Bozeman Trail - Revision history

72.28.3.99 at 02:32, 18 September 2024

2024-09-18T02:32:39Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:32, 18 September 2024
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	\| photo = Bozeman01.png		\| photo = Bozeman01.png
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	\| photo_caption = The Bozeman Trail (in yellow). While the route was in use, ~~most~~ ~~of the trail~~ crossed the 1851 Crow Indian treaty guaranteed territory west of Powder River.		\| photo_caption = The Bozeman Trail (in yellow). While the route was in use, it largely crossed the 1851 Crow Indian treaty-guaranteed territory west of Powder River.

	\| photo_width = 250		\| photo_width = 250
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	The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its ~~most~~ important period was from 1863 to 1868. ~~Despite the fact that~~ the major part of the route ~~in Wyoming~~ used by ~~all~~ Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>		The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its important period was from 1863 to 1868. While the major part of the route used by Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>

	The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked fear and anger in the local tribes; some of ~~which~~ ~~choosing~~ to respond with aggressive and even violent action. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).		The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked fear and anger in the local tribes; some of whom choose to respond with aggressive, and even violent action. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).

	== Establishment ==		== Establishment ==

31.200.23.185 at 08:17, 17 May 2024

2024-05-17T08:17:43Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:17, 17 May 2024
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	Decades before the Bozeman Trail cut through the plains of present Wyoming, the expanse "... was made busy by Crows and white trappers and traders ...".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref> According to the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)\|Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851]], most of the Bozeman Trail ran across native Crow territory established by treaty.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}.</ref> "For the Crows, the Bozeman Trail introduced them to a relationship [emigrants and army personnel] that would profoundly affect the tribe in coming decades".<ref>Rzeczkowski, Frank: The Crow Indians and the Bozeman Trail. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History''. Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 30-47, quote p.47.</ref>		Decades before the Bozeman Trail cut through the plains of present Wyoming, the expanse "... was made busy by Crows and white trappers and traders ...".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref> According to the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)\|Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851]], most of the Bozeman Trail ran across native Crow territory established by treaty.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}.</ref> "For the Crows, the Bozeman Trail introduced them to a relationship [emigrants and army personnel] that would profoundly affect the tribe in coming decades".<ref>Rzeczkowski, Frank: The Crow Indians and the Bozeman Trail. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History''. Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 30-47, quote p.47.</ref>

	To complicate the matter, the southeastern part of the 1851 Crow domain was taken over by the Arapahoe, the Cheyenne and the Lakota. They had invaded the western Powder River area during the 1850s and after "large scale battles" won this buffalo rich Native land from the original tribe around 1860.<ref>Medicine Crow, Joseph: From the Heart of the Crow Country. New York, 1992, p. 84. Serial 1308, 40th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1, Senate Executive Document No. 13, p. 127.</ref> The principal Bozeman Trail conflict took place along the roughly 250 ~~miles~~ of southern wagon wheel tracks through this particular area. Usually, the emigrants could breathe again, when they started on the last nearly 190 ~~miles~~ of the trail westward from the crossing of the Bighorn River to the city of Bozeman.		To complicate the matter, the southeastern part of the 1851 Crow domain was taken over by the Arapahoe, the Cheyenne and the Lakota. They had invaded the western Powder River area during the 1850s and after "large scale battles" won this buffalo rich Native land from the original tribe around 1860.<ref>Medicine Crow, Joseph: From the Heart of the Crow Country. New York, 1992, p. 84. Serial 1308, 40th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1, Senate Executive Document No. 13, p. 127.</ref> The principal Bozeman Trail conflict took place along the roughly {{convert\|250\|mi\|km}} of southern wagon wheel tracks through this particular area. Usually, the emigrants could breathe again, when they started on the last nearly {{convert\|190\|mi\|km}} of the trail westward from the crossing of the Bighorn River to the city of Bozeman.

	== The trail and travelers ==		== The trail and travelers ==

BD2412: /* Modern route */clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation fixes, replaced: ,W → , W

2023-12-25T00:04:30Z

Modern route: clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation fixes, replaced: ,W → , W

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:04, 25 December 2023
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	==Modern route==		==Modern route==
	[[Image:BozemanTrailPhilKonstantin.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail marker,Wyoming, 2003]]		[[Image:BozemanTrailPhilKonstantin.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail marker, Wyoming, 2003]]

	Today, a modern [[highway]] route covers roughly the same general route as the historic Bozeman Trail. The route consists of [[Interstate 25]] from [[Douglas, Wyoming]] to [[Buffalo, Wyoming]]; [[Interstate 90]] from Buffalo via [[Sheridan, Wyoming]] to [[Bozeman, Montana]] MT Hwy 84; and [[U.S. Route 287]] to [[Virginia City, Montana]].		Today, a modern [[highway]] route covers roughly the same general route as the historic Bozeman Trail. The route consists of [[Interstate 25]] from [[Douglas, Wyoming]] to [[Buffalo, Wyoming]]; [[Interstate 90]] from Buffalo via [[Sheridan, Wyoming]] to [[Bozeman, Montana]] MT Hwy 84; and [[U.S. Route 287]] to [[Virginia City, Montana]].

67.215.45.85: /* Modern route */Corrected State

2023-11-22T19:13:47Z

Modern route: Corrected State

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:13, 22 November 2023
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	==Modern route==		==Modern route==
	[[Image:BozemanTrailPhilKonstantin.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail marker, ~~Montana~~, 2003]]		[[Image:BozemanTrailPhilKonstantin.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail marker,Wyoming, 2003]]

	Today, a modern [[highway]] route covers roughly the same general route as the historic Bozeman Trail. The route consists of [[Interstate 25]] from [[Douglas, Wyoming]] to [[Buffalo, Wyoming]]; [[Interstate 90]] from Buffalo via [[Sheridan, Wyoming]] to [[Bozeman, Montana]] MT Hwy 84; and [[U.S. Route 287]] to [[Virginia City, Montana]].		Today, a modern [[highway]] route covers roughly the same general route as the historic Bozeman Trail. The route consists of [[Interstate 25]] from [[Douglas, Wyoming]] to [[Buffalo, Wyoming]]; [[Interstate 90]] from Buffalo via [[Sheridan, Wyoming]] to [[Bozeman, Montana]] MT Hwy 84; and [[U.S. Route 287]] to [[Virginia City, Montana]].

AntiRealist101: The previous statement inferred that the settlers movements "caused" native Americans to retaliate aggressively. This is a major oversimplification and history should not be conveyed using such simple language. My minor edit is an improvement that adds nuance to the story and provides more context on behalf of the native American tribes involved.

2023-11-20T16:08:11Z

The previous statement inferred that the settlers movements "caused" native Americans to retaliate aggressively. This is a major oversimplification and history should not be conveyed using such simple language. My minor edit is an improvement that adds nuance to the story and provides more context on behalf of the native American tribes involved.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:08, 20 November 2023
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	The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its most important period was from 1863 to 1868. Despite the fact that the major part of the route in Wyoming used by all Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>		The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its most important period was from 1863 to 1868. Despite the fact that the major part of the route in Wyoming used by all Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>

	The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked ~~their~~ ~~resentment~~ and ~~caused~~ ~~attacks~~. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).		The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked fear and anger in the local tribes; some of which choosing to respond with aggressive and even violent action. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).

	== Establishment ==		== Establishment ==

Cutlass: clean up, typo(s) fixed: north-south → north–south, July 7, 1864 → July 7, 1864,, from 1863–1868 → from 1863 to 1868

2023-05-19T03:08:06Z

clean up, typo(s) fixed: north-south → north–south, July 7, 1864 → July 7, 1864,, from 1863–1868 → from 1863 to 1868

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:08, 19 May 2023
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	}}		}}

	The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its most important period was from ~~1863–1868~~. Despite the fact that the major part of the route in Wyoming used by all Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>		The '''Bozeman Trail''' was an overland route in the [[Western United States]], connecting the [[gold rush]] territory of southern [[Montana]] to the [[Oregon Trail]] in eastern [[Wyoming]]. Its most important period was from 1863 to 1868. Despite the fact that the major part of the route in Wyoming used by all Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after [[John Bozeman]].<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S.B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column II.</ref> Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of [[Bridger Trail]], opened by [[Jim Bridger]] in 1864.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 743.</ref>

	The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked their resentment and caused attacks. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).		The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native Americans]] provoked their resentment and caused attacks. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}. Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31.</ref> They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).
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	In 1863, [[John Bozeman]] and John Jacobs scouted for a direct route from [[Virginia City, Montana]] to central [[Wyoming]] to connect with the [[Oregon Trail]], then the major passage to the West Coast. Before this, most access to the southwestern Montana Territory was from [[St. Louis]] via the [[Missouri River]] to [[Fort Benton, Montana\|Fort Benton]]. Thence travelers went by the 'Benton Road,' around the [[Great Falls (Missouri River)\|Great Falls]] and through the Chestnut, Hilger and Prickly Pear valleys (current site of [[Helena, Montana\|Helena]] and [[Broadwater County, Montana]]).		In 1863, [[John Bozeman]] and John Jacobs scouted for a direct route from [[Virginia City, Montana]] to central [[Wyoming]] to connect with the [[Oregon Trail]], then the major passage to the West Coast. Before this, most access to the southwestern Montana Territory was from [[St. Louis]] via the [[Missouri River]] to [[Fort Benton, Montana\|Fort Benton]]. Thence travelers went by the 'Benton Road,' around the [[Great Falls (Missouri River)\|Great Falls]] and through the Chestnut, Hilger and Prickly Pear valleys (current site of [[Helena, Montana\|Helena]] and [[Broadwater County, Montana]]).

	The overland Bozeman Trail followed many ~~north-south~~ trails the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas\|American Natives]] had used since prehistoric times to travel through [[Powder River Country]]. This route was more direct and better watered than any previous trail into Montana. Bozeman's and Jacobs's most important contribution was to improve the trail so that it was wide enough for wagons. But there was a major drawback — the trail passed directly through territory occupied by the [[Shoshone]], [[Arapaho]], and [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] nations.		The overland Bozeman Trail followed many north–south trails the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas\|American Natives]] had used since prehistoric times to travel through [[Powder River Country]]. This route was more direct and better watered than any previous trail into Montana. Bozeman's and Jacobs's most important contribution was to improve the trail so that it was wide enough for wagons. But there was a major drawback — the trail passed directly through territory occupied by the [[Shoshone]], [[Arapaho]], and [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] nations.

	Decades before the Bozeman Trail cut through the plains of present Wyoming, the expanse "... was made busy by Crows and white trappers and traders ...".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref> According to the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)\|Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851]], most of the Bozeman Trail ran across native Crow territory established by treaty.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}.</ref> "For the Crows, the Bozeman Trail introduced them to a relationship [emigrants and army personnel] that would profoundly affect the tribe in coming decades".<ref>Rzeczkowski, Frank: The Crow Indians and the Bozeman Trail. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History''. Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 30-47, quote p.47.</ref>		Decades before the Bozeman Trail cut through the plains of present Wyoming, the expanse "... was made busy by Crows and white trappers and traders ...".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref> According to the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)\|Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851]], most of the Bozeman Trail ran across native Crow territory established by treaty.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}.</ref> "For the Crows, the Bozeman Trail introduced them to a relationship [emigrants and army personnel] that would profoundly affect the tribe in coming decades".<ref>Rzeczkowski, Frank: The Crow Indians and the Bozeman Trail. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History''. Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 30-47, quote p.47.</ref>
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	==First travelers and Native American campaigns==		==First travelers and Native American campaigns==
	Bozeman led the first wagon train on the trail in 1864. [[A. A. Townsend\|Abasalom Austin Townsend]] was captain of another very large wagon train (over 400 people and 150+ wagons) and had a battle with the [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Michno\|first=Gregory and Susan\|title=Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films\|publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc.\|year=1948\|isbn=978-0-7864-3997-3\|location=Jefferson, North Carolina\|pages=96–98}}</ref> Known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight]], the attack occurred on July 7, 1864 with casualties on both sides. Native raids on white settlers increased dramatically from 1864 to 1866, which prompted the U.S. government to order the Army to carry out military campaigns against the [[Shoshone]]. [[Patrick Edward Connor]] led several of the earliest campaigns, including the [[Bear River Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|title=In remembrance of the Bear River Massacre \|work=lemhi-shoshone.com/ \|access-date=2013-11-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016144408/http://lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|archive-date=2013-10-16 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Powder River Expedition (1865)\|Powder River Expedition]] of 1865. He also fought the [[Arapaho]] at the [[Battle of the Tongue River]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/connor-battlefield \|title=Connor Battlefield \|publisher=Wyoming State Historical Society \|access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref>		Bozeman led the first wagon train on the trail in 1864. [[A. A. Townsend\|Abasalom Austin Townsend]] was captain of another very large wagon train (over 400 people and 150+ wagons) and had a battle with the [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Michno\|first=Gregory and Susan\|title=Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films\|publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc.\|year=1948\|isbn=978-0-7864-3997-3\|location=Jefferson, North Carolina\|pages=96–98}}</ref> Known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight]], the attack occurred on July 7, 1864, with casualties on both sides. Native raids on white settlers increased dramatically from 1864 to 1866, which prompted the U.S. government to order the Army to carry out military campaigns against the [[Shoshone]]. [[Patrick Edward Connor]] led several of the earliest campaigns, including the [[Bear River Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|title=In remembrance of the Bear River Massacre \|work=lemhi-shoshone.com/ \|access-date=2013-11-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016144408/http://lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|archive-date=2013-10-16 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Powder River Expedition (1865)\|Powder River Expedition]] of 1865. He also fought the [[Arapaho]] at the [[Battle of the Tongue River]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/connor-battlefield \|title=Connor Battlefield \|publisher=Wyoming State Historical Society \|access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref>

	The trail itself diverged from the [[Oregon Trail\|Oregon]] and [[California Trail]]s to the north through the [[Powder River Basin\|Powder River]]. Lieutenant General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] authorized construction of three forts in 1866 to guard travelers on the trail. Soldiers were harassed by the [[Sioux]], at that time led by [[Red Cloud]] (the United States named the war [[Red Cloud's War]] after the Sioux leader). Colonel [[Henry B. Carrington]] was stationed at a halfway point between [[Fort Laramie]] and the Bozeman Trail, but his well-fortified position was not attacked directly. However, when Captain [[William J. Fetterman]], acting against orders, led soldiers in retaliation for attacks against [[Fort Phil Kearny]]; all eighty of Fetterman's men were killed. In the aftermath of the [[Fetterman Fight]], the United States agreed, a part of the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]], to abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Hogland\|first=Alison K.\|title=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger and D.A. Russell, 1849-1912 \|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press\|page=20}}</ref>		The trail itself diverged from the [[Oregon Trail\|Oregon]] and [[California Trail]]s to the north through the [[Powder River Basin\|Powder River]]. Lieutenant General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] authorized construction of three forts in 1866 to guard travelers on the trail. Soldiers were harassed by the [[Sioux]], at that time led by [[Red Cloud]] (the United States named the war [[Red Cloud's War]] after the Sioux leader). Colonel [[Henry B. Carrington]] was stationed at a halfway point between [[Fort Laramie]] and the Bozeman Trail, but his well-fortified position was not attacked directly. However, when Captain [[William J. Fetterman]], acting against orders, led soldiers in retaliation for attacks against [[Fort Phil Kearny]]; all eighty of Fetterman's men were killed. In the aftermath of the [[Fetterman Fight]], the United States agreed, a part of the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]], to abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Hogland\|first=Alison K.\|title=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger and D.A. Russell, 1849-1912 \|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press\|page=20}}</ref>

Golden Mage: /* First travelers and Native American campaigns */

2023-03-15T17:22:36Z

First travelers and Native American campaigns

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:22, 15 March 2023
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	==First travelers and Native American campaigns==		==First travelers and Native American campaigns==
	Bozeman led the first wagon train on the trail in 1864. [[A. A. Townsend\|Abasalom Austin Townsend]] was captain of another very large wagon train (over 400 people and 150+ wagons) and had a battle with the [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Michno\|first=Gregory and Susan\|title=Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films\|publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc.\|year=1948\|isbn=978-0-7864-3997-3\|location=Jefferson, North Carolina\|pages=96–98}}</ref> Known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight]], the attack occurred on July 7, 1864 with casualties on both sides. Native raids on white settlers increased dramatically from 1864 to 1866, which prompted the U.S. government to order the Army to carry out military campaigns against the [[Shoshone]]. [[Patrick Edward Connor]] led several of the earliest campaigns, including the [[Bear River Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|title=In remembrance of the Bear River Massacre \|work=lemhi-shoshone.com/ \|access-date=2013-11-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016144408/http://lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|archive-date=2013-10-16 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Powder River Expedition]] of 1865. He also fought the [[Arapaho]] at the [[Battle of the Tongue River]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/connor-battlefield \|title=Connor Battlefield \|publisher=Wyoming State Historical Society \|access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref>		Bozeman led the first wagon train on the trail in 1864. [[A. A. Townsend\|Abasalom Austin Townsend]] was captain of another very large wagon train (over 400 people and 150+ wagons) and had a battle with the [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Michno\|first=Gregory and Susan\|title=Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films\|publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc.\|year=1948\|isbn=978-0-7864-3997-3\|location=Jefferson, North Carolina\|pages=96–98}}</ref> Known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight]], the attack occurred on July 7, 1864 with casualties on both sides. Native raids on white settlers increased dramatically from 1864 to 1866, which prompted the U.S. government to order the Army to carry out military campaigns against the [[Shoshone]]. [[Patrick Edward Connor]] led several of the earliest campaigns, including the [[Bear River Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|title=In remembrance of the Bear River Massacre \|work=lemhi-shoshone.com/ \|access-date=2013-11-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016144408/http://lemhi-shoshone.com/bear-river-massacre.html \|archive-date=2013-10-16 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Powder River Expedition (1865)\|Powder River Expedition]] of 1865. He also fought the [[Arapaho]] at the [[Battle of the Tongue River]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/connor-battlefield \|title=Connor Battlefield \|publisher=Wyoming State Historical Society \|access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref>

	The trail itself diverged from the [[Oregon Trail]] and ~~the~~ [[California ~~trail~~]] to the north through the [[Powder River Basin\|Powder River]]. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] authorized construction of three forts in 1866 to guard travelers on the trail. Soldiers were harassed by [[Sioux]] ~~Natives~~, at that time led by [[Red Cloud]] (the United States named the war [[Red Cloud's War]] after the Sioux leader). Colonel [[Henry B. Carrington]] was stationed at a halfway point between [[Fort Laramie]] and the Bozeman ~~trail~~, but his well-fortified position was not attacked directly. However, when Captain [[William J. Fetterman]], acting against orders, led soldiers in retaliation for attacks against [[Fort Phil Kearny]]; all eighty of Fetterman's men were killed. In the aftermath of the [[Fetterman Fight]], the United States agreed, a part of the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]], to abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Hogland\|first=Alison K.\|title=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger and D.A. Russell, 1849-1912 \|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press\|page=20}}</ref>		The trail itself diverged from the [[Oregon Trail\|Oregon]] and [[California Trail]]s to the north through the [[Powder River Basin\|Powder River]]. Lieutenant General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] authorized construction of three forts in 1866 to guard travelers on the trail. Soldiers were harassed by the [[Sioux]], at that time led by [[Red Cloud]] (the United States named the war [[Red Cloud's War]] after the Sioux leader). Colonel [[Henry B. Carrington]] was stationed at a halfway point between [[Fort Laramie]] and the Bozeman Trail, but his well-fortified position was not attacked directly. However, when Captain [[William J. Fetterman]], acting against orders, led soldiers in retaliation for attacks against [[Fort Phil Kearny]]; all eighty of Fetterman's men were killed. In the aftermath of the [[Fetterman Fight]], the United States agreed, a part of the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]], to abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Hogland\|first=Alison K.\|title=Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger and D.A. Russell, 1849-1912 \|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press\|page=20}}</ref>

	==Post-Civil War travel==		==Post-Civil War travel==

108.246.59.26: /* The trail and travelers */ added wikilink

2023-03-06T18:29:23Z

The trail and travelers: added wikilink

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:29, 6 March 2023
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	== The trail and travelers ==		== The trail and travelers ==
	During the few years the trail was open to emigrants, 3,500 traveled it. [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]] killed between 40 and 50 of them. The short cut was at the time "most often called the road to Montana" and not the Bozeman Trail.<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S. B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column I.</ref> While short in bee line, the actual road from the Oregon Trail to the mining towns was much longer due to the hilly and undulating terrain. Shorter or longer stretches of the route were altered every year to avoid the worst stages. The journey took around eight weeks. Many of the travelers had prepared themselves for the arduous trip by reading John Lyle Campbell's popular guidebook. Drowning and fatal accidents with firearms occurred. Some travelers came down with critical diseases such as "mountain fever" ([[Colorado tick fever]]) and never made it to their destination. Game including elk, mountain sheep and bear was shot an occasion, also buffalo. "The men are killing them in large numbers. I feel sorry to see such destruction. They leave tons of good meat every day to be devoured by wolfs at night", lamented traveler Richard Owen in 1864. The travelers grouped in organized "trains" with chosen people holding posts such as captain, train marshal and orderly sergeant. One group, known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight\|Townsend Wagon Train]], led by Captain [[A. A. Townsend]] of Wisconsin, was made up of "wagons ... 150, men ... 375, women ... 36, children ... 36, oxen ... 636".<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Ryan\|first=Benjamin\|date=July 1864\|title=Diary of Benjamin Ryan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DoMf1Uq-tMC&q=benjamin+w.+ryan+diary+of+bozeman+trail+and+trip+to+montana&pg=PA213\|journal=Handwritten Journal\|volume=NA\|pages=NA\|isbn=9780917298486}}</ref> Every fifth of those crossing the plains via Bozeman Trail was a woman or a child. Each wagon paid the train pilot, maybe six dollars in 1864. Being a route used by single emigrants and small families at first, the trail transformed towards a supply route with freight wagons carrying equipment and necessities of life to the new, western towns.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): ''Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863–1866''. Helena, 2000, Vol. 1, p. 1 (total number of travelers); Vol. 1, p. 154 (casualties): Vol. 1, p. XII (altering of route); Vol. 2, p. 744 (guidebook); Vol. 2, p. 759 (mountain fever); Vol. 1, p. 293 (Richard Owen); Vol. 2, p. 767 (organization); Vol. 1, p. 224 (description of train); Vol. 2, p. 435 (ration of women and children); Vol. 1, p. 62 (rate) and Vol 2. p. 435 (freight trains).</ref>		During the few years the trail was open to emigrants, 3,500 traveled it. [[Native Americans in the United States\|Natives]] killed between 40 and 50 of them. The short cut was at the time "most often called the road to Montana" and not the Bozeman Trail.<ref>Moulton, Candy: Susan Badger Doyle's two-volume work on the Bozeman Trail blazes some new ground. (Interview with S. B. Doyle). ''Wild West'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 2001), p. 56, column I.</ref> While short in bee line, the actual road from the Oregon Trail to the mining towns was much longer due to the hilly and undulating terrain. Shorter or longer stretches of the route were altered every year to avoid the worst stages. The journey took around eight weeks. Many of the travelers had prepared themselves for the arduous trip by reading [[John Lyle Campbell]]'s popular guidebook. Drowning and fatal accidents with firearms occurred. Some travelers came down with critical diseases such as "mountain fever" ([[Colorado tick fever]]) and never made it to their destination. Game including elk, mountain sheep and bear was shot an occasion, also buffalo. "The men are killing them in large numbers. I feel sorry to see such destruction. They leave tons of good meat every day to be devoured by wolfs at night", lamented traveler Richard Owen in 1864. The travelers grouped in organized "trains" with chosen people holding posts such as captain, train marshal and orderly sergeant. One group, known as the [[Townsend Wagon Train Fight\|Townsend Wagon Train]], led by Captain [[A. A. Townsend]] of Wisconsin, was made up of "wagons ... 150, men ... 375, women ... 36, children ... 36, oxen ... 636".<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Ryan\|first=Benjamin\|date=July 1864\|title=Diary of Benjamin Ryan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DoMf1Uq-tMC&q=benjamin+w.+ryan+diary+of+bozeman+trail+and+trip+to+montana&pg=PA213\|journal=Handwritten Journal\|volume=NA\|pages=NA\|isbn=9780917298486}}</ref> Every fifth of those crossing the plains via Bozeman Trail was a woman or a child. Each wagon paid the train pilot, maybe six dollars in 1864. Being a route used by single emigrants and small families at first, the trail transformed towards a supply route with freight wagons carrying equipment and necessities of life to the new, western towns.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): ''Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863–1866''. Helena, 2000, Vol. 1, p. 1 (total number of travelers); Vol. 1, p. 154 (casualties): Vol. 1, p. XII (altering of route); Vol. 2, p. 744 (guidebook); Vol. 2, p. 759 (mountain fever); Vol. 1, p. 293 (Richard Owen); Vol. 2, p. 767 (organization); Vol. 1, p. 224 (description of train); Vol. 2, p. 435 (ration of women and children); Vol. 1, p. 62 (rate) and Vol 2. p. 435 (freight trains).</ref>

	==First travelers and Native American campaigns==		==First travelers and Native American campaigns==

Golden Mage: /* Post-Civil War travel */

2023-01-25T18:44:50Z

Post-Civil War travel

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:44, 25 January 2023
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	==Post-Civil War travel==		==Post-Civil War travel==
	In 1866, after the [[American Civil War]] ended, the number of settlers who used the trail en route to Montana gold fields increased. Around 1,200 wagons brought some 2,000 people to the city of Bozeman following the trail that year.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 423.</ref> The Army called a council at [[Fort Laramie]], which [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] leader [[Red Cloud]] attended. The Army wanted to negotiate a right-of-way with the Lakota for settlers' use of the trail. As negotiations continued, [[Red Cloud]] became outraged when he discovered that a regiment of U.S. infantry was already using the route without receiving permission from the Lakota nation. Thus [[Red Cloud's War]] began.		In 1866, after the [[American Civil War]] ended, the number of settlers who used the trail en route to Montana gold fields increased. Around 1,200 wagons brought some 2,000 people to the city of Bozeman following the trail that year.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 423.</ref> The U.S. Army called a council at [[Fort Laramie]], which [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] leader [[Red Cloud]] attended. The U.S. Army wanted to negotiate a right-of-way with the Lakota for settlers' use of the trail. As negotiations continued, [[Red Cloud]] became outraged when he discovered that a regiment of U.S. infantry was already using the route without receiving permission from the Lakota nation. Thus [[Red Cloud's War]] began.

	[[File:Bozeman Trail, the forts and the Indian territories.jpg\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail, Fort C.F. Smith, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Reno and relevant Indian territories of 1851. All three military forts along the Bozeman Trail were located in Crow Indian treaty territory, which had been invaded by buffalo hunting Lakotas.]]		[[File:Bozeman Trail, the forts and the Indian territories.jpg\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail, Fort C.F. Smith, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Reno and relevant Indian territories of 1851. All three military forts along the Bozeman Trail were located in Crow Indian treaty territory, which had been invaded by buffalo hunting Lakotas.]]

	It was impossible for the army to undertake significant negotiations about the traffic through the western Powder River area and the future use of it with Red Cloud and any other Lakota. In 1851, the United States had acknowledged the tract belonged to the [[Crow ~~Nation~~\|Crow]] and was obliged by that. The Lakota tribe itself had recognized the same.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>		It was impossible for the army to undertake significant negotiations about the traffic through the western Powder River area and the future use of it with Red Cloud and any other Lakota. In 1851, the United States had acknowledged the tract belonged to the [[Crow people\|Crow]] and was obliged by that. The Lakota tribe itself had recognized the same.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>

	That same year<!--1866-->, [[Nelson Story]], a successful [[Virginia City, Montana]], gold miner originally from [[Ohio]], used the Bozeman Trail to successfully [[Cattle drives in the United States\|drive]] about 1,000 head of [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)\|longhorn cattle]] into Montana. The U.S. Army unsuccessfully tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from Native American attacks, but Story brought cattle through to the [[Gallatin County, Montana\|Gallatin Valley]] and formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book \|last=Kennedy \|first=Michael S. \|title=Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History \|year=1964 \|chapter=Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory \|publisher=Hastings House Publishing \|location=New York \|pages=103–111}}</ref>		That same year<!--1866-->, [[Nelson Story]], a successful [[Virginia City, Montana]], gold miner originally from [[Ohio]], used the Bozeman Trail to successfully [[Cattle drives in the United States\|drive]] about 1,000 head of [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)\|longhorn cattle]] into Montana. The U.S. Army unsuccessfully tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from Native American attacks, but Story brought cattle through to the [[Gallatin County, Montana\|Gallatin Valley]] and formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book \|last=Kennedy \|first=Michael S. \|title=Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History \|year=1964 \|chapter=Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory \|publisher=Hastings House Publishing \|location=New York \|pages=103–111}}</ref>

	The Army established [[Fort Reno (Wyoming)\|Fort Reno]], [[Fort Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] along the route, staffed with troops meant to protect travelers. All three military posts were built west of Powder River, consequently outside the Lakota territory as recognized by the whites in the Fort Laramie Treaty. " ... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming that the Yellowstone was now their land".<ref>Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935. Cambridge, 1995, p. 89.</ref> Native American raids along the trail and around the forts continued. When the [[Lakota ~~people\|Lakota]]~~ annihilated a detachment under [[William J. Fetterman]] at the [[Red Cloud's War#The Fetterman Massacre\|Fetterman Fight]] near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866, civilian travel along the trail ceased. On August 1, 1867, and August 2, 1867, U.S. forces resisted coordinated attempts by large parties of Lakota and Cheyenne to overrun [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] and [[Fort Phil Kearny]] in the [[Hayfield Fight]] and [[Wagon Box Fight]].		The U.S. Army established [[Fort Reno (Wyoming)\|Fort Reno]], [[Fort Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] along the route, staffed with troops meant to protect travelers. All three military posts were built west of Powder River, consequently outside the Lakota territory as recognized by the whites in the Fort Laramie Treaty. " ... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming that the Yellowstone was now their land".<ref>Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935. Cambridge, 1995, p. 89.</ref> Native American raids along the trail and around the forts continued. When the Lakota annihilated a detachment under [[William J. Fetterman]] at the [[Red Cloud's War#The Fetterman Massacre\|Fetterman Fight]] near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866, civilian travel along the trail ceased. On August 1, 1867, and August 2, 1867, U.S. forces resisted coordinated attempts by large parties of Lakota and Cheyenne to overrun [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] and [[Fort Phil Kearny]] in the [[Hayfield Fight]] and [[Wagon Box Fight]].

	The strikes and attacks on the soldiers "appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was - but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes and from the advance of white settlers".<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 114.</ref> "In 1866, Red Cloud and his alliance of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos fought for a territory they had dominated for only a few years".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref>		The strikes and attacks on the soldiers "appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was - but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes and from the advance of white settlers".<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 114.</ref> "In 1866, Red Cloud and his alliance of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos fought for a territory they had dominated for only a few years".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref>
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	Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.		Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.

	[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[Telegraphy\|telegraph]] line along it.		[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[Telegraphy\|telegraph]] line along it.

	==Modern route==		==Modern route==

Golden Mage: /* Post-Civil War travel */

2023-01-25T18:42:00Z

Post-Civil War travel

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:42, 25 January 2023
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	Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.		Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.

	[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[telegraph]] line along it.		[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[Telegraphy\|telegraph]] line along it.

	==Modern route==		==Modern route==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:44, 25 January 2023
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	==Post-Civil War travel==		==Post-Civil War travel==
	In 1866, after the [[American Civil War]] ended, the number of settlers who used the trail en route to Montana gold fields increased. Around 1,200 wagons brought some 2,000 people to the city of Bozeman following the trail that year.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 423.</ref> The Army called a council at [[Fort Laramie]], which [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] leader [[Red Cloud]] attended. The Army wanted to negotiate a right-of-way with the Lakota for settlers' use of the trail. As negotiations continued, [[Red Cloud]] became outraged when he discovered that a regiment of U.S. infantry was already using the route without receiving permission from the Lakota nation. Thus [[Red Cloud's War]] began.		In 1866, after the [[American Civil War]] ended, the number of settlers who used the trail en route to Montana gold fields increased. Around 1,200 wagons brought some 2,000 people to the city of Bozeman following the trail that year.<ref>Doyle, Susan Badger (Ed.): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863-1866. Helena, 2000, Vol. 2, p. 423.</ref> The U.S. Army called a council at [[Fort Laramie]], which [[Lakota people\|Lakota]] leader [[Red Cloud]] attended. The U.S. Army wanted to negotiate a right-of-way with the Lakota for settlers' use of the trail. As negotiations continued, [[Red Cloud]] became outraged when he discovered that a regiment of U.S. infantry was already using the route without receiving permission from the Lakota nation. Thus [[Red Cloud's War]] began.

	[[File:Bozeman Trail, the forts and the Indian territories.jpg\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail, Fort C.F. Smith, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Reno and relevant Indian territories of 1851. All three military forts along the Bozeman Trail were located in Crow Indian treaty territory, which had been invaded by buffalo hunting Lakotas.]]		[[File:Bozeman Trail, the forts and the Indian territories.jpg\|thumb\|Bozeman Trail, Fort C.F. Smith, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Reno and relevant Indian territories of 1851. All three military forts along the Bozeman Trail were located in Crow Indian treaty territory, which had been invaded by buffalo hunting Lakotas.]]

	It was impossible for the army to undertake significant negotiations about the traffic through the western Powder River area and the future use of it with Red Cloud and any other Lakota. In 1851, the United States had acknowledged the tract belonged to the [[Crow ~~Nation~~\|Crow]] and was obliged by that. The Lakota tribe itself had recognized the same.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>		It was impossible for the army to undertake significant negotiations about the traffic through the western Powder River area and the future use of it with Red Cloud and any other Lakota. In 1851, the United States had acknowledged the tract belonged to the [[Crow people\|Crow]] and was obliged by that. The Lakota tribe itself had recognized the same.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm \|date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>

	That same year<!--1866-->, [[Nelson Story]], a successful [[Virginia City, Montana]], gold miner originally from [[Ohio]], used the Bozeman Trail to successfully [[Cattle drives in the United States\|drive]] about 1,000 head of [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)\|longhorn cattle]] into Montana. The U.S. Army unsuccessfully tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from Native American attacks, but Story brought cattle through to the [[Gallatin County, Montana\|Gallatin Valley]] and formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book \|last=Kennedy \|first=Michael S. \|title=Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History \|year=1964 \|chapter=Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory \|publisher=Hastings House Publishing \|location=New York \|pages=103–111}}</ref>		That same year<!--1866-->, [[Nelson Story]], a successful [[Virginia City, Montana]], gold miner originally from [[Ohio]], used the Bozeman Trail to successfully [[Cattle drives in the United States\|drive]] about 1,000 head of [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)\|longhorn cattle]] into Montana. The U.S. Army unsuccessfully tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from Native American attacks, but Story brought cattle through to the [[Gallatin County, Montana\|Gallatin Valley]] and formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book \|last=Kennedy \|first=Michael S. \|title=Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History \|year=1964 \|chapter=Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory \|publisher=Hastings House Publishing \|location=New York \|pages=103–111}}</ref>

	The Army established [[Fort Reno (Wyoming)\|Fort Reno]], [[Fort Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] along the route, staffed with troops meant to protect travelers. All three military posts were built west of Powder River, consequently outside the Lakota territory as recognized by the whites in the Fort Laramie Treaty. " ... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming that the Yellowstone was now their land".<ref>Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935. Cambridge, 1995, p. 89.</ref> Native American raids along the trail and around the forts continued. When the [[Lakota ~~people\|Lakota]]~~ annihilated a detachment under [[William J. Fetterman]] at the [[Red Cloud's War#The Fetterman Massacre\|Fetterman Fight]] near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866, civilian travel along the trail ceased. On August 1, 1867, and August 2, 1867, U.S. forces resisted coordinated attempts by large parties of Lakota and Cheyenne to overrun [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] and [[Fort Phil Kearny]] in the [[Hayfield Fight]] and [[Wagon Box Fight]].		The U.S. Army established [[Fort Reno (Wyoming)\|Fort Reno]], [[Fort Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] along the route, staffed with troops meant to protect travelers. All three military posts were built west of Powder River, consequently outside the Lakota territory as recognized by the whites in the Fort Laramie Treaty. " ... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming that the Yellowstone was now their land".<ref>Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935. Cambridge, 1995, p. 89.</ref> Native American raids along the trail and around the forts continued. When the Lakota annihilated a detachment under [[William J. Fetterman]] at the [[Red Cloud's War#The Fetterman Massacre\|Fetterman Fight]] near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866, civilian travel along the trail ceased. On August 1, 1867, and August 2, 1867, U.S. forces resisted coordinated attempts by large parties of Lakota and Cheyenne to overrun [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)\|Fort C. F. Smith]] and [[Fort Phil Kearny]] in the [[Hayfield Fight]] and [[Wagon Box Fight]].

	The strikes and attacks on the soldiers "appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was - but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes and from the advance of white settlers".<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 114.</ref> "In 1866, Red Cloud and his alliance of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos fought for a territory they had dominated for only a few years".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref>		The strikes and attacks on the soldiers "appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was - but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes and from the advance of white settlers".<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 114.</ref> "In 1866, Red Cloud and his alliance of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos fought for a territory they had dominated for only a few years".<ref>Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A busy Land. ''Montana, The Magazine of Western History'', Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 20-31, quote p. 20.</ref>
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	Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.		Later, by the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)\|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], the U.S. recognized the [[Powder River Country]] as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country.<ref>Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2 pp. 998-1003. {{cite web \|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties \|access-date=2011-11-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm \|archive-date=2011-11-26 }}. Compare the 1851 Crow treaty territory with the 1868 unceded Indian territory of the Lakotas.</ref> For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.

	[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[Telegraphy\|telegraph]] line along it.		[[Red Cloud's War]] could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the [[Black Hills War]], the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a [[Telegraphy\|telegraph]] line along it.

	==Modern route==		==Modern route==