Apiaceae - Revision history

Kazamzam: Additional citations

2024-10-25T15:12:35Z

Additional citations

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	=== Cultivation ===		=== Cultivation ===
		⚫	Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in the cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a [[companion plant]]. One reason is that the tiny flowers, clustered into umbels, are well suited for [[ladybug]]s, [[parasitic wasp]]s, and predatory [[flies]], which drink nectar when not reproducing.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Peffley \|first=Ellen \|title=Peffley: Companion planting with herbs \|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2021/06/01/peffley-companion-planting-herbs/5255768001/ \|access-date=2024-10-25 \|website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal \|language=en-US}}</ref> They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of the members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find.
	{{unreferenced section\|date=November 2013}}
⚫	Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in the cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a [[companion plant]]. One reason is that the tiny flowers, clustered into umbels, are well suited for [[ladybug]]s, [[parasitic wasp]]s, and predatory [[flies]], which drink nectar when not reproducing. They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of the members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find.

	=== Other uses ===		=== Other uses ===
	{{unreferenced section\|date=November 2013}}
	The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.		The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.

MtBotany: Undid revision 1231565869 by Muldoonsamuel55 (talk)

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Undid revision 1231565869 by Muldoonsamuel55 (talk)

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 == Uses ==
-Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. Some species produce [[tap root]]s that are large enough to be useful as food. Other species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves or fruits and as a result are flavourful aromatic herbs. The seeds of certain species may be used in cuisine as well.
+Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. [[Parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa''), [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[Hamburg parsley#Root parsley|Hamburg parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum'') produce [[tap root]]s that are large enough to be useful as food. Many species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves or fruits and as a result are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are [[parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum''), [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[culantro]], and [[dill]] (''Anethum graveolens''). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare''), [[cumin]] (''Cuminum cyminum''), and [[caraway]] (''Carum carvi'').
 Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include [[chervil]] (''Anthriscus cerefolium''), [[angelica]] (''Angelica'' spp.), [[celery]] (''Apium graveolens''), [[arracacha]] (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza''), [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]] (''Eryngium'' spp.), [[asafoetida]] (''Ferula asafoetida''), [[galbanum]] (''Ferula gummosa''), [[cicely]] (''Myrrhis odorata''), [[anise]] (''Pimpinella anisum''), [[lovage]] (''Levisticum officinale''), and [[Sanicula epipactis|hacquetia]] (''Sanicula epipactis'').<ref name=Watson/>

Keron Cyst: Grammar

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Grammar

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	'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>

	The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].		The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T12 CW#548 - Fix errors for CW project (Punctuation in link - Link equal to linktext)

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	'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium~~\|Apium,~~]]'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>

	The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].		The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].

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Punctuation

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	'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]]'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and ~~which~~ may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium\|Apium,]]'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>

	The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].		The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	Most Apiaceae are [[annual plant\|annual]], [[biennial plant\|biennial]] or [[perennial]] [[herbaceous plant\|herbs]] (frequently with the leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority are woody [[shrub]]s or small trees such as ''[[Bupleurum fruticosum]]''.<ref name=Heywood>{{cite book \|first1=V.H. \|last1=Heywood \|first2=R.K. \|last2=Brummitt \|first3=A. \|last3=Culham \|first4=O. \|last4=Seberg \|title=Flowering plant families of the world \|date=2007 \|publisher=Firefly books \|location=New York, U.S \|isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 }}</ref>{{rp\|35}} Their leaves are of variable size and [[phyllotaxis\|alternately arranged]], or with the upper leaves becoming nearly opposite. The leaves may be [[petiole (botany)\|petiolate]] or [[Sessility (botany)\|sessile]]. There are no [[stipules]] but the petioles are frequently sheathing and the leaves may be [[Glossary of leaf morphology#perfoliate\|perfoliate]]. The leaf blade is usually dissected, [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ternate\|ternate]], or [[Glossary of leaf morphology#pinnatifid\|pinnatifid]], but simple and entire in some genera, e.g. ''[[Bupleurum]]''.<ref name=Stace/> Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to fetid, but absent in some species.		Most Apiaceae are [[annual plant\|annual]], [[biennial plant\|biennial]] or [[perennial]] [[herbaceous plant\|herbs]] (frequently with the leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority are woody [[shrub]]s or small trees such as ''[[Bupleurum fruticosum]]''.<ref name=Heywood>{{cite book \|first1=V.H. \|last1=Heywood \|first2=R.K. \|last2=Brummitt \|first3=A. \|last3=Culham \|first4=O. \|last4=Seberg \|title=Flowering plant families of the world \|date=2007 \|publisher=Firefly books \|location=New York, U.S \|isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 }}</ref>{{rp\|35}} Their leaves are of variable size, and [[phyllotaxis\|alternately arranged]], or with the upper leaves becoming nearly opposite. The leaves may be [[petiole (botany)\|petiolate]] or [[Sessility (botany)\|sessile]]. There are no [[stipules]] but the petioles are frequently sheathing, and the leaves may be [[Glossary of leaf morphology#perfoliate\|perfoliate]]. The leaf blade is usually dissected, [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ternate\|ternate]], or [[Glossary of leaf morphology#pinnatifid\|pinnatifid]], but simple, and entire in some genera, e.g. ''[[Bupleurum]]''.<ref name=Stace/> Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to fetid, but absent in some species.

	The defining characteristic of this family is the [[inflorescence]], the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal [[umbel]]s, that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform [[Cyme (botany)\|cymes]]. The flowers are usually perfect ([[hermaphroditic]]) and [[actinomorphic]], but there may be [[zygomorphic]] flowers at the edge of the umbel, as in [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[coriander]], with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward. Some are [[plant sexual morphology\|andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious]] (as in ''[[Acronema]]''), with a distinct [[calyx (botany)\|calyx]] and [[corolla (flower)\|corolla]], but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while the corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly [[Merosity\|pentamerous]], with five [[petal]]s and five [[stamen]]s.<ref name="Taylor-1994">{{Cite book\|last=Taylor\|first=Ronald J.\|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary\|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co\|year=1994\|isbn=0-87842-280-3\|edition=rev.\|location=Missoula, MT\|pages=94\|language=en\|oclc=25708726\|orig-date=1992}}</ref>		The defining characteristic of this family is the [[inflorescence]], the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal [[umbel]]s, that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform [[Cyme (botany)\|cymes]]. The flowers are usually perfect ([[hermaphroditic]]), and [[actinomorphic]], but there may be [[zygomorphic]] flowers at the edge of the umbel, as in [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[coriander]], with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward. Some are [[plant sexual morphology\|andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious]] (as in ''[[Acronema]]''), with a distinct [[calyx (botany)\|calyx]], and [[corolla (flower)\|corolla]], but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while the corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly [[Merosity\|pentamerous]], with five [[petal]]s and five [[stamen]]s.<ref name="Taylor-1994">{{Cite book\|last=Taylor\|first=Ronald J.\|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary\|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co\|year=1994\|isbn=0-87842-280-3\|edition=rev.\|location=Missoula, MT\|pages=94\|language=en\|oclc=25708726\|orig-date=1992}}</ref>
	There is often variation in the functionality of the stamens even within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may be present but has no ovules capable of being fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are present but their anthers do not produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by the pollen of a different flower of the same plant ([[geitonogamy]]) is common. The [[gynoecium]] consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an [[inferior ovary]].<ref name="Taylor-1994" /> [[Glossary of botanical terms#stylopodium\|Stylopodia]] support two styles and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators like flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a [[schizocarp]] consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing a single seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of ''[[Daucus]]'' spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle ''[[Sanicula europaea]]''<ref name="Heywood" /> and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily [[endosperm]]<ref name="Watson">Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ \|date=13 December 2010 }}. Version: 4 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=She, M. \|author2=Pu, F. \|author3=Pan, Z. \|author4=Watson, M. \|author5=Cannon, J.F.M. \|author6=Holmes-Smith, I. \|author7=Kljuykov, E.V. \|author8=Phillippe, L.R. \|author9=Pimenov, M.G. \|year=2005\|title= Apiaceae\|journal=Flora of China\|volume=14\|pages=1–205\|url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10052}}</ref> and often contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the flavour of commercially important umbelliferous seed such as [[anise]], [[cumin]] and [[coriander]]. The shape and details of the ornamentation of the ripe fruits are important for identification to species level.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book\|last=Stace\|first=C. A.\|author-link = Stace, C. A.\|year=2010\|title=New Flora of the British Isles\|edition=Third\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|location = Cambridge, U.K.\| page=88\|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}}</ref>{{rp\|802}}		There is often variation in the functionality of the stamens even within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may be present but has no ovules capable of being fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are present but their anthers do not produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by the pollen of a different flower of the same plant ([[geitonogamy]]) is common. The [[gynoecium]] consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an [[inferior ovary]].<ref name="Taylor-1994" /> [[Glossary of botanical terms#stylopodium\|Stylopodia]] support two styles, and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators like flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a [[schizocarp]] consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing a single seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of ''[[Daucus]]'' spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle ''[[Sanicula europaea]]''<ref name="Heywood" /> and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily [[endosperm]]<ref name="Watson">Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ \|date=13 December 2010 }}. Version: 4 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=She, M. \|author2=Pu, F. \|author3=Pan, Z. \|author4=Watson, M. \|author5=Cannon, J.F.M. \|author6=Holmes-Smith, I. \|author7=Kljuykov, E.V. \|author8=Phillippe, L.R. \|author9=Pimenov, M.G. \|year=2005\|title= Apiaceae\|journal=Flora of China\|volume=14\|pages=1–205\|url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10052}}</ref> and often contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the flavour of commercially important umbelliferous seed such as [[anise]], [[cumin]] and [[coriander]]. The shape and details of the ornamentation of the ripe fruits are important for identification to species level.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book\|last=Stace\|first=C. A.\|author-link = Stace, C. A.\|year=2010\|title=New Flora of the British Isles\|edition=Third\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|location = Cambridge, U.K.\| page=88\|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}}</ref>{{rp\|802}}

	== Taxonomy ==		== Taxonomy ==

Muldoonsamuel55: /* Uses */ The paragraph describes the uses of species in the Apiaceae family was a very long paragraph. The paragraph was more like a comma-delimited list. I entered the information into a table because I think that tables are more readable to human eyes than comma-delimited lists

2024-06-29T00:38:46Z

Uses: The paragraph describes the uses of species in the Apiaceae family was a very long paragraph. The paragraph was more like a comma-delimited list. I entered the information into a table because I think that tables are more readable to human eyes than comma-delimited lists

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 == Uses ==
-Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. [[Parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa''), [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[Hamburg parsley#Root parsley|Hamburg parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum'') produce [[tap root]]s that are large enough to be useful as food. Many species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves or fruits and as a result are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are [[parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum''), [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[culantro]], and [[dill]] (''Anethum graveolens''). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare''), [[cumin]] (''Cuminum cyminum''), and [[caraway]] (''Carum carvi'').
+Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. Some species produce [[tap root]]s that are large enough to be useful as food. Other species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves or fruits and as a result are flavourful aromatic herbs. The seeds of certain species may be used in cuisine as well.
 Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include [[chervil]] (''Anthriscus cerefolium''), [[angelica]] (''Angelica'' spp.), [[celery]] (''Apium graveolens''), [[arracacha]] (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza''), [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]] (''Eryngium'' spp.), [[asafoetida]] (''Ferula asafoetida''), [[galbanum]] (''Ferula gummosa''), [[cicely]] (''Myrrhis odorata''), [[anise]] (''Pimpinella anisum''), [[lovage]] (''Levisticum officinale''), and [[Sanicula epipactis|hacquetia]] (''Sanicula epipactis'').<ref name=Watson/>

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

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v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

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	The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.		The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.

	''[[Daucus carota]]'' has been used as coloring for butter<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Daucus carota: Beauty or Beast? (Michele Warmund) \|url=https://ipm.missouri.edu/MEG/2010/8/Daucus-carota-Beauty-or-Beast/ \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=ipm.missouri.edu \|language=en}}</ref>.		''[[Daucus carota]]'' has been used as coloring for butter.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Daucus carota: Beauty or Beast? (Michele Warmund) \|url=https://ipm.missouri.edu/MEG/2010/8/Daucus-carota-Beauty-or-Beast/ \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=ipm.missouri.edu \|language=en}}</ref>

	''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', ''[[Ferula galbaniflua]]'', and ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (sumbul) are sources of [[incense]].		''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', ''[[Ferula galbaniflua]]'', and ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (sumbul) are sources of [[incense]].

OrtusSolis: /* Other uses */ cite source

2024-03-01T21:12:16Z

Other uses: cite source

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:12, 1 March 2024
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	The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.		The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.

	''[[Daucus carota]]'' has been used as coloring for butter{{~~citation~~ ~~needed~~\|date=~~March~~ ~~2017~~}}.		''[[Daucus carota]]'' has been used as coloring for butter<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Daucus carota: Beauty or Beast? (Michele Warmund) \|url=https://ipm.missouri.edu/MEG/2010/8/Daucus-carota-Beauty-or-Beast/ \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=ipm.missouri.edu \|language=en}}</ref>.

	''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', ''[[Ferula galbaniflua]]'', and ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (sumbul) are sources of [[incense]].		''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', ''[[Ferula galbaniflua]]'', and ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (sumbul) are sources of [[incense]].

Satualm: Added a definition adjective word

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Added a definition adjective word

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	}}		}}

	'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]]'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en\|eɪ\|p\|iː\|'\|eɪ\|s\|i\|ˌ\|aɪ\|,_\|-\|s\|iː\|ˌ\|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]]'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''' or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus\|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida\|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum\|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)\|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gorvett \|first=Zaria \|date=7 September 2017 \|title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb \|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb \|access-date=4 June 2018 \|website=BBC \|language=en}}</ref>

	The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].		The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum\|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta\|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium\|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)\|water dropwort]].

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2023-09-04T16:20:11Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

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	* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Higher Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of rbcL Sequences \| journal = American Journal of Botany\| volume = 83 \| issue = 4\| pages = 499–515 \| doi=10.2307/2446219\| jstor = 2446219 }}		* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Higher Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of rbcL Sequences \| journal = American Journal of Botany\| volume = 83 \| issue = 4\| pages = 499–515 \| doi=10.2307/2446219\| jstor = 2446219 }}
	* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data \| journal = Systematic Botany\| volume = 21 \| issue = 4\| pages = 477–495 \| doi=10.2307/2419610\| jstor = 2419610 }}		* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data \| journal = Systematic Botany\| volume = 21 \| issue = 4\| pages = 477–495 \| doi=10.2307/2419610\| jstor = 2419610 }}
	* Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) ''Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares.'' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae"] (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).		* Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) ''Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares.'' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030175423/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 \|date=30 October 2014 }} (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).
	* {{cite web \|url=https://www.greenmountainclub.org/wild-parsnip-and-friends-in-vermont/ \|title=Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont \|last1=Scavo \|first1=Tom \|date=11 August 2011 \|website=Green Mountain Club \|access-date=11 August 2018}}		* {{cite web \|url=https://www.greenmountainclub.org/wild-parsnip-and-friends-in-vermont/ \|title=Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont \|last1=Scavo \|first1=Tom \|date=11 August 2011 \|website=Green Mountain Club \|access-date=11 August 2018}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:20, 4 September 2023
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	* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Higher Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of rbcL Sequences \| journal = American Journal of Botany\| volume = 83 \| issue = 4\| pages = 499–515 \| doi=10.2307/2446219\| jstor = 2446219 }}		* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Higher Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of rbcL Sequences \| journal = American Journal of Botany\| volume = 83 \| issue = 4\| pages = 499–515 \| doi=10.2307/2446219\| jstor = 2446219 }}
	* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data \| journal = Systematic Botany\| volume = 21 \| issue = 4\| pages = 477–495 \| doi=10.2307/2419610\| jstor = 2419610 }}		* {{cite journal \| last1 = Plunkett \| first1 = G. M. \| last2 = Soltis \| first2 = D. E. \|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis \| last3 = Soltis \| first3 = P. S. \| author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis\| year = 1996 \| title = Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data \| journal = Systematic Botany\| volume = 21 \| issue = 4\| pages = 477–495 \| doi=10.2307/2419610\| jstor = 2419610 }}
	* Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) ''Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares.'' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae"] (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).		* Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) ''Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares.'' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030175423/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 \|date=30 October 2014 }} (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).
	* {{cite web \|url=https://www.greenmountainclub.org/wild-parsnip-and-friends-in-vermont/ \|title=Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont \|last1=Scavo \|first1=Tom \|date=11 August 2011 \|website=Green Mountain Club \|access-date=11 August 2018}}		* {{cite web \|url=https://www.greenmountainclub.org/wild-parsnip-and-friends-in-vermont/ \|title=Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont \|last1=Scavo \|first1=Tom \|date=11 August 2011 \|website=Green Mountain Club \|access-date=11 August 2018}}