View source for List of countries with multiple capitals

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Lists of capitals}}
Some countries can be considered to have '''multiple [[capital city|capitals]]'''. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others. There are also cases where there is a single legally defined capital, but one or more other cities operate as the [[seat of government]] of some or all parts of the national government; in these situations, sources may disagree on whether these other cities are considered additional capital cities.

==More than one capital at present==
{{citations|date=July 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
! [[List of national capitals|Capitals]]
! Details
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{BEN}}'''
| [[Porto-Novo]]
| Official capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Cotonou]]
| [[De facto]] administrative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{BOL}}'''
| [[Sucre]]
| [[Constitution]]al capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[La Paz]]
| [[De facto]] executive and legislative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" |'''{{BDI}}'''
|[[Gitega]]
|Official political capital
|-
|[[Bujumbura]]
|Seat of government and economic capital<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi – Présidence de la République du Burundi |url=https://presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{ESW}}'''
| [[Mbabane]]
| Administrative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Lobamba]]
| Legislative capital ([[Parliament of Eswatini|parliament]]) and place of [[Ludzidzini Royal Village|royal residence]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" |'''{{IDN}}'''
|[[Nusantara (city)|Nusantara]]
|Official capital
|-
|[[Jakarta]]
|De facto administrative capital<ref>{{Citation| url   = https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20241209122138-4-594426/prabowo-cabut-status-dki-dari-jakarta-berlaku-mulai-ini-ditetapkan| title = Prabowo Cabut Status DKI dari Jakarta, Berlaku Mulai Ini Ditetapkan!| work  = Emir Yanwardhana| publisher  = [[CNBC]] Indonesia| access-date = 10 December 2024| ref = none}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" |'''{{CIV}}'''
|[[Yamoussoukro]]
|Official capital
|-
|[[Abidjan]]
|De facto administrative capital<ref>{{Citation |title=Cote d'Ivoire |date=2024-08-07 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/#government |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{MYS}}'''
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| Constitutional and legislative capital ([[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]]), seat of the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Putrajaya]]
| Administrative centre and judicial seat; variously referred to as the administrative capital<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putrajaya {{!}} Smart Putrajaya |url=https://smart.putrajaya.my/putrajaya/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=smart.putrajaya.my}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}'''
| [[Amsterdam]]
| Official capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[The Hague]]
| Seat of government and de facto administrative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="3" | '''{{RSA}}'''
| [[Pretoria]]
| Administrative and executive capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Bloemfontein]]
| Judicial capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Cape Town]]
| Legislative capital ([[Parliament of South Africa|parliament]])
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{SRI}}'''
| [[Colombo]]
| Executive, judicial, and commercial<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka Tourism - The Official Website of Sri Lanka Tourism |url=https://srilanka.travel/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=46 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=srilanka.travel |language=en}}</ref> capital
|-
| [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]]
| Legislative capital ([[Parliament of Sri Lanka|parliament]])
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{AFG}}'''
| [[Kabul]]
| Administrative, cultural and financial capital
|-
| [[Kandahar]]
| De facto capital, founding city of the Taliban and the seat of the [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Taliban Parliament]]. and the [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]]<ref>{{cite news |author1=Ikramullah Ikram |author2=Abubakar Siddique |title=Southern Afghan City Becomes De Facto Capital As Taliban Chief Tightens Grip On Power |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-kandahar-taliban-akhundzada-capital/32369212.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511031105/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-kandahar-taliban-akhundzada-capital/32369212.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==More than one capital in the past==
{{Main|List of former national capitals}}

These countries have had two cities that served as administrative capitals at the same time, for various reasons such as war, weather or partition. In some cases, the second capital is considered a [[temporary capital]].

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
! Year(s)
! [[List of national capitals|Capitals]]
! Details
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan="3" | '''{{Flag|British India}}'''
|rowspan="3" | 1858–1947
| [[Kolkata]] (a.k.a. Calcutta) (1858–1911)
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" | Administrative capital
|-
|[[New Delhi]] (1911–1947)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Shimla]] (a.k.a. Simla)
| Summer capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon image|Austria-Hungary - hybrid flag space3.png|size=23px}} [[Austria-Hungary]]'''
| rowspan="2" |1873–1918
|[[Vienna]]
|[[Cisleithania]]
|-
|[[Budapest]]
|[[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan="4" | '''{{Flagcountry|Republic of China}}'''
|rowspan="2" | 1937–1945
| [[Nanjing]] (a.k.a. Nanking)
| Capital of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]-controlled [[Wang Jingwei regime|puppet state]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Chongqing]]
| [[Temporary capital|Provisional capital]] of the [[Kuomintang]]-ruled [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan="2" | 1945–1991
| [[Nanjing]]
| Administrative, legislative, and judicial capital (claimed between the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|1949 Retreat]] and the [[1992 Consensus]])
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Taipei]]
| [[Temporary capital|Provisional capital]] of the [[Kuomintang]]-ruled [[Republic of China on Taiwan]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{Flag|Vichy France|name=France}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 1940–1944
| [[Vichy]] || De facto administrative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Paris]] || De jure constitutional capital, also capital for the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German military administration]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}'''
| rowspan="3" |1943–1944
| [[Brindisi]] (1943–Feb 1944)
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" | De facto provisional capital
|-
| [[Salerno]] (Feb–Jun 1944)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Rome]] || De jure  capital until 1944 when it was [[Battle of Anzio|liberated by the Allies]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{Flag|Italian Social Republic}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 1943–1944
| [[Salò]] || De facto capital until 1944 when it became the primary capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Rome]] || De jure  capital until 1944 when it was [[Battle of Anzio|liberated by the Allies]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{Flag|Kingdom of Laos|name=Laos}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 1947–1975
| [[Vientiane]] || Administrative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Luang Prabang]] || Royal capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan="2" | '''{{LBY}}'''
|rowspan="2" | 1951–1963
| [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]
| rowspan="2" | One of two official capitals of the [[Kingdom of Libya]], then [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]] became the capital of Libya from 1963 to 1969
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Benghazi]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Malawi|1960}}'''
|rowspan="2" | 1974–1994
| [[Lilongwe]]
| Administrative and judiciary capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]]
| Legislative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg|size=23px}}{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|size=23px}}''' [[Netherlands-Indonesia Union]]
| rowspan="2" |1948–1956
|[[Amsterdam]]
|[[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
|-
|[[Jakarta]]
|[[United States of Indonesia]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{NOR}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 1940
| [[Oslo]] || Official capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Hamar]] || Temporarily one-day capital that seated the parliament<ref>[https://annomuseum.no/angrepet Kongens nei - 9. april] {{small|(Norwegian)}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="3" | '''{{PHL}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 1948–1976
| [[Quezon City]] || Official capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Manila]] || ''De facto'' seat of government
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="1" | 1901–1976
| [[Baguio]] ||[[Summer capital]] (still known as summer capital, outside of political use)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | '''{{Flagcountry|Serbia and Montenegro}}'''
| rowspan="2" | 2003–2006
| [[Belgrade]] || Administrative and legislative capital
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Podgorica]] || Judicial capital
|}

==See also==
* [[List of national capitals]]
* [[List of purpose-built national capitals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of countries|Multiple capitals]]
[[Category:Lists of capitals|Countries with multiple]]

[[de:Hauptstadt#Staaten und subnationale Entitäten mit mehreren Hauptstädten]]