View source for Iacob Zadik

{{Infobox military person
|birth_date = {{birth date|1867|12|20}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1970|4|8|1867|12|20}}
|image=Zadik 1917.jpg{{!}}border
|caption=Zadik in 1917
|birth_place= [[Strunga|Brătulești]], [[Roman County]], [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|United Principalities]]
|death_place= [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]]
|placeofburial= [[Bellu Cemetery]]
|allegiance= {{Flag|Romania|1866}}
|branch= [[File:Romanian Army Flag - 1921 used model.svg|25px]] [[Romanian Land Forces]]
|serviceyears= 1886–1929 
|rank=[[File:Royal Romanian Army OF-8 - General-colonel (1944).gif|26px]] Divisional General
|unit=
|commands= [[First Army (Romania)|First Army]]<br />8th Infantry Division<br />[[4th Territorial Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]]
|battles= 
{{tree list}}
* [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|Romanian Peasants' Revolt]]
* [[Second Balkan War]]
* [[World War I]]
** [[Romania in World War I|Romanian campaign]]
*** [[Battle of Mărășești]]
*** [[First Battle of Oituz]]
* [[Union of Bukovina with Romania|Bukovina expedition]]<br/>
* [[Polish–Ukrainian War]]
** [[Romanian occupation of Pokuttia]]
{{tree list/end}}
|awards= [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Commander of the Order of Saint Stanislaus]]<br />
[[Order of the Star of Romania|Grad Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania]]<br />
[[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown]]<br/>
[[Legion of Honor|Commander of the Legion of Honor]]<br />
[[Order of Ferdinand I|Grand Officer of the Order of Ferdinand I]]<br />
Order of the Fatherland's Defense, Second Class
|spouse= Rosa Zadik
|children= 3 (including Colonel Grigore Zadik)
|signature= 
}}
'''Iacob Zadik''' (also spelled '''Zadig''' or '''Zadic'''; {{langx|hy|Հակոբ Զատիկ}}; {{langx|uk|Якоб Задік}}; December 8, 1867 – April 8, 1970) was a [[Romania]]n artillery and infantry commander, who rose to the rank of [[divisional general]]. An assimilated [[Armenians of Romania|ethnic Armenian]], he prepared for a career in the [[Romanian Land Forces]] beginning at age nine. This led him to complete military training at several schools, including the [[Carol I National Defence University|Higher War School]], where he graduated in 1898. Involved in repressing the [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|1907 Peasants' Revolt]], he fist saw field action during the [[Second Balkan War]] (1913). He spent the [[Romania in World War I|early years of World War I]] in France, appointed to the staff of [[Joseph Joffre]], but returned in time to participate in the [[Romanian Campaign (1916)|Romanian offensive of 1916]]. As one of the leaders of the [[First Army (Romania)|First Army]], Zadik then took part in the [[Romanian Campaign (1917)|defense of Moldavia]], specifically the [[Battle of Mărășești|battles of Mărășești]] and [[First Battle of Oituz|First Oituz]]. During the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|armistice period of early 1918]], he took leadership of the 8th Infantry Division in [[Botoșani]].

Zadik earned distinction especially for leading the 8th Infantry Division's November 1918 expedition into the [[Duchy of Bukovina]], which helped that region [[Union of Bukovina with Romania|unite with Romania]]. He then secured Romanian Bukovina's northern border by moving against the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen|Austrian Sich Riflemen]], capturing [[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria]]; in early to mid 1919, his 8th Division was on [[Romanian occupation of Pokuttia|a peacekeeping mission]] to [[Pokuttia]], which was the site of multiple [[Polish–Ukrainian War|conflicts between Poles and Ukrainians]]. Though he effectively secured Pokuttia for annexation by the [[Second Polish Republic]], Zadik extended his protection toward the Ukrainian civilians. He later served briefly as the head of the military command in [[Bessarabia]], which was later incorporated in his command of the [[4th Territorial Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]]. During the 1920s, he involved himself in containing criminal activity on the eastern borders of [[Greater Romania]]. Just before retiring in 1929, he drew controversy with his decision to institute a [[state of siege]] on Romania's border with the [[Soviet Union]].

Zadik withdrew from active duty and took administrative positions, including one at the [[Industria Aeronautică Română|Aircraft Construction Enterprise]], while also serving as vice president of ''Cultul Eroilor'' society in the late 1920s. His career in the arms was followed by his son Grigore, who specialized in anti-aircraft defense. After the introduction of a [[Communist Romania|communist regime]] in 1947, Zadik Sr was singled out for having publicly supported Bessarabia's [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania|incorporation within Romania]]; he was consequently imprisoned during the 1950s, but [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] the following decade. Though his name was left out of specialized works, he received decorations for his past service, and was rumored to have been rescued from poverty by high-ranking members of the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party]] apparatus, including [[Emil Bodnăraș]]; in his final years, he made public statements in support of the [[National communism in Romania|national-communist]] party line. He died in 1970, aged 102.

==Biography==
===Early life===
The Zadiks were ethnic Armenians who had settled in the area during the [[Romania in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]],<ref>Antonian, p. 139</ref> and whom the General described as "tied to the ancestral land [of Romania]."<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 236; Firoiu, p. 16</ref> The son of Grigore and Eufrosina, Iacob was born on December 20 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]: December 8) in [[Strunga|Brătulești]], [[Roman County]],<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 620–621 & II, p. 239. See also Antonian, p. 139; Firoiu, p. 16</ref> which was then administered as part of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]]. His father, who lived between 1830 and 1902, was a [[Senate of Romania|Senator of Romania]] and leader of the [[Vaslui County]] council, as well as on officer of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] and the [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]].<ref>"Informațiuni", in ''[[Voința Națională]]'', April 18 (May 1), 1902, p. 3</ref> An agriculturalist, in 1889 he received an honorable mention at the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Paris World's Fair]].<ref>Georges Bibesco, ''Exposition universelle 1889. La Roumanie avant-pendant-après'', p. 182. Paris: Imprimerie Typographique J. Kugelmann, 1890</ref> Iacob himself shunned civilian life and chose a career in the military. In a 1967 interview with journalist V. Firoiu, he spoke of some his first memories, namely the recruitment and departure of young soldiers to fight in the [[Romanian War of Independence]] (1877–1878). He credited these events with instilling in him an "instinct for the army", adding: "everything I did from that moment on, I did with the army on my mind."<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 237; Firoiu, p. 16</ref>

Zadik initially studied in [[Iași]] at Trei Ierarhi school (1874–1878), followed by ''Institutele-Unite'' (1878–1886).<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 620. See also Firoiu, p. 16</ref> After first persuading his parents, he was allowed to apply for the Military High School in that same city—according to his own testimony, he was only accepted because of his high grades, as the school was generally reserved for the children of [[Romanian Land Forces|Land Forces]] officers.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 235–236; Firoiu, p. 16</ref> During the first years of the [[Kingdom of Romania]], Zadik was a School Sergent, leading its 4th Grade; [[Nicolae Petala]] was his colleague, a Corporal of the 3rd Grade.<ref>[[Petre I. Sturdza]], ''Amintiri: patruzeci de ani de teatru'', pp. 23–24. Bucharest: Editura Casei Școalelor, 1940. {{OCLC|895492449}}</ref> Zadik became an Artillery [[Sub-lieutenant|Sublieutenant]] in July 1888, before his graduation.<ref>"Știrĭ mărunte", in ''[[Epoca (Romania)|Epoca]]'', July 13 (25), 1888, p. 3</ref> He then trained as an officer (to 1891),<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 620. See also Antonian, p. 139</ref> by attending [[Bucharest]]'s School of Officers. His focus was on artillery training, though he also took mandatory training in cavalry warfare; he specialized in training artillery regiments on location.<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 620 & II, p. 236; Firoiu, p. 17</ref> He moved frequently, stationed with various regiments in [[Focșani]], [[Brăila]], [[Tulcea]], [[Constanța]], [[Bârlad]], and [[Roman, Romania|Roman]].<ref name="fil620">Filipciuc I, p. 620</ref> During his youth in the military, he befriended two writers, [[Mihail Sadoveanu]] (whose novels became favorites of his) and [[Emil Gârleanu]] (who was also a fellow officer).<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 237–238; Firoiu, pp. 18–19</ref> A Lieutenant in 1891, he was involved in a sexual scandal after Cojocaru, a jealous husband and army private, assaulted him; public controversy ensued when a military tribunal sentenced Cojocaru to a six-years prison term.<ref>"Bucurescĭ 25 Iunie/7 Iulie 1891. E revoltător!", in ''[[Voința Națională]]'', June 26 (July 8), 1891; "Ultime informații", in ''[[Lupta]]'', June 22, 1891, p. 3; [[Constantin Bacalbașa]], "Tribunalele militare", in ''Lupta'', July 26, 1891, p. 1 (Part IV); July 30, 1891, p. 1 (Part V)</ref>

From 1896 to 1898, Zadik also studied at the [[Carol I National Defence University|Higher War School]]. He steadily rose through the ranks, becoming an army officer in 1901.<ref>Antonian, p. 139; Filipciuc I, p. 620</ref> His son was born in Bucharest on March 27, 1898, following his father's career choices by enlisting for the army school at [[Dealu Monastery]].<ref name="vn29">Neagoe, p. 29</ref> As a [[lieutenant colonel]], Zadik Sr was assigned to the [[1st Infantry Division (Romania)|1st Infantry Division]] in [[Craiova]], and later to the 7th Division in Roman.<ref name="fil620"/> In the latter capacity, he was involved in repressing the [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt|Romanian Peasants' Revolt]], organizing interrogations of officers who "have been in contact with the rebels".<ref>Indiscret, "Răscoalele din 1907. Unde's dosarele dela Ministerul de interne? Aŭ fost,—dar aŭ dispărut!", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', January 27, 1912, p. 2</ref> Zadik first saw action abroad during the [[Second Balkan War]] (1913).<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 620, 621</ref> He became Colonel, and was assigned to the Staff of the 3rd Army Corps in [[Galați]], shortly before World War I; in October 1914, he was moved to the [[4th Territorial Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]] in Iași.<ref name="fil620"/> In 1915–1916, he went on a mission to [[Joseph Joffre]], commander of the [[French Army in World War I|French Army]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>Antonian, p. 139. See also Filipciuc II, pp. 236–237; Firoiu, pp. 17–18</ref>

Returning to Romania after its [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|1916 entry into the war]], Zadik was assigned to the [[Fourth Army (Romania)#World War I|Northern Army]] at [[Bacău]], and drafted plans for the [[Romanian Campaign (1916)|Romanian offensive]] into [[Austria-Hungary]]. In September of that year, he became a Commander of the [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]], and was recognized as an Officer of the Star of Romania in November.<ref name="fil620"/> As Romania suffered a massive counteroffensive and only held on to [[Western Moldavia]], he became Chief of Staff of the [[First Army (Romania)|First Army]], reconstructed from surviving units at [[Podu Iloaiei]] (December 1, 1916); he was made [[brigadier general]] on April 1, 1917, and, from May 15, became [[Constantin Cristescu]]'s second in command within the First Army.<ref name="fil620"/> He was moved to the front during June, taking over defensive positions in [[Tecuci County]] and relieving the [[1st Army (Russian Empire)|1st Russian Army]].<ref name="fil620"/> By December, his son Grigore had been evacuated with the entire Dealu army school to Iași, and faced the prospect of being moved to safety in the [[Russian Empire]]. In January, he fell ill with [[epidemic typhus]], and had to be hospitalized. Grigore's colleague and "forever a friend", engineer Constantin Nicolau, notes that the other Zadiks were by then living in Roman.<ref>Nicolau, pp. 22–23</ref> He also recalls that Zadik Sr treated him "like a father".<ref>Nicolau, p. 61</ref>

During the [[Romanian Campaign (1917)|defense of Moldavia]], Zadik helped his troops achieve victory in the [[Battle of Mărășești]], though he later credited success to "the Romanian peasant set out to defend his ancestral lands".<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 236; Firoiu, pp. 13–14, 18. See also Antonian, pp. 139-140</ref> He was present for, though not directly involved in, the successful bayonet counterattack mounted by the "white ghosts"—soldiers of the 32nd Infantry Regiment, who dressed down to their underwear.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 232–233</ref> While serving as a Secretary in the Ministry of War Ammunition (from September 1), Zadik held a command position in the [[First Battle of Oituz]], and became an Officer of the Order of the Crown (he would receive its Grand Cross in 1919).<ref name="Filipciuc I pp. 620">Filipciuc I, pp. 620–621. See also Antonian, p. 141</ref> Grigore Zadik saw action with the [[Romanian Air Force]] (Balloon Corps),<ref name="vn29"/> despite being underage; as reported by the General, his son's missions were his only cause for worry during that stage of war.<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 236; Firoiu, pp. 14–15</ref> Grigore survived the campaign and was made a Sublieutenant.<ref name="vn29"/>

===Bukovina===
Zadik served in the [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|Romanian War Ministry]] in 1918–1919, returning to active duty in 1919–1922.<ref>Antonian, pp. 139-140</ref> From February 1918, at a time when Romania had [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|sued for peace]], he was serving as commander of the 8th Infantry Division, stationed in [[Botoșani]].<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 604, 620</ref> This period witnessed his participation in the [[Great Union]]—specifically, the unification of Romanian-inhabited territories in Austria-Hungary with the Romanian Kingdom. In autumn 1918, after the Austrian governor of the [[Duchy of Bukovina]], [[Josef Graf von Ezdorf]], refused a request by [[Iancu Flondor]] to cede power, Zadik led the troops who occupied the province.<ref>Antonian, p. 140; Baboș, pp. 51–52; Filipciuc III, pp. 638; Olaru, pp. 23–24</ref> These events witnessed a breakdown of social and military order in the Duchy. Early on November 5 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]: October 23), Zadik received a report from Anton Ionescu, the Border Guards commander stationed in front of [[Ițcani]], suggesting that the Austrian garrison had left that town, which the [[Gendarmerie (Austria)|Austrian Gendarmerie]] could no longer protect against civilian violence.<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 604</ref> That afternoon,<ref name="tzigara">[[Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș]], ''Memorii. II: 1910–1918'', p. 223. Bucharest: Grai și Suflet – Cultura Națională, 1999.  {{ISBN|973-95405-1-1}}</ref> Zadik received orders to take Ițcani and [[Suceava]]. The official motivation was provided by reports out of Burdujeni (now in Suceava), namely that "bands armed with rifles and machine guns are devastating the city".<ref name="Filipciuc II, p. 239">Filipciuc II, p. 239</ref>

These reports were substantiated by Flondor in multiple telegrams he addressed to Marghiloman, pleading for a military intervention throughout the Duchy.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 239–241</ref> Literary historian Ion Filipciuc believes that, while the brigands in such descriptions have generally been taken for [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen|Austrian Sich Riflemen]] under [[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria]], they were in fact "Ukrainian deserters and [[Bolshevik]]s", who numbered in the hundreds, and who only had immediate goals such as robbery.<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 601, 603–604</ref> Officially, Zadik's mandate was to help the Romanian National Guard and the Austrian Gendarmes—the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Romanian Prime Minister]], [[Alexandru Marghiloman]], would not give open recognition to Flondor's [[General Congress of Bukovina|National Council]], as this would have been a breach of Romania's peace treaty with Austria.<ref>Olaru, pp. 24–25</ref> However, in a letter he sent to [[Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș]], Marghiloman argued that he was acting specifically against Austrian rule, and confessed that Zadik was to march on [[Cernăuți]], the Bukovinian capital.<ref name="tzigara"/> Zadik's opening proclamation to the people of Bukovina, issued on November 6, referred to his crossing over a "border placed between us by cruel fate", and to the Romanian Army as determined to ensure self-determination ("the legitimate right of peoples to dispose of their own fate").<ref>Baboș, p. 52; Filipciuc I, pp. 608–609</ref>

The troops involved were from the 8th Infantry Division (comprising the 16th, 29th and 37th Infantry Regiments), which was at the time largely demobilized, with many soldiers on leave to perform agricultural tasks. It was supplemented troops from the [[Gendarmerie (Romania)|Romanian Gendarmerie]] and Border Guards. Their exact orders were to act as if on a regular campaign, directed against "brigands" (''răufăcători''), but without any forced requisitioning; troops were to return to their headquarters once this mission was declared accomplished.<ref>Baboș, pp. 52–53</ref> The first Romanian units entering Suceava on the early hours of November 6 were Anton Ionescu's Border Guards, which immediately proclaimed that the border had been erased; this undiplomatic move was corrected on November 8, as Zadik entered the city, with a proclamation insisting that Romanian troops were only there as a protective shield.<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 604–606, 608, 612</ref> Zadik eventually collected a 3,000-strong expeditionary force,<ref>Olaru, p. 25</ref> operationally divided into three detachments: "[[Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia|Dragoș]]", "[[Alexander I of Moldavia|Alexandru cel Bun]]", and "Suceava".<ref>Baboș, p. 52; Filipciuc III, pp. 638, 639–640</ref> The auxiliary force of Gendarmes and Border Guards, alongside a cavalry squadron, was ordered to move westwards, into [[Gura Humorului]].<ref>Baboș, p. 52</ref>

Zadik's troops were still on the move as Romania resumed its war on the [[Central Powers]], joining efforts with the [[Allied Army of the Orient]]. These events, and Marghiloman's downfall, allowed the advance into Bukovina to be integrated within the larger war effort.<ref>Baboș, pp. 52–53; Filipciuc I, pp. 609–610 & III, pp. 638; Olaru, p. 25</ref> Still in Suceava on November 8, Zadik wrote in the city album: "Here endeth [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg]] domination. ''Fini {{sic}} Austria''".<ref name="fil639">Filipciuc III, pp. 639</ref> That same day, he met two of Flondor's envoys, who were disguised in rags to avoid being captured by "anarchists in control of the Cernăuți–Ițcani route".<ref name="fil639"/> The overall push was assisted by Romanian units from the disintegrating [[Royal Hungarian Honvéd|Hungarian Army]], who disputed the city with Ukrainians loyal to the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] (ZUNR)—on November 9, [[Ilie Lazăr]] took the city for the former camp, planting the [[flag of Romania]] on Cernăuți City Hall.<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 608; Lazăr, pp. 33–34; Olaru, p. 26</ref> Zadik procrastinated, still waiting for Romania to officially proclaim its reentry into the war.<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 609–610</ref> He stationed his force for a days-long rest about 60 [[kilometer]]s outside the city; Lazăr traveled there to meet him: "I asked him to make his entry, for the population had been out in the streets for three days, waiting for him to arrive."<ref name="lazăr34">Lazăr, p. 34</ref>

Zadik eventually entered Cernăuți on November 11, by way of Horecea Mănăstirii suburb. He shared his automobile with Lazăr and Lieutenant Colonel [[Nicolae Rovinaru]], stopping in front of the National Romanian Home. Here, Zadik was met by Romanian women, who "pelted him with flowers", and by Flondor, who reportedly said: "let us embrace as two brothers who have not seen each other in 155 years".<ref name="lazăr34"/> In their speeches, both Flondor and Zadik referenced "[[Greater Romania]]"—the latter also paid homage to [[Grigore III Ghica|Grigore Ghica]], who had tried to oppose Bukovina's occupation in 1774, and had "lost his head" as a result.<ref>Baboș, p. 53; Filipciuc I, p. 610, II, p. 241 & III, p. 640</ref> Philologist [[Sextil Pușcariu]], who was active within the Romanian movement in Bukovina, recalls the ceremony in which he and his colleagues first met with Zadik: "A very emotional Flondor spoke, followed by an even more emotional Zadik. Both speeches were weak and poorly recited: either speaker lost his train of thought again and again, could no longer recall phrases they had learned by heart, and took such pauses that under normal circumstances would have been embarrassing. [...] Everyone's eyes teared up as Flondor and Zadik embraced each other, I could feel my own tears running down my cheek."<ref>Pușcariu, pp. 397–398</ref>

[[File:Zadik Cernauti.jpeg|thumb|440px|Zadik and the 8th Infantry Division staff in [[Cernăuți]], 1918]]
Zadik's arrival coincided exactly with the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice on the Western Front]], which led to a suspension of hostilities with Austria-Hungary. His presence was met with a public protest by the Austrian loyalist [[Aurel Onciul]], who presented himself as the governor of lower Bukovina. The two engaged in a dialogue, until Zadik invited Onciul to present his case directly to the Romanian government in Iași; Onciul followed up on the invitation and found himself "assaulted by some youths" upon arriving at Iași railway station, resulting in his hospitalization and political neutralization.<ref>Pușcariu, p. 397. See also Filipciuc I, p. 608; Olaru, p. 26</ref> Similarly, Zadik arrested the leaders of a "Ukrainian republic" that had been unilaterally proclaimed in [[Kitsman|Coțmani (Kitsman)]].<ref>Olaru, p. 27</ref> While many Ukrainians simply left Bukovina in protest, Zadik's entry into Bukovina was welcomed by the local Poles: their paramilitary Polish Legion paraded before him in Cernăuți.<ref>Ștefan Purici, "Unirea Bucovinei: idealuri și proiecte în context intern și internațional", in ''Analele Bucovinei'', Vol. XXV, Issue 1, 2018, p. 48</ref> Zadik was also instrumental in curbing violence against [[Bukovina Jews]], which had flared up in places such as [[Dorna Candrenilor]], [[Todirești, Suceava|Todirești]], and [[Poiana Stampei|Pilugani]].<ref>Daniel Hrenciuc, ''O scurtă istorie a evreilor din Rădăuți'', pp. 106–107. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega, 2018.  {{ISBN|9786065439641}}. See also Filipciuc I, pp. 617–618</ref>

===Pokuttia===
Within days of his Cernăuți entry, the Romanian General Staff ordered Zadik to occupy the entire Bukovina, including its Ukrainian-majority northern half. This was a retaliation for the ZUNR's attempt to mobilize all able-bodied Ukrainian men into the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] (UHA).<ref name="baboș53">Baboș, p. 53</ref> As head of the General Staff, [[Constantin Prezan]] personally cleared Zadik for this expedition, which went against the terms of the November Armistice; during his advance, he also routed the Sich Riflemen, who withdrew from northern Bukovina, and captured Archduke Wilhelm.<ref>Filipciuc III, pp. 640</ref> The operation, fully accomplished on November 21, was largely without bloodshed—one exception occurred during the advance on [[Luzhany]], when the "Dragoș" detachment was engaged in a skirmish that resulted in deaths on both sides.<ref name="baboș53"/>

Zadik's securing of the province paved the way for the [[union of Bukovina with Romania]], ultimately proclaimed on November 28. He was present for the deliberations as an army representative, and, as Filipciuc notes, had no voting rights; Filipciuc also dismisses as inaccurate any reports suggesting that Zadik himself signed the union proclamation.<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 612–614</ref> On [[Saint Stephen's Day]] (December 27) 1918, the General presided over the Cernăuți festivities honoring [[Stephen the Great]].<ref>"Informațiuni. Serbătorirea amintirii lui Ștefan cel Mare la Cernăuți", in ''Unirea. Ziar Național'', January 18, 1919, p. 4</ref> From January 1919, Zadik and his 8th Infantry Division were tasked with organizing a [[Romanian occupation of Pokuttia|Romanian offensive]] into [[Pokuttia]], which they were to pacify in support of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]; Zadik's operation was directed against the ZUNR, which controlled Pokuttia and still stated a claim to northern Bukovina.<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', pp. 173–176</ref> ZUNR representatives, alarmed by Romanian maneuvers, met Zadik in Bukovina and asked for a truce. The two sides only agreed that the territorial conflict should be resolved with further negotiations in Bucharest.<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', p. 175</ref> The Romanian incursion began on May 22, and saw no opposition from the UHA, which withdrew its soldiers to the [[Polish–Ukrainian War|Polish front]].<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', pp. 177–178</ref> The expedition was closely preceded by the airdropping of leaflets which included Zadik's pledges to the Pokuttian inhabitants.<ref>Seserman, p. 33</ref>

During May–June 1919, Iacob Zadik oversaw the joining of Romanian troops in Transylvania, Bukovina, and [[Bessarabia]]; the [[Romanian General Staff]] assigned him to command all troops stationed between [[Maramureș]] and [[Hotin County]].<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', p. 181</ref> On May 28, he met with Polish General [[Franciszek Kraliczek-Krajowski]], agreeing to form a joint military command and a civilian government, both based in [[Kolomyia]].<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', pp. 181–182</ref> The two sides could not agree on other terms: the Poles demanded that they be allowed to move between Romanian troops, all the way south to the Bukovina border, and also that the Romanian side allow Poles to form political groups throughout Pokuttia.<ref>Seserman, p. 35</ref> On May 29, Zadik supervised the imposition of a [[state of siege]], meant to quell conflicts between Polish and Ukrainian civilians.<ref>Seserman, pp. 34–35</ref> Two days later, he and other Romanian officers were asked to leave [[Nadvirna]], which was part of a Polish-controlled area, as the temporary administration could not vouch for his safety. In that context, local Ukrainians proceeded to ask the Romanian authorities to protect them from persecution and violence, while local Poles were complaining of mistreatment in Romanian-controlled areas.<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', pp. 182–183</ref>

On June 7, Zadik took command of General [[Nicolae Petala]]'s troops, which had also been moved into Pokuttia. His final report to Petala included a request to have the Polish 4th Rifle Division moved out of Cernăuți (where it was allegedly causing damages) and into Pokuttia.<ref>Seserman, pp. 36–37</ref> On June 16, he received from Bucharest his orders to evacuate Pokuttia. He then oversaw the terms of the withdrawal with his Polish counterparts, [[Wacław Iwaszkiewicz-Rudoszański]] and [[Robert Lamezan de Salins]]; discussions took place in [[Lviv|Lemberg]], but the outcome was postponed by more urgent developments in the parallel [[Hungarian–Romanian War]].<ref>Seserman, pp. 38–39</ref> Zadik and his troops finally left the region to be annexed by Poland, on August 17 or 18, 1919.<ref>Borchuk ''et al.'', pp. 185–186; Filipciuc I, p. 620 & III, pp. 644; Seserman, p. 40</ref> On his departure, the General thanked Pokuttians for their friendly behavior toward his troops.<ref name="fil644">Filipciuc III, pp. 644</ref> Only four Romanian soldiers had died in combat throughout the entire operation, though three others were lost to accidents.<ref>Seserman, p. 40</ref>

===Bessarabian mission and retirement===
[[File:General Iacob Zadik discussing with General Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France.jpg|thumb|350px|Zadik (left) with [[Ferdinand Foch]]]]
Later in 1919, Zadik became a [[divisional general]].<ref name="vn29"/> On the first-year anniversary of the Bukovina union, he addressed its people a proclamation, thanking them for their cooperation; the document mentioned Flondor's rival [[Ion Nistor]], but not Flondor himself, contributing to the latter's resentment toward the Romanian regime.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 243–245</ref> Nistor himself rarely referred to Zadik's contribution, which he left out of topical work, ''Unirea Bucovinei''.<ref name="fil621">Filipciuc I, p. 621</ref> Zadik continued to be well regarded by the Bukovina Jews and [[Bukovina Germans|Germans]], with the newspaper ''Das Volk'' describing him as an "honorable defender and supporter" of the ethnic minorities.<ref>Filipciuc I, p. 618</ref> On December 14, Zadik was at Cernăuți, attending a ''[[Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church|parastas]]'' service held by the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] in memory of Bukovinians killed in action throughout the war. That same day, the cultural club known as ''[[Societatea Academică Junimea]]'' inducted Zadik as an honorary member.<ref>Anghel Popa, "Societatea Academică 'Junimea' din Cernăuți", in ''Revista Istorică'', Vol. 6, Issues 5–6, May–June 1995, p. 549. See also Filipciuc I, p. 617</ref> In June of the following year, Zadik was in [[Soroca]], where he inaugurated work on a monument to [[Stan Poetaș]], killed in action during the [[Khotyn Uprising]].<ref>"Dosar ''România Eroică''", in ''România Eroică'', Vol. XXIII, Issue 2, 2020, p. 46</ref> Returning as commander of the 4th Corps, he made the news again in February 1921, after being held up by armed robbers while traveling between Iași and [[Vaslui]].<ref>"Generalul Zadig atacat de hoți", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', February 3, 1921, p. 2</ref> During July, he lectured at the Priests' Conference in Iași, convened by [[Pimen Georgescu]], about the activities of the [[Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists|Seventh-day Adventists]], whom he regarded as dangerous.<ref>"Știri din Iași. Ultima consfătuire a preoților", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', July 31, 1921, p. 4</ref> A month later, he traveled in [[Hotin County|Hotin]] and [[Soroca County (Romania)|Soroca Counties]], where he supervised the backlash against "criminal gangs".<ref>"Din Iași", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', August 10, 1921, p. 2</ref>

In the years following his expeditions, Zadik acquired an international reputation, which reached the [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]]. In a report he compiled for the latter's government in 1919, [[Armenians in Moldova|Bessarabian Armenian]] activist Artyom Tumanyan noted that Zadik was one of Romania's most prominent "indigenous Armenians"—though he also indicated that such Armenians had fully assimilated into Romanian life.<ref>Lidia Prisac, Ion Gumenâi, "Armenii din Basarabia în contextul Marii Uniri", in Constantin Manolache, Liliana Rotaru, Ion Xenofontov (eds.), ''Historia est Magistra Vitae: Valori, paradigme, personalități. In honorem profesor Ion Eremia'', pp. 557–558. Chișinău: Central Science Library, 2019.  {{ISBN| 978-9975-3331-2-2}}</ref> Again withdrawn from active duty, Zadik served on the Superior Council of the Romanian Army (1922–1924) and a review board for would-be generals. In April–November 1924, he was Military Commander of Bessarabia.<ref name="fil620"/> In 1923, the year when he welcomed to Romania [[Ferdinand Foch]],<ref>Firoiu, pp. 17–18</ref> Zadik was made a Commander of the [[Legion of Honor]], a Grand Officer of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], and a Grand Officer of the Star of Romania.<ref name="Filipciuc I pp. 620"/> In 1925, he attended a commemoration of the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]], and appears in the collective portrait done by [[Gheorghe Popovici]].<ref>[[Orest Tafrali]], "Tablourile comemorative istorice ale lui Gheorghe Popovici", in ''Arta și Arheologia'', Fascicles 7–8, 1931–1932, pp. 71–72</ref> By 1928, he was also a vice president of ''Cultul Eroilor'' ("Heroes' Cult") society, in which capacity he obtained that a World War memorial be erected at [[Galata, Iași|Galata]].<ref>Dumitru Roman, "S.O.S. Monumentul Galata din Iași. Profanare și hoție cu 'bunăvoință' de la... Primărie!?", in ''România Eroică'', Vol. XIII, Issues 1–2, 2010, p. 46</ref>

In January 1929, as commander of the 4th Army Corps, Zadik issued an ordinance introducing the state of siege all along Romania's border with the [[Soviet Union]]. This drew controversy in Romania, as creating a precedent for generals legislating against [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]; as noted by the newspaper ''[[Adevărul]]'', his ruling was also a way to bypass the anti-censorship laws advanced by the [[National Peasants' Party]] and the [[First Maniu cabinet|Maniu cabinet]].<ref>Rep., "Ultima oră. Ordonanța No. 1 din 1929 a d-lui general Zadig. Guvernul e dator să-și spună cuvântul", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', January 27, 1929, p. 6</ref> According to a front-page critique in that same newspaper, the order had transformed Zadik into a hero to the Romanian far-right. The latter's exponents now argued that his intervention was justified by communist infiltration in Bessarabia and Bukovina.<ref>Ad., "Minciună convențională sau prejudecată?", in ''[[Adevărul]]'', February 2, 1929, p. 1</ref> Zadik became an old-age pensioner in October 1929, but continued to work for government, serving as a delegate on the board of the [[Industria Aeronautică Română|Aircraft Construction Enterprise]] (December 1929–June 1938).<ref name="fil620"/> In 1930, he was created an Officer in the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]].<ref name="fil621"/> In 1935 he was one of the inaugural holders of the [[Order of Ferdinand I]] (as Grand Officer), also being recognized as an honorary citizen of Cernăuți in autumn 1937 (though some reports suggest that this distinction was bestowed upon him in 1918).<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 618–621 & III, pp. 643</ref>

The General and his wife Rosa had two sons, both officers (the second of whom was named Ioan-Cristea) and a daughter, Margareta.<ref name="a140">Antonian, p. 140</ref> By 1927, they were in-laws with Grigore Kessim, a prosecutor at the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]],<ref>"Ultima oră. †Grigore Kessim", in ''[[Universul]]'', March 19, 1927, p. 3</ref> also credited as the chief physician of Bucharest.<ref name="a140"/> Of Iacob's progeny, Grigore took high positions in the military, serving as [[Ion Antonescu]]'s aide on mission to the [[League of Nations]] (1936); a Major in 1937, he spent the years 1937–1939 training with France's 11th Artillery Regiment, and, like his father, was inducted into the Legion of Honor.<ref name="vn29"/> With his training in both artillery and aviation, he commanded and organized Bucharest's anti-aircraft defense during the early stages of World War II, when Romania was aligned with the [[Axis Powers]] (1940–1942). He was then moved to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], where he similarly contributed to the defense of [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]] against the [[Soviet Air Forces]].<ref name="vn29"/>

===Communist imprisonment and recovery===
[[File:Zadik before turning 100, December 1967.png|thumb|350px|Zadik in December 1967, shortly before his 100th birthday]]
In 1967, the General recalled that he approved of the [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|anti-Axis coup of August 1944]];<ref name="fil238; fir20">Filipciuc II, p. 238; Firoiu, p. 20</ref> in its immediate aftermath, Grigore Zadik served as a liaison between the Romanian Army and [[Fyodor Tolbukhin]]'s [[4th Ukrainian Front]].<ref name="vn29"/> In 1948, the family home on Aleea Alexandru, Bucharest became [[Nationalization in Romania|nationalized property]], though Zadik Sr still continued to reside in it.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 230, 235</ref> After being sent to the reserves, he had written a pamphlet titled "The [[Dniester]], Romanian Land", stating the Romanian claim to Bessarabia against the Soviets. This later drew the ire of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]], which imprisoned him in the 1950s.<ref name="a141">Antonian, p. 141</ref> Colonel Zadik, meanwhile, was forced to resign from his position as head of the Air Defense Directorate, and lived out of the public eye.<ref>Neagoe, pp. 29–30</ref> His father was still occasionally mentioned in works of history, including Eliza Campus' 1958 article on the [[Polish–Romanian alliance]], which appeared in ''Studii''.<ref name="fil644"/>

Zadik Sr was finally released and rehabilitated in the early 1960s.<ref name="a141"/> In October 1967, the [[State Council of Romania|State Council]], under [[Chivu Stoica]], awarded him the Order of the Fatherland's Defense, Second Class, "on the occasion of his 100th birthday {{sic}}, for feats of war accomplished during World War I".<ref>[[Agerpres]], "Solemnitatea înmînării unor distincții", in ''[[Scînteia Tineretului]]'', October 15, 1967, p. 17. See also Filipciuc I, p. 621</ref> This was followed by ''Sabia de Onoare'' Medal in December.<ref name="fil621"/> On August 12, 1967, his wartime recollections appeared in ''[[Scînteia]]'', mouthpiece of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 232, 234</ref> Military historian Vasile Arimia reports that, at some point before 1976, Zadik was living in [[Piatra Neamț]] and working as a coach driver. Arimia claims that he knew this to be true from General [[Emil Bodnăraș]], the communist potentate, who claimed to have taken his carriage ride while visiting [[Bisericani Monastery]].<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 228–231</ref> Arimia also recalls that [[President of Romania|President]] [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and Bodnăraș both took care of restoring Zadik to a more fitting social position, and ordered his home to be restored.<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 229</ref> Filipciuc dismisses this account as an urban legend meant to improve Bodnăraș's public image for posterity.<ref>Filipciuc II, pp. 230–231</ref>

Colonel Grigore Zadik lived with his father at Carol Davila Street 24, in the Bucharest neighborhood of [[Cotroceni]].<ref name="momente">"Uriașa urnă a inimilor și conștiinței noastre. Momente trăite—în casele oamenilor, pe mări, pe meleaguri pitorești", in ''[[Scînteia]]'', March 3, 1969, p. 3</ref> In old age, Iacob Zadik donated his memorabilia to the [[National Military Museum, Romania|National Military Museum]], and "three hundred of my valuable books, as well as forty-four music sheets—old songs and romanzas" to the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref>Firoiu, p. 19</ref> The donation included several manuscripts of his memoirs.<ref>Filipciuc III, pp. 635–636</ref> Filipciuc notes that Iacob, as a "contemporary of five wars" still kept informed of political developments as a centenarian, and was upset by the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in August 1968.<ref name="fil621"/> ''Scînteia'' reporters visited him and his son at their home during the [[1969 Romanian legislative election|legislative election of March 1969]], alongside a team carrying the mobile [[ballot box]]. They quoted Zadik Sr as saying that his interest as a former soldier was in supporting [[world peace]] on the basis of [[non-interventionism]]; his son added that they had both been impressed by Ceaușescu's "extremely realistic foreign policy, with its rooting in truly reasonable principles".<ref name="momente"/>

The General died on April 8, 1970, in Bucharest. He is credited by Firoiu as the "first Romanian general to have reached the age of 103", though Filipciuc corrects this inaccuracy by noting Zadik was nine months short of reaching that age;<ref>Filipciuc I, pp. 621–622 & II, pp. 239–240. See also Firoiu, p. 20</ref> he is buried at [[Bellu Cemetery]].<ref name="a141"/><ref name="alik">"Բուխարեստում յարգել են ռումինական բանակի յայտնի հայազգի գեներալ Յակոբ Զատիկի յիշատակը", in ''[[Alik (daily)|Alik]]'', December 5, 2018, p. 5</ref> Including his interview in a 1974 anthology, Firoiu looked back on Zadik as "the very first one who, in front of his troops, has entered and liberated sweet Bukovina".<ref name="fil238; fir20"/> As noted by Filipciuc, any other details on this expedition, as well as any mention of Zadik's stay in Pokuttia, were absent from Firoiu's published interview.<ref name="Filipciuc II, p. 239"/> 

Grigore survived his father only to February 1974, dying at age 76.<ref>"Decese", in ''[[România Liberă]]'', February 26, 1974, p. 4. See also Filipciuc II, p. 234; Firoiu, pp. 14, 18</ref> The general was still entirely omitted from the 1983 reference work on Romanian military commanders;<ref name="fil621"/> his memory was instead preserved by the Armenian community and the local [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Gregorian Church]]—by 1991, its Romanian Diocese Museum had a Zadik display case.<ref>Sergiu Selian, "Biblioteca și Muzeul Eparhiei Armene din România", in ''[[Contemporanul]]'', Issue 40/1991, p. 5</ref> Although the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|December 1989 Revolution]] had toppled Ceaușescu, the Aleea Alexandru home was never returned to the family.<ref>Filipciuc II, p. 230</ref> General Zadik was formally commemorated by the Armenian community in Romania, represented by [[Varujan Vosganian]] and Gregorian bishop [[Tadev Hakobyan-Muradyan]], with a special service held at Bellu on November 27, 2018.<ref name="alik"/> As noted by writer Magda Ursache, in November 2021 the anniversary of Bukovina's union was entirely omitted from the national calendar. In that context, "nobody as much as mentioned General Iacob Zadic's 8th Division, which entered Cernăuți on Nov[ember] 11, to curb Ukrainian terrorism."<ref>Magda Ursache, "Clio între slujitori și detractori", in ''Revista Acolada'', Issue 12/2021, p. 11</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Narcis E. Ștefan Antonian, "Generalul Iacob Zadik – un erou armean al Marelui Război și al României Mari", in ''Muzeul Național'', Vol. 32, 2020, pp.&nbsp;139–141.
*Alexandru Baboș, "100 de ani de la Marea Unire. Acțiunile armatei române în sprijinul Unirii Bucovinei cu Regatul României", in ''Rezervistul Sibian'', Issue 19, 2018, pp.&nbsp;51–54.
*Stepan Borchuk, Andrii Korolko, Alexander Reient, "Accession of Part of Eastern Galicia to Romania in 1919: Military and Political Aspects", in ''Codrul Cosminului'', Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2020, pp.&nbsp;169–186.
*Ion Filipciuc, "Generalul Iacob Zadik în Bucovina", in ''Analele Bucovinei'', Vol. XXII, Issue 2, 2015, pp.&nbsp;599–623 (Part I); Vol. XXIII, Issue 1, 2016, pp.&nbsp;227–252 (Part II); Issue 2, 2016, pp.&nbsp;635–644 (Part III).
*V. Firoiu, ''...și eu am fost recrut''. Bucharest: [[Editura Militară]], 1974.
*[[Ilie Lazăr]], "Memorii. Cernăuții ajung în mâinile românilor", in ''Apeiron. Revista pentru Inimă, Minte și Suflet de Mateist'', Vol. IV, Issue 9, 2018, pp.&nbsp;33–35.
*Visarion Neagoe, "Pionieri ai artileriei antiaeriene", in ''Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române'', Vol. XX, Issue 2, 2017, pp.&nbsp;22–30.
*Constantin Nicolau, ''Proba de foc. Amintiri. Iunie 1916 — ianuarie 1918''. Bucharest: [[Editura Albatros]], 1983.
*Marian Olaru, "Bucovina în primul război mondial (II)", in ''Cetatea de Scaun. Revista Profesorilor de Istorie din Județul Suceava'', Vol. 14, Issue 14, 2017, pp.&nbsp;13–30.
*[[Sextil Pușcariu]], "Acum zece ani în Bucovina", in ''[[Societatea de Mâine]]'', Nr. 22–24/1928, pp.&nbsp;396–399.
*Dumitru Seserman, "Divizia 8 Infanterie în Pocuția. Mai 1919 – August 1919", in ''Buletinul Universității Naționale de Apărare'', Issue 3, 2004, pp.&nbsp;30–41.

{{commons category|Iacob Zadik}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zadik, Iacob}}
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