Alger Hiss - Revision history

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	\| date =November 16, 1996		\| date =November 16, 1996
	\| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/16/nyregion/alger-hiss-divisive-icon-of-the-cold-war-dies-at-92.html		\| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/16/nyregion/alger-hiss-divisive-icon-of-the-cold-war-dies-at-92.html
	\| access-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> ~~His friends and family continue to insist on his innocence.~~		\| access-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref>

	==Personal life==		==Personal life==

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	Other historians {{failed verification\|date=August 2013}} felt that Haynes and Klehr's information was suspect because their publisher, [[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown]] (a division of [[Random House]]), obtained temporary and limited access to KGB files through a payment of money (amount unspecified) to a pension fund for retired KGB agents, of whom Vassiliev was one, as was KGB archivist Volkogonov.<ref>"Just a year after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intelligence services responded to an offer from Crown Publishers, which offered a substantial payment to a pension fund for its retired officers in return for cooperation on a series of books on Soviet intelligence. As part of the agreement the SVR gave Alexander Vassiliev permission to examine archival records for a book project that teamed a Russian (Vassiliev) and an American (Allen Weinstein) for a book on Soviet espionage in the 1930s and 40s," Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev (2009), p. xxii.</ref> Other historians had not been permitted to verify Vassiliev's data. In 2002, Vassiliev sued John Lowenthal for libel in a British court of law for publishing a journal article questioning his conclusions. Vassiliev lost the case before a jury and was further reprimanded by ''[[The Times]]'' for trying to exert a "chilling effect" on scholarship by resorting to the law courts.<ref>Judge Eady also issued a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html separate opinion] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126003201/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html \|date=November 26, 2010 }} in which he stated that the book by Haynes, et al., by asserting that the Hiss case was definitively "settled," had in effect "thrown down a gauntlet" to any would-be defender of Hiss; and that family, friends, or any other defender of Hiss should not be penalized for "picking up that gauntlet."</ref> Vassiliev has since also unsuccessfully sued [[Amazon (company)\|Amazon]] for publishing a customer review critical of his work.<ref>Charles Arthur, "Former KGB Agent Sues Amazon Over Book Review" [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/former-kgb-agent-sues-amazon-over-book-review-537930.html ''The Independent'', UK (May 3, 2003)]{{dead link\|date=August 2021\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}.</ref>		Other historians {{failed verification\|date=August 2013}} felt that Haynes and Klehr's information was suspect because their publisher, [[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown]] (a division of [[Random House]]), obtained temporary and limited access to KGB files through a payment of money (amount unspecified) to a pension fund for retired KGB agents, of whom Vassiliev was one, as was KGB archivist Volkogonov.<ref>"Just a year after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intelligence services responded to an offer from Crown Publishers, which offered a substantial payment to a pension fund for its retired officers in return for cooperation on a series of books on Soviet intelligence. As part of the agreement the SVR gave Alexander Vassiliev permission to examine archival records for a book project that teamed a Russian (Vassiliev) and an American (Allen Weinstein) for a book on Soviet espionage in the 1930s and 40s," Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev (2009), p. xxii.</ref> Other historians had not been permitted to verify Vassiliev's data. In 2002, Vassiliev sued John Lowenthal for libel in a British court of law for publishing a journal article questioning his conclusions. Vassiliev lost the case before a jury and was further reprimanded by ''[[The Times]]'' for trying to exert a "chilling effect" on scholarship by resorting to the law courts.<ref>Judge Eady also issued a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html separate opinion] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126003201/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html \|date=November 26, 2010 }} in which he stated that the book by Haynes, et al., by asserting that the Hiss case was definitively "settled," had in effect "thrown down a gauntlet" to any would-be defender of Hiss; and that family, friends, or any other defender of Hiss should not be penalized for "picking up that gauntlet."</ref> Vassiliev has since also unsuccessfully sued [[Amazon (company)\|Amazon]] for publishing a customer review critical of his work.<ref>Charles Arthur, "Former KGB Agent Sues Amazon Over Book Review" [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/former-kgb-agent-sues-amazon-over-book-review-537930.html ''The Independent'', UK (May 3, 2003)]{{dead link\|date=August 2021\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}.</ref>

	In 1978, Victor Navasky interviewed six people Weinstein had quoted in his book ''Perjury'', who all claimed to have been misquoted by Weinstein.<ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/5062.html Jon Wiener, "Allen Weinstein, Historian With a History," ''Los Angeles Times''], May 2, 2004, reprinted in the HNN.</ref> One, Sam Krieger, won a cash payment from Weinstein, who issued an apology and promised to correct future editions of his book and to release his interview transcripts, which he subsequently failed to do.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uACAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 "Costly Error for Hiss Historian: Weinstein Pays for Mistake," ''New York Magazine'' (May 21, 1979), 61]. For more on Weinstein, see also Jon Wiener, "Alger Hiss, the Archives, and Allen Weinstein," pp. 31–57, Chapter Two, in ''Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower'' (New York: New Press, 2004, {{ISBN\|978-1565848849}} (Paperback 2007).</ref>		In 1978, Victor Navasky interviewed six people Weinstein had quoted in his book ''Perjury'', who all claimed to have been misquoted by Weinstein.<ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/5062.html Jon Wiener, "Allen Weinstein: A Historian With a History," ''Los Angeles Times''], May 2, 2004, reprinted in the HNN.</ref> One, Sam Krieger, won a cash payment from Weinstein, who issued an apology and promised to correct future editions of his book and to release his interview transcripts, which he subsequently failed to do.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uACAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 "Costly Error for Hiss Historian: Weinstein Pays for Mistake," ''New York Magazine'' (May 21, 1979), 61]. For more on Weinstein, see also Jon Wiener, "Alger Hiss, the Archives, and Allen Weinstein," pp. 31–57, Chapter Two, in ''Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower'' (New York: New Press, 2004, {{ISBN\|978-1565848849}} (Paperback 2007).</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	Other historians {{failed verification\|date=August 2013}} felt that Haynes and Klehr's information was suspect because their publisher, [[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown]] (a division of [[Random House]]), obtained temporary and limited access to KGB files through a payment of money (amount unspecified) to a pension fund for retired KGB agents, of whom Vassiliev was one, as was KGB archivist Volkogonov.<ref>"Just a year after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intelligence services responded to an offer from Crown Publishers, which offered a substantial payment to a pension fund for its retired officers in return for cooperation on a series of books on Soviet intelligence. As part of the agreement the SVR gave Alexander Vassiliev permission to examine archival records for a book project that teamed a Russian (Vassiliev) and an American (Allen Weinstein) for a book on Soviet espionage in the 1930s and 40s," Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev (2009), p. xxii.</ref> Other historians had not been permitted to verify Vassiliev's data. In 2002, Vassiliev sued John Lowenthal for libel in a British court of law for publishing a journal article questioning his conclusions. Vassiliev lost the case before a jury and was further reprimanded by ''[[The Times]]'' for trying to exert a "chilling effect" on scholarship by resorting to the law courts.<ref>Judge Eady also issued a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html separate opinion] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126003201/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html \|date=November 26, 2010 }} in which he stated that the book by Haynes, et al., by asserting that the Hiss case was definitively "settled," had in effect "thrown down a gauntlet" to any would-be defender of Hiss; and that family, friends, or any other defender of Hiss should not be penalized for "picking up that gauntlet."</ref> Vassiliev has since also unsuccessfully sued [[Amazon (company)\|Amazon]] for publishing a customer review critical of his work.<ref>Charles Arthur, "Former KGB Agent Sues Amazon Over Book Review" [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/former-kgb-agent-sues-amazon-over-book-review-537930.html ''The Independent'', UK (May 3, 2003)]{{dead link\|date=August 2021\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}.</ref>		Other historians {{failed verification\|date=August 2013}} felt that Haynes and Klehr's information was suspect because their publisher, [[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown]] (a division of [[Random House]]), obtained temporary and limited access to KGB files through a payment of money (amount unspecified) to a pension fund for retired KGB agents, of whom Vassiliev was one, as was KGB archivist Volkogonov.<ref>"Just a year after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intelligence services responded to an offer from Crown Publishers, which offered a substantial payment to a pension fund for its retired officers in return for cooperation on a series of books on Soviet intelligence. As part of the agreement the SVR gave Alexander Vassiliev permission to examine archival records for a book project that teamed a Russian (Vassiliev) and an American (Allen Weinstein) for a book on Soviet espionage in the 1930s and 40s," Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev (2009), p. xxii.</ref> Other historians had not been permitted to verify Vassiliev's data. In 2002, Vassiliev sued John Lowenthal for libel in a British court of law for publishing a journal article questioning his conclusions. Vassiliev lost the case before a jury and was further reprimanded by ''[[The Times]]'' for trying to exert a "chilling effect" on scholarship by resorting to the law courts.<ref>Judge Eady also issued a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html separate opinion] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126003201/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/lowenthalruling.html \|date=November 26, 2010 }} in which he stated that the book by Haynes, et al., by asserting that the Hiss case was definitively "settled," had in effect "thrown down a gauntlet" to any would-be defender of Hiss; and that family, friends, or any other defender of Hiss should not be penalized for "picking up that gauntlet."</ref> Vassiliev has since also unsuccessfully sued [[Amazon (company)\|Amazon]] for publishing a customer review critical of his work.<ref>Charles Arthur, "Former KGB Agent Sues Amazon Over Book Review" [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/former-kgb-agent-sues-amazon-over-book-review-537930.html ''The Independent'', UK (May 3, 2003)]{{dead link\|date=August 2021\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}.</ref>

	In 1978, Victor Navasky interviewed six people Weinstein had quoted in his book ''Perjury'', who all claimed to have been misquoted by Weinstein.<ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/5062.html Jon Wiener, "Allen Weinstein, Historian With a ~~Histor~~," ''Los Angeles Times''], May 2, 2004, reprinted in the HNN.</ref> One, Sam Krieger, won a cash payment from Weinstein, who issued an apology and promised to correct future editions of his book and to release his interview transcripts, which he subsequently failed to do.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uACAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 "Costly Error for Hiss Historian: Weinstein Pays for Mistake," ''New York Magazine'' (May 21, 1979), 61]. For more on Weinstein, see also Jon Wiener, "Alger Hiss, the Archives, and Allen Weinstein," pp. 31–57, Chapter Two, in ''Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower'' (New York: New Press, 2004, {{ISBN\|978-1565848849}} (Paperback 2007).</ref>		In 1978, Victor Navasky interviewed six people Weinstein had quoted in his book ''Perjury'', who all claimed to have been misquoted by Weinstein.<ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/5062.html Jon Wiener, "Allen Weinstein, Historian With a History," ''Los Angeles Times''], May 2, 2004, reprinted in the HNN.</ref> One, Sam Krieger, won a cash payment from Weinstein, who issued an apology and promised to correct future editions of his book and to release his interview transcripts, which he subsequently failed to do.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uACAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 "Costly Error for Hiss Historian: Weinstein Pays for Mistake," ''New York Magazine'' (May 21, 1979), 61]. For more on Weinstein, see also Jon Wiener, "Alger Hiss, the Archives, and Allen Weinstein," pp. 31–57, Chapter Two, in ''Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower'' (New York: New Press, 2004, {{ISBN\|978-1565848849}} (Paperback 2007).</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	}}</ref> In a review published in the ''[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]'', military historian Eduard Mark heartily concurred, stating that the documents "conclusively show that Hiss was, as Whittaker Chambers charged more than six decades ago, an agent of Soviet military intelligence (GRU) in the 1930s."<ref>"In Re Alger Hiss: A Final Verdict from the Archives of the KGB," in ''[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]'' (Summer 2009): 11:No. 3: 26–67.</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine reported that [[Civil Rights Movement]] historian [[David Garrow]] also concluded that, in his opinion, ''Spies'' "provides irrefutable confirmation of [Hiss's] guilt."<ref>David J. Garrow [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/05/15/from-russia-with-love.html "From Russia, With Love"] ''[[Newsweek]]'' May 16, 2009</ref>		}}</ref> In a review published in the ''[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]'', military historian Eduard Mark heartily concurred, stating that the documents "conclusively show that Hiss was, as Whittaker Chambers charged more than six decades ago, an agent of Soviet military intelligence (GRU) in the 1930s."<ref>"In Re Alger Hiss: A Final Verdict from the Archives of the KGB," in ''[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]'' (Summer 2009): 11:No. 3: 26–67.</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine reported that [[Civil Rights Movement]] historian [[David Garrow]] also concluded that, in his opinion, ''Spies'' "provides irrefutable confirmation of [Hiss's] guilt."<ref>David J. Garrow [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/05/15/from-russia-with-love.html "From Russia, With Love"] ''[[Newsweek]]'' May 16, 2009</ref>

	Other historians, such as [[D. D. Guttenplan]], Jeff Kisseloff, and [[Amy Knight]], assert that ''Spies''{{'}} conclusions were not borne out by the evidence and accused its authors of engaging in "shoddy" research.<ref>Guttenplan, D. D., ''Red Harvest: The KGB in America'', ''The Nation'', May 25, 2009. [http://www.thenation.com/article/red-harvest-kgb-america?page=full]</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Kisseloff \|first=Jeff \|url=http://algerhiss.com/media/books/reviews/jeff-kisseloff-2009-ii/ \|title=Kisseloff, Jeff, "'Spies': Fact or Fiction?," ''The Alger Hiss Story'' (2009) \|publisher=Homepages.nyu.edu \|access-date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/Subscriber_Archive/History_Archive/article6770809.ece Amy Knight, "Leonard?," ''Times Literary Supplement'' (June 26, 2009).]{{~~Dead~~ link \|date=~~July~~ ~~2022~~}} Haynes responded to Knight on his [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page73.html website].</ref> Guttenplan stresses that Haynes and Klehr never saw and cannot even prove the existence of the documents that supposedly convict Hiss and others of espionage, but rather relied exclusively on handwritten notebooks authored by Vassiliev during the time he was given access to the Soviet archives in the 1990s while he collaborated with Weinstein. According to Guttenplan, Vassiliev could never explain how he managed, despite being required to leave his files and notebooks in a safe at the KGB press office at the end of each day, to smuggle out the notebooks with his extensive transcriptions of documents.<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest.">Guttenplan, ''Red Harvest''.</ref> Haynes and Klehr respond that the material was examined by historians, archivists, and intelligence professionals who unanimously agreed that the material was genuine.<ref name="johnearlhaynes.org">[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page73.html Comment on Amy Knight's review of Spies in the Times Literary Supplement ] by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr</ref>		Other historians, such as [[D. D. Guttenplan]], Jeff Kisseloff, and [[Amy Knight]], assert that ''Spies''{{'}} conclusions were not borne out by the evidence and accused its authors of engaging in "shoddy" research.<ref>Guttenplan, D. D., ''Red Harvest: The KGB in America'', ''The Nation'', May 25, 2009. [http://www.thenation.com/article/red-harvest-kgb-america?page=full]</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Kisseloff \|first=Jeff \|url=http://algerhiss.com/media/books/reviews/jeff-kisseloff-2009-ii/ \|title=Kisseloff, Jeff, "'Spies': Fact or Fiction?," ''The Alger Hiss Story'' (2009) \|publisher=Homepages.nyu.edu \|access-date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/Subscriber_Archive/History_Archive/article6770809.ece Amy Knight, "Leonard?," ''Times Literary Supplement'' (June 26, 2009).]{{dead link\|date=September 2024\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}} Haynes responded to Knight on his [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page73.html website].</ref> Guttenplan stresses that Haynes and Klehr never saw and cannot even prove the existence of the documents that supposedly convict Hiss and others of espionage, but rather relied exclusively on handwritten notebooks authored by Vassiliev during the time he was given access to the Soviet archives in the 1990s while he collaborated with Weinstein. According to Guttenplan, Vassiliev could never explain how he managed, despite being required to leave his files and notebooks in a safe at the KGB press office at the end of each day, to smuggle out the notebooks with his extensive transcriptions of documents.<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest.">Guttenplan, ''Red Harvest''.</ref> Haynes and Klehr respond that the material was examined by historians, archivists, and intelligence professionals who unanimously agreed that the material was genuine.<ref name="johnearlhaynes.org">[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page73.html Comment on Amy Knight's review of Spies in the Times Literary Supplement ] by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr</ref>

	Guttenplan also suggested, moreover, that Vassiliev might have omitted relevant facts and selectively replaced cover names with his own notion of the real names of various persons.<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> According to Guttenplan, Boris Labusov, a press officer of the SVR, the successor to the KGB, has stated that Vassiliev could not in the course of his research have possibly "met the name of Alger Hiss in the context of some cooperation with some special services of the Soviet Union."<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> Guttenplan also points out that Vasiliev admitted under oath in 2003 that he'd never seen a single document linking Hiss with the cover name "Ales."<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> Haynes and Klehr also cite a 1950 memo indicating that a GRU agent, described as a senior State Department official, had recently been convicted in an American court. "The only senior American diplomat convicted of an espionage-related crime in 1950 was Alger Hiss."<ref name="johnearlhaynes.org"/>		Guttenplan also suggested, moreover, that Vassiliev might have omitted relevant facts and selectively replaced cover names with his own notion of the real names of various persons.<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> According to Guttenplan, Boris Labusov, a press officer of the SVR, the successor to the KGB, has stated that Vassiliev could not in the course of his research have possibly "met the name of Alger Hiss in the context of some cooperation with some special services of the Soviet Union."<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> Guttenplan also points out that Vasiliev admitted under oath in 2003 that he'd never seen a single document linking Hiss with the cover name "Ales."<ref name="Guttenplan, Red Harvest."/> Haynes and Klehr also cite a 1950 memo indicating that a GRU agent, described as a senior State Department official, had recently been convicted in an American court. "The only senior American diplomat convicted of an espionage-related crime in 1950 was Alger Hiss."<ref name="johnearlhaynes.org"/>

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	===Testimony by Bullitt and Weyl===		===Testimony by Bullitt and Weyl===
	In 1952, former US Ambassador to France [[William Christian Bullitt Jr.\|William C. Bullitt]] testified before the McCarran Committee (the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]]) that in 1939, Premier [[Édouard Daladier]] had advised him of French intelligence reports that two State Department officials named Hiss were Soviet agents.<ref>{{cite news \|author=Edward F. Ryan \|title=French in 1939 Called Hiss Red, Bullitt Says \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152469326 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 9, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231125/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152469326.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+9%2C+1952&author=By+Edward+F.+Ryan+Post+Reporter&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=French+in+1939+Called+Hiss+Red%2C+Bullitt+Says \|url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about it the next day, Daladier, then 68 years old, told reporters that he did not recall this conversation from 13 years previously.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Daladier Does Not Recollect Giving Bullitt a Report on Hiss \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152429171 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 10, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502225536/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152429171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1952&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Daladier+Does+Not+Recollect+Giving+Bullitt+a+Report+on+Hiss \|url-status=live }}</ref> Also called to testify before the McCarran committee was economist [[Nathaniel Weyl]], a former Communist Party member "at large" who had worked for the Department of Agriculture during the early days of the [[New Deal]] and had become disillusioned with what he considered the underhanded methods of the Communist Party. In 1950 Weyl had been interviewed by the FBI and had told them that in 1933 he had belonged to a secret Communist Party unit along with Harold Ware and [[Lee Pressman]] and confirmed that Alger Hiss had been present at some meetings held at Ware's sister's violin studio.<ref>According to Gilbert Gall, the FBI's 1950 report on Weyl states that he told the agency that when he participated in the Ware group, "Lee Pressman was present at about ninety percent of the meetings he attended, and that he has a fairly clear recollection of Alger Hiss being present at some of the meetings." See Gilbert J. Gall, ''Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO'' (SUNY Press, 1999), p. 40.</ref> In 1950, Weyl published an anti-communist book, ''Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History'', that made no mention of the so-called "Ware Group" and expressed doubt that Hiss was guilty of espionage.<ref name = Cook/><ref>		In 1952, former US Ambassador to France [[William Christian Bullitt Jr.\|William C. Bullitt]] testified before the McCarran Committee (the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]]) that in 1939, Premier [[Édouard Daladier]] had advised him of French intelligence reports that two State Department officials named Hiss were Soviet agents.<ref>{{cite news \|author=Edward F. Ryan \|title=French in 1939 Called Hiss Red, Bullitt Says \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152469326 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 9, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231125/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152469326.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+9%2C+1952&author=By+Edward+F.+Ryan+Post+Reporter&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=French+in+1939+Called+Hiss+Red%2C+Bullitt+Says \|id={{ProQuest\|152469326}} \|url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about it the next day, Daladier, then 68 years old, told reporters that he did not recall this conversation from 13 years previously.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Daladier Does Not Recollect Giving Bullitt a Report on Hiss \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152429171 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 10, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502225536/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152429171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1952&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Daladier+Does+Not+Recollect+Giving+Bullitt+a+Report+on+Hiss \|id={{ProQuest\|152429171}} \|url-status=live }}</ref> Also called to testify before the McCarran committee was economist [[Nathaniel Weyl]], a former Communist Party member "at large" who had worked for the Department of Agriculture during the early days of the [[New Deal]] and had become disillusioned with what he considered the underhanded methods of the Communist Party. In 1950 Weyl had been interviewed by the FBI and had told them that in 1933 he had belonged to a secret Communist Party unit along with Harold Ware and [[Lee Pressman]] and confirmed that Alger Hiss had been present at some meetings held at Ware's sister's violin studio.<ref>According to Gilbert Gall, the FBI's 1950 report on Weyl states that he told the agency that when he participated in the Ware group, "Lee Pressman was present at about ninety percent of the meetings he attended, and that he has a fairly clear recollection of Alger Hiss being present at some of the meetings." See Gilbert J. Gall, ''Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO'' (SUNY Press, 1999), p. 40.</ref> In 1950, Weyl published an anti-communist book, ''Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History'', that made no mention of the so-called "Ware Group" and expressed doubt that Hiss was guilty of espionage.<ref name = Cook/><ref>
	{{Cite book		{{Cite book
	\| last = Weyl		\| last = Weyl

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	===Testimony by Bullitt and Weyl===		===Testimony by Bullitt and Weyl===
	In 1952, former US Ambassador to France [[William Christian Bullitt Jr.\|William C. Bullitt]] testified before the McCarran Committee (the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]]) that in 1939, Premier [[Édouard Daladier]] had advised him of French intelligence reports that two State Department officials named Hiss were Soviet agents.<ref>{{cite news \|author=Edward F. Ryan \|title=French in 1939 Called Hiss Red, Bullitt Says \|url=https://~~pqasb~~.~~pqarchiver~~.com/~~washingtonpost_historical/doc~~/152469326.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+9%2C+1952&author=By+Edward+F.+Ryan+Post+Reporter&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=French+in+1939+Called+Hiss+Red%2C+Bullitt+Says \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 9, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231125/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152469326.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+9%2C+1952&author=By+Edward+F.+Ryan+Post+Reporter&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=French+in+1939+Called+Hiss+Red%2C+Bullitt+Says \|url-status=~~dead~~ }}</ref> When asked about it the next day, Daladier, then 68 years old, told reporters that he did not recall this conversation from 13 years previously.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Daladier Does Not Recollect Giving Bullitt a Report on Hiss \|url=https://~~pqasb~~.~~pqarchiver~~.com/~~washingtonpost_historical/doc~~/152429171~~.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1952&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Daladier+Does+Not+Recollect+Giving+Bullitt+a+Report+on+Hiss~~ \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 10, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502225536/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152429171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1952&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Daladier+Does+Not+Recollect+Giving+Bullitt+a+Report+on+Hiss \|url-status=~~dead~~ }}</ref> Also called to testify before the McCarran committee was economist [[Nathaniel Weyl]], a former Communist Party member "at large" who had worked for the Department of Agriculture during the early days of the [[New Deal]] and had become disillusioned with what he considered the underhanded methods of the Communist Party. In 1950 Weyl had been interviewed by the FBI and had told them that in 1933 he had belonged to a secret Communist Party unit along with Harold Ware and [[Lee Pressman]] and confirmed that Alger Hiss had been present at some meetings held at Ware's sister's violin studio.<ref>According to Gilbert Gall, the FBI's 1950 report on Weyl states that he told the agency that when he participated in the Ware group, "Lee Pressman was present at about ninety percent of the meetings he attended, and that he has a fairly clear recollection of Alger Hiss being present at some of the meetings." See Gilbert J. Gall, ''Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO'' (SUNY Press, 1999), p. 40.</ref> In 1950, Weyl published an anti-communist book, ''Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History'', that made no mention of the so-called "Ware Group" and expressed doubt that Hiss was guilty of espionage.<ref name = Cook/><ref>		In 1952, former US Ambassador to France [[William Christian Bullitt Jr.\|William C. Bullitt]] testified before the McCarran Committee (the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]]) that in 1939, Premier [[Édouard Daladier]] had advised him of French intelligence reports that two State Department officials named Hiss were Soviet agents.<ref>{{cite news \|author=Edward F. Ryan \|title=French in 1939 Called Hiss Red, Bullitt Says \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152469326 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 9, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231125/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152469326.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+9%2C+1952&author=By+Edward+F.+Ryan+Post+Reporter&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=French+in+1939+Called+Hiss+Red%2C+Bullitt+Says \|url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about it the next day, Daladier, then 68 years old, told reporters that he did not recall this conversation from 13 years previously.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Daladier Does Not Recollect Giving Bullitt a Report on Hiss \|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/152429171 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|date=April 10, 1952 \|access-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-date=May 2, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502225536/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/152429171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1952&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%281923-1954%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Daladier+Does+Not+Recollect+Giving+Bullitt+a+Report+on+Hiss \|url-status=live }}</ref> Also called to testify before the McCarran committee was economist [[Nathaniel Weyl]], a former Communist Party member "at large" who had worked for the Department of Agriculture during the early days of the [[New Deal]] and had become disillusioned with what he considered the underhanded methods of the Communist Party. In 1950 Weyl had been interviewed by the FBI and had told them that in 1933 he had belonged to a secret Communist Party unit along with Harold Ware and [[Lee Pressman]] and confirmed that Alger Hiss had been present at some meetings held at Ware's sister's violin studio.<ref>According to Gilbert Gall, the FBI's 1950 report on Weyl states that he told the agency that when he participated in the Ware group, "Lee Pressman was present at about ninety percent of the meetings he attended, and that he has a fairly clear recollection of Alger Hiss being present at some of the meetings." See Gilbert J. Gall, ''Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO'' (SUNY Press, 1999), p. 40.</ref> In 1950, Weyl published an anti-communist book, ''Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History'', that made no mention of the so-called "Ware Group" and expressed doubt that Hiss was guilty of espionage.<ref name = Cook/><ref>
	{{Cite book		{{Cite book
	\| last = Weyl		\| last = Weyl

98.181.121.110 at 11:31, 23 July 2024

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Motekov: /* External links */

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External links

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
			*{{Internet Archive author \|sname = Alger Hiss}}
	{{Commons category}}		{{Commons category}}
	* {{PM20\|FID=pe/007916}}		* {{PM20\|FID=pe/007916}}

HistorianL at 05:11, 2 June 2024

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:11, 2 June 2024
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	==Incarceration==		==Incarceration==
	On 22 March 1951, Alger Hiss was sent to a maximum security federal facility.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Priscilla Hiss\|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Priscilla_Hiss.htm\|access-date=2022-02-01\|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> Although he had been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Hiss served only three years and eight months in [[Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary\|Lewisburg Federal Prison]]. He was released from prison on November 27, 1954.		On March 22, 1951, Alger Hiss was sent to a maximum security federal facility.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Priscilla Hiss\|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Priscilla_Hiss.htm\|access-date=2022-02-01\|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> Although he had been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Hiss served only three years and eight months in [[Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary\|Lewisburg Federal Prison]]. He was released from prison on November 27, 1954.

	While in prison, Hiss acted as a volunteer attorney, adviser, and tutor for many of his fellow inmates.		While in prison, Hiss acted as a volunteer attorney, adviser, and tutor for many of his fellow inmates.