Tingnan ang wikitext ng Kapeina

{{infobox drug
| verifiedrevid =
| drug_name =
| image = Caffeine structure.svg
| alt = 2D structure of caffeine
| image2 = Caffeine molecule ball from xtal (1).png
| alt2 = 3D structure of caffeine

<!--Clinical data-->
|pronounce = 
| tradename =
| Drugs.com ={{Drugs.com|monograph|caffeine-caffeine-and-sodium-benzoate-injection-caffeine-citrate}}
| MedlinePlus =
| pregnancy_AU = A
| legal_AU           = Unscheduled
| legal_CA           = Unscheduled
| legal_DE           = Unscheduled
| legal_NZ           = Unscheduled
| legal_UK           = GSL
| legal_US           = Unscheduled
| legal_status       = In general: Legal for [[recreational drug use|recreational use]] in most countries
| dependency_liability = [[Physical dependence|Physical]]: low–moderate<ref name="Nestler caffeine dependence-addiction">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | pages = 375 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders | quote= Long-term caffeine use can lead to mild physical dependence. A withdrawal syndrome characterized by drowsiness, irritability, and headache typically lasts no longer than a day. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented.}}</ref><ref name="DSM-5 definitions + addiction-dependence distinction + Caffeine use disorder">{{cite web|author=American Psychiatric Association |title=Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders |url=http://www.dsm5.org/documents/substance%20use%20disorder%20fact%20sheet.pdf |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |access-date=10 July 2015 |pages=1–2 |date=2013 |quote=Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe.&nbsp;... Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with "addiction" when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance.&nbsp;... DSM-5 will not include caffeine use disorder, although research shows that as little as two to three cups of coffee can trigger a withdrawal effect marked by tiredness or sleepiness. There is sufficient evidence to support this as a condition, however it is not yet clear to what extent it is a clinically significant disorder. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815050402/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Substance%20Use%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2015  }}</ref><ref name="CRC Press">{{cite book | title = Introduction to Pharmacology | edition = third | date = 2007 | publisher = CRC Press | location = Abingdon | isbn = 978-1-4200-4742-4 | pages = 222–223 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-date = 14 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114181610/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
[[Psychological dependence|Psychological]]: low<ref name="pmid15448977" />
| addiction_liability = None<ref name="Nestler caffeine dependence-addiction" /><ref name="DSM-5 definitions + addiction-dependence distinction + Caffeine use disorder" />–low<ref name="CRC Press"/>
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral route|By mouth]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]], [[coffee enema|enema]], [[Suppository|rectal]], [[intravenous]]
| class = [[Stimulant]]<br>[[Adenosinergic]]<br>[[Eugeroic]]<br>[[Parasympathomimetic]]<br>[[Cholinesterase inhibitor]]<br> [[Phosphodiesterase inhibitor]]<br>[[Diuretic]] 
| ATC_prefix = N06B
| ATC_suffix = C01
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|D11|AX26}}, {{ATC|V04|CG30}}
	
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| onset = 45 minutes–1 hour<ref name = "Poleszak 2015"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/ |title=Pharmacology of Caffeine |date=2001 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en |chapter=2, Pharmacology of Caffeine |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928043240/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| bioavailability = 99%<ref name = "Poleszak 2015"/>
| protein_bound = 25–36%<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" />
| metabolism = Primary: [[CYP1A2]]<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" /><br />Minor: [[CYP2E1]],<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" /> [[CYP3A4]],<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" /><br />[[CYP2C8]],<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" /> [[CYP2C9]]<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" />
| elimination_half-life = Adults: 3–7&nbsp;hours<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine">{{cite web | title=Caffeine | url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00201#pharmacology | website=DrugBank | publisher=University of Alberta | access-date=8 August 2014 | date=16 September 2013 | archive-date=4 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504124733/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00201#pharmacology | url-status=live }}</ref><br />Infants (full term): 8&nbsp;hours<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" /><br />Infants (premature): 100&nbsp;hours<ref name="Drugbank-Caffeine" />
| excretion = Urine (100%)
| duration_of_action = 3–4 hours<ref name="Poleszak 2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poleszak E, Szopa A, Wyska E, Kukuła-Koch W, Serefko A, Wośko S, Bogatko K, Wróbel A, Wlaź P | title = Caffeine augments the antidepressant-like activity of mianserin and agomelatine in forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice | journal = Pharmacological Reports | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–61 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26721352 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.138 | s2cid = 19471083 }}</ref>
| metabolites = [[Paraxanthine]] (84%)<br />[[Theobromine]] (12%)<br />[[Theophylline]] (4%)

<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 58-08-2
| PubChem = 2519
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00201
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2424
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 3G6A5W338E
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00528
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 27732
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 113
| PDB_ligand = CFF
| IUPHAR_ligand = 407
| synonyms = Guaranine<!--Pubchem--><br />Methyltheobromine<!--Pubchem--><br />1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine<!--Pubchem--><br />7-methyltheophylline<ref>{{cite web |title=Caffeine |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html |website=ChemSpider |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514141609/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Theine

<!--Chemical data-->
| IUPAC_name = 1,3,7-Trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1''H''-purine-2,6-dione
|C=8
|H=10
|N=4
|O=2
| smiles = CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)C
| StdInChI_Ref =
| StdInChI = 1S/C8H10N4O2/c1-10-4-9-6-5(10)7(13)12(3)8(14)11(6)2/h4H,1-3H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

<!--Chemical data-->
| density = 1.23<!--Reference: <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc04/icsc0405.htm |title=Caffeine |publisher=International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS)}}</ref>-->
| solubility = <!--This field will append "&nbsp;mg/mL (20&nbsp;°C)" to the end of any value-->
| melting_point = 235
| melting_high = 238 <!--Ref:Pubchem-->
| melting_notes = (anhydrous)<ref name="Pubchem properties">{{cite web|title=Caffeine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?q=all&cid=2519#x27|website=Pubchem Compound|publisher=NCBI|access-date=16 October 2014|quote=<br />'''Boiling Point'''<br />178&nbsp;°C (sublimes)<br />'''Melting Point'''<br />238 DEG C (ANHYD)}}</ref><ref name="ChemSpider">{{cite web|title=Caffeine|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html|website=ChemSpider|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|access-date=16 October 2014|quote=Experimental Melting Point:<br />234–236 °C Alfa Aesar<br />237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data<br />238 °C LKT Labs [C0221]<br />237&nbsp;°C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937<br />238&nbsp;°C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895<br />235.25&nbsp;°C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895<br />236&nbsp;°C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895<br />235&nbsp;°C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603<br />234–236&nbsp;°C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214<br />Experimental Boiling Point:<br />178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar<br />178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514141609/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| boiling_point = <!--178 Ref:Pubchem-->
| boiling_notes = <!--([[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimes]])-->
}}
Ang '''kapeina''' ay isang [[Gitnang sistemang nerbyos]] (CNS) stimulant ng [[Xanthine|isang klase ng methylxanthine]].<ref name="pmid1356551">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G |year=1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551}}</ref> Ito ay ginagamit bilang cognitive enhancer, pagpapataas ng positibo at tungkulin ng pagpasigla.<ref name="caffeine & theanine">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Camfield DA, Stough C, Farrimond J, Scholey AB |date=August 2014 |title=Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2014-08_72_8/page/507 |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1111/nure.12120 |pmid=24946991}}</ref><ref name="Continuum">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG |date=January 2014 |title=Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=193–221 |doi=10.1124/pr.112.007054 |pmc=3880463 |pmid=24344115}}</ref> Ang kapeina ay kumikilos sa pamamagitan ng pagharang sa pagbubuklod ng [[adenosine]] sa adenosine A <sub>1</sub> receptor, na naipapahusay sa pagpapalabas ng neurotransmitter na [[asetilkolina]] .<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carter AJ, O'Connor WT, Carter MJ, Ungerstedt U |date=May 1995 |title=Caffeine enhances acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in vivo by a selective interaction with adenosine A1 receptors |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=273 |issue=2 |pages=637–642 |pmid=7752065}}</ref> Pinapataas din ng kapeina ang mga antas ng ''cyclic AMP'' sa pamamagitan ng ''nonselective inhibition'' ng phosphodiesterase.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Faudone G, Arifi S, Merk D |date=June 2021 |title=The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=7156–7178 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261 |pmid=34019396}}</ref>

Ang kapeina ay isang mapait, maputi mala-kristal na purine, isang methylxanthine [[alkaloid]], at may kemikal na kaugnayan sa [[adenine]] at [[guanine]] [[Nukleyobase|base]] ng [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA) at [[RNA|ribonucleic acid]] (RNA). Ito ay matatagpuan sa mga buto, prutas, mani, o dahon ng ilang halaman na katutubo sa Afrika, Silangang Asya at Timog Amerika,  at tumutulong upang maprotektahan ang mga ito laban sa mga herbivore at mula sa kompetisyon sa pamamagitan ng pagpigil sa pagtubo ng mga kalapit na buto,  pati na rin ang paghikayat sa pagkonsumo ng mga piling hayop tulad ng Pukyutan.<ref name="pmid23471406">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright GA, Baker DD, Palmer MJ, Stabler D, Mustard JA, Power EF, Borland AM, Stevenson PC |date=March 2013 |title=Caffeine in floral nectar enhances a pollinator's memory of reward |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6124 |pages=1202–4 |bibcode=2013Sci...339.1202W |doi=10.1126/science.1228806 |pmc=4521368 |pmid=23471406}}</ref> Ang mas popular na pinagmulan na panghinakas na sangkap ng kapeina ay ang butil ng kape, ang buto ng halaman ng ''[[Coffea]]'' . Ang mga tao ay maaaring uminom ng mga [[inumin]]g naglalaman ng kapeina upang mapawi o maiwasan ang pangaantok at upang mapabuti ang pagganap ng pag-iisip. Upang gawin ang mga inuming ito, ang kapeina ay kinukuha sa pamamagitan ng pagtarik ng mga produkto ng halaman sa tubig, isang prosesong tinatawag na [[inpusyon]] . Ang mga inuming ma merong kapeina, tulad ng [[kape]], [[tsaa]], at [[Kola|cola]], ay maraming konsyumo nito sa buong mundo at mataas ng - kailangang mg paggamit nito sa lipunan. Noong 2020, halos 10 milyong tonelada ng butilng kape ang nakonsumo sa buong mundo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global coffee consumption, 2020/21 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/292595/global-coffee-consumption/ |website=Statista}}</ref> Ang kapeina ay ang pinakalawak na ginagamit na psychoactive na gamot sa mundo.<ref name="abc.net">{{Cite news |year=1997 |title=What's your poison: caffeine |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726194701/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2009 }}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBurchfield1997">Burchfield G (1997). Meredith H (ed.). . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from [http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm the original] on 26 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamieson |first=Ross W. |date=2001 |title=The Essence of Commodification: Caffeine Dependencies in the Early Modern World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3790189 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=269–294 |issn=0022-4529}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJamieson2001">Jamieson, Ross W. (2001). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3790189 "The Essence of Commodification: Caffeine Dependencies in the Early Modern World"]. ''Journal of Social History''. '''35''' (2): 269–294. [[Pandaigdigang Pamantayang Bilang ng mga Publikasyong Seryal|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529 0022-4529].</cite></ref> Hindi tulad ng karamihan sa iba pang mga ''psychoactive substance'', ang kapeina ay nananatiling hindi kinokontrol at legal sa halos lahat ng bahagi ng mundo. Ang kapeina ay isa ring panlabas na linya dahil ang paggamit nito ay nakikita bilang katanggap-tanggap sa lipunan sa karamihan ng mga kultura at kahit na hinihikayat sa iba, lalo na sa [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kultura ng lipunang Kanluran]].

Ang kapeina ay maaaring magkaroon ng parehong positibo at negatibong epekto sa kalusugan. Nagagamot at napipigilan nito ang napaaga na mga karamdaman sa paghinga ng sanggol na ''bronchopulmonary dysplasia'' ng pagbata at apnea ng prematurity. Ang kapeina citrate ay nasa Listahan ng WHO Model List of Essential Medicines .  Maaari itong magbigay ng katamtamang proteksiyon na epekto laban sa ilang sakit,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cano-Marquina A, Tarín JJ, Cano A |date=May 2013 |title=The impact of coffee on health |journal=Maturitas |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002 |pmid=23465359}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCano-MarquinaTarínCano2013">Cano-Marquina A, Tarín JJ, Cano A (May 2013). "The impact of coffee on health". ''Maturitas''. '''75''' (1): 7–21. [[Tagatukoy ng digital na bagay|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002|10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23465359 23465359].</cite></ref> kabilang ang [[Karamdamang Parkinson]].<ref name="Qi 2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qi H, Li S |date=April 2014 |title=Dose-response meta-analysis on coffee, tea and caffeine consumption with risk of Parkinson's disease |journal=Geriatrics & Gerontology International |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=430–9 |doi=10.1111/ggi.12123 |pmid=23879665}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFQiLi2014">Qi H, Li S (April 2014). "Dose-response meta-analysis on coffee, tea and caffeine consumption with risk of Parkinson's disease". ''Geriatrics & Gerontology International''. '''14''' (2): 430–9. [[Tagatukoy ng digital na bagay|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/ggi.12123|10.1111/ggi.12123]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23879665 23879665]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42527557 42527557].</cite></ref> Ang ilang mga tao ay nakakaranas ng pagkagambala sa pagtulog o pagkabalisa kung kumakain sila ng kapeina,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Callaghan F, Muurlink O, Reid N |date=7 December 2018 |title=Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |volume=11 |pages=263–271 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S156404 |pmc=6292246 |pmid=30573997}}</ref> ngunit ang iba ay nagpapakita ng kaunting simptomas. Ang katibayan nito ng isang panganib sa  pagsasanggol ay hindi maliwanag; inirerekomenda rin ng ilang awtoridad na limitahan ng mga buntis na kababaihan ang kapeina sa katumbas ng dalawang tasa ng kape bawat araw o mas kaunti.<ref name="Jah2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jahanfar S, Jaafar SH |date=June 2015 |title=Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=6 |pages=CD006965 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006965.pub4 |pmid=26058966}}</ref><ref name="ACOG policy 462 caffeine">{{Cite journal |last=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |date=August 2010 |title=ACOG CommitteeOpinion No. 462: Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=116 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=467–8 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eeb2a1 |pmid=20664420}}</ref> Ang kapeina ay maaaring makagawa ng banayad na anyo ng pag-asa sa droga&nbsp;– nauugnay sa mga sintomas ng paghulog tulad ng pagkaantok, sakit ng ulo, at pagkamayamutin&nbsp;– kapag ang isang indibidwal ay huminto sa paggamit ng kapeina pagkatapos ng paulit-ulit na pang-araw-araw na paggamit.<ref name="pmid15448977">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Juliano LM, Griffiths RR |date=October 2004 |title=A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2004-10_176_1/page/1 |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=176 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x |pmid=15448977 |quote=Results: Of 49 symptom categories identified, the following 10 fulfilled validity criteria: headache, fatigue, decreased energy/ activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded. In addition, flu-like symptoms, nausea/vomiting, and muscle pain/stiffness were judged likely to represent valid symptom categories. In experimental studies, the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12–24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20–51 h, and for a duration of 2–9 days.}}</ref> Áng pagparaya sa mga awtonomic na epekto ng tumaas na presyon ng dugo at tibok ng puso, at pagtaas ng paglabas ng ihi, ay nabubuo sa talamak na paggamit (ibig sabihin, ang mga sintomas na ito ay hindi gaanong binibigkas o hindi nangyayari pagkatapos ng pare-parehong paggamit).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA |date=April 1981 |title=Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=1111–7 |doi=10.1172/JCI110124 |pmc=370671 |pmid=7009653}}</ref>

Ang kapeina ay sinuri ng US Food and Drug Administration bilang pangkalahatang kinikilala bilang ligtas na gamitin na gamot. Iniulat ng European Food Safety Authority na hanggang 400&nbsp;mg ng kapeina bawat araw (sa paligid ng 5.7&nbsp;mg/kg ng body mass bawat araw) ay hindi nagpapataas ng mga nagaalala para sakaligtasan at sa mga hindi buntis na nasa hustong gulang, habang umiinom ng hanggang 200&nbsp;Ang mg bawat araw para sa mga buntis at nagpapasusong kababaihan ay hindi naglalabas ng mga alalahanin sa kaligtasan para sa fetus o mga sanggol na pinapasuso.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine |url=https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 |url-status=dead |journal=EFSA Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=4102 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 |issn=1831-4732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715130203/https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> Ang isang tasa ng kape ay naglalaman ng 80–175&nbsp;mg ng kapeina, depende sa kung anong "butil" (binhi) ang ginagamit, kung paano ito iniihaw (mas kaunting kapeina ang mga ''dark roast''), at kung paano ito inihahanda (hal., ''drip'', ''percolation'', o [[espresso]] ). Kaya nangangailangan ito ng humigit-kumulang 50–100 ordinaryong tasa ng kape upang maabot ang nakakalason na dosis. Gayunpaman, ang purong powdered kapeina, na available bilang dietary supplement, ay maaaring nakamamatay sa laki ng kutsara.

==Mga sanggunian==
{{reflist}}



[[Kategorya:Kape]]
[[Kategorya:Alkaloid]]