View source for Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial

{{Short description|U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C.}}
{{For|other memorials|List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{infobox monument
|monument_name = Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial<!--- official National Park Service website uses the comma --->
|native_name   = 
|image         = MLK Memorial NPS photo.jpg
|caption       = The ''Stone of Hope''  at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial<!--- official National Park Service website uses the comma --->
|location      = 1964 Independence Ave. SW,<br/> Washington, D.C. 
|designer      = [[Lei Yixin]]
|material      = Softened White Granite
|length        =1000
|width         =1000
|height        = {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|begin         = 2009
|complete      = 2019
|open          = August 22, 2011
|dedicated_to  = [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
|map_image     = United States Washington, D.C. central#USA
|map_caption   = Location within Washington, D.C.##Location within United States
|coordinates   = {{coord|38|53|10|N|77|2|39|W|region:US_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|website       = [https://www.nps.gov/mlkm/ Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial]<!--- official National Park Service website uses the comma --->
}}

The '''Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial'''<!--- official National Park Service website uses the comma ---> is a [[national memorial (United States)|national memorial]] located in [[West Potomac Park]] next to the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Maps/NMMParks_map.pdf|title=National Mall Plan|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|volume=Foundation statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park|pages=6–10|chapter=The National Mall|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> It covers {{convert|4|acre|spell=in}} and includes the '''''Stone of Hope''''', a granite statue of [[civil rights movement]] leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] carved by sculptor [[Lei Yixin]].  The inspiration for the memorial design is a line from King's "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech: "Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope."  The memorial opened to the public on August 22, 2011, after more than two decades of planning, fundraising, and construction.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Dream Fulfilled, Martin Luther King Memorial Opens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/us/23mlk.html |work=The New York Times |date=August 23, 2011 |first=Sabrina |last=Tavernise}}</ref><ref name=Cooper1>{{cite web |last=Cooper |first=Rachel |url=http://dc.about.com/od/monuments/a/KingMemorial.htm |title=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial in Washington, DC: Building a Memorial Honoring Martin Luther King Jr. |website=[[About.com]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401231631/http://dc.about.com/od/monuments/a/KingMemorial.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This national [[memorial]] is the 395th unit in the United States [[National Park Service]].<ref name="park">{{cite web |url=http://home.nps.gov/news/release.htm?id=1211 |title=National Park Service Press Release: Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Becomes 395th National Park |author1=Adam Fetcher |author2=David Barna |author3=Carol Johnson |date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=nps.gov |access-date=September 1, 2011}}</ref> The [[monument]]al memorial is located at the northwest corner of the [[Tidal Basin]] near the [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]], on a sightline linking the [[Lincoln Memorial]] to the northwest and the [[Jefferson Memorial]] to the southeast. The official address of the monument, ''1964'' [[Independence Avenue (Washington D.C.)|Independence Avenue]], S.W., commemorates the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref name=memorial>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.7548975/k.9356/Site_Location.htm |title= Build the Dream |publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919131236/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.7548975/k.9356/Site_Location.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |access-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref>

A ceremony dedicating the memorial was scheduled for Sunday, August 28, 2011, the 48th anniversary of the "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963<ref name="Lincoln Memorial">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/dc1.htm |title=Lincoln Memorial |work=We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=September 14, 2011}}</ref> but was postponed until October 16 (the 16th anniversary of the 1995 [[Million Man March]] on the National Mall) due to [[Hurricane Irene (2011)|Hurricane Irene]].<ref name=USAToday>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-08-25-king-memorial-dedication-postponed_n.htm |title=Dedication of MLK Memorial postponed by hurricane |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=August 25, 2011 |date=August 25, 2011}}</ref><ref name="reschedule">{{cite news |last=Weil |first=Martin |date=September 11, 2011 |title=MLK memorial dedication set for Oct. 16 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/mlk-memorial-dedication-set-for-oct-16/2011/09/11/gIQAYCXXLK_story.html |access-date=September 12, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |at=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local Post Local] |series=}}</ref><ref name=CBS1>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-date-set-for-mlk-memorial-dedication/ |title=New date set for MLK memorial dedication |publisher=CBS News  |date=September 14, 2011 |access-date=September 14, 2011}}</ref>

Although this is not the first memorial to an [[African American]] in Washington, D.C., King is the first African American honored with a memorial on or near the National Mall and only the fourth non-President to be memorialized in such a way. The King Memorial is administered by the [[National Park Service]] (NPS).

==Context==
[[File:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Delivering the "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|Washington, D.C. Civil Rights March]]]]
[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] (January 15, 1929&nbsp;– April 4, 1968), an American [[pastor|clergyman]], activist, and prominent leader in the [[Civil Rights Movement]], was an iconic figure in the advancement of [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] in the United States and around the world, and advocated for using [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] resistance, inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/COMMEMORATING-MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JR-Gandhi-s-2640319.php |first=Placido P. |last=D'Souza |title=Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Gandhi's influence on King |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 20, 2003}}</ref> Although during his life he was [[COINTELPRO|monitored]] by the [[FBI]] for presumed [[Communism|communist]] sympathies, King is now presented as a heroic leader in the history of [[modern American liberalism]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Avlon |first=John |title=The MLK Whitewash |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/01/16/martin-luther-king-jr-a-communist-why-he-s-been-whitewashed.html |access-date=October 7, 2012 |newspaper=Daily Beast |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Paul R. |last=Krugman |title=The Conscience of a Liberal |year=2007 |page=85}}</ref>

At the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], King imagined an end to racial inequality in his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/liberation-curriculum/create-your-own-classroom-activity/march-washington |encyclopedia=King Encyclopedia |date=July 7, 2014 |publisher=King Research and Education Institute |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204409/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/liberation-curriculum/create-your-own-classroom-activity/march-washington |url-status=dead }}</ref> This speech has been canonized as one of the greatest pieces of American [[Eloquence|oratory]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dlugan |first=Andrew |title='I Have a Dream' holds 5 lessons for speechwriters: Rev. King's stirring address resonates in oratorical circles as well as historical ones. |url=http://www.ragan.com/Main/Articles/I_Have_a_Dream_holds_5_lessons_for_speechwriters_35514.aspx |publisher=Ragan.com |access-date=October 7, 2012 |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref> In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his work to end [[racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] and [[racial discrimination]] through [[civil disobedience]] and other nonviolent means.<ref name="nobelbio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html |title=Martin Luther King - Biography |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref>

At the time of his death, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|stopping the Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael E. Eidenmuller |url=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm |title=Martin Luther King, Jr: A Time to Break Silence (Declaration Against the Vietnam War) |publisher=American Rhetoric |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Bartholomew |url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/jan/18/king-focused-on-ending-poverty |title=Martin Luther King Jr. focused on ending poverty |publisher=The Commercial Appeal |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> King was backing the [[Memphis sanitation strike]] and organizing a mass occupation of Washington, D.C. – the [[Poor People's Campaign]]<ref>Honey, Michael K. ''Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign.'' New York: Norton, 2007. {{ISBN|9780393043396}}.</ref> – when he was [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassinated]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], on April 4, 1968.<ref name= BBC>{{cite news |title=1968: Martin Luther King shot dead |work=On This Day |publisher=BBC |year=2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm |access-date=August 27, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjYHl0Z0eAoC&q=editions:naHjXvcPfg8C|title=Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|last=Posner|first=Gerald|date=April 16, 2013|publisher=Open Road Media|isbn=9781480412279|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Vision statement==
The official vision statement for the King Memorial notes:

{{quote|Dr. King championed a movement that draws fully from the deep well of America's potential for freedom, opportunity, and justice. His vision of America is captured in his message of hope and possibility for a future anchored in dignity, sensitivity, and mutual respect; a message that challenges each of us to recognize that America's true strength lies in its diversity of talents. The vision of a memorial in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. is one that captures the essence of his message, a message in which he so eloquently affirms the commanding tenants {{sic}} of the American Dream – Freedom, Democracy and Opportunity for All; a noble quest that gained him the Nobel Peace Prize and one that continues to influence people and societies throughout the world. Upon reflection, we are reminded that Dr. King's lifelong dedication to the idea of achieving human dignity through global relationships of well being has served to instill a broader and deeper sense of duty within each of us – a duty to be both responsible citizens and conscientious stewards of freedom and democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1232927/k.9567/Mission__Vision.htm |title=Mission & Vision – Build the Dream |publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916145552/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1232927/k.9567/Mission__Vision.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2011 |access-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref>}}

[[Harry E. Johnson]], the President and [[Chief Executive Officer]] of the memorial foundation, added these words in a letter posted on the memorial's website:

{{quote|The King Memorial is envisioned as a quiet and peaceful space. Yet drawing from Dr. King's speeches and using his own rich language, the King Memorial will almost certainly change the heart of every person who visits. Against the backdrop of the Lincoln Memorial, with stunning views of the Tidal Basin and the Jefferson Memorial, the Memorial will be a public sanctuary where future generations of Americans, regardless of race, religion, gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation, can come to honor Dr. King.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1190535/k.5E36/The_Presidents_Letter.htm |title=The President's Lette – Build the Dream |publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. |date=August 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919115041/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1190535/k.5E36/The_Presidents_Letter.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |access-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref>}}

==Project proposal==
[[File:MLK Memorial map.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Memorial site, shown in relation to areas including the National Mall, West Potomac Park, and the Tidal Basin]]

The memorial is a result of an early effort of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity to erect a monument to King.<ref name=etalambda>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001858/http://www.etalambda.org/sitebody/mlk/index.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |url=http://www.etalambda.org/sitebody/mlk/index.htm |title=Martin Luther King Jr. |publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Eta Lambda chapter |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> King was a member of the fraternity, initiated into the organization via Sigma Chapter on June 22, 1952,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://17th-house.com/site/?page_id=59 |title=1950-59 |publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., Sigma Chapter: 17th-House |year=2009 |access-date=September 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906015520/http://17th-house.com/site/?page_id=59 |archive-date=September 6, 2011 }}</ref> while he was attending [[Boston University]] completing his doctoral studies.<ref name="hb1981">{{cite book|title=The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life|last=Wesley|first=Charles H.|publisher=Foundation|year=1981|edition=14th|location=Chicago, Illinois|pages=381–386|asin=B000ESQ14W|author-link=Charles H. Wesley}}</ref> King remained involved with the fraternity after the completion of his studies, including delivering the [[keynote]] speech at the fraternity's 50th anniversary banquet in 1956.<ref name=hb1981/> Following [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|King's assassination]] in 1968, Alpha Phi Alpha proposed erecting a permanent memorial to King in Washington, D.C. in his honour. The fraternity's efforts gained momentum in 1986, the first year King's birthday was celebrated as the federal holiday of [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]].<ref name=blkcoll>{{cite news|last=Gray |first=Butler T. |year=2006 |url=http://www.black-collegian.com/african/mlk/monument1299.shtml |title=National Mall Site Chosen for Memorial to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. |publisher=black-collegian.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019021602/http://www.black-collegian.com/african/mlk/monument1299.shtml |archive-date=October 19, 2006 }}</ref>

In 1996, the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]] authorized the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] to permit Alpha Phi Alpha to establish a memorial on Department of Interior lands in the District of Columbia, giving the fraternity until 2003 to raise $100&nbsp;million and break ground. In 1998, Congress authorized the fraternity to establish a [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)|nonprofit foundation]]{{snd}}the Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc.{{snd}}to manage the memorial's fundraising and design, and approved the building of the memorial on the National Mall. In 1999, the [[United States Commission of Fine Arts]] (CFA) and the [[National Capital Planning Commission]] (NCPC) approved the site location for the memorial.
{{external media| float = left | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?195355-1/martin-luther-king-jr-memorial-groundbreaking Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Groundbreaking, November 13, 2006], [[C-SPAN]]}}
The memorial's design, by [[ROMA Design Group]], a [[San Francisco]]-based architecture firm, was selected out of 900 candidates from 52 countries. On December 4, 2000, a marble and bronze plaque was laid by Alpha Phi Alpha to dedicate the site where the memorial was to be built.<ref>{{cite news |first=Linda |last=Wheeler |title='Sacred Ground' Dedicated to King; Plaque Placed at Site of Memorial for Civil Rights Leader |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-562862.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025084546/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-562862.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 5, 2000 |access-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref> Soon thereafter, a full-time [[fundraising]] team began the fundraising and promotional campaign for the memorial. A ceremonial groundbreaking for the memorial was held on November 13, 2006, in [[West Potomac Park]].

In August 2008, the foundation's leaders estimated the memorial would take 20 months to complete with a total cost of US$120&nbsp;million.<ref name=20m>{{cite news |title=King Memorial Raises Goal by $20&nbsp;million |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601383&content_id={C6725C23-D756-48E3-9DAE-9A962AC9C42B}&notoc=1 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha |date=August 13, 2008 |access-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091510/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601383&content_id=%7BC6725C23-D756-48E3-9DAE-9A962AC9C42B%7D&notoc=1 |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>  As of December 2008, the foundation had raised approximately $108&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite news |last=Malone |first=Julie |date=December 4, 2008 |url=http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/12/04/mlk.html |title=Rights pioneers visit King site] |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |access-date=December 19, 2008 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142454/http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/12/04/mlk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> including substantial contributions from such donors as [[General Motors]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]],<ref name="20m"/> [[The Walt Disney Company]] Foundation, the [[NBA]], [[NFL Players Association]], [[National Association of Realtors]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realtor.org/about_nar/mlk_memorial.html |title=NAR Donates $1&nbsp;million to the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial |publisher=[[National Association of Realtors]] |access-date=October 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081024042358/http://www.realtor.org/about_nar/mlk_memorial.html |archive-date=October 24, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and filmmakers [[George Lucas]] and [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://wwd.com/eye/lifestyle/hilfiger-to-speak-at-mlk-memorial-dedication-events-5082787/| title=Tommy Hilfiger to Speak at MLK Memorial Events| date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> The figure also includes $10&nbsp;million in [[matching funds]] provided by the United States Congress.

In October 2009, the memorial's final project was approved by federal agencies and a building permit was issued.<ref name="Zongker">{{cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=October 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105235825/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjCV6rg0ghL2Uik3LAZszfpYPbjwD9BL01783 |archive-date=November 5, 2009 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjCV6rg0ghL2Uik3LAZszfpYPbjwD9BL01783 |title=Construction to begin on King memorial in DC |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> Construction began in December 2009<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruane |first=Michael E. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/10/AR2010021003852.html |title=Massive King memorial nearly ready for trip to Mall for assembly |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 11, 2011 |access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> and was expected to take 20 months to complete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/king-memorial-done-by-277144.html |title=King Memorial done by 2011, construction started |date=January 17, 2010 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |work=Atlanta Journal-Constitution |first=Christopher |last=Quinn |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818013656/http://www.ajc.com/news/king-memorial-done-by-277144.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The foundation conducted a press tour on December 1, 2010, as the "Stone of Hope" was nearing completion. At that time only $108&nbsp;million of the $120&nbsp;million project cost had been raised.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stone by Stone, 'Hope' rises |first=Michael |last=Ruane |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=B1 |date=December 2, 2010}}</ref>

==Description==

===Location===
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Memorial National Park Service Sign.jpg
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The street address for the memorial is 1964 [[Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Independence Avenue]] SW in Washington, D.C. The address "1964" was chosen as a direct reference to the [[1964 Civil Rights Act]], a milestone in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in which King played an important role.<ref name="memorial"/> The memorial is located on a {{convert|4|acre|adj=on}} site in West Potomac Park that borders the [[Tidal Basin]], southwest of the National Mall.<ref name=memorial/> The memorial is near the [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] and is intended to create a visual "line of leadership" from the [[Lincoln Memorial]], on whose steps King gave his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the March on Washington, to the [[Jefferson Memorial]].<ref name=memorial/><ref name="Lincoln Memorial"/>

===Structure===
The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King's "I Have A Dream" speech: "Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope." A {{convert|30|ft||abbr=|adj=on}}-high relief of King named the ''Stone of Hope'' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the "mountain of despair."<ref name="tears">{{cite news |url=http://suitland.wusa9.com/news/news/tears-fall-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial/59395 |title=Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King, Jr., Memorial |publisher=WUSA |date=June 30, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030808/http://suitland.wusa9.com/news/news/tears-fall-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial/59395 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pale pink granite was used to create the Stone of Hope to ensure that the carving's details would be visible at night, and to contrast with the Mountain of Despair.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lacayo|first=Richard|date=September 5, 2001|title=Kingdom Come: Washington welcomes a grand monument to Martin Luther King Jr.|work=Time Magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2090361,00.html}}</ref> Visitors figuratively "pass through" the Mountain of Despair on the way to the ''Stone of Hope'', symbolically "moving through the struggle as Dr. King did during his life."<ref name="designelements">{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.7548977/k.8C6B/Design_Elements.htm |title=Design Elements – Build the Dream |publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> ''Stone of Hope'' is carved out of granite from China's [[Fujian Province]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-02-27-voa69-66704982/559533.html|title= Master Sculptor Selected For Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial|date=2009-10-27|work=VOA News}}</ref>

A {{convert|450|ft}}-long inscription wall includes excerpts from many of King's sermons and speeches.<ref name=Cooper1/> On this crescent-shaped granite wall, fourteen of King's quotes are inscribed, the earliest from the time of the 1955 [[Montgomery bus boycott]] in [[Alabama]], and the latest from his final sermon, delivered in 1968 at Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral, just four days before his [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassination]].<ref name="designelements"/>

The relief of King is intended to give the impression that he is looking over the [[Tidal Basin]] toward the horizon, and that the cherry trees that adorn the site will bloom every year during the anniversary of King's death.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 15, 2011 |title=King's Memorial To Stand Among D.C.'s Honored |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/15/132956636/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-Memorial-To-Stand-Among-D-C-s-Honored |access-date=October 20, 2011 |series= |publisher=[[NPR]] |at=[https://www.npr.org/sections/around-the-nation/ Around the Nation]}}</ref>

===Precedence===
This memorial is not the first in Washington, D.C., to honor an African American, as it was preceded by a memorial to [[Mary McLeod Bethune]], founder of the [[National Council of Negro Women]], who also served as an unofficial advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref name="fodors">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/district-of-columbia/washington-dc/review-469766.html |title=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Review |publisher=Fodor's Travel Guides |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102649/http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/district-of-columbia/washington-dc/review-469766.html |archive-date=July 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A {{convert|17|ft}}-tall bronze statue of her is located in [[Lincoln Park (Washington, D.C.)|Lincoln Park]], East Capitol St. and 12th St., NE.<ref name="fodors"/>  The King Memorial is the first memorial to an African American on or near the National Mall.<ref name="fodors"/>

The memorial is not the first to honor a non-United States president on or near the National Mall, as it was preceded by three other such memorials: the [[John Paul Jones Memorial]], erected in 1912 near the [[Tidal Basin]] in memory of [[John Paul Jones]], the Scottish-born American naval hero who served during the [[American Revolution]];<ref name="nonpresidents"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001200.htm |title=Jones, John Paul: Memorial north of – across Independence Ave – near the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. by Charles Henry Niehaus located in James M. Goode's The Mall area |publisher=dcmemorials.com |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> the [[John Ericsson Memorial]], authorized in 1916 to honor [[John Ericsson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/joer/index.htm |title=John Ericsson National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=National Park Service |date=February 14, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> the Swedish-born engineer and inventor who designed the {{USS|Monitor}} during the Civil War; and the [[George Mason Memorial]], authorized in 1990 to honor [[George Mason]], author of the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]] (the basis for the U.S. Constitution's [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]), near the Thomas Jefferson Memorial.<ref name="nonpresidents">{{cite web |last=Johnston |first=Lori |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/how-that-martin-luther-king-gets-memorial-the-mall-washington-was-under-the-impression-that-only-presidents-were-entitled-have-memorial/Qn6dlhxoZvxjCqhiXhu2MO/ |title=Q: How is it that Martin Luther King Jr. gets a memorial on the mall in Washington, D.C.? I was under the impression that only presidents were entitled to have a memorial. |publisher=Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=February 8, 2010 |access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
{{Multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=250
|header=Sculptor [[Lei Yixin]]'s signature on the memorial
|image1=Lei Yixin signature.JPG
|image2=Lei Yixin Signature on MLK JR Memorial.jpg
}}

====The Inscription Wall====
Fourteen quotes from King's speeches, sermons, and writings are inscribed on the Inscription Wall.<ref name="quotes">{{cite web |last=Golub |first=Evan |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/799570/quotations-inscription-wall-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial |title=Quotations from Inscription Wall of Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial |publisher=Demotix |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128140245/http://www.demotix.com/news/799570/quotations-inscription-wall-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The "Council of Historians" created to choose the quotations included [[Maya Angelou]], [[Lerone Bennett]], [[Clayborne Carson]], [[Henry Louis Gates]], [[Marianne Williamson]] and others,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dc.about.com/od/monumentphotos/ss/MLKMemorialPhotos_2.htm |title=Martin Luther King Memorial Wall |publisher=About.com |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152110/http://dc.about.com/od/monumentphotos/ss/MLKMemorialPhotos_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="inscriptions">{{cite web|url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601407&ct=3560637|title=Council of Historians SelectsMartin Luther King Jr. Quotations to Be Engraved Into Memorial – Build the Dream|publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc.|access-date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> though the memorial's executive architect stated that Maya Angelou did not attend the meetings at which the quotations were selected.<ref name="context">{{cite news |last1=Weingarten |first1=Gene |last2=Ruane |first2=Michael |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/maya-angelou-says-king-memorial-inscription-makes-him-look-arrogant/2011/08/30/gIQAlYChqJ_story.html |title=Maya Angelo Says King Memorial Inscription Makes Him Look Arrogant |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 31, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> According to the official [[National Park Service]] brochure for the Memorial, the inscriptions that were chosen "stress four primary messages of Dr. King: justice, democracy, hope, and love."<ref>"Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, official brochure prepared by the National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.</ref>

The earliest quote is from 1956, spoken during the time of the [[Montgomery bus boycott]], and the latest is from a sermon King delivered at the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C., four days before he was assassinated.<ref name="designelements"/> The quotes are not arranged in chronological order, so that no visitor must follow a set path to follow the quotations, instead being able to start reading at any point.<ref name="designelements"/>  Because the main theme of the Memorial is linked to King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech, none of the quotations on the Inscription Wall come from that speech.<ref name="designelements"/>

The selection of quotes was announced at a special event at the [[National Building Museum]] on February 9, 2007 (at the same time the identity of the sculptor was revealed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601407&ct=3533877|title=Announcement of Quotations to Be Engraved on Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial – 'Stone of Hope' Sculptor to Be Named – Build the Dream|publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306080205/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601407&ct=3533877|archive-date=March 6, 2012|access-date=April 28, 2016}}</ref>  The fourteen quotes on the Inscription Wall are:<ref name="quotes"/>

* "We shall overcome because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice." (March 31, 1968, National Cathedral, [[Washington, D.C.]])
* "Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that." (1963, Strength to Love)
* "I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphant." (December 10, 1964, [[Oslo, Norway]])
* "Make a career of humanity. Commit yourself to the noble struggle for equal rights. You will make a greater person of yourself, a greater nation of your country, and a finer world to live in." (April 18, 1959, Washington, D.C.)
* "I oppose the war in Vietnam because I love America. I speak out against it not in anger but with anxiety and sorrow in my heart, and above all with a passionate desire to see our beloved country stand as a moral example of the world." (February 25, 1967, [[Los Angeles, California]])
* "If we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective." (December 24, 1967, [[Atlanta, Georgia]])
* "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly." (April 16, 1963, [[Birmingham, Alabama]])
* "I have the audacity to believe that peoples everywhere can have three meals a day for their bodies, education and culture for their minds, and dignity, equality and freedom for their spirits." (December 10, 1964, Oslo, Norway)
* "It is not enough to say 'We must not wage war.' It is necessary to love peace and sacrifice for it. We must concentrate not merely on the negative expulsion of war, but on the positive affirmation of peace." (December 24, 1967, [[Atlanta, Georgia]])
* "The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy." (February 25, 1967, [[Los Angeles, California]])
* "Every nation must now develop an overriding loyalty to mankind as a whole in order to preserve the best in their individual societies." (April 4, 1967, [[Riverside Church]], [[Manhattan, New York]])
* "We are determined here in Montgomery to work and fight until justice runs down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream." (December 5, 1955, [[Montgomery, Alabama]])
* "We must come to see that the end we seek is a society at peace with itself, a society that can live with its conscience." (April 16, 1963, [[Birmingham, Alabama]])
* "True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice." (April 16, 1963, Birmingham, Alabama)

Some of King's words reflected in these quotations are based on other sources, including the Bible, and in one case&nbsp;– "the arc of the moral universe" quote&nbsp;– paraphrases the words of [[Theodore Parker]], an abolitionist and Unitarian minister, who died shortly before the beginning of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stiehm |first=Jamie |title=At King ceremony, a chance to bend toward justice |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/at-king-ceremony-a-chance-to-bend-toward-justice/2011/08/25/gIQAikUkeJ_story.html |access-date=May 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stiehm |first=Jamie |title=Oval Office rug gets history wrong |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/03/AR2010090305100.html |access-date=May 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 4, 2010}}</ref>

====Inscriptions on the ''Stone of Hope''====
In addition to the fourteen quotations on the Inscription Wall, each side of the ''Stone of Hope'' includes an additional statement attributed to King.<ref name="context"/> The first, from the "I Have a Dream" speech, is "Out of the Mountain of Despair, a Stone of Hope"&nbsp;– the quotation that serves as the basis for the monument's design.<ref name="context"/> The words on the other side of the stone used to read, "I Was a Drum Major for Justice, Peace, and Righteousness", which is a paraphrased version of a longer quote by King: "If you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter." The memorial's use of the paraphrased version of the quote was criticized,<ref name="context"/><ref name="posteditorial">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-monumental-misquote-on-the-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial/2011/09/01/gIQAkmaKvJ_story.html |title=A monumental misquote on the Martin Luther King Jr. memorial |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2011 |first=Erik |last=Wemple}}</ref> and was removed in August 2013.<ref name="remove">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/11/us/mlk-memorial-inscription/index.html |title=Controversial MLK Memorial inscription to be removed |publisher=CNN |date=December 12, 2012 |access-date=December 13, 2012}}</ref>

==Artists==
Artists involved in the design and construction of the memorial include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nama/parknews/upload/August-11-FINAL-SMALL.pdf|title="National Mall Times", National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2011, pages 5-6.}}</ref>
*[[Lei Yixin]], sculptor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2007/02/16/chinese-sculptor-picked-to-carve-image-for-king-memorial/e2c7f22f-46a2-40a1-a10a-92e33d5235b3/|title=Chinese Sculptor Picked to Carve Image For King Memorial|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2007-02-16}}</ref>
*Wang Xiangrong, sculptor from Dingli Stone Carving
*[[Nicholas Benson]], Inscription designer and stone carver
*Bob Fitch, SCLC Staff Photographer, whose photo image of King in his office in front of a photograph of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] was the basis for the monument
*Devrouax + Purnell/ROMA Design Group Joint Ventures
*McKissack and McKissack/Turner Construction Company/Tompkins Builders, Inc./Gilford Corporation Joint Ventures

==Opening, dedication, and administration==
[[File:20111016 Sheryl Crow and Stevie Wonder at the MLK Memorial dedication concert.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sheryl Crow with Stevie Wonder at the dedication concert]]
[[File:Aretha-Franklin-MLKJR-Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aretha Franklin speaks to the crowd at the dedication of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. Seated at left is President Barack Obama, and at right Vice President Joe Biden.]]
[[File:20111016-MLK Memorial dedication hats.jpg|thumb|250px|Hats given to attendees at the dedication ceremony]]
The memorial opened to visitors before its planned dedication, with visiting hours on August 22–25, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dedicatethedream.org/site/c.4nJHJQPoEiKWE/b.6714965/k.B94A/Week_of_Dedication.htm |title=Week of Dedication |publisher=Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521011958/http://www.dedicatethedream.org/site/c.4nJHJQPoEiKWE/b.6714965/k.B94A/Week_of_Dedication.htm |archive-date=May 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The official dedication was initially scheduled to have taken place at 11&nbsp;am Sunday August 28. The dedication was to follow a pre-dedication concert at 10&nbsp;am.<ref name=Cooper1/>  A post-dedication concert was scheduled for 2&nbsp;pm.<ref name=Cooper1/> However, on August 25, the event's organizers postponed most Saturday and Sunday activities because of safety concerns related to [[Hurricane Irene]], which was expected to impact the Washington area during the weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/breaking/MLK-Jr-Memorial-Dedication-Postponed-Indefinitely-128425858.html |title=MLK Jr. Memorial Dedication Postponed Indefinitely |access-date=August 26, 2011 |date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/25/dc.king.memorial/ |title=Dedication of King memorial postponed due to Irene |access-date=August 26, 2011 |date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=14384306 |title=Dedication of MLK Memorial Postponed by Hurricane |access-date=August 26, 2011 |date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |author=Nuckols, Ben}}</ref> The organizers subsequently rescheduled the dedication to October 16, 2011, the 16th anniversary of the 1995 Million Man March on the National Mall.<ref name=reschedule/><ref name=CBS1/>

Before the event's postponement, President [[Barack Obama]] was expected to deliver remarks at the dedication ceremony. [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[Stevie Wonder]] were scheduled to perform.<ref name="ded">{{cite news |last=Ruane |first=Michael E. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obama-to-speak-at-king-memorial-dedication-in-dc/2011/08/04/gIQAjDv8uI_story.html |title=Obama to speak at King memorial dedication in D.C. |work=PostLocal |date=August 4, 2011 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> Many other individuals were also expected to participate in the event, including members of the King family; civil rights leaders [[John Lewis]], [[Jesse Jackson]], and [[Andrew Young]]; actor [[Jamie Foxx]]; and filmmaker [[George Lucas]].<ref name="ded"/> As many as 250,000 people were predicted to attend the dedication.<ref name="ded"/>

In addition to the August 28 ceremony and concerts, an interfaith prayer service was scheduled to take place at the [[Washington National Cathedral]] on August 27, as well as a day-long youth event and gala/pre-dedication dinner at the [[Washington D.C. Convention Center]], also on the 27th.<ref name="ded"/>  However, the prayer service was moved to the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in [[Northeast, Washington, D.C.|northeast Washington]] after the [[2011 Virginia earthquake]] damaged the Cathedral on August 23.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boorstein |first=Michelle |date=August 25, 2011 |title=Earthquake-damaged Washington National Cathedral needs to raise millions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/earthquake-damaged-washington-national-cathedral-needs-to-raise-millions/2011/08/24/gIQA2I8UcJ_story.html |access-date=August 25, 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post |at=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local Post Local] |series=}}</ref>

Although the dedication ceremony did not take place on August 28, the memorial officially became a United States national park on that day. The National Park Service has administered the memorial since it opened, and assumes responsibility for the memorial's operation and maintenance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/MLK-memorial-taking-shape-on-Washingtons-Tidal-Basin_427004429 |title=MLK memorial taking shape on Washington's Tidal Basin |publisher=ABC Action News |date=January 17, 2011 |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315093459/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/MLK-memorial-taking-shape-on-Washingtons-Tidal-Basin_427004429 |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On August 28, Bob Vogel, superintendent of the [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] unit of the National Park Service proclaimed:

{{quote|From World War II to Vietnam Veterans, from Lincoln to Jefferson and now to King, the memorials and monuments along the National Mall are where millions of visitors every year learn about our history. The National Park Service is honored to serve as the keeper of America's story, and with this new memorial, to have this incredible venue from which to share the courage of one man and the struggle for civil rights that he led.<ref name="park"/>}}
  
The rescheduled dedication on October 16 was a smaller affair than the one that organizers had planned for August 28.  President Obama, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Michelle Obama]], [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]], Congresswoman [[Nancy Pelosi]], Congressman [[John Lewis]], Congressman [[Elijah Cummings]] and former Congressman [[Walter E. Fauntroy]] were among the more than 10,000 people who attended the event, which occurred on a temperate day.<ref name ="wash post">{{cite news |last=Spivack |first=Miranda S. |title=President Obama speaks at MLK Memorial dedication |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/president-obama-speaks-at-mlk-memorial-dedication/2011/10/16/gIQANUbsoL_story.html |date=October 16, 2011 |access-date=October 18, 2011 |work=National: Full Coverage: The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial }}</ref><ref name="wash post3">{{cite news |last1=McClain |first1=Matt |last2=Kahn |first2=Nikki |last3=Carioti |first3=Ricky |last4=Mara |first4=Melina |last5=Antonov |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial-dedication/2011/10/16/gIQAXOBPoL_gallery.html#photo=1 |title=The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial dedication |work=PostLocal: Full Coverage: The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial |date=October 16, 2011 |access-date=October 18, 2011}}</ref> Obama gave a keynote address that linked the Civil Rights Movement to his own political struggles during the [[late-2000s recession]].<ref name="wash post"/> [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Andrew Young]], [[Al Sharpton]] and [[Martin Luther King III]] also spoke during the ceremony.<ref name="wash post3"/> [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Sheryl Crow]], [[James Taylor]], [[Jennifer Holliday]] and [[Sweet Honey in the Rock]] performed.<ref name="wash post2">{{cite news |last=Ruane |first=Michael E. |title=MLK memorial dedication Sunday to feature Obama, stars and civil rights figures |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obama-will-join-stars-civil-rights-figures-to-dedicate-king-memorial-sunday/2011/10/13/gIQAPKvLmL_story.html |work=PostLocal |date=October 15, 2011 |access-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

===President's remarks===
{{stack|float=right|1=
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right
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 | video1 = [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/event/197892 MLK Memorial Dedication, Washington, DC] (3:34:41), [[C-SPAN]]<ref name="cspan">{{cite web |title=MLK Memorial Dedication |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |date=October 16, 2012 |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/event/197892 |access-date=March 16, 2013}}</ref>
President Obama's remarks begin at time 2:50 }}
[[File:MLK Memorial dedication.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Guests listen to President Obama's remarks during the dedication.]]
[[File:President-Speaking-at-MLKJr-Memorial-Dedication.jpg|thumb|250px|right|President Obama makes remarks at the dedication of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial and from left to right, Vice President Joe Biden; Jill Biden; Interior Secretary Ken Salazar; and Herman "Skip" Mason, President of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., applaud.]]
}}
At the ceremony, President Obama's keynote address included the following remarks:<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/16/president-obama-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial-dedication-we-will-overcome President's dedication remarks, from Whitehouse.gov website]. Retrieved October 22, 2011.</ref>

{{quote|Our work is not done.  And so on this day, in which we celebrate a man and a movement that did so much for this country, let us draw strength from those earlier struggles.  First and foremost, let us remember that change has never been quick.  Change has never been simple, or without controversy.  Change depends on persistence.  Change requires determination.  It took a full decade before the moral guidance of ''Brown v. Board of Education'' was translated into the enforcement measures of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, but those 10 long years did not lead Dr. King to give up.  He kept on pushing, he kept on speaking, he kept on marching until change finally came.

And then when, even after the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act passed, African Americans still found themselves trapped in pockets of poverty across the country, Dr. King didn't say those laws were a failure; he didn't say this is too hard; he didn't say, let's settle for what we got and go home.  Instead he said, let's take those victories and broaden our mission to achieve not just civil and political equality but also economic justice; let's fight for a living wage and better schools and jobs for all who are willing to work.  In other words, when met with hardship, when confronting disappointment, Dr. King refused to accept what he called the "isness" of today.  He kept pushing towards the "oughtness" of tomorrow.

And so, as we think about all the work that we must do – rebuilding an economy that can compete on a global stage, and fixing our schools so that every child – not just some, but every child – gets a world-class education, and making sure that our health care system is affordable and accessible to all, and that our economic system is one in which everybody gets a fair shake and everybody does their fair share, let us not be trapped by what is.  We can't be discouraged by what is.  We've got to keep pushing for what ought to be, the America we ought to leave to our children, mindful that the hardships we face are nothing compared to those Dr. King and his fellow marchers faced 50 years ago, and that if we maintain our faith, in ourselves and in the possibilities of this nation, there is no challenge we cannot surmount.}}

==Reception==

===Fees to King family===
In 2001, the foundation's efforts to build the memorial were stalled because [[Intellectual Properties Management]] Inc., an organization operated by King's family, wanted the foundation to pay licensing fees to use his name and likeness in marketing campaigns. The memorial's foundation, beset by delays and a languid pace of donations, stated that "the last thing it needs is to pay an onerous fee to the King family." [[Joseph Lowery]], past president of the King-founded [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] stated in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "If nobody's going to make money off of it, why should anyone get a fee?"<ref>{{cite news |first=Darryl |last=Fears |date=April 8, 2002 |url=http://www.jessejacksonjr.org/query/creadpr.cgi?id=%22005227%22 |title=Entrepreneurship of Profiteering? Critics Say King's Family Is Dishonoring His Legacy |publisher=jessejacksonjr.org |access-date=October 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040547/http://www.jessejacksonjr.org/query/creadpr.cgi?id=%22005227%22 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref>  Cambridge University historian [[David Garrow]], who won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for ''[[Bearing the Cross]]'', his biography of King, said of King's family's behavior, "One would think any family would be so thrilled to have their forefather celebrated and memorialized in D.C. that it would never dawn on them to ask for a penny."  He added that King would have been "absolutely scandalized by the profiteering behavior of his children."<ref name="ap family">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=April 17, 2009 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/king-family-takes-fees-from-funds-raised-for-the-mlk-memorial-project |title=King Family Takes Fees From Funds Raised for the MLK Memorial Project |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=April 17, 2009}}</ref> The family pledged that any money derived would go back to the [[Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site#The King Center|King Center's]] charitable efforts.<ref name=Zongker/><ref>{{cite web |last=Shirek |first=John |url=http://www.11alive.com/rss/rss_story.aspx?storyid=129335 |title=King Center: MLK's Children Not Making Money on Memorial] |publisher=[[WXIA-TV]] |date=April 22, 2009 |access-date=October 20, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The foundation has paid various fees to the King family's Intellectual Properties Management Inc., including a management fee of $71,700 in 2003 ({{Inflation|US|71700|2003|r=-2|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-22-oe-turley22-story.html |title=Cashing in on Martin Luther King Jr. |author=Jonathan Turley |date=April 22, 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> In 2009, the Associated Press revealed that the King family had negotiated an $800,000 licensing deal ({{Inflation|US|800000|2009|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) with the foundation for the use of King's words and image in fundraising materials for the memorial.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/after-long-struggle-mlk-has-home-on-national-mall/ |title=After long struggle, MLK has home on National Mall |author=Haines (Associated Press) |date=August 23, 2011 |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref>

===Conflicts between federal agencies===
Further delay was encountered in 2008, due to a disagreement between the three federal agencies that must approve the memorial. The memorial design that was approved by the CFA and the NCPC was not approved by the NPS, due to security concerns. The NPS insisted upon the inclusion of a barrier that would prevent a vehicle from crashing into the memorial area. However, when the original design was submitted to the other two agencies, including such a barrier, the CFA and the NCPC rejected the barrier as being restrictive in nature, which would run counter to King's philosophy of freedom and openness.<ref name=Schwartzman>{{cite news |last=Schwartzman |first=Paul |date=December 4, 2008 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/03/AR2008120303394.html |title=King Memorial: Dispute Over Security Delays Construction |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> Eventually, a compromise was reached, which involved the use of landscaping to make the security barriers appear less intrusive upon the area.<ref name="Ruane">{{cite news |last=Ruane |first=Michael E. |date=October 27, 2009 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102601676.html |title=Construction of MLK memorial on the Mall poised to begin |work=Metro |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> The compromise plan was approved in October 2009,<ref name="Ruane"/> clearing the way for construction of the memorial to begin.<ref name="Zongker" />

===Design choices===
[[File:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Bookstore.jpg|thumb|250px|The memorial center's donor wall]]
====Sculptor and laborers====

It was announced in January 2007 that [[Lei Yixin]], an artist from the People's Republic of China, would sculpt the centerpiece of the memorial including the ''Stone of Hope'', his statue of King.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601411&ct=3573181 |title=Chinese master sculptor to produce MLK memorial carving |publisher=CNN |date=February 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305040148/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601411&ct=3573181 |archive-date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref> The commission was criticized by human rights activist [[Harry Wu]] on the grounds that Lei had previously sculpted [[Mao Zedong]]. It also stirred accusations that it was based on financial considerations, because the Chinese government would make a $25&nbsp;million donation to help meet the projected shortfall in donations. The president of the memorial's foundation, [[Harry E. Johnson]], who first met Lei in a sculpting workshop in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], stated that the final selection was done by a mostly African American design team and was based solely on artistic ability.<ref>{{cite news |title=A King Statue 'Made in China'? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/14/AR2007081401691.html |date=August 14, 2007 |first=Ariana Eunjung |last=Cha |series=Arts & Living |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

[[Gilbert Young]], an artist known for a work of art entitled ''He Ain't Heavy'', led a protest against the decision to hire Lei by launching the website "King Is Ours", which demanded that an African American artist be used for the monument.<ref name=kingours>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=Gilbert |author2=Lea Winfrey Young |url=http://www.kingisours.com/ |title=King is Ours |publisher=The He Ain't Heavy Foundation |access-date=October 20, 2007}}</ref> Human-rights activist and arts advocate Ann Lau and American stone-carver Clint Button joined Young and national talk-show host [[Joe Madison]] in advancing the protest when the use of Chinese granite was discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YTMzNWM3NjdiNjU2MTU2NDI0N2ZiMzllYTRiMTc2MmY= |title=Dissing MLK |last=Lau |first=Ann |date=September 18, 2007 |work=National Review |access-date=October 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223134010/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YTMzNWM3NjdiNjU2MTU2NDI0N2ZiMzllYTRiMTc2MmY= |archive-date=December 23, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lau decried the human rights record of the Chinese government and asserted that the granite would be mined by workers forced to toil in unsafe and unfair conditions, unlike that used in the [[National World War II Memorial]], for example.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 24, 2007 |work=International Herald Tribune |title=Martin Luther King Jr. monument planners criticized for selecting Chinese sculptor for job}}</ref> Button argued that the $10&nbsp;million in federal money that has been authorized for the King project required it to be subject to an open bidding process.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vondrasek |first=Sandy |url=http://www.ourherald.com/news/2007-11-15/Front_page/f10.html |title=Button: Event Raised Profile of MLK Protest |work=The Herald of Randolph |location=Randolph, Vermont |publisher=OurHerald, Inc. |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401233511/http://www.ourherald.com/news/2007-11-15/Front_page/f10.html |archive-date=April 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2010, the foundation gave written promises that it would use local stonemasons to assemble the memorial. However, when construction began in October, it appeared that only Chinese laborers would be used.  An investigator working for the Washington area local of the [[International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers]] was reportedly told that the Chinese workers did not know what they would be paid for their work on the memorial and that they expected to be paid when they returned home.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/23/AR2010112304298.html |title=As Chinese workers build the Martin Luther King memorial, a union investigates |first=Annys |last=Shin |work=Metro |date=November 23, 2010 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

====Stone used====
The memorial's design team visited China in October 2006 to inspect potential granite to be used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1190613/k.5EE9/History_of_the_Memorial.htm |title=History of the Memorial |publisher=Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010104853/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1190613/k.5EE9/History_of_the_Memorial.htm |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |access-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref> The project's foundation has argued that only China could provide granite of that [[hue]] in sufficient quantity.<ref name=NYT /> Some questioned why such white granite would be used to portray a black man.<ref>{{cite news |last=Page |first=Clarence |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-oped-0828-page-20110828,0,4862256.column |title=Give King memorial a chance |series=News Columns |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=August 28, 2011 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

Young's "King Is Ours" petition demanded that an African American artist and American granite be used for the national monument, arguing the importance of such selections as a part of the memorial's legacy. The petition received support from American granite workers<ref>{{cite news |last=Delcore |first=David |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=BMAB{{pipe}}&p_product=TANP&p_theme=tanp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_field_fselect-0=&p_text_fselect-0=King&s_dispstring=all(King)%20AND%20date(11/8/2007%20to%2011/8/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=11/8/2007%20to%2011/8/2007)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |title=Press conference on Martin Luther King Jr. memorial draws enthusiastic crowd |work=[[Barre Montpelier Times Argus]] |date=November 8, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McLean |first=Dan |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/burlingtonfreepress/access/1719677781.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+9%2C+2007&author=Dan+McLean&pub=The+Burlington+Free+Press&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Granite+workers%3A+%27King+is+ours%27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121202235553/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/burlingtonfreepress/access/1719677781.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+9,+2007&author=Dan+McLean&pub=The+Burlington+Free+Press&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Granite+workers:+'King+is+ours' |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |title=Granite workers: 'King is ours' |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |date=November 9, 2007 |page=A.1 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> and from the California State Conference of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fulbright |first=Leslie |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/11/28/MNP5T81FE.DTL |title=State NAACP joins protest of Chinese artist chosen for MLK monument |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=October 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=JohnBeckWLD |url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=452415 |title=Resolved: CA NAACP Should Rescind the First Half of Resolution 11 This MLK Holiday |quote=Originally Posted by California NAACP: Therefore be it resolved, the California State Conference of the NAACP demands that the decision to use Lei Yixin, from the People's Republic of China, an artist renowned for glorifying Mao Zedong be overturned; and denounces the decision to use granite quarried using slave labor, and demands that stone for the monument to Dr. King be quarried and carved in America; Be it further resolved, NAACP California State Conference calls upon Congress to conduct a formal investigation into the dismissal of sculptor Ed Dwight, who was originally contracted to serve as consultant and Artist-of-Record for the King memorial, and into the replacement of the African American firm Devroaux & Purness Architects; Be it finally resolved, that the California State Conference of the NAACP demands that the King Memorial Project Foundation name an African American artistic team as Artists-of-Record for the monument to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and that an oversight committee be created to enforce these resolutions. |work=The Straight Dope |publisher=Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. |date=January 21, 2008 |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

====Style====
In May 2008, the [[United States Commission of Fine Arts|Commission of Fine Arts]], one of the agencies which had to approve all elements of the memorial, raised concerns about "the colossal scale and [[Social realism|Social Realist]] <!-- Please DO NOT change this to Socialist Realist --> style of the proposed sculpture", noting that it "recalls a genre of political sculpture that has recently been pulled down in other countries."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/weekinreview/18dewan.html |title=Larger Than Life, More to Fight Over |author=Shaila Dewan |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 18, 2008 |date=May 18, 2008}}</ref>  The Commission did, however, approve the final design in September 2008.<ref name=Schwartzman />

====Depiction====
''[[New York Times]]'' art critic [[Edward Rothstein]] was among those who criticized the ''Stone of Hope''{{'}}s depiction of King as overly "stern" and not the proper depiction of a man famous for a speech like "I Have a Dream" or the Nobel Peace Prize:<ref name="rothstein">Rothstein, Edward, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/arts/design/martin-luther-king-jr-national-memorial-opens-in-washington.html?pagewanted=all "A Mirror of Greatness, Blurred"], ''New York Times'', August 25, 2011, retrieved September 2, 2012.</ref>

<blockquote>We don't even see his feet. He is embedded in the rock like something not yet fully born, suited and stern, rising from its roughly chiseled surface. His face is uncompromising, determined, his eyes fixed in the distance, not far from where Jefferson stands across the water. But kitsch here strains at the limits of resemblance: Is this the Dr. King of the "I Have a Dream" speech? Or the writer of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech?</blockquote>

The way King is depicted with his arms crossed contributed to criticism that he appears stern.<ref name="confrontational">Eversley, Melanie, [https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-07-04-MLK-Jr-statue-critics_n.htm "MLK Memorial confronts controversy"], ''USA Today'', July 5, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2012.</ref>

On the other hand, King's son, [[Martin Luther King III]], was quoted as being pleased with the sternness of the depiction, saying that "Well if my father was not confrontational, given what he was facing at the time, what else could he be?"<ref name="confrontational"/>

===Paraphrase of a quote===
One of the two quotes appearing on the ''Stone of Hope'' and attributed to King, "I was a drum major for justice, peace and righteousness", is a paraphrased version of King's actual words, which were: "If you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter."<ref name="context"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'''s Rachel Manteuffel noticed the change and publicized it in an August 25, 2011 column, arguing that the revised quote misrepresented both King himself and the meaning of the 1968 sermon from which it was taken, in which King imagined the sort of eulogy he might receive.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/martin-luther-king-a-drum-major-if-you-say-so/2011/08/25/gIQAmmUkeJ_story.html |title=Martin Luther King a drum major? If you say so |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 25, 2011 |access-date=October 19, 2011 |first=Erik |last=Wemple}}</ref>

In a September 1, 2011 piece, and again on December 31 of the same year, The ''Post's'' editorial board agreed with Manteuffel that the wording on the monument should be changed.<ref name="posteditorial"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-hasnt-the-government-done-the-right-thing-with-the-mlk-memorial/2011/12/30/gIQAjK5HRP_story.html |title=Why hasn't the government done the right thing with the MLK memorial? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 31, 2011 |access-date=December 31, 2011 |author=Editorial Board}}</ref> Poet and author [[Maya Angelou]], a consultant on the memorial, also emphatically agreed, telling the ''Post'': "The quote makes Dr. Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit.&nbsp;... It makes him seem less than the humanitarian he was.&nbsp;... It makes him seem an egotist." She also pointed out, "The 'if' clause that is left out is salient. Leaving it out changes the meaning completely."<ref name="context"/>

The memorial's planners had originally intended to use the unrevised version of King's words, but adopted the paraphrased version when changes to the monument's design left them without enough space on the sculpture. "We sincerely felt passionate that the man's own eulogy should be expressed on the stone", said the memorial's executive architect, Ed Jackson Jr. "We said the least we could do was define who he was based on his perception of himself: 'I was a drum major for this, this and this.{{'"}}<ref name="context"/>  Jackson said the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts and two memorial advisers had not objected to the change, and that Angelou had not attended meetings where the inscription was discussed.<ref name="context"/>

On January 13, 2012, [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] ordered the quotation corrected.<ref name="wapo_quote_correct">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/kings-words-all-of-them-to-be-restored/2012/01/13/gIQAvKaRxP_story.html|title=King Memorial inscription to be corrected, interior secretary order|author=Morello, Carol and O'Keefe, Ed|date=January 13, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 14, 2012}}</ref>  Salazar stated that he believed it was important that the inscription be changed and that he put a deadline on the delivery of the report because "things only happen when you put a deadline on it."<ref name="wapo_quote_correct" />  According to the project's lead architect, the correction of the quote was not a simple matter, as the current inscription is chiseled into the existing granite blocks.<ref name="wapo_quote_correct" /> As the entire quotation will not fit on the monument, the replacement was still expected to be a paraphrase; however, project officials would not comment on proposed corrections until they were presented to Secretary Salazar.<ref name="wapo_quote_correct" />

In December 2012, Salazar announced that the entire quote would be removed, starting in February or March 2013; it will not be replaced.<ref name="remove"/>  To avoid leaving an impression of the erased inscription, the entire statue will be reworked on both sides, at a cost of $700,000 to $900,000.  Harry Johnson, head of the memorial foundation, said, "We have come up with a design solution that will not harm the integrity of this work of art."<ref name="remove2">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/controversial-king-memorial-inscription-set-to-be-erased-not-replaced/2012/12/11/41f2f8b6-43cc-11e2-8e70-e1993528222d_story.html |title=Controversial King memorial inscription set to be erased, not replaced |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 12, 2012 |access-date=December 13, 2012}}</ref> In August 2013, the sculptor removed the disputed inscription from the statue, and created a new finish for the side of the artwork. Sculptor Lei Yixin carved grooves over the former words to match existing horizontal "striation" marks in the memorial and deepened all the memorial's grooves so that they match.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISPUTED INSCRIPTION REMOVED FROM MLK MEMORIAL |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/disputed-inscription-removed-mlk-memorial |agency=Associated Press |access-date=August 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Heitmann |first=Danny |title=Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial and the danger of the misquote |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/0827/Martin-Luther-King-Jr.-Memorial-and-the-danger-of-the-misquote |access-date=August 30, 2013 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=August 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Curits S |title=From Martin Luther King through Lei Yixin, a message for Asia |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/From-Martin-Luther-King-through-Lei-Yixin-a-messag-30213324.html |work=The Nation |date=August 24, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States}}
* [[Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library]]
* [[Civil rights movement in popular culture]]
* [[List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[List of national memorials of the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial}}
*[https://www.nps.gov/mlkm/index.htm Official NPS website]
*[https://www.thememorialfoundation.org/ Memorial Foundation and fundraising website]
*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-104publ333/html/PLAW-104publ333.htm Public Law 104-333] Congressional authorization for memorial to Martin Luther King Jr.
*[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/16/president-obama-martin-luther-king-jr-memorial-dedication-we-will-overcome Video of President Barack Obama's remarks at official Oct. 16, 2011 memorial dedication]

{{Martin Luther King}}
{{Washington DC landmarks}}
{{Civil rights movement}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Alpha Phi Alpha]]
[[Category:National Mall]]
[[Category:National Memorials of the United States]]
[[Category:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.|Memorial]]
[[Category:National Park Service areas in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials of the civil rights movement]]
[[Category:Civil rights movement museums]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:National Mall and Memorial Parks]]
[[Category:Sculptures of Martin Luther King Jr.]]
[[Category:Southwest (Washington, D.C.)]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in the United States]]