Arthur Goldberg - Revision history

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	Goldberg, who worked part time as a construction worker, took night courses at [[Crane Junior College]] of the [[City Colleges of Chicago]] and [[DePaul University]]. He later earned a [[Bachelor of Science\|B.S.L.]] (''[[magna cum laude]]''; 1929) and [[Juris Doctor\|J.D.]] (1930) degrees from [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/images/goldberg.html \| title=Arthur J. Goldberg Papers (Library of Congress) \| website=[[Library of Congress]] \| access-date=January 28, 2019 \| archive-date=January 1, 2019 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101053422/https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/images/goldberg.html \| url-status=live }}</ref> Goldberg served as the Editor of the ''Illinois Law Review'' (now known as the [[Northwestern Law Review]]) and helped Law Dean [[John Henry Wigmore]] write his third edition of the treatise on evidence.<ref name=JewishJustices /> Goldberg graduated from Northwestern law school in just 2.5 years and with the highest academic record ever at Northwestern. Being just 21-years-old, he was too young to pass the Illinois Bar.<ref name=BLS /> However, he sued and successfully argued his own case to be admitted to the bar.<ref name=BLS />		Goldberg, who worked part time as a construction worker, took night courses at [[Crane Junior College]] of the [[City Colleges of Chicago]] and [[DePaul University]]. He later earned a [[Bachelor of Science\|B.S.L.]] (''[[magna cum laude]]''; 1929) and [[Juris Doctor\|J.D.]] (1930) degrees from [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/images/goldberg.html \| title=Arthur J. Goldberg Papers (Library of Congress) \| website=[[Library of Congress]] \| access-date=January 28, 2019 \| archive-date=January 1, 2019 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101053422/https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/images/goldberg.html \| url-status=live }}</ref> Goldberg served as the Editor of the ''Illinois Law Review'' (now known as the [[Northwestern Law Review]]) and helped Law Dean [[John Henry Wigmore]] write his third edition of the treatise on evidence.<ref name=JewishJustices /> Goldberg graduated from Northwestern law school in just 2.5 years and with the highest academic record ever at Northwestern. Being just 21-years-old, he was too young to pass the Illinois Bar.<ref name=BLS /> However, he sued and successfully argued his own case to be admitted to the bar.<ref name=BLS />

	In 1931, Goldberg married [[Dorothy Kurgans Goldberg\|Dorothy Kurgans]]. They had one daughter, Barbara Goldberg Cramer, and one son, Robert M. Goldberg (an attorney in [[Anchorage, Alaska]]).<ref>{{cite news \| url=~~http~~://~~articles~~.latimes.com/1990-01-20~~/news/~~mn-~~226_1_justice~~-~~goldberg~~ \| work=Los Angeles Times \| first1=Don \| last1=Shannon \| first2=Shawn \| last2=Pogatchnik \| title=Ex-U.S. Justice and U.N. Envoy Goldberg Dies \| date=January 20, 1990 \| access-date=March 29, 2012 \| archive-date=October 14, 2012 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171919/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-20/news/mn-226_1_justice-goldberg \| url-status=live }}</ref> He was the uncle of prolific [[blues rock]] keyboardist [[Barry Goldberg]].<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Stars of David: Rock'n'roll's Jewish Stories\|author=Benarde, S.R.\|date=2003\|publisher=Brandeis University Press, published by University Press of New England\|isbn=9781584653035\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI4-VnSrEcAC\|page=104\|access-date=October 15, 2014\|archive-date=July 5, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705130307/http://books.google.com/books?id=XI4-VnSrEcAC\|url-status=live}}</ref>		In 1931, Goldberg married [[Dorothy Kurgans Goldberg\|Dorothy Kurgans]]. They had one daughter, Barbara Goldberg Cramer, and one son, Robert M. Goldberg (an attorney in [[Anchorage, Alaska]]).<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-20-mn-226-story.html \| work=Los Angeles Times \| first1=Don \| last1=Shannon \| first2=Shawn \| last2=Pogatchnik \| title=Ex-U.S. Justice and U.N. Envoy Goldberg Dies \| date=January 20, 1990 \| access-date=March 29, 2012 \| archive-date=October 14, 2012 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171919/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-20/news/mn-226_1_justice-goldberg \| url-status=live }}</ref> He was the uncle of prolific [[blues rock]] keyboardist [[Barry Goldberg]].<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Stars of David: Rock'n'roll's Jewish Stories\|author=Benarde, S.R.\|date=2003\|publisher=Brandeis University Press, published by University Press of New England\|isbn=9781584653035\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI4-VnSrEcAC\|page=104\|access-date=October 15, 2014\|archive-date=July 5, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705130307/http://books.google.com/books?id=XI4-VnSrEcAC\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==World War II==		==World War II==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	{{wikisource author}}		{{wikisource author}}
	*[http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?jfk-space-program JFK to Secretary of Labor, Arthur Goldberg: Missile and Space Programs - End Labor Delays, 1961]~~{{Dead link\|date=September 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}~~ Shapell Manuscript Foundation		*[https://archive.today/20131113095054/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?jfk-space-program JFK to Secretary of Labor, Arthur Goldberg: Missile and Space Programs - End Labor Delays, 1961] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
	*{{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003131/http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/goldberg.htm \|title=Biography. U.S. Department of Labor. No date. \|date=2006-05-09}}		*{{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003131/http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/goldberg.htm \|title=Biography. U.S. Department of Labor. No date. \|date=2006-05-09}}
	*[https://www.oyez.org/justices/arthur_j_goldberg/ Oyez, U.S. Supreme Court media, Arthur J. Goldberg.]		*[https://www.oyez.org/justices/arthur_j_goldberg/ Oyez, U.S. Supreme Court media, Arthur J. Goldberg.]

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	Due to antisemitism, Goldberg was unable to work in Chicago's big law firms because they would not hire Jews. Instead, he started his legal career at Pritzger & Pritzger, a firm founded by German Jews.<ref name=BLS /> However, he was uncomfortable with his work at Pritzger because the work mainly dealt with representing large businesses.<ref name=BLS />		Due to antisemitism, Goldberg was unable to work in Chicago's big law firms because they would not hire Jews. Instead, he started his legal career at Pritzger & Pritzger, a firm founded by German Jews.<ref name=BLS /> However, he was uncomfortable with his work at Pritzger because the work mainly dealt with representing large businesses.<ref name=BLS />

	Goldberg's interest in labor law spiked at the start of [[The Great Depression]] and in 1933 he left Pritzger to create his own boutique law firm, which was focused on labor law.<ref name=BLS /> Goldberg joined the [[National Lawyers Guild]] (NLG), a group that was advocating for [[The New Deal]], in the mid-1930s.<ref name=BLS /> However, Goldberg, among others, resigned a few years later due to the NLG's growing association with the [[American Communist Party]].<ref name=BLS />		Goldberg's interest in labor law spiked at the start of [[The Great Depression]] and in 1933 he left Pritzger to create his own boutique law firm, which was focused on labor law.<ref name=BLS /> Goldberg joined the [[National Lawyers Guild]] (NLG), a group that was advocating for [[The New Deal]], in the mid-1930s.<ref name=BLS /> However, Goldberg, among others, resigned a few years later due to the NLG's growing association with the American Communist Party.<ref name=BLS />

	Goldberg became a prominent labor lawyer and represented striking Chicago newspaper workers on behalf of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) in 1938. The strike went on for eight months and Goldberg spent almost everyday in court arguing on the worker's behalf. Eventually, the strike persuaded [[William Randolph Hearst]] to recognize the newspaper union.<ref name=JewishJustices /> Appointed general counsel to the CIO in 1948 to succeed [[Lee Pressman]],<ref>{{cite news\| title = CIO Names General Counsel\| work = [[The New York Times]]\| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1948/03/05/archives/cio-names-general-counsel.html\| page = 7\| date = 5 March 1948\| access-date = 18 March 2017\| archive-date = July 25, 2018\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214456/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/03/05/archives/cio-names-general-counsel.html\| url-status = live}}</ref> Goldberg served as a negotiator and chief legal adviser in the merger of the [[American Federation of Labor]] and CIO in 1955. AFL-CIO is one of the US major labor unions representing America's workers and labor. Goldberg also served as general counsel of the [[United Steelworkers\|United Steelworkers of America]].<ref name=BLS />		Goldberg became a prominent labor lawyer and represented striking Chicago newspaper workers on behalf of the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) in 1938. The strike went on for eight months and Goldberg spent almost everyday in court arguing on the worker's behalf. Eventually, the strike persuaded [[William Randolph Hearst]] to recognize the newspaper union.<ref name=JewishJustices /> Appointed general counsel to the CIO in 1948 to succeed [[Lee Pressman]],<ref>{{cite news\| title = CIO Names General Counsel\| work = [[The New York Times]]\| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1948/03/05/archives/cio-names-general-counsel.html\| page = 7\| date = 5 March 1948\| access-date = 18 March 2017\| archive-date = July 25, 2018\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214456/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/03/05/archives/cio-names-general-counsel.html\| url-status = live}}</ref> Goldberg served as a negotiator and chief legal adviser in the merger of the [[American Federation of Labor]] and CIO in 1955. AFL-CIO is one of the US major labor unions representing America's workers and labor. Goldberg also served as general counsel of the [[United Steelworkers\|United Steelworkers of America]].<ref name=BLS />

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Subsequent career

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	==Subsequent career==		==Subsequent career==

	[[File:Gravesite of U.S. Army Major Arthur Goldberg in Section 21, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia on April 24, 2024.jpg\|thumb\|Grave at Arlington ~~Nationa~~ Cemetery]]		[[File:Gravesite of U.S. Army Major Arthur Goldberg in Section 21, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia on April 24, 2024.jpg\|thumb\|Grave at Arlington National Cemetery]]

	Frustrated with the war in Vietnam, Goldberg resigned from the ambassadorship in 1968 and accepted a senior partnership with the New York law firm [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]]. Longing to return to the bench, Goldberg later claimed that he was [[Earl Warren]]'s preference to succeed him when the chief justice announced his retirement in 1968, but President Johnson selected [[Abe Fortas]] instead.<ref>Bernard Schwartz, ''Super Chief: Earl Warren and his Supreme Court'' (New York: New York University Press, 1983), p. 720.</ref> After Fortas's nomination was withdrawn in the face of Senate opposition, Johnson briefly considered naming Goldberg chief justice as a [[recess appointment]] before ruling out the idea.<ref name="Stebenne"/>{{rp\|373}} On 15 October 1969, Goldberg was a featured speaker at the [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] march.{{sfn\|Karnow\|1983\|p=599}}		Frustrated with the war in Vietnam, Goldberg resigned from the ambassadorship in 1968 and accepted a senior partnership with the New York law firm [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]]. Longing to return to the bench, Goldberg later claimed that he was [[Earl Warren]]'s preference to succeed him when the chief justice announced his retirement in 1968, but President Johnson selected [[Abe Fortas]] instead.<ref>Bernard Schwartz, ''Super Chief: Earl Warren and his Supreme Court'' (New York: New York University Press, 1983), p. 720.</ref> After Fortas's nomination was withdrawn in the face of Senate opposition, Johnson briefly considered naming Goldberg chief justice as a [[recess appointment]] before ruling out the idea.<ref name="Stebenne"/>{{rp\|373}} On 15 October 1969, Goldberg was a featured speaker at the [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] march.{{sfn\|Karnow\|1983\|p=599}}

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	==Subsequent career==		==Subsequent career==

	[[File:~~Justice~~ ~~Arthur~~ J. Goldberg ~~(19136218366)~~.jpg\|thumb~~\|upright=.90~~\|Grave of ~~Arthur~~ ~~Goldberg~~]]		[[File:Gravesite of U.S. Army Major Arthur Goldberg in Section 21, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia on April 24, 2024.jpg\|thumb\|Grave at Arlington Nationa Cemetery]]

	Frustrated with the war in Vietnam, Goldberg resigned from the ambassadorship in 1968 and accepted a senior partnership with the New York law firm [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]]. Longing to return to the bench, Goldberg later claimed that he was [[Earl Warren]]'s preference to succeed him when the chief justice announced his retirement in 1968, but President Johnson selected [[Abe Fortas]] instead.<ref>Bernard Schwartz, ''Super Chief: Earl Warren and his Supreme Court'' (New York: New York University Press, 1983), p. 720.</ref> After Fortas's nomination was withdrawn in the face of Senate opposition, Johnson briefly considered naming Goldberg chief justice as a [[recess appointment]] before ruling out the idea.<ref name="Stebenne"/>{{rp\|373}} On 15 October 1969, Goldberg was a featured speaker at the [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] march.{{sfn\|Karnow\|1983\|p=599}}		Frustrated with the war in Vietnam, Goldberg resigned from the ambassadorship in 1968 and accepted a senior partnership with the New York law firm [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]]. Longing to return to the bench, Goldberg later claimed that he was [[Earl Warren]]'s preference to succeed him when the chief justice announced his retirement in 1968, but President Johnson selected [[Abe Fortas]] instead.<ref>Bernard Schwartz, ''Super Chief: Earl Warren and his Supreme Court'' (New York: New York University Press, 1983), p. 720.</ref> After Fortas's nomination was withdrawn in the face of Senate opposition, Johnson briefly considered naming Goldberg chief justice as a [[recess appointment]] before ruling out the idea.<ref name="Stebenne"/>{{rp\|373}} On 15 October 1969, Goldberg was a featured speaker at the [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] march.{{sfn\|Karnow\|1983\|p=599}}

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UN ambassador

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	Goldberg wrote that he resigned to have influence in keeping the peace in [[Vietnam War\|Vietnam]] and that after the crisis had passed, he expected he would be reappointed to the Supreme Court by Johnson to replace the retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren. He also said, "I had an exaggerated opinion of my capacities. I thought I could persuade Johnson that we were fighting the wrong war in the wrong place [and] to get out."<ref name="Stebenne">{{cite book\|title=Arthur J. Goldberg, New Deal Liberal\|url=https://archive.org/details/arthurjgoldbergn0000steb\|url-access=registration\|last=Stebenne\|first=David L.\|year=1996\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York \| isbn=0-19-507105-0}}</ref>{{rp\|348–351}}		Goldberg wrote that he resigned to have influence in keeping the peace in [[Vietnam War\|Vietnam]] and that after the crisis had passed, he expected he would be reappointed to the Supreme Court by Johnson to replace the retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren. He also said, "I had an exaggerated opinion of my capacities. I thought I could persuade Johnson that we were fighting the wrong war in the wrong place [and] to get out."<ref name="Stebenne">{{cite book\|title=Arthur J. Goldberg, New Deal Liberal\|url=https://archive.org/details/arthurjgoldbergn0000steb\|url-access=registration\|last=Stebenne\|first=David L.\|year=1996\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York \| isbn=0-19-507105-0}}</ref>{{rp\|348–351}}

	David Stebenne, Goldberg's biographer, adds, "Many observers, then and later, found this answer hard to accept." He suggests, "Johnson must have had some influence over Goldberg that induced him [to resign from the Supreme Court]." ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' reported in 1962 that Johnson knew that for a party thrown in Johnson's honor that year, a Goldberg aide, Jerry Holleman, solicited contributions from wealthy supporters of Johnson, including [[Billy Sol Estes]]. Holleman accepted responsibility and there was no public awareness of Goldberg and Johnson's involvement.<ref>{{cite magazine \| ~~last~~ = Editors of Time \|date=18 May 1962 \| title = Tauter & Tauter \| magazine = Time \| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896159,00.html?iid=chix-sphere \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114075031/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896159,00.html?iid=chix-sphere \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = January 14, 2009 \| access-date = May 28, 2008 \| quote = Just two days before Holleman confirmed that he had asked Estes and other Texans to pick up the tab for a January dinner Labor Secretary Arthur Goldberg gave for Lyndon Johnson, but said he backed off when he learned that Goldberg's policy was to pay for all such dinners himself. Goldberg promptly offered to produce canceled checks to prove he had paid for the dinner. Said Holleman of Billie Sol, in words reminiscent of a previous Democratic Administration: "I have not and I never will deny him as a friend."}}</ref>		David Stebenne, Goldberg's biographer, adds, "Many observers, then and later, found this answer hard to accept." He suggests, "Johnson must have had some influence over Goldberg that induced him [to resign from the Supreme Court]." ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' reported in 1962 that Johnson knew that for a party thrown in Johnson's honor that year, a Goldberg aide, Jerry Holleman, solicited contributions from wealthy supporters of Johnson, including [[Billy Sol Estes]]. Holleman accepted responsibility and there was no public awareness of Goldberg and Johnson's involvement.<ref>{{cite magazine \| author=<!--Editors of Time--> \|date=18 May 1962 \| title = Tauter & Tauter \| magazine = Time \| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896159,00.html?iid=chix-sphere \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114075031/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896159,00.html?iid=chix-sphere \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = January 14, 2009 \| access-date = May 28, 2008 \| quote = Just two days before Holleman confirmed that he had asked Estes and other Texans to pick up the tab for a January dinner Labor Secretary Arthur Goldberg gave for Lyndon Johnson, but said he backed off when he learned that Goldberg's policy was to pay for all such dinners himself. Goldberg promptly offered to produce canceled checks to prove he had paid for the dinner. Said Holleman of Billie Sol, in words reminiscent of a previous Democratic Administration: "I have not and I never will deny him as a friend."}}</ref>

	Johnson said of the Goldberg decision in his later-released audio tapes:		Johnson said of the Goldberg decision in his later-released audio tapes:

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	==See also==		==See also==
	{{Portal\|Biography~~\|World War II~~\|United States\|Politics}}		{{Portal\|Biography\|United States\|Politics}}
	* [[Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States]]		* [[Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
	* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]		* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]

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	* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]		* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]
	* [[List of Jewish American jurists]]		* [[List of Jewish American jurists]]
	* [[List of Jewish ~~American~~ United States Cabinet members]]		* [[List of Jewish United States Cabinet members]]
	* [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]		* [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
	* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)]]		* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)]]

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	* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]		* [[John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates]]
	* [[List of Jewish American jurists]]		* [[List of Jewish American jurists]]
			* [[List of Jewish American United States Cabinet members]]
	* [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]		* [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
	* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)]]		* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)]]