Dux - Revision history

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #17

2024-09-17T23:09:11Z

Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #17

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:09, 17 September 2024
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	Italian Fascist dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] used the title of ''dux'' (and ''[[duce]]'' in Italian) to represent his leadership. One fascist motto was "DVX MEA LVX", Latin for "[The] Duce [is] my light" or "[The] Leader [is] my light".<ref>[http://www.delcampe.it/page/item/id,41063465,var,M7418-DUCE-MUSSOLINI--DUX-MEA-LUX--VINO-BARCOLLO-MA-NON-MOLLO-FASCISMO-MILITARY-NO-POSTCARD-ADESIVO-ADHESIVE,language,I.html DUCE-MUSSOLINI] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213354/http://www.delcampe.it/page/item/id,41063465,var,M7418-DUCE-MUSSOLINI--DUX-MEA-LUX--VINO-BARCOLLO-MA-NON-MOLLO-FASCISMO-MILITARY-NO-POSTCARD-ADESIVO-ADHESIVE,language,I.html \|date=2015-09-23 }}, delcampe.it; accessed 15 May 2016.</ref>		Italian Fascist dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] used the title of ''dux'' (and ''[[duce]]'' in Italian) to represent his leadership. One fascist motto was "DVX MEA LVX", Latin for "[The] Duce [is] my light" or "[The] Leader [is] my light".<ref>[http://www.delcampe.it/page/item/id,41063465,var,M7418-DUCE-MUSSOLINI--DUX-MEA-LUX--VINO-BARCOLLO-MA-NON-MOLLO-FASCISMO-MILITARY-NO-POSTCARD-ADESIVO-ADHESIVE,language,I.html DUCE-MUSSOLINI] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213354/http://www.delcampe.it/page/item/id,41063465,var,M7418-DUCE-MUSSOLINI--DUX-MEA-LUX--VINO-BARCOLLO-MA-NON-MOLLO-FASCISMO-MILITARY-NO-POSTCARD-ADESIVO-ADHESIVE,language,I.html \|date=2015-09-23 }}, delcampe.it; accessed 15 May 2016.</ref>

	In pre-revolutionary Russia, the [[Dux Factory]] built [[bicycle]]s, [[automobile]]s and [[aircraft]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=4. Предприятия и заводы оборонной промышленности\|url=http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/pri/data/ic_nomenrussiapri/11/)\|website=Военный паритет\|accessdate=29 July 2017\|language=ru\|trans-title=4. Enterprises and Factories of the Defense Industry}}</ref>		In pre-revolutionary Russia, the [[Dux Factory]] built [[bicycle]]s, [[automobile]]s and [[aircraft]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=4. Предприятия и заводы оборонной промышленности\|url=http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/pri/data/ic_nomenrussiapri/11/)\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222304/http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/pri/data/ic_nomenrussiapri/11/)\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=December 2, 2013\|website=Военный паритет\|accessdate=29 July 2017\|language=ru\|trans-title=4. Enterprises and Factories of the Defense Industry}}</ref>

	===Education===		===Education===

AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}}

2024-06-17T10:30:35Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}}

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	===Diocletian's reforms===		===Diocletian's reforms===

	Under Diocletion, during the [[Tetrarchy]], a new office called ''dux'' was created with powers split from the role of the governor of a province. The dux was the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorise the use of his powers after which the ''dux'' could act independently and handle all military matters.{{cn}} The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example.		Under Diocletion, during the [[Tetrarchy]], a new office called ''dux'' was created with powers split from the role of the governor of a province. The dux was the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorise the use of his powers after which the ''dux'' could act independently and handle all military matters.{{cn\|date=June 2024}} The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example.

	Also the provinces were reorganised into [[Roman diocese\|dioceses]] with each diocese administered by a [[vicarius]]. As with the governors, the vicarius was assisted by a ''dux''. This ''dux'' was superior to all other ''duces'' within the dioceses; when the vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the command of the ''dux''.{{cn}} The office of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]], and above him to the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]. The ''Dux per Gallias'' of the diocese of [[Gaul]] is an example of this office.		Also the provinces were reorganised into [[Roman diocese\|dioceses]] with each diocese administered by a [[vicarius]]. As with the governors, the vicarius was assisted by a ''dux''. This ''dux'' was superior to all other ''duces'' within the dioceses; when the vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the command of the ''dux''.{{cn\|date=June 2024}} The office of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]], and above him to the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]. The ''Dux per Gallias'' of the diocese of [[Gaul]] is an example of this office.

	==Later developments==		==Later developments==

Rjdeadly: /* The office under the Dominate */ clarification

2024-06-17T10:10:34Z

The office under the Dominate: clarification

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	''Duces'' differed from ''[[praeses\|praesides]]'' who were the supreme civil as well as military authority within their provinces in that the function of the former was purely military. However, the military authority of a ''dux'' was not necessarily confined to a single province and they do not seem to have been subject to the authority of the governor of the province in which they happened to be operating. It was not until the end of the 3rd century that the term ''dux'' emerged as a regular military rank held by a senior officer of ''[[limitanei]]'' – i.e. frontier troops as opposed those attached to an Imperial field-army (''[[comitatenses]]'') – with a defined geographic area of responsibility.{{NoteTag\|The earliest attested ''dux'' with a defined regional responsibility seems to have been Aur. Firminianus, ''dux limit. prov. Scyt ...''<ref>J. B. Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCOG74nK81IC&dq=CIL+III+764+%3D+ILS+4103&pg=PA239 CIL III 764 = ILS 4103], "Inscriptions to the Magna Mater in the Provinces of Moesia", ''The Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 337: A Sourcebook'', via [[Google Books]]; accessed 15 May 2016.</ref> – i.e. ''dux'' of the frontier troops of the province of ''Scythia'' – in the 290s AD.}}		''Duces'' differed from ''[[praeses\|praesides]]'' who were the supreme civil as well as military authority within their provinces in that the function of the former was purely military. However, the military authority of a ''dux'' was not necessarily confined to a single province and they do not seem to have been subject to the authority of the governor of the province in which they happened to be operating. It was not until the end of the 3rd century that the term ''dux'' emerged as a regular military rank held by a senior officer of ''[[limitanei]]'' – i.e. frontier troops as opposed those attached to an Imperial field-army (''[[comitatenses]]'') – with a defined geographic area of responsibility.{{NoteTag\|The earliest attested ''dux'' with a defined regional responsibility seems to have been Aur. Firminianus, ''dux limit. prov. Scyt ...''<ref>J. B. Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCOG74nK81IC&dq=CIL+III+764+%3D+ILS+4103&pg=PA239 CIL III 764 = ILS 4103], "Inscriptions to the Magna Mater in the Provinces of Moesia", ''The Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 337: A Sourcebook'', via [[Google Books]]; accessed 15 May 2016.</ref> – i.e. ''dux'' of the frontier troops of the province of ''Scythia'' – in the 290s AD.}}

			===Diocletian's reforms===
	===The office under the Dominate===
	During the time of the [[Dominate]], the powers of a ''dux'' were split from the role of the governor and were given to a new office called ''dux''. The dux was now the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorize the use of the ''dux'''s powers. However, once those powers were authorized, the ''dux'' could act independently from the governor and handle all military matters. The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example of this office.

	~~After~~ ~~Diocletian's~~ [[Tetrarchy]] ~~reform~~, ~~the~~ ~~provinces~~ ~~were~~ ~~organized~~ ~~into~~ ~~[[Roman~~ ~~diocese\|dioceses]]~~ with ~~each~~ ~~diocese~~ ~~administered~~ by a ~~[[vicarius]]. As with~~ the ~~governors,~~ ~~the vicarius was assisted by~~ a ~~''dux''~~. ~~This~~ ''dux'' was ~~superior~~ to ~~all~~ ~~other ''duces''~~ within the ~~dioceses—when~~ ~~the~~ ~~vicarius called~~ the legions of the ~~dioceses~~ ~~into~~ ~~action,~~ ~~all of~~ the ~~legions~~ ~~were~~ at ~~the~~ ~~command~~ of the ''dux''. ~~The~~ ~~office~~ ~~of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]],~~ and ~~above~~ ~~him~~ to ~~the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]~~. The ''Dux ~~per~~ ~~Gallias~~'', ~~''dux''~~ of the ~~diocese~~ of ~~[[Gaul]],~~ is an example ~~of this office~~.		Under Diocletion, during the [[Tetrarchy]], a new office called ''dux'' was created with powers split from the role of the governor of a province. The dux was the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorise the use of his powers after which the ''dux'' could act independently and handle all military matters.{{cn}} The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example.

			Also the provinces were reorganised into [[Roman diocese\|dioceses]] with each diocese administered by a [[vicarius]]. As with the governors, the vicarius was assisted by a ''dux''. This ''dux'' was superior to all other ''duces'' within the dioceses; when the vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the command of the ''dux''.{{cn}} The office of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]], and above him to the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]. The ''Dux per Gallias'' of the diocese of [[Gaul]] is an example of this office.

	==Later developments==		==Later developments==

Egsan Bacon: /* Popular culture */ Repairing links to disambiguation pages - You can help!

2024-05-15T23:42:55Z

Popular culture: Repairing links to disambiguation pages - You can help!

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	===Popular culture===		===Popular culture===
	* In ''[[RuneScape 3]]'', "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".		* In ''[[RuneScape 3]]'', "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".
	* In ''[[Light Bringer]]'' of Pierce Brown's Red Rising Saga, "Dux" is a rank and title given to those who speak with the authority of their liege, as in the character of ''Holiday ti Nakamura''.		* In ''[[Light Bringer (Brown novel)\|Light Bringer]]'' of Pierce Brown's Red Rising Saga, "Dux" is a rank and title given to those who speak with the authority of their liege, as in the character of ''Holiday ti Nakamura''.

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Grafman: Added a Popular Culture reference regarding use of Dux as a title in the novel Light Bringer by Pierce Brown

2024-04-12T03:52:22Z

Added a Popular Culture reference regarding use of Dux as a title in the novel Light Bringer by Pierce Brown

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:52, 12 April 2024
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	===Popular culture===		===Popular culture===
	* In ''[[RuneScape 3]]'', "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".		* In ''[[RuneScape 3]]'', "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".
			* In ''[[Light Bringer]]'' of Pierce Brown's Red Rising Saga, "Dux" is a rank and title given to those who speak with the authority of their liege, as in the character of ''Holiday ti Nakamura''.

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

64.189.18.10: /* Original usage */

2024-04-10T02:21:53Z

Original usage

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	Until the 3rd century, ''dux'' was not a formal expression of rank within the Roman military or administrative hierarchy.<ref>[[Fergus Millar]], ''The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337'' (Harvard University Press, 1993), pg. 191 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA191 online]<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>		Until the 3rd century, ''dux'' was not a formal expression of rank within the Roman military or administrative hierarchy.<ref>[[Fergus Millar]], ''The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337'' (Harvard University Press, 1993), pg. 191 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA191 online]<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

	In the [[Roman army]], a ''dux'' would be a general in charge of two or more legions. While the title of ''dux'' could refer to a [[Roman Consul\|consul]] or [[imperator]], it usually refers to the [[Roman governor]] of the [[Roman province\|provinces]]. ~~As the governor, the dux was both the highest civil official as well as the commander-in-chief of the [[Roman legion\|legions]] garrisoned within the province.{{fact\|date=November 2022}}~~		In the [[Roman army]], a ''dux'' would be a general in charge of two or more legions. While the title of ''dux'' could refer to a [[Roman Consul\|consul]] or [[imperator]], it usually refers to the [[Roman governor]] of the [[Roman province\|provinces]].

	In writing his [[Commentarii de Bello Gallico\|commentaries]] on the [[Gallic Wars]], [[Julius Caesar]] uses the term only for [[Celt]]ic generals, with one exception for a Roman commander who held no official rank.<ref>[[Thomas Ernst Josef Wiedemann\|Thomas Wiedemann]], “The Fetiales: A Reconsideration,” ''Classical Quarterly'' 36 (1986), p. 483. The Roman called ''dux'' is [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)\|Publius Crassus]], who was too young to hold a commission; see [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)#Early military career\|discussion of his rank]].</ref>		In writing his [[Commentarii de Bello Gallico\|commentaries]] on the [[Gallic Wars]], [[Julius Caesar]] uses the term only for [[Celt]]ic generals, with one exception for a Roman commander who held no official rank.<ref>[[Thomas Ernst Josef Wiedemann\|Thomas Wiedemann]], “The Fetiales: A Reconsideration,” ''Classical Quarterly'' 36 (1986), p. 483. The Roman called ''dux'' is [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)\|Publius Crassus]], who was too young to hold a commission; see [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)#Early military career\|discussion of his rank]].</ref>

Trex4321: Changed link for dicoceses, fixed typo

2024-03-17T12:22:28Z

Changed link for dicoceses, fixed typo

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:22, 17 March 2024
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	During the time of the [[Dominate]], the powers of a ''dux'' were split from the role of the governor and were given to a new office called ''dux''. The dux was now the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorize the use of the ''dux'''s powers. However, once those powers were authorized, the ''dux'' could act independently from the governor and handle all military matters. The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example of this office.		During the time of the [[Dominate]], the powers of a ''dux'' were split from the role of the governor and were given to a new office called ''dux''. The dux was now the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorize the use of the ''dux'''s powers. However, once those powers were authorized, the ''dux'' could act independently from the governor and handle all military matters. The ''[[Dux Belgicae secundae]]'' ("commander of the second Belgic province") is an example of this office.

	After Diocletian's [[Tetrarchy]] reform, the provinces were organized into [[dioceses]] with each ~~dioceses~~ administered by a [[vicarius]]. As with the governors, the vicarius was assisted by a ''dux''. This ''dux'' was superior to all other ''duces'' within the dioceses—when the vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the command of the ''dux''. The office of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]], and above him to the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]. The ''Dux per Gallias'', ''dux'' of the diocese of [[Gaul]], is an example of this office.		After Diocletian's [[Tetrarchy]] reform, the provinces were organized into [[Roman diocese\|dioceses]] with each diocese administered by a [[vicarius]]. As with the governors, the vicarius was assisted by a ''dux''. This ''dux'' was superior to all other ''duces'' within the dioceses—when the vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the command of the ''dux''. The office of ''dux'' was, in turn, made subject to the [[magister militum]] of his respective [[praetorian prefecture]], and above him to the [[Roman Emperor\|emperor]]. The ''Dux per Gallias'', ''dux'' of the diocese of [[Gaul]], is an example of this office.

	==Later developments==		==Later developments==

Bumm13: /* Popular culture */ italicization fix

2024-03-17T02:51:15Z

Popular culture: italicization fix

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	===Popular culture===		===Popular culture===
	* In [[RuneScape 3]], "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".		* In ''[[RuneScape 3]]'', "Dux" is offered to players as a choice of title alongside "Duke" and "Duchess".

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

JacktheBrown at 16:25, 26 December 2023

2023-12-26T16:25:30Z

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	{{Italics title}}		{{Italics title}}
	{{Roman government}}		{{Roman government}}
	'''''Dux''''' ({{IPAc-en\|d\|ʌ\|k\|s\|,_\|d\|ʊ\|k\|s}}; {{plural form}}: ''ducēs'') is [[Latin]] for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for [[duke]] and its variant forms ([[Doge (title)\|doge]], [[duce]], etc.). During the [[Roman Republic]] and for the first centuries of the [[Roman Empire]], ''dux'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.		'''''Dux''''' ({{IPAc-en\|d\|ʌ\|k\|s\|,_\|d\|ʊ\|k\|s}}, {{plural form}}: ''ducēs'') is [[Latin]] for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for [[duke]] and its variant forms ([[Doge (title)\|doge]], [[duce]], etc.). During the [[Roman Republic]] and for the first centuries of the [[Roman Empire]], ''dux'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.

	==Roman Empire==		==Roman Empire==

JacktheBrown at 16:25, 26 December 2023

2023-12-26T16:25:22Z

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	{{Short description\|Roman title}}		{{Short description\|Roman title}}
	{{Other uses}}		{{Other uses}}
	{{~~italic~~ title}}		{{Italics title}}
	{{Roman government}}		{{Roman government}}
	'''''Dux''''' ({{IPAc-en\|d\|ʌ\|k\|s\|,_\|d\|ʊ\|k\|s}}; plural: ''ducēs'') is [[Latin]] for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for [[duke]] and its variant forms ([[Doge (title)\|doge]], [[duce]], etc.). During the [[Roman Republic]] and for the first centuries of the [[Roman Empire]], ''dux'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.		'''''Dux''''' ({{IPAc-en\|d\|ʌ\|k\|s\|,_\|d\|ʊ\|k\|s}}; {{plural form}}: ''ducēs'') is [[Latin]] for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for [[duke]] and its variant forms ([[Doge (title)\|doge]], [[duce]], etc.). During the [[Roman Republic]] and for the first centuries of the [[Roman Empire]], ''dux'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.

	==Roman Empire==		==Roman Empire==