1346 - Revision history

BorgQueen: MOS:CIRCA

2024-05-17T20:17:02Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:17, 17 May 2024
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	The [[Golden Horde]]'s siege of [[Kaffa (city)\|Kaffa]] continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the [[Black Plague]] and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:		The [[Golden Horde]]'s siege of [[Kaffa (city)\|Kaffa]] continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the [[Black Plague]] and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:

	[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]		[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature ({{circa\|1353}}) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]

	<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>

47.202.109.31 at 21:30, 24 August 2023

2023-08-24T21:30:12Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:30, 24 August 2023
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	== Events ==		== Events ==
	<onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>
	* Spring – A severe [[~~Black~~ ~~Death~~]] epidemic begins in the [[Crimea]].<ref name ="bpl">[[Ole Jørgen Benedictow\|Benedictow, Ole Jørgen]]. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pp. 51</ref>		* Spring – A severe [[Bubonic plague\|Bubonic Plague]] epidemic begins in the [[Crimea]], marking the first major epidemic of the [[Black Death]].<ref name ="bpl">[[Ole Jørgen Benedictow\|Benedictow, Ole Jørgen]]. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pp. 51</ref>
	* [[March 18]] – The French prepare to defend the [[English Channel\|channel]] coasts.<ref name = crecy>David, Dr. Crecy. ''1346: Triumph of the Longbow.'' Osprey Publishing (UK), 2000. p. 85 {{ISBN\|1-85532-966-2}}</ref>		* [[March 18]] – The French prepare to defend the [[English Channel\|channel]] coasts.<ref name = crecy>David, Dr. Crecy. ''1346: Triumph of the Longbow.'' Osprey Publishing (UK), 2000. p. 85 {{ISBN\|1-85532-966-2}}</ref>
	* [[April 1]]–[[August 20]] – [[Siege of Aiguillon]]: The French fail to take [[Aiguillon, Lot-et-Garonne\|Aiguillon]] from its English defenders.<ref name = crecy/>		* [[April 1]]–[[August 20]] – [[Siege of Aiguillon]]: The French fail to take [[Aiguillon, Lot-et-Garonne\|Aiguillon]] from its English defenders.<ref name = crecy/>

Camboxer: /* Events */ addition

2023-06-29T19:57:01Z

Events: addition

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:57, 29 June 2023
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	* [[May]]–[[June]] – An English invasion fleet assembles at [[Portsmouth]].<ref name = crecy/>		* [[May]]–[[June]] – An English invasion fleet assembles at [[Portsmouth]].<ref name = crecy/>
	* [[June 9]] – [[Battle of St Pol de Léon]]: The English army defeats [[Charles of Blois]] in [[Brittany]].<ref name = crecy/>		* [[June 9]] – [[Battle of St Pol de Léon]]: The English army defeats [[Charles of Blois]] in [[Brittany]].<ref name = crecy/>
			* [[June 15]] – [[Republic of Genoa\|Genoese]] forces led by [[Simone Vignoso]] land on the Mediterranean island of [[Chios]] and capture it from local Greek control within a week, apart from the [[Castle of Chios]], which resists until 12 September.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|last=Vitale\|first=Vito Antonio\|title=Vignoso, Simone\|encyclopedia=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]]\|year=1937\|language=Italian\|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simone-vignoso_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Setton\|first=Kenneth M.\|year=1976\|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\|location=Philadelphia\|publisher=American Philosophical Society\|isbn=0-87169-114-0\|page=207}}</ref>
	* [[June 20]] – The English win a small victory at [[La Roche-Derrien]] in [[Brittany]].<ref name = crecy/>		* [[June 20]] – The English win a small victory at [[La Roche-Derrien]] in [[Brittany]].<ref name = crecy/>
	* [[June 24]] – The leaders of [[Ghent]], [[Bruges]] and [[Ypres]] agree to support [[Edward III]].<ref name = crecy/>		* [[June 24]] – The leaders of [[Ghent]], [[Bruges]] and [[Ypres]] agree to support [[Edward III]].<ref name = crecy/>

Deb: /* Western Europe */ remove quotation (just a legend) and improve ref

2023-02-18T20:36:14Z

Western Europe: remove quotation (just a legend) and improve ref

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:36, 18 February 2023
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	The French king, [[Philip VI of France\|Philippe VI]], destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at [[Crécy-en-Ponthieu\|Crécy]], which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Philippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. Philippe also urged the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]], and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured [[Poitiers]] and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.<ref name = "knighton"/><ref>Ayton, Andrew. ''The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346''. {{ISBN\|1-85285-083-3}} pp. 253–268</ref>		The French king, [[Philip VI of France\|Philippe VI]], destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at [[Crécy-en-Ponthieu\|Crécy]], which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Philippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. Philippe also urged the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]], and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured [[Poitiers]] and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.<ref name = "knighton"/><ref>Ayton, Andrew. ''The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346''. {{ISBN\|1-85285-083-3}} pp. 253–268</ref>

	For his role in the [[Battle of Crécy]], [[Edward, the Black Prince]], Philippe VI honoured the bravery of [[John I, Count of Luxemburg]] and King of [[Bohemia]] (also known as [[John of Bohemia\|John the Blind]]) by adopting his arms and motto: "''Ich Dien''" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his death at Crécy became the ~~legendary~~ subject of ~~several writings~~, ~~including~~ ~~this~~ ~~passage~~ by Froissart:<ref>~~[http://www.bartleby.com/35/1/110.html~~ ~~''The~~ ~~Chronicles~~ of ~~Froissart''],~~ ~~translated~~ by ~~Lord~~ ~~Berners,~~ ~~edited~~ by ~~G.C.~~ ~~Macaulay.~~ ~~The~~ ~~Harvard Classics.~~</ref>		For his role in the [[Battle of Crécy]], [[Edward, the Black Prince]], Philippe VI honoured the bravery of [[John I, Count of Luxemburg]] and King of [[Bohemia]] (also known as [[John of Bohemia\|John the Blind]]) by adopting his arms and motto: "''Ich Dien''" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his heroic death at Crécy became the subject of legend, recorded by writers such as Froissart.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Festivities, Ceremonies, and Rituals in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in the Late Middle Ages\|editor1=František Šmahel\|editor2=Martin Nodl\|editor3=Václav Žůrek\|ISBN=9789004514010\|publisher=Brill\|year=2022\|page=109}}</ref>

	<blockquote>... for all that he [John I] was nigh blind, when he understood the order of the battle, he said to them about him: ...'Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey: I require you bring me so far forward, that I may strike one stroke with my sword.' ... they tied all their reins of their bridles each to other and set the king before to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies ... The king ... was so far forward that he strake a stroke with his sword, yea and more than four, and fought valiantly and so did his company; and they adventured themselves so forward, that they were there all slain, and the next day they were found in the place about the king, and all their horses tied each to other.</blockquote>

	== Births ==		== Births ==

Deb: /* Western Europe */ spelling, fix links

2023-02-18T20:30:07Z

Western Europe: spelling, fix links

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:30, 18 February 2023
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	[[File:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Battle of Crecy, 1346]]		[[File:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Battle of Crecy, 1346]]
	The French king, ~~Phillippe~~, destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at [[Crécy-en-Ponthieu\|Crécy]], which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King ~~Phillippe~~'s son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. ~~King Phillippe~~ also ~~urge~~ the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]], and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured ~~Poiters~~ and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.<ref name = "knighton"/><ref>Ayton, Andrew. ''The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346''. {{ISBN\|1-85285-083-3}} pp. 253–268</ref>		The French king, [[Philip VI of France\|Philippe VI]], destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at [[Crécy-en-Ponthieu\|Crécy]], which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Philippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. Philippe also urged the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]], and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured [[Poitiers]] and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.<ref name = "knighton"/><ref>Ayton, Andrew. ''The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346''. {{ISBN\|1-85285-083-3}} pp. 253–268</ref>

	For his role in the [[Battle of Crécy]], [[Edward, the Black Prince]] honoured the bravery of [[John I, Count of Luxemburg]] and King of [[Bohemia]] (also known as [[John of Bohemia\|John the Blind]]) by adopting his arms and motto: "''Ich Dien''" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his death at Crécy became the legendary subject of several writings, including this passage by Froissart:<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/35/1/110.html ''The Chronicles of Froissart''], translated by Lord Berners, edited by G.C. Macaulay. The Harvard Classics.</ref>		For his role in the [[Battle of Crécy]], [[Edward, the Black Prince]], Philippe VI honoured the bravery of [[John I, Count of Luxemburg]] and King of [[Bohemia]] (also known as [[John of Bohemia\|John the Blind]]) by adopting his arms and motto: "''Ich Dien''" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his death at Crécy became the legendary subject of several writings, including this passage by Froissart:<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/35/1/110.html ''The Chronicles of Froissart''], translated by Lord Berners, edited by G.C. Macaulay. The Harvard Classics.</ref>

	<blockquote>... for all that he [John I] was nigh blind, when he understood the order of the battle, he said to them about him: ...'Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey: I require you bring me so far forward, that I may strike one stroke with my sword.' ... they tied all their reins of their bridles each to other and set the king before to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies ... The king ... was so far forward that he strake a stroke with his sword, yea and more than four, and fought valiantly and so did his company; and they adventured themselves so forward, that they were there all slain, and the next day they were found in the place about the king, and all their horses tied each to other.</blockquote>		<blockquote>... for all that he [John I] was nigh blind, when he understood the order of the battle, he said to them about him: ...'Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey: I require you bring me so far forward, that I may strike one stroke with my sword.' ... they tied all their reins of their bridles each to other and set the king before to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies ... The king ... was so far forward that he strake a stroke with his sword, yea and more than four, and fought valiantly and so did his company; and they adventured themselves so forward, that they were there all slain, and the next day they were found in the place about the king, and all their horses tied each to other.</blockquote>

Mx. Granger: +wikilink

2023-01-11T03:06:58Z

+wikilink

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:06, 11 January 2023
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	<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>

	The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the [[Caucasus]]. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.<ref name = "bp"/>		The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the [[Caucasus]]. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led [[siege of Kaffa]]. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.<ref name = "bp"/>

	Another account of the events in the Crimea reads:		Another account of the events in the Crimea reads:

Paul 012: /* top */ mark selfref

2022-11-20T23:55:19Z

top: mark selfref

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:55, 20 November 2022
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	{{good article}}		{{good article}}
	{{Year nav\|1346}}		{{Year nav\|1346}}
	{{C14 year in topic}}{{Year dab\|1346}}Year '''1346''' ('''[[Roman numerals\|MCCCXLVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. It was a year in the [[14th century]], in the midst of a period known in [[European history]] as the [[Late Middle Ages]]. In Asia that year, the [[Black Plague\|Black Death]] came to the troops of the [[Golden Horde]] Khanate; the disease also affected the [[Genoa\|Genoese]] Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after [[Kazan]] Khan was killed in an uprising, and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Indian kingdom of [[Vijayanagara]] won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.		{{C14 year in topic}}{{Year dab\|1346}}Year '''1346''' ('''[[Roman numerals\|MCCCXLVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] {{Selfref inline\|(link will display the full calendar)}} of the [[Julian calendar]]. It was a year in the [[14th century]], in the midst of a period known in [[European history]] as the [[Late Middle Ages]]. In Asia that year, the [[Black Plague\|Black Death]] came to the troops of the [[Golden Horde]] Khanate; the disease also affected the [[Genoa\|Genoese]] Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after [[Kazan]] Khan was killed in an uprising, and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Indian kingdom of [[Vijayanagara]] won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.

	In Eastern Europe, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia\|Stefan Dušan]] was proclaimed [[Tsar of Serbia]] on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby [[Byzantine Empire]], the Ottoman emir [[Orhan]] married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of [[Northern Estonia]] to the [[Livonian Order]] of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after finally quelling the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. In Central Europe, [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles IV]] of [[Luxembourg]] was elected [[Roman King]] on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the [[Bardi family]], faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The [[Hundred Years' War]] between the [[France in the Middle Ages\|Kingdom of France]] and the [[Kingdom of England]] continued in Western Europe, as [[Edward III of England]] led [[Battle of Caen (1346)\|an invasion]] onto the continent and won a number of victories.		In Eastern Europe, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia\|Stefan Dušan]] was proclaimed [[Tsar of Serbia]] on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby [[Byzantine Empire]], the Ottoman emir [[Orhan]] married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of [[Northern Estonia]] to the [[Livonian Order]] of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after finally quelling the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. In Central Europe, [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles IV]] of [[Luxembourg]] was elected [[Roman King]] on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the [[Bardi family]], faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The [[Hundred Years' War]] between the [[France in the Middle Ages\|Kingdom of France]] and the [[Kingdom of England]] continued in Western Europe, as [[Edward III of England]] led [[Battle of Caen (1346)\|an invasion]] onto the continent and won a number of victories.

Tim O'Doherty: Black Death rather than Black Plague

2022-09-19T13:48:11Z

Black Death rather than Black Plague

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:48, 19 September 2022
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	{{good article}}		{{good article}}
	{{Year nav\|1346}}		{{Year nav\|1346}}
	{{C14 year in topic}}{{Year dab\|1346}}Year '''1346''' ('''[[Roman numerals\|MCCCXLVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. It was a year in the [[14th century]], in the midst of a period known in [[European history]] as the [[Late Middle Ages]]. In Asia that year, the [[Black Plague]] came to the troops of the [[Golden Horde]] Khanate; the disease also affected the [[Genoa\|Genoese]] Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after [[Kazan]] Khan was killed in an uprising, and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Indian kingdom of [[Vijayanagara]] won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.		{{C14 year in topic}}{{Year dab\|1346}}Year '''1346''' ('''[[Roman numerals\|MCCCXLVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. It was a year in the [[14th century]], in the midst of a period known in [[European history]] as the [[Late Middle Ages]]. In Asia that year, the [[Black Plague\|Black Death]] came to the troops of the [[Golden Horde]] Khanate; the disease also affected the [[Genoa\|Genoese]] Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after [[Kazan]] Khan was killed in an uprising, and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Indian kingdom of [[Vijayanagara]] won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.

	In Eastern Europe, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia\|Stefan Dušan]] was proclaimed [[Tsar of Serbia]] on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby [[Byzantine Empire]], the Ottoman emir [[Orhan]] married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of [[Northern Estonia]] to the [[Livonian Order]] of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after finally quelling the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. In Central Europe, [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles IV]] of [[Luxembourg]] was elected [[Roman King]] on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the [[Bardi family]], faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The [[Hundred Years' War]] between the [[France in the Middle Ages\|Kingdom of France]] and the [[Kingdom of England]] continued in Western Europe, as [[Edward III of England]] led [[Battle of Caen (1346)\|an invasion]] onto the continent and won a number of victories.		In Eastern Europe, [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia\|Stefan Dušan]] was proclaimed [[Tsar of Serbia]] on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby [[Byzantine Empire]], the Ottoman emir [[Orhan]] married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of [[Northern Estonia]] to the [[Livonian Order]] of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after finally quelling the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. In Central Europe, [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles IV]] of [[Luxembourg]] was elected [[Roman King]] on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the [[Bardi family]], faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The [[Hundred Years' War]] between the [[France in the Middle Ages\|Kingdom of France]] and the [[Kingdom of England]] continued in Western Europe, as [[Edward III of England]] led [[Battle of Caen (1346)\|an invasion]] onto the continent and won a number of victories.

Mike32065: /* Scandinavia */

2022-09-12T13:25:20Z

Scandinavia

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:25, 12 September 2022
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	=== Scandinavia ===		=== Scandinavia ===
	In 1346 Denmark sold Northern -Estonia ([[Danish Estonia]]) to the [[Teutonic Knights]] following the end of an uprising and conflict between the pro-Danish party (bishop Olaf of Lindanise) and the pro-German party (captain [[Marquard Breide]]), called the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. The Danish dominions in were sold for 10,000 [[mark (weight)\|marks]] to the [[Livonian Order]], ignoring the promise by [[Christopher II of Denmark\|Christopher II]] in 1329 never to abandon or sell its Estonian territories. The King of Denmark even made a public statement "repenting" for that broken promise, and asked forgiveness from the [[Pope Clement VI\|pope]].<ref>Bousfield, Jonathan. ''The Rough Guide to the Baltic States''. Rough Guides Limited, 2004. {{ISBN\|1-85828-840-1}} pp. 416</ref>		In 1346 Denmark sold Northern Estonia ([[Danish Estonia]]) to the [[Teutonic Knights]] following the end of an uprising and conflict between the pro-Danish party (bishop Olaf of Lindanise) and the pro-German party (captain [[Marquard Breide]]), called the [[St. George's Night Uprising]]. The Danish dominions in were sold for 10,000 [[mark (weight)\|marks]] to the [[Livonian Order]], ignoring the promise by [[Christopher II of Denmark\|Christopher II]] in 1329 never to abandon or sell its Estonian territories. The King of Denmark even made a public statement "repenting" for that broken promise, and asked forgiveness from the [[Pope Clement VI\|pope]].<ref>Bousfield, Jonathan. ''The Rough Guide to the Baltic States''. Rough Guides Limited, 2004. {{ISBN\|1-85828-840-1}} pp. 416</ref>

	[[File:Orhan I.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|The Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora in 1346]]		[[File:Orhan I.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|The Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora in 1346]]

Mike32065: /* Western Asia */

2022-09-12T12:44:00Z

Western Asia

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:44, 12 September 2022
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	[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]		[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]

	<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach , and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>

	The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the [[Caucasus]]. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.<ref name = "bp"/>		The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the [[Caucasus]]. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.<ref name = "bp"/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:17, 17 May 2024
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	The [[Golden Horde]]'s siege of [[Kaffa (city)\|Kaffa]] continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the [[Black Plague]] and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:		The [[Golden Horde]]'s siege of [[Kaffa (city)\|Kaffa]] continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the [[Black Plague]] and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:

	[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]		[[File:Doutielt3.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature ({{circa\|1353}}) from ''The Chronicles of [[Gilles Li Muisis]]'']]

	<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.<ref name = "bp">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. ''The Black Death, 1346–1353''. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN\|0-85115-943-5}} pg. 50</ref></blockquote>