View source for Demographics of Poland

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{{Multiple issues|{{Update|date=November 2022}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place              = [[Poland]]
 | image              = File:Poland Population Pyramid.svg
 | image_size         = 350
 | alt                =
 | caption            = Population pyramid of Poland in 2021

<!-- main demographics -->
 | size_of_population = 37,636,508<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | population_estimate_year = 31 December 2023
 | population_figure_source = 
 | density            = 120/km²<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | growth             = -0.34% (as of 31 December 2023)<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | birth              = 7.2 births/1,000 population<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | death              = 10.9 deaths/1,000 population<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | life               = 78.76 years
 | life_male          = 75.02 years
 | life_female        = 82.73 years
 | fertility          = 1.16 children per woman (2023)
 | infant_mortality   = 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | net_migration      = -0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population

<!-- age structure -->
 | under_18_years     = 
 | age_18–44_years    = 
 | age_45-64_years    =
 | age_65_years       = 20.1%<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | age_0–14_years     = 15.1%<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | age_15–64_years    = 64.9%<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>

<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 107 females per 100 male<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29"/>
 | sr_at_birth        = 
 | sr_under_15        = 
 | sr_15–64_years     = 
 | sr_65_years_over   = 

<!-- nationality -->
 | nation             = Pole
 | major_ethnic       = [[Polish people|Polish]] &mdash; 98.6%
 | minor_ethnic       = 

<!-- language -->
 | official           = Polish
 | spoken             = 
 | footnote           =
}}

The '''demographics of Poland''' constitute all [[demographics|demographic]] features of the population of [[Poland]] including [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

As of 31 December 2023, the population of Poland was 37,636,508,<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-29 |title=Ludność. Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 r. (stan w dniu 31.12) |trans-title=Population. State and structure of population and natural movement in territorial section in 2023 (as of 31.12) |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/ludnosc-stan-i-struktura-ludnosci-oraz-ruch-naturalny-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2023-r-stan-w-dniu-31-12,6,36.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |language=pl}}</ref> while the usually resident population was 36,620,970.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Rezydenci (ludność rezydująca) |trans-title=Residents (residing populace) |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/rezydenci-ludnosc-rezydujaca,19,1.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |language=pl}}</ref> The population has exhibited a negative growth rate of −0.34% per year. The population density was 120 people per square kilometer. The proportion of the population residing in urban areas was 59.45%, a figure that has been declining as a consequence of [[suburbanization]]. The sex ratio was 107 women per 100 men, 112 per 100 in urban areas, and 101 per 100 in rural areas. The median age was nearly 43 years (over 41 years for males and over 44 years for females).<ref name="GUS 2024-04-29" />

According to the 2021 census by the [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Polish Central Statistical Office]] (GUS), as of March 31, 2021, Poland had an official population of 38,036,118,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Informacja o wynikach Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 na poziomie województw, powiatów i gmin |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/informacja-o-wynikach-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2021-na-poziomie-wojewodztw-powiatow-i-gmin,1,1.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> a decrease of 0.9% since the 2011 census, and a usually resident population of 37,019,327,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Ludność rezydująca – dane NSP 2021 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/ludnosc-rezydujaca-dane-nsp-2021,44,1.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> a 2.7% decrease since the 2011 census. The difference between official and usually resident population comes from two different methodologies used by GUS for population counts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pawłowska |first=Danuta |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Spis powszechny. Liczba ludności to sprawa polityczna, czyli jak GUS doliczył się 38 mln mieszkańców |url=https://biqdata.wyborcza.pl/biqdata/7,159116,28061864,spis-powszechny-liczba-ludnosci-to-sprawa-polityczna-czyli.html |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=Biqdata}}</ref> In addition, Poland is home to a large number of foreigners, most of whom are not counted towards the official population of the country. As of the 2021 census, there were 1,433,779 of them in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Migracje zagraniczne na pobyt czasowy - wyniki NSP 2021 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/migracje-zagraniczne-na-pobyt-czasowy-wyniki-nsp-2021,4,1.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

Poland's population has been growing quickly after [[World War II]], during which the country lost millions of citizens. Population passed 38 million in the late 1980s and has since then stagnated within the 38.0-38.6 million range until the 2020s where the effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the baby boom generation starting to die out and a baby boost started to overlap.

In 2018, the average [[life expectancy]] was 77.9 years; 74.1 for men and 82 for women. Population distribution is uneven, with densely populated south, moderately populated center and south-east and scarcely populated north.

Ethnically, Poland used to be one of the most multi-ethnic countries in Europe before World War II. It hosted the largest [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish community]] in Europe, with [[Warsaw]] being the largest concentration of Jews in the world besides [[New York City]]. In the eastern parts of the country, [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] often outnumbered [[Poles (people)|Poles]], while in the west there were large [[Germans|German]] communities. After the war, Poland became an ethnically homogeneous country. However, in the last decade Poland witnessed a mass-scale migration to the country, mostly from the neighboring Ukraine and Belarus and increasingly from Central, South Asia and the Middle East.

In connection with the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on 24 February 2022, as part of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], by 2 August 2022, more than 10.4 million [[Ukrainian refugee crisis|Ukrainian refugees]] left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 5.1 million people fled to neighboring Poland initially.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)|work=UNHCR|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine|date=2022}}</ref> As of September 2023, 958,120 Ukrainian refugees continue to reside in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otwarte Dane |url=https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/2715,zarejestrowane-wnioski-o-nadanie-statusu-ukr/resource/50976/table |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=dane.gov.pl}}</ref> They are also not counted towards official or usually resident population.

==History==
{{further|Historical demography of Poland}}
For many centuries, until the end of World War II in 1945, the population of Poland included many significant ethnic minorities.
{{GraphChart
| width = 500
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
| y1= 27.2, 27.8, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 29.9, 30.3, 30.7, 31.1, 31.5, 31.9, 32.4, 32.8, 33.2, 33.6, 34, 34.4, 34.8, , , , , , , , 23.8, 24, 24, 24.4, 24.8, 25.3, 25.8, 26.3, 26.8, 27.3, 27.8, 28.3, 28.8, 29.2, 29.6, 30, 30.3, 30.7, 31.2, 31.5,  31.7, 31.9, 32.4, 32.6, 32.5, 32.8, 33.1, 33.4, 33.7, 34, 34.4, 34.7, 35, 35.3, 35.6, 35.9, 36.2, 36.6, 36.9, 37.2, 37.5, 37.7, 37.9, 38, 38.1, 38.2, 38.4, 38.5, 38.5, 38.6, 38.6, 38.6, 38.7, 38.7, 38.6, 38.2, 38.2, 38.2, 38.2, 38.2, 38.1, 38.1, 38.1, 38.2, 38.5, 38.5, 38.5, 38.5, 38.5, 38.4, 38.4, 38.4, 38.4, 38.4, 38.3, 38.1, 37.8
| y1Title= population (million)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 500
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin= -15
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| hAnnotatonsLine=0
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| type = line
| x = 1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
| y1= 11.8,15.4,18.3,16.6,18.5,15.3,14.3,15.9,15.3,17.0,14.7,13.8,12.3, 12.1, 12.1, 12.0, 10.9, 10.6,  , , , , , , ,9.9 ,15.0 ,18.2 ,18.1 ,19.1, 18.6 ,19.1 ,19.5 ,18.7,19.5,19.1,18.1,17.8,16.1,15.1,13.3,11.9,11.7,10.5,10.0,9.4,8.5,8.6,8.2,8.6,8.5,9.4,9.6,10.2,10.2,10.7,10.1,9.7,10.4,9.6,9.7,10.1,10.2,9.1,8.0,6.9,6.0,5.7,4.8,4.1,3.7,3.1,2.7,2.5,1.5,1.1,0.8,0.5,0.0,0.3,0.1,-0.1,-0.4,-0.2,-0.1,0.1,0.3,0.9,0.9,0.9,0.3,0.1,-0.5,-0.1,-0.7,-0.2,-0.0,-0.7,-0.9,-3.2, -4.9, -3.8

| y2= , 22.2, -13.2, -16.1, -19.1, 14.3, -1.2, -3.1, -2.7, -4.1, -0.8, 0.3, -12, -0.1, -0.4, 23.4, 1.4, 1.1, , , , , , , , , -6.9, -17.8, -0.5, -2.4, -1, -0.4, -0.4, 0.2, -0.4, 0.1, -0.6, -1.8, 0, -4.2, 0.1, 0, 0.3, 4.6, 0.7, -3, -0.8, 6.2, -4.3, -9.5, 0, -1.4, -0.8, -0.5, -0.5, -0.8, -0.4, -0.8, -3.4, -0.6, -0.7, -1.2, -0.7, 0.2, -0.2, -0.1, -0.5, -0.5, -2.1, 0, -0.4, 0, -0.2, -0.3, -0.3, -0.3, 0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.4, -10.6, -0.6, -0.4, -0.2, -0.3, -0.9, -0.5, -0.4, 0, 8.5, -0.1, -0.2, -0.5, -0.4, -0.4, 0, 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0
| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
| y2Title=Crude migration change (per 1000)
}}
<ref>Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 500
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| hAnnotatonsLine=2,1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| type = line
| x = 1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
| y1= 4.40,4.73,4.82,4.69,4.74,4.44,4.23,4.29,4.26,4.33,4.05,3.87,3.55,3.56,3.50,3.51,3.34,3.26,3.23,3.21,3.18,3.16,3.13,3.11,3.08,3.06,3.51,3.93,3.94,3.71,3.75,3.67,3.61,3.58,3.61,3.61,3.49,3.36,3.22,2.98,2.83,2.72,2.70,2.57,2.52,2.33,2.30,2.24,2.20,2.22,2.25,2.24,2.24,2.26,2.27,2.31,2.33,2.30,2.39,2.42,2.34,2.38,2.41,2.36,2.33,2.21,2.15,2.12,2.08,2.04,2.05,1.91,1.86,1.78,1.65,1.58,1.52,1.44,1.37,1.35,1.32,1.25,1.22,1.23,1.24,1.27,1.31,1.39,1.40,1.38,1.30,1.30,1.26,1.29,1.29,1.36,1.45,1.44,1.42,1.38, 1.32
| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}

=== 1945-1989 ===
The population of Poland decreased from more than 35 million in 1939 to less than 24 million in 1946. Of that, around 6 million were killed during [[the Holocaust]], [[Romani Holocaust|Porajmos]], and [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German and Soviet occupations]], while the remaining decline can be mostly attributed to [[Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II|altered borders]] and associated population expulsions of [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|Germans]] and [[Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine|Ukrainians]] and [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|resettlement of Poles]]. As a result, Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous areas in Europe.

Poland's population has been rising consistently in the 1945-1989 period, to 37.96 million in 1989. This growth has been fully fueled by positive natural change (more births than deaths), as net [[international migration]] was negative for Poland every year between 1966 and 1989, even despite the socialist government's restrictions on leaving the country for any reason. 578,405 people emigrated from Poland between 1966 and 1989,<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Główne kierunki emigracji i imigracji na pobyt stały w latach 1966-2022 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci/glowne-kierunki-emigracji-i-imigracji-na-pobyt-staly-w-latach-1966-2022,4,2.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> with the main destination countries being [[Germany]] (388,137) and [[United States]] (50,453).

=== 1990–present ===
Since 1990, Poland's population stagnated at 38.0-38.6 million, with the median age rising due to low birth rates. Official population statistics are a point of debate in Poland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czy wiemy, ile nas jest? O potrzebie reformy sposobu pomiaru liczebności i struktury populacji |url=https://www.batory.org.pl/publikacja/czy-wiemy-ile-nas-jest-o-potrzebie-reformy-sposobu-pomiaru-liczebnosci-i-struktury-populacji/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego}}</ref> though, with many academics criticizing the [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Polish Central Statistical Office]] (GUS) for failing to adapt to successfully capture internal and international migration in particular.<ref>{{Citation |title=seminarium forumIdei Fundacji Batorego i Unii Metropolii Polskich "Czy wiemy, ile nas jest?" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WoRV85A0fk |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Already the 2002 census revealed Poland had 402,000 residents less than expected,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strzelecki |first=Zbigniew |url=https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/bip/BIP_syt_dem_raport_2005-2006.pdf |title=Sytuacja demograficzna Polski. Raport 2005-2006. |collaboration=Rządowa Rada Ludnościowa |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |year=2006 |isbn=83-7027-411-0 |pages=6}}</ref> and subsequent censuses reflected neither the [[Migrations from Poland since EU accession|mass emigration of Poles]] after Poland's admission to the European Union in 2004, nor the mass immigration to Poland since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilles |first=Daniel |date=2022-08-11 |title=Poland issues EU's most residence permits to immigrants for fifth year running |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/11/poland-issues-eus-most-residence-permits-to-immigrants-for-fifth-year-running/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Population==
[[File:Historical_population_of_Poland.svg|thumbnail|395x395px|Population of Poland 500–2023]]
[[File:TFR in Poland, 2021.png|thumb|330x330px|Total fertility rate varies significantly by county in Poland. In 2021, [[Kashubia]] and [[Nowy Sącz]] regions had the highest fertility rate, along with metropolitan areas of Warsaw and Poznań. The lowest, sub-1 fertility was recorded in the [[Sudetes]]. ]]
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.<ref name="WPR2018">{{citation |title=Poland Population 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/poland-population/ |website=World Population Review}}</ref>
*One birth every 2 minutes
*One death every 1 minutes
*Net loss of one person every 7 minutes
*One net migrant every 53 minutes

===Fertility===
[[File:Total fertility rate of Poland overtime to 2016.svg|thumb|467x467px|TFR of Poland overtime to 2016]]
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=POL|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1800!!1801!!1802!!1803!!1804!!1805!!1806!!1807!!1808!!1809!!1810<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.28|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.26 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.25|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.23|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.22|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.19|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.17|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.14|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.12
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1811!!1812!!1813!!1814!!1815!!1816!!1817!!1818!!1819!!1820<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.11|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.09 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.08|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.06|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.05|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1821!!1822!!1823!!1824!!1825!!1826!!1827!!1828!!1829!!1830<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.83|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.22|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.14|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.06
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1831!!1832!!1833!!1834!!1835!!1836!!1837!!1838!!1839!!1840<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.98|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.9 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.43|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.83|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.9|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.43|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1841!!1842!!1843!!1844!!1845!!1846!!1847!!1848!!1849!!1850<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.43 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.03|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.82|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.82|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |[[Total Fertility Rate]] in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.43|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.97 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.57|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.2|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.83|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.46|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |6.16
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.23|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.23|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.23
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.23 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.23|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899!!1900<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.9|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.9|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.63|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.49
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1901!!1902!!1903!!1904!!1905!!1906!!1907!!1908!!1909!!1910<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.36 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.09|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.96|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.82
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1911!!1912!!1913!!1914!!1915!!1916!!1917!!1918!!1919!!1920<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.69|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.56 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.69|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.82|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.89|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.62|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.22|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.22|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.42|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.69
|}

;Birth rate[[File:BirthDeath 1950 PL.svg|thumb|350px|Birth and death rates of Poland in 1950-2008]]:
:9.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd

;Total fertility rate
:
:1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th

;Mother's mean age at first birth
:
:27.4 years (2014 est.)

===Life expectancy===
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Poland -diff.png|thumb|350px|Life expectancy at birth in Poland]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life expectancy in Years
|-
|1950–1955
|61.4
|-
|1955–1960
|65.9
|-
|1960–1965
|68.3
|-
|1965–1970
|69.8
|-
|1970–1975
|70.3
|-
|1975–1980
|70.4
|-
|1980–1985
|70.7
|-
|1985–1990
|70.7
|-
|1990–1995
|71.2
|-
|1995–2000
|72.7
|-
|2000–2005
|74.6
|-
|2005–2010
|75.6
|-
|2010–2015
|77.0
|-
|2015–2020
|77.6
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''
[[File:Poland from 1950 to 2020 population pyramid.gif|thumb|350px|Population pyramid of Poland from 1950 to 2020]]

=== Age structure ===

:''0-14 years:'' 14.8% (male 2,924,077 /female 2,762,634)
:''15-24 years:'' 10.34% (male 2,040,043 /female 1,932,009)
:''25-54 years:'' 43.44% (male 8,431,045 /female 8,260,124)
:''55-64 years:'' 13.95% (male 2,538,566 /female 2,819,544)
:''65 years and over:'' 17.47% (male 2,663,364 /female 4,049,281) (2018 est.)

;Median age
:
:total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 44th
:male: 39.4 years
:female: 42.8 years (2018 est.)

== Vital statistics ==

===Vital statistics from 1921 to 1938===
<ref name="autogenerated1">B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |title=United Nations : Demographic Yearbook 1948 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Unstats.un.org}}</ref><ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |title=Central Statistical Office of Poland |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917153015/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm |archive-date=2008-09-17 |access-date=2008-08-29}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! width="10%" |Year <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ined.fr/fr/pop_chiffres/pays_developpes/base_pays_developpes/|title=Démographie des pays développés|website=Ined.fr|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194706/http://www.ined.fr/fr/pop_chiffres/pays_developpes/base_pays_developpes/|archive-date=2 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! width="20pt" |Average population
! width="50pt" |Live births
! width="50pt" |Deaths
! width="50pt" |Natural change
! width="50pt" |Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="50pt" |Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="50pt" |Natural change (per 1000)
! width="50pt" |[[Total Fertility Rate|Total fertility rates]]{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. }}<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
|1921
|27,224,000
|890,400||568,300||322,100
|32.7
| style="color:red;" |20.9||11.8|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.40
|-
|1922
|27,846,000
|983,100||554,600||482,500
|35.3||19.9||15.4|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.73
|-
|1923
|28,480,000
|1,014,700||493,800||520,900
| style="color:blue;" |35.6||17.3||18.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.82
|-
|1924
|29,007,000
|1,000,100||519,200||480,900
|34.5||17.9||16.6|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.69
|-
|1925
|29,475,000
|1,036,600||492,200||544,400
|35.2||16.7||18.5|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.74
|-
|1926
|29,906,000
|989,100||532,700||456,400
|33.1||17.8||15.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.44
|-
|1927
|30,302,000
|958,733||525,633||433,100
|31.6||17.3||14.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.23
|-
|1928
|30,693,000
|990,993|| 504,207||486,786
|32.3||16.4||15.9|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.29
|-
|1929
|31,084,000
|994,101||518,929||475,172
|32.0||16.7||15.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.26
|-
|1930
|31,490,000
|1,022,811||488,417||534,394
|32.5||15.5||17.0|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.33
|-
|1931
|31,935,000
|964,573||493,703||470,870
|30.2||15.5||14.7|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.05
|-
|1932
|32,394,000
|934,663||486,548||448,115
|28.9||15.0||13.8|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.87
|-
|1933
|32,823,000
|868,675||466,210||402,465
|26.5||14.2||12.3|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.55
|-
|1934
|33,223,000
|881,615||479,684||401,931
|26.5||14.4||12.1|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.56
|-
|1935
|33,616,000
|876,667||470,998||405,669
|26.1||14.0||12.1|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.50
|-
|1936
|34,020,000
|892,320||482,633||409,687
|26.2||14.2||12.0|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.51
|-
|1937
|34,441,000
|856,064||481,594||374,470
|24.9||14.0||10.9|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.34
|-
|1938
|34,849,000
|849,873||479,602||370,271
|24.4||13.8||10.6|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.26
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1939!!1940!!1941!!1942!!1943!!1944!!1945<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" |Total Fertility Rate in Poland|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.23|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.21 || style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.18|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.13|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.11|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.08
|}

===After World War II===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/struktura-ludnosci-do-2013-r-,16,1.html |title=Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Obszary tematyczne / Ludność / Ludność / Struktura ludności do 2013 R |access-date=2014-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616053300/http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/struktura-ludnosci-do-2013-r-,16,1.html |archive-date=2014-06-16 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_rocznik_demograficzny_PLK_HTML.htm |title=GUS - Główny Urząd Statystyczny - Rocznik Demograficzny 2011 |access-date=2012-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227122824/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_rocznik_demograficzny_PLK_HTML.htm |archive-date=2011-12-27 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5470/1/1/7/poz_ex1950-2012.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232341/http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5470/1/1/7/poz_ex1950-2012.xls |archive-date=2014-05-25 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/informacje-o-sytuacji-spoleczno-gospodarczej/informacja-o-sytuacji-spoleczno-gospodarczej-kraju-w-2016-r-,1,56.html|title=Informacja o sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej kraju w 2016 r.|website=Stat.gov.pl|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/informacje-o-sytuacji-spoleczno-gospodarczej/informacja-o-sytuacji-spoleczno-gospodarczej-kraju-w-2017-r-,1,68.html | title=Informacja o sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej kraju w 2017 R }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/other-studies/informations-on-socio-economic-situation/statistical-bulletin-no-22018,4,85.html | title=Statistical Bulletin No 2/2018 }}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Total fertility rate |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00199/default/table |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{citation |title=World Factbook EUROPE : POLAND |date=July 12, 2018 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/ |work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name="TVN2022">{{citation |title=Polaków jest coraz mniej. W 2022 roku najmniej urodzeń od II wojny - wiceminister rodziny i polityki społecznej Barbara Socha komentuje dane GUS - TVN24 Biznes|date=February 5, 2022 |url=https://tvn24.pl/biznes/z-kraju/polakow-jest-coraz-mniej-w-2022-roku-najmniej-urodzen-od-ii-wojny-swiatowej-wiceminister-rodziny-i-polityki-spolecznej-barbara-socha-komentuje-dane-gus-6727393 |work=[[TVN 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Trwanie życia w 2020 roku |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/trwanie-zycia/trwanie-zycia-w-2020-roku,2,15.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Trwanie życia w 2021 roku |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/trwanie-zycia/trwanie-zycia-w-2021-roku,2,16.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/inne-opracowania-zbiorcze/polska-w-liczbach-2023,14,16.html | title=Polska w liczbach 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
!
! width="80pt" |Average population (December 31)
! width="80pt" |Live births
! width="80pt" |Deaths
! width="80pt" |Natural change
! width="80pt" |Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="80pt" |Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="80pt" |Natural change (per 1000)
! width="80pt" |Crude migration change  (per 1000)
! width="80pt" |Crude population change (per 1000)
! width="80pt" |[[Total Fertility Rate|Total fertility rates]]
! width="70pt" |Life expectancy (males)
! width="70pt" |Life expectancy (females)
! width="70pt" |Share of births outside marriage
! width="80pt" |Immigration
! width="80pt" |Emigration
! width="80pt" |Net external migration
|-
| 1946
| align="right" | 23,777,000
| align="right" | 570,000
| align="right" | 335,000
| align="right" | 235,000
| align="right" | 24.0
| style="color: red" align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 9.9
|
|
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.06
|
|
|
|-
| 1947
| align="right" | 23,970,000
| align="right" | 630,000
| align="right" | 271,000
| align="right" | 359,000
| align="right" | 26.3
| align="right" | 11.3
| align="right" | 15.0 || style="color: red" |-6.9 || 8.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.51
|
|
|
|-
| 1948
| align="right" | 23,980,000
| align="right" | 704,772
| align="right" | 268,000
| align="right" | 436,772
| align="right" | 29.4
| align="right" | 11.2
| align="right" | 18.2 || style="color: red" |-17.8 || 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.93
|
|
|
|-
| 1949
| align="right" | 24,410,000
| align="right" | 725,061
| align="right" | 284,000
| align="right" | 441,061
| align="right" | 29.7
| align="right" | 11.6
| align="right" | 18.1 || style="color: red" |-0.5 || 17.6
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.94
|
|
|
|-
| 1950
| align="right" | 24,824,000
| align="right" | 763,108
| align="right" | 288,685
| align="right" | 474,423
| align="right" | 30.7
| align="right" | 11.6
| align="right" | 19.1 || style="color: red" | -2.4 || 16.7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.71
| align="right" | 56.07
| align="right" | 61.68
|
|-
| 1951
| align="right" | 25,271,000
| align="right" | 783,597
| align="right" | 312,314
| align="right" | 471,283
| style="color: blue" align="right"| 31.0
| align="right" | 12.4
| align="right" | 18.6 || style="color: red" |-1 || 17.7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.75
| align="right" | 55.11
| align="right" | 60.67
|
|-
| 1952
| align="right" | 25,753,000
| align="right" | 778,962
| align="right" | 286,730
| align="right" | 492,232
| align="right" | 30.2
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 19.1 || style="color: red" |-0.4 || 18.7 
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.67
| align="right" | 57.59
| align="right" | 63.07
|
|-
| 1953
| align="right" | 26,255,000
| align="right" | 779,000
| align="right" | 266,527
| align="right" | 512,473
| align="right" | 29.7
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 19.5 || style="color: red" | -0.4 || 19.1
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.61
| align="right" | 59.58
| align="right" | 65.05
|
|-
| 1954
| align="right" | 26,761,000
| align="right" | 778,054
| align="right" | 276,406
| align="right" | 501,648
| align="right" | 29.1
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 18.7 || 0.2 || 18.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.58
| align="right" | 59.80
| align="right" | 65.06
|
|-
| 1955
| align="right" | 27,281,000
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 793,847
| align="right" | 261,576
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 532,271
| align="right" | 29.1
| align="right" | 9.6
| style="color: blue" align="right"| 19.5 
| style="color: red" | -0.4 
| 19.1
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.61
| align="right" | 60.82
| align="right" | 66.19
|
|-
| 1956
| align="right" | 27,815,000
| align="right" | 779,835
| align="right" | 249,606
| align="right" | 530,229
| align="right" | 28.0
| align="right" | 9.0
| align="right" | 19.1 || 0.1 |
| style="color: blue" align="right"| 19.2
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.61
| align="right" | 62.29
| align="right" | 67.52
|
|-
| 1957
| align="right" | 28,310,000
| align="right" | 782,319
| align="right" | 269,137
| align="right" | 513,182
| align="right" | 27.6
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 18.1 || style="color: red" |-0.6 || 17.5
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.49
| align="right" | 61.20
| align="right" | 66.70
|
|-
| 1958
| align="right" | 28,770,000
| align="right" | 752,600
| align="right" | 241,435
| align="right" | 511,165
| align="right" | 26.2
| align="right" | 8.4
| align="right" | 17.8 || style="color: red" |-1.8 || 16
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.36
| align="right" | 63.08
| align="right" | 68.57
|
|-
| 1959
| align="right" | 29,240,000
| align="right" | 722,928
| align="right" | 252,430
| align="right" | 470,498
| align="right" | 24.7
| align="right" | 8.6
| align="right" | 16.1 || 0  ||16.1
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 3.22
| align="right" | 62.71
| align="right" | 68.30
|
|-
| 1960
| align="right" | 29,561,000
| align="right" | 669,485
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 224,167
| align="right" | 445,318
| align="right" | 22.6
| align="right" | 7.6
| align="right" | 15.1 || style="color: red" |-4.2 || 10.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.98
| align="right" | 64.94
| align="right" | 70.60
|
|-
| 1961
| align="right" | 29,965,000
| align="right" | 627,624
| align="right" | 227,759
| align="right" | 399,865
| align="right" | 20.9
| align="right" | 7.6
| align="right" | 13.3 || 0.1 || 13.5
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.83
| align="right" | 64.91
| align="right" | 70.78
|
|-
| 1962
| align="right" | 30,324,000
| align="right" | 599,505
| align="right" | 239,199
| align="right" | 360,306
| align="right" | 19.8
| align="right" | 7.9
| align="right" | 11.9 || 0 || 11.8
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.72
| align="right" | 64.53
| align="right" | 70.49
|
|-
| 1963
| align="right" | 30,691,000
| align="right" | 588,235
| align="right" | 230,072
| align="right" | 358,163
| align="right" | 19.2
| align="right" | 7.5
| align="right" | 11.7 || 0.3 || 12
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.70
| align="right" | 65.41
| align="right" | 71.52
|
|-
| 1964
| align="right" | 31,161,000
| align="right" | 562,855
| align="right" | 235,919
| align="right" | 326,936
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 7.6
| align="right" | 10.5 || 4.6 || 15.1
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.57
| align="right" | 65.78
| align="right" | 71.60
|
|-
| 1965
| align="right" | 31,496,000
| align="right" | 546,362
| align="right" | 232,421
| align="right" | 313,941
| align="right" | 17.3
| align="right" | 7.4
| align="right" | 10.0 || 0.7 || 10.6
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.52
| align="right" | 66.58
| align="right" | 72.40
|
|-
| 1966
| align="right" | 31,698,000
| align="right" | 530,307
| align="right" | 232,945
| align="right" | 297,362
| align="right" | 16.7
| style="color:blue;" | 7.3
| align="right" | 9.4 || style="color: red" |-3.0 || 6.4
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.33
| align="right" | 66.87
| align="right" | 72.85
|
|-
| 1967
| align="right" | 31,944,000
| align="right" | 520,383
| align="right" | 247,705
| align="right" | 272,678
| align="right" | 16.3
| align="right" | 7.8
| align="right" | 8.5 || style="color: red" | -0.8 || 7.7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.30
| align="right" | 66.44
| align="right" | 72.61
|
|-
| 1968
| align="right" | 32,426,000
| align="right" | 524,174
| align="right" | 244,115
| align="right" | 280,059
| align="right" | 16.2
| align="right" | 7.5
| align="right" | 8.6 ||style="color:blue;"| 6.2 || 14.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.24
| align="right" | 67.04
| align="right" | 73.55
|
|-
| 1969
| align="right" | 32,555,000
| align="right" | 531,135
| align="right" | 262,823
| align="right" | 268,312
| align="right" | 16.3
| align="right" | 8.1
| align="right" | 8.2 || style="color: red" |-4.2 || 4
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.20
| align="right" | 66.50
| align="right" | 73.09
|
|-
| 1970
| align="right" | 32,526,000
| align="right" | 545,973
| align="right" | 266,799
| align="right" | 279,174
| align="right" | 16.8
| align="right" | 8.2
| align="right" | 8.6 || style="color: red" |-9.5 || style="color: red" | -0.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.22
| align="right" | 66.62
| align="right" | 73.33
| align="right" | 5.0
|-
| 1971
| align="right" | 32,805,000
| align="right" | 562,341
| align="right" | 283,702
| align="right" | 278,639
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 8.6
| align="right" | 8.5 || 0 || 8.5
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.25
| align="right" | 66.13
| align="right" | 73.25
|
|-
| 1972
| align="right" | 33,068,000
| align="right" | 575,725
| align="right" | 265,250
| align="right" | 310,475
| align="right" | 17.4
| align="right" | 8.0
| align="right" | 9.4 || style="color: red" | -1.4 || 8
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.24
| align="right" | 67.32
| align="right" | 74.17
|
|-
| 1973
| align="right" | 33,363,000
| align="right" | 598,559
| align="right" | 277,188
| align="right" | 321,371
| align="right" | 17.9
| align="right" | 8.3
| align="right" | 9.6 || style="color: red" |-0.8 || 8.8
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.24
| align="right" | 67.15
| align="right" | 74.30
|
|-
| 1974
| align="right" | 33,691,000
| align="right" | 621,080
| align="right" | 277,085
| align="right" | 343,995
| align="right" | 18.4
| align="right" | 8.2
| align="right" | 10.2 || style="color: red" |-0.5 || 9.7 
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.26
| align="right" | 67.80
| align="right" | 74.64
|
|-
| 1975
| align="right" | 34,022,000
| align="right" | 643,772
| align="right" | 296,896
| align="right" | 346,876
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 8.7
| align="right" | 10.2 || style="color: red" |-0.5 || 9.7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.27
| align="right" | 67.02
| align="right" | 74.26
| align="right" | 4.7
|-
| 1976
| align="right" | 34,362,000
| align="right" | 670,140
| align="right" | 304,057
| align="right" | 366,083
| align="right" | 19.5
| align="right" | 8.8
| align="right" | 10.7 || style="color: red" | -0.8 || 9.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.31
| align="right" | 66.92
| align="right" | 74.55
|
|-
| 1977
| align="right" | 34,698,000
| align="right" | 662,582
| align="right" | 312,956
| align="right" | 349,626
| align="right" | 19.1
| align="right" | 9.0
| align="right" | 10.1 || style="color: red" |-0.4 || 9.7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.33
| align="right" | 66.49
| align="right" | 74.50
|
|-
| 1978
| align="right" | 35,010,000
| align="right" | 666,336
| align="right" | 325,104
| align="right" | 341,232
| align="right" | 19.0
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 9.7 || style="color: red" | -0.8 || 8.9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.30
| align="right" | 66.36
| align="right" | 74.53
|
|-
| 1979
| align="right" | 35,257,000
| align="right" | 688,293
| align="right" | 323,048
| align="right" | 365,245
| align="right" | 19.5
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 10.4 || style="color: red" | -3.4 || 7
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.39
| align="right" | 66.79
| align="right" | 74.91
| align="right" | 4.8
|-
| 1980
| align="right" | 35,578,000
| align="right" | 692,798
| align="right" | 350,203
| align="right" | 342,595
| align="right" | 19.5
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.6 || style="color: red" | -0.6 || 9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.42
| align="right" | 66.01
| align="right" | 74.44
|
|-
| 1981
| align="right" | 35,902,000
| align="right" | 678,696
| align="right" | 328,923
| align="right" | 349,773
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.7 || style="color: red" | -0.7 || 9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.34
| align="right" | 67.10
| align="right" | 75.24
|
|-
| 1982
| align="right" | 36,227,000
| align="right" | 702,351
| align="right" | 334,869
| align="right" | 367,482
| align="right" | 19.4
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 10.1 || style="color: red" |-0.4 || 9
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.38
| align="right" | 67.24
| align="right" | 75.20
|
|-
| 1983
| align="right" | 36,571,000
| align="right" | 720,756
| align="right" | 349,388
| align="right" | 371,368
| align="right" | 19.7
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 10.2 || style="color: red" | -0.7 || 9.4
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.41
| align="right" | 67.04
| align="right" | 75.16
|
|-
| 1984
| align="right" | 36,914,000
| align="right" | 699,041
| align="right" | 364,883
| align="right" | 334,158
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 9.1 || 0.2 || 9.3
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.36
| align="right" | 66.84
| align="right" | 74.97
|
|-
| 1985
| align="right" | 37,203,000
| align="right" | 677,576
| align="right" | 381,458
| align="right" | 296,118
| align="right" | 18.2
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 8.0 || style="color: red" |-0.2 || 7.8
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.33
| align="right" | 66.50
| align="right" | 74.81
| align="right" | 5.0
|-
| 1986
| align="right" | 37,456,000
| align="right" | 634,748
| align="right" | 376,316
| align="right" | 258,432
| align="right" | 16.9
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 6.9 || style="color: red" |-0.1 || 6.8
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.21
| align="right" | 66.76
| align="right" | 75.13
|
|-
| 1987
| align="right" | 37,664,000
| align="right" | 605,492
| align="right" | 378,365
| align="right" | 227,127
| align="right" | 16.1
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 6.0 || style="color: red" |-0.5 || 5.5
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.15
| align="right" | 66.81
| align="right" | 75.20
|
|-
| 1988
| align="right" | 37,862,000
| align="right" | 587,741
| align="right" | 370,821
| align="right" | 216,920
| align="right" | 15.5
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 5.7 || style="color: red" | -0.5 || 5.2
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 2.12
| align="right" | 67.15
| align="right" | 75.67
|
|-
| 1989
| align="right" | 37,963,000
| align="right" | 562,530
| align="right" | 381,173
| align="right" | 181,357
| align="right" | 14.8
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 4.8 || style="color: red" | -2.1 || 2.7
| align="right" | 2.08
| align="right" | 66.76
| align="right" | 75.45
|
|-
| 1990
| align="right" | 38,119,000
| align="right" | 545,817
| align="right" | 390,343
| align="right" | 155,474
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 4.1 || 0 || 4.1
| align="right" | 2.04
| align="right" | 66.23
| align="right" | 75.24
| align="right" | 6.2
|-
| 1991
| align="right" | 38,245,000
| align="right" | 547,719
| align="right" | 405,716
| align="right" | 142,003
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 3.7 || style="color: red" | -0.4 || 3.3
| align="right" | 2.05
| align="right" | 65.88
| align="right" | 75.06
| align="right" | 6.6
|-
| 1992
| align="right" | 38,365,000
| align="right" | 515,214
| align="right" | 394,729
| align="right" | 120,485
| align="right" | 13.4
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 3.1 || 0 || 3.1
| align="right" | 1.91
| align="right" | 66.47
| align="right" | 75.48
| align="right" | 7.2
|-
| 1993
| align="right" | 38,459,000
| align="right" | 494,310
| align="right" | 392,259
| align="right" | 102,051
| align="right" | 12.9
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 2.7 || style="color: red" |-0.3 || 2.4
| align="right" | 1.86
| align="right" | 67.17
| align="right" | 75.81
| align="right" | 8.2
|-
| 1994
| align="right" | 38,544,000
| align="right" | 481,285
| align="right" | 386,398
| align="right" | 94,887
| align="right" | 12.5
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 2.5 || style="color: red" | -0.3 || 2.2
| align="right" | 1.78
| align="right" | 67.50
| align="right" | 76.08
| align="right" | 9.0
|-
| 1995
| align="right" | 38,588,000
| align="right" | 443,109
| align="right" | 386,084
| align="right" | 57,025
| align="right" | 11.5
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 1.5 || style="color: red" |-0.3 || 1.1
| align="right" | 1.65
| align="right" | 67.62
| align="right" | 76.39
| align="right" | 9.5
|-
| 1996
| align="right" | 38,618,000 
| align="right" | 428,203
| align="right" | 385,496
| align="right" | 42,707
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 1.1 || style="color: red" |-0.3 || 0.8
| align="right" | 1.58
| align="right" | 68.12
| align="right" | 76.57
| align="right" | 10.2
|-
| 1997
| align="right" | 38,659,979 <ref>[https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat statistics poland database population visited on September 22 2023]</ref>
| align="right" | 412,635
| align="right" | 380,201
| align="right" | 32,434
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 0.8 || 0 || 0.8
| align="right" | 1.52
| align="right" | 68.45
| align="right" | 76.99
| align="right" | 11.0
|-
| 1998
| style="color: blue" align="right" | 38,666,983
| align="right" | 395,619
| align="right" | 375,354
| align="right" | 20,265
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 0.5 || style="color: red" |-0.1 || 0.4
| align="right" | 1.44
| align="right" | 68.87
| align="right" | 77.34
| align="right" | 11.6
|-
| 1999
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,634,799
| align="right" | 382,002
| align="right" | 381,415
| align="right" |  587
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 0.0 || style="color: red" |-0.3 || style="color: red" |-0.3
| align="right" | 1.37
| align="right" | 68.83
| align="right" | 77.49
| align="right" | 11.7
|-
| 2000
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,623,119
| align="right" | 378,348
| align="right" | 368,028
| align="right" | 10,320
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 0.3 || style="color: red" |-0.4 || style="color: red" | -0.1
| align="right" | 1.35
| align="right" | 69.74
| align="right" | 78.00
| align="right" | 12.1
|-
| 2001
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,572,026
| align="right" | 368,205
| align="right" | 363,220
| align="right" | 4,985
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 0.1 || style="color: red" |-1.9 || style="color: red" | -2.0
| align="right" | 1.32
| align="right" | 70.21
| align="right" | 78.38
| align="right" | 13.1
|-
| 2002
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,548,360
| align="right" | 353,765
| align="right" | 359,486
| style="color: red" align="right" | -5,721
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.3
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.2 || style="color: red" |-0.6 || style="color: red" | -0.8
| align="right" | 1.25
| align="right" | 70.40
| align="right" | 78.80
| align="right" | 14.4
| align="right" | 6,587
| align="right" | 24,532
| style="color: red" align="right" | -17,945
|-
| 2003
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,520,437
| align="right" | 351,072
| align="right" | 365,230
| style="color: red" align="right" | -14,158
| align="right" | 9.1
| align="right" | 9.5
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.4 || style="color: red" | -0.4 || style="color: red" | -0.7
| align="right" | 1.22
| align="right" | 70.50
| align="right" | 78.90
| align="right" | 15.8
| align="right" | 7,048
| align="right" | 20,813
| style="color: red" align="right" | -13,765
|-
| 2004
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,503,664
| align="right" | 356,131
| align="right" | 363,522
| style="color: red" align="right" | -7,391
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.4
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.2 || style="color: red" |-0.2 || style="color: red" | -0.4
| align="right" | 1.23
| align="right" | 70.70
| align="right" | 79.20
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 9,495
| align="right" | 18,877
| style="color: red" align="right" | -9,382
|-
| 2005
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,486,884
| align="right" | 364,383
| align="right" | 368,285
| style="color: red" align="right" | -3,902
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.6
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.1 || style="color: red" |-0.3 || style="color: red" | -0.4
| align="right" | 1.24
| align="right" | 70.80
| align="right" | 79.40
| align="right" | 18.5
| align="right" | 9,364
| align="right" | 22,242
| style="color: red" align="right" | -12,878
|-
| 2006
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,455,308
| align="right" | 374,244
| align="right" | 369,686
| align="right" | 4,558
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 0.1 || style="color: red" | -0.9 || style="color: red" | -0.8
| align="right" | 1.27
| align="right" | 70.90
| align="right" | 79.60
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 10,802
| align="right" | 46,936
| style="color: red" align="right" | -36,134
|-
| 2007
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,445,470
| align="right" | 387,873
| align="right" | 377,226
| align="right" | 10,647
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 0.3 || style="color: red" | -0.5 || style="color: red" | -0.3
| align="right" | 1.31
| align="right" | 71.00
| align="right" | 79.70
| align="right" | 19.5
| align="right" | 14,995
| align="right" | 35,480
| style="color: red" align="right" | -20,485
|-
| 2008
| align="right" | 38,465,705
| align="right" | 414,499
| align="right" | 379,399
| align="right" | 35,100
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 0.9 || style="color: red" |-0.4 || 0.5
| align="right" | 1.39
| align="right" | 71.30
| align="right" | 80.00
| align="right" | 19.9
| align="right" | 15,275
| align="right" | 30,140
| style="color: red" align="right" | -14,865
|-
| 2009
| align="right" | 38,497,158
| align="right" | 417,589
| align="right" | 384,940
| align="right" | 32,649
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 0.8 || 0 || 0.8
| align="right" | 1.40
| align="right" | 71.50
| align="right" | 80.10
| align="right" | 20.2
| align="right" | 17,424
| align="right" | 18,620
| style="color: red" align="right" | -1,196
|-
| 2010
| align="right" | 38,529,866
| align="right" | 413,300
| align="right" | 378,478
| align="right" | 34,822
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 0.9 
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.1 
| 0.8
| align="right" | 1.38
| align="right" | 72.10
| align="right" | 80.60
| 20.6
| align="right" | 15,246
| align="right" | 17,360
| style="color: red" align="right" | -2,114
|-
| 2011
| align="right" | 38,538,447
| align="right" | 388,416
| align="right" | 375,501
| align="right" | 12,915
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 0.3 || style="color: red" |-0.1 || 0.2
| align="right" | 1.30
| align="right" | 72.40
| align="right" | 80.90
| align="right" | 21.2
| align="right" | 15,524
| align="right" | 19,858
| style="color: red" align="right" | -4,334
|-
| 2012
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,533,299
| align="right" | 387,858
| align="right" | 384,788
| align="right" | 3,070
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 0.1 || style="color: red" | -0.2 || style="color: red" | -0.1
| align="right" | 1.30
| align="right" | 72.70
| align="right" | 81.00
| align="right" | 22.3
| align="right" | 14,583
| align="right" | 21,200
| style="color: red" align="right" | -6,617
|-
| 2013
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,495,659
| align="right" | 369,576
| align="right" | 387,312
| style="color: red" align="right" | -17,736
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 10.1
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.5 || style="color: red" |-0.5 || style="color: red" |-1
| align="right" | 1.26
| align="right" | 73.10
| align="right" | 81.10
| align="right" | 23.4
| align="right" | 12,199
| align="right" | 32,103
| style="color: red" align="right" | -19,904
|-
| 2014
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,478,602
| align="right" | 375,160
| align="right" | 376,467
| style="color: red" align="right" | -1,307
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.8
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.0 || style="color: red" | -0.4 || style="color: red" | -0.4
| align="right" | 1.29
| align="right" | 73.80
| align="right" | 81.60
| align="right" | 24.2
| align="right" | 12,330
| align="right" | 28,080
| style="color: red" align="right" | -15,750
|-
|2015
| style="color: red" align="right" |38,437,239
| align="right" |369,308
| align="right" |394,921
| style="color: red" align="right" | -25,613
| align="right" |9.6
| align="right" |10.3
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.7 || style="color: red" | -0.4 || style="color: red" | -1.1
| align="right" |1.29
| align="right" | 73.60
| align="right" | 81.60
| align="right" | 24.6
| align="right" | 12,330
| align="right" | 28,080
| style="color: red" align="right" | -15,750
|-
|2016
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,432,992
| align="right" | 382,257
| align="right" | 388,009
| style="color: red" align="right" | -5,752
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 10.1
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.1 || 0 || style="color: red" |-0.1
| align="right" |1.36
| align="right" | 73.90
| align="right" | 81.90
| align="right" | 25.0
| align="right" | 13,475
| align="right" | 11,970
| align="right" | 1,505
|-
|2017
| align="right" | 38,433,558
| align="right" | 401,982
| align="right" | 402,852
| style="color: red" align="right" | -870
| align="right" | 10.5
| align="right" | 10.5
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.0 || 0 || 0
| align="right" |1.45
| align="right" |74.00
| align="right" |81.80
| align="right" |24.1
| align="right" | 13,324
| align="right" | 11,888
| align="right" | 1,436
|-
|2018
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,411,148
| align="right" | 388,178
| align="right" | 414,200
| style="color: red" align="right" | -26,022
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 10.8
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.7 || 0.1 || style="color: red" |  -0.6
| align="right" |1.44
| align="right" |73.80
| align="right" |81.70
| align="right" | 26.4
| align="right" | 15,461
| align="right" | 11,849
| align="right" | 3,612
|-
|2019
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,382,576
| align="right" | 374,954
| align="right" | 409,709
| style="color: red" align="right" | -34,755
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 10.7
| style="color: red" align="right" | -0.9 || 0.2 || style="color: red" |-0.7
| align="right" |1.42
| align="right" |74.10
| align="right" |81.80
| align="right" |25.4
| align="right" | 16,909
| align="right" | 10,726
| align="right" | 6,183
|-
|2020
| style="color: red" align="right" | 38,088,564
| align="right" | 355,309
| align="right" | 477,355
| style="color: red" align="right" | -122,046
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 12.5
| style="color: red" align="right" | -3.2 || 0.1 || style="color: red" | -3.1
| align="right" | 1.39
| align="right" |72.60
| align="right" |80.70
| align="right" | 26.4
| align="right" | 13,263
| align="right" | 8,780
| align="right" | 4,483
|-
|2021
| style="color: red" align="right" | 37,907,704
| align="right" | 331,511
| style="color: red" align="right" | 519,517
| style="color: red" align="right" | -188,006
| align="right" | 8.7
| align="right" | 13.6
| style="color: red" align="right" | -5.0|| 0.1 || style="color: red" |-9.3
| align="right" |1.33
| align="right" |71.80
| align="right" |79.70
| align="right" | 26.7
| align="right" | 15,409
| align="right" | 12,005
| align="right" | 3,404
|-
|2022
| style="color: red" align="right" | 37,766,327
| align="right" | 305,132
| align="right" | 448,448
| style="color: red" align="right" | -143,316
| style="right" | 8.1
| align="right" | 11.9
| style="color: red" align="right" | -3.8|| 0.1 || style="color: red" |-3.7
| align="right" |1.26
| align="right" |73.40
| align="right" |81.10
| align="right" | 28.1
| align="right" | 15,572
| align="right" | 13,633
| align="right" | 1,939
|-
|2023
| style="color: red" align="right" | 37,636,508 
| style="color: red" align="right" | 272,451
| align="right" | 409,036
| style="color: red" align="right" | -136,585
| style="color: red" align="right" | 7.2
| align="right" | 10.9
| style="color: red" align="right" | -3.7|| 0.1|| style="color: red" |-3.6
| style="color: red" align="right" |1.16
| align="right" |74.70
| align="right" |82.00
| align="right" | 28.7
| align="right" | 16,707
| align="right" | 9,941
| align="right" | 6,766
|}

===Current vital statistics===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/other-studies/informations-on-socio-economic-situation/|title=Informations on socio-economic situation|website=stat.gov.pl}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January - August 2023'''
| 187,700
| 272,100
| -84,400
|-
| '''January - August 2024'''
| 170,200
| 269,800
| -99,600
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -17,500 (-9.3%)
| {{decreasepositive}} -2,300 (-0.8%)
| {{decrease}} -15,200
|}

===Structure of the population===

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to usually resident population.): <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 18 651 441
| align="right" | 19 882 348
| align="right" | 38 533 789
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 1 058 874
| align="right" | 1 005 069
| align="right" | 2 063 943
| align="right" | 5.36
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 945 643
| align="right" | 897 723
| align="right" | 1 843 366
| align="right" | 4.78
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 974 509
| align="right" | 925 506
| align="right" | 1 900 015
| align="right" | 4.93
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 1 158 367
| align="right" | 1 108 267
| align="right" | 2 266 634
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 1 394 761
| align="right" | 1 341 393
| align="right" | 2 736 154
| align="right" | 7.10
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 1 623 072
| align="right" | 1 575 546
| align="right" | 3 198 618
| align="right" | 8.30
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 1 602 736
| align="right" | 1 558 622
| align="right" | 3 161 358
| align="right" | 8.20
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 1 470 751
| align="right" | 1 432 822
| align="right" | 2 903 573
| align="right" | 7.54
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 1 231 083
| align="right" | 1 209 751
| align="right" | 2 440 834
| align="right" | 6.33
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 1 196 548
| align="right" | 1 192 952
| align="right" | 2 389 500
| align="right" | 6.20
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 1 369 258
| align="right" | 1 414 996
| align="right" | 2 784 254
| align="right" | 7.23
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 1 404 141
| align="right" | 1 522 140
| align="right" | 2 926 281
| align="right" | 7.59
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 163 935
| align="right" | 1 350 684
| align="right" | 2 514 619
| align="right" | 6.53
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 675 573
| align="right" | 861 584
| align="right" | 1 537 157
| align="right" | 3.99
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 529 739
| align="right" | 776 722
| align="right" | 1 306 461
| align="right" | 3.39
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 424 407
| align="right" | 720 249
| align="right" | 1 144 656
| align="right" | 2.97
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 278 428
| align="right" | 566 126
| align="right" | 844 554
| align="right" | 2.19
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 115 213
| align="right" | 311 388
| align="right" | 426 601
| align="right" | 1.11
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 28 565
| align="right" | 91 223
| align="right" | 119 788
| align="right" | 0.31
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 4614
| align="right" | 18 265
| align="right" | 22 879
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 224
| align="right" | 1320
| align="right" | 1544
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 2 979 026
| align="right" | 2 828 298
| align="right" | 5 807 324
| align="right" | 15.07
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 13 615 652
| align="right" | 13 707 173
| align="right" | 27 322 825
| align="right" | 70.91
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 2 056 763
| align="right" | 3 346 877
| align="right" | 5 403 640
| align="right" | 14.02
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2015) (Data refer to usually resident population.): <ref name="auto"/>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%

|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 18 607 417
| align="right" | 19 847 159
| align="right" | 38 454 576
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 982 639
| align="right" | 928 662
| align="right" | 1 911 301
| align="right" | 4.97
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 1 047 830
| align="right" | 996 205
| align="right" | 2 044 035
| align="right" | 5.32
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 924 671
| align="right" | 877 780
| align="right" | 1 802 451
| align="right" | 4.69
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 1 028 884
| align="right" | 979 585
| align="right" | 2 008 469
| align="right" | 5.22
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 1 257 703
| align="right" | 1 209 498
| align="right" | 2 467 201
| align="right" | 6.42
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 1 464 438
| align="right" | 1 417 040
| align="right" | 2 881 478
| align="right" | 7.49
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 1 647 147
| align="right" | 1 602 930
| align="right" | 3 250 077
| align="right" | 8.45
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 1 561 396
| align="right" | 1 522 202
| align="right" | 3 083 598
| align="right" | 8.02
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 1 354 899
| align="right" | 1 329 476
| align="right" | 2 684 375
| align="right" | 6.98
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 1 166 358
| align="right" | 1 160 878
| align="right" | 2 327 236
| align="right" | 6.05
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 1 211 294
| align="right" | 1 238 398
| align="right" | 2 449 692
| align="right" | 6.37
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 1 386 303
| align="right" | 1 489 816
| align="right" | 2 876 119
| align="right" | 7.48
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 256 035
| align="right" | 1 443 985
| align="right" | 2 700 020
| align="right" | 7.02
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 917 893
| align="right" | 1 147 725
| align="right" | 2 065 618
| align="right" | 5.37
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 501 311
| align="right" | 716 224
| align="right" | 1 217 535
| align="right" | 3.17
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 426 059
| align="right" | 715 629
| align="right" | 1 141 688
| align="right" | 2.97
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 287 908
| align="right" | 573 415
| align="right" | 861 323
| align="right" | 2.24
|-
| align="right" | 85+
| align="right" | 184 649
| align="right" | 497 711
| align="right" | 682 360
| align="right" | 1.77
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%

|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 2 955 140
| align="right" | 2 802 647
| align="right" | 5 757 787
| align="right" | 14.97
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 13 334 457
| align="right" | 13 393 808
| align="right" | 26 728 265
| align="right" | 69.51
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 2 317 820
| align="right" | 3 650 704
| align="right" | 5 968 524
| align="right" | 15.52
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional Estimates): <ref name="auto"/>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 18 307 488
| align="right" | 19 532 513 
| align="right" | 37 840 001
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 978 526
| align="right" | 926 796
| align="right" | 1 905 322
| align="right" | 5.04
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 979 042 
| align="right" | 925 737
| align="right" | 1 904 779
| align="right" | 5.03
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 1 049 403
| align="right" | 997 556
| align="right" | 2 046 959
| align="right" | 5.41
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 911 890
| align="right" | 866 575
| align="right" | 1 778 465 
| align="right" | 4.70
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 1 000 405
| align="right" | 957 358
| align="right" | 1 957 763
| align="right" | 5.17
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 1 221 584
| align="right" | 1 177 960
| align="right" | 2 399 544
| align="right" | 6.34
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 1 420 368
| align="right" | 1 367 645
| align="right" | 2 788 013
| align="right" | 7.37
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 1 594 620
| align="right" | 1 543 389
| align="right" | 3 138 009
| align="right" | 8.29
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 1 515 234
| align="right" | 1 482 301
| align="right" | 2 997 535
| align="right" | 7.92
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 1 328 852
| align="right" | 1 316 404
| align="right" | 2 645 256
| align="right" | 6.99
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 1 116 244
| align="right" | 1 130 951
| align="right" | 2 247 195
| align="right" | 5.94
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 1 115 823
| align="right" | 1 176 530
| align="right" | 2 292 353
| align="right" | 6.06
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 246 589
| align="right" | 1 407 097
| align="right" | 2 653 686
| align="right" | 7.01
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 114 311
| align="right" | 1 374 477
| align="right" | 2 488 788
| align="right" | 6.58
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 806 003
| align="right" | 1 102 945
| align="right" | 1 908 948
| align="right" | 5.04
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 388 818
| align="right" | 621 315
| align="right" | 1 010 133
| align="right" | 2.67
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 291 685
| align="right" | 571 202
| align="right" | 862 887
| align="right" | 2.28
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 159 279
| align="right" | 376 980
| align="right" | 536 259
| align="right" | 1.42
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 56 278
| align="right" | 164 806
| align="right" | 221 084
| align="right" | 0.58
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 10 821 
| align="right" | 38 970
| align="right" | 49 791
| align="right" | 0.13
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 1 713
| align="right" | 5 519
| align="right" | 7 232
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%

|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 3 006 971
| align="right" | 2 850 089
| align="right" | 5 857 060
| align="right" | 15.48
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 12 471 609
| align="right" | 12 426 210
| align="right" | 24 897 819
| align="right" | 65.80
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 2 828 908
| align="right" | 4 256 214
| align="right" | 7 085 122
| align="right" | 18.72
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

== Employment and income ==
[[File:Commuters in Poland, 2016.png|thumb|350x350px|In 2016, more than 3 million Poles commuted to work across municipalities, including 1 million commuting to the 22 main job markets (defined as municipality to which at least 15,000 people commute from outside). Warsaw and Katowice were the largest commuter hubs, at 251,021 and 113,830 people, respectively.]]
As of June 2023, there were 16,228,195 people in employment in Poland. Men were 51.5% of the workforce while women were 48.5%. Employment has been steadily rising in Poland - growing by exactly 0.5 million since June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubezpieczenia emerytalne i rentowe - Portal Statystyczny ZUS - zus.pl |url=https://psz.zus.pl/kategorie/ubezpieczeni/ubezpieczenia-emerytalne-i-rentowe |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Portal Statystyczny ZUS}}</ref> 
:'''Unemployment, youth ages 15–24'''
:total: 17.7%. Country comparison to the world: 74th
:male: 17.4% female: 18% (2016 est.)

== Population density and distribution ==
[[File:Population density of Poland.png|thumb|350x350px|Population density in Poland in a 1x1 km square grid, 2021 census]]
[[File:Warsaw skyline Świętokrzyski Bridge.jpg|thumb|Warsaw is the financial and commercial center of Poland]]
With an estimated usually resident population of 37 million, Poland is the 5th most-populous country in the [[European Union]] and 7th or 8th most-populous one in [[Europe]] (depending on how many people live in [[Ukraine]], to which there are various estimates).

Depending on whether one uses the official population or usually resident population as a base, population density of Poland was 122 or 118.7 people per square kilometer (315.9 or 307.4 people per square mile) as of the 2021 census.

Population distribution is unequal. The south, particularly the area along the [[A4 autostrada (Poland)|A4 highway]] between Gliwice and Rzeszów, is densely populated with over 250 people per square kilometer, while population density drops below 50 people per square kilometer in much of the north of the country. [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian voivodeship]] is the densest, at over 350 people per square kilometer.

=== Urban areas ===
Poland is relatively rural for a country of its population and economic development. As of the 2021 census, 59.8% of total population lived in cities and town, a percentage well below European average. Poland has historically been a rural and agricultural country and while cities started rapidly growing in neighboring countries in the second half of the 19th century, many Polish cities were artificially limited in growth by the [[Partitions of Poland|partitioners]] due to military reasons. After regaining independence in 1918, Polish authorities have started investment in urbanizing the country but it was quickly interrupted by [[World War II]]. Therefore, Poland has not started fully urbanizing until after the war.

Urbanization rate has also been declining, at an annual rate of -0.25% between 2015 and 2020 due to suburbanization. In Poland, many suburbs are officially rural areas even despite in reality might resemble a town or even a city neighborhood, such as the Poznań suburb of [[Koziegłowy, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Koziegłowy]]. 
[[File:Downtown Katowice.jpg|thumb|New high-rises and cultural institutions on the former site of a coal mine near downtown Katowice are a testament to the city's successful economic transformation]]
In the [[Eurostat|Eurostat's]] urban-rural typology, Poland's urbanization rate is slightly higher, however still below the European average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban-rural Europe - introduction |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Urban-rural_Europe_-_introduction |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Eurostat estimates 61.2% of Poland's population to live in urban clusters (including 28.9% in dense urban centers), compared to the 70.4% average across the EU.

==== Metropolitan areas ====
There is no one official delimitation of metropolitan areas in Poland, and various institutions use different definitions. However, both central institutions and academics are in agreement that the following are the major metropolitan areas of Poland:

# '''[[Warsaw]]''' - the capital and largest city of Poland, with 1.9 million official residents in city proper and 2.7-3.1 million in the metropolitan area. Warsaw is the largest economy in Poland, with the [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]], most major financial institutions, and [[Central and Eastern Europe|CEE]] headquarters of international companies. Warsaw is also an important educational center, with the [[University of Warsaw]], [[SGH Warsaw School of Economics|Warsaw School of Economics]] and [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] located there. Warsaw metropolitan area has been growing rapidly in recent decades, eclipsing the previously larger Katowice metropolitan area around 2015. 
# [[File:Empty Old Town Market Square in Kraków during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, April 2020.jpg|thumb|Kraków's old town is listed on the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site list]] and attracts millions of tourists every year]]'''[[Katowice]]''' - the center of the large [[Katowice urban area]], with 2.2-2.7 million in the metropolitan area. Katowice area developed initially as a hub of heavy industry and coal mining. Most of the industry has been closed since. Katowice and some other cities ([[Gliwice]], [[Tychy]]) managed to successfully transform its economies becoming a major Polish hubs of information technology, healthcare, education, finance and manufacturing, however many other cities ([[Bytom]], [[Sosnowiec]]) experience depopulation. [[Katowice metropolitan area]] is bordering [[Rybnik metropolitan area|Rybnik]], [[Bielsko-Biała]] and [[Ostrava metropolitan area|Ostrava]] metropolitan areas from the south and southwest, which combined create a large [[Upper Silesian-Moravian metropolitan area]] with 4.5-5.2 million people. 
# '''[[Kraków]]''' - the historical capital of Poland, with 0.8 million residents in city proper and 1.2 million in the metropolitan area. Kraków is one of the main tourist destinations in Poland and a is often called a cultural capital of the country. In recent decades, Kraków emerged as a major international center of back office operations through the [[Shared services center|SSC]]/[[Outsourcing|BPO]] industry. Kraków is also the second largest college city in Poland after Warsaw, with the [[Jagiellonian University]] dating back to the Middle Ages. 
# '''[[Łódź]]''' - a post-industrial city in the middle of Poland, with 0.7 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Łódź has developed in the 19th century as a center for [[Textile manufacturing|textile]] manufacturing, and has been a major manufacturing hub exporting mostly towards Russia and then Soviet Union. Following the market transformations in the early 1990s, most of the industry has collapsed and Łódź struggled with high unemployment rate. In recent years, the city has embraced its industrial past and exploits its location close to Warsaw. 
# '''[[Gdańsk]]''' - one of the three major cities of the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] area, Gdańsk has around 0.5 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Gdańsk has been the largest cities in Poland for most of the Middle Ages, thanks to its seaside location that fostered trade with other cities and countries in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[North Sea]]s. Being the largest urban area in the north of the country, Gdańsk benefits from internal migration from neighboring regions. 
# '''[[Poznań]]''' - with its 0.5 million residents in city proper and 0.8-1.1 million in the metropolitan area, Poznań emerged as one of the main hubs of trade and manufacturing in Poland. Poznań area is the most entrepreneurial part of Poland, with more than 1 in 10 residents running a business. Poznań is also the prime example of [[suburbanization]] in Poland, with the suburbs around as populous as the city proper. 
# '''[[Wrocław]]''' - in recent years emerged a major immigration center, with more than 100,000 immigrants residing in the city in addition to its official population of 0.7 million and 0.9-1.1 million in the metropolitan area. Similarly to Kraków, Wrocław is a major tourist destination thanks to its medieval old town, as well as a hub of back office operations particularly in the financial industry. 
# '''[[Szczecin]]''' - with a population of 0.4 million in the city proper and 0.7-0.9 million in the metropolitan area (partially stretching to Germany), Szczecin is the second-largest city in the country's north and a major port.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="98%"
|+{{main|Metropolitan areas in Poland}}Population numbers by database
!Area
! style="font-size:85%" | [[European Spatial Planning Observation Network|ESPON]]&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html|title=Project 1.4.3|date=28 July 2009|access-date=31 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728052348/http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | [[Eurostat]] [[Larger Urban Zones|LUZ]]&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx |title=Urban Audit - Data that can be accessed |access-date=2010-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406130058/http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx |archive-date=2011-04-06 }}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | [[Ministry of Regional Development (Poland)|Ministry of Regional Development]]<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://www.funduszestrukturalne.gov.pl/informator/npr2/dokumenty%20strategiczne/kpzk.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331083749/http://www.funduszestrukturalne.gov.pl/informator/npr2/dokumenty%20strategiczne/kpzk.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31 }}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | [[United Nations]]&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003WUPHighlights.pdf |title=World Urbanization Prospects|publisher=[[United Nations]] - Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division, The 2003 Revision (data of 2000)|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | Demographia.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=World Urban Areas|website=Demographia.com|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | Citypopulation.de<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps|website=Citypopulation.de|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | Scientific study&nbsp;by {{ill|T.&nbsp;Markowski|pl|Tadeusz Markowski (ekonomista)|vertical-align=sup}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrr.gov.pl/polityka_regionalna/SRPW_2020/Dokumenty%20i%20ekspertyzy/Documents/17d0ccd2c3f14ed3893369e56d59849cMarkowski.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120341/http://www.mrr.gov.pl/polityka_regionalna/SRPW_2020/Dokumenty%20i%20ekspertyzy/Documents/17d0ccd2c3f14ed3893369e56d59849cMarkowski.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27 }}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%" | Scientific study by Swianiewicz, Klimska&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wgsr.uw.edu.pl/pub/uploads/pis05/Swianiewicz_1a.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124123443/http://www.wgsr.uw.edu.pl/pub/uploads/pis05/Swianiewicz_1a.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-24 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Katowice]] ([[Katowice urban area|Katowice urban&nbsp;area]])
| align="right" |3,029,000<br>(5,294,000<ref>Data of polycentric [[Upper Silesian-Moravian metropolitan area]]</ref>)
| align="right" |2,710,397
| align="right" |3,239,200
| align="right" |3,069,000
| align="right" |2,500,000
| align="right" |2,775,000
| align="right" |2,746,000
| align="right" |2,733,000
|-
|[[Warsaw]]
| align="right" |2,785,000
| align="right" |2,660,406
| align="right" |2,680,600
| align="right" |2,194,000
| align="right" |2,030,000
| align="right" |2,375,000
| align="right" |2,631,900
| align="right" |2,504,000
|-
|[[Kraków]]
| align="right" |1,236,000
| align="right" |1,264,322
| align="right" |1,227,200
| align="right" |  818,000
| align="right" |  750,000
| align="right" |Not listed
| align="right" |1,257,500
| align="right" |1,367,000
|-
|[[Łódź]]
| align="right" |1,165,000
| align="right" |1,163,516
| align="right" |1,061,600
| align="right" |  974,000
| align="right" |  950,000
| align="right" |1,060,000
| align="right" |1,178,000
| align="right" |1,129,000
|-
|[[Gdańsk]]
| align="right" |  993,000
| align="right" |1,105,203
| align="right" |1,220,800
| align="right" |  854,000
| align="right" |  775,000
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |1,098,400
| align="right" |1,210,000
|-
|[[Poznań]]
| align="right" |  919,000
| align="right" |1,018,511
| align="right" |1,227,200
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |  600,000
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |1,011,200
| align="right" |  846,000
|-
|[[Wrocław]]
| align="right" |  861,000
| align="right" |1,031,439
| align="right" |1,136,900
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |  700,000
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |1,029,800
| align="right" |  956,000
|-
|[[Szczecin agglomeration|Szczecin]]
| align="right" | 721,000
| align="right" | 878,314
| align="right" | 724,700
| align="right" | No data
| align="right" | 500,000
| align="right" | No data
| align="right" | No data
| align="right" | 755,806
|}

=== Regions ===
Poland is divided into 16 administrative divisions called voivodeship (''województwa''). These regions vary vastly in size, as the largest Masovian voivodeship is more than 5 times as populous and 3 times as big as the smallest Opole voivodeship. 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed" width="98%"
|+
!<small>Voivodeship</small>
!<small>Capital</small>
!<small>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
!<small>Official population (2021)</small>
!<small>Population density (ppl/km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
!<small>Foreigners (2021)</small>
!<small>Ukrainian refugees (2022)</small>
!<small>Population density with foreigners (ppl/km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
|-
! align="left" | [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|<small>Lower Silesian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Wrocław]]</small>|| <small>19,947</small> || <small>2,904,894</small> 
|<small>145.6</small>
|<small>156,278</small>|| <small>108,023</small>
|<small>158.9</small>
|-
! [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship|<small>Kuyavian-Pomeranian</small>]]
|<small>[[Bydgoszcz]], [[Toruń]]</small>|| <small>17,972</small> || <small>2,027,261</small>
|<small>112.8</small>
|<small>50,434</small>||<small>31,520</small>
|<small>117.4</small>
|-
! [[Lublin Voivodeship|<small>Lublin</small>]] 
|<small>[[Lublin]]</small>|| <small>25,122</small>  || <small>2,052,340</small>
|<small>81.7</small>
|<small>44,970</small>||<small>35,810</small>
|<small>84.9</small>
|-
! [[Lubusz Voivodeship|<small>Lubusz</small>]] 
|<small>[[Zielona Góra]], [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]</small>|| <small>13,988</small> || <small>991,213</small>
|<small>70.9</small>
|<small>58,219</small>||<small>31,654</small>
|<small>77.3</small>
|-
! [[Łódź Voivodeship|<small>Łódź</small>]] 
|<small>[[Łódź]]</small>|| <small>18,218</small> || <small>2,410,286</small>
|<small>132.3</small>
|<small>101,531</small>||<small>60,658</small>
|<small>141.2</small>
|-
! [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|<small>Lesser Poland</small>]] 
|<small>[[Kraków]]</small>|| <small>15,184</small> || <small>3,432,295</small> 
|<small>226.0</small>
|<small>92,261</small>|| <small>87,365</small>
|<small>237.9</small>
|-
! [[Masovian Voivodeship|<small>Masovian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Warsaw|Warszawa]]</small>|| <small>35,559</small> || <small>5,514,699</small> 
|<small>155.1</small>
|<small>365,054</small>||<small>204,838</small>
|<small>171.1</small>
|- *
! [[Opole Voivodeship|<small>Opole</small>]] 
|<small>[[Opole]]</small>||  <small>9,411</small> || <small>954,133</small>
|<small>101.4</small>
|<small>31,348</small>||<small>21,033</small>
|<small>107.0</small>
|-
! [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship|<small>Subcarpathian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Rzeszów]]</small>|| <small>17,845</small> || <small>2,093,360</small>
|<small>117.3</small>
|<small>22,571</small>||<small>29,742</small>
|<small>120.2</small>
|-
! [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|<small>Podlaskie</small>]] 
|<small>[[Białystok]]</small>|| <small>20,187</small> || <small>1,154,283</small>
|<small>57.2</small>
|<small>26,190</small>||<small>14,464</small>
|<small>59.2</small>
|-
! [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|<small>Pomeranian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Gdańsk]]</small>|| <small>18,336</small> || <small>2,357,320</small>
|<small>128.6</small>
|<small>92,538</small>||<small>69,519</small>
|<small>137.4</small>
|-
! [[Silesian Voivodeship|<small>Silesian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Katowice]]</small>|| <small>12,334</small> || <small>4,402,950</small> 
|<small>357.0</small>
|<small>119,780</small>|| <small>94,444</small>
|<small>374.3</small>
|-
! [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|<small>Świętokrzyskie</small>]] 
|<small>[[Kielce]]</small>|| <small>11,709</small> || <small>1,196,557</small>
|<small>102.2</small>
|<small>15,815</small>||<small>14,812</small>
|<small>104.8</small>
|-
! [[Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship|<small>Warmian-Masurian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Olsztyn]]</small>|| <small>24,174</small> || <small>1,382,232</small>
|<small>57.2</small>
|<small>21,126</small>||<small>18,464</small>
|<small>58.8</small>
|-
! [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|<small>Greater Poland</small>]] 
|<small>[[Poznań]]</small>|| <small>29,827</small> || <small>3,504,579</small> 
|<small>117.5</small>
|<small>165,221</small>|| <small>88,730</small>
|<small>126.0</small>
|-
! [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship|<small>West Pomeranian</small>]] 
|<small>[[Szczecin]]</small>|| <small>22,907</small> || <small>1,657,716</small>
|<small>72.4</small>
|<small>70,443</small>||<small>47,044</small>
|<small>77.5</small>
|-
! <small>Poland</small>
!<small>Warsaw</small>!! <small>312,720</small> !! <small>38,036,118</small>
!<small>121.6</small>
!<small>1,433,779</small>!!<small>958,120</small>
!<small>129.3</small>
|}

==Immigration and foreign nationals==
[[File:Percentage of foreigners among all people insured in Polish social insurance, 2023.png|thumb|340x340px|Foreigners in Poland mostly settle in the largest metropolitan areas and in the western part of the country]]
Historically an emigrant country, Poland has seen an uptick in immigration only after 2014, when the growing economy started attracting foreign workforce, particularly from neighboring [[Ukraine]] whose economy has been affected by the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|2014 war]]. Poland's official statistics regarding immigration are scattered and incomplete, and the complicated immigration system with many different routes to immigrate makes assessing true size of immigration to Poland challenging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Górny |first1=Agata |last2=Kołodziejczyk |first2=Katarzyna |last3=Madej |first3=Karolina |last4=Kaczmarczyk |first4=Paweł |date=October 2019 |title=Nowe obszary docelowe w migracji z Ukrainy do Polski. Przypadek Bydgoszczy i Wrocławia na tle innych miast. |url=https://www.migracje.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/WP118176.pdf |journal=Centre of Migration Research Working Papers |volume=118 |issue=176 |pages=10}}</ref>

=== Census data ===
[[Statistics Poland|Główny Urząd Statystyczny]] (GUS), the Polish central statistics office, published multiple separate counts of foreign nationals living in Poland for the 2021 census. GUS counted 445,176 foreign nationals towards Poland's usually resident population (1.2% share) and 111,814 foreign nationals towards Poland's official population (0.3% share).<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=NSP 2021. Wyniki wstępne – informacja sygnalna |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-wstepne/nsp-2021-wyniki-wstepne-informacja-sygnalna,7,1.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> It also counted 1,433,779 foreign nationals as temporarily living in Poland (of whom 309,309 lived in Poland for more than 12 months).<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Migracje zagraniczne na pobyt czasowy - wyniki NSP 2021 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/migracje-zagraniczne-na-pobyt-czasowy-wyniki-nsp-2021,4,1.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> It is unclear what is the overlap of these populations. 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed"
|+Largest groups of foreigners residents in 2023 <ref>https://migracje.gov.pl/ {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>
!Nationality
!Usually resident population
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|420,299
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|104,024
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|24,943
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|18,011
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|17,951
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}}
|16,710
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|10,780
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|9,378
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}}
|8,147
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|8,044
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|7,838
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|6,125
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}}
|5,434
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Romania}}
|5,126
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}}
|4,946
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|4,933
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|4,615
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|4,190
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|4,025
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|3,660
|-
|}

=== Work-based migration ===
Most foreigners from outside of the [[European Union]] immigrate to Poland via various kinds of work schemes. There are two primary types: a work permit (''zezwolenie na pracę'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zezwolenia na pracę typu a lub b |url=https://www.biznes.gov.pl/pl/opisy-procedur/-/proc/1611 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.biznes.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> and a "declaration of entrusting work to a foreigner" (''oświadczenie o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemcowi'').

==== Work permits ====
Work permits can be issued to any foreigner from outside of the European Union who is not a refugee and does not already have a residence permit in Poland. Work permits require a labor market test and can be issued for up to 3 years. In 2022, 61.1% of work permits were issued for at least 12 months (including 49.2% issued for 24 months and more) while 38.5% were issued for 6–12 months. Less than 0.4% were issued for less than 6 months. 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap mw-datatable"
|+Work permits issued each year by country of citizenship<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://psz.praca.gov.pl/web/urzad-pracy/-/8180075-zezwolenia-na-prace-cudzoziemcow | title=Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka }}</ref>
! Country !! 2011 (Men/Women) !! 2012 (Men/Women)!! 2013 (Men/Women)!! 2014 (Men/Women)!! 2015 (Men/Women)!! 2016 (Men/Women)!! 2017 (Men/Women)!! 2018 (Men/Women)!! 2019 (Men/Women)!! 2020 (Men/Women)
!2021 (Men/Women)
!2022 (Men/Women)
!2023 (Men/Women)
!2024 (Men/Women) (half a year)
!Total (Men/Women)
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}} ||18,669 (11,293/7,376)||20,295 (11,866/8,429)||20,416 (11,460/8,956)||26,315 (16,015/10,300)||50,465 (35,317/15,148)||106,223 (75,839/30,384)||192,547 (137,495/55,052)||238,334 (173,946/64,388)||330,495 (235,889/94,606)||295,272 (204,343/90,929)
|325,213 (229,699/95,514)
|85,074 (60,943/24,131)
|7,298 (4,148/3,150)
|2,369 (1,412/957)
!1,718,985 (1,209,575/509,320)
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}} ||1,725 (1,427/298)||1,949 (1,597/352)||2,004 (1,641/363)||1,834 (1,540/294)||2,037 (1,852/185)||4,870 (4,557/313)||10,518 (9,684/834)||19,233 (17,700/1,533)||27,130 (24,216/2,914)||27,304 (23,847/3,457)
|34,830 (30,343/4,487)
|18,418 (15,868/2,550)
|6,383 (5,083/1,300)
|2,452 (1,930/522)
!160,687 (141,285/19,402)
|-
| {{Flag|India}} ||1,055 (995/60)||1,090 (999/91)||1,300 (1,184/116)||1,242 (1,096/146)||1,425 (1,272/153)||1,772 (1,538/234)||3,938 (3,539/399)||8,362 (7,775/587)||8,063 (7,412/651)||8,184 (7,696/488)
|15,326 (14,348/978)
|41,640 (39,706/1,934)
|45,998 (44,238/1,760)
|18,632 (17,788/844)
!158,027 (149,586/8,441)
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}} ||1,202 (928/274)||486 (384/102)||525 (412/113)||402 (343/59)||596 (507/89)||1,211 (1,077/134)||7,075 (6,239/836)||19,912 (17,758/2,154)||9,175 (7,996/1,109)||5,708 (4,917/791)
|10,853 (9,424/1,429)
|20,045 (17,685/2,360)
|35,287 (30,339/4,948)
|19,580 (16,962/2,618)
!132,057 (115,041/17,016)
|-
| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}} ||619 (606/13)||958 (893/65)||948 (859/89)||1,060 (970/90)||1,433 (1,293/140)||836 (796/40)||1,409 (1,338/71)||2,634 (2,539/95)||6,309 (6,048/261)||5,873 (5,593/280)
|15,002 (14,191/811)
|33,373 (31,481/1,892)
|27,959 (26,623/1,336)
|14,068 (13,481/587)
!112,481 (106,711/5,770)
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}} ||277 (130/147)||181 (79/102)||227 (61/166)||246 (128/118)||179 (67/112)||249 (116/133)||733 (330/403)||2,057 (1,317/740)||6,317 (3,796/2,521)||7,391 (4,165/3,226)
|13,279 (6,886/6,393)
|22,557 (11,066/11,491)
|29,154 (15,589/13,565)
|20,337 (12,889/7,448)
!103,184 (56,619/46,565)
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}} ||680 (667/13)||233 (225/8)||314 (308/6)||283 (280/3)||319 (311/8)||721 (714/7)||2,412 (2,342/70)||8,341 (8,207/134)||6,986 (6,873/113)||3,758 (3,680/78)
|7,524 (7,457/67)
|13,539 (13,415/124)
|27,896 (27,645/251)
|11,368 (11,241/127)
!84,374 (83,365/1,009)
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}} ||1,187 (1,130/57)||1,063 (1,022/41)||967 (905/62)||689 (644/45)||550 (506/44)||672 (615/57)||1,228 (1,131/97)||1,481 (1,378/103)||2,936 (2,824/112)||2,641 (2,520/121)
|7,351 (6,967/384)
|25,004 (23,827/1,177)
|25,934 (24,162/1,772)
|8,734 (8,114/620)
!80,437 (75,745/4,692)
|-
| {{Flag|Moldova}} ||1,017 (716/301)||616 (463/153)||699 (501/198)||1,027 (696/331)||1,488 (985/503)||2,844 (1,967/877)||3,792 (2,766/1,026)||6,035 (4,499/1,536)||8,341 (6,138/2,203)||7,616 (5,548/2,068)
|7,958 (5,968/1,990)
|1,828 (1,441/387)
|245 (210/35)
|94 (73/21)
!43,600 (31,971/11,629)
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}} ||2,504 (1,610/894)||2,302 (1,475/827)||2,230 (1,422/808)||2,369 (1,595/774)||732 (530/202)||439 (327/112)||658 (496/162)||1,313 (1,032/281)||3,367 (2,793/574)||2,992 (2,323/669)
|3,427 (2,575/852)
|5,908 (4,354/1,554)
|9,854 (7,378/2,476)
|4,995 (3,739/1,256)
!43,090 (31,649/11,441)
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}} ||77 (46/31)||88 (44/44)||100 (25/75)||94 (21/73)||75 (22/53)||111 (48/63)||148 (52/96)||352 (227/125)||2,023 (1,669/354)||3,885 (3,438/447)
|7,899 (6,651/1,248)
|10,011 (8,489/1,522)
|9,405 (7,808/1,597)
|6,565 (5,386/1,179)
!40,833 (33,926/6,907)
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} ||282 (256/26)||104 (66/38)||118 (72/46)||126 (80/46)||74 (46/28)||112 (82/30)||321 (229/92)||803 (634/169)||1,689 (1,255/434)||2,464 (1,780/684)
|4,585 (3,362/1,223)
|8,883 (6,796/2,087)
|10,298 (7,584/2,714)
|5,740 (3,901/1,839)
!35,599 (26,143/9,456)
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}} ||157 (114/43)||174 (131/43)||203 (165/38)||225 (172/53)||88 (68/20)||142 (113/29)||398 (355/43)||2,752 (2,488/264)||7,438 (6,479/959)||8,213 (7,033/1,180)
|9,267 (7,798/1,469)
|4,285 (3,792/493)
|819 (753/66)
|274 (244/30)
!34,435 (29,705/4,730)
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} ||55 (47/8)||78 (65/13)||96 (80/16)||103 (90/13)||116 (99/17)||193 (167/26)||1,336 (1,101/235)||3,302 (2,906/366)||3,183 (2,939/244)||2,125 (1,937/188)
|3,782 (3,401/381)
|7,769 (7,118/651)
|8,206 (7,584/622)
|3,447 (3,192/255)
!33,791 (30,756/3,035)
|-
|{{Flag|Colombia}}||23 (20/3)||32 (24/8)||30 (21/9)||28 (22/6)||25 (18/7)||29 (20/9)
|48 (38/10)
|91 (77/14)
|156 (121/35)
|190 (138/52)
|243 (183/60)
|4,129 (3,187/942)
|11,945 (9,041/2,904)
|15,780 (11,554/4,226)
!32,749 (24,464/8,285)
|-
| {{Flag|China}} ||5,854 (4,137/1,717)||3,247 (2,105/1,142)||3,089 (2,041/1,048)||2,133 (1,439/694)||1,288 (880/408)||1,205 (885/320)||1,179 (895/284)||1,473 (1,135/338)||1,935 (1,447/488)||1,380 (1,065/315)
|1,720 (1,295/425)
|2,233 (1,664/569)
|2,618 (1,933/685)
|884 (696/188)
!30,238 (21,617/8,621)
|-
| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}} ||2 (1/1)||3 (2/1)||4 (3/1)||6 (6/0)||5 (4/1)||4 (4/0)||16 (14/2)||42 (35/7)||317 (296/21)||961 (891/70)
|2,648 (2,317/331)
|11,919 (10,258/1,661)
|8,779 (7,795/984)
|5,479 (4,772/707)
!30,185 (26,398/3,787)
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}} ||549 (324/225)||719 (409/310)||822 (483/339)||654 (385/269)||579 (386/193)||1,008 (738/270)||1,433 (1,028/405)||1,903 (1,402/501)||2,862 (2,135/727)||3,371 (2,466/905)
|6,228 (4,493/1,735)
|2,330 (1,817/513)
|2,407 (1,697/710)
|1,121 (773/348)
!25,986 (18,536/7,450)
|-
| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} ||28 (14/14)||36 (27/9)||68 (40/28)||133 (93/40)||42 (29/13)||19 (14/5)||81 (57/24)||654 (565/89)||1,283 (828/455)||1,095 (710/385)
|2,464 (2,032/432)
|8,051 (7,136/915)
|6,487 (5,531/956)
|5,331 (4,223/1,108)
!25,772 (21,299/4,473)
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}||184 (172/12)||366 (354/12)||233 (223/10)||274 (264/10)||184 (174/10)||187 (179/8)
|427 (403/24)
|1,065 (1,026/39)
|911 (877/34)
|815 (799/16)
|1,526 (1,476/50)
|4,645 (4,555/90)
|7,393 (7,291/102)
|4,709 (4,658/51)
!22,919 (22,451/468)
|-
| {{Flag|Tajikistan}} ||91 (87/4)||51 (48/3)||45 (42/3)||103 (93/10)||59 (56/3)||98 (92/6)||353 (335/18)||868 (846/22)||1,323 (1,277/46)||1,186 (1,134/52)
|2,527 (2,429/98)
|5,380 (5,194/186)
|3,395 (3,284/111)
|1,747 (1,688/59)
!17,226 (16,605/621)
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}} ||550 (492/58)||508 (448/60)||520 (441/79)||301 (253/48)||153 (136/17)||150 (124/26)||219 (195/24)||720 (676/44)||1,838 (1,737/101)||2,967 (2,837/130)
|2,057 (1,951/106)
|1,884 (1,758/126)
|1,618 (1,510/108)
|726 (673/53)
!14,211 (13,231/980)
|-
|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}||7 (7/0)||12 (12/0)||12 (12/0)||9 (9/0)||3 (3/0)||9 (8/1)
|12 (8/4)
|13 (11/2)
|40 (27/13)
|116 (57/59)
|360 (244/116)
|815 (658/157)
|5,017 (4,634/383)
|3,882 (3,250/632)
!10,307 (8,940/1,367)
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}||54 (49/5)||39 (27/12)||47 (43/4)||16 (14/2)||42 (35/7)||42 (32/10)
|73 (65/8)
|302 (274/28)
|835 (782/53)
|281 (248/33)
|541 (485/56)
|1,627 (1,471/156)
|3,174 (2,807/367)
|1,973 (1,746/227)
!9,046 (8,078/968)
|-
|{{Flag|Serbia}}||164 (143/21)||188 (162/26)||274 (239/35)||613 (518/95)||650 (599/51)||804 (705/99)
|878 (804/74)
|930 (867/63)
|911 (841/70)
|811 (747/64)
|5 (4/1)
|1,311 (1,199/112)
|884 (821/63)
|430 (402/28)
!8,853 (8,051/802)
|-
|{{Flag|Kosovo}}||46 (46/0)||24 (21/3)||3 (3/0)||40 (40/0)||24 (23/1)||88 (82/6)
|640 (571/69)
|522 (490/32)
|740 (680/60)
|1,045 (940/105)
|943 (831/112)
|1,730 (1,600/130)
|725 (667/58)
|74 (68/6)
!6,644 (6,062/582)
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}||10 (7/3)||14 (4/10)||4 (1/3)||2 (2/0)||1 (1/0)||0
|17 (15/2)
|328 (224/104)
|505 (348/157)
|1,033 (812/221)
|2,165 (1,713/452)
|535 (425/110)
|431 (330/101)
|258 (188/70)
!5,303 (4,070/1,233)
|-
!
|-
|Others ||3,740 (2,882/858)||4,288 (3,344/944)||3,780 (2,801/979)||3,336 (2,474/862)||3,154 (2,397/757)||3,356 (2,574/782)||3,737 (2,826/911)||4,946 (3,843/1,103)||7,630 (5,748/1,882)||7,819 (6,030/1,789)
|14,176 (10,852/3,324)
|20,567 (15,822/4,745)
|21,021 (16,151/4,870)
|12,492 (9,617/2,875)
!114,042 (87,361/26,681)
|-
!
|-
|Europe ||22,471 (14,230/8,241)||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|North Africa and Western/Central Asia ||3,491 (3,075/416)||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|South Asia ||3,182 (2,818/364)||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|East and South-East Asia ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|Sub-Saharan Africa ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|Americas ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
|Oceania ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
!
|-
!Total ||40,808 (28,346/12,462)||39,144 (26,296/12,848)||39,078 (25,488/13,590)||43,663 (29,282/14,381)||65,786 (47,616/18,170)||127,394 (93,413/33,981)||235,626 (174,351/61,275)||328,768 (253,907/74,861)||444,738 (333,541/111,197)||406,496 (297,694/108,802)
!504,172 (379,648/124,524)
!365,490 (302,725/62,765)
!320,630 (272,636/47,994)
!173,541 (144,660/28,881)
!3,135,061 (2,409,330/725,731)
|-
|}

==== Declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner ====
In addition to work permits, there is a secondary, easier work migration scheme called ''declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner''. Compared to the work permit system, employers seeking to entrust work to a foreigner do not need to subject the job to a labor market test. However, the work visa is only valid for up to 24 months instead of 36 months. Prior to 2022, the time limits were even stricter, with a 6-month maximum stay that had to be accompanied by a 6-month period outside of Poland until a new work visa could be obtained.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nowe przepisy dotyczące oświadczeń o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemca oraz zezwoleń na pracę - Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie - Portal Gov.pl |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/uw-mazowiecki/nowe-przepisy-dotyczace-o-powierzeniu-wykonywania-pracy-cudzoziemcowi |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie |language=pl-PL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dłuższe oświadczenie o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemcowi |url=https://kadry.infor.pl/kadry/inne_formy_zatrudnienia/cudzoziemcy/5362920,dluzsze-oswiadczenie-o-powierzeniu-wykonywania-pracy.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=kadry.infor.pl |language=en}}</ref> This system is only open to citizens of 5 [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet]] countries,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://psz.praca.gov.pl/web/urzad-pracy/-/8180205-rejestracja-oswiadczen-pracodawcow-o-zamiarze-powierzenia-pracy-cudzoziemcowi | title=Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://psz.praca.gov.pl/web/urzad-pracy/-/8180211-oswiadczenia-o-powierzeniu-wykonywania-pracy-cudzoziemcowi-wpisane-do-ewidencji-oswiadczen-obowiazujace-od-2018-r- | title=Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka }}</ref> though business leaders have called for an extension to other post-Soviet republics. Russian citizens are excluded from the program since October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oświadczenia o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy nie będą wydawane dla Obywateli Rosji |url=https://grantthornton.pl/publikacja/oswiadczenia-o-powierzeniu-wykonywania-pracy-nie-beda-wydawane-dla-obywateli-rosji/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=GrantThornton |language=pl-PL}}</ref> following the invasion of Ukraine. 
Between 2007 and 2017, this scheme was known as a ''declaration of <u>intention</u> to entrust work to a foreigner'', though it led to numerous abuses, since after submitting the statement, employers were not obliged to report whether the foreigner had come, and whether they had taken the job. Migrants would sometimes take up different work than previously indicated, use the permit to move to Western Europe, or not arrive at all. On 1 January 2018, it was replaced by the current scheme. Since then, employers are obliged to report the fact that the migrant has taken up employment. The change limits the comparability of the data from the previous periods.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci/sytuacja-demograficzna-polski-do-roku-2019-migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci,16,1.html | title=Sytuacja demograficzna Polski do roku 2019. Migracje zagraniczne ludności }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap mw-datatable"
|+Registered declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=eo Networks |title=Statystyka {{!}} WORTAL |url=https://psz.praca.gov.pl/-/8180211-oswiadczenia-o-powierzeniu-wykonywania-pracy-cudzoziemcowi-wpisane-do-ewidencji-oswiadczen-obowiazujace-od-2018-r- |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=psz.praca.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
|-
! Country !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020
!2021
!2022
|-
| {{UKR}} ||1,446,304|| 1,475,923 || 1,329,491
|1,705,709
|618,503
|-
| {{BLR}} ||62,805|| 66,045 || 78,905
|103,749
|217,374
|-
| {{GEO}} ||28,008|| 45,137 || 44,270
|135,743
|147,847
|-
| {{MDA}} ||36,742|| 39,414 || 45,281
|76,506
|47,269
|-
| {{RUS}} ||6,718|| 11,262 || 19,246
|36,214
|16,084
|-
| {{ARM}} ||1,648|| 2,302 || 2,406
|7,314
|7,475
|-
!Total ||1,582,225 || 1,640,083 || 1,519,599
!2,065,416
!1,054,640
|-
|}

==== Seasonal work permits ====
Since January 2018, employers may hire foreigners on a seasonal work permit, used specifically for agricultural and tourism-related work.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/zezwolenie-na-prace-sezonowa1 | title=Portal Gov.pl }}</ref> In 2020, 60.8% of hired foreigners were women, 42% were under 35 years old, and most worked in Poland from 31 to 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://psz.praca.gov.pl/web/urzad-pracy/-/8180228-zezwolenia-na-prace-sezonowa-cudzoziemca | title=Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka }}</ref> The vast majority of migrants come from [[Ukraine]], as well as [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], since the law doesn't require the employer to look for potential Polish workers before hiring a foreigner from said countries.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap mw-datatable"
|+Seasonal work permits by country of citizenship
! Country !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020
|-
| {{UKR}} || 119,926|| 129,683 || 135,482
|-
| {{BLR}} || 607 || 659 || 625
|-
| {{MDA}} || 359|| 380 || 342
|-
| {{GEO}} ||199|| 302 || 291
|-
| {{UZB}} ||3|| 66 || 122
|-
| {{PHL}} ||15|| 78 || 78
|-
| {{RUS}} ||45|| 79 || 62
|-
| {{IDN}} ||0|| 3 || 44
|-
!Others ||35|| 97 || 175
|-
!Total ||121,436|| 131,446 || 137,403
|-
|}

==== Social insurance data ====
Polish social insurance provider, [[Social Insurance Institution|Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych]] (ZUS), reported 1,094,148 foreigners paying towards pension insurance in Poland at the end of June 2023, an 8.1% increase since the year prior and more than double compared to 5 years ago. Foreigners were 6.74% of all insured in Poland, an increase from basically 0 just a few years earlier. [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] were the largest groups of foreigners, at 68.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Other nationalities with more than 10,000 people insured in the Polish insurance system include: [[Georgians]] (27,434), [[India]]ns (18,620), [[Moldovans]] (14,654), and [[Russians]] (12,709).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubezpieczenia emerytalne i rentowe - Portal Statystyczny ZUS - zus.pl |url=https://psz.zus.pl/kategorie/ubezpieczeni/ubezpieczenia-emerytalne-i-rentowe |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Portal Statystyczny ZUS}}</ref>

=== Education ===
In light of a lack of centralized and trustworthy population statistics, the education system is another source of information about immigrants and foreign nationals in Poland. As of September 2022, there were 352,923 students with a foreign nationality in Poland in non-college education,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otwarte Dane |url=https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/1426,liczba-uczniow-cudzoziemcow-wedug-gmin |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=dane.gov.pl}}</ref> approximately 6.8% of all students in the country. The vast majority were Ukrainians - 307,944 (of which 200,734 were in a refugee status), followed by Belarusians (19,647).

There were also 85,897 foreign college students in Poland as of 2021 (excluding those studying on short-term study programs such as [[Erasmus Programme|Erasmus]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pifczyk |first=Szymon |date=2022-12-03 |title=Ilu jest w Polsce obcokrajowców? |url=https://kartografiaekstremalna.substack.com/p/ilu-jest-w-polsce-obcokrajowcow |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Kartografia Ekstremalna}}</ref>

=== Ukrainian refugees ===
{{Category more|Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022%E2%80%93present)#Poland}}
Poland has been at the forefront of the Ukrainian refugee crisis from the very beginning, as the country shares a long border with Ukraine and many Ukrainians have family members working or studying in Poland. As the refugee crisis became apparent, Polish authorities waived certain entry restrictions for people fleeing Ukraine, such as requirements for passports<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonagh |first=Simon |date=2022-02-28 |title=Ukraine Emergency: Resources for Refugees |url=https://asylumaccess.org/ukraine/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Asylum Access |language=en-US}}</ref> and, along with millions of private citizens,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Alicja |date=2022-07-28 |title=77% of Poles involved in helping Ukraine refugees, spending €2 billion, finds study |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/07/28/77-of-poles-involved-in-helping-refugees-spending-e2-billion-finds-study/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref> organized food and shelter for the arriving refugees. Poland's response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis has won the country international praise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=2023-02-22 |title=How Poland, Long Leery of Foreigners, Opened Up to Ukrainians |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/22/world/europe/poland-ukraine-war-refugees.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN expert praises generosity towards Ukrainian refugees by Poland and urges Belarus and Poland to end pushbacks |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/un-expert-praises-generosity-towards-ukrainian-refugees-poland-and-urges |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

As of September 2023, 958,120 refugees remain in Poland, of which 408,884 are under 18. More than 1 in 10 refugees lives in Warsaw (103,476), followed by Wrocław (45,942), Kraków (31,795) and Poznań (24,312).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Szczegółowe statystyki dot. osób zarejestrowanych w rejestrze obywateli Ukrainy i członków ich rodzin, którym nadano status cudzoziemca na podstawie specustawy. Stan na 12.09.2023 r. |url=https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/2715,zarejestrowane-wnioski-o-nadanie-statusu-ukr |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=Otwarte Dane}}</ref> Refugees are not counted towards the official population number by GUS as they are in a temporary residence status and temporary residents are not reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Metainformacje / Słownik pojęć / Pojęcia stosowane w statystyce publicznej |url=https://stat.gov.pl/metainformacje/slownik-pojec/pojecia-stosowane-w-statystyce-publicznej/3917,pojecie.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=stat.gov.pl}}</ref>

==Ethnic groups==
{{main|Ethnic minorities in Poland}}Poland was a diverse country before World War II, with only around 2/3 of the population being ethnically Polish. Due to German and Soviet war-time resettlements and genocides, and after-war population transfers, post-war Poland was one of the most ethnically homogenous countries in Europe and stayed that way until the 21st century. [[File:POLSKA mniejszości.png|thumb|Map of at least 10% non-Polish areas|228x228px]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Population background
! %<sup>1</sup>
! Population (1st declaration)
!Population (any declaration)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''100.00'''
|  '''38,036,118'''
|'''38,036,118'''
|-
| '''[[European Union]]'''
| 99.53
|  37,858,105
|38,690,651
|-
| Autochthonous to [[Poland]]
| 99.34
|  37,785,173
|38,423,818
|-
|  ''       [[Polish people|Poles]]''
| ''98.59''
|  ''37,499,700''
|''37,595,069''
|-
|  ''       [[Silesians]]''
| ''0.62''
|  ''236,588''
|''596,224''
|-
|  ''       [[Kashubians]]''
| ''0.04''
|  ''15,177''
|''179,685''
|-
|  ''       [[Lemkos]]''
| ''0.02''
|  ''9,226''
|''13,607''
|-
|  ''       [[Romani people|Romani]]''
| ''0.02''
| ''9,026''
|''13,303''
|-
| ''       [[Jews]]''
|''0.02''
|''8,064''
|''17,156''
|-
| ''       [[Tatars]]''
|''0.01''
|''4,009''
|''5,295''
|-
| ''       [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]]''
|''0.01''
|''3,383''
|''3,479''
|-
|    Other EU member states (primarily [[Germans]]) 
|0.19
|72,932
|266,833
|-
|'''Other Europe''' (primarily [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]]) 
|0.34
|130,903
|232,165
|-
|'''Other''' (primarily Vietnamese)
|0.08
|30,051
|102,746
|-
|'''Unspecified'''
|0.03
|11,128
|11,128
|-
| colspan="4" |<sup>1</sup> In the 2021 census responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Percentages are calculated for the first choice only. 
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+National and ethnic composition of Poland by census
! rowspan="2" |Ethnicity
! colspan="2" |1921
! colspan="2" |1931
! colspan="2" |1946
! colspan="2" |2002
! colspan="2" |2011<sup>1</sup>
! colspan="2" |2021<sup>1</sup>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|[[Polish people|Poles]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 17,789,287
| style="text-align:right;"| 69.23
| style="text-align:right;"| 21,993,444
| style="text-align:right;"| 68.91
|20,520,178
|85.75
|36,983,720
|96.74
|37,310,300
|96.88
|37,499,700
|98.59
|-
|[[Silesians]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|173,153
|0.45
|435,800
|1.13
|236,588
|0.62
|-
|[[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,898,428
| style="text-align:right;" | 15.17
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,221,975
| style="text-align:right;" | 10.10
|
|
|30,957
|0.08
|38,400
|0.10
|64,909
|0.17
|-
|[[Belarusian minority in Poland|Belarusians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,035,693
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.03
| style="text-align:right;" | 989,852
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.10
|
|
|48,737
|0.13
|36,400
|0.09
|43,693
|0.11
|-
|[[German minority in Poland|Germans]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 769,392
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.99
| style="text-align:right;" | 740,992
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.32
|2,288,300
|9.56
|152,897
|0.40
|74,500
|0.19
|42,558
|0.11
|-
|[[Kashubians]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|5,062
|0.01
|17,700
|0.05
|15,177
|0.04
|-
|[[Russian minority in Poland|Russians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 48,920
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.19
| style="text-align:right;" | 138,713
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.43
|
|
|6,103
|0.02
|8,200
|0.02
|10,977
|0.03
|-
|[[Lemkos]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|5,863
|0.02
|7,100
|0.02
|9,226
|0.02
|-
|[[Romani people|Romani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|12,855
|0.03
|12,600
|0.03
|9,026
|0.02
|-
|[[Lithuanian minority in Poland|Lithuanians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 24,044
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align:right;" | 83,116
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.26
|
|
|5,846
|0.02
|5,600
|0.01
|8,088
|0.02
|-
|[[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,048,878
| style="text-align:right;" | 7.97
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,732,573
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.56
|
|
|1,133
|0.00
|2,500
|0.01
|8,064
|0.02
|-
|[[Armenians]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1,082
|0.00
|3,000
|0.01
|5,586
|0.01
|-
|[[Slovaks]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2,001
|0.01
|2,300
|0.01
|4,508
|0.01
|-
|[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1,808
|0.00
|3,600
|0.01
|4,198
|0.01
|-
|[[Czechs in Poland|Czechs]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 30,628
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.12
| style="text-align:right;" | 38,097
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.12
|
|
|831
|0.00
|1,300
|0.00
|4,035
|0.01
|-
|[[Ruthenians]]
|
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,219,647
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.82
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Local
| style="text-align:right;" | 38,943
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.15
| style="text-align:right;" | 707,088
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Others
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,856
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.04
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,119
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.03
|399,526
|1.67
|
|
|
|
|69,785
|0.18
|-
|Unknown
| style="text-align:right;" | 631
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align:right;" | 39,163
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.12
|417,431
|.
|774,885
|2.03
|521,500
|1.35
|11,128
|0.03
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |25,694,700
! colspan="2" |31,915,779
! colspan="2" |23,929,757
! colspan="2" |38,230,080
! colspan="2" |38,511,824
! colspan="2" |38,036,100
|-
| colspan="13" |<sup>1</sup> In 2011 and 2021 censuses responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Only first choices are shown here. 
|}

==Religions==
{{see also|Religion in Poland|Catholic Church in Poland}}Historically, Poland has been a religiously diverse country. However, after the Holocaust during World War II and population transfers after the war, Poland became predominantly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], with small [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] communities. 
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|value1=71.30|value2=0.40|value3=0.29|value4=0.58|value5=6.87|value6=20.53|value7=0.04|label1=Roman Catholic|label2=Orthodox|label3=Jehovah's Witnesses|caption=Religious makeup of Poland|label4=Other denominations|label5=No denomination|label6=Refused to state|label7=Unknown|color1=#8ecae6|color2=#219ebc|color3=#126782|color4=#023047|color5=#fb8500|color6=#ffb703|color7=#fd9e02}}
The most recent census has shown a Catholic majority again, however with a significant drop in self-declared Catholics compared to a census 10 years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] constitute 71.3% of the population, down from 87.58% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski - NSP 2011 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/nsp-2011-wyniki/struktura-narodowo-etniczna-jezykowa-i-wyznaniowa-ludnosci-polski-nsp-2011,22,1.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Percentage of population
! colspan="2" |Number of adherents
|-
!Denomination
!2011 census
!2021 census
!2011 census
!2021 census
|-
|[[Catholic Church in Poland|Roman Catholic Church]]
|87.6
|71.3
|33,728,734
|27,121,331
|-
|[[Polish Orthodox Church]]
|0.4
|0.4
|156,284
|151,648
|-
|[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]s
|0.4
|0.29
|137,308
|108,754
|-
|[[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Lutheranism]]
|0.2
|0.17
|70,766
|65,407
|-
|[[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw|Greek Catholic Church]]
|0.1
|0.09
|33,281
|33,209
|-
|[[Pentecostal Church in Poland|Pentecostal Church]] 
|0.1
|0.08
|26,433
|30,105
|-
|[[Catholic Mariavite Church|Catholic Mariawite Church]]
|0.0
|0.03
|9,990
|12,248
|-
|[[Old Catholic Church in Poland|Old Catholic Church of Poland]]
|0.0
|0.02
|8,807
|6,942
|-
|[[Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland]]
|0.0
|0.01
|5,982
|5,181
|-
|[[Buddhism in Poland|Buddhism]]
|0.0
|0.01
|5,981
|3,236
|-
|[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh Day Adventist Church]]
|0.0
|0.01
|4,947
|3,129
|-
|[[Flying Spaghetti Monster|Pastafarianism]]
|0.0
|0.01
|492
|2,312
|-
|[[Islam in Poland|Islam]]
|0.0
|0.01
|5,108
|2,209
|-
|Christ's Church in Poland 
|0.0
|0.01
|860
|2,072
|-
|[[Slavic Native Faith in Poland|Slavic Native Faiths]]
|0.0
|0.01
|914
|2,039
|-
|God's Church in Christ
|0.0
|0.01
|1,350
|2,007
|-
|Other denominations
|0.1
|0.11
|24,716
|40,343
|-
|[[Irreligion|Not belonging to any denomination]]
|2.4
|6.87
|929,420
|2,611,506
|-
|Refusing to state a denomination
|7.1
|20.53
|2,733,843
|7,807,553
|-
|Denomination unknown
|1.6
|0.04
|626,608
|16,059
|}

==Languages==
{{main|Languages of Poland}}
:Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

==See also==
* [[Health in Poland]]
* [[Polish diaspora]]
* [[Statistics Poland]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://stat.gov.pl/en/ Statistics Poland]
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/ CIA World Factbook 2004]
*[http://www.minelres.lv/reports/poland/poland_NGO.htm The Protection of National Minorities in Poland] report by [[Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights]]
*[https://www.intereg.org/ Internationales Institut für Nationalitätenrecht und Regionalismus] {{in lang|de}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234547/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?1=999=172=31==1=3=A |date=March 3, 2016 |title=The First Large Emigration of the Armenians}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035145/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2002/170202.shtml |date=September 30, 2007 |title=Poland's president expresses regret over 1947 Akcja Wisla}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015957/http://www.us-english.org/foundation/research/olp/viewGeneral.asp?CID=39 |date=September 28, 2007 |title=U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Poland}}

{{Poland topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Poland}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Poland}}
[[Category:Demographics of Poland]]
[[Category:Society of Poland]]