Anwar Sadat - Revision history

Citation bot: Misc citation tidying. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Snowman304 | #UCB_toolbar

2024-09-17T17:32:27Z

Misc citation tidying. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Snowman304 | #UCB_toolbar

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:32, 17 September 2024
Line 237:		Line 237:
	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr ~~\|location=Cairo~~ \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}

Snowman304: /* Bibliography */ updated citations

2024-09-17T17:30:59Z

Bibliography: updated citations

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:30, 17 September 2024
Line 236:		Line 236:

	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=قصة الثورة كاملة (The Full Story of the Revolution~~)\|language=ar\|location=Cairo\|publisher=Dar~~ ~~el-Hilal\|year=1954~~\|oclc=23485697}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|~~title~~=~~صفحات~~ ~~مجهولة~~ ~~(Unknown~~ ~~Pages~~ ~~of the Revolution)~~\| ~~language~~=ar\|location=Cairo\|~~publisher~~=~~دار~~ ~~التحرير~~ ~~للطبع~~ ~~والنشر،~~\|~~year~~=~~1955~~\|oclc=10739895}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr \|location=Cairo \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Revolt on the Nile~~\|location=New~~ ~~York~~\|publisher=J. Day Co\|year=1957\|oclc=1226176}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat~~\|location=Beirut~~\|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān\|year=1958\|oclc=27919901}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar~~\|title=[[In~~ ~~Search of Identity: An Autobiography]]~~\|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada\|~~url-access=registration\|location~~=~~New~~ ~~York~~\|publisher=Harper & Row\|year=1978\|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada \|title=In Search of Identity: An Autobiography \|publisher=Harper & Row \|year=1978 \|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 \|location=New York \|url-access=registration}}

	==See also==		==See also==

Sheila1988: ido

2024-09-17T17:22:34Z

ido

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:22, 17 September 2024
Line 240:		Line 240:
	* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Revolt on the Nile\|location=New York\|publisher=J. Day Co\|year=1957\|oclc=1226176}}		* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Revolt on the Nile\|location=New York\|publisher=J. Day Co\|year=1957\|oclc=1226176}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat\|location=Beirut\|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān\|year=1958\|oclc=27919901}}		* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat\|location=Beirut\|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān\|year=1958\|oclc=27919901}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=In Search of Identity: An Autobiography\|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada\|url-access=registration\|location=New York\|publisher=Harper & Row\|year=1978\|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7}}		* {{cite book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=[[In Search of Identity: An Autobiography]]\|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada\|url-access=registration\|location=New York\|publisher=Harper & Row\|year=1978\|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7}}

	==See also==		==See also==

JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Honorary Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm to :Category:Honorary grand commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2024-09-12T22:17:29Z

Moving Category:Honorary Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm to Category:Honorary grand commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:17, 12 September 2024
Line 351:		Line 351:
	[[Category:1981 murders in Egypt]]		[[Category:1981 murders in Egypt]]
	[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]		[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
	[[Category:Honorary ~~Grand~~ ~~Commanders~~ of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]		[[Category:Honorary grand commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
	[[Category:Egyptian politicians convicted of crimes]]		[[Category:Egyptian politicians convicted of crimes]]
	[[Category:Egyptian social democrats]]		[[Category:Egyptian social democrats]]

Citation bot: Add: pages, volume, doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) politicians | #UCB_Category 15/27

2024-09-06T23:27:23Z

Add: pages, volume, doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) politicians | #UCB_Category 15/27

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:27, 6 September 2024
Line 115:		Line 115:
	On 15 May 1971,<ref name="Pharaon' p.74">''Le prophète et Pharaon'' by Kepel, p. 74</ref> Sadat announced his ''[[Corrective Revolution (Egypt)\|Corrective Revolution]]'', purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent [[Nasserism\|Nasserists]]. Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them "considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political support.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kepel \|first=Gilles \|author-link=Gilles Kepel \|others=trans. Anthony F. Roberts \|date=2002 \|title=Jihad: Expansion et Déclin de l"Islamisme \|trans-title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam \|title-link=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam \|url=\|location=Cambridge \|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press \|page=83 \|isbn=0-674-00877-4}}</ref>		On 15 May 1971,<ref name="Pharaon' p.74">''Le prophète et Pharaon'' by Kepel, p. 74</ref> Sadat announced his ''[[Corrective Revolution (Egypt)\|Corrective Revolution]]'', purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent [[Nasserism\|Nasserists]]. Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them "considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political support.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kepel \|first=Gilles \|author-link=Gilles Kepel \|others=trans. Anthony F. Roberts \|date=2002 \|title=Jihad: Expansion et Déclin de l"Islamisme \|trans-title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam \|title-link=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam \|url=\|location=Cambridge \|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press \|page=83 \|isbn=0-674-00877-4}}</ref>

	In 1971, as part of the [[Jarring Mission]], three years into the [[War of Attrition]] in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator [[Gunnar Jarring]], which seemed to lead to a full peace with [[Israel]] on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.<ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/261078 \| title=Egypt and Israel – Was There a Peace Opportunity Missed in 1971? \| first=Mordechai \| last=Gazit \| journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] \| date=January 1997\| volume=32 \| issue=1 \| pages=97–115 \| jstor=261078 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/305607-015/pdf \| chapter=Chapter ten. The Jarring Mission and the Sadat Initiative (1971) \| first=Elie \| last=Podeh \| title=Chances for Peace \| via=[[De Gruyter]] \| publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] \| year=2015\| pages=102–121 \| doi=10.7560/305607-015 \| isbn=978-1-4773-0561-4 }}</ref>		In 1971, as part of the [[Jarring Mission]], three years into the [[War of Attrition]] in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator [[Gunnar Jarring]], which seemed to lead to a full peace with [[Israel]] on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.<ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/261078 \| title=Egypt and Israel – Was There a Peace Opportunity Missed in 1971? \| first=Mordechai \| last=Gazit \| journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] \| date=January 1997\| volume=32 \| issue=1 \| pages=97–115 \| doi=10.1177/002200949703200107 \| jstor=261078 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/305607-015/pdf \| chapter=Chapter ten. The Jarring Mission and the Sadat Initiative (1971) \| first=Elie \| last=Podeh \| title=Chances for Peace \| via=[[De Gruyter]] \| publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] \| year=2015\| pages=102–121 \| doi=10.7560/305607-015 \| isbn=978-1-4773-0561-4 }}</ref>

	===Corrective Revolution===		===Corrective Revolution===
Line 149:		Line 149:
	The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East.<ref name=nytobit/> Syria continued to resist such a conference.<ref name=nytobit/> Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.<ref name=nytobit/>		The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East.<ref name=nytobit/> Syria continued to resist such a conference.<ref name=nytobit/> Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.<ref name=nytobit/>

	The [[1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel]] was the first time an Arab leader officially visited Israel. Sadat met with Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]], and spoke before the [[Knesset]] in [[Jerusalem]] about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], which included the full implementation of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|UN Resolutions 242]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 338\|338]].<ref>{{Cite news \| url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-723321 \| title=Looking back at Egypt's Anwar Sadat's historic Jerusalem visit, 45 years ago – opinion \| first=Mark \| last=Regev \| work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] \| date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/836 \| title=Egyptian President Sadat's Speech in Jerusalem (1977) \| publisher=[[Economic Cooperation Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| url=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/45/1/127/95253/Sadat-and-the-Road-to-Jerusalem-Bold-Gestures-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext \| title=Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace \| first=Shahin \| last=Berenji \| journal=[[International Security (journal)\|International Security]] \| date=1 July 2020}}</ref>		The [[1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel]] was the first time an Arab leader officially visited Israel. Sadat met with Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]], and spoke before the [[Knesset]] in [[Jerusalem]] about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], which included the full implementation of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|UN Resolutions 242]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 338\|338]].<ref>{{Cite news \| url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-723321 \| title=Looking back at Egypt's Anwar Sadat's historic Jerusalem visit, 45 years ago – opinion \| first=Mark \| last=Regev \| work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] \| date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/836 \| title=Egyptian President Sadat's Speech in Jerusalem (1977) \| publisher=[[Economic Cooperation Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| url=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/45/1/127/95253/Sadat-and-the-Road-to-Jerusalem-Bold-Gestures-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext \| title=Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace \| first=Shahin \| last=Berenji \| journal=[[International Security (journal)\|International Security]] \| date=1 July 2020\| volume=45 \| pages=127–163 \| doi=10.1162/isec_a_00381 }}</ref>

	The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the [[Camp David Accords]], a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US President [[Jimmy Carter]]. Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lecture.html\|title=Anwar Al-Sadat \|access-date=22 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209035459/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lecture.html\|archive-date=9 February 2009 \|url-status=live}}</ref>		The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the [[Camp David Accords]], a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US President [[Jimmy Carter]]. Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lecture.html\|title=Anwar Al-Sadat \|access-date=22 January 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209035459/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lecture.html\|archive-date=9 February 2009 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

Srich32977: cleanup

2024-09-05T18:55:43Z

cleanup

Show changes

Varoart2005 at 01:40, 1 September 2024

2024-09-01T01:40:10Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:40, 1 September 2024
Line 89:		Line 89:
	He graduated from the [[Egyptian Military Academy\|Royal Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]], the capital of what was then the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], in 1938<ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA102 \|title=Anwar Sadat \|last=Alagna \|first=Magdalena\| date=2004\| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group \|isbn=978-0-8239-4464-4 \|language=en}}</ref> and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (the Sudan being a [[Condominium (international law)\|condominium]] under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and along with several other junior officers they formed the [[Free Officers movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]], an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7AQ5URiP2sC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA29\|title=Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East\|last=Wagner\|first=Heather Lehr\|date=2007\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=978-1-4381-0440-9\|language=en}}</ref>		He graduated from the [[Egyptian Military Academy\|Royal Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]], the capital of what was then the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], in 1938<ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA102 \|title=Anwar Sadat \|last=Alagna \|first=Magdalena\| date=2004\| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group \|isbn=978-0-8239-4464-4 \|language=en}}</ref> and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (the Sudan being a [[Condominium (international law)\|condominium]] under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and along with several other junior officers they formed the [[Free Officers movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]], an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7AQ5URiP2sC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA29\|title=Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East\|last=Wagner\|first=Heather Lehr\|date=2007\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=978-1-4381-0440-9\|language=en}}</ref>

	[[File:Muhammed_Naguib_colors.jpg\|alt=Muhammed_Naguib_colors\|thumb\|259x259px\|Sadat with [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1952]]		[[File:Muhammed_Naguib_colors.jpg\|alt=Muhammed_Naguib_colors\|thumb\|259x259px\|Sadat with [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1952\|left]]

	During [[World War II]], Sadat [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy\|collaborated]] with spies of [[Nazi Germany]] in Egypt as part of [[Operation Salam]]. Once this was discovered by the British authorities he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate [[Amin Osman]], Minister of Finance in the [[Wafd Party]] government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.		During [[World War II]], Sadat [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy\|collaborated]] with spies of [[Nazi Germany]] in Egypt as part of [[Operation Salam]]. Once this was discovered by the British authorities he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate [[Amin Osman]], Minister of Finance in the [[Wafd Party]] government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.
Line 98:		Line 98:

	==During Nasser's presidency==		==During Nasser's presidency==
	[[File:Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly.JPG\|alt=Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly\|thumb\|With Nasser in the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]], May 1964]]		[[File:Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly.JPG\|alt=Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly\|thumb\|With Nasser in the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]], May 1964\|left]]
	[[File:Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei.jpg\|alt=Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei\|thumb\|Top Egyptian leaders of the [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)\|Arab Socialist Union]] in Alexandria. From left to right: President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Sadat, ASU head [[Ali Sabri]], and Vice President [[Hussein el-Shafei]], August 1968]]		[[File:Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei.jpg\|alt=Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei\|thumb\|Top Egyptian leaders of the [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)\|Arab Socialist Union]] in Alexandria. From left to right: President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Sadat, ASU head [[Ali Sabri]], and Vice President [[Hussein el-Shafei]], August 1968]]
	During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily ''[[Al Gomhuria]]''.<ref name="alt1998">{{cite web \|last=Alterman \|first=Jon B. \|title=New Media New Politics? \|publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] \| date=November 1, 1998 \|volume=48 \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-media-new-politics-satellite-television-internet-arab-world-0 \|archive-date=13 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]] (1960–1968) and then [[Vice President of Egypt]] and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.		During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily ''[[Al Gomhuria]]''.<ref name="alt1998">{{cite web \|last=Alterman \|first=Jon B. \|title=New Media New Politics? \|publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] \| date=November 1, 1998 \|volume=48 \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-media-new-politics-satellite-television-internet-arab-world-0 \|archive-date=13 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]] (1960–1968) and then [[Vice President of Egypt]] and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.

Citation bot: Alter: url, title, template type. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: doi, chapter, chapter-url, jstor, pages, issue, volume, isbn. Removed or converted URL. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

2024-08-26T20:29:40Z

Alter: url, title, template type. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: doi, chapter, chapter-url, jstor, pages, issue, volume, isbn. Removed or converted URL. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

M48SKY at 10:29, 19 July 2024

2024-07-19T10:29:02Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:29, 19 July 2024
Line 79:		Line 79:
	'''Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat'''{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|UKalso\|s\|æ\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sa\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|ɑː\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAHT}};<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sadat \| title=Sadat\| work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> (US) and <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sadat \|title=Sadat \|dictionary=[[Lexico\|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster\|Sādāt\|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar\|محمد أنور السادات\|Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt}}, {{IPA\|arz\|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt\|lang}}.}} (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third [[president of Egypt]], from 15 October 1970 until [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat\|his assassination]] by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]] who overthrew King [[Farouk I]] in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], and a close confidant of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], under whom he served as [[Vice President of Egypt\|Vice President]] twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and [[Menachem Begin]], Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President [[Jimmy Carter]], for which they were recognized with the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].		'''Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat'''{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|UKalso\|s\|æ\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sa\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|ɑː\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAHT}};<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sadat \| title=Sadat\| work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> (US) and <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sadat \|title=Sadat \|dictionary=[[Lexico\|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster\|Sādāt\|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar\|محمد أنور السادات\|Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt}}, {{IPA\|arz\|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt\|lang}}.}} (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third [[president of Egypt]], from 15 October 1970 until [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat\|his assassination]] by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]] who overthrew King [[Farouk I]] in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], and a close confidant of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], under whom he served as [[Vice President of Egypt\|Vice President]] twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and [[Menachem Begin]], Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President [[Jimmy Carter]], for which they were recognized with the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].

	In his 11 years as president, he changed [[Egypt]]'s trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of [[Nasserism]], reinstituting a [[multi-party system]], and launching the [[Infitah]] economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973 to regain Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]], which [[Israel]] had occupied since the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider [[Arab World]]. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the [[Camp David Accords]] and the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first [[Islam\|Muslim]] Nobel laureate. Although reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,<ref name=constu>{{cite web \| url=https://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm \| title=Peace with Israel \| website=Country Studies}}</ref> it was rejected by the country's [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a [[State of Palestine]].<ref name=constu /> With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states.<ref name=constu /> His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the [[Arab League]] from 1979 to 1989.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/middle-east-peace-talks-i_n_690008 \|title=Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever \|first=Nick \|last=Graham \|work=[[HuffPost]] \|date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Egypt/TYpyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en \| last=Vatikiotis \| first=P. J. \| year=1992 \| title=The History of Modern Egypt \| edition=4th \| location=[[Baltimore]] \| publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| page=443}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html \|title=Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role \| first=Bernard \| last=Gwertzman \| work=[[The New York Times]] \| date=March 26, 1979}}</ref> The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by [[Khalid Islambouli]] opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the [[Yom Kippur War\|6 October]] parade in Cairo, killing him.		In his 11 years as president, he changed [[Egypt]]'s trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of [[Nasserism]], reinstituting a [[multi-party system]], and launching the [[Infitah]] economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973 to regain Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]], which [[Israel]] had occupied since the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider [[Arab World]]. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the [[Camp David Accords]] and the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first [[Islam\|Muslim]] Nobel laureate.

			Although reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,<ref name=constu>{{cite web \| url=https://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm \| title=Peace with Israel \| website=Country Studies}}</ref> it was rejected by the country's [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a [[State of Palestine]].<ref name=constu /> With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states.<ref name=constu /> His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the [[Arab League]] from 1979 to 1989.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/middle-east-peace-talks-i_n_690008 \|title=Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever \|first=Nick \|last=Graham \|work=[[HuffPost]] \|date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Egypt/TYpyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en \| last=Vatikiotis \| first=P. J. \| year=1992 \| title=The History of Modern Egypt \| edition=4th \| location=[[Baltimore]] \| publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| page=443}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html \|title=Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role \| first=Bernard \| last=Gwertzman \| work=[[The New York Times]] \| date=March 26, 1979}}</ref> The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by [[Khalid Islambouli]] opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the [[Yom Kippur War\|6 October]] parade in Cairo, killing him.

	==Early life and revolutionary activities==		==Early life and revolutionary activities==

Datamanii: Add missing opening ref tag

2024-07-02T09:04:39Z

Add missing opening ref tag

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:04, 2 July 2024
Line 77:		Line 77:
	\| honorific_prefix = [[Excellency\|His Excellency]]		\| honorific_prefix = [[Excellency\|His Excellency]]
	}}		}}
	'''Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat'''{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|UKalso\|s\|æ\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sa\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|ɑː\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAHT}};<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sadat \| title=Sadat\| work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sadat \|title=Sadat \|dictionary=[[Lexico\|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster\|Sādāt\|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar\|محمد أنور السادات\|Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt}}, {{IPA\|arz\|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt\|lang}}.}} (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third [[president of Egypt]], from 15 October 1970 until [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat\|his assassination]] by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]] who overthrew King [[Farouk I]] in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], and a close confidant of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], under whom he served as [[Vice President of Egypt\|Vice President]] twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and [[Menachem Begin]], Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President [[Jimmy Carter]], for which they were recognized with the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].		'''Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat'''{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|UKalso\|s\|æ\|ˈ\|d\|æ\|t}} {{respell\|sa\|DAT}}, {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|d\|ɑː\|t}} {{respell\|sə\|DAHT}};<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sadat \| title=Sadat\| work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> (US) and <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sadat \|title=Sadat \|dictionary=[[Lexico\|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster\|Sādāt\|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar\|محمد أنور السادات\|Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt}}, {{IPA\|arz\|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt\|lang}}.}} (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third [[president of Egypt]], from 15 October 1970 until [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat\|his assassination]] by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]] who overthrew King [[Farouk I]] in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], and a close confidant of President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], under whom he served as [[Vice President of Egypt\|Vice President]] twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and [[Menachem Begin]], Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President [[Jimmy Carter]], for which they were recognized with the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].

	In his 11 years as president, he changed [[Egypt]]'s trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of [[Nasserism]], reinstituting a [[multi-party system]], and launching the [[Infitah]] economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973 to regain Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]], which [[Israel]] had occupied since the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider [[Arab World]]. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the [[Camp David Accords]] and the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first [[Islam\|Muslim]] Nobel laureate. Although reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,<ref name=constu>{{cite web \| url=https://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm \| title=Peace with Israel \| website=Country Studies}}</ref> it was rejected by the country's [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a [[State of Palestine]].<ref name=constu /> With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states.<ref name=constu /> His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the [[Arab League]] from 1979 to 1989.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/middle-east-peace-talks-i_n_690008 \|title=Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever \|first=Nick \|last=Graham \|work=[[HuffPost]] \|date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Egypt/TYpyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en \| last=Vatikiotis \| first=P. J. \| year=1992 \| title=The History of Modern Egypt \| edition=4th \| location=[[Baltimore]] \| publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| page=443}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html \|title=Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role \| first=Bernard \| last=Gwertzman \| work=[[The New York Times]] \| date=March 26, 1979}}</ref> The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by [[Khalid Islambouli]] opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the [[Yom Kippur War\|6 October]] parade in Cairo, killing him.		In his 11 years as president, he changed [[Egypt]]'s trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of [[Nasserism]], reinstituting a [[multi-party system]], and launching the [[Infitah]] economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973 to regain Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]], which [[Israel]] had occupied since the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider [[Arab World]]. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the [[Camp David Accords]] and the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first [[Islam\|Muslim]] Nobel laureate. Although reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,<ref name=constu>{{cite web \| url=https://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm \| title=Peace with Israel \| website=Country Studies}}</ref> it was rejected by the country's [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a [[State of Palestine]].<ref name=constu /> With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states.<ref name=constu /> His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the [[Arab League]] from 1979 to 1989.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/middle-east-peace-talks-i_n_690008 \|title=Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever \|first=Nick \|last=Graham \|work=[[HuffPost]] \|date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Egypt/TYpyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en \| last=Vatikiotis \| first=P. J. \| year=1992 \| title=The History of Modern Egypt \| edition=4th \| location=[[Baltimore]] \| publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| page=443}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html \|title=Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role \| first=Bernard \| last=Gwertzman \| work=[[The New York Times]] \| date=March 26, 1979}}</ref> The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by [[Khalid Islambouli]] opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the [[Yom Kippur War\|6 October]] parade in Cairo, killing him.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:32, 17 September 2024
Line 237:		Line 237:
	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr ~~\|location=Cairo~~ \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:30, 17 September 2024
Line 236:		Line 236:

	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=قصة الثورة كاملة (The Full Story of the Revolution~~)\|language=ar\|location=Cairo\|publisher=Dar~~ ~~el-Hilal\|year=1954~~\|oclc=23485697}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dar el-Hilal \|year=1954 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:قصة الثورة كاملة \|trans-title=The Full Story of the Revolution \|oclc=23485697}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|~~title~~=~~صفحات~~ ~~مجهولة~~ ~~(Unknown~~ ~~Pages~~ ~~of the Revolution)~~\| ~~language~~=ar\|location=Cairo\|~~publisher~~=~~دار~~ ~~التحرير~~ ~~للطبع~~ ~~والنشر،~~\|~~year~~=~~1955~~\|oclc=10739895}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|publisher=Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr \|location=Cairo \|year=1955 \|location=Cairo \|language=ar \|script-title=ar:صفحات مجهولة \|trans-title=Unknown Pages of the Revolution \|oclc=10739895}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Revolt on the Nile~~\|location=New~~ ~~York~~\|publisher=J. Day Co\|year=1957\|oclc=1226176}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Revolt on the Nile \|publisher=J. Day Co \|year=1957 \|location=New York \|oclc=1226176}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar\|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat~~\|location=Beirut~~\|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān\|year=1958\|oclc=27919901}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|title=Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat \|publisher=Maktabat al-ʻIrfān \|year=1958 \|location=Beirut \|oclc=27919901}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book\|last=Sadat\|first=Anwar~~\|title=[[In~~ ~~Search of Identity: An Autobiography]]~~\|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada\|~~url-access=registration\|location~~=~~New~~ ~~York~~\|publisher=Harper & Row\|year=1978\|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Sadat \|first=Anwar \|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada \|title=In Search of Identity: An Autobiography \|publisher=Harper & Row \|year=1978 \|isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 \|location=New York \|url-access=registration}}

	==See also==		==See also==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:40, 1 September 2024
Line 89:		Line 89:
	He graduated from the [[Egyptian Military Academy\|Royal Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]], the capital of what was then the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], in 1938<ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA102 \|title=Anwar Sadat \|last=Alagna \|first=Magdalena\| date=2004\| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group \|isbn=978-0-8239-4464-4 \|language=en}}</ref> and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (the Sudan being a [[Condominium (international law)\|condominium]] under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and along with several other junior officers they formed the [[Free Officers movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]], an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7AQ5URiP2sC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA29\|title=Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East\|last=Wagner\|first=Heather Lehr\|date=2007\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=978-1-4381-0440-9\|language=en}}</ref>		He graduated from the [[Egyptian Military Academy\|Royal Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]], the capital of what was then the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], in 1938<ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA102 \|title=Anwar Sadat \|last=Alagna \|first=Magdalena\| date=2004\| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group \|isbn=978-0-8239-4464-4 \|language=en}}</ref> and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (the Sudan being a [[Condominium (international law)\|condominium]] under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and along with several other junior officers they formed the [[Free Officers movement (Egypt)\|Free Officers]], an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7AQ5URiP2sC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA29\|title=Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East\|last=Wagner\|first=Heather Lehr\|date=2007\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=978-1-4381-0440-9\|language=en}}</ref>

	[[File:Muhammed_Naguib_colors.jpg\|alt=Muhammed_Naguib_colors\|thumb\|259x259px\|Sadat with [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1952]]		[[File:Muhammed_Naguib_colors.jpg\|alt=Muhammed_Naguib_colors\|thumb\|259x259px\|Sadat with [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1952\|left]]

	During [[World War II]], Sadat [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy\|collaborated]] with spies of [[Nazi Germany]] in Egypt as part of [[Operation Salam]]. Once this was discovered by the British authorities he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate [[Amin Osman]], Minister of Finance in the [[Wafd Party]] government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.		During [[World War II]], Sadat [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy\|collaborated]] with spies of [[Nazi Germany]] in Egypt as part of [[Operation Salam]]. Once this was discovered by the British authorities he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate [[Amin Osman]], Minister of Finance in the [[Wafd Party]] government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.
Line 98:		Line 98:

	==During Nasser's presidency==		==During Nasser's presidency==
	[[File:Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly.JPG\|alt=Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly\|thumb\|With Nasser in the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]], May 1964]]		[[File:Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly.JPG\|alt=Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly\|thumb\|With Nasser in the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]], May 1964\|left]]
	[[File:Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei.jpg\|alt=Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei\|thumb\|Top Egyptian leaders of the [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)\|Arab Socialist Union]] in Alexandria. From left to right: President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Sadat, ASU head [[Ali Sabri]], and Vice President [[Hussein el-Shafei]], August 1968]]		[[File:Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei.jpg\|alt=Nasser,_Sadat,_Sabri_and_Shafei\|thumb\|Top Egyptian leaders of the [[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)\|Arab Socialist Union]] in Alexandria. From left to right: President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Sadat, ASU head [[Ali Sabri]], and Vice President [[Hussein el-Shafei]], August 1968]]
	During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily ''[[Al Gomhuria]]''.<ref name="alt1998">{{cite web \|last=Alterman \|first=Jon B. \|title=New Media New Politics? \|publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] \| date=November 1, 1998 \|volume=48 \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-media-new-politics-satellite-television-internet-arab-world-0 \|archive-date=13 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]] (1960–1968) and then [[Vice President of Egypt]] and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.		During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily ''[[Al Gomhuria]]''.<ref name="alt1998">{{cite web \|last=Alterman \|first=Jon B. \|title=New Media New Politics? \|publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] \| date=November 1, 1998 \|volume=48 \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-media-new-politics-satellite-television-internet-arab-world-0 \|archive-date=13 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the [[House of Representatives (Egypt)\|National Assembly]] (1960–1968) and then [[Vice President of Egypt]] and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.