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{{Short description |Genus of plants in the conifer family Pinaceae}}
{{About |the tree |other uses |Pine (disambiguation) |and |Pines (disambiguation) |and |Pine tree (disambiguation)}}<!--Editors: [[pine]], [[pines]], and [[pine tree]] each redirect here. [[pinetree]] does _not_ redirect here-->
{{Automatic_taxobox
 |name=
 |oldest_fossil=Barremian
 |image=Pinus densiflora Kumgangsan.jpg
 |image_caption=''[[Pinus densiflora]]'' (Korean red pine), [[North Korea]]
 |taxon=Pinus
 |authority=[[Carl Linnaeus |L.]]
 |type_species=''[[Pinus sylvestris]]''
 |type_species_authority=[[L.]]
 |subdivision_ranks=Subgenera
 |subdivision=
* Subgenus ''[[Strobus]]''
* Subgenus ''[[Pinus subg. Pinus |Pinus]]''
See '''[[List of Pinus species |List of ''Pinus'' species]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographic [[species distribution|distribution]].
 |range_map=Pinus range.png
 |range_map_caption=Range of ''Pinus''
 |synonyms=
* ''Apinus'' <small>de Necker ex Rydberg</small>
* ''Caryopitys'' <small>Small</small>
* ''Cembra'' <small>Opiz</small>
* ''Ducampopinus'' <small>Chevalier</small>
* ''Haploxylon'' <small>(Koehne) Komarov</small>
* ''Leucopitys'' <small>Nieuwland</small>
* ''Pinea'' <small>Wolf ex Opiz</small>
* ''Strobus'' <small>(Sweet ex Spach) Opiz</small>
}}

A '''pine''' is any [[conifer]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]] in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|p|aɪ|n|ə|s}})<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://merriam-webster.com/medical/Pinus |entry=Pinus |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |title=Medical Definition of PINUS |access-date=}}</ref> of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pinaceae]]. ''Pinus'' is the sole [[genus]] in the [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. 

''[[World Flora Online]]'' accepts 187 species names of pines as current, with additional synonyms, making it the largest family among the conifers.<ref name=WFO>{{cite web |title=''Pinus'' (L.) |url=https://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000029794 |date=2022 |website=[[World Flora Online]] |publisher=The World Flora Online Consortium |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> The [[American Conifer Society]] (ACS) and the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] accept 121 species. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wehenkel |first1=C. |last2=Mariscal-Lucero |first2=S. |last3=Jaramillo-Correa |first3=J.P. |last4=López-Sánchez |first4=C.A. |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of Mexican forest trees |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/55167#:~:text=The%20highest%20diversity%20of%20pine,exists%20in%20Mexican%20tree%20species. |website=Forest Service |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Mexico: speciation and palaeo-endemism |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=1996 |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00762.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/121/4/365/2607921?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 November 2024 |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romero-Sanchez |first1=Martin Enrique |last2=Perez-Miranda |first2=Ramiro |last3=Gonzalez-Hernandez |first3=Antonio |last4=Valerio Velasco-Garcia |first4=Mario |last5=Velasco-Bautista |first5=Efraín |last6=Andrés |first6=Flores |title=Current and Potential Spatial Distribution of Six Endangered Pine Species of Mexico: Towards a Conservation Strategy |journal=Forests |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=767 |doi=10.3390/f9120767 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Pines are widely [[species distribution|distributed]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]; they occupy large areas of [[boreal forest]], but are found in many habitats, including the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. 

The [[timber]] from pine trees is called "pine"; it is one of the most extensively used types of timber. 
There are currently 818 named [[cultivar]]s (or [[trinomial nomenclature|trinomials]]) recognized by the ACS.<ref name=":2" /> It is a well-known type of [[Christmas tree]].

== Description ==

Pine trees are [[evergreen]], coniferous [[resin]]ous [[tree]]s (or, rarely, [[shrub]]s) growing {{convert |3 |– |80 |m |ft |abbr=off |-1}} tall, with the majority of species reaching {{convert |15 |– |45 |m |ft |abbr=on |-1}} tall.<ref name="Mail Tribune">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110123/NEWS/101230353/ |title=Tallest of the tall |last=Fattig |first=Paul |date=23 January 2011 |newspaper=Mail Tribune |location=Medford, Oregon |access-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923095326/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110123%2FNEWS%2F101230353%2F |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> The smallest are [[Siberian dwarf pine]] and [[Potosi pinyon]], and the tallest is an {{convert |83.45 |m |abbr=on}} tall [[sugar pine]] located in [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref>{{cite news | title = 3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world | newspaper = Associated Press | location = South Lake Tahoe, California | language = English | date = 31 Jan 2021| url = https://apnews.com/article/nevada-forests-south-lake-tahoe-17501dc8cb094fc7ffb1543426631bc6 | access-date = 13 Feb 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Big bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva.jpg |thumb |Ancient ''[[Pinus longaeva]]'', [[California]], United States]]

Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the [[Great Basin bristlecone pine]] (''P.&nbsp;longaeva''). One individual of this species, dubbed "[[Methuselah (pine tree) |Methuselah]]", is one of the [[List of longest-living organisms |world's oldest living organisms]] at around 4,800 years old. This tree can be found in the [[White Mountains (California) |White Mountains]] of California.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Michael |last2=Richardson |first2=David M. |title=The Complete Pine |journal=BioScience |date=December 1999 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1023–1024 |doi=10.2307/1313736 |jstor=1313736}}</ref> An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miranda |first=Carolina A. |date=28 February 2015 |title=Follow-up: More tales of the Prometheus tree and how it died |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-video-prometheus-bristlecone-pine-20150227-column.html  |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eveleth">{{Cite magazine |last=Eveleth |first=Rose |author-link=Rose Eveleth |date=15 November 2012 |title=How One Man Accidentally Killed the Oldest Tree Ever |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-one-man-accidentally-killed-the-oldest-tree-ever-125764872/ |magazine=Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> It was discovered in a grove beneath [[Wheeler Peak (Nevada) |Wheeler Peak]] and it is now known as "[[Prometheus (tree) |Prometheus]]" after the [[Prometheus |Greek immortal]].<ref name="Eveleth"/>

The spiral growth of branches, needles, and [[Conifer cone |cones]] scales [[Phyllotaxis |are arranged]] in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Lanling |last2=Wang |first2=Guozhao |title=Modeling golden section in plants |journal=Progress in Natural Science |year=2009 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.004 |quote=The ratio between two pine needles is 0.618 [...] the angle between the two neighbors is about 135° and the angle between the main stem and each branch is close to 34.4° which is the golden section of 90° |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009PNSMI..19..255Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/PINUSnotes.htm |title=Pinus (Pine) Notes |last1=Bracewell |first1=Ronald |last2=Rawlings |first2=John |website=Trees of Stanford |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer [[forester]]s a means to evaluate [[soil fertility]] and vigour of the trees.

=== Bark ===

[[File:Tree Types and Barks 004.jpg |thumb |upright |''[[Pinus taeda]]'' bark]]

The [[Bark (botany) |bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem |shoot]], but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year.

=== Foliage ===

Pines have four types of [[leaf]]:

* Seed leaves ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings are borne in a whorl of 4–24.
* Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, are {{Convert |2–6 |cm |abbr=off |frac=4}} long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer.
* Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, are small, brown and not photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.
* Needles, the adult leaves, are green ([[photosynthetic]]) and bundled in clusters called fascicles. The needles can number from one to seven per fascicle, but generally number from two to five. Each fascicle is produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5–40 years, depending on species. If a shoot's [[apical meristem |growing tip]] is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a stem-producing bud, which can then replace the lost growth tip.

=== Cones ===

[[File:Pinus radiata cone.jpg |thumb |right |''[[Pinus radiata]]'' female (ovulate) cone]]

Pines are [[monoecious]], having the male and female cones on the same tree.<ref name=Judetal>{{cite book |first1=W.S. |last1=Judd |first2=C.S. |last2=Campbell |first3=E.A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=P.F. |last4=Stevens |first5=M.J. |last5=Donoghue |date=2002 |title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach |edition=2 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=0-87893-403-0 }}</ref>{{rp |205}} The male cones are small, typically 1–5&nbsp;cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their [[pollen]]. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after [[pollination]], with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the female cones are 3–60&nbsp;cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds.

The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are [[Anemophily |anemophilous]] (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are [[bird]]-dispersed. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example [[whitebark pine]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomback |first=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |date=June 1982 |title=Dispersal of Whitebark Pine seeds by Clark's Nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis |journal=The Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=451–467 |doi=10.2307/3976 |jstor=3976 |bibcode=1982JAnEc..51..451T }}</ref> the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called [[serotiny]]. The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which a resin binds the cones shut until melted by a forest fire, for example in ''[[Pinus rigida |P.&nbsp;rigida]]''.

== Etymology ==

The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin ''pinus'', which some have traced to the Indo-European base ''*pīt-'' ‘resin’ (source of English ''pituitary'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Are You From? - Credo Reference |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/acbwordorig/pine |work=credoreference.com}}</ref> Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs (from [[Old Norse language |Old Norse]] ''fura'', by way of [[Middle English]] ''firre''). In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines — in [[Danish language |Danish]] ''fyr'', in [[Norwegian language |Norwegian]] ''fura/fure/furu'', [[Swedish language |Swedish]] ''fura/furu'', [[Dutch language |Dutch]] ''vuren'', and [[German language |German]] ''Föhre'' — but in modern English, ''fir'' is now restricted to [[fir]] (''Abies'') and [[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga'').

== Taxonomy ==

{{Main |List of Pinus species |l1=List of ''Pinus'' species}}

Pines are [[gymnosperm]]s. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of [[Vascular bundle |fibrovascular bundles]] in the needle. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:
*[[Pinus subg. Pinus |''Pinus'' subg. ''Pinus'']], the yellow, or hard pine group, generally with harder wood and two or three needles per [[Fascicle (botany) |fascicle]].<ref name="BarnesWagner2004">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Burton Verne |last2=Wagner |first2=Warren Herbert |title=Michigan Trees: A Guide to the Trees of the Great Lakes Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wosIW4Kwo8C&pg=PA81 |date=January 2004 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08921-5 |pages=81– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511143043/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wosIW4Kwo8C&pg=PA81 |archive-date=2016-05-11 }}</ref> The subgenus is also named ''diploxylon'', on account of its two fibrovascular bundles.
*[[Strobus |''Pinus'' subg. ''Strobus'']], the white, or soft pine group. Its members usually have softer wood and five needles per fascicle.<ref name="BarnesWagner2004"/> The subgenus is also named ''haploxylon'', on account of its one fibrovascular bundle.

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that both subgenera have a very ancient divergence from one another.<ref name=Stull>{{Cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Each subgenus is further divided into sections and subsections.

Many of the smaller groups of ''Pinus'' are composed of closely related species with recent divergence and history of hybridization. This results in low morphological and genetic differences. This, coupled with low sampling and underdeveloped genetic techniques, has made taxonomy difficult to determine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores-Rentería |first1=Lluvia |last2=Wegier |first2=Ana |last3=Ortega Del Vecchyo |first3=Diego |last4=Ortíz-Medrano |first4=Alejandra |last5=Piñero |first5=Daniel |last6=Whipple |first6=Amy V. |last7=Molina-Freaner |first7=Francisco |last8=Domínguez |first8=César A. |display-authors=6 |title=Genetic, morphological, geographical and ecological approaches reveal phylogenetic relationships in complex groups, an example of recently diverged pinyon pine species (Subsection Cembroides) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=940–9 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23831459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.010 |bibcode=2013MolPE..69..940F }}</ref> Recent research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships into the groupings we recognize today.

=== Phylogeny ===

''Pinus'' is the largest genus of the [[Pinaceae]], the pine family, which first appeared in the [[Jurassic]] period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ran |first1=Jin-Hua |last2=Shen |first2=Ting-Ting |last3=Wu |first3=Hui |last4=Gong |first4=Xun |last5=Wang |first5=Xiao-Quan |date=December 2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=129 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011 |pmid=30153503 |bibcode=2018MolPE.129..106R |s2cid=52110440}}</ref> Based on recent [[Transcriptome]] analysis, ''Pinus'' is most closely related to the genus ''[[Cathaya]]'', which in turn is closely related to [[spruce]]s. These genera, with [[fir]]s and [[larch]]es, form the pinoid [[clade]] of the Pinaceae.<ref name=Stull/> Pines first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, with the oldest verified fossil of the genus being ''[[Pinus yorkshirensis]]'' from the [[Hauterivian]]-[[Barremian]] boundary (~130-125 million years ago) from the [[Speeton Clay Formation |Speeton Clay]], England.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryberg |first1=Patricia E. |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |last3=Stockey |first3=Ruth A. |last4=Hilton |first4=Jason |last5=Mapes |first5=Gene |last6=Riding |first6=James B. |year=2012 |title=Reconsidering Relationships among Stem and Crown Group Pinaceae: Oldest Record of the Genus ''Pinus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Yorkshire, United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=917–932 |doi=10.1086/667228 |s2cid=85402168}}</ref>

The evolutionary history of the genus ''Pinus'' has been complicated by [[Hybrid (biology) |hybridization]]. Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak [[reproductive isolation]] make breeding across species more likely.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Hernández-León |first1=Sergio |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Pérez de la Rosa |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Jardón-Barbolla |first4=Lev |date=2013-07-30 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in pinus section trifoliae inferrred from plastid DNA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e70501 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...870501H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070501 |pmc=3728320 |pmid=23936218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As the pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 |Jin et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Wehenkel |first3=Christian |last4=Xia |first4=Xiao-Mei |last5=Wei |first5=Xiao-Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Xiao-Quan |journal=PNAS |date=May 2021 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022302118 |volume=118 |issue=20 |pages=e2022302118 |pmid=33941644 |pmc=8157994 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822302J |doi-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan=1 |Stull et al. 2021<ref name=Stull/>
|- 
|style="vertical-align:top |
{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
 |label1=''Pinus''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=subgenus '''''Strobus'''''
  |1={{clade
   |label1=section ''Parrya''
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection ''Nelsonii''
     |1=''[[Pinus nelsonii |P. nelsonii]]''
     |label2=subsection ''Balfouriana''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus aristata |P. aristata]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus balfouriana |P. balfouriana]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus longaeva |P. longaeva]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection ''Cembroides''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |2=''[[Pinus rzedowskii |P. rzedowskii]]''
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii |P. maximartinezii]]''
        |1=''[[Pinus pinceana |P. pinceana]]''
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus quadrifolia |P. quadrifolia]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus monophylla |P. monophylla]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus edulis |P. edulis]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus cembroides |P. cembroides]]''
         }}
        |1={{clade
         |2=''[[Pinus remota |P. remota]]''
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus culminicola |P. culminicola]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus discolor |P. discolor]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section ''Quinquefoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection ''Gerardiana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus bungeana |P. bungeana]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus squamata |P. squamata]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus gerardiana |P. gerardiana]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection ''Krempfii''
     |1=''[[Pinus krempfii |P. krempfii]]''
     |label2=subsection ''Strobus''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus peuce |P. peuce]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus lambertiana |P. lambertiana]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus strobus |P. strobus]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus chiapensis |P. chiapensis]]''
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus monticola |P. monticola]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus flexilis |P. flexilis]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus strobiformis |P. strobiformis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus ayacahuite |P. ayacahuite]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus albicaulis |P. albicaulis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus koraiensis |P. koraiensis]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus sibirica |P. sibirica]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus cembra |P. cembra]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus parviflora |P. parviflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus wallichiana |P. wallichiana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
             |2=''[[Pinus dabeshanensis |P. dabeshanensis]]''
             |1=''[[Pinus armandii |P. armandii]]''
             }}
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana |P. fenzeliana]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus mastersiana |P. mastersiana]]''
             }}
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus bhutanica |P. bhutanica]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola |P. morrisonicola]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus wangii |P. wangii]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis |P. kwangtungensis]]''
               |2=''[[Pinus dalatensis |P. dalatensis]]''
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  |label2=subgenus '''''Pinus'''''
  |2={{clade
   |label1=section ''Pinus''
   |1={{clade
    |label1=subsection ''Pinaster''
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Pinus heldreichii |P. heldreichii]]''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus pinaster |P. pinaster]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus halepensis |P. halepensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus brutia |P. brutia]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus pinea |P. pinea]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus canariensis |P. canariensis]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus roxburghii |P. roxburghii]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |label2=subsection ''Pinus''
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus latteri |P. latteri]]''
      |2=''[[Pinus merkusii |P. merkusii]]''
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus resinosa |P. resinosa]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus nigra |P. nigra]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus densiflora |P. densiflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus sylvestris |P. sylvestris]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus mugo |P. mugo]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus uncinata |P. uncinata]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus massoniana |P. massoniana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus thunbergii |P. thunbergii]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus luchuensis |P. luchuensis]]''
           }}
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus kesiya |P. kesiya]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis |P. yunnanensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus densata |P. densata]]''
            }}
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus henryi |P. henryi]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis |P. tabuliformis]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis |P. hwangshanensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis |P. taiwanensis]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section ''Trifoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection ''Sabiniana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi |P. jeffreyi]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus coulteri |P. coulteri]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus torreyana |P. torreyana]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus sabiniana |P. sabiniana]]''
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=subsection ''Ponderosae''
      |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus washoensis |P. washoensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus ponderosa |P. ponderosa]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus hartwegii |P. hartwegii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus engelmannii |P. engelmannii]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus durangensis |P. durangensis]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus arizonica |P. arizonica]]''
           }}
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus devoniana |P. devoniana]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus montezumae |P. montezumae]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus |P. pseudostrobus]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus douglasiana |P. douglasiana]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus maximinoi |P. maximinoi]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }} 
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=subsection ''Attenuata''
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus muricata |P. muricata]]''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus radiata |P. radiata]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus attenuata |P. attenuata]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |label1=subsection ''Contorta''
       |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus contorta |P. contorta]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus banksiana |P. banksiana]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus virginiana |P. virginiana]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus clausa |P. clausa]]''
         }}
        }}
       |label2=subsection ''Australes''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus pungens |P. pungens]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus serotina |P. serotina]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus rigida |P. rigida]]''
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus glabra |P. glabra]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus taeda |P. taeda]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus echinata |P. echinata]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus elliottii |P. elliottii]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus palustris |P. palustris]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus caribaea |P. caribaea]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus oocarpa |P. oocarpa]]''
              |2=''[[Pinus tecunumanii |P. tecunumanii]]''
              }}
             |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus greggii |P. greggii]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus patula |P. patula]]''
                |2=''[[Pinus teocote |P. teocote]]''
                }}
               }}
              |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus lawsonii |P. lawsonii]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus herrerae |P. herrerae]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus pringlei |P. pringlei]]''
                 }}
                }}
               |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus leiophylla |P. leiophylla]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii |P. lumholtzii]]''
                 }}
                |2={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus praetermissa |P. praetermissa]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus jaliscana |P. jaliscana]]''
                  }}
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus luzmariae |P. luzmariae]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus georginae |P. georginae]]''
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }} 
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
}}
|
{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
 |label1='''''Pinus'''''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=('''''Strobus''''')
  |1={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1='''''Parrya'''''
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Nelsonii''
     |1=''[[Pinus nelsonii |P. nelsonii]]''
     |label2=subsection
     |sublabel2=''Balfouriana''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus aristata |P. aristata]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus balfouriana |P. balfouriana]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus longaeva |P. longaeva]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Cembroides''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus monophylla |P. monophylla]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus juarezensis |P. juarezensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus quadrifolia |P. quadrifolia]]''
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii |P. maximartinezii]]''
        |1=''[[Pinus pinceana |P. pinceana]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus rzedowskii |P. rzedowskii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus edulis |P. edulis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus discolor |P. discolor]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus johannis |P. johannis]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus culminicola |P. culminicola]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus cembroides |P. cembroides]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus remota |P. remota]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section
   |sublabel2='''''Quinquefoliae'''''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Gerardiana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus bungeana |P. bungeana]]''
      |2=''[[Pinus gerardiana |P. gerardiana]]''
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Krempfii''
     |1=''[[Pinus krempfii |P. krempfii]]''
     |label2=subsection
     |sublabel2=''Strobus''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=series
       |sublabel1=''Macedonia''
       |1=''[[Pinus peuce |P. peuce]]''
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Strobi''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus strobus |P. strobus]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus flexilis |P. flexilis]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus ayacahuite |P. ayacahuite]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus strobiformis |P. strobiformis]]''
          }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Cembrae''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus parviflora |P. parviflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus monticola |P. monticola]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus cembra |P. cembra]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus lambertiana |P. lambertiana]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus albicaulis |P. albicaulis]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus dalatensis |P. dalatensis]]''
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |label2=series
        |sublabel2=''Pumilae''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus pumila |P. pumila]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus wallichiana |P. wallichiana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus koraiensis |P. koraiensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus sibirica |P. sibirica]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus squamata |P. squamata]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola |P. morrisonicola]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus armandii |P. armandii]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana |P. fenzeliana]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis |P. kwangtungensis]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus bhutanica |P. bhutanica]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus wangii |P. wangii]]''
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  |label2=('''''Pinus''''')
  |2={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1=''Pinus''
   |1={{clade
    |label1=subsection
    |sublabel1=''Pinaster''
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Pinus heldreichii |P. heldreichii]]''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus halepensis |P. halepensis]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus brutia |P. brutia]]''
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus pinaster |P. pinaster]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus pinea |P. pinea]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus canariensis |P. canariensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus roxburghii |P. roxburghii]]''
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |label2=subsection
    |sublabel2=''Pinus''
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=series
      |sublabel1=''Pinus''
      |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus densata |P. densata]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus latteri |P. latteri]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus kesiya |P. kesiya]]''
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus nigra |P. nigra]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus resinosa |P. resinosa]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus sylvestris |P. sylvestris]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus mugo |P. mugo]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus uncinata |P. uncinata]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |label1=series
      |sublabel1=''Tropicales''
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus tropicalis |P. tropicalis]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis |P. hwangshanensis]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus massoniana |P. massoniana]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus merkusii |P. merkusii]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |label2=series
      |sublabel2=''Tabuliformes''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus densiflora |P. densiflora]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus thunbergii |P. thunbergii]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis |P. taiwanensis]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis |P. yunnanensis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus luchuensis |P. luchuensis]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis |P. tabuliformis]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section
   |sublabel2=''Trifoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Contorta''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus virginiana |P. virginiana]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus contorta |P. contorta]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus clausa |P. clausa]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=subsection
      |sublabel1=''Ponderosae''
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus maximinoi |P. maximinoi]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus montezumae |P. montezumae]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus sabiniana |P. sabiniana]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus torreyana |P. torreyana]]''
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus ponderosa |P. ponderosa]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus douglasiana |P. douglasiana]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus yecorensis |P. yecorensis]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus cooperi |P. cooperi]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus durangensis |P. durangensis]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus nubicola |P. nubicola]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus coulteri |P. coulteri]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi |P. jeffreyi]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus washoensis |P. washoensis]]''
                 }}
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus arizonica |P. arizonica]]''
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus engelmannii |P. engelmannii]]''
                  |2={{clade
                   |1=''[[Pinus devoniana |P. devoniana]]''
                   |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Pinus hartwegii |P. hartwegii]]''
                    |2=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus |P. pseudostrobus]]''
                    }}
                   }}
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }} 
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |label1=subsection
      |sublabel1=''Attenuata''
      |1={{clade
       |label1=series
       |sublabel1=''Leiophyllae''
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus patula |P. patula]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus leiophylla |P. leiophylla]]''
        }}
       |label2=series
       |sublabel2=''Attenuatae''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus tecunumanii |P. tecunumanii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus muricata |P. muricata]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus radiata |P. radiata]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus attenuata |P. attenuata]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus glabra |P. glabra]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |label2=subsection
      |sublabel2=''Australes''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Palustres''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus herrerae |P. herrerae]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus caribaea |P. caribaea]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus palustris |P. palustris]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus echinata |P. echinata]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus occidentalis |P. occidentalis]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus praetermissa |P. praetermissa]]''
        |2={{clade
         |label1=series
         |sublabel1=''Taeda''
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus serotina |P. serotina]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus rigida |P. rigida]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus pungens |P. pungens]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus taeda |P. taeda]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         |label2=series
         |sublabel2=''Oocarpae''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus elliottii |P. elliottii]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus teocote |P. teocote]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus greggii |P. greggii]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii |P. lumholtzii]]''
             }}
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus jaliscana |P. jaliscana]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus luzmariae |P. luzmariae]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus georginae |P. georginae]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus maestrensis |P. maestrensis]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus pringlei |P. pringlei]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus lawsonii |P. lawsonii]]''
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus cubensis |P. cubensis]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus oocarpa |P. oocarpa]]''
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }} 
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
}}
|}

== Distribution and habitat ==

{{See also |List of pines by region}}

[[File:Prospectsydneypineforest.jpg |thumb |[[Monterey pine]] in [[Sydney]], Australia. The [[Introduced species |species was introduced]] to the region in the late 19th century.]]

Pines are native to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and to a few parts from the tropics to [[temperate climate |temperate]] regions in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some [[native species]] of pines; they occupy large areas of [[Boreal forest]], and are found all around the Mediterranean Basin. One species ([[Sumatran pine]]) crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S. In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N{{Citation needed |date=October 2023}} to as far south as 12°N.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Surendra P. |last2=Inderjit |last3=Singh |first3=Jamuna S. |last4=Majumdar |first4=Sudipto |last5=Moyano |first5=Jaime |last6=Nuñez |first6=Martin A. |last7=Richardson |first7=David M. |date=2018-09-21 |title=Insights on the persistence of pines (''Pinus'' species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=10345–10359 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4499 |doi-access=free |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=6206191 |pmid=30398478 |bibcode=2018EcoEv...810345S |bibcode-access=free }}</ref>

Pines may be found in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to {{convert |5200 |m |ft |abbr=on}}, from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favorable soils and at least some water.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://basicbiology.net/plants/gymnosperms/pine-trees |date=30 August 2020 |title=Pine Trees |website=Basic Biology |access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

Various species have been introduced to temperate and [[subtropics|subtropical]] regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as [[timber]] or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become naturalized, and some species are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in some areas<ref name=ISSG>{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |title=''Pinus ssp''. (tree), General Impact |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group |date=13 March 2006 |work=Global Invasive Species Database |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195335/http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> and threaten native ecosystems.

== Ecology ==

[[File:Panolis.flammea.7102.jpg |thumb |[[Pine beauty]] moth (''Panolis flammea'') on pine needles]]

Pines grow well in acid soils, some also on [[calcareous]] soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few (e.g. [[lodgepole pine]]) can tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires (e.g. [[Canary Island pine]]). Some species of pines (e.g. [[bishop pine]]) need fire to regenerate, and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimens.

Pine trees are beneficial to the environment since they can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Although several studies have indicated that after the establishment of pine plantations in grasslands, there is an alteration of carbon pools including a decrease of the soil organic carbon pool.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=M |year=202 |title=Impacts of pine plantations on carbon stocks of páramo sites in southern Ecuador |journal=Carbon Balance and Management |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/s13021-021-00168-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=33559772 |pmc=7871390}}</ref>

Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude (e.g. Siberian dwarf pine, [[mountain pine]], whitebark pine, and the [[bristlecone pine]]s). The pinyon pines and a number of others, notably [[Turkish pine]] and [[gray pine]], are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert |semidesert]] climates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinus sabiniana Dougl |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/sabiniana.htm |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.srs.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

Pine [[pollen]] may play an important role in the functioning of [[Detritivore |detrital]] [[food web]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Filipiak |first=Michał |date=2016-01-01 |title=Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |pages=138 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00138 |url=http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/34844 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.<ref name=":0" /> Pine pollen is also involved in moving plant matter between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.<ref name=":0" />

=== Wildlife ===
Pine needles serve as food for various [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species. Several species of pine are attacked by [[nematodes]], causing pine [[wilt disease]], which can kill some quickly. Some of these Lepidoptera species, many of them moths, specialize in feeding on only one or sometimes several species of pine. Beside that many species of birds and mammals shelter in pine habitat or feed on [[pine nut]]s. The seeds are commonly eaten by birds, such as grouse, crossbills, jays, nuthatches, siskins, and woodpeckers, and by [[squirrel]]s. Some birds, notably the [[spotted nutcracker]], [[Clark's nutcracker]], and [[pinyon jay]], are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by the [[Symphyta]]n species [[pine sawfly]], and [[goat]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pine Sawflies |url=https://extension.psu.edu/pine-sawflies |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Penn State Extension}}</ref>

== Uses ==

[[File:John Deere 2054 DHSP forestry swing machine, Kaibab National Forest 1.jpg|thumb|Logging ''[[Pinus ponderosa]]'', [[Arizona]], United States]]

=== Lumber and construction ===

Pines are among the most commercially important tree species, valued for their timber and [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timberframehq.com/timber-framing-101/timber-species/ |title=Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ |work=Timber Frame HQ |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |title=Trees for pulp |website=Paper.org |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118044645/http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that grow in relatively dense stands. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing, and the resin of some species is an important source of [[turpentine]].

As pine wood has no insect- or decay-resistant qualities after logging, in its untreated state it is generally recommended for indoor construction purposes only (indoor [[drywall]] framing, for example). It is commonly used in [[Canadian Lumber Standard]] graded wood.<ref name="Homebuilding">{{cite web | last=Jenkins | first=Steve | title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? | website=Homebuilding & Renovating | date=2023-09-03 | url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber | access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, [[chromated copper arsenate]] or other suitable [[Wood preservation#Chemical preservatives |chemical preservative]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Timber treatment |url=https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/timber-treatment/#h3-3 |publisher=weathertight.org.nz |access-date=18 May 2019 |date=2010-10-18 }}</ref>

===Ornamental uses===

[[File:&#039;Pine Clouds&#039;, 1903 painting by Wu Ku-hsiang.jpg |thumb |upright=1.5 |"Pine Clouds", 1903 painting on fan by Wu Ku-hsiang]]

Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s with a variety of dwarf [[cultivar]]s being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for [[Christmas tree]]s. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones, are craft favorites. Pine boughs, appreciated especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.homedit.com/5-ways-to-decorate-with-pine-boughs/ |title=5 Ways to Decorate with Pine Boughs |date=2012-12-04 |work=Home Decorating Trends - Homedit |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> Pine needles are also used for making decorative articles such as baskets, trays, pots, etc., and during the [[American Civil War |U.S. Civil War]], the needles of the [[Pinus palustris |longleaf pine]] "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this.<ref>{{cite book |last=McAfee |first=M.J. |title=The pine-needle basket book |url=https://archive.org/details/pineneedlebasket00mcaf |date=1911 |publisher=Pine-Needle Publishing}}</ref> This originally Native American skill is now being replicated across the world. Pine needle handicrafts are made in the US, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, and India. Pine needles are also versatile and have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create different [[Biodegradation |biodegradable]] products including paper, furniture, textiles and dye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/why-materials-matter-design-innovation/index.html |title=5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow |last=Solanki |first=Seetal |date=2018-12-17 |website=CNN Style |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

===Farming===

When grown for sawing timber, pine plantations can be harvested after 25 years, with some stands being allowed to grow up to 50 (as the wood value increases more quickly as the trees age). Imperfect trees (such as those with bent trunks or forks, smaller trees, or diseased trees) are removed in a "thinning" operation every 5–10 years. Thinning allows the best trees to grow much faster, because it prevents weaker trees from competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Young trees removed during thinning are used for pulpwood or are left in the forest, while most older ones are good enough for saw timber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestrycorporation.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/238473/pine-plantation-rotation.pdf 
 |title=The Pine Plantation Rotation |publisher=Forests NSW |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308115907/http://www.forestrycorporation.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/238473/pine-plantation-rotation.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-08 }}</ref>

A 30-year-old commercial pine tree grown in good conditions in Arkansas will be about {{convert|0.3|m|ft|1|abbr=on|frac=2}} in diameter and about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. After 50 years, the same tree will be about {{convert |0.5 |m |ft |abbr=on |frac=2}} in diameter and {{convert |25 |m |ft |abbr=on}} high, and its wood will be worth about seven times as much as the 30-year-old tree.
This however depends on the region, species and silvicultural techniques. In New Zealand, a plantation's maximum value is reached after around 28 years with height being as high as {{convert |30 |m |ft |abbr=on}} and diameter {{convert |0.5 |m |ft |abbr=on |frac=2}}, with maximum wood production after around 35 years (again depending on factors such as site, stocking and genetics). Trees are normally planted 3–4 m apart, or about 1,000 per hectare (100,000 per square kilometre).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forestry.arkansas.gov/directorysearches/documents/thinning_to_improve.pdf |author=Frank A. Roth II, Extension Forester |title=Thinning to improve pine timber |publisher=University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009062000/http://forestry.arkansas.gov/directorysearches/documents/thinning_to_improve.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Farm Forestry - Radiata pine silviculture in Chile |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/resource-centre/tree-grower-articles/may-2010/radiata-pine-silviculture-in-chile/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=www.nzffa.org.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Farm Forestry - NZFFA guide sheet No. 1: An Introduction to Growing Radiata Pine |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/resource-centre/information-leaflets/nzffa-guide-sheets-2007/nzffa-guide-sheet-no-1/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=www.nzffa.org.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manley |first=Bruce |date=2020-07-01 |title=Impact on profitability, risk, optimum rotation age and afforestation of changing the New Zealand emissions trading scheme to an averaging approach |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138993411930677X |journal=Forest Policy and Economics |volume=116 |pages=102205 |doi=10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102205 |bibcode=2020ForPE.11602205M |s2cid=219518345 |issn=1389-9341}}</ref>

===Food and nutrients===

The seeds (pine nuts) are generally edible; the young male cones can be cooked and eaten, as can the bark of young twigs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=78 |oclc=277203364 |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095843/http://worldcat.org/title/277203364 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some species have large pine nuts, which are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an essential ingredient of ''[[pesto]] alla genovese''.

The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium |cambium]]) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A |A]] and [[vitamin C |C]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pinus / pine {{!}} Conifer Genus |url=https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus/ |website=American Conifer Society |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an [[ersatz]] flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[bark bread]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/166/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |location=Harrisburg, PA |pages=166–167 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> Adirondack Indians got their name from the [[Mohawk people |Mohawk Indian]] word ''atirú:taks'', meaning "tree eaters".<ref name=":1" />

A [[tea]] is made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as ''tallstrunt'' in Sweden).<ref name=":1" /> In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.<ref name="pmid21535752">{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Jia |first2=Li-Rong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yan |last4=Cen |first4=Jia-Qi |last5=Chen |first5=Xi |last6=Gao |first6=Hong |last7=Feng |first7=Su |last8=Huang |first8=Yi-Na |title=Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=C318–23 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21535752 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02023.x }}</ref> In Greece, the wine [[retsina]] is flavoured with Aleppo pine resin.

Pine needles from ''[[Pinus densiflora]]'' were found to contain 30.54&nbsp;milligram/gram of [[proanthocyanidin]]s when extracted with hot water.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Park |first1=Yong Soo |last2=Jeon |first2=Min Hee |last3=Hwang |first3=Hyun Jung |last4=Park |first4=Mi Ra |last5=Lee |first5=Sang-Hyeon |last6=Kim |first6=Sung Gu |last7=Kim |first7=Mihyang |title=Antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=281–7 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21994521 |pmc=3180677 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.281 }}</ref> Comparative to ethanol extraction resulting in 30.11&nbsp;mg/g, simply extracting in hot water is preferable.

In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[pine resin]] is used for burns, wounds and dermal complaints.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Ulukanli |first1=Zeynep |last2=KaraböRklü |first2=Salih |last3=Bozok |first3=Fuat |last4=Ates |first4=Burhan |last5=Erdogan |first5=Selim |last6=Cenet |first6=Menderes |last7=Karaaslan |first7=Merve Göksin |title=Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils |journal=Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=901–10 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25556061 |doi=10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3 }}</ref>

==Culture==

[[File:Myrskylä.vaakuna.svg |thumb |upright |A falling pine pictured in the coat of arms of [[Myrskylä]], a small town in Finland]]

Pines have been a frequently mentioned tree throughout history, including in literature, art, and in religious texts. 

The pine is a particular motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. Some of the main symbolic attributes of pines in Chinese art and literature are longevity and steadfastness: the pine retains its green needles through all the seasons. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired. At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the "[[Three Friends of Winter]]".<ref>[[Wolfram Eberhard |Eberhard, Wolfram]] (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought''. London, New York: Routledge. {{ISBN |0-415-00228-1}}, ''sub'' "Pine".</ref> 

===Literature===

Writers of various nationalities and ethnicities have written of pines. Among them, [[John Muir]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=John |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Yosemite/Chapter_6 |title=The Yosemite }}</ref> [[Dora Sigerson Shorter]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sad_Years/The_Secret |title=The Secret |last=Shorter |first=Dora Sigerson |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011351/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sad_Years/The_Secret |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eugene Field]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_of_Childhood/Norse_Lullaby |title=Poems of Childhood/Norse Lullaby |last=Field |first=Eugene |chapter=Norse Lullaby |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2018-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132512/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_of_Childhood/Norse_Lullaby |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bai Juyi]],<ref>Bai Juyi [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/More_Translations_from_the_Chinese/The_Pine-Trees_in_the_Courtyard "The Pine Trees in the Courtyard"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132525/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/More_Translations_from_the_Chinese/The_Pine-Trees_in_the_Courtyard |date=2018-01-04 }}</ref> [[Theodore Winthrop]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Open_Air/Chapter_III |title=Life in the Open Air |last=Winthrop |first=Theodore |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2018-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132446/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Open_Air/Chapter_III |url-status=live}}</ref> and Rev. George Allan D.D.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Scottish_Song/Is_your_war-pipe_asleep |title=The Book of Scottish Song |chapter=Is your war-pipe asleep |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2018-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132510/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Scottish_Song/Is_your_war-pipe_asleep |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Art===

[[File:Tom Thomson - The West Wind - Google Art Project.jpg |thumb |''[[The West Wind (painting) |The West Wind]]'' (1917), Canadian painter [[Tom Thomson]]'s iconic portrait of [[Pinus resinosa |red pines]] in [[Algonquin Park]], Ontario]]

Pines are often featured in art, whether painting and [[fine art]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Pissarro |first=Camille  |title=Work by Camille Pissarro |date=1903 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pissarro_-_kew-gardens-crossroads-near-the-pond-1892.jpg |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> drawing,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Britton |first1=N.L. |last2=Brown |first2=A. |title=Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada |publisher=USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database |date=1913 |volume=1 |chapter=Pinus strobus L |chapter-url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_drawing.png |access-date=2018-01-04 }}</ref> photography, or [[folk art]].

===Religious texts===

Pine trees, as well as other conifers, are mentioned in some verses of the [[Bible]], depending on the translation. In the [[Book of Nehemiah]] 8:15, the [[King James Version]] gives the following translation:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Nehemiah-8-15/ |title=NEHEMIAH 8:15 KJV |website=www.kingjamesbibleonline.org |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref>

<blockquote>"And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and ''pine branches'' [emphasis added], and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make [https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Booth booths], as it is written."</blockquote>
However, the term here in Hebrew (עץ שמן) means "oil tree" and it is not clear what kind of tree is meant. Pines are also mentioned in some translations of Isaiah 60:13, such as the King James:<blockquote>"The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious."</blockquote>

Again, it is not clear what tree is meant (תדהר in Hebrew), and other translations use "pine" for the word translated as "box" by the King James (תאשור in Hebrew).

Some botanical authorities believe that the Hebrew word "ברוש" (bərōsh), which is used many times in the Bible, designates ''[[Pinus halepensis |P.&nbsp;halepensis]]'', or in [[Book of Hosea |Hosea]] 14:8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/hosea/14-8.htm |title=Hosea 14:8}}</ref> which refers to fruit, ''[[Pinus pinea]]'', the stone pine.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wycliffe Bible Dictionary |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |year=1975 |location=entry Plants: Fir}}</ref>
The word used in modern Hebrew for pine is "אֹ֖רֶן" (oren), which occurs only in Isaiah 44:14,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/isaiah/44-14.htm |title=Isaiah 44:14}}</ref> but two manuscripts have "ארז" ([[cedrus |cedar]]), a much more common word.<ref>[[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] ad loc.</ref>

==See also==

* [[El Pino (The Pine Tree)]]
* [[Pine barrens]]
* [[Pine-cypress forest]]
* [[Pine Tree Flag]]
* [[Tree of Peace]]

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

===Bibliography===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farjon |first1=A. |date=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Pines |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-13916-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite report |last1=Little Jr |first1=Elbert L. |last2=Critchfield |first2=W.B. |date=1969 |title=Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines) |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |work=Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144) |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D.M. |date=1998 |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=530 |isbn=0-521-55176-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sulavik |first=Stephen B. |date=2007 |title=Adirondack; Of Indians and Mountains, 1535-1838 |location=Fleischmanns, NY |publisher=Purple Mountain Press |pages=244 pages |isbn=978-1-930098-79-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mirov |first=N.T. |date=1967 |title=The Genus Pinus |location=New York, NY |publisher=Ronald Press |ref=none }}
* {{cite web |title=Classification of pines |url=http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |publisher=The Lovett Pinetum Charitable Foundation |access-date=2004-01-17 |archive-date=2004-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603181329/http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mirov |first1=N.T. |last2=Stanley |first2=R.G. |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.001255 |title=The Pine Tree |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology |volume=10 |pages=223–238 |year=1959 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last=Philips |first=Roger |title=Trees of North America and Europe |location=New York, NY |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-50259-0 |date=1979 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treesofnorthamer00phil |ref=none }}
* {{Gymnosperm Database |family=Pinaceae |genus=Pinus |ref=none }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Commons|Pinus}}

* [https://www.thespruce.com/pine-trees-from-around-the-world-3269718 40 Species of Pine Trees You Can Grow] by The Spruce
* {{Jepson eFlora |10029 |Pinus |link=1 |type=key}}, covers Californian species
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125519 Pinus in Flora of North America]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PINUS Pinus in the USDA Plants Database]
* [https://conifersgarden.us/conifer-genera/pinus Conifer Database]

{{Plant classification}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Tannin source}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q12024}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Pinus |Pinus ]]