Ahlat - Revision history

Monkbot: Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 3);

2024-10-29T13:19:44Z

Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 3);

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:19, 29 October 2024
Line 22:		Line 22:
	\| website = {{url\|https://www.ahlat.bel.tr/}}		\| website = {{url\|https://www.ahlat.bel.tr/}}
	}}		}}
	'''Ahlat''' ({{~~lang-~~ku\|script=Latn\|Xelat}};<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Adem \|first=Avcıkıran \|url= \|title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî \|date=2009 \|page=55 \|language=tr, ku \|access-date=}}</ref> {{~~Lang-~~hy\|Խլաթ\|translit=Khlat}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}) is a town in [[Turkey]]'s [[Bitlis Province]] in [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]. It is the seat of [[Ahlat District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021 \|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx \|access-date=30 January 2023 \|publisher=[[TÜİK]] \|language=tr \|format=XLS}}</ref>		'''Ahlat''' ({{langx\|ku\|script=Latn\|Xelat}};<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Adem \|first=Avcıkıran \|url= \|title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî \|date=2009 \|page=55 \|language=tr, ku \|access-date=}}</ref> {{Langx\|hy\|Խլաթ\|translit=Khlat}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}) is a town in [[Turkey]]'s [[Bitlis Province]] in [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]. It is the seat of [[Ahlat District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021 \|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx \|access-date=30 January 2023 \|publisher=[[TÜİK]] \|language=tr \|format=XLS}}</ref>

	The town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern shore of [[Lake Van]]. The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)\|AKP]]).		The town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern shore of [[Lake Van]]. The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)\|AKP]]).
Line 29:		Line 29:
	Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>		Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

	After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{~~lang-~~fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>		After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{langx\|fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>

	With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}

172.58.111.181: /* Tourism */Added definite article

2024-05-19T12:57:17Z

Tourism: Added definite article

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:57, 19 May 2024
Line 44:		Line 44:
	In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>		In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>
	== Tourism ==		== Tourism ==
	The touristic places in Ahlat are Çifte Kümbet (Twin Tombs), [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].		The touristic places in Ahlat are Çifte Kümbet (Twin Tombs), [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and the [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].

	== Demographics ==		== Demographics ==

172.58.111.181: /* Tourism */Added in Çifte Kümbet

2024-05-19T12:56:46Z

Tourism: Added in Çifte Kümbet

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:56, 19 May 2024
Line 44:		Line 44:
	In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>		In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>
	== Tourism ==		== Tourism ==
	The touristic places in Ahlat are [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].		The touristic places in Ahlat are Çifte Kümbet (Twin Tombs), [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].

	== Demographics ==		== Demographics ==

Uness232: Rollback edit(s) by 46.196.68.146 (talk): rv, disruptive (UV 0.1.5)

2024-05-06T02:49:16Z

Rollback edit(s) by 46.196.68.146 (talk): rv, disruptive (UV 0.1.5)

Show changes

46.196.68.146 at 02:43, 6 May 2024

2024-05-06T02:43:50Z

Show changes

Citation bot: Alter: title, issue. Added publisher. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Category:CS1 errors: extra text: issue | #UCB_Category 39/233

2024-03-24T12:19:46Z

Alter: title, issue. Added publisher. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Category:CS1 errors: extra text: issue | #UCB_Category 39/233

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:19, 24 March 2024
Line 50:		Line 50:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Mother tongue, [[Ahlat District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census>{{Cite journal \|last=Sertel \|first=Savaş \|date=2019-10-17 \|title=1927 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre ~~Bitlis’in~~ Nüfus Fonksiyonları \|url=https://turkishstudies.net/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 \|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies \|language=tr \|volume=9 \|issue=~~Volume 9 Issue~~ 4 \|pages=1015–1034 \|doi=10.7827/TurkishStudies.6687\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		\|+ Mother tongue, [[Ahlat District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census>{{Cite journal \|last=Sertel \|first=Savaş \|date=2019-10-17 \|title=1927 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Bitlis'in Nüfus Fonksiyonları \|url=https://turkishstudies.net/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 \|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies \|language=tr \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=1015–1034 \|doi=10.7827/TurkishStudies.6687\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	! [[Turkish language\|Turkish]] !! [[Arabic]] !! [[Kurdish languages\|Kurdish]] !! [[Circassian languages\|Circassian]] !! [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] !! Unknown or other languages		! [[Turkish language\|Turkish]] !! [[Arabic]] !! [[Kurdish languages\|Kurdish]] !! [[Circassian languages\|Circassian]] !! [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] !! Unknown or other languages
	\|-		\|-
Line 205:		Line 205:
	* {{Citation \|last=Ozoglu \|first=Hakan \|title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries \|publication-date=2012 \|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] \|isbn=9780791485569}}		* {{Citation \|last=Ozoglu \|first=Hakan \|title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries \|publication-date=2012 \|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] \|isbn=9780791485569}}
	* {{EI3 \| last = Lecker \| first = Michael \| title = Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī \| year = 2016 \| url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30144}}		* {{EI3 \| last = Lecker \| first = Michael \| title = Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī \| year = 2016 \| url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30144}}
	* {{Citation \|last=Üngör \|first=Ugur Ümit \|title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 \|date=March 2012 \|publication-date=2012 \|isbn=9780199655229}}		* {{Citation \|last=Üngör \|first=Ugur Ümit \|title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 \|date=March 2012 \|publisher=OUP Oxford \|publication-date=2012 \|isbn=9780199655229}}

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

Uness232: /* Climate */ Add link

2024-01-14T00:04:59Z

Climate: Add link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:04, 14 January 2024
Line 91:		Line 91:

	== Climate ==		== Climate ==
	Ahlat has a dry-summer [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen: ''Dsa''),<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 \|journal=Nature: Scientific Data \|language=en}}</ref> with very warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Kar Örtülü Gün Sayısı \|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/2022-ortalama-kar-ortulu.pdf \|website=MGM}}</ref>{{Weather box		Ahlat has a dry-summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification\|Köppen]]: ''Dsa''),<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 \|journal=Nature: Scientific Data \|language=en}}</ref> with very warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Kar Örtülü Gün Sayısı \|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/2022-ortalama-kar-ortulu.pdf \|website=MGM}}</ref>{{Weather box
	\| width = auto		\| width = auto
	\| collapsed = yes		\| collapsed = yes

Uness232: /* Climate */ Add short description.

2024-01-13T23:31:14Z

Climate: Add short description.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:31, 13 January 2024
Line 91:		Line 91:

	== Climate ==		== Climate ==
			Ahlat has a dry-summer [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen: ''Dsa''),<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 \|journal=Nature: Scientific Data \|language=en}}</ref> with very warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Kar Örtülü Gün Sayısı \|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/2022-ortalama-kar-ortulu.pdf \|website=MGM}}</ref>{{Weather box
	{{Weather box
	\| width = auto		\| width = auto
	\| collapsed = yes		\| collapsed = yes

Thesmallthings123: /* Climate */ update weather box to 1991–2020 normals

2024-01-13T19:26:14Z

Climate: update weather box to 1991–2020 normals

Show changes

Kansas Bear: restored referenced information, "At the end of that century V. Cuinet estimated the population of the qażāʾ of Aḵlāṭ at 23,700, seventy percent of whom were Muslims and the rest Christians, mostly Armenians."

2023-12-10T20:41:26Z

restored referenced information, "At the end of that century V. Cuinet estimated the population of the qażāʾ of Aḵlāṭ at 23,700, seventy percent of whom were Muslims and the rest Christians, mostly Armenians."

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:41, 10 December 2023
Line 27:		Line 27:

	==History==		==History==
	Ahlat, known by its [[Armenian ~~language\|Armenian]]~~ name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>		Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

	After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{lang-fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>		After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{lang-fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>
Line 33:		Line 33:
	With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}
	[[File:Du Caucase au Golfe Persique p 395.jpg\|thumb\|Ahlat in 1895]]		[[File:Du Caucase au Golfe Persique p 395.jpg\|thumb\|Ahlat in 1895]]
	In the early 16th century, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] expanded into [[Eastern Anatolia]] ([[Western Armenia]]), taking control of the town for the first time under Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign}}1512-1520).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid Empire]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1526, during the reign of king (''[[shah]]'') [[Tahmasp I]] ({{reign}}1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu.{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1533, during the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)\|Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555]], Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]].{{sfn\|Boyar\|2013\|page=120}} In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} However, "in practise", Ahlat remained ''de facto'' under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs ~~who ruled a majority [[Armenians\|Armenian]] population~~ until the mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in [[Constantinople]] imposed direct rule on the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} [[Vital Cuinet]] estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to Cuinet, seventy percent were ~~Christian [[Armenians]]~~, whereas the rest were ~~Muslims~~, mostly [[~~Kurds~~]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and was referred to as ''Kharab Şehir'', i.e. "the ruined town".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		In the early 16th century, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] expanded into [[Eastern Anatolia]] ([[Western Armenia]]), taking control of the town for the first time under Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign}}1512-1520).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid Empire]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1526, during the reign of king (''[[shah]]'') [[Tahmasp I]] ({{reign}}1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu.{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1533, during the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)\|Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555]], Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]].{{sfn\|Boyar\|2013\|page=120}} In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} However, "in practise", Ahlat remained ''de facto'' under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs until the mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in [[Constantinople]] imposed direct rule on the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} [[Vital Cuinet]] estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to Cuinet, seventy percent were Muslims, whereas the rest were Christians, mostly [[Armenians]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and was referred to as ''Kharab Şehir'', i.e. "the ruined town".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}

	During the [[Circassian genocide]], several Circassian refugees from the [[North Caucasus]] were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages.<ref name="history">{{cite journal \|last1=Chochiev \|first1=Georgi \|last2=Koç \|first2=Bekir \|date=2006 \|title=Some Notes on the Settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and Their Adaptation Problems (the Second Half of the XIXth Century - the Beginning of the XXth Century) \|journal=Journal of Asian History \|volume=40 \|issue=1 \|pages=89}}</ref>		During the [[Circassian genocide]], several Circassian refugees from the [[North Caucasus]] were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages.<ref name="history">{{cite journal \|last1=Chochiev \|first1=Georgi \|last2=Koç \|first2=Bekir \|date=2006 \|title=Some Notes on the Settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and Their Adaptation Problems (the Second Half of the XIXth Century - the Beginning of the XXth Century) \|journal=Journal of Asian History \|volume=40 \|issue=1 \|pages=89}}</ref>

	~~During the [[Armenian genocide]] in 1915, the Armenian majority population of Ahlat was largely exterminated through deportations and massacres during the [[First World War]].~~ As part of the [[deportations of Kurds]] from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to the [[Committee of Union and Progress]].{{Sfn\|Üngör\|2012\|p=111}} It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'.{{Sfn\|Ozoglu\|2012\|p=61}}		As part of the [[deportations of Kurds]] from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to the [[Committee of Union and Progress]].{{Sfn\|Üngör\|2012\|p=111}} It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'.{{Sfn\|Ozoglu\|2012\|p=61}}

	=== Modern day ===		=== Modern day ===
Line 43:		Line 43:

	In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>		In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>

	== Tourism ==		== Tourism ==
	The touristic places in Ahlat are [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].		The touristic places in Ahlat are [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:19, 29 October 2024
Line 22:		Line 22:
	\| website = {{url\|https://www.ahlat.bel.tr/}}		\| website = {{url\|https://www.ahlat.bel.tr/}}
	}}		}}
	'''Ahlat''' ({{~~lang-~~ku\|script=Latn\|Xelat}};<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Adem \|first=Avcıkıran \|url= \|title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî \|date=2009 \|page=55 \|language=tr, ku \|access-date=}}</ref> {{~~Lang-~~hy\|Խլաթ\|translit=Khlat}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}) is a town in [[Turkey]]'s [[Bitlis Province]] in [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]. It is the seat of [[Ahlat District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021 \|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx \|access-date=30 January 2023 \|publisher=[[TÜİK]] \|language=tr \|format=XLS}}</ref>		'''Ahlat''' ({{langx\|ku\|script=Latn\|Xelat}};<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Adem \|first=Avcıkıran \|url= \|title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî \|date=2009 \|page=55 \|language=tr, ku \|access-date=}}</ref> {{Langx\|hy\|Խլաթ\|translit=Khlat}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}) is a town in [[Turkey]]'s [[Bitlis Province]] in [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]. It is the seat of [[Ahlat District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021 \|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx \|access-date=30 January 2023 \|publisher=[[TÜİK]] \|language=tr \|format=XLS}}</ref>

	The town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern shore of [[Lake Van]]. The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)\|AKP]]).		The town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern shore of [[Lake Van]]. The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)\|AKP]]).
Line 29:		Line 29:
	Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>		Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

	After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{~~lang-~~fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>		After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{langx\|fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>

	With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:19, 24 March 2024
Line 50:		Line 50:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Mother tongue, [[Ahlat District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census>{{Cite journal \|last=Sertel \|first=Savaş \|date=2019-10-17 \|title=1927 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre ~~Bitlis’in~~ Nüfus Fonksiyonları \|url=https://turkishstudies.net/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 \|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies \|language=tr \|volume=9 \|issue=~~Volume 9 Issue~~ 4 \|pages=1015–1034 \|doi=10.7827/TurkishStudies.6687\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		\|+ Mother tongue, [[Ahlat District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census>{{Cite journal \|last=Sertel \|first=Savaş \|date=2019-10-17 \|title=1927 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Bitlis'in Nüfus Fonksiyonları \|url=https://turkishstudies.net/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=17525 \|journal=Journal of Turkish Studies \|language=tr \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=1015–1034 \|doi=10.7827/TurkishStudies.6687\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	! [[Turkish language\|Turkish]] !! [[Arabic]] !! [[Kurdish languages\|Kurdish]] !! [[Circassian languages\|Circassian]] !! [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] !! Unknown or other languages		! [[Turkish language\|Turkish]] !! [[Arabic]] !! [[Kurdish languages\|Kurdish]] !! [[Circassian languages\|Circassian]] !! [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] !! Unknown or other languages
	\|-		\|-
Line 205:		Line 205:
	* {{Citation \|last=Ozoglu \|first=Hakan \|title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries \|publication-date=2012 \|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] \|isbn=9780791485569}}		* {{Citation \|last=Ozoglu \|first=Hakan \|title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries \|publication-date=2012 \|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] \|isbn=9780791485569}}
	* {{EI3 \| last = Lecker \| first = Michael \| title = Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī \| year = 2016 \| url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30144}}		* {{EI3 \| last = Lecker \| first = Michael \| title = Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī \| year = 2016 \| url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30144}}
	* {{Citation \|last=Üngör \|first=Ugur Ümit \|title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 \|date=March 2012 \|publication-date=2012 \|isbn=9780199655229}}		* {{Citation \|last=Üngör \|first=Ugur Ümit \|title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 \|date=March 2012 \|publisher=OUP Oxford \|publication-date=2012 \|isbn=9780199655229}}

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:41, 10 December 2023
Line 27:		Line 27:

	==History==		==History==
	Ahlat, known by its [[Armenian ~~language\|Armenian]]~~ name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>		Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of [[Bznunik\|Bznunik']].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The town [[Arab conquest of Armenia\|was taken]] by the [[Arabs]] during the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign}}644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], to send [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] in an expedition to [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-controlled [[Medieval Armenia\|Armenia]]—although some sources insist that the Caliph commissioned Habib directly.{{sfn\|Lecker\|2016}}{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the [[Qays]] tribe".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab [[Kaysites\|Kaysite]] principality.<ref>[[Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\|Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram N]]. ''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia.'' Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976, pp. 32, 144.</ref> [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the [[Urmia]]-[[Silvan, Turkey\|Mayyafariqin]] trade route. In about 983, Ahlat was controlled by a [[Kurds\|Kurdish]] chief named [[Badh ibn Dustak\|Bāḏ]] (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)\|Marwanids]] (centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]), which sprang from Bāḏ.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the winter of 998, the [[Curopalates]] [[David III of Tao]] besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population.<ref>Ter-Ghewondyan, ''''The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'', pp. 113, 139.</ref> In 1057, [[Hervé Frankopoulos\|Herve Phrangopoulos]] retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with [[Michael VI Bringas\|Michael VI]] but was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Collusion of Herve Phrangopoulos with Turks of Samouch collapsed: Franks killed or captured at Chliat \|url=https://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/id/person/107248 \|website=Prosography of the Byzantine World \|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

	After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{lang-fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>		After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] army, led personally by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]] ({{reign}}1063-1072), took possession of the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the [[Turkmens\|Turkmen]] slave commander [[Sökmen el-Kutbî]] (or al-Qutbi).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Sökmen and his successors were known as the [[Shah-Armens]] (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 11th century accounts of [[Nasir Khusraw]] (in his ''[[Safarnama]]'') the town of "Akhlat" ({{lang-fa\|اخلاط}}, {{transl\|fa\|Axlāt}}) is mentioned. According to the [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]] (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., ''Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels'' (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ([[Harran]]) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on the 18th of [[Jumada al-Awwal]] [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Persian language\|Persian]], and [[Armenian language\|Armenian]]. It is my supposition that this is why they named the town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred [[Dirham\|dirhems]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Safar-nama of Nasir Khusraw: Akhlat \|url=http://nasirkhusraw.iis.ac.uk/site/Akhlat \|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies \|access-date=9 December 2018 \|date=2014}}</ref>
Line 33:		Line 33:
	With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] and the [[Mongol Empire]], Ahlat became briefly disputed between the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (the Anatolian branch of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name ''Khlati'', modified native Armenian name ''Khlat''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hYdAAAAMAAJ\|page=41\|publisher=Ganatleba Publishers\|date=1987\|first1=Mariam\|last1=Lordkipanidze\|first2=George\|last2=B. Hewitt}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (1243) and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)\|fall of Baghdad]] (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern [[Anatolia]] and [[upper Mesopotamia]]", became part of the Mongol Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} The Mongols added Ahlat to the [[Ilkhanate]] division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 [[dinar]]s.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the [[Jalayirids]] and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}
	[[File:Du Caucase au Golfe Persique p 395.jpg\|thumb\|Ahlat in 1895]]		[[File:Du Caucase au Golfe Persique p 395.jpg\|thumb\|Ahlat in 1895]]
	In the early 16th century, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] expanded into [[Eastern Anatolia]] ([[Western Armenia]]), taking control of the town for the first time under Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign}}1512-1520).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid Empire]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1526, during the reign of king (''[[shah]]'') [[Tahmasp I]] ({{reign}}1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu.{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1533, during the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)\|Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555]], Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]].{{sfn\|Boyar\|2013\|page=120}} In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} However, "in practise", Ahlat remained ''de facto'' under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs ~~who ruled a majority [[Armenians\|Armenian]] population~~ until the mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in [[Constantinople]] imposed direct rule on the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} [[Vital Cuinet]] estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to Cuinet, seventy percent were ~~Christian [[Armenians]]~~, whereas the rest were ~~Muslims~~, mostly [[~~Kurds~~]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and was referred to as ''Kharab Şehir'', i.e. "the ruined town".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}		In the early 16th century, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] expanded into [[Eastern Anatolia]] ([[Western Armenia]]), taking control of the town for the first time under Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign}}1512-1520).{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid Empire]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1526, during the reign of king (''[[shah]]'') [[Tahmasp I]] ({{reign}}1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu.{{sfn\|Floor\|2008\|page=140}} In 1533, during the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)\|Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555]], Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]].{{sfn\|Boyar\|2013\|page=120}} In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} During [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} However, "in practise", Ahlat remained ''de facto'' under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs until the mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in [[Constantinople]] imposed direct rule on the town.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} [[Vital Cuinet]] estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} According to Cuinet, seventy percent were Muslims, whereas the rest were Christians, mostly [[Armenians]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and was referred to as ''Kharab Şehir'', i.e. "the ruined town".{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}} Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van.{{sfn\|Bosworth\|Crane\|1984\|pages=725–727}}

	During the [[Circassian genocide]], several Circassian refugees from the [[North Caucasus]] were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages.<ref name="history">{{cite journal \|last1=Chochiev \|first1=Georgi \|last2=Koç \|first2=Bekir \|date=2006 \|title=Some Notes on the Settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and Their Adaptation Problems (the Second Half of the XIXth Century - the Beginning of the XXth Century) \|journal=Journal of Asian History \|volume=40 \|issue=1 \|pages=89}}</ref>		During the [[Circassian genocide]], several Circassian refugees from the [[North Caucasus]] were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages.<ref name="history">{{cite journal \|last1=Chochiev \|first1=Georgi \|last2=Koç \|first2=Bekir \|date=2006 \|title=Some Notes on the Settlement of Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and Their Adaptation Problems (the Second Half of the XIXth Century - the Beginning of the XXth Century) \|journal=Journal of Asian History \|volume=40 \|issue=1 \|pages=89}}</ref>

	~~During the [[Armenian genocide]] in 1915, the Armenian majority population of Ahlat was largely exterminated through deportations and massacres during the [[First World War]].~~ As part of the [[deportations of Kurds]] from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to the [[Committee of Union and Progress]].{{Sfn\|Üngör\|2012\|p=111}} It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'.{{Sfn\|Ozoglu\|2012\|p=61}}		As part of the [[deportations of Kurds]] from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to the [[Committee of Union and Progress]].{{Sfn\|Üngör\|2012\|p=111}} It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'.{{Sfn\|Ozoglu\|2012\|p=61}}

	=== Modern day ===		=== Modern day ===
Line 43:		Line 43:

	In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>		In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its [[potatoes]], which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx \| title = Türkiye'nin en kaliteli patatesi Ahlat'ta (Turkey's best quality potatoes are in Ahlat\| publisher=Kenthaber Association of Local Newspapers of Turkey \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110002153/http://www.kenthaber.com/Arsiv/Haberler/2007/Haziran/09/Haber_236160.aspx\|archive-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>

	== Tourism ==		== Tourism ==
	The touristic places in Ahlat are [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].		The touristic places in Ahlat are [[The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel\|Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery]], Ahlat Museum, [[Lake Nemrut]] and [[Cave dwellings of Ahlat]].