Tingnan ang wikitext ng Ku Klux Klan

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{{Infobox|title = Ku Klux Klan
|image = [[Talaksan:Emblem of the Ku Klux Klan.svg|150px]]
|caption = Sagisag ng Ku Klux Klan
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;a
|header1 = Umiiral
|label2 = Unang Klan
|data2 = 1865–1871
|label3 = Pangalawang Klan
|data3 = 1915–1944
|label4 = Pangatlong Klan
|data4 = 1946–kasalukuyan
|header6 = Mga kasapi
|label7 = Unang Klan
|data7 = Hindi alam
|label8 = Pangalawang Klan
|data8 = 3,000,000–6,000,000<ref>McVeigh, Rory. "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1925". ''Social Forces'', Vol. 77, No. 4 (June 1999), p. 1463.</ref> (umabot sa tugatog 1924–25)
|label9 = Pangatlong Klan
|data9 = 5,000–8,000<ref name="Ku Klux Klan">{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|accessdate=7 Pebrero 2013}}</ref>
|header10 = Mga katangian
|label11 = Ideolohiyang politikal
|data11 = {{unbulleted list
|[[Neo-Confederate]] (unang KKK; pangatlong KKK)
|[[White supremacy]]
|[[White nationalism]]
|[[Natibismo (politika)|Nativism]]{{fact}}
|[[Anti-immigration]]
|[[Anti-communism]]
|[[Terorismong Kristiyano]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Khattar|first=Aref M.|title=Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/religionterroris0000alkh|year=2003|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionterroris0000alkh/page/21 21], 30, 55}}</ref><ref>Michael, Robert, and Philip Rosen. ''Dictionary of antisemitism from the earliest times to the present''. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, 1997, p. 267.</ref>
|[[Anti-Catholicism]]
|[[Antisemitismo]]
|[[Christian Identity]]
|[[Neo-pasismo]] (pangatlong KKK)
|[[Neo-Nazismo]] (pangatlong KKK)}}
|label12 = [[Paninindigang politikal]]
|data12 = [[Malayong-kanan na politika|Malayong-kanan]]
|label13 = [[wiktionary:espouse|Espoused]] religion
|data13 = [[Protestantismo sa Estados Unidos|Protestantismo]]<ref name="Kelly Baker 2011">Kelly Baker, ''Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930'' (U Press of Kadas, 2011)</ref>
}}
Ang '''Ku Klux Klan''' (binibigkas na {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|_|ˈ|k|l|ʌ|k|s|_|ˈ|k|l|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|j|uː|}}),{{Efn|Madalas na binibigkas nang mali bilang {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|uː|_|ˈ|k|l|ʌ|k|s|_|ˈ|k|l|æ|n}}.}} na kadalasang tinatawag na '''KKK''' o payak na '''Klan''', ay ang pangalan ng tatlong mga di-magkauring kilusan sa [[Estados Unidos]] na nagtaguyod ng mga marahas at reactionary na mga paninindigan tulad ng [[white supremacy]], [[white nationalism]], [[Natibismo (politika)|anti-immigration]] at (lalo na sa mga sumunod na ulit) [[Lahing Nordiko|Nordisismo]],<ref name="petersen">{{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=William|title=Against the Stream: Reflections of an Unconventional Demographer|publisher=Transaction Publishers|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FHlTJ6HbY50C&dq=klu+klux+klan+nordicism|accessdate=May 8, 2016|isbn=9781412816663}}</ref><ref name="guterl">{{cite book|last1=Pratt Guterl|first1=Matthew|title=The Color of Race in America, 1900-1940|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CkF66YfhblwC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=klu+klux+klan+nordicism#v=onepage&q=klu%20klux%20klan%20nordicism&f=false|isbn=9780674038059}}</ref> [[anti-Catholicism]]<ref name="pitsula">{{cite book|last1=Pitsula|first1=James M.|title=Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan|date=2013|publisher=UBC Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BtJTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137&dq=klu+klux+klan+%22anti-catholicism%22#v=onepage&q=klu%20klux%20klan%20%22anti-catholicism%22&f=false|isbn=9780774824927}}</ref><ref name="michaelbrooks"/> at [[antisemitismo]].<ref name="michaelbrooks">{{cite book|last1=Brooks|first1=Michael E.|title=The Ku Klux Klan in Wood County, Ohio|date=2014|publisher=The History Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6O9kAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54&dq=klu+klux+klan+%22anti-semitism%22#v=onepage&q=klu%20klux%20klan%20%22anti-semitism%22&f=false|isbn=9781626193345}}</ref> Sa nakaraan, gumamit ng Ku Klux Klan ng [[terorismo]]—kapuwa pisikal na pananakit at pagpatay—laban sa mga pangkat o tao na kanilang tinututulan.<ref>O'Donnell, Patrick (Editor), 2006. ''Ku Klux Klan America's First Terrorists Exposed'', p. 210. {{ISBN|1-4196-4978-7}}.</ref> Tumatawag ang lahat ng tatlong mga kilusan para "paglilinis" ng [[Lipunan ng Estados Unidos|lipunang Amerikano]] at lahat ay itinuturing mga labis na samahang [[Malayong-kanan na politika|makakanan]].<ref>Rory McVeigh, ''The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics'' (2009).</ref><ref>Matthew N. Lyons, ''Right-Wing Populism in America'' (2000), ch. 3, 5, 13.</ref><ref>Chalmers, David Mark, 2003. ''Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement'', p. 163. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-2311-1}}.</ref><ref name=Quarles>Charles Quarles, 1999. ''The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis'', p. 100. McFarland.</ref>

The first Klan flourished in the [[Southern United States]] in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] state governments in the South during the [[Reconstruction Era]], especially by using violence against [[African American]] leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through [[Second Enforcement Act of 1871|federal law enforcement]]. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and [[Pointed hat|conical hats]], designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.<ref>See, e.g., Klanwatch Project (2011), illustrations, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref>Elaine Frantz Parsons, "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan". ''Journal of American History'' 92.3 (2005): 811–36.</ref>

The second group was founded in 1915 and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Western United States|West]]. Rooted in local Protestant communities, it opposed [[Catholics]] and [[Jews]], while also stressing its opposition to the [[Catholic Church]] at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic nations of southern and eastern Europe.<ref name="Kelly Baker 2011"/> This second organization adopted a standard white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding [[cross burning]]s and mass parades to intimidate others.

The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after [[WWII]], in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the [[Civil Rights Movement]], often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a [[hate group]] by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>Both the [http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/ Anti-Defamation League] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050902/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/ |date=October 3, 2012 }} and the [http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan/ Southern Poverty Law Center] include it in their lists of hate groups. See also Brian Levin, "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America", in Perry, Barbara (ed.), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TqAAOLm7Y-MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hate+and+Bias+Crime:+A+Reader&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAGoVChMIj8-RsIrUxwIVAroUCh0MCgDb#v=onepage&q=Hate%20and%20Bias%20Crime%3A%20A%20Reader&f=false ''Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader''], Routledge, 2003, p. 112.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) puts it at 6,000 members total.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a8ed212468c741eb993609cd480efe21/ku-klux-klan-dreams-rising-again-150-years-after-founding|title=At 150, KKK sees opportunities in US political trends|language=en-US|access-date=July 2, 2016|archive-date=Hulyo 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701232217/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a8ed212468c741eb993609cd480efe21/ku-klux-klan-dreams-rising-again-150-years-after-founding|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America's "[[English American|Anglo-Saxon]]" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Michael Newton (author)|author=Newton, Michael|title=[[The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida]]|date=2001}}</ref> Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every [[Christian denomination]] has officially denounced the KKK.<ref name="Perlmutter1999">{{cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=Philip|title=Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofhateshor00perl|date=January 1, 1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0406-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/legacyofhateshor00perl/page/170 170]|quote=Kenneth T. Jackson, in his ''The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915-1930'', reminds us that "virtually every" Protestant denomination denounced the KKK, but that most KKK members were not "innately depraved or anxious to subvert American institutions," but rather believed their membership in keeping with "one-hundred percent Americanism" and Christianity morality.}}</ref>

==Mga nota==
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==Mga sanggunian==
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[[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Estados Unidos]]