1219 - Revision history

CountHacker: /* Deaths */

2024-03-26T21:07:07Z

Deaths

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:07, 26 March 2024
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	* [[June 15]] – [[Theoderich von Treyden]], German missionary		* [[June 15]] – [[Theoderich von Treyden]], German missionary
	* [[June 17]] – [[David, Earl of Huntingdon\|David of Scotland]], Scottish nobleman (b [[1152]])		* [[June 17]] – [[David, Earl of Huntingdon\|David of Scotland]], Scottish nobleman (b [[1152]])
	* [[October 29]] – [[~~Choe~~ ~~Chung~~-~~heon~~]], Korean ruler (b. [[1149]])		* [[October 29]] – [[Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn]], Korean ruler (b. [[1149]])
	* [[November 3]] – [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester\|Saer de Quincy]], English nobleman (b. [[1170]])		* [[November 3]] – [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester\|Saer de Quincy]], English nobleman (b. [[1170]])
	* [[November 5]] – [[Hugh IX of Lusignan\|Hugh IX]] ('''the Brown'''), French nobleman		* [[November 5]] – [[Hugh IX of Lusignan\|Hugh IX]] ('''the Brown'''), French nobleman
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	* [[William de Valognes]], Scoto-Norman [[Lord Chamberlain]]		* [[William de Valognes]], Scoto-Norman [[Lord Chamberlain]]
	* [[Yolanda, Latin Empress\|Yolanda of Flanders]], Latin empress and [[regent]] (b. 1175)		* [[Yolanda, Latin Empress\|Yolanda of Flanders]], Latin empress and [[regent]] (b. 1175)


	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

Lanturned: ce

2023-12-19T17:28:53Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:28, 19 December 2023
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	== Events ==		== Events ==
	<onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>

	=== By place ===		=== By place ===

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	* [[February]] – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[February]] – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April]] – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[April]] – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>

Histrydude: highlight month

2023-11-15T03:48:25Z

highlight month

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:48, 15 November 2023
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	==== Fifth Crusade ====		==== Fifth Crusade ====
	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[February]] – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[April]] – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[September]] – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

PlumbCordJR.: Undid revision 1183942384 by PlumbCordJR. (talk) Wrong year.

2023-11-07T12:12:17Z

Undid revision 1183942384 by PlumbCordJR. (talk) Wrong year.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:12, 7 November 2023
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	==== Mongol Empire ====		==== Mongol Empire ====
	* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
	* Genghis Khan hears of a rebellion in [[Ghazni]] and [[Helmand]], and sends a large army led by [[Ögedei Khan]] into the region to put an end to the rebellion of Muhammad the Marghani, resulting in the killing of every man in Ghazni and Helmand, and the enslavement of most women of the regions.
	* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
	* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).		* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).
Line 39:		Line 38:
	* The [[windmill]] is first introduced to [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power\|China]], with the travels of [[Yelü Chucai]] to [[Transoxiana]].		* The [[windmill]] is first introduced to [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power\|China]], with the travels of [[Yelü Chucai]] to [[Transoxiana]].
	* [[Mina'i ware]] pottery production in [[Iran\|Persia]] ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</onlyinclude>		* [[Mina'i ware]] pottery production in [[Iran\|Persia]] ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</onlyinclude>

	== Births ==		== Births ==
	* [[February 18]] – [[Tettsū Gikai]], Japanese [[Zen master\|Zen Master]] (d. [[1309]])		* [[February 18]] – [[Tettsū Gikai]], Japanese [[Zen master\|Zen Master]] (d. [[1309]])

PlumbCordJR.: /* Events */ Added a large event that took place under the Mongol invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire.

2023-11-07T12:10:02Z

Events: Added a large event that took place under the Mongol invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:10, 7 November 2023
Line 23:		Line 23:
	==== Mongol Empire ====		==== Mongol Empire ====
	* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
			* Genghis Khan hears of a rebellion in [[Ghazni]] and [[Helmand]], and sends a large army led by [[Ögedei Khan]] into the region to put an end to the rebellion of Muhammad the Marghani, resulting in the killing of every man in Ghazni and Helmand, and the enslavement of most women of the regions.
	* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
	* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).		* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).
Line 38:		Line 39:
	* The [[windmill]] is first introduced to [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power\|China]], with the travels of [[Yelü Chucai]] to [[Transoxiana]].		* The [[windmill]] is first introduced to [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power\|China]], with the travels of [[Yelü Chucai]] to [[Transoxiana]].
	* [[Mina'i ware]] pottery production in [[Iran\|Persia]] ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</onlyinclude>		* [[Mina'i ware]] pottery production in [[Iran\|Persia]] ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</onlyinclude>

	== Births ==		== Births ==
	* [[February 18]] – [[Tettsū Gikai]], Japanese [[Zen master\|Zen Master]] (d. [[1309]])		* [[February 18]] – [[Tettsū Gikai]], Japanese [[Zen master\|Zen Master]] (d. [[1309]])

Josedimaria: /* Fifth Crusade */

2023-08-24T20:40:32Z

Fifth Crusade

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:40, 24 August 2023
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	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>

Srnec: /* Fifth Crusade */ link

2022-11-24T04:47:41Z

Fifth Crusade: link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:47, 24 November 2022
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	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp at [[Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

Mike32065: /* Mongol Empire */

2022-09-06T23:25:15Z

Mongol Empire

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:25, 6 September 2022
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	==== Mongol Empire ====		==== Mongol Empire ====
	* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Winter – [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm\|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan\|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan\|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
	* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is ~~raised~~ to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>		* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN\|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
	* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).		* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).

Mike32065: /* Fifth Crusade */

2022-09-06T23:19:16Z

Fifth Crusade

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:19, 6 September 2022
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	* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either ~~send~~ into slavery or held as ~~hostage~~ to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

	==== Mongol Empire ====		==== Mongol Empire ====

Mike32065: /* Fifth Crusade */

2022-09-06T23:13:05Z

Fifth Crusade

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:13, 6 September 2022
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	==== Fifth Crusade ====		==== Fifth Crusade ====
	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection ~~shall~~ the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:48, 15 November 2023
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	==== Fifth Crusade ====		==== Fifth Crusade ====
	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[February]] – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[April]] – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[September]] – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* [[November 5]] – [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)\|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt\|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:40, 24 August 2023
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	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:47, 24 November 2022
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	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp at [[Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[August 29]] – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)\|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt\|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
	* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* September – [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England\|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages\|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany\|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:13, 6 September 2022
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	==== Fifth Crusade ====		==== Fifth Crusade ====
	* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* February – [[Pelagio Galvani\|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)\|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa\|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection ~~shall~~ the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>		* April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne\|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus\|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem\|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre\|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN\|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
	* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>		* [[April 7]] – [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud\|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages\|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces, bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN\|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
	* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>		* [[July 8]] – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order\|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>