View source for Social Democrats (Slovenia)

{{Short description|Centre-left political party in Slovenia}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Social Democrats
| native_name      = Socialni demokrati
| colorcode        = {{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}
| logo             = Socialni demokrati Logo.svg
| logo_size        = 150
| abbreviation     = SD
| leader           = [[Matjaž Han]]
| founder          = [[Ciril Ribičič]]
| foundation       = {{start date|1993|05|29|df=y}}
| headquarters     = [[Ljubljana]]
| ideology         = [[Social democracy]]{{refn|<ref>{{Citation |first1=Vít |last1=Hloušek |first2=Lubomír |last2=Kopeček |title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared |publisher=Ashgate |year=2010 |page=26 |isbn=9780754678403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA26 }}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|title=Slovenia|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|year=2018|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>}}
| position         = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]{{refn|<ref name="Connor2011">{{Citation |first=Richard |last=Connor |title=Center-left wins power in Croatia, Slovenian poll delivers surprise |publisher=DW |date=5 December 2011 |url=http://www.dw-world.com/dw/article/0,,15578038,00.html}}</ref><ref name="freedom">{{Citation |title=Slovenia |work=Freedom in the World 2009 |publisher=Freedom House |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/slovenia |access-date=17 March 2012}}</ref>}}
| membership_year  = 2013
| membership       = 12,109<ref>{{cite web|title=Planet Siol: SDS je z 30.000 člani gromozanska stranka proti ostalim. Virantovcev je le za "jurja".|url=http://www.politikis.si/?p=90370|website=Politikis| date=16 May 2013 |access-date=30 June 2016|language=sl-SI}}</ref>
| youth_wing       = Youth Forum of Social Democrats
| international    = [[Progressive Alliance]]
| national         = 
| colors           = {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red (politics)|Red]]
| predecessor      = [[League of Communists of Slovenia|ZKS]]
| european         = [[Party of European Socialists]]
| europarl         = [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]]
| seats1_title     = [[Slovenian National Assembly|National Assembly]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|7|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[European Parliament]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| seats3_title     = Mayors
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|14|212|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| seats4_title     = Municipal council
| seats4           = {{Composition bar|302|2750|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| flag             = [[File:Flag of the Social Democrats (Slovenia).svg|225px|border|Flag of the Social Democrats]]
| website          = {{URL|socialnidemokrati.si}}
| country          = Slovenia
}}
The '''Social Democrats''' ({{langx|sl|Socialni demokrati}}, '''SD''') is a [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref name="Connor2011"/><ref name="freedom"/> and [[Pro-Europeanism|pro-European]] [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[List of political parties in Slovenia|political party]] in [[Slovenia]] led by [[Matjaž Han]]. From 1993 until 2005, the party was known as the '''United List of Social Democrats''' ({{langx|sl|Združena lista socialnih demokratov}}, {{IPA|sl|zələsəˈdə́|pron}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: ZLSD|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=ZLSD&hs=1}}</ref> It is the successor of the [[League of Communists of Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBkMIMkXU9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/eBkMIMkXU9c |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=YouTube.com|date=2019-03-22|website=Socialni demokrati-Ponosni nasledniki Zveze komunistov|publisher=Sovražim sneg}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of 2022, the party is a member of a three-party coalition government with [[Robert Golob]]'s [[Freedom Movement (Slovenia)|Freedom Movement]] alongside [[The Left (Slovenia)|The Left]], as well as a full member of the [[Party of European Socialists]] and [[Progressive Alliance]].

==History==
===Origins===
The origins of the modern-day party date from the end of 1989, when the [[League of Communists of Slovenia]] decided to renounce the absolute monopoly over political, social and economic life in the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], and agreed to introduce a system of [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|political pluralism]]. On 23 January 1990, the Slovenian Communists left the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] and on 4 February 1990 renamed themselves to '''League of Communists of Slovenia-Party of Democratic Renewal''' (''Zveza komunistov Slovenije-''{{lang|sl|Stranka demokratične prenove}}, ZKS-SDP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=IZ PROGRAMSKIH USMERITEV ZKS - SDP|url=https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-9P9D36PN|access-date=10 February 2022|website=Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ZKS-SDP - Volitve 90|url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-NVCV5HCY/74ed84bd-5c19-48bb-9838-a820e7fed32e/PDF|access-date=10 February 2022|website=Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije}}</ref> Former prominent Communist politician [[Ciril Ribičič]] was elected as the party's new president. The party lost against the [[Democratic Opposition of Slovenia]] (DEMOS) centre-right coalition at the first democratic elections in Slovenia in April 1990, gaining 17.3% of the popular vote. They nevertheless became the single largest party in Slovenia.

Between 1990 and 1992, the party remained in opposition against the [[centre-right]] coalition government of [[Lojze Peterle]]. After the fall of Peterle's cabinet in 1992, the party entered the first coalition government of [[Janez Drnovšek]], formed by the left wing of the dissolved DEMOS coalition (the [[Slovenian Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party of Slovenia]], the [[Democratic Party of Slovenia]] and the [[Greens of Slovenia]]). The same year, the party was renamed to '''Social Democratic Renewal''' ({{lang|sl|Socialdemokratska prenova}}), maintaining the same acronym, SDP.

===Constitution of the United List===
Prior to the 1992 general election intensive discussions were held and agreements reached between [[left-wing politics|left]]-oriented political parties and groups on an [[electoral coalition]]. Thus just prior the [[1992 Slovenian parliamentary election|parliamentary election of 1992]], an agreement was reached between the Social Democratic Renewal (SDP) and three smaller extra-parliamentary centre-left and left-wing parties (the Social Democratic Union, the Workers' Party of Slovenia and the [[Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia]]) to form an electoral coalition under the name '''United List'''. The newly formed coalition gained 13.6% of the popular vote, thus becoming the third political force in the country, after [[Liberal Democracy of Slovenia]] and the [[Slovene Christian Democrats]]. These three largest parties decided to form a government coalition, which soon became popularly known as the "grand coalition" ({{lang|sl|velika koalicija}}), under the leadership of Liberal Democrat [[Prime Minister of Slovenia|Prime Minister]] Janez Drnovšek. Until March 1994, the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia also participated in this government coalition.

On 29 May 1993, a [[congress]] was held in [[Ljubljana]] at which the constitutive members of the United List decided to form a unified party. The new party was named the '''United List of Social Democrats''' and [[Janez Kocijančič]] was elected as its president. The party remained in government until January 1996, when it left the ruling coalition in disagreement over the government's [[welfare|social welfare]] policies. Furthermore, several prominent members exited the party and re-established Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia. In the general elections of 1996, the United List of Social Democrats suffered a substantial loss support, gaining only around 9% of the popular vote.

===Pahor era===
[[File:37. seja vlade 2009-07-23 08 (cropped).JPG|thumb|175px|[[Borut Pahor]], party president between 1997 and 2012, served as [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] from 2008 to 2012, as well as [[President of Slovenia]] from 2012 to 2022]]

In the period between 1996 and 2000, the party remained in opposition. On the third National Congress of the United List of Social Democrats in 1997 a new party president, [[Borut Pahor]], was elected. A gradual evolution towards more moderate positions started. In the election of 2000, the party rose to 12% of the vote and entered the centre-left coalition government led by Janez Drnovšek, while the party's president Borut Pahor was elected chairman of the [[Slovenian National Assembly]]. In the general elections of 2004, the party gained around 10.2% of the vote and went into opposition against the centre-right government dominated by the [[Slovenian Democratic Party]].

In the fifth party Congress held in 2005 in [[Ljubljana]], the decision was taken to shorten the party name to the '''Social Democrats'''. Borut Pahor was confirmed as the party president, strengthening his positions against internal opposition from the left wing of the party.<ref>{{cite web |title=SURVEY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OF SLOVENIA |url=http://www.socialnidemokrati.si/?m=c&a=show&id=3 |access-date=2007-06-09}}</ref> In the programmatic congress held in [[Nova Gorica]] in July 2006, the party clearly distanciated itself against its [[communism|communist]] past, while its president publicly condemned the socialist regime in Slovenia and Yugoslavia established after [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delo.si/clanek/27848 |title=S Socialnimi demokrati v vrh sveta razvitosti |publisher=Delo.si |date=2012-06-15 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

After the internal crisis in the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) following the loss of election in 2004, which resulted in the split of the party, the Social Democrats emerged as the main centre-left opposition force against the centre-right government led by [[Janez Janša]]. In 2007, several prominent members of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, including former Prime Minister [[Anton Rop]], left their party and joined the Social Democrats. Following these developments, the Social Democrats became the second largest parliamentary party in Slovenia, after the Slovenian Democratic Party.

In 2008, the Social Democrats signed a coalition agreement with the extra-parliamentary ''Christian Socialists of Slovenia'', and decided to set up a common election list on the coming elections.

In September 2008, Social Democrats won the parliamentary election with 30.45%. The ruling Slovenian Democratic Party finished second with 29.26%. Social Democrats formed a new Slovenian government in coalition with [[Zares]], [[Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia|DeSUS]] and LDS. They won 29 seats in the 90-member National Assembly, one of which was won by Andrej Magajna, the president of the Christian Socialists of Slovenia. In October 2010, Andrej Magajna left the [[parliamentary group|deputy group]] of Social Democrats due to differences of opinion with the rest of the group. He especially criticised the party leader Borut Pahor and the Minister of Economic Development [[Mitja Gaspari]], claiming that he had been threatened with "removal" for not having supported the new act on the [[Public broadcasting|public broadcaster]] [[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTV Slovenija]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.siol.net/slovenija/novice/2010/10/magajna_grozili_so_mi_z_odstranitvijo.aspx |title=Magajna: Grozili so mi z odstranitvijo |language=sl |trans-title=Magajna:I was threatened with removal |access-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029163342/http://www.siol.net/slovenija/novice/2010/10/magajna_grozili_so_mi_z_odstranitvijo.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2010 }}</ref> After Magajna's break with the party, the SD parliamentary group was left with 28 MPs.

SD won 10.5% of the vote at the early [[2011 Slovenian parliamentary election]] on 4 December 2011, gaining 10 seats in the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]].<ref name="DVK">{{cite web |url=http://volitve.gov.si/dz2011/en/index.html |title=Republic of Slovenia Early Elections for Deputies to the National Assembly 2011 |publisher=National Electoral Commission |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801150748/http://volitve.gov.si/dz2011/en/index.html |archive-date=1 August 2012 }}</ref> SD were therefore in third place behind the SDS and new centre-left party [[Positive Slovenia]] (PS). SDS leader [[Janez Janša]] became Prime Minister for a second time on 10 February 2012 heading a centre-right coalition government.

===Lukšič era===
In June 2012, Pahor unsuccessfully ran for re-election as president of the Social Democrats. He was defeated by [[Igor Lukšič]] by a narrow margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delo.si/novice/politika/sd-bo-odslej-vodil-luksic.html |title=SD bo odslej vodil Lukšič|publisher=Delo|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>

However, on 20 March 2013 Janša's coalition was replaced by a [[cabinet of Alenka Bratušek|new government]] headed by PS interim leader [[Alenka Bratušek]], a comprising PS, the Social Democrats, [[Civic List (Slovenia)|Civic List]] and DeSUS.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Bratušek resigned as Prime Minister on 3 May 2014 seeking an early general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/slovenia-pm-resigns-seeks-elections-23576945 |title=International News &#124; World News - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

After the party won only one MEP seat and 8.0% of the vote in [[2014 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2014 European Parliament election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delo.si/assets/info5/20140525/EUvolitve2014/volitve.html |title=EU volitve 2014 / 18 |publisher=Delo.si |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref> Lukšič resigned as SD party president on 26 May.<ref>[http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/igor-luksic-odstopil-kot-predsednik-sd-ja/337799 RTVSLO.si - http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/igor-luksic-odstopil-kot-predsednik-sd-ja/337799]</ref>

The party received 5.95% of the vote in the [[2014 Slovenian parliamentary election|Slovenian parliamentary election]] on 13 July 2014, and won 6 seats in parliament.<ref>[http://volitve.gov.si/dz2014/rezultati/rezultati_slo.html Predčasne Volitve V Državni Zbor 2014] Republika Slovenija - Državna volilna komisija. Accessed 13 July 2014</ref> On 18 September 2014, the Social Democrats joined the [[cabinet of Miro Cerar]], also comprising Prime Minister Cerar's [[Modern Centre Party]] (SMC) and DeSUS.

===Židan leadership===

SD scored badly at the [[2014 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2014 European election]], only obtaining 8,08% of votes and one seat. Following the result, Lukšič resigned and [[Dejan Židan]] was elected as new leader of the party.

The party improved its result in the [[2018 Slovenian parliamentary election|2018 parliamentary election]], scoring 9,9% of votes and winning ten seats in the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]]. The Social Democrats later joined [[13th Government of Slovenia|Marjan Šarec's government]] and held the posts of Minister of Justice and Minister of Culture until the dissolution of government in January 2020 by Marjan Šarec.

==International affiliations==
The United List of Social Democrats became full member party of [[Socialist International]] at the organisation's 20th Congress in September 1996 in [[New York City]]. Since 16 May 2003, the Social Democrats have been a full member party of the [[Party of European Socialists]] (PES). SD party representatives were present at the foundation of the [[Progressive Alliance (political international)|Progressive Alliance]] on 22 May 2013.<ref>[http://progressive-alliance.info/expected-guests/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610005138/http://progressive-alliance.info/expected-guests/|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> SD was delisted from the Socialist International in December 2014 for not paying membership fees.

==Election results==
===National Assembly===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: right;"
|-
! Election
! Leader
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Government
|-
! [[1990 Slovenian parliamentary election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Ciril Ribičič]]
| 186,928
| 17.28 (#1)
| {{Composition bar|14|80|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{increase}} 14
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1992 Slovenian parliamentary election|1992]]
| 161,349
| 13.58 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|14|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[1996 Slovenian parliamentary election|1996]]
| align="left" |[[Janez Kocijančič]]
| 96,597
| 9.03 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|9|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2000 Slovenian parliamentary election|2000]]
| rowspan="5"  align="left" |[[Borut Pahor]]
| 130,079
| 12.08 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|11|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| {{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! [[2004 Slovenian parliamentary election|2004]]
| 98,527
| 10.17 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|10|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2008 Slovenian parliamentary election|2008]]
| 320,248
| 30.45 (#1)
| {{Composition bar|29|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{increase}} 19
| {{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! rowspan=2|[[2011 Slovenian parliamentary election|2011]]
| rowspan=2|115,952
| rowspan=2|10.52 (#3)
| rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|10|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| rowspan=2|{{decrease}} 19
| {{no2|Opposition, {{small|2012–13}}}}
|-
| {{yes2|Coalition, {{small|2013–14}}}}
|-
! [[2014 Slovenian parliamentary election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Dejan Židan]]
| 52,249
| 5.98 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|6|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
! rowspan=2|[[2018 Slovenian parliamentary election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|88,524 	
| rowspan=2|9.93 (#3)
| rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|10|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| rowspan=2|{{increase}} 4
| {{yes2|Coalition, {{small|2018–20}}}}
|-
| {{no2|Opposition, {{small|2020–22}}}}
|-
! [[2022 Slovenian parliamentary election|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Tanja Fajon]]
| 79.709
| 6.69 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|7|90|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 3
| {{yes2|Coalition}}
|}

===European Parliament===
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Election
! List leader
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! EP Group
|-
! [[2004 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2004]]
| [[Borut Pahor]]
| 61,672
| 14.15 (#4)
| {{composition bar|1|7|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| New
| [[Group of the Party of European Socialists|PES]]
|-
! [[2009 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2009]]
| [[Zoran Thaler]]
| 85,407
| 18.43 (#2)
| {{composition bar|2|8|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| rowspan=4 | [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]]
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2014]]
| [[Igor Lukšič]]
| 32,484
| 8.08 (#5)
| {{composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
! [[2019 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2019]]
| [[Tanja Fajon]]
| 89,936
| 18.66 (#2)
| {{composition bar|2|8|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! [[2024 European Parliament election in Slovenia|2024]]
| [[Matjaž Nemec]]
| 51,783
| 7.77 (#4)
| {{composition bar|1|9|hex={{party color|Social Democrats (Slovenia)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
|}

===Presidential===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
! rowspan=2 | Election
! rowspan=2 | Candidate
! colspan=2 | 1st round
! colspan=2 | 2nd round
! rowspan=2 | Result
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
! [[1990 Slovenian presidential election|1990]]
| align=left| [[Milan Kučan]]
| 538,278
| 44.43
| 657,196
| 58.59
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[1992 Slovenian presidential election|1992]]
| align=left| [[Milan Kučan]]{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}
| 795,012
| 63.93
| bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=2|
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[1997 Slovenian presidential election|1997]]
| align=left| [[Milan Kučan]]{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}
| 578,925
| 55.54
| bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=2|
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[2002 Slovenian presidential election|2002]]
| align=left| [[Lev Kreft]]
| 25,715
| 2.25
| bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=2|
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
! [[2007 Slovenian presidential election|2007]]
| align=left| [[Danilo Türk]]{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}
| 241,349
| 24.47
| 677,333
| 68.03
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[2012 Slovenian presidential election|2012]]
| align=left| [[Borut Pahor]]
| 325,406
| 39.93
| 474,309
| 67.44
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[2017 Slovenian presidential election|2017]]
| align=left| [[Borut Pahor]]{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}
| 355,117
| 47.21
| 375,106
| 52.98
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
! [[2022 Slovenian presidential election|2022]]{{efn|In coalition with [[Freedom Movement (Slovenia)|Freedom Movement]]}}
| align=left| [[Milan Brglez]]
| 134,726
| 15.45
| bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=2|
| {{no2|Lost}}
|}
{{note label|reference_name_A|a|a}} [[Independent candidate]], support
{{notelist}}

==Party leadership==
* [[Ciril Ribičič]], 1990–1993
* Peter Bekeš, 1993
* [[Janez Kocijančič]], 1993–1997
* [[Borut Pahor]], 1997–2012
* [[Igor Lukšič]], 2012–2014
* [[Dejan Židan]], 2014–2020
* [[Tanja Fajon]], 2020–2024
* [[Matjaž Han]], 2024–

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.socialnidemokrati.si/ Official web site]

{{Slovenian political parties}}
{{Party of European Socialists}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Ljubljana]]
[[Category:Party of European Socialists member parties]]
[[Category:Pro-European political parties in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Slovenia]]