View source for Homo gautengensis

{{short description|Name proposed for an extinct species of hominin from South Africa}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:6a00d8341bf67c53ef01348157067b970c-320wi.jpg|thumb|The skull [[Stw 53]], Curnoe's designated [[holotype]] specimen for ''Homo gautengensis'']]
'''''Homo gautengensis''''' is a species name proposed by anthropologist Darren Curnoe in 2010 for South African [[Hominini|hominin]] fossils otherwise attributed to ''[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]'', ''[[Homo ergaster|H. ergaster]],'' or, in some cases, ''[[Australopithecus]]'' or ''[[Paranthropus]]''. The fossils assigned to the species by Curnoe cover a vast temporal range, from about 1.8 million years ago to potentially as late as 0.8 million years ago, meaning that if the species is considered valid, ''H. gautengensis'' would be both one of the earliest and one of the longest lived species of ''[[Homo]]''.

Since Curnoe's 2010 description, recognition of the species has been limited. The classification of most of the fossils referred to ''H. gautengensis'' was controversial before the description of the species and continue to be controversial to this day. Some [[Paleoanthropology|palaeoanthropologists]] have gone as far as to declare that there is little reason to consider ''H. gautengensis'' a valid taxon.

== Research history ==
{{Human timeline}}
[[File:Panel 02-SK 847.jpg|thumb|[[SK 847]], a fragmentary skull commonly classified as ''[[Homo habilis]]'' or ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', referred to ''Homo gautengensis'' by Curnoe|alt=|left]]
[[Paleoanthropology|Palaeoanthropologists]] vary in their recognition of which [[Hominini|hominin]] fossil represents the earliest record of the genus ''[[Homo]]'' (and in what range of morphology the genus should encompass). Most of the fossils contending for the position have been dated to between 2.4 and 2.1 million years ago, and their classification is highly controversial on the genus level. Along with fossils such as the mandibles [[AL 666]] from Ethiopia and [[UR 501]] from Malawi (both probably exceeding 2.1 million years in age), a skull designated [[Stw 53]] was once one of the primary contenders.{{Sfn|Berger|2012|p=123}} Today, the fossil commonly seen as the earliest fossil specimen of the ''Homo'' genus is [[LD 350-1]], a fossil jaw excavated in 2013 in the [[Afar Region]] in Ethiopia, dated to about 2.8 million years old.{{Sfn|Villmoare|Kimbel|p=|Seyoum|Campisano|2015|pp=1352–1354}}

Stw 53 was discovered in August 1976 near [[Krugersdorp]], [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] in South Africa and was described in 1977 by palaeoanthropologists Alun R. Hughes and Philip V. Tobias as a skull probably from an early species of ''Homo''.{{Sfn|Hughes|Tobias|p=310|1977}} Though many palaeoanthropologists recognised the fossil as representing a species of ''Homo'', possibly ''[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]'', this has never been universally accepted, many instead seeing it as a specimen of ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=157}} Though the site of the fossils was initially dated to over 2 million years old, work from 2012 suggests that the site was significantly younger, at 1.78–1.43 million years old.{{Sfn|Berger|2012|p=123}}

In 2010, anthropologist Darren Curnoe reviewed the large amount of fossil hominin specimens from South Africa and concluded that some of the fossils were sufficiently different from the other locally recognised ''Homo'' species (''H. habilis'' and ''[[Homo ergaster|H. ergaster]]''/''[[Homo erectus|H. erectus]]'') to represent a new species.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=152}} The classification of the fossil material in South Africa, on account of much of it being fragmentary, has historically been highly contested. A few scholars believed that the region didn't preserve any species of ''Homo'', arguing that the fossil material all belonged to australopithecines. Others believed that a single species was represented (''H. ergaster'') and others accepted the presence of both ''H. ergaster''/''H. erectus'' and ''H. habilis''.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=157}} Prior to Curnoe's description, it had already been suggested by other palaeoanthropologists, such as Frederick E. Grine and colleagues in 1993 and 1996 that Stw 53, and another skull, [[SK 847]], represented a new species closely related to ''H. habilis''.{{Sfn|Grine|Demes|p=411|Jungers|Cole|1993}}{{Sfn|Grine|Jungers|p=189|Schultz|1996}}

Based on a number of features in the teeth and skull Curnoue concluded to be distinguishing between Stw 53 and SK 847, and the typical conditions of these features in ''H. habilis'' and ''H. ergaster'' specimens, Curnoe stated that "it is now clear that the southern African fossils are morphologically too distinct" to be accommodated within either species. As such, Curnoe erected a new species, ''H. gautengensis'', to accommodate them. The species name ''gautengensis'' derives from the South African province [[Gauteng]] (its name in turn deriving from the [[Sotho-Tswana]] word for "place of gold"), where the fossils referred to the species had been recovered. Alongside Stw 53 (the [[holotype]] specimen) and SK 847, Curnoe assigned numerous fossil specimens to the species, designating them as [[paratype]] specimens; SE 255, SE 1508, Stw 19b/33, Stw 75–79, Stw 80, Stw 84, Stw 151, SK 15, SK 27, SK 45, SKX 257/258, SKX 267/268, SKX 339, SKX 610, SKW 3114 and DNH 70.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=172}} Among the most major differences noted between Stw 53 and ''H. habilis'' by Curnoe was that some of the tooth crowns of Stw 53 were larger than the average tooth crowns of ''H. habilis'' whereas other tooth crowns were significantly more narrow.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=169}}

Recognition of ''H. gautengensis'' has been limited, with the classification of the individual fossils referred to the species still being contested among palaeoanthropologists. As an example, SK 847 has in addition to ''H. gautengensis'' also been referred to ''Australopithecus africanus'', ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'', ''H. habilis'', ''H. ergaster'', ''H.'' sp. nov or ''[[Homo leakeyi|H. leakeyi]]'' (another proposed species with little recognition). Most of the ''H. gautengensis'' fossils are usually seen as representing fossil remains of ''H. habilis'' or ''H. ergaster'',{{Sfn|Dusseldorp|Lombard|p=46 (1)|Wurz|2013}} though no fossil has a single, universally agreed upon identification at the species level.{{Sfn|Dusseldorp|Lombard|p=49 (4)|Wurz|2013}} In 2011, palaeoanthropologist Lee R. Berger went as far as to state that "there is little reason to consider [''H. gautengensis''] a valid taxon", noting that the attribution of Stw 53 itself to ''Homo'' had been challenged on both anatomical and stratigraphic grounds. Notably, Berger stated that MH1, the holotype specimen of ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', is more similar to early ''Homo'' than Stw 53 is, believing the former to be the skull of a ''Australopithecus africanus'' or a ''Au. africanus''-like relative of ''Au. sediba''.{{Sfn|Berger|2012|p=123}} ''H. gautengensis'' is not the only species name proposed for fossils historically considered by most to represent ''H. habilis'' specimens, while ''[[Homo rudolfensis|H. rudolfensis]]'' (once proposed for a group of fossils formerly considered ''H. habilis'') is widely accepted,{{sfn|Strait|Grine|Fleagle|2015|p=2006}} many other proposals, such as ''[[Homo microcranous|H. microcranous]]'' (for the fossil [[KNM-ER 1813]]) have little to no recognition today.{{Sfn|Antón|2012|p=S278}} Antón and Middleton (2023) conducted a large analysis of hominin fossils and concluded that the Stw 53 skull cannot be allocated to ''Homo'', SK 847 is ''H.'' aff. ''erectus'', and Stw 80 is from an indeterminate genus.{{Sfn|Antón|Middleton|2023}}

== Implications ==
The specimens referred to ''H. gautengensis'' by Curnoe cover a vast temporal range, from ~2 million years ago (or 1.78–1.43 million years according to more recent dating{{Sfn|Berger|2012|p=123}}) to as late as 1.26–0.82 million years ago. If valid, ''H. gautengensis'' would be one of the earliest recognised species of ''Homo'' (as fossils earlier than 2 million years old have rarely been assigned at the species level) and also one of the most long-lived, spanning a period of time of over a million years.{{Sfn|Curnoe|2010|p=173}}

== See also ==
* [[List of fossil sites]]
* [[List of human evolution fossils]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Cited bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=Susan C.|date=2012|title=Early ''Homo'': Who, When, and Where|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/667695|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=53|pages=S278–S298|doi=10.1086/667695|s2cid=84830570}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Berger|first=Lee R.|date=2012|title=''Australopithecus sediba'' and the earliest origins of the genus ''Homo''|url=http://www.isita-org.com/jass/contents/2012vol90/berger/23011933.pdf|journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences|volume=90|issue=90|pages=117–131|doi=10.4436/jass.90009|doi-broken-date=November 2, 2024 |pmid=23011933}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Curnoe|first=Darren|date=2010|title=A review of early ''Homo'' in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species (''Homo gautengensis'' sp. nov.)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X10000727|journal=HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology|volume=61|issue=3|pages=151–177|doi=10.1016/j.jchb.2010.04.002|pmid=20466364}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Dusseldorp|first1=Gerrit Leendert|last2=Lombard|first2=Marlize|last3=Wurz|first3=Sarah|date=2013|title=Pleistocene ''Homo'' and the updated Stone Age sequence of South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256672114|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=109|issue=5–6|pages=46–52|doi=10.1590/sajs.2013/20120042|hdl=1956/11905|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Grine|first1=F. E.|last2=Demes|first2=B.|last3=Jungers|first3=W. L.|last4=Cole|first4=T. M.|date=1993|title=Taxonomic Affinity of the Early ''Homo'' Cranium From Swartkrans, South Africa|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8296872/|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=92|issue=4|pages=411–426|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330920402|pmid=8296872}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Grine|first1=F. E.|last2=Jungers|first2=W. L.|last3=Schultz|first3=J.|date=1996|title=Phenetic affinities among early ''Homo'' crania from East and South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248496900196/pdf?md5=d299c0079ec9b1125a797e773fde9a81&pid=1-s2.0-S0047248496900196-main.pdf&_valck=1WGckUl1bZsJ8qQHM0BgGKjbuDaSEj6LFwha2BPnEyuFW%2BwzJ25X7%2FUJbsnFfV%2FWYMQEuxU%2BmSndqso5GLCGK3wHHJvdb%2BEy9AKHy4WSYrSEDhGBudWNmAhuvyzgZCnq4setafSupLPuHuCBpeYgMyyUSrldzS%2BLBwEt5ylicq8YyIPgVagkG4%2Fsuvh3Inu8jZlOgnrBtSeh%2B8w0B2dNYMpB%2FNQqnavHpYzx0ejR%2FS1LiU2uARPwdOR1Gu9laFW%2FFEJjadFdFUYhqfGKaFva4TzBsIhj4dOX4%2FOZ8SCNPMJuKwPYFOusBtaAEnPgwAlSniu0X%2B9aze5%2FGZ9%2BVWVZzMzyVgAhf554%2Bd3CDiUblNDGNGtJdKilrt4tzKa5NMnbMIDwGzNvB0xcCusSCCgziey3loozgVaNpc3rMdRvRQmRqDr6dRcySLLTGsp%2F8J4JIEJh%2FQ6pqUZCHrMTchSfpYEoyiRroKkH5F14Mx%2FZyhsK83Y97MmAanb3Fb1tIHbSlmjpLSMeXS8K9UjkyLurs8hBRoNpMNGXNEvGXtERDjRcCLX73bH4HkKiy6j09uuiRloYc5REWqDa%2BzuN2%2BfU4q6Y%2FNtCMAOIBC0K9tVM5b26PWQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200528T185639Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYUISCBQ6X%2F20200528%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=04ac48b0afd502e8e2329e95a1bafd8f73fa46df24c0bee7bd462585cc23ecf0&hash=38d7686deb99b6b24bfe44d6859a5e862981c82ce5731d32e32c1cf641b6946b&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0047248496900196&tid=spdf-dddd1e5d-c03a-408b-902b-b973855f8385&sid=fe372cc917fa6447421bf1e551365a3f51fbgxrqb&type=client|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=30|issue=3|pages=189–225|doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0019|bibcode=1996JHumE..30..189G }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Alun R.|date=1977|title=A fossil skull probably of the genus ''Homo'' from Sterkfontein, Transvaal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/265310a0|journal=Nature|volume=265|pages=310–312|last2=Tobias|first2=Philip V.|issue=5592|doi=10.1038/265310a0|pmid=401951|bibcode=1977Natur.265..310H|s2cid=4157207}}
* {{Citation |last1=Antón |first1=Susan C. |title=Making meaning from fragmentary fossils: Early Homo in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=179 |year=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103307 |last2=Middleton |first2=Emily R.|page=103307 |pmid=37030994 |s2cid=258014849 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023JHumE.17903307A }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Strait|first1=David|url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-39979-4_58|title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology|last2=Grine|first2=Frederick|last3=Fleagle|first3=John|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=978-3-642-39979-4|editor-last=Henke|editor-first=Winfried|edition=2nd|chapter=Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_58|editor-last2=Tattersall|editor-first2=Ian|chapter-url=http://www.academia.edu/download/55535112/Homo_ergaster_Handbook_2_2015.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Villmoare |first1=Brian |last2=Kimbel |first2=William H. |last3=Seyoum |first3=Chalachew |last4=Campisano |first4=Christopher J. |last5=DiMaggio |first5=Erin N. |last6=Rowan |first6=John |last7=Braun |first7=David R. |last8=Arrowsmith |first8=J. Ramón |last9=Reed |first9=Kaye E. |author-link9=Kaye Reed |date=2015 |title=Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6228 |pages=1352–1354 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1343 |pmid=25739410 |bibcode=2015Sci...347.1352V |s2cid=206632944 |doi-access=free}}

{{Human_Evolution}}
{{Cradle of Humankind}}
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[[Category:Early species of Homo]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 2010]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2010]]
[[Category:Prehistoric South Africa]]
[[Category:Pleistocene primates]]
[[Category:Invalid Homo species]]