwa milki ya [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] ya kutawala [[Wakristo]] wengi. Milki hii iliendelea kudhoofika wakati wa karne ya 19. Nchi mbalimbali zilijitenga na kupata [[uhuru]], kama vile [[Ugiriki]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]] na [[Romania]]. Nchi hizi mpya zilipigana kivita kati yao na Milki ya Osmani hadi mwaka 1912.

== Mwanzo wa vita ==
Vita Kuu ilianza kutokana na [[ugomvi]] kati ya Austria-Hungaria na [[Serbia]]. Kutokana na muundo wa mikataba ya kusaidiana kati ya nchi za Ulaya mwanzo huo ulisababisha mfululizo wa hali ya vita kati ya mataifa, na mengine ya [[Balkani]] yaliyotafuta uhuru wao.

Tarehe [[28 Juni]] [[1914]] katika [[mji]] wa [[Sarayevo]], [[Bosnia]], [[mwana]] wa [[Kaisari|Kaizari]] wa Austria aliyekuwa mfalme mteule aliuawa pamoja na [[mke]] wake na [[ugaidi|mgaidi]] [[Serbia|Mserbia]] mwanachama wa kundi la "[[Mkono Mweusi]]" lililopinga utawala wa Austria-Hungaria katika [[Bosnia]]. Austria iliamuru [[Serbia]] ifuate masharti makali katika [[uchunguzi]] wa tendo lile. Serbia ilipokataa sehemu ya mwisho ya masharti, Austria ilitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Serbia tarehe [[28 Julai]] [[1914]]. 

Agosti ya 1914 iliona kupanuka kwa vita hiyo: Warusi walikuwa na mkataba wa usaidizi na Serbia wakatangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Austria-Hungaria. Hapo wakaingia Wajerumani waliokuwa na mapatano ya usaidizi na Austria-Hungaria wakitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Urusi. Urusi kwa upande wake ulikuwa na mkataba wa kusaidiana na Ufaransa, kwa hivyo hali ya vita ikajitokeza pia kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani. Ujerumani ilishambulia Ufaransa kwa kuingia Ubelgiji na kupigana na jeshi la nchi hiyo. Mashambulio hayo yalisababisha Uingereza kujiunga na vita dhidi ya Ujerumani. 

[[Japan]] iliyokuwa na mkataba wa kusaidana na Uingereza tangu mwaka 1902 iliona nafasi ya kukamata koloni za Ujerumani katika [[Pasifiki|Bahari Pasifiki]] ikaingia upande wa maadui wa Ujerumani.

Kuanzia Oktoba 1914 [[Milki ya Osmani]] ([[Uturuki]]) ilijiunga na vita kufuatana na mkataba wake wa siri na Ujerumani. 

Mwaka [[1915]] Italia ilijiunga na Wafaransa na Waingereza kwa kushambulia Austria-Hungaria iliyotawala bado maeneo katika kaskazini ya [[rasi ya Italia]], ingawa awali ilikuwa na mkataba na [[dola]] hilo.

== Vita katika nchi mbalimbali ==

Vita ilipigwa kwa ukali miaka ya 1914-1918. Wajerumani waliingia ndani ya Ufaransa lakini walikwama kabla ya kufikia [[jiji kuu]] la [[Paris]]. Kwa muda mrefu mstari wa mapambano ulibaki palepale. 

Katika Mashariki Wajerumani na Waaustria walifaulu kurudisha mashambulio ya Kirusi na kuteka sehemu za Urusi.
 
Katika Kusini mwa Ulaya Waustria walifaulu kwa shida kubwa kuteka Serbia na [[Montenegro]] pamoja na [[Albania]]. Mapigano dhidi ya Italia yalikwama kwenye [[milima ya Alpi]]. 

Waosmani walishindwa kwa ujumla katika mashambulio yao dhidi ya Warusi katika eneo la [[Kaukazi]] na dhidi ya Waingereza katika [[Misri]]. Lakini walifaulu kuzuia Waingereza wasifike [[Uturuki]] penyewe. Waingereza walipeleka jeshi katika [[Irak]] ya kusini wakafaulu kuwarudisha Waosmani hadi kaskazini ya nchi hii.

== Vita katika koloni ==
<sup>Tazama makala kuu: [[Kampeni za Kivita katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia)|Vita Kuu ya Kwanza katika Afrika ya Mashariki]]</sup>

Vita ilienea haraka [[bahari]]ni na katika koloni za Ujerumani zilizovamiwa na Waingereza, Wafaransa, [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Japani]]. Koloni hizo zilikuwepo [[Afrika]] na kwenye [[visiwa vya Pasifiki]] pamoja na [[China]]. Ujerumani ilikuwa na vikosi vya kijeshi katika koloni za Afrika na pia huko [[Qingdao]] nchini [[China]]. 

Kwa ujumla koloni zote zisizokuwa na [[jeshi]] zilitekwa na mataifa ya ushirikiano bila mapigano. 
* [[Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi ya Kijerumani]] ilivamiwa na Afrika Kusini na [[jeshi la ulinzi la Kijerumani]] likajisalimisha mnamo Julai 1915.
* [[Kamerun]] ilivamiwa na Ufaransa na Uingereza kutoka koloni zao za [[Nigeria]] na [[Afrika ya Kati ya Kifaransa]]. Wajerumani wakajisalimisha katika Februari [[1916]].
* [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] ilikuwa mahali pa mapigano yaliyoendelea kwa miaka yote ya vita. Jeshi la Ulinzi la Kijerumani lililoitwa [[Schutztruppe]] chini ya uongozi wa [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] lilifaulu kutetea eneo la koloni dhidi ya mashambulio ya kwanza ya Waingereza kutoka [[Kenya]] hadi 1916. Kwenye Novemba 1914 jeshi la [[askari]] 8,000 kutoka [[Uhindi]] lilishindwa kwenye [[mapigano ya Tanga]]. Hadi mwanzo wa 1916 Waingereza walikusanya jeshi kubwa kutoka Afrika Kusini na Uhindi wakafaulu kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya koloni hadi Agosti 1916. Jeshi la Schutztruppe likaendelea kushika sehemu ya kusini ya koloni hadi [[1917]] ilipopaswa kuhamia eneo la [[Ureno|Kireno]] katika [[Msumbiji]]. Waingereza na Wareno walishindwa kulishika kundi la Kijerumani. Mwaka 1918 Lettow-Vorbeck alirudi [[Tanganyika]] akaingia [[Rhodesia ya Kaskazini]] alipoambiwa na Waingereza mnamo Novemba 1918 ya kwamba vita ya Ulaya ilikwisha tayari.

== Mwisho wa vita ==
Wakati 1917 mataifa ya Ulaya yalionyesha [[dalili]] za [[uchovu]]. Katika hali hiyo ma[[badiliko]] mawili makubwa yalitokea: Marekani ilijiunga na vita dhidi ya Wajerumani na Urusi ilikuwa na [[Mapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1917|mapinduzi]] yaliyolazimisha [[serikali]] mpya kutia [[sahihi]] mapatano ya kumaliza vita dhidi ya Ujerumani iliyoteka maeneo makubwa ya Urusi.

Nguvu ya Marekani ilionekana haraka na [[bahati]] ya Ujerumani ilipungua sana. Austria-Hungaria ilidhoofishwa vilevile.

Mwaka 1918 iliona mwisho wa vita. Jeshi la Kiosmani lilishindwa hadi serikali ya milki kuomba kusimamishwa kwa vita. Mataifa ya ushirikiano yalikaribia mipaka ya Ujerumani na hapo mgomo wa wanamaji ilifuatwa na migomo ya wafanyakazi katika viwanda vikubwa iliyosababisha mapinduzi yaliyoangusha serikali ya Kaisari Wilhelm II. Migomo ya wanajeshi ililazimisha Austria-Hungaria kuomba kusimamisha vita.   

Milki za Austria na Uturuki zilikwisha zikagawiwa na sehemu zao zilikuwa nchi mpya au nchi zilizoundwa upya.

== Mkutano wa Paris ==
Mwaka [[1919]] mataifa washindi walikutana Paris (Ufaransa) wakikubaliana ma[[sharti]] ya kumaliza hali ya vita dhidi ya Mataifa ya Kati. Mikataba mbalimbali iliandaliwa kati ya washindi na kuwekwa mbele ya nchi zilizoshindwa.

Mikataba hii ilikuwa:
* [[Mkataba wa Versailles]] na Ujerumani ([[28 Juni]] [[1919]]),
* [[Mkataba wa Saint-Germain]] na Austria ([[10 Septemba]] 1919),
* [[Mkataba wa Neuilly]] na Bulgaria ([[27 Novemba]] 1919),
* [[Mkataba wa Trianon]] na Hungaria ([[4 Juni 1920]]), 
* [[Mkataba wa Sèvres]] na [[Milki ya Osmani]] ([[Uturuki]]) ([[10 Agosti]] 1920; ukasahihishwa na [[mkataba wa Lausanne]] ([[24 Julai]] [[1923]]).
 
Mkutano wa Paris ulitoa masharti makali dhidi ya Ujerumani katika [[Mkataba wa Versailles]]. Ujerumani uliondolowa makoloni yote yaliyokabidhiwa kwa niaba ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] kama [[maeneo ya kukabidhiwa]] kwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ubelgiji, Japani, [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Australia]].

Mkutano wa Paris ulikuwa jaribio la kuunda [[utaratibu]] mpya duniani uliotakiwa kulindwa na Shirikisho la Mataifa. Lakini ukosefu wa nguvu kwa upande wa Shirikisho la Mataifa pamoja na kuanza na kupanuka kwa mwendo mpya wa [[Ufashisti|Kifashisti]] iliyochukua utawala katika Italia na Ujerumani vilishinda nia hiyo. 

[[Wataalamu]] wasio wachache wanasema mwisho wa vita kuu ya kwanza ulipanda tayari [[mbegu]] za [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]].

Ni kwamba Wajerumani na wakazi wa nchi nyingine zilizoshindwa walijiona wamekosewa haki, lakini pia Waitalia walioshinda kwa gharama kubwa ya [[damu]] walijiona wamedanganywa kwa kutotimiziwa [[ahadi]] walizopewa ili wasaliti Ujerumani na Austria-Hungaria na kuingia vitani upande wa pili. Hivyo vyama vya [[mrengo wa kulia]] viliweza kupata nguvu na hatimaye kupanga [[kisasi]].

==Vita ya kwanza ya Dunia?==
Vita hii ilitwa "Vita ya Dunia" kwa sababu mapigano yalisambaa kote duniani. Sehemu kubwa ya mapigano yalitokea Ulaya na Asia ya Magharibi lakini pia katika makoloni ya Afrika, Asia na Pasifiki. Nchi za Amerika hazikuona mapigano kwenye [[nchi kavu]] lakini [[manowari]] za Ujerumani zilipigana na mataifa ya ushirikiano mbele ya [[pwani]] za Marekani na [[Amerika Kusini]].

Ilikuwa pia vita ya kwanza iliyopigwa kote duniani ilhali habari zake ziliweza kufika katika muda wa masaa au siku chache kwa mataifa yote kutokana na upatikanaji wa vyombo vya mawasiliano hasa [[simu]] za kimataifa na [[redio]].

Lakini kwa kweli haikuwa vita ya kwanza ya "Dunia" maana [[vita ya miaka saba]] ([[1756]]-[[1762]]) ilipigwa tayari  kwenye mabara yote ya Dunia baina ya nchi zenye koloni, hasa Uingereza, Ufaransa na [[Hispania]].


==Tazama pia==
*[[Kampeni za Kivita katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia)]]


==Tanbihi==
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{{Refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War I]
* [http://www.greatwar.nl/ The Heritage of the Great War/ First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music, Netherlands]
* [http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page The World War I Document Archive] Wiki, Brigham Young University
* [http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19140905/ Maps of Europe] {{Wayback|url=http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19140905/ |date=20140705003752 }} covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com
* [http://www.europeana1914-1918.eu/en Your Family History of World War I&nbsp;– Europeana 1914–1918](Crowd-sourcing project)
* [http://project.efg1914.eu/ EFG1914&nbsp;– Film digitisation project on First World War]
* [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 WWI Films on the European Film Gateway]
* [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/WWIphoto World War I British press photograph collection] – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection |date=20190324234810 }}

===Ramani hai===
* [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ An animated map "Europe plunges into war"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ |date=20200604165152 }}
* [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ An animated map of Europe at the end of the war] {{Wayback|url=http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ |date=20200604165145 }}

[[Jamii:Vita]]
[[Jamii:Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|*]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Historia]]