Black bloc - Revision history

Arjayay: Plural possessive

2024-09-30T19:49:12Z

Plural possessive

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:49, 30 September 2024
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	During the [[2013 protests in Brazil\|June–July 2013 mass public demonstrations]], groups of people using Black Bloc tactics started attending demonstrations, especially those held across the street from governor of Rio de Janeiro State [[Sérgio Cabral Filho]]'s residence and the state government palace.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/black-blocs-a-baderna-premeditada-na-zona-sul-9094666\|title=Black Blocs e a baderna premeditada na Zona Sul\|date=19 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/pm-culpa-black-blocs-por-confusao-em-laranjeiras-9135174\|title=PM culpa Black Blocs por confusão em Laranjeiras\|date=22 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Police face accusations of infiltrating the movement and, at times, acting as agents provocateurs by starting confrontations. Many leftists claim that video footage shows an infiltrated police officer throwing a molotov cocktail that wounded a riot policeman, although this has been denied by the police and hasn't been proven until today (2017).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/video-of-clashes-in-brazil-appears-to-show-police-infiltrators-among-the-protesters\|title=Video of Clashes in Brazil Appears to Show Police Infiltration of Protesters\|work=The New York Times\|date=24 July 2013\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Protester violence occurred regularly during the Brazilian protests (particularly the week of 17 to 21 June) even when not linked with the black bloc, or with police infiltration.<ref>[http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-Bloc-Rising-Social-Networks-in-Brazil.pdf "Black Bloc Rising: Social Networks in Brazil"]. Igarape Institute, 13 March 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/21/brazil-protest-social-media Hannah Waldram "Brazil protests continue"]. ''The Guardian'', 21 June 2013</ref>		During the [[2013 protests in Brazil\|June–July 2013 mass public demonstrations]], groups of people using Black Bloc tactics started attending demonstrations, especially those held across the street from governor of Rio de Janeiro State [[Sérgio Cabral Filho]]'s residence and the state government palace.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/black-blocs-a-baderna-premeditada-na-zona-sul-9094666\|title=Black Blocs e a baderna premeditada na Zona Sul\|date=19 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/pm-culpa-black-blocs-por-confusao-em-laranjeiras-9135174\|title=PM culpa Black Blocs por confusão em Laranjeiras\|date=22 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Police face accusations of infiltrating the movement and, at times, acting as agents provocateurs by starting confrontations. Many leftists claim that video footage shows an infiltrated police officer throwing a molotov cocktail that wounded a riot policeman, although this has been denied by the police and hasn't been proven until today (2017).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/video-of-clashes-in-brazil-appears-to-show-police-infiltrators-among-the-protesters\|title=Video of Clashes in Brazil Appears to Show Police Infiltration of Protesters\|work=The New York Times\|date=24 July 2013\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Protester violence occurred regularly during the Brazilian protests (particularly the week of 17 to 21 June) even when not linked with the black bloc, or with police infiltration.<ref>[http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-Bloc-Rising-Social-Networks-in-Brazil.pdf "Black Bloc Rising: Social Networks in Brazil"]. Igarape Institute, 13 March 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/21/brazil-protest-social-media Hannah Waldram "Brazil protests continue"]. ''The Guardian'', 21 June 2013</ref>

	Despite the denunciations by media, police, and even some activists, the black bloc tactic persisted in the movement. By October 2013, "The mask-wearers were welcomed by the protesters who wanted to wreak havoc during manifestations... Indeed, this sense of solidarity amidst the demonstrations, this shared manning of barricades, inspires a common determination to fight against the fear of repression." According to a report by two Brazilian leftists published in Al Jazeera, this coincided with a revival in the breadth of the street protests that had not been seen since its early days in June.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/black-bloc-teachers-education-crisis-explodes-onto-rios-streets-2013102211262755153.html Bruno Cava and Marcelo Castaneda "Black Bloc and Teachers: Education crisis explodes on Rio's streets"]. Al Jazeera, 23 October 2013</ref> On 10 October, the Rio ~~teacher~~'s union (Sepe) officially declared support for the recent black bloc actions, stating that the bloc were "welcome" at their demonstrations. Postings on teacher Facebook groups praised bloc participants as "fearless".<ref>[http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/educacao/2013-10-09/sindicato-dos-professores-declara-oficialmente-apoio-aos-black-blocs.html "Sindicato do professores declara oficialmente apoio aos black blocs"]. ''O Dios'', 10 October 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|title=Brazil: Teachers Union Officially Declares Unconditional Support for Black Bloc. \|last1=Baker \|first1=Jennifer \|date=10 September 2013 \|publisher=revolution-news.com \|access-date=8 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074147/http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>		Despite the denunciations by media, police, and even some activists, the black bloc tactic persisted in the movement. By October 2013, "The mask-wearers were welcomed by the protesters who wanted to wreak havoc during manifestations... Indeed, this sense of solidarity amidst the demonstrations, this shared manning of barricades, inspires a common determination to fight against the fear of repression." According to a report by two Brazilian leftists published in Al Jazeera, this coincided with a revival in the breadth of the street protests that had not been seen since its early days in June.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/black-bloc-teachers-education-crisis-explodes-onto-rios-streets-2013102211262755153.html Bruno Cava and Marcelo Castaneda "Black Bloc and Teachers: Education crisis explodes on Rio's streets"]. Al Jazeera, 23 October 2013</ref> On 10 October, the Rio teachers' union (Sepe) officially declared support for the recent black bloc actions, stating that the bloc were "welcome" at their demonstrations. Postings on teacher Facebook groups praised bloc participants as "fearless".<ref>[http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/educacao/2013-10-09/sindicato-dos-professores-declara-oficialmente-apoio-aos-black-blocs.html "Sindicato do professores declara oficialmente apoio aos black blocs"]. ''O Dios'', 10 October 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|title=Brazil: Teachers Union Officially Declares Unconditional Support for Black Bloc. \|last1=Baker \|first1=Jennifer \|date=10 September 2013 \|publisher=revolution-news.com \|access-date=8 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074147/http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

	====Europe====		====Europe====

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2024-09-25T06:30:18Z

Altered template type. Added newspaper. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Anonymity | #UCB_Category 18/36

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:30, 25 September 2024
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	====Egypt====		====Egypt====
	On 25 January 2013, on the second anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution, black blocs made an appearance in the Egyptian political scenes where they reportedly<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/5108-qblack-blocq-claims-responsibility-for-attacks-against-muslim-brotherhood\|title=Black Bloc claims responsibility for attacks against Muslim Brotherhood\|publisher=Memo: The Middle East Monitor\|access-date=26 August 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231202/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/5108-qblack-blocq-claims-responsibility-for-attacks-against-muslim-brotherhood\|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> attacked various Muslim Brotherhood headquarters and government buildings and stopped traffic and metro lines in more than eight cities.<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=AlAhram International politics (arabic edition)\|title=Black Bloc...A model for non-traditional movements of violence in Egypt\|url=http://www.siyassa.org.eg/NewsQ/2914.aspx\|access-date=26 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202212332/http://www.siyassa.org.eg/NewsQ/2914.aspx\|archive-date=2 February 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|publisher=Alsharq Alawsat\|title=The middle east,'Black Bloc'..An Egyptian Movement that raises the banner of violence against the Muslim Brotherhood\|url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=714648&issueno=12478\|access-date=26 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801021240/http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=714648&issueno=12478\|archive-date=1 August 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=12072&pid=3367&version=184 \|title=Almogtamaa,'Black Block' ..Newest leftist 'anarchist' chaotic organizations to hit the Arab revolutions \|publisher=Magmj.com \|date=26 January 2013 \|access-date=8 December 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212053751/http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=12072&pid=3367&version=184 \|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.france24.com/ar/node/843168?ns_campaign=editorial&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=reseaux_sociaux&ns_fee=0&ns_linkname=node_843168 "Black Block in Egypt, a mysterious group monitored by authorities"]. France24 (in arabic) {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028132432/http://www.france24.com/ar/node/843168?ns_campaign=editorial&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=reseaux_sociaux&ns_fee=0&ns_linkname=node_843168 \|date=28 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite ~~web~~\|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2013/middle_east/1/31/egypt.blackblock/index.html \|title=CNN (in arabic) Egypt: Investigation into an Israeli scheme caught with a participant of Black Bloc \|publisher=CNN \|language=ar\|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> A group of young protesters, who identified themselves as the "Black Bloc", have marked the second anniversary of the Egyptian revolution by blocking the tramway tracks in Alexandria on Friday.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/63247/Egypt/Politics-/%E2%80%98Black-Bloc%E2%80%99-stops-tramway-in-Alexandria,-protests.aspx\|title=Black Bloc stops tramway in Alexandria, protests in Cairo\|publisher=Ahram Online\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/63243/Egypt/Live-Updates-Protests,-clashes-all-over-the-countr.aspx\|title=Live Updates 1: Protests, clashes all over the country on revolution's anniversary\|publisher=Ahram Online\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-21228852\|title=Black Bloc anarchists emerge\|date=28 January 2013\|work=BBC News}}</ref> Egyptian Prosecutor General Talaat Abdallah ordered the police and armed forces to arrest any participant in the Black Bloc, pointing out that the group was carrying out "terrorist activities"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Egypts-Black-Bloc-in-govt-crosshairs-20130201\|title=Egypt's Black Bloc in govt crosshairs\|publisher=News24\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> and was considered by the government and under the new constitution a violent radical outlaw group.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/public-prosecution-orders-arrest-all-black-bloc-members\|title=Public Prosecution orders arrest of all Black Bloc members\|work=[[Egypt Independent]]\|date=29 January 2013\|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref>		On 25 January 2013, on the second anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution, black blocs made an appearance in the Egyptian political scenes where they reportedly<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/5108-qblack-blocq-claims-responsibility-for-attacks-against-muslim-brotherhood\|title=Black Bloc claims responsibility for attacks against Muslim Brotherhood\|publisher=Memo: The Middle East Monitor\|access-date=26 August 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231202/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/5108-qblack-blocq-claims-responsibility-for-attacks-against-muslim-brotherhood\|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> attacked various Muslim Brotherhood headquarters and government buildings and stopped traffic and metro lines in more than eight cities.<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=AlAhram International politics (arabic edition)\|title=Black Bloc...A model for non-traditional movements of violence in Egypt\|url=http://www.siyassa.org.eg/NewsQ/2914.aspx\|access-date=26 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202212332/http://www.siyassa.org.eg/NewsQ/2914.aspx\|archive-date=2 February 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|publisher=Alsharq Alawsat\|title=The middle east,'Black Bloc'..An Egyptian Movement that raises the banner of violence against the Muslim Brotherhood\|url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=714648&issueno=12478\|access-date=26 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801021240/http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=714648&issueno=12478\|archive-date=1 August 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=12072&pid=3367&version=184 \|title=Almogtamaa,'Black Block' ..Newest leftist 'anarchist' chaotic organizations to hit the Arab revolutions \|publisher=Magmj.com \|date=26 January 2013 \|access-date=8 December 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212053751/http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=12072&pid=3367&version=184 \|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.france24.com/ar/node/843168?ns_campaign=editorial&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=reseaux_sociaux&ns_fee=0&ns_linkname=node_843168 "Black Block in Egypt, a mysterious group monitored by authorities"]. France24 (in arabic) {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028132432/http://www.france24.com/ar/node/843168?ns_campaign=editorial&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=reseaux_sociaux&ns_fee=0&ns_linkname=node_843168 \|date=28 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2013/middle_east/1/31/egypt.blackblock/index.html \|title=CNN (in arabic) Egypt: Investigation into an Israeli scheme caught with a participant of Black Bloc \|newspaper=Cnnarabic \|publisher=CNN \|language=ar\|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> A group of young protesters, who identified themselves as the "Black Bloc", have marked the second anniversary of the Egyptian revolution by blocking the tramway tracks in Alexandria on Friday.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/63247/Egypt/Politics-/%E2%80%98Black-Bloc%E2%80%99-stops-tramway-in-Alexandria,-protests.aspx\|title=Black Bloc stops tramway in Alexandria, protests in Cairo\|publisher=Ahram Online\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/63243/Egypt/Live-Updates-Protests,-clashes-all-over-the-countr.aspx\|title=Live Updates 1: Protests, clashes all over the country on revolution's anniversary\|publisher=Ahram Online\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-21228852\|title=Black Bloc anarchists emerge\|date=28 January 2013\|work=BBC News}}</ref> Egyptian Prosecutor General Talaat Abdallah ordered the police and armed forces to arrest any participant in the Black Bloc, pointing out that the group was carrying out "terrorist activities"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Egypts-Black-Bloc-in-govt-crosshairs-20130201\|title=Egypt's Black Bloc in govt crosshairs\|publisher=News24\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> and was considered by the government and under the new constitution a violent radical outlaw group.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/public-prosecution-orders-arrest-all-black-bloc-members\|title=Public Prosecution orders arrest of all Black Bloc members\|work=[[Egypt Independent]]\|date=29 January 2013\|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref>

	===Police infiltration===		===Police infiltration===

PootisHeavy: /* Brazil */

2024-07-14T19:21:06Z

Brazil

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:21, 14 July 2024
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	====Brazil====		====Brazil====
	During the [[2013 protests in Brazil\|June–July 2013 mass public demonstrations]], groups of people using Black Bloc tactics started attending demonstrations, especially those held across the street from governor of Rio de Janeiro State [[Sérgio Cabral]]'s residence and the state government palace.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/black-blocs-a-baderna-premeditada-na-zona-sul-9094666\|title=Black Blocs e a baderna premeditada na Zona Sul\|date=19 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/pm-culpa-black-blocs-por-confusao-em-laranjeiras-9135174\|title=PM culpa Black Blocs por confusão em Laranjeiras\|date=22 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Police face accusations of infiltrating the movement and, at times, acting as agents provocateurs by starting confrontations. Many leftists claim that video footage shows an infiltrated police officer throwing a molotov cocktail that wounded a riot policeman, although this has been denied by the police and hasn't been proven until today (2017).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/video-of-clashes-in-brazil-appears-to-show-police-infiltrators-among-the-protesters\|title=Video of Clashes in Brazil Appears to Show Police Infiltration of Protesters\|work=The New York Times\|date=24 July 2013\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Protester violence occurred regularly during the Brazilian protests (particularly the week of 17 to 21 June) even when not linked with the black bloc, or with police infiltration.<ref>[http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-Bloc-Rising-Social-Networks-in-Brazil.pdf "Black Bloc Rising: Social Networks in Brazil"]. Igarape Institute, 13 March 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/21/brazil-protest-social-media Hannah Waldram "Brazil protests continue"]. ''The Guardian'', 21 June 2013</ref>		During the [[2013 protests in Brazil\|June–July 2013 mass public demonstrations]], groups of people using Black Bloc tactics started attending demonstrations, especially those held across the street from governor of Rio de Janeiro State [[Sérgio Cabral Filho]]'s residence and the state government palace.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/black-blocs-a-baderna-premeditada-na-zona-sul-9094666\|title=Black Blocs e a baderna premeditada na Zona Sul\|date=19 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/pm-culpa-black-blocs-por-confusao-em-laranjeiras-9135174\|title=PM culpa Black Blocs por confusão em Laranjeiras\|date=22 July 2013\|publisher=[[Globo.com]]\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Police face accusations of infiltrating the movement and, at times, acting as agents provocateurs by starting confrontations. Many leftists claim that video footage shows an infiltrated police officer throwing a molotov cocktail that wounded a riot policeman, although this has been denied by the police and hasn't been proven until today (2017).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/video-of-clashes-in-brazil-appears-to-show-police-infiltrators-among-the-protesters\|title=Video of Clashes in Brazil Appears to Show Police Infiltration of Protesters\|work=The New York Times\|date=24 July 2013\|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Protester violence occurred regularly during the Brazilian protests (particularly the week of 17 to 21 June) even when not linked with the black bloc, or with police infiltration.<ref>[http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-Bloc-Rising-Social-Networks-in-Brazil.pdf "Black Bloc Rising: Social Networks in Brazil"]. Igarape Institute, 13 March 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/21/brazil-protest-social-media Hannah Waldram "Brazil protests continue"]. ''The Guardian'', 21 June 2013</ref>

	Despite the denunciations by media, police, and even some activists, the black bloc tactic persisted in the movement. By October 2013, "The mask-wearers were welcomed by the protesters who wanted to wreak havoc during manifestations... Indeed, this sense of solidarity amidst the demonstrations, this shared manning of barricades, inspires a common determination to fight against the fear of repression." According to a report by two Brazilian leftists published in Al Jazeera, this coincided with a revival in the breadth of the street protests that had not been seen since its early days in June.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/black-bloc-teachers-education-crisis-explodes-onto-rios-streets-2013102211262755153.html Bruno Cava and Marcelo Castaneda "Black Bloc and Teachers: Education crisis explodes on Rio's streets"]. Al Jazeera, 23 October 2013</ref> On 10 October, the Rio teacher's union (Sepe) officially declared support for the recent black bloc actions, stating that the bloc were "welcome" at their demonstrations. Postings on teacher Facebook groups praised bloc participants as "fearless".<ref>[http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/educacao/2013-10-09/sindicato-dos-professores-declara-oficialmente-apoio-aos-black-blocs.html "Sindicato do professores declara oficialmente apoio aos black blocs"]. ''O Dios'', 10 October 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|title=Brazil: Teachers Union Officially Declares Unconditional Support for Black Bloc. \|last1=Baker \|first1=Jennifer \|date=10 September 2013 \|publisher=revolution-news.com \|access-date=8 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074147/http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>		Despite the denunciations by media, police, and even some activists, the black bloc tactic persisted in the movement. By October 2013, "The mask-wearers were welcomed by the protesters who wanted to wreak havoc during manifestations... Indeed, this sense of solidarity amidst the demonstrations, this shared manning of barricades, inspires a common determination to fight against the fear of repression." According to a report by two Brazilian leftists published in Al Jazeera, this coincided with a revival in the breadth of the street protests that had not been seen since its early days in June.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/black-bloc-teachers-education-crisis-explodes-onto-rios-streets-2013102211262755153.html Bruno Cava and Marcelo Castaneda "Black Bloc and Teachers: Education crisis explodes on Rio's streets"]. Al Jazeera, 23 October 2013</ref> On 10 October, the Rio teacher's union (Sepe) officially declared support for the recent black bloc actions, stating that the bloc were "welcome" at their demonstrations. Postings on teacher Facebook groups praised bloc participants as "fearless".<ref>[http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/educacao/2013-10-09/sindicato-dos-professores-declara-oficialmente-apoio-aos-black-blocs.html "Sindicato do professores declara oficialmente apoio aos black blocs"]. ''O Dios'', 10 October 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|title=Brazil: Teachers Union Officially Declares Unconditional Support for Black Bloc. \|last1=Baker \|first1=Jennifer \|date=10 September 2013 \|publisher=revolution-news.com \|access-date=8 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074147/http://revolution-news.com/brazils-teachers-union-officially-declares-unconditional-support-for-black-bloc/ \|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

Hexifi: #article-section-source-editor

2024-05-23T12:19:11Z

#article-section-source-editor

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	{{anarcho-communism sidebar\|variants}}		{{anarcho-communism sidebar\|variants}}

	A '''black bloc''' (sometimes '''black block''') is a tactic used by protesters who wear black clothing, ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items.<ref name="origin">[http://www.ainfos.ca/01/jun/ainfos00170.html Autonomia and the Origin of the Black Bloc]. Retrieved 7 November 2008.</ref><ref name="BlackBlocBlue">{{Cite news\|last=Carlson\|first=Kathryn Blaze\|title=The Black Bloc: A look at the anarchists who could be the biggest G20 security threat\|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/14/the-black-bloc-a-look-at-the-anarchists-who-post-the-biggest-g20-security-threat/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=14 June 2010}}</ref> The clothing is used to conceal wearers' identities and ~~hinder~~ ~~criminal~~ ~~prosecution~~ by making it difficult to distinguish between participants. It is also used to protect their faces and eyes from [[pepper spray]], which is used by police during protests or civil unrest. The tactic also allows the group to appear as one large unified mass.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave/ \|title=Fashion Tips for the Brave \|publisher=[[CrimethInc.]] \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121191958/https://crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave \|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Black bloc participants are often associated with [[anarchism]], [[anarcho-communism]], [[communism]], [[libertarian socialism]] and the [[anti-globalization movement]]. A variant of this type of protest is the Padded bloc, where following the [[Tute Bianche]] movement protesters wear padded clothing to protect against the police.		A '''black bloc''' (sometimes '''black block''') is a tactic used by protesters who wear black clothing, ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items.<ref name="origin">[http://www.ainfos.ca/01/jun/ainfos00170.html Autonomia and the Origin of the Black Bloc]. Retrieved 7 November 2008.</ref><ref name="BlackBlocBlue">{{Cite news\|last=Carlson\|first=Kathryn Blaze\|title=The Black Bloc: A look at the anarchists who could be the biggest G20 security threat\|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/14/the-black-bloc-a-look-at-the-anarchists-who-post-the-biggest-g20-security-threat/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=14 June 2010}}</ref> The clothing is used to conceal wearers' identities from both the police and politically different organizations by making it difficult to distinguish between participants. It is also used to protect their faces and eyes from [[pepper spray]], which is used by police during protests or civil unrest. The tactic also allows the group to appear as one large unified mass.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave/ \|title=Fashion Tips for the Brave \|publisher=[[CrimethInc.]] \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121191958/https://crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave \|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Black bloc participants are often associated with [[anarchism]], [[anarcho-communism]], [[communism]], [[libertarian socialism]] and the [[anti-globalization movement]]. A variant of this type of protest is the Padded bloc, where following the [[Tute Bianche]] movement protesters wear padded clothing to protect against the police.

	The tactic was developed in the 1980s in the European [[Autonomism\|autonomist movement]]'s protests against [[squatter]] evictions, [[nuclear power]], and restrictions on abortion, as well as other influences.<ref name="origin"/> Black blocs gained broader media attention outside Europe during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], when a black bloc [[property damage\|damaged property]] of [[Gap Inc.\|Gap]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other [[multinational corporation\|multinational]] retail locations in downtown [[Seattle]].<ref name="origin"/><ref name="PunchANazi">{{Cite news\|last=Lennard\|first=Natasha\|title=Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer Punched--You Can Thank the Black Bloc\|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/if-you-appreciated-seeing-neo-nazi-richard-spencer-get-punched-thank-the-black-bloc/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref>		The tactic was developed in the 1980s in the European [[Autonomism\|autonomist movement]]'s protests against [[squatter]] evictions, [[nuclear power]], and restrictions on abortion, as well as other influences.<ref name="origin"/> Black blocs gained broader media attention outside Europe during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], when a black bloc [[property damage\|damaged property]] of [[Gap Inc.\|Gap]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other [[multinational corporation\|multinational]] retail locations in downtown [[Seattle]].<ref name="origin"/><ref name="PunchANazi">{{Cite news\|last=Lennard\|first=Natasha\|title=Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer Punched--You Can Thank the Black Bloc\|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/if-you-appreciated-seeing-neo-nazi-richard-spencer-get-punched-thank-the-black-bloc/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

2A01:5241:345:E600:1FC6:7A11:1CC9:B5B: /* Unified Germany */ k

2024-05-17T14:56:25Z

Unified Germany: k

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:56, 17 May 2024
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	[[File:MobG20Hamburg.jpg\|thumb\|Part of a black bloc in Hamburg during the G20 summit]]		[[File:MobG20Hamburg.jpg\|thumb\|Part of a black bloc in Hamburg during the G20 summit]]

	In the period after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the German black bloc movement continued traditional riots such as May Day in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]], but with decreasing intensity. Their main focus became the struggle against the recurring popularity of [[Neo-Nazism]] in Germany. The "turn" came in June 2007, during the [[33rd G8 summit]]. A black bloc of 2,000 people built barricades, set cars alight and attacked the police during a mass demonstration ~~in [[Rostock]]~~.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,486280,00.html \|title=G-8-Protest: Randale in Rostock – 430 verletzte Polizisten \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=2 June 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> 400 police officers were injured, as well as about 500 demonstrators and activists. According to the German [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution\|Verfassungsschutz]], the weeks of organisation before the demonstration and the riots themselves amounted to a revival for the militant left in Germany. Since the "Battle of Rostock", traditional "May Day Riots" after demonstrations every 1 May in Berlin, and since 2008 also in Hamburg, became more intense.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78832416.html \|title=DER SPIEGEL 23/2011 – Verfassungsschutz warnt vor linker Militanz \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=5 June 2011 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>		In the period after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the German black bloc movement continued traditional riots such as May Day in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]], but with decreasing intensity. Their main focus became the struggle against the recurring popularity of [[Neo-Nazism]] in Germany. The "turn" came in June 2007, during the [[33rd G8 summit]]. A coordinated black bloc of 2,000 international people came to [[Rostock]], Germany, built barricades, rioted the streets, set cars alight and attacked the police during a mass demonstration.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,486280,00.html \|title=G-8-Protest: Randale in Rostock – 430 verletzte Polizisten \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=2 June 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> 400 police officers were injured, as well as about 500 rioters, demonstrators and activists. According to the German [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution\|Verfassungsschutz]], the weeks of organisation before the demonstration and the riots themselves amounted to a revival for the militant left in Germany. Since the "Battle of Rostock", traditional "May Day Riots" after demonstrations every 1 May in Berlin, and since 2008 also in Hamburg, became more intense.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-78832416.html \|title=DER SPIEGEL 23/2011 – Verfassungsschutz warnt vor linker Militanz \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=5 June 2011 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

	===International development===		===International development===

2A01:5241:345:E600:1FC6:7A11:1CC9:B5B: k

2024-05-17T14:52:19Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:52, 17 May 2024
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	===West German origins===		===West German origins===
	[[File:Black Bloc Hamburg.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Demonstration in Hamburg/Germany with Black Bloc in the front rows]]		[[File:Black Bloc Hamburg.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Demonstration in Hamburg/Germany with Black Bloc in the front rows]]
	~~This~~ tactic was developed in response to increased use of police force following the 1977 [[Brokdorf]] demonstration.<ref>{{cite web \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage37.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| date = 19 February 1977 \| place = UK \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| page = 37 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115931/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage37.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage39.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| place = UK \| date = 19 February 1977 \| language = de \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| page = 39 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120945/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage39.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| page = 40 \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage40.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| place = UK \| date = 19 February 1977 \| language = de \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092038/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage40.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref>		The black bloc tactic to wear black clothing,<ref name="origin"/> ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items was developed in response to increased use of police force following the 1977 [[Brokdorf]] demonstration.<ref>{{cite web \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage37.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| date = 19 February 1977 \| place = UK \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| page = 37 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115931/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage37.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage39.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| place = UK \| date = 19 February 1977 \| language = de \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| page = 39 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120945/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage39.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| page = 40 \| publisher = TopFoto \| url = http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage40.html \| type = gallery \| title = History of Germany 1963–1988 \| first = Ullstein \| last = Bild \| place = UK \| date = 19 February 1977 \| language = de \| access-date = 13 August 2011 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092038/http://www1.topfoto.ltd.uk/gallery/Germany1963_1988/ppages/ppage40.html \| archive-date = 22 December 2015}}</ref>

	On 1 May 1987, demonstrators in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]] were confronted by West Berlin police.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kreuzberger-chronik.de/chroniken/2004/mai/geschichte.html \| work =Kreuzberger Chronik \| title = Der Mythos von Bolle – Sie lesen das Original! aus Berlin-Kreuzberg \| place = [[Germany\|DE]] \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> After this, thousands of ~~people~~ attacked the police with rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. The riots at the [[May Day in Kreuzberg]] became famous after the police had to completely pull out of the "SO 36" neighborhood in Kreuzberg for several hours, and rioters looted shops together with ~~residents~~.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article198052/Die_Nacht_als_Bolle_in_Kreuzberg_abbrannte.html \|title=Die Nacht, als Bolle in Kreuzberg abbrannte \| place = Berlin \| work = Berliner Morgenpost \|date=30 April 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>		On 1 May 1987, demonstrators in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]] were confronted by West Berlin police.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kreuzberger-chronik.de/chroniken/2004/mai/geschichte.html \| work =Kreuzberger Chronik \| title = Der Mythos von Bolle – Sie lesen das Original! aus Berlin-Kreuzberg \| place = [[Germany\|DE]] \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> After this, thousands of violent rioters attacked the police with rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. The riots at the [[May Day in Kreuzberg]] became famous after the police had to completely pull out of the "SO 36" neighborhood in Kreuzberg for several hours, and rioters looted shops together with local criminals.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article198052/Die_Nacht_als_Bolle_in_Kreuzberg_abbrannte.html \|title=Die Nacht, als Bolle in Kreuzberg abbrannte \| place = Berlin \| work = Berliner Morgenpost \|date=30 April 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

	When [[Ronald Reagan]] came to Berlin in June 1987, he was met by around 50,000 demonstrators protesting against his [[Cold War]] policies. This included a black bloc of 3,000 people. In November 1987, [[Hafenstraße]] residents and thousands of other protesters and fortified their squat, built barricades in the streets and defended themselves against the police for nearly 24 hours. After this the city authorities legalised the squatters residence.<ref>Katsiaficas, George. [https://files.libcom.org/files/Katsiaficas%20-%20The%20Subversion%20of%20Politics%20-%20European%20Autonomous%20Social%20Movements%20and%20the%20Decolonization%20of%20Everyday%20Life.pdf ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements And The Decolonization of Everyday Life''.] New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1997, pp. 124–131.</ref>		When [[Ronald Reagan]] came to Berlin in June 1987, he was met by around 50,000 demonstrators protesting against his [[Cold War]] policies. This included a black bloc of 3,000 people. In November 1987, [[Hafenstraße]] residents and thousands of other protesters and fortified their squat, built barricades in the streets and defended themselves against the police for nearly 24 hours. After this the city authorities legalised the squatters residence.<ref>Katsiaficas, George. [https://files.libcom.org/files/Katsiaficas%20-%20The%20Subversion%20of%20Politics%20-%20European%20Autonomous%20Social%20Movements%20and%20the%20Decolonization%20of%20Everyday%20Life.pdf ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements And The Decolonization of Everyday Life''.] New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1997, pp. 124–131.</ref>

2A01:5241:345:E600:1FC6:7A11:1CC9:B5B: /* Precursors */ k

2024-05-17T14:46:04Z

Precursors: k

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:46, 17 May 2024
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	==History==		==History==
	===Precursors===		===Precursors===
	In February 1967, the anarchist group [[Black Mask (anarchists)\|Black Mask]] marched on [[Wall Street]] in New York City wearing black clothes and [[Balaclava (clothing)\|balaclavas]]. This was the first instance of a social movement in the western world utilizing masks and black dress, which were used not for purposes of disguise but to signify a [[militant]] identity. In this regard, Black Mask anticipated and may have indirectly influenced the black bloc tactic.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Grindon\|first=Gavin\|title=Poetry Written in Gasoline: Black Mask and Up Against the Wall Motherfucker\|journal=[[Art History (journal)\|Art History]]\|volume=38\|issue=1\|year=2015\|doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12129\|page=194}}</ref>		In February 1967, the anarchist group [[Black Mask (anarchists)\|Black Mask]] marched on [[Wall Street]] in New York City wearing black clothes and [[Balaclava (clothing)\|balaclavas]]. This was the first instance of a social movement in the western world utilizing masks and black dress, which were used not for purposes of disguise but to signify a [[militant]] uniform identity. In this regard, Black Mask anticipated and may have indirectly influenced the black bloc tactic.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Grindon\|first=Gavin\|title=Poetry Written in Gasoline: Black Mask and Up Against the Wall Motherfucker\|journal=[[Art History (journal)\|Art History]]\|volume=38\|issue=1\|year=2015\|doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12129\|page=194}}</ref>

	===West German origins===		===West German origins===

Coconutmacaroon: /* Tactics */ Add oxford comma - not entirely sure one is needed (hence not checking minor edit), but I think so

2024-03-29T07:11:21Z

Tactics: Add oxford comma - not entirely sure one is needed (hence not checking minor edit), but I think so

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:11, 29 March 2024
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	[[File:AnarchistBlackBlock.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.1\|[[Anarchist]] black bloc organizing in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in 2020]]		[[File:AnarchistBlackBlock.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.1\|[[Anarchist]] black bloc organizing in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in 2020]]
	Tactics of a black bloc primarily include [[vandalism]] of private property, [[rioting]], and demonstrating without a permit. Tactics can also include use of defensive measures such as misleading the authorities, assisting in the escape of people arrested by the police ("un-arrests" or "de-arrests"), administering [[first aid]] to people affected by [[tear gas]], [[rubber bullets]] and other [[riot control]] measures in areas where protesters are barred from entering, building [[barricade]]s, resisting the police, and practicing [[jail solidarity]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|title=Hedging Our Bets on the Black Bloc: The Impotence of Mere Liberalism \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514175233/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.southerncrossreview.org/13/genoa.htm\|title=Battle of Genoa\|publisher=Southern Cross Review\|access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Juris\|first=Jeffrey S.\|s2cid=145781235\|title=Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc and the Mass Media in Genoa\|journal=Critique of Anthropology\|year=2005\|volume=25\|issue=4\|pages=413–432\|doi=10.1177/0308275X05058657}}</ref> Property destruction carried out by black blocs tends to have symbolic significance: common targets include banks, institutional buildings, outlets for [[multinational corporation]]s, gasoline stations, and video-surveillance cameras.<ref name="pressaction.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|title=A Principled Stand on Diversity of Tactic: Avoiding Uniformity of Failure \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513100050/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>		Tactics of a black bloc primarily include [[vandalism]] of private property, [[rioting]], and demonstrating without a permit. Tactics can also include use of defensive measures such as misleading the authorities, assisting in the escape of people arrested by the police ("un-arrests" or "de-arrests"), administering [[first aid]] to people affected by [[tear gas]], [[rubber bullets]], and other [[riot control]] measures in areas where protesters are barred from entering, building [[barricade]]s, resisting the police, and practicing [[jail solidarity]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|title=Hedging Our Bets on the Black Bloc: The Impotence of Mere Liberalism \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514175233/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.southerncrossreview.org/13/genoa.htm\|title=Battle of Genoa\|publisher=Southern Cross Review\|access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Juris\|first=Jeffrey S.\|s2cid=145781235\|title=Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc and the Mass Media in Genoa\|journal=Critique of Anthropology\|year=2005\|volume=25\|issue=4\|pages=413–432\|doi=10.1177/0308275X05058657}}</ref> Property destruction carried out by black blocs tends to have symbolic significance: common targets include banks, institutional buildings, outlets for [[multinational corporation]]s, gasoline stations, and video-surveillance cameras.<ref name="pressaction.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|title=A Principled Stand on Diversity of Tactic: Avoiding Uniformity of Failure \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513100050/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

	There may be several blocs within a particular protest, with different aims and tactics.<ref name="K, 2001">K, 2001, "being black block" in ''On Fire: the battle of Genoa and the anti-capitalist movement'', p. 31, One Off Press.</ref> As an [[adhocracy\|ad hoc]] group, blocs often share no universally common set of principles or beliefs<ref name="K, 2001" /> apart from an adherence to—usually—leftist or [[autonomist]] values, although some anarchist groups have called for the Saint Paul Principles to be adapted as a framework in which diverse tactics can be deployed.<ref name="pressaction.com"/> A few radical right-wing groups, like some of the "[[autonomous nationalists]]" of Europe<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Nicola\|first=Stefan\|title=Germany's new neo-Nazis \|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2008/05/20/Germanys-new-neo-Nazis/UPI-87471211285700/ \|access-date=28 June 2010\|work=[[United Press International]]\|date=20 May 2008}}</ref> or the Australian so-called "[[National-anarchism\|National-Anarchists]]"<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Sunshine\|first=Spencer\|title=Rebranding Fascism: Nationalists\|journal=Public Eye Magazine\|date=April 2008\|volume=23 \|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html \|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> have adopted "black bloc" tactics and dress. The political scientist Nicholas Apoifis, in his ethnography of anarchism in Athens, Greece, argues that black bloc action can constitute a form of [[prefigurative politics]], due to its "flat and horizontal organisational structure, alongside its focus on solidarity."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Apoifis\|first=Nicholas\|title=Anarchy in Athens: An Ethnography of Militancy, Emotions and Violence\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|year=2017\|page=132}}</ref>		There may be several blocs within a particular protest, with different aims and tactics.<ref name="K, 2001">K, 2001, "being black block" in ''On Fire: the battle of Genoa and the anti-capitalist movement'', p. 31, One Off Press.</ref> As an [[adhocracy\|ad hoc]] group, blocs often share no universally common set of principles or beliefs<ref name="K, 2001" /> apart from an adherence to—usually—leftist or [[autonomist]] values, although some anarchist groups have called for the Saint Paul Principles to be adapted as a framework in which diverse tactics can be deployed.<ref name="pressaction.com"/> A few radical right-wing groups, like some of the "[[autonomous nationalists]]" of Europe<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Nicola\|first=Stefan\|title=Germany's new neo-Nazis \|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2008/05/20/Germanys-new-neo-Nazis/UPI-87471211285700/ \|access-date=28 June 2010\|work=[[United Press International]]\|date=20 May 2008}}</ref> or the Australian so-called "[[National-anarchism\|National-Anarchists]]"<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Sunshine\|first=Spencer\|title=Rebranding Fascism: Nationalists\|journal=Public Eye Magazine\|date=April 2008\|volume=23 \|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html \|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> have adopted "black bloc" tactics and dress. The political scientist Nicholas Apoifis, in his ethnography of anarchism in Athens, Greece, argues that black bloc action can constitute a form of [[prefigurative politics]], due to its "flat and horizontal organisational structure, alongside its focus on solidarity."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Apoifis\|first=Nicholas\|title=Anarchy in Athens: An Ethnography of Militancy, Emotions and Violence\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|year=2017\|page=132}}</ref>

Hussierhussier1: /* International development */

2024-03-14T00:15:32Z

International development

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:15, 14 March 2024
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	===International development===		===International development===
	====North America====		====North America====
	[[File:M2109 Iraq War Protest (Black Bloc Element).jpg\|thumb\|Black bloc members spray graffiti on a wall during the [[Protests against the Iraq War#March 21, 2009\|Iraq War ~~Protest~~]] in Washington, D.C., on 21 March 2009.]]		[[File:M2109 Iraq War Protest (Black Bloc Element).jpg\|thumb\|Black bloc members spray graffiti on a wall during the [[Protests against the Iraq War#March 21, 2009\|Iraq War protest]] in Washington, D.C., on 21 March 2009.]]
	The first prominent use of the tactic in United States of America occurred at the Pentagon, in Washington, D.C., on 17 October 1988, although anarchists had been using similar tactics in small numbers in preceding years in places like San Francisco, culminating with several hundred anarchists in black smashing glass store fronts and attacking vehicles in the Berkeley Anarchist Riot of 1989.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://larrylivermore.com/2011/08/19/1989-the-anarchists-riot-in-berkeley/\|title=1989: The Anarchists Riot In Berkeley\|date= 19 August 2011\|author=Livermore, Larry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.fifthestate.org/archive/333-winter-1990/anarchy-in-san-francisco/\|title=Anarchy in San Francisco\|author=Brubaker, Bob\|display-authors=etal\|date=Winter 1990}}</ref> In D.C., over one thousand demonstrators—a small number consisting of a black bloc—called for the end to U.S. support for the right wing death squads in El Salvador.<ref>See The Black Bloc Papers, page 35, Breaking Glass Press, Shawnee Mission, KS, 2010</ref> A black bloc caused damage to property of [[Gap (clothing retailer)\|GAP]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other retail locations in downtown Seattle during the 1999 [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity\|anti-WTO demonstrations]].<ref>{{cite web \|author=Rick Anderson \|url=http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-12-22/news/delta-s-down-with-it/ \|title=Delta's down with it – Page 1 \|work=Seattle Weekly \|date=22 December 1999 \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409155843/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-12-22/news/delta-s-down-with-it/ \|archive-date=9 April 2017 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> They were a common feature of subsequent [[anti-globalization]] protests.<ref>{{Cite book		The first prominent use of the tactic in United States of America occurred at the Pentagon, in Washington, D.C., on 17 October 1988, although anarchists had been using similar tactics in small numbers in preceding years in places like San Francisco, culminating with several hundred anarchists in black smashing glass store fronts and attacking vehicles in the Berkeley Anarchist Riot of 1989.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://larrylivermore.com/2011/08/19/1989-the-anarchists-riot-in-berkeley/\|title=1989: The Anarchists Riot In Berkeley\|date= 19 August 2011\|author=Livermore, Larry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.fifthestate.org/archive/333-winter-1990/anarchy-in-san-francisco/\|title=Anarchy in San Francisco\|author=Brubaker, Bob\|display-authors=etal\|date=Winter 1990}}</ref> In D.C., over one thousand demonstrators—a small number consisting of a black bloc—called for the end to U.S. support for the right wing death squads in El Salvador.<ref>See The Black Bloc Papers, page 35, Breaking Glass Press, Shawnee Mission, KS, 2010</ref> A black bloc caused damage to property of [[Gap (clothing retailer)\|GAP]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other retail locations in downtown Seattle during the 1999 [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity\|anti-WTO demonstrations]].<ref>{{cite web \|author=Rick Anderson \|url=http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-12-22/news/delta-s-down-with-it/ \|title=Delta's down with it – Page 1 \|work=Seattle Weekly \|date=22 December 1999 \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409155843/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-12-22/news/delta-s-down-with-it/ \|archive-date=9 April 2017 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> They were a common feature of subsequent [[anti-globalization]] protests.<ref>{{Cite book
	\|last= Fernandez		\|last= Fernandez

Edenaviv5: /* West German origins */ verified, added link

2024-02-08T16:53:23Z

West German origins: verified, added link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:53, 8 February 2024
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	On 1 May 1987, demonstrators in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]] were confronted by West Berlin police.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kreuzberger-chronik.de/chroniken/2004/mai/geschichte.html \| work =Kreuzberger Chronik \| title = Der Mythos von Bolle – Sie lesen das Original! aus Berlin-Kreuzberg \| place = [[Germany\|DE]] \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> After this, thousands of people attacked the police with rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. The riots at the [[May Day in Kreuzberg]] became famous after the police had to completely pull out of the "SO 36" neighborhood in Kreuzberg for several hours, and rioters looted shops together with residents.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article198052/Die_Nacht_als_Bolle_in_Kreuzberg_abbrannte.html \|title=Die Nacht, als Bolle in Kreuzberg abbrannte \| place = Berlin \| work = Berliner Morgenpost \|date=30 April 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>		On 1 May 1987, demonstrators in [[Berlin-Kreuzberg]] were confronted by West Berlin police.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kreuzberger-chronik.de/chroniken/2004/mai/geschichte.html \| work =Kreuzberger Chronik \| title = Der Mythos von Bolle – Sie lesen das Original! aus Berlin-Kreuzberg \| place = [[Germany\|DE]] \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> After this, thousands of people attacked the police with rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. The riots at the [[May Day in Kreuzberg]] became famous after the police had to completely pull out of the "SO 36" neighborhood in Kreuzberg for several hours, and rioters looted shops together with residents.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article198052/Die_Nacht_als_Bolle_in_Kreuzberg_abbrannte.html \|title=Die Nacht, als Bolle in Kreuzberg abbrannte \| place = Berlin \| work = Berliner Morgenpost \|date=30 April 2007 \|language=de \|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

	When [[Ronald Reagan]] came to Berlin in June 1987, he was met by around 50,000 demonstrators protesting against his [[Cold War]] policies. This included a black bloc of 3,000 people. In November 1987, [[Hafenstraße]] residents and thousands of other protesters and fortified their squat, built barricades in the streets and defended themselves against the police for nearly 24 hours. After this the city authorities legalised the squatters residence.<ref>Katsiaficas, George. ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements And The Decolonization of Everyday Life''. New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1997, pp. ~~130–131~~.</ref>~~{{verify source\|date=May 2023}}~~		When [[Ronald Reagan]] came to Berlin in June 1987, he was met by around 50,000 demonstrators protesting against his [[Cold War]] policies. This included a black bloc of 3,000 people. In November 1987, [[Hafenstraße]] residents and thousands of other protesters and fortified their squat, built barricades in the streets and defended themselves against the police for nearly 24 hours. After this the city authorities legalised the squatters residence.<ref>Katsiaficas, George. [https://files.libcom.org/files/Katsiaficas%20-%20The%20Subversion%20of%20Politics%20-%20European%20Autonomous%20Social%20Movements%20and%20the%20Decolonization%20of%20Everyday%20Life.pdf ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements And The Decolonization of Everyday Life''.] New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1997, pp. 124–131.</ref>

	Since the late 1980s, Berlin's Kreuzberg district has hosted May Day clashes between anarchists and police.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=May Day in the Capital: Berlin's Peaceful Day of Rage \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=2011-05-02 \|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/may-day-in-the-capital-berlin-s-peaceful-day-of-rage-a-760095.html \|language=en \|issn=2195-1349 \|df=ymd-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=From France to Indonesia, Marking May Day With Protests \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=2017-05-01 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/world/europe/may-day-protests.html \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331 \|df=ymd-all \|quote=... the city's Kreuzberg neighborhood, for years the site of protests and violence during May Day rallies. }}</ref> When the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] [[1988 IMF/World Bank protests\|met in Berlin in 1988]], autonomous groups hosted an international gathering of [[anti-capitalist]] activists. Numbering around 80,000, the protesters greatly outnumbered the police. Officials tried to maintain control by banning all demonstrations and attacking public assemblies. Nevertheless, there were riots and [[upmarket]] shopping areas were destroyed.<ref>{{Citation \|first=AG \|last=Grauwacke \|contribution=We Will Disrupt this Conference: Resistance to the 1988 IMF and World Bank Conference in West Berlin \|publisher=Dissent Network! \|title=Days of Dissent: Reflections on Summit Mobilisations \|url=http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk./berlin.htm \|place=UK \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121605/http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk/berlin.htm \|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \| language = de \| first = AG \| last = Grauwacke \| title = Autonome in Bewegung: aus den ersten 23 Jahren \| publisher = Association A \| isbn = 978-3-935936-13-2\| year = 2003 }}</ref>		Since the late 1980s, Berlin's Kreuzberg district has hosted May Day clashes between anarchists and police.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=May Day in the Capital: Berlin's Peaceful Day of Rage \|work=Der Spiegel \|date=2011-05-02 \|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/may-day-in-the-capital-berlin-s-peaceful-day-of-rage-a-760095.html \|language=en \|issn=2195-1349 \|df=ymd-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=From France to Indonesia, Marking May Day With Protests \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=2017-05-01 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/world/europe/may-day-protests.html \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331 \|df=ymd-all \|quote=... the city's Kreuzberg neighborhood, for years the site of protests and violence during May Day rallies. }}</ref> When the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] [[1988 IMF/World Bank protests\|met in Berlin in 1988]], autonomous groups hosted an international gathering of [[anti-capitalist]] activists. Numbering around 80,000, the protesters greatly outnumbered the police. Officials tried to maintain control by banning all demonstrations and attacking public assemblies. Nevertheless, there were riots and [[upmarket]] shopping areas were destroyed.<ref>{{Citation \|first=AG \|last=Grauwacke \|contribution=We Will Disrupt this Conference: Resistance to the 1988 IMF and World Bank Conference in West Berlin \|publisher=Dissent Network! \|title=Days of Dissent: Reflections on Summit Mobilisations \|url=http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk./berlin.htm \|place=UK \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121605/http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk/berlin.htm \|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \| language = de \| first = AG \| last = Grauwacke \| title = Autonome in Bewegung: aus den ersten 23 Jahren \| publisher = Association A \| isbn = 978-3-935936-13-2\| year = 2003 }}</ref>

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	{{anarcho-communism sidebar\|variants}}		{{anarcho-communism sidebar\|variants}}

	A '''black bloc''' (sometimes '''black block''') is a tactic used by protesters who wear black clothing, ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items.<ref name="origin">[http://www.ainfos.ca/01/jun/ainfos00170.html Autonomia and the Origin of the Black Bloc]. Retrieved 7 November 2008.</ref><ref name="BlackBlocBlue">{{Cite news\|last=Carlson\|first=Kathryn Blaze\|title=The Black Bloc: A look at the anarchists who could be the biggest G20 security threat\|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/14/the-black-bloc-a-look-at-the-anarchists-who-post-the-biggest-g20-security-threat/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=14 June 2010}}</ref> The clothing is used to conceal wearers' identities and ~~hinder~~ ~~criminal~~ ~~prosecution~~ by making it difficult to distinguish between participants. It is also used to protect their faces and eyes from [[pepper spray]], which is used by police during protests or civil unrest. The tactic also allows the group to appear as one large unified mass.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave/ \|title=Fashion Tips for the Brave \|publisher=[[CrimethInc.]] \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121191958/https://crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave \|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Black bloc participants are often associated with [[anarchism]], [[anarcho-communism]], [[communism]], [[libertarian socialism]] and the [[anti-globalization movement]]. A variant of this type of protest is the Padded bloc, where following the [[Tute Bianche]] movement protesters wear padded clothing to protect against the police.		A '''black bloc''' (sometimes '''black block''') is a tactic used by protesters who wear black clothing, ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items.<ref name="origin">[http://www.ainfos.ca/01/jun/ainfos00170.html Autonomia and the Origin of the Black Bloc]. Retrieved 7 November 2008.</ref><ref name="BlackBlocBlue">{{Cite news\|last=Carlson\|first=Kathryn Blaze\|title=The Black Bloc: A look at the anarchists who could be the biggest G20 security threat\|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/14/the-black-bloc-a-look-at-the-anarchists-who-post-the-biggest-g20-security-threat/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=14 June 2010}}</ref> The clothing is used to conceal wearers' identities from both the police and politically different organizations by making it difficult to distinguish between participants. It is also used to protect their faces and eyes from [[pepper spray]], which is used by police during protests or civil unrest. The tactic also allows the group to appear as one large unified mass.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave/ \|title=Fashion Tips for the Brave \|publisher=[[CrimethInc.]] \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121191958/https://crimethinc.com/2008/10/11/fashion-tips-for-the-brave \|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Black bloc participants are often associated with [[anarchism]], [[anarcho-communism]], [[communism]], [[libertarian socialism]] and the [[anti-globalization movement]]. A variant of this type of protest is the Padded bloc, where following the [[Tute Bianche]] movement protesters wear padded clothing to protect against the police.

	The tactic was developed in the 1980s in the European [[Autonomism\|autonomist movement]]'s protests against [[squatter]] evictions, [[nuclear power]], and restrictions on abortion, as well as other influences.<ref name="origin"/> Black blocs gained broader media attention outside Europe during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], when a black bloc [[property damage\|damaged property]] of [[Gap Inc.\|Gap]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other [[multinational corporation\|multinational]] retail locations in downtown [[Seattle]].<ref name="origin"/><ref name="PunchANazi">{{Cite news\|last=Lennard\|first=Natasha\|title=Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer Punched--You Can Thank the Black Bloc\|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/if-you-appreciated-seeing-neo-nazi-richard-spencer-get-punched-thank-the-black-bloc/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref>		The tactic was developed in the 1980s in the European [[Autonomism\|autonomist movement]]'s protests against [[squatter]] evictions, [[nuclear power]], and restrictions on abortion, as well as other influences.<ref name="origin"/> Black blocs gained broader media attention outside Europe during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], when a black bloc [[property damage\|damaged property]] of [[Gap Inc.\|Gap]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other [[multinational corporation\|multinational]] retail locations in downtown [[Seattle]].<ref name="origin"/><ref name="PunchANazi">{{Cite news\|last=Lennard\|first=Natasha\|title=Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer Punched--You Can Thank the Black Bloc\|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/if-you-appreciated-seeing-neo-nazi-richard-spencer-get-punched-thank-the-black-bloc/\|newspaper=National Post\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

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	[[File:AnarchistBlackBlock.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.1\|[[Anarchist]] black bloc organizing in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in 2020]]		[[File:AnarchistBlackBlock.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.1\|[[Anarchist]] black bloc organizing in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in 2020]]
	Tactics of a black bloc primarily include [[vandalism]] of private property, [[rioting]], and demonstrating without a permit. Tactics can also include use of defensive measures such as misleading the authorities, assisting in the escape of people arrested by the police ("un-arrests" or "de-arrests"), administering [[first aid]] to people affected by [[tear gas]], [[rubber bullets]] and other [[riot control]] measures in areas where protesters are barred from entering, building [[barricade]]s, resisting the police, and practicing [[jail solidarity]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|title=Hedging Our Bets on the Black Bloc: The Impotence of Mere Liberalism \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514175233/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.southerncrossreview.org/13/genoa.htm\|title=Battle of Genoa\|publisher=Southern Cross Review\|access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Juris\|first=Jeffrey S.\|s2cid=145781235\|title=Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc and the Mass Media in Genoa\|journal=Critique of Anthropology\|year=2005\|volume=25\|issue=4\|pages=413–432\|doi=10.1177/0308275X05058657}}</ref> Property destruction carried out by black blocs tends to have symbolic significance: common targets include banks, institutional buildings, outlets for [[multinational corporation]]s, gasoline stations, and video-surveillance cameras.<ref name="pressaction.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|title=A Principled Stand on Diversity of Tactic: Avoiding Uniformity of Failure \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513100050/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>		Tactics of a black bloc primarily include [[vandalism]] of private property, [[rioting]], and demonstrating without a permit. Tactics can also include use of defensive measures such as misleading the authorities, assisting in the escape of people arrested by the police ("un-arrests" or "de-arrests"), administering [[first aid]] to people affected by [[tear gas]], [[rubber bullets]], and other [[riot control]] measures in areas where protesters are barred from entering, building [[barricade]]s, resisting the police, and practicing [[jail solidarity]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|title=Hedging Our Bets on the Black Bloc: The Impotence of Mere Liberalism \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514175233/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02072012/ \|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.southerncrossreview.org/13/genoa.htm\|title=Battle of Genoa\|publisher=Southern Cross Review\|access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Juris\|first=Jeffrey S.\|s2cid=145781235\|title=Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc and the Mass Media in Genoa\|journal=Critique of Anthropology\|year=2005\|volume=25\|issue=4\|pages=413–432\|doi=10.1177/0308275X05058657}}</ref> Property destruction carried out by black blocs tends to have symbolic significance: common targets include banks, institutional buildings, outlets for [[multinational corporation]]s, gasoline stations, and video-surveillance cameras.<ref name="pressaction.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|title=A Principled Stand on Diversity of Tactic: Avoiding Uniformity of Failure \|publisher=Press Action \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513100050/http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/zakkflash02152012/ \|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

	There may be several blocs within a particular protest, with different aims and tactics.<ref name="K, 2001">K, 2001, "being black block" in ''On Fire: the battle of Genoa and the anti-capitalist movement'', p. 31, One Off Press.</ref> As an [[adhocracy\|ad hoc]] group, blocs often share no universally common set of principles or beliefs<ref name="K, 2001" /> apart from an adherence to—usually—leftist or [[autonomist]] values, although some anarchist groups have called for the Saint Paul Principles to be adapted as a framework in which diverse tactics can be deployed.<ref name="pressaction.com"/> A few radical right-wing groups, like some of the "[[autonomous nationalists]]" of Europe<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Nicola\|first=Stefan\|title=Germany's new neo-Nazis \|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2008/05/20/Germanys-new-neo-Nazis/UPI-87471211285700/ \|access-date=28 June 2010\|work=[[United Press International]]\|date=20 May 2008}}</ref> or the Australian so-called "[[National-anarchism\|National-Anarchists]]"<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Sunshine\|first=Spencer\|title=Rebranding Fascism: Nationalists\|journal=Public Eye Magazine\|date=April 2008\|volume=23 \|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html \|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> have adopted "black bloc" tactics and dress. The political scientist Nicholas Apoifis, in his ethnography of anarchism in Athens, Greece, argues that black bloc action can constitute a form of [[prefigurative politics]], due to its "flat and horizontal organisational structure, alongside its focus on solidarity."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Apoifis\|first=Nicholas\|title=Anarchy in Athens: An Ethnography of Militancy, Emotions and Violence\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|year=2017\|page=132}}</ref>		There may be several blocs within a particular protest, with different aims and tactics.<ref name="K, 2001">K, 2001, "being black block" in ''On Fire: the battle of Genoa and the anti-capitalist movement'', p. 31, One Off Press.</ref> As an [[adhocracy\|ad hoc]] group, blocs often share no universally common set of principles or beliefs<ref name="K, 2001" /> apart from an adherence to—usually—leftist or [[autonomist]] values, although some anarchist groups have called for the Saint Paul Principles to be adapted as a framework in which diverse tactics can be deployed.<ref name="pressaction.com"/> A few radical right-wing groups, like some of the "[[autonomous nationalists]]" of Europe<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Nicola\|first=Stefan\|title=Germany's new neo-Nazis \|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2008/05/20/Germanys-new-neo-Nazis/UPI-87471211285700/ \|access-date=28 June 2010\|work=[[United Press International]]\|date=20 May 2008}}</ref> or the Australian so-called "[[National-anarchism\|National-Anarchists]]"<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Sunshine\|first=Spencer\|title=Rebranding Fascism: Nationalists\|journal=Public Eye Magazine\|date=April 2008\|volume=23 \|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html \|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> have adopted "black bloc" tactics and dress. The political scientist Nicholas Apoifis, in his ethnography of anarchism in Athens, Greece, argues that black bloc action can constitute a form of [[prefigurative politics]], due to its "flat and horizontal organisational structure, alongside its focus on solidarity."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Apoifis\|first=Nicholas\|title=Anarchy in Athens: An Ethnography of Militancy, Emotions and Violence\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|year=2017\|page=132}}</ref>