Batholith - Revision history

Sir Sputnik: rv sockpuppetry

2024-09-26T21:48:21Z

rv sockpuppetry

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:48, 26 September 2024
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	Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust.		Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust.

	[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], Bulgaria]]		[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]

	Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively buoyant magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (mythology)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons are formed by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>		Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively buoyant magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (mythology)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons are formed by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>

Verngel: /* Formation */ WP:LINK

2024-08-15T13:46:45Z

Formation: WP:LINK

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:46, 15 August 2024
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	Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust.		Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust.

	[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]		[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], Bulgaria]]

	Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively buoyant magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (mythology)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons are formed by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>		Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively buoyant magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (mythology)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons are formed by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>

ArnieSchoenberg: Added missing article “the”

2024-06-25T01:32:12Z

Added missing article “the”

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:32, 25 June 2024
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	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in the [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>

GreenC bot: Move 1 url. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#deccanchronicle.com

2024-06-05T22:54:09Z

Move 1 url. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#deccanchronicle.com

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	===Asia===		===Asia===
	*[[Angara-Vitim batholith]], Siberia		*[[Angara-Vitim batholith]], Siberia
	*[[Bhongir, Telangana\|Bhongir]] Fort Batholith, [[Telangana]], India<ref>{{Cite web\|url=~~http~~://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/010616/telangana-bhongir-fort-s-batholith-marvel.html\|title=Bhongir fort's batholith marvel\|date=June 2016}}</ref>		*[[Bhongir, Telangana\|Bhongir]] Fort Batholith, [[Telangana]], India<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/010616/telangana-bhongir-fort-s-batholith-marvel.html\|title=Bhongir fort's batholith marvel\|date=June 2016}}</ref>
	*[[Chibagalakh batholith]], Siberia		*[[Chibagalakh batholith]], Siberia
	*Mount Abu, India <ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2018/07/mount-abu-geology.html?m=1\|title = Rapid Uplift: Mount Abu Geology\|date = 22 July 2018}}</ref>		*Mount Abu, India <ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2018/07/mount-abu-geology.html?m=1\|title = Rapid Uplift: Mount Abu Geology\|date = 22 July 2018}}</ref>

LaundryPizza03: removed Category:Volcanism using HotCat

2024-04-29T09:36:13Z

removed Category:Volcanism using HotCat

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	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:Volcanism]]
	[[Category:Batholiths\| ]]		[[Category:Batholiths\| ]]

GeoWriter: Undid revision 1213667207 by TheRealMojo - in the case of batholiths "plutonic" is more appropriate than "hypabyssal"

2024-03-14T21:14:04Z

Undid revision 1213667207 by TheRealMojo - in the case of batholiths "plutonic" is more appropriate than "hypabyssal"

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:14, 14 March 2024
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	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called ~~hypabyssal~~ rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>

TheRealMojo at 12:02, 14 March 2024

2024-03-14T12:02:22Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:02, 14 March 2024
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	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called ~~plutonic~~ rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called hypabyssal rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>

Civil Engineer 3: COPYEDIT

2024-02-22T14:06:31Z

COPYEDIT

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:06, 22 February 2024
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	{{Short description\|Large igneous rock intrusion}}		{{Short description\|Large igneous rock intrusion}}
	{{More footnotes\|date=March 2015}}
	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

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	[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]		[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]

	Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively ~~[[Buoyancy\|~~buoyant]] magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (~~god~~)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons ~~commonly~~ are formed ~~not by ascent of large magma diapirs, but rather~~ by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>		Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively buoyant magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (mythology)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons are formed by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>

	A batholith is formed when many plutons converge to form a huge expanse of granitic rock. Some batholiths are mammoth, paralleling past and present [[~~Subduction\|~~subduction ~~zones~~]] and other heat sources for hundreds of kilometers in [[continental crust]]. One such batholith is the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]], which is a continuous granitic formation that makes up much of the [[~~Sierra Nevada (U.S.)\|~~Sierra Nevada]] in [[California]]. An even larger batholith, the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]], is found predominantly in the [[Coast Mountains]] of western [[Canada]]; it extends for 1,800 kilometers and reaches into southeastern [[Alaska]].		A batholith is formed when many plutons converge to form a huge expanse of granitic rock. Some batholiths are mammoth, paralleling past and present [[subduction]] zones and other heat sources for hundreds of kilometers in [[continental crust]]. One such batholith is the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]], which is a continuous granitic formation that makes up much of the [[Sierra Nevada]] in California. An even larger batholith, the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]], is found predominantly in the [[Coast Mountains]] of western Canada; it extends for 1,800 kilometers and reaches into southeastern Alaska.

	==Surface expression and erosion==		==Surface expression and erosion==
	A batholith is an exposed area of (mostly) continuous plutonic rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles). Areas smaller than 100 square kilometers are called ''[[Stock (geology)\|stocks]]''.<ref>GLENCOE SCIENCE \| Earth Science Twelfth Grade High School Textbook (Georgia); pg. 115 paragraph 1, pg. 521 question 9</ref> However, the majority of batholiths visible at the surface (via outcroppings) have areas far greater than 100 square kilometers. These areas are exposed to the surface through the process of [[erosion]] accelerated by [[Orogeny\|continental uplift]] acting over many tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. This process has removed several tens of square kilometers of overlying rock in many areas, exposing the once deeply buried batholiths.		A batholith is an exposed area of (mostly) continuous plutonic rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles). Areas smaller than 100 square kilometers are called ''[[Stock (geology)\|stocks]]''.<ref>GLENCOE SCIENCE \| Earth Science Twelfth Grade High School Textbook (Georgia); pg. 115 paragraph 1, pg. 521 question 9</ref> However, the majority of batholiths visible at the surface (via outcroppings) have areas far greater than 100 square kilometers. These areas are exposed to the surface through the process of [[erosion]] accelerated by [[Orogeny\|continental uplift]] acting over many tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. This process has removed several tens of square kilometers of overlying rock in many areas, exposing the once deeply buried batholiths.

	Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their [[crystal structure]] expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of [[mass wasting]] called [[~~exfoliation~~ ~~(geology)~~\|exfoliation]]. This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by [[Weathering#Frost weathering\|frost wedging]]). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is [[Half Dome]] in [[Yosemite Valley]].		Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their [[crystal structure]] expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of [[mass wasting]] called [[Exfoliation joint\|exfoliation]]. This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by [[Weathering#Frost weathering\|frost wedging]]). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is [[Half Dome]] in [[Yosemite Valley]].

	==Examples==		==Examples==
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	* [[Laccolith]]		* [[Laccolith]]
	* [[Sill (geology)\|Sill]]		* [[Sill (geology)\|Sill]]
	* [[Stock (geology)\|Stock]]
	* [[Volcanic plug]]		* [[Volcanic plug]]

Calathea: /* North America */ Fixed link

2023-11-26T07:10:28Z

North America: Fixed link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:10, 26 November 2023
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	===North America===		===North America===
	*[[Bald Rock Dome\|Bald Rock Batholith]]		*[[Bald Rock Dome\|Bald Rock Batholith]]
	*[[Enchanted Rock, Texas]]		*[[Enchanted Rock]], Texas
	*[[Boulder Batholith]]		*[[Boulder Batholith]]
	*[[The Baths\|British Virgin Islands]]		*[[The Baths\|British Virgin Islands]]

Anon126: Reverted edits by 103.38.69.83 (talk) to last version by 2600:1700:110:1950:5139:70A7:2F4A:F56

2023-10-06T09:52:53Z

Reverted edits by 103.38.69.83 (talk) to last version by 2600:1700:110:1950:5139:70A7:2F4A:F56

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:52, 6 October 2023
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	==Formation==		==Formation==
		⚫	Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust.

		⚫	[[File:Vitosha platoto.jpg\|thumb\|The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]
⚫	~~===~~ Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or ''[[pluton]]s'', bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent igneous rock by some combination of criteria including age, composition, texture, or mappable structures. Individual plutons are solidified from magma that traveled toward the surface from a zone of [[partial melting]] near the base of the Earth's crust. ~~===~~

		⚫	Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively [[Buoyancy\|buoyant]] magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (god)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons commonly are formed not by ascent of large magma diapirs, but rather by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref>
⚫	~~===~~ The eroded laccolith above the batholith system of [[Vitosha]] - [[Plana (mountain)\|Plana]] domed mountains, next to [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] ~~===~~

		⚫	A batholith is formed when many plutons converge to form a huge expanse of granitic rock. Some batholiths are mammoth, paralleling past and present [[Subduction\|subduction zones]] and other heat sources for hundreds of kilometers in [[continental crust]]. One such batholith is the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]], which is a continuous granitic formation that makes up much of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)\|Sierra Nevada]] in [[California]]. An even larger batholith, the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]], is found predominantly in the [[Coast Mountains]] of western [[Canada]]; it extends for 1,800 kilometers and reaches into southeastern [[Alaska]].
⚫	~~===~~ Traditionally, these plutons have been considered to form by ascent of relatively [[Buoyancy\|buoyant]] magma in large masses called ''plutonic [[diapir]]s''. Because the diapirs are liquified and very hot, they tend to rise through the surrounding native [[Country rock (geology)\|country rock]], pushing it aside and partially melting it. Most diapirs do not reach the surface to form [[volcano]]es, but instead they slow down, cool, and usually solidify 5 to 30 kilometers underground as plutons (hence the use of the word ''pluton''; in reference to the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] god of the underworld [[Pluto (god)\|Pluto]]). An alternate view is that plutons commonly are formed not by ascent of large magma diapirs, but rather by aggregation of smaller volumes of magma that ascend as [[Dike (geology)\|dikes]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hall\|first1=Clarence A. Jr.\|title=Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants\|date=2007\|publisher=University of California Press\|location=Berkeley\|isbn=9780520249325\|page=22}}</ref> ~~===~~

		⚫	==Surface expression and erosion==
⚫	~~===~~ A batholith is formed when many plutons converge to form a huge expanse of granitic rock. Some batholiths are mammoth, paralleling past and present [[Subduction\|subduction zones]] and other heat sources for hundreds of kilometers in [[continental crust]]. One such batholith is the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]], which is a continuous granitic formation that makes up much of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)\|Sierra Nevada]] in [[California]]. An even larger batholith, the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]], is found predominantly in the [[Coast Mountains]] of western [[Canada]]; it extends for 1,800 kilometers and reaches into southeastern [[Alaska]]. ~~===~~
		⚫	A batholith is an exposed area of (mostly) continuous plutonic rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles). Areas smaller than 100 square kilometers are called ''[[Stock (geology)\|stocks]]''.<ref>GLENCOE SCIENCE \| Earth Science Twelfth Grade High School Textbook (Georgia); pg. 115 paragraph 1, pg. 521 question 9</ref> However, the majority of batholiths visible at the surface (via outcroppings) have areas far greater than 100 square kilometers. These areas are exposed to the surface through the process of [[erosion]] accelerated by [[Orogeny\|continental uplift]] acting over many tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. This process has removed several tens of square kilometers of overlying rock in many areas, exposing the once deeply buried batholiths.

		⚫	Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their [[crystal structure]] expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of [[mass wasting]] called [[exfoliation (geology)\|exfoliation]]. This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by [[Weathering#Frost weathering\|frost wedging]]). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is [[Half Dome]] in [[Yosemite Valley]].
⚫	==~~'''~~Surface expression and erosion~~'''~~==

⚫	~~===~~ A batholith is an exposed area of (mostly) continuous plutonic rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles). Areas smaller than 100 square kilometers are called ''[[Stock (geology)\|stocks]]''.<ref>GLENCOE SCIENCE \| Earth Science Twelfth Grade High School Textbook (Georgia); pg. 115 paragraph 1, pg. 521 question 9</ref> However, the majority of batholiths visible at the surface (via outcroppings) have areas far greater than 100 square kilometers. These areas are exposed to the surface through the process of [[erosion]] accelerated by [[Orogeny\|continental uplift]] acting over many tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. This process has removed several tens of square kilometers of overlying rock in many areas, exposing the once deeply buried batholiths. ~~===~~

⚫	~~===~~ Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their [[crystal structure]] expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of [[mass wasting]] called [[exfoliation (geology)\|exfoliation]]. This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by [[Weathering#Frost weathering\|frost wedging]]). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is [[Half Dome]] in [[Yosemite Valley]]. ~~===~~

	==Examples==		==Examples==
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	{{col-end}}		{{col-end}}

	=== See also ===		==See also==
	* [[Laccolith]]		* [[Laccolith]]
	* [[Sill (geology)\|Sill]]		* [[Sill (geology)\|Sill]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:32, 25 June 2024
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	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in the [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:14, 14 March 2024
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	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called ~~hypabyssal~~ rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called plutonic rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:02, 14 March 2024
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]		[[File:Yosemite 20 bg 090404.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|[[Half Dome]], a [[quartz monzonite]] [[monolith]] in [[Yosemite National Park]] and part of the [[Sierra Nevada Batholith]]]]

	A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called ~~plutonic~~ rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').		A '''batholith''' ({{etymology\|grc\|bathos\|depth\|\|lithos\|rock}}) is a large mass of [[intrusive rock\|intrusive]] [[igneous rock]] (also called hypabyssal rock), larger than {{cvt\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|sigfig=1}} in area,<ref name="PetersenEtAl2017">{{cite book \|title=Physical Geography \|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning Inc. \|first1=James F. \|last1=Petersen \|first2=Dorothy \|last2=Sack \|first3=Robert E. \|last3=Gabler \|year=2017 \|location=Boston \|page=614 \|isbn=978-1-305-65264-4 \|edition=11th}}</ref> that forms from cooled [[magma]] deep in [[Earth's crust]]. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of [[felsic]] or [[intermediate composition\|intermediate]] rock types, such as [[granite]], [[quartz monzonite]], or [[diorite]] (see also ''[[granite dome]]'').

	[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>		[[File:Intrusion types.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\| Basic types of [[igneous intrusion]]s:<br>