Dracula - Revision history

Ldavid1985: /* Adaptations */

2024-10-09T06:49:37Z

Adaptations

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:49, 9 October 2024
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	The story of ''Dracula'' has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title ''Dracula, or The Undead'' shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.{{Efn\|This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}}} Although the manuscript was believed lost,{{Sfn\|Stuart\|1994\|p=193}} the British Library possesses a copy. It consists of extracts from the novel's [[galley proof]] with Stoker's own handwriting providing direction and dialogue attribution.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}		The story of ''Dracula'' has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title ''Dracula, or The Undead'' shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.{{Efn\|This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}}} Although the manuscript was believed lost,{{Sfn\|Stuart\|1994\|p=193}} the British Library possesses a copy. It consists of extracts from the novel's [[galley proof]] with Stoker's own handwriting providing direction and dialogue attribution.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}

	The first film to feature Count Dracula was [[Károly Lajthay]]'s ''[[~~Dracula's Death\|~~Drakula halála]]'' ({{translation\|The Death of Dracula}}), a Hungarian silent film which allegedly premiered in 1921, though this release date has been questioned by some scholars.{{Sfn\|Rhodes\|2010\|p=29}} Very little of the film has survived, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of ''Dracula'', [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]''.{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of ''Nosferatu'' differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.{{sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=61}} Bram Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker\|Florence]], initiated legal action against the studio behind ''Nosferatu'', Prana. The legal case lasted two or three years,{{Efn\|Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} while others give the number as three.{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}}} and in May 1924, Prana agreed to destroy all copies of the film.{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}{{Efn\|Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}}}		The first film to feature Count Dracula was [[Károly Lajthay]]'s ''[[Drakula halála]]'' ({{translation\|The Death of Dracula}}), a Hungarian silent film which allegedly premiered in 1921, though this release date has been questioned by some scholars.{{Sfn\|Rhodes\|2010\|p=29}} Very little of the film has survived, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of ''Dracula'', [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]''.{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of ''Nosferatu'' differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.{{sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=61}} Bram Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker\|Florence]], initiated legal action against the studio behind ''Nosferatu'', Prana. The legal case lasted two or three years,{{Efn\|Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} while others give the number as three.{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}}} and in May 1924, Prana agreed to destroy all copies of the film.{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}{{Efn\|Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}}}

	[[File:Dracula 1958 c.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Christopher Lee]] as the title character in ''[[Dracula (1958 film)\|Dracula]]'' (1958)]]		[[File:Dracula 1958 c.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Christopher Lee]] as the title character in ''[[Dracula (1958 film)\|Dracula]]'' (1958)]]

Mike Shepherd 999 at 16:04, 1 October 2024

2024-10-01T16:04:03Z

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	=== Composition ===		=== Composition ===
	Prior to writing the novel, Stoker researched extensively, assembling over 100 pages of notes, including chapter summaries and plot outlines.{{sfn\|Bierman\|1998\|p=152}} The notes were sold by Bram Stoker's widow, Florence, in 1913, to a New York book dealer for £2.{{nbsp}}2[[Shilling (British coin)\|s]], ({{Inflation\|UK\|2.1\|1913\|2019\|fmt=eq\|cursign=UK£}}). Following that, the notes became the property of [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], and then disappeared until they were bought by the [[Rosenbach Museum and Library]] in Philadelphia in 1970.{{Sfn\|Barsanti\|2008\|p=1}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]] wrote that he knew "an old lady" who was approached to revise the original manuscript, but that Stoker found her too expensive.{{Sfnm\|1a1=Lovecraft\|1y=1965\|1p=255\|2a1=Eighteen-Bisang\|2a2=Miller\|2y=2008\|2p=4}} Stoker's first biographer, Harry Ludlam, wrote in 1962 that writing commenced on ''Dracula'' around 1895 or 1896.{{Sfn\|Ludlam\|1962\|pp=99–100}} Following the rediscovery of Stoker's notes in 1972 by Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu,{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=3}} the two dated the writing of ''Dracula'' to between 1895 and 1897.{{Sfn\|McNally\|Florescu\|1973\|p=160}} Later scholarship has questioned these sets of dates. In the first extensive study of the notes,{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=4}} Joseph S. Bierman writes that the earliest date within them is 8 March 1890, for an outline of a chapter that "differs from the final version in only a few details".{{Sfn\|Bierman\|1977\|p=40}} According to Bierman, Stoker always intended to write an epistolary novel, but originally set it in Styria instead of Transylvania; this iteration did not explicitly use the word ''vampire''.{{Sfn\|Bierman\|1977\|p=40}} ~~For two summers, Stoker and his family stayed in the Kilmarnock Arms Hotel in [[Cruden Bay]], [[Scotland]], while he was actively writing ''Dracula''.{{Sfn\|Belford\|2002\|p=255}}~~		Prior to writing the novel, Stoker researched extensively, assembling over 100 pages of notes, including chapter summaries and plot outlines.{{sfn\|Bierman\|1998\|p=152}} The notes were sold by Bram Stoker's widow, Florence, in 1913, to a New York book dealer for £2.{{nbsp}}2[[Shilling (British coin)\|s]], ({{Inflation\|UK\|2.1\|1913\|2019\|fmt=eq\|cursign=UK£}}). Following that, the notes became the property of [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], and then disappeared until they were bought by the [[Rosenbach Museum and Library]] in Philadelphia in 1970.{{Sfn\|Barsanti\|2008\|p=1}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]] wrote that he knew "an old lady" who was approached to revise the original manuscript, but that Stoker found her too expensive.{{Sfnm\|1a1=Lovecraft\|1y=1965\|1p=255\|2a1=Eighteen-Bisang\|2a2=Miller\|2y=2008\|2p=4}} Stoker's first biographer, Harry Ludlam, wrote in 1962 that writing commenced on ''Dracula'' around 1895 or 1896.{{Sfn\|Ludlam\|1962\|pp=99–100}} Following the rediscovery of Stoker's notes in 1972 by Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu,{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=3}} the two dated the writing of ''Dracula'' to between 1895 and 1897.{{Sfn\|McNally\|Florescu\|1973\|p=160}} Later scholarship has questioned these sets of dates. In the first extensive study of the notes,{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=4}} Joseph S. Bierman writes that the earliest date within them is 8 March 1890, for an outline of a chapter that "differs from the final version in only a few details".{{Sfn\|Bierman\|1977\|p=40}} According to Bierman, Stoker always intended to write an epistolary novel, but originally set it in Styria instead of Transylvania; this iteration did not explicitly use the word ''vampire''.{{Sfn\|Bierman\|1977\|p=40}}

			Harry Ludlam, Bram’s first biographer, wrote that the book came to life in August 1895 on the author’s third visit to Cruden Bay in Scotland. ‘And here one day, to the sound of the sea on the Scottish shore, Count Dracula made his entry.’<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ludlam \|first=Harry \|title=A Biography of Bram Stoker, Creator of Dracula. \|publisher=New English Library \|year=1977}}</ref> The Stoker stayed in the Kilmarnock Arms Hotel, signing the guest book, which still survives. In 1912, the year of Bram Stoker's death, Florence Stoker commemorated her husband and his famous book by contributing her recipe for The "Dracula" Salad' to a recipe book compiled by the local parish church.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Shepherd \|first=Mike \|title=Dracula & Cruden Bay \|year=2023 \|pages=100}}</ref>
			[[File:Dracula Salad.jpg\|thumb\|Florence Stoker's 1912 recipe for 'Dracula Salad', published in a recipe book compiled by Cruden parish church.]]
	Stoker's notes illuminate much about earlier iterations of the novel. For instance, they indicate that the novel's vampire was intended to be a Count, even before he was given the name ''Dracula''.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=15}} Stoker likely found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while holidaying there with his wife and son in 1880.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=4}} On the name, Stoker wrote: "Dracula means devil. Wallachians were accustomed to give it as a surname to any person who rendered himself conspicuous by courage, cruel actions or cunning".{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=245}} Stoker's initial plans for ''Dracula'' markedly differ from the final novel. Had Stoker completed his original plans, a German professor called Max Windshoeffel "would have confronted Count Wampyr from Styria", and one of the Crew of Light would have been slain by a [[werewolf]].{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=318}}{{Efn\|In their annotated version of Stoker's notes, Eighteen-Bisang and Miller dedicated an appendix to what the novel might have looked like had Stoker adhered to his original concept.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=320}}}} Stoker's earliest notes indicate that ''Dracula'' might have originally been intended to be a detective story, with a detective called Cotford and a [[psychical investigator]] called Singleton.{{Sfn\|Belford\|2002\|p=241}}		Stoker's notes illuminate much about earlier iterations of the novel. For instance, they indicate that the novel's vampire was intended to be a Count, even before he was given the name ''Dracula''.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=15}} Stoker likely found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while holidaying there with his wife and son in 1880.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=4}} On the name, Stoker wrote: "Dracula means devil. Wallachians were accustomed to give it as a surname to any person who rendered himself conspicuous by courage, cruel actions or cunning".{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=245}} Stoker's initial plans for ''Dracula'' markedly differ from the final novel. Had Stoker completed his original plans, a German professor called Max Windshoeffel "would have confronted Count Wampyr from Styria", and one of the Crew of Light would have been slain by a [[werewolf]].{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=318}}{{Efn\|In their annotated version of Stoker's notes, Eighteen-Bisang and Miller dedicated an appendix to what the novel might have looked like had Stoker adhered to his original concept.{{Sfn\|Eighteen-Bisang\|Miller\|2008\|p=320}}}} Stoker's earliest notes indicate that ''Dracula'' might have originally been intended to be a detective story, with a detective called Cotford and a [[psychical investigator]] called Singleton.{{Sfn\|Belford\|2002\|p=241}}

Ineffablebookkeeper at 11:24, 1 October 2024

2024-10-01T11:24:51Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:24, 1 October 2024
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	'''''Dracula''''' is a 1897 [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.		'''''Dracula''''' is a 1897 [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.

	''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].		''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant 'devil' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].

	Following its publication on 26 May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.		Following its publication on 26 May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.

ImaginesTigers: Undid revision 1248543448 by Jaydenwithay (talk) Already linked earlier in article

2024-09-30T11:10:04Z

Undid revision 1248543448 by Jaydenwithay (talk) Already linked earlier in article

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:10, 30 September 2024
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	===Gender and sexuality===		===Gender and sexuality===
	Academic analyses of ''Dracula'' as sexually charged have become so frequent that a [[wikt:cottage industry\|cottage industry]] has developed around the topic.{{Sfn\|Spencer\|1992\|p=197}} Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes, especially as it relates to the corruption of English womanhood.{{Sfn\|Kuzmanovic\|2009\|p=411}} Modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=107}} Bram Stoker himself was possibly homosexual; Talia Schaffer points to intensely [[homoerotic]] letters sent by him to the American poet [[Walt Whitman]].{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=382}} Stoker began writing the novel one month following the imprisonment of his friend [[Oscar Wilde]] for homosexuality.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=381}}		Academic analyses of ''Dracula'' as sexually charged have become so frequent that a [[wikt:cottage industry\|cottage industry]] has developed around the topic.{{Sfn\|Spencer\|1992\|p=197}} Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes, especially as it relates to the corruption of English womanhood.{{Sfn\|Kuzmanovic\|2009\|p=411}} Modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=107}} Bram Stoker himself was possibly homosexual; Talia Schaffer points to intensely [[homoerotic]] letters sent by him to the American poet Walt Whitman.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=382}} Stoker began writing the novel one month following the imprisonment of his friend [[Oscar Wilde]] for homosexuality.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=381}}

	The novel's characters are often said to represent [[Transgressive fiction\|transgressive]] sexuality through the [[Social construction of gender\|performance of their genders]]. The primary sexual threat posed by Count Dracula is, Christopher Craft writes, that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} with Jonathan Harker's excitement about being penetrated by three vampire women serving as a mask and proxy for his homosexual desire.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} His excitement also inverts standard Victorian [[gender role]]s; in succumbing to the vampire women, Harker assumes the traditionally feminine role of sexual passivity while the vampire women assume the masculinised role of acting.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=109}} Sexual depravity and aggression were understood by the Victorians as the exclusive domain of Victorian men, while women were expected to submit to their husband's sexual wishes. Harker's desire to submit, and the scene's origin as a dream Stoker had, highlights the divide between societal expectations and lived realities of men who wanted more freedom in their sexual lives.{{Sfn\|Demetrakopoulos\|1977\|p=106}} In the British version of the text, Harker hears the three vampire women whispering at his door, and Dracula tells them they can feed on him tomorrow night. In the American version, Dracula insinuates that he will be feeding on Harker that night: "To-night is mine! To-morrow is yours!" Nina Auerbach and [[David J. Skal]], in the [[Norton Critical Edition]] of the text, posit that Stoker thought the line would render the novel unpublishable in 1897 England, and that "the America that produced his hero Walt Whitman would have been more tolerant of men feeding on men".{{Sfn\|Auerbach\|Skal\|1997\|p=52}}		The novel's characters are often said to represent [[Transgressive fiction\|transgressive]] sexuality through the [[Social construction of gender\|performance of their genders]]. The primary sexual threat posed by Count Dracula is, Christopher Craft writes, that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} with Jonathan Harker's excitement about being penetrated by three vampire women serving as a mask and proxy for his homosexual desire.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} His excitement also inverts standard Victorian [[gender role]]s; in succumbing to the vampire women, Harker assumes the traditionally feminine role of sexual passivity while the vampire women assume the masculinised role of acting.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=109}} Sexual depravity and aggression were understood by the Victorians as the exclusive domain of Victorian men, while women were expected to submit to their husband's sexual wishes. Harker's desire to submit, and the scene's origin as a dream Stoker had, highlights the divide between societal expectations and lived realities of men who wanted more freedom in their sexual lives.{{Sfn\|Demetrakopoulos\|1977\|p=106}} In the British version of the text, Harker hears the three vampire women whispering at his door, and Dracula tells them they can feed on him tomorrow night. In the American version, Dracula insinuates that he will be feeding on Harker that night: "To-night is mine! To-morrow is yours!" Nina Auerbach and [[David J. Skal]], in the [[Norton Critical Edition]] of the text, posit that Stoker thought the line would render the novel unpublishable in 1897 England, and that "the America that produced his hero Walt Whitman would have been more tolerant of men feeding on men".{{Sfn\|Auerbach\|Skal\|1997\|p=52}}

Jaydenwithay at 03:04, 30 September 2024

2024-09-30T03:04:29Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:04, 30 September 2024
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	===Gender and sexuality===		===Gender and sexuality===
	Academic analyses of ''Dracula'' as sexually charged have become so frequent that a [[wikt:cottage industry\|cottage industry]] has developed around the topic.{{Sfn\|Spencer\|1992\|p=197}} Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes, especially as it relates to the corruption of English womanhood.{{Sfn\|Kuzmanovic\|2009\|p=411}} Modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=107}} Bram Stoker himself was possibly homosexual; Talia Schaffer points to intensely [[homoerotic]] letters sent by him to the American poet Walt Whitman.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=382}} Stoker began writing the novel one month following the imprisonment of his friend [[Oscar Wilde]] for homosexuality.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=381}}		Academic analyses of ''Dracula'' as sexually charged have become so frequent that a [[wikt:cottage industry\|cottage industry]] has developed around the topic.{{Sfn\|Spencer\|1992\|p=197}} Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes, especially as it relates to the corruption of English womanhood.{{Sfn\|Kuzmanovic\|2009\|p=411}} Modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=107}} Bram Stoker himself was possibly homosexual; Talia Schaffer points to intensely [[homoerotic]] letters sent by him to the American poet [[Walt Whitman]].{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=382}} Stoker began writing the novel one month following the imprisonment of his friend [[Oscar Wilde]] for homosexuality.{{Sfn\|Schaffer\|1994\|p=381}}

	The novel's characters are often said to represent [[Transgressive fiction\|transgressive]] sexuality through the [[Social construction of gender\|performance of their genders]]. The primary sexual threat posed by Count Dracula is, Christopher Craft writes, that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} with Jonathan Harker's excitement about being penetrated by three vampire women serving as a mask and proxy for his homosexual desire.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} His excitement also inverts standard Victorian [[gender role]]s; in succumbing to the vampire women, Harker assumes the traditionally feminine role of sexual passivity while the vampire women assume the masculinised role of acting.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=109}} Sexual depravity and aggression were understood by the Victorians as the exclusive domain of Victorian men, while women were expected to submit to their husband's sexual wishes. Harker's desire to submit, and the scene's origin as a dream Stoker had, highlights the divide between societal expectations and lived realities of men who wanted more freedom in their sexual lives.{{Sfn\|Demetrakopoulos\|1977\|p=106}} In the British version of the text, Harker hears the three vampire women whispering at his door, and Dracula tells them they can feed on him tomorrow night. In the American version, Dracula insinuates that he will be feeding on Harker that night: "To-night is mine! To-morrow is yours!" Nina Auerbach and [[David J. Skal]], in the [[Norton Critical Edition]] of the text, posit that Stoker thought the line would render the novel unpublishable in 1897 England, and that "the America that produced his hero Walt Whitman would have been more tolerant of men feeding on men".{{Sfn\|Auerbach\|Skal\|1997\|p=52}}		The novel's characters are often said to represent [[Transgressive fiction\|transgressive]] sexuality through the [[Social construction of gender\|performance of their genders]]. The primary sexual threat posed by Count Dracula is, Christopher Craft writes, that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} with Jonathan Harker's excitement about being penetrated by three vampire women serving as a mask and proxy for his homosexual desire.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=110}} His excitement also inverts standard Victorian [[gender role]]s; in succumbing to the vampire women, Harker assumes the traditionally feminine role of sexual passivity while the vampire women assume the masculinised role of acting.{{Sfn\|Craft\|1984\|p=109}} Sexual depravity and aggression were understood by the Victorians as the exclusive domain of Victorian men, while women were expected to submit to their husband's sexual wishes. Harker's desire to submit, and the scene's origin as a dream Stoker had, highlights the divide between societal expectations and lived realities of men who wanted more freedom in their sexual lives.{{Sfn\|Demetrakopoulos\|1977\|p=106}} In the British version of the text, Harker hears the three vampire women whispering at his door, and Dracula tells them they can feed on him tomorrow night. In the American version, Dracula insinuates that he will be feeding on Harker that night: "To-night is mine! To-morrow is yours!" Nina Auerbach and [[David J. Skal]], in the [[Norton Critical Edition]] of the text, posit that Stoker thought the line would render the novel unpublishable in 1897 England, and that "the America that produced his hero Walt Whitman would have been more tolerant of men feeding on men".{{Sfn\|Auerbach\|Skal\|1997\|p=52}}

Golikom: Undid revision 1248324747 by Di (they-them) (talk) this

2024-09-29T00:58:33Z

Undid revision 1248324747 by Di (they-them) (talk) this

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	[[Category:Novels set in castles]]		[[Category:Novels set in castles]]
	[[Category:Irish horror novels]]		[[Category:Irish horror novels]]
	[[Category:Erotic horror]]

Di (they-them): added Category:Erotic horror using HotCat

2024-09-28T22:11:00Z

added Category:Erotic horror using HotCat

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	[[Category:Novels set in castles]]		[[Category:Novels set in castles]]
	[[Category:Irish horror novels]]		[[Category:Irish horror novels]]
			[[Category:Erotic horror]]

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2024-09-28T09:49:37Z

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	{{Infobox book		{{Infobox book
	\| name = Dracula		\| name = Dracula
	\| image = ~~File:~~Dracula 1st ed cover reproduction.jpg		\| image = Dracula 1st ed cover reproduction.jpg
	\| caption = Cover of the first edition		\| caption = Cover of the first edition
	\| author = [[Bram Stoker]]		\| author = [[Bram Stoker]]
	\| cover_artist =
	\| country = United Kingdom		\| country = United Kingdom
	\| language = English		\| language = English
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	}}		}}

	'''''Dracula''''' is a [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by [[Bram Stoker]]~~, published on 26 May 1897~~. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to [[England]] and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.		'''''Dracula''''' is a 1897 [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.

	''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].		''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].

	Following its publication in May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of ~~[[Gothic~~ fiction]] were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of ~~Gothic~~ fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.		Following its publication on 26 May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.

	''Dracula'' is one of the most famous pieces of [[English literature]]. Many of the book's characters have entered popular culture as [[archetype\|archetypal]] versions of their characters; for example, Count Dracula as the quintessential vampire, and ~~Abraham~~ Van Helsing as an iconic [[vampire hunter]]. The novel, which is in the [[public domain]], has been adapted for film over 30 times, and its characters have made numerous appearances in virtually all media.		''Dracula'' is one of the most famous pieces of [[English literature]]. Many of the book's characters have entered popular culture as [[archetype\|archetypal]] versions of their characters; for example, Count Dracula as the quintessential vampire, and Van Helsing as an iconic [[vampire hunter]]. The novel, which is in the [[public domain]], has been adapted for film over 30 times, and its characters have made numerous appearances in virtually all media.

	== Plot ==		== Plot ==

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Moving Category:LGBT-related horror literature to Category:LGBTQ-related horror literature per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 September 13#LGBT articles

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	[[Category:Novels adapted into radio programs]]		[[Category:Novels adapted into radio programs]]

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	}}		}}

	'''''Dracula''''' is a gothic horror novel by [[Bram Stoker]], published on 26 May 1897. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to [[England]] and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.		'''''Dracula''''' is a [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by [[Bram Stoker]], published on 26 May 1897. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to [[England]] and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.

	''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].		''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:49, 9 October 2024
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	The story of ''Dracula'' has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title ''Dracula, or The Undead'' shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.{{Efn\|This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}}} Although the manuscript was believed lost,{{Sfn\|Stuart\|1994\|p=193}} the British Library possesses a copy. It consists of extracts from the novel's [[galley proof]] with Stoker's own handwriting providing direction and dialogue attribution.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}		The story of ''Dracula'' has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title ''Dracula, or The Undead'' shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.{{Efn\|This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}}} Although the manuscript was believed lost,{{Sfn\|Stuart\|1994\|p=193}} the British Library possesses a copy. It consists of extracts from the novel's [[galley proof]] with Stoker's own handwriting providing direction and dialogue attribution.{{Sfn\|Buzwell\|2014}}

	The first film to feature Count Dracula was [[Károly Lajthay]]'s ''[[~~Dracula's Death\|~~Drakula halála]]'' ({{translation\|The Death of Dracula}}), a Hungarian silent film which allegedly premiered in 1921, though this release date has been questioned by some scholars.{{Sfn\|Rhodes\|2010\|p=29}} Very little of the film has survived, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of ''Dracula'', [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]''.{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of ''Nosferatu'' differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.{{sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=61}} Bram Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker\|Florence]], initiated legal action against the studio behind ''Nosferatu'', Prana. The legal case lasted two or three years,{{Efn\|Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} while others give the number as three.{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}}} and in May 1924, Prana agreed to destroy all copies of the film.{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}{{Efn\|Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}}}		The first film to feature Count Dracula was [[Károly Lajthay]]'s ''[[Drakula halála]]'' ({{translation\|The Death of Dracula}}), a Hungarian silent film which allegedly premiered in 1921, though this release date has been questioned by some scholars.{{Sfn\|Rhodes\|2010\|p=29}} Very little of the film has survived, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of ''Dracula'', [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]''.{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of ''Nosferatu'' differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.{{sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=61}} Bram Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker\|Florence]], initiated legal action against the studio behind ''Nosferatu'', Prana. The legal case lasted two or three years,{{Efn\|Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,{{Sfn\|Skal\|2011\|p=11}} while others give the number as three.{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}}} and in May 1924, Prana agreed to destroy all copies of the film.{{Sfn\|Hensley\|2002\|p=63}}{{Efn\|Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".{{Sfn\|Stoker\|2011\|p=2}}}}

	[[File:Dracula 1958 c.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Christopher Lee]] as the title character in ''[[Dracula (1958 film)\|Dracula]]'' (1958)]]		[[File:Dracula 1958 c.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Christopher Lee]] as the title character in ''[[Dracula (1958 film)\|Dracula]]'' (1958)]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:24, 1 October 2024
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	'''''Dracula''''' is a 1897 [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.		'''''Dracula''''' is a 1897 [[gothic fiction\|gothic]] [[horror fiction\|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. An [[epistolary novel]], the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.

	''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant ''devil'' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].		''Dracula'' was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania\|Transylvanian folklore]] and [[History of Romania\|history]]. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the [[Wallachia]]n prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] or the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name ''Dracula'' in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant 'devil' in [[Romanian language\|Romanian]].

	Following its publication on 26 May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.		Following its publication on 26 May 1897, ''Dracula'' was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to [[Wilkie Collins]]' [[The Woman in White (novel)\|''The Woman in White'']] (1859). In the past century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the [[Victorian era]]—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race.